.4 .. Mv- I ^J--" ;|i||- ■■ •^^i^/'TX;^ k*>r ^M '^■ ^m w i: ^-J "^^\^i: V ^ o/^ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD LIBRARY NEW YORK BOTANICAL CARDES Volijme XX, 1908-1909 WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1909 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. AVEATnER Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry— B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — Giffonl Pinchot, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — 11. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau of Statistics— V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Survey— C. Hart Merriam, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C'. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.a Canebrake Station: L'niontown; F. D. Stevens. Tuskegee Station: Tuskegee Institute; G. W. Carver." Alaska— ,S'i7ia; C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— Tucson.- R. H. Forbes.a Ark Kns AS— Fayetlevilk: C. F. Adams.a California— -BerMey; E. J. Wickson.a Colorado — Fort Collins: L. G. Carpenter." Connecticut— State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins." Storrs Station: Slorrs; L. A. Clinton." Delaware — Newark: H. Hayward." Florida — Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs." Georgia — Experiment: Martin V. Calvin." Gl'am — Agana: J. B. Thompson. 6 Hawaii— Federal Station: Honolulu; E. V. Wilcox. b Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F Eckart." Idaho— jVoscott).- E. E. Elliott." Illinois— frfiajia.- E. Davenport." IsDi Ay A— Lafayette: A. Goss." Iowa— ^Ime*-.- C. F. Curtiss." Kaj^sas— Manhattan: E. H. Webster." Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell." Louisiana— State Station: Baton Rouge ;\ Sugar Station: Audubon Porfc „, „ ^^ , f, „ , '^W. R. Dodson." hew Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun;] Maine— Orono; C. D. Woods." Maryland— C'o^^f/e Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts- ^mAer«^- W. P. Brooks." Michigan— J5as< Lansing: R. S. Shaw." Minnesota — St. Anthony Park, St. Paul: J. W. Olsen.n Mississippi — Agricultural College: W. L. Hutchin- son." a Director. b Special agent II Missouri — College Station: Columbia; H. J. Waters." Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." Montana — Bozeman: F. B. Linfield." Nebraska— XHjcoiji.- E. A. Burnett." Nevada — Reno: J. E. Stubbs." New Hampshire— Z>Hr/iam.- E. D. Sanderson." New Jersey — New Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees." NewMexico — AgriculturalCollege:'L\Ah.eTTos\.er.a New York — State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; L. H. Bailey." North Carolina— College Station: TT'es< Raleigh; C. B. Williams.a State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore." North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H. Worst." OHW—Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma — Stillwater: John A. Craig." OREGOt!~Coi-vallis: J. Withycombe." Pennsylva nia — State College: T. F. Hunt." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby.n Porto Rico — Mayaguez: D. W. May.b Rhode Island — Kingston: H. J. Wheeler." South Carolina— C/emso?!. College: 3. N. Harper." South DAKoiA—Bi-ookings: J. W. Wilson." TESSESSEE—Knoxville: H. A. Morgan." Texas— College Station: H. H. Harrington." Utah— Logan: E. D. Ball." Vermont— ^wWin^o?!.- J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson, c Washington— PuZZman.- R. W. Thatcher." West XmGimA-Morgantown: J. H. Stewart." Wisconsin— J/adjson: H. L. Russell." Wyoming — Laramie: J. D. Towar." in charge. cSuperintendent, EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and ^'egetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. EDITORIAL NOTES. Page. The continued demand for men 1 The standard for experiment station workers 4 The training for investigation 5 The work of moor land experiment stations 101 The field of the insular experiment stations 105 The experiment station in Guam 107 The status of agricultural education in England and Wales 201 A proposed American association of home economics 205 Ideals in agricultural research 301 The principal function of the Association of Ainerican Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations 401 Affiliation of associations devoted to agricultural science 402 The place of extension work in the association 402 Educational aspects of the National Corn Exposition 403 A review of recent progress in agriculture in the United States 501 New building of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 507 The Commission on Country Life and its report 601 The obligations of our agricultural institutions in relation to rural betterment. . 605 The First Pan-American Scientific Congress. 608 Abstract numbers of the Record 701 The agricultural appropriation act, 1909-10 801 The extension of agricultural instruction in the schools 901 Increased facilities for training agricultural teachers 902 English attitude toward applied science and agricultural studies 905 IV EXPERIMKNT STATION RECORD. Page. Brooding projects at the American sUitions 1001 Animal breeding as a subject of research 1002 Close of the twentieth volume of the Record 1101 SPECIAL ARTICLE. Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1908 406 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Alabama Canebrake Station: Bulletin 26, January, 1909 1029, 1030 Alabama College Station: Bulletin 143, July, 1908 569 Index to Vol. XIV, Bulletins 135-138, and Annual Report, 1906 693 XV, Bulletins 139-141, and Annual Report, 1907 693 Alabama Tuskegee Station: Bulletin 12, June, 1907 169 13, August, 1908 169 14, April, 1908 , 137 Alaska Stations: Annual Report, 1907 115, 132, 133, 142, 180, 194 Arizona Station: Bulletin 57, June 20, 1908 326,328,340,353,377,381 Index Bulletin, 1902-1905 394 Arkansas Station: Bulletin 101, 1908 382,383 102, 1908 655 103, 1909 1068 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 1094 California Station: Bulletin 195, July, 1908 558 196, July, 1908 542 197, July, 1908 528, 548, 557, 575 198, July, 1908 557 199, August, 1908 681 200, August, 1908 650 201, June 30, 1908 625 Seed Bulletin, 1908-9 641 Circular 35, February, 1908 195 36, March, 1908 127 37, May, 1908 192 38, August, 1908 352 39, August, 1908 489 Colorado Station: Bulletin 128, April, 1908 135 129, May, 1908 182 130, May, 1908 151 131, July, 1908 452 132, September, 1908 886 133, September, 1908 " 854 134, September, 1908 856 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED, V Connecticut State Station: Page. Bulletin 160, June, 1908 136 161, January, 1909 937 162, January, 1909 1040 163, February, 1909 1022 Biennial Report, 1907-8, pt. 6 51 7 36 8 826 9 959 10 1065 11 1048 Connecticut Stores Station: Bulletin 51, April, 1908 178 52, June, 1908 372 53, June, 1908 374 54, December, 1908 1052 55, February, 1909 1070 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1907 422, 468, 472, 475, 476, 480, 491 Delaware Station: Bulletin 82, December, 1908 944 83, December, 1908 946 84 (Annual Report, 1908), January 1, 1909 994 Florida Station: Bulletin 93, May, 1908 116 94 ,July, 1908 556 95, August, 1908 535 96, January, 1909 1066 97, February, 1909 1053 98, March, 1909 1045 Georgia Station: Bulletin 80, July, 1908 373 81, September, 1908 519 82, October, 1908 1036 83, October, 1908 635 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 194 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 195 Hawaii Station: Bulletin 16, July 3, 1908 245 17, June 30, 1908 261 Press Bulletin 21 538 Annual Report, 1907 137, 143, 159, 172, 195 Hawahan Sugar Planters' Station: Division of Agriculture and Chemistry — Bulletin 26, 1908 442 27, 1908 613 Idaho Station: Bulletin 60, December, 1907 288 61, February, 1908 256 62, March, 1908 227 63, June, 1908 276 64, July, 1908 941 65, November, 1908 936 Annual Report, 1907 214, 293 VI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Illinois Station: Page. Bulletin 124, April, 1908 146 125, May, 1908 131 126, July, 1908 531 127, August, 1908 533 128, September, 1908 531 129, November, 1908 972 Circular 114, January, 1908 180 115, January, 1908 180 116, February, 1908 125 117, April, 1908 153 118, April, 1908 374 119, May, 1908 317 120, May, 1908 353 121, July, 1908 486 122, September, 1908 428 123, November, 1908 819 124, November, 1908 819 125, December, 1908 1066 126, December, 1908 1068 127, January, 1909 1022 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 892 Indiana Station: Bulletin 125, April, 1908 26 126, June, 1908 369 127, September, 1908 673 128, September, 1908 940 129, October, 1908 969 130, November, 1908 971 131, November, 1908 968 Circular 11, December, 1907 374 12, May, 1908 369 13, June, 1908 374 14, July, 1908 369 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 1017, 1037, 1043, 1044, 1074, 1094 Iowa Station: Bulletin 97, June, 1908 209 98, June, 1908 230 99, June, 1908 334, 335 100, July, 1908 687 101, October, 1908 676 Annual Report, 1906 994 Biennial Report, 1902-3 994 1904-5 994 Kansas Station: Bulletin 153, March, 1908 231 154, April, 1908 352 155, June, 1908 437 156, October, 1908 835 157, November, 1908 881 [Pamphlet], 1908 271 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. VII Kentucky Station: Peko. Bulletin 132, December 31, 1907 127 133, January, 1908 157, 161, 163, 164 134, February, 1908 180 135, June, 1908 536 Louisiana Stations: Bulletin 104, March, 1908 72 105, April, 1908 53 106, July, 1908 385 107, 1908 388 108, August, 1908 583 109, August, 1908 577 110, September, 1908 572 111, September, 1908 633 112, October, 1908 642 113, September, 1908 625 114, September, 1908 864 Geological Survey Bulletin 6, 1907 314 7,1908 1079 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 1094 Maine Station: Bulletin 156, April, 1908 172 157, May, 1908 271 158, June, 1908 461 159, July, 1908 473 160, October, 1908 926 161, November, 1908 1054 162, December, 1908 1049 Maryland Station: Bulletin 126, April 1908 236 127, May, 1908 238 128, June, 1908 236 129, July, 1908 572 130, August, 1908 560 131, November, 1908 1053 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 491 Massachusetts Station : Bulletin 122, March, 1908 272 123, April, 1908 250 124, July, 1908 356 125, October 1, 1908 643 Meteorological Bulletins 233-234, May-June, 1908 115 235-236, July-August, 1908 312 237-238, September-October, 1908 515 239-240, November-December, 1908 811 241-242, January-February, 1909 10 12 Circular 15, July, 1908 374 16, July, 1908 ■ 327 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 324, 325, 327, 335, 337, 339, 344, 350, 366, 372, 374, 375, 386, 393 VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Mit'HKiAN Station: Page. Bulletin 251, March, 1908 , 350 252, August, 1908 431 Special Bulletin 40, April, 1907 143 41, April, 1907 133, 144 42, March, 1908 275 43, March, 1908 221 45, May, 1908 958 46, May, 1908..... 939 Circular 1, June, 1908 .' 328 2, June, 1908 374 3, August, 1908 532 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 115, 195 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 908, 913, 958, 976, 979, 987, 995 Minnesota Station: Bulletin 107 , March, 1908 38 108, April, 1908 58 109, June, 1908 435 110, July, 1908 484 111, August, 1908 ■ 563 112, December, 1908 1049 Mississippi Station: Bulletin 109, April, 1908 194 110, January, 1908 436 111, January, 1908 474 112, April, 1908 475 113, June, 1908 , 439 114, November, 1908 826 Circular, June, 1908 560 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 892 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 892 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 892 Missouri Station: Bulletin 79, March, 1908 73 80, June, 1908 323 Circular of Information 22 336 23, April, 1906 355 24 567 25 569 26 572 27 570 28 570 29 583 30 590 Missouri Fruit Station: Bulletin 15, December, 1906 353 16, March, 1907 347 Circular 3, October, 1908 958 4, November, 1908 958 Montana Station: Bulletin 68, October, 1907 231 69, February, 1908 288 70, February, 1908 354 71, February, 1908 351 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED, IX Montana Station — Continued. Pa;;p. Bulletin 72, February, 1908 388 73, September, 1908 667 74, December, 1908 1028 Fourteenth Annual Report, 1907 293 Nebraska Station: Bulletin 106, May 2, 1908 60 107, December 1, 1908 867, 868 108, December 7, 1908 871 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1907 450, 451, 453, 454, 482, 486, 491 Nevada Station: Bulletin 63 (Annual Report, 1907), December, 1907. . . 631, 634, 649, 667, 678, 693 64, September, 1907 664 65, February, 1908 655 New Hampshire Station: Bulletin 137, May, 1908 240 138, June, 1908 215 139, July, 1908 556 Circular 1, April 1, 1908 224 2, April 1, 1908 219 3, August 1, 1908 557 4, August, 1908 556 5, August 25, 1908 556 6, September, 1908 592 Scientific Contribution 1, 1908 851 2, 1908 847 New Jersey Stations: Bulletin 212, April 8, 1908 69 213, September 8, 1908 656 214, September 21, 1908 656 215, September 24, 1908 625 216, November 24, 1908 957 217, December 10, 1908 926 218, December 19, 1908 - 938 219, February 1, 1909 1037 New Mexico Station: Bulletin 66, April, 1908 271 67, May, 1908 237 68, August, 1908 653 69, September, 1908 969 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1907 144, 195 New York Cornell Station: Bulletin 251, February, 1908 38 252, March, 1908 52, 57, 58 253, April, 1908 249 254, May, 1908 287 255, May, 1908 546 256, June, 1908 540 257, August, 1908 574 258, September, 1908 670 259, November, 1908 942 Circular 1, March, 1908 532 2, March, 1908 551 3, May, 1908 574 X EXPERIMKNT STATION UKCOKD. New Youk State Station: Page. Bulletin 299, March, 1908 41, 642 300, March, 1908 19 301, March, 1908 59 . 302, April, 1908 256,656 303, July, 1908 366 304, November, 1908 625 305, November, 1908 846 306, December, 1908 856 307, December, 1908 948, 1044 308, December, 1908 978 309, December, 1908 940 310, December, 1908 995 311, January, 1909 1043, 1044 312, January, 1909 1052 Technical Bulletin 7, October, 1908 647 8, December, 1908 873 Circular 8, January 20, 1907 328 9, January 15, 1908 ' 352 Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1907, pt. 1 913,995 2 940, 995 3 920, 926, 927 931, 933, 934, 937, 946, 952, 958, 967, 979, 995 North Carolina Station: Bulletin 197, May, 1908 458 198, June, 1908 476 199, June, 1908 866, 871 North Dakota Station: Bulletin 81, September, 1908 1089 82, October, 1908 859 83, November, 1908 1068 Special Bulletin 7, November, 1907 657 8, October, 1908 863 9, December, 1908 860, 861 10, December, 1908 863 Eif,'hteenth Annual Report, 1907, pt. 1 512, 515, 528, 530, 533, 567, 592 2 511 Ohio Station: Bulletin 184, June, 1907 ' 428 185 (Twenty-sixth Annual Report, 1907), July, 1907 422,491 191, February, 1908 162 192, February, 1908 147 193, May, 1908 270 194, June, 1908 459 195, June, 1908 470 196 (Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1908), July, 1908 812, 892 197, October, 1908 957 198, November, 1908 1048 199, December, 1908 1055 200, December, 1908 1040 201, January, 1909 1065 Circular 77 [1908] 231 78, March 25, 1908 34 79, April 15, 1908 20 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XI Ohio Station — Continued. Page. Circular 80, 1908 33 81, May 25, 1908 231 82, July 1, 1908 448 83, July 1, 1908 ' 428 84, August 7, 1908 442 85, 1908 1094 86, December 7, 1908 1030 87, December 30, 1908 1036 88, February 15, 1909 1030 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 79, April, 1908 161 80, May, 1908 176 81, June, 1908 481 Circular of Information 11, June, 1908 383 12 491 Seventeenth Annual Report, 1908 933, 935, 939, 950, 951, 952, 972, 980, 995 Oregon Station: Bulletin 97, January, 1908 323 98, January, 1908 361 99, March, 1908 336 100, August, 1908 472 101, October, 1908 941 102, November, 1908 969 Circular Bulletin 2, 1908 393 Pennsylvania Station: Bulletin 87, August, 1908 668 88, November, 1908 866 89, January, 1909 1032 90, March, 1909 1017 Annual Report, 1907 312, 339, 373, 393 Porto Rico: Annual Report, 1907 32, 38, 42, 45, 54, 58, 61, 88, 94 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 126, January, 1908 470 127, April, 1908 566,567 128, June, 1908 537, 592 129, June, 1908 524 130, July, 1908 522 131, August, 1908 521 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 113, 115, 124, 126, 136, 142, 144, 195 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 136, April, 1908 181 137, May, 1908 382 138, June, 1908 323 139, June, 1908 382 140, June, 1908 330 141, February, 1909 1055 South Dakota: Bulletin 105, February, 1908. . 176 106, March, 1908 233 107, April, 1908 285 108, May, 1908 239 109, June, 1908 345 XII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tennksskk Station: Page. Bulletin 7!), .lune, 1908 G65, G88 80, June, 1908 672 81, December, 1908 1054 82, December, 1908 1031 Nineteenth Annual Report, 190(5 394 Tkxas Station: Bulletin 102, January, 1908 128 103 134 104, April, 1908 268 105, June, 1908 243 106, July, 1908 424 107, July, 1908 432 108, August, 1908 439 109, August, 1908 ' 510 110, September, 1908 666 111, September, 1908 684 112, September, 1908 920 113, August, 1908 958 114, November, 1908 911 115, October, 1908 938 116, December, 1908 1055 117, November, 1908 1065 118, February, 1909 1038 119, December, 1908 1084 Circular 10, 1907 355 Utah Station: Bulletin 103, April, 1908 357 104, October, 1908 814 Seventeenth. Annual Report, 1906 394 Vermont Station: Bulletin 134, March, 1908 26 135, June, 1908 215, 224 136, June, 1908 394 137, July, 1908 394 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 349, 394 Virginia Station: Bulletin 174, August, 1907 331 175, January, 1908 333 176, July, 1908 370 177, July, 1908 838 178, August, 1908 867 179, October, 1908 958 180, January, 1909 932 Circular 1 441 2, July, 1908 491 3, September, 1908 932 4, September, 1908 932 5, January, 1909 934 Virginia Truck Station: Circular 1, February 18, 1909 1044 DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS ABSTEACTED. XIII Washingtoit Station: Page. Bulletin 85, 1908 117 86, 1908 161 87, 1909 1037 Popular Bulletin 3, February, 1908 42 4, March, 1908 75 5, March, 1908 162 6, May, 1908 166 7, June, 1908 118 8, July, 1908 538 9, August, 1908 537 10, September, 1908 886 11, October, 1908 834 12, November, 1908 1073 13, January, 1909 1056 Thirteenth Annual Report, 1903 394 Fourteenth Annual Report, 1904 394 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1905 379, 394 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 117, June 1, 1908 336 118, December 31, 1908 926 Wisconsin Station: Bulletin 158, March, 1908 178 159, May, 1908 164 160, March, 1908 180 161, March, 1908 135 162, April, 1908 181 . -^ 163, April, 1908 128,173 164, December, 1908 989 165, November, 1908 682 166, February, 1909 986 167, September, 1908 674 168, November, 1908 948 169, December, 1908 973 Twenty-fourth Annual Report, 1907 12, 13, 15, 16, 29, 30, 32, 34, 35, 36, 40, 53, 59, 60, 69, 73, 75, 77, 79, 80, 81, 85, 94 Wyoming Station: Bulletin 76, March, 1908 135 77, May, 1908 329 78, June, 1908 368 79, July, 1908 '. 568 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Circular 27 882 28 937 Farmers' Bulletin 324 35 325 31 326 31 327 94 328 350 329 394 330 349 XIV EXPERIMENT STATION ilECOKD. Page. Farmers' Bulletin 331 469 332 . 464 333 450 334 592 335 551 336 551 337 571 338 585 339 634 340 693 341 843 342 893 343 834 344 853 345 884 346 968 347 989 348 977 349 978 350 982 351 981 Food Inspection Decisions, 93-96 65 97-103 863 104-106 1060 Notices of Judgment, 1-4 169 5-27 565 28-37 863 38-49 1060 Report 86 441 Yearbook, 1907 211, 213, 227, 228, 234, 235, 237, 239, 240, 242, 250, 251, 252, 255, 257, 258, 263, 264, 275, 287, 288, 291, 292, 293 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bulletin 39, pt. 20 252 21 252 22 952 23 952 104 78 105 181 106 171 107 420 108 665 109 677 Circular 130 678 132 11 133 278 134 693 135 678 136 688 137 973 138 983 139 1073 140 1070 141 981 DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS ABSTEACTED. XV Bureau of Animal Industry — (\)ntinued. Page. Circular 142 977 143 977 144 982 145 : 978 Twentj--fourtli Annual Report, 1907. . 963, 973, 974, 977, 978, 980, 981, 982, 983, 995 Bureau of Biological Survey: Circular 63 251 64 251 G5 455 66 455 67 851 Bureau of Chemistry: Bulletin 84, pt. 4 464 5 961 107 (revised ) 512 113 28 114 462 115 560 116 : 513 117. 512 118 575 119 _ '. . . . 861 1 20 " 1063 121 1060 Circular 39 361 40 419 41 875 42 963 43 911 Bureau of Entomology: Bulletin 64, pt. 5 257 66, pt . 4 954 5 953 68, pt. 8 955 9 955 75, pt. 3 258 4 857 5 959 6 959 76 555 12, pt. 6 (technical series) 456 7 (technical series) 956 8 (technical series) 1051 15 (technical series) 164 16, pt. 1 (technical series) 161 2 (technical series) 351 Circular 101 60 102 '59 103 Ifil 104 953 XVI EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. FoRKsT Skkvu'k: Page. Bulletin 77 49 Circular 135 243 14G 48 147 : 48 148 47 149 150 150 644 151 449 152 420 153 449 154 447 155 645 156 666 157 693 158 629 159 945 Silvical Leaflets 15-42 542 Map, July 1, 1908 448 Extent and Importance of the White Pine Blight 549 Extent and Importance of the Chestnut Bark Disease 550 Forest Trees of the Pacific Slope 944 Wholesale lumber prices, 1886-1908 945 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 123 43 124 34 125 42 126 44 127 31 128 136 129 280 130 437 131 226, 229, 235, 248, 249 132 528 133 539 134 527 135 641 136 629 137 828 138 834 140 933 141, pt. 1 936 2 949 142 1027 143 1033 144 1044 Circular 4 56 5 33 6 146 7 155 8 155 9 246 10 228 11 439 DEPARTMENT PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. XVII Bureau of Pi.axt Ixdustry — Continued. I'as^e. Circular 1 :2 437 13 436 14 437 15 536 16 635 17 693 18 636 19 840 20 809 21 887 22 988 23 948 24 1028 Document 392 1037 403 630 Bureau of Soils: Bulletin 52 426 53 919 54 915 55 915 56 1016 Bureau of Statistics: Bulletin 68 38 69 38 70 690 71 690 72 991 Circular 17 589 Crop Reporter, Vol. X, No. 7, July, 1908 91 8, August, 1908 192 9, September, 1908 291 10, October, 1908 \ . . . . 391 11, November, 1908 489 12, December, 1908 589 Supplement, December, 1908 589 XI, No. 1, January, 1909 690 2, February, 1909 889, 890 3, March, 1909 937,992 4, April, 1909 1090 Weather Bureau: Bulletin R 614 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory, vol. 1, pt. 3 212 4 811 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXV, No. 13 614 XXXVI, Nos. 3-4, March-April, 1908.. 114,115 5-6, May-June, 1908 312 7-8, July-August, 1908 514 9-10, September-October, 1908 811 11-12, November-Decem- ber, 1908 1012 Report, 1906-7 912 6831—09 2 XV I II EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Office of Experiment Stations: rago. Hullclin 200 292 201 , 885 202 858 203 815 204 : 993 205 987 206 994 207 1087 Circular 78 287 79 590 80 987 81 988 82 995 Farmers' Institute Lecture 10 : 994 Annual Report, 1907 661, 686, 691, 693 Office of Public Roads: Bulletin 33 585 34 586 Office op the Solicitor: [Publication] 94 Division op Publications: Bulletin 9 995 Library: Bulletin 67 491 68 491 69 : . . . . 491 70 1094 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. IL Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agrotechny, Dairy Fanning, and Dairying — R. D. Milner. Agricultural Chemistry — \\'. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and R. D. Milner. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education— D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. i. Editorial notes: Page. The continued demand for men 1 The standard for experiment station workers 4 The training for investigation 5 Recent work in agricultural science 8 Notes '. 94 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGBICrLTURAL CHEMISTRY. The reactions of phthaleins and their salts, Acree 8 Note on the determination of potash by the perchlorate method, Schenke 8 On the use of nitron for the determination of nitric acid, Litzendorff 8 The determination of ammonia in water, Ronchese 9 The determination of very small amounts of carbon in water, Popowsky 9 A new reaction for protein, Bardach ." 9 Application of Folin's method to meats and extracts, Emmett and Grindley. . 9 Concerning Liebig's meat extract, III, Kutscher 9 A trial of the polariscopic method for determination of gliadin, Shaw 10 On the analytical estimation of gliadin, Mathewson 10 Barfoed's solution as a means of distinguishing glucose, Hinkel and Sherman. 10 The estimation of starch in potatoes by means of specific gravity, Foth 10 Determining the water which flour will absorb, Hoffmann and Ploetz 10 Microscopical examination of wheat flour, Bellier 11 Adulteration of chocolate with potato starch, Paladino-Blandini 11 Concerning the acid content of honey, Utz 11 Concerning the mineral matter in honey, Utz 11 Concerning the mineral matter in honey, Schwarz 11 Biological method for determining the presence of horse meat, Weidanz 11 A practical method for the detection of beef fat in lard, Emery 11 Application to solid fats of Renard's test for peanut oil. Smith 12 The determination of sulphites in wine, Mensio IS Examining and judging pepper, Hilrtel and Will 12 I II CONTENTS. Page. Ginger and extract of ginger, Reich 12 The examination of marzipan and marzipan goods, Hiirtel and Hase 12 A simple meclianiral inc'tliod for the estiination of canein in cows' milk. Hart. 12 Application of reductase test in judging milk, Barthel 12 A very simple means of distinguishing lietween cooked and raw milk, ( iaucher. 13 Pentoses in feces and their estimation, Jolles 13 Miscellaneous chemical analyses, Woll and Olson 13 New apparatus for determining condensing power of soils for ammonia. Rosing. 13 Determination of heat of comhustion of organic compounds hy use of platinum resistance tliermometer, Fischer and Wrede 13 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Note on some meteorological uses of the polariscope. Bell 13 Equivalent temperatures as a unit expression, Knoche and Hann 13 The relation of meteorology to horticulture, Curtis 14 The development of the German weather service during 1907, Bornstein 14 The weather of tlie summer of 1907 in Germany and its influence on the Ger- man agricultural industry, Kassner and Hillmann 14 Climate [of Belgium] 14 Contril)utions to the study of the meteorology of Cape Verde, de Macedo 14 Studies on the climate of Tunis, Ginestous 14 The climate of Sao Paulo, Brazil, de Souza Reis 14 Lakes and forests as climatic factors, Schubert 14 A new theory of formation of underground water, Martinet 14 Iron in subterranean waters, Schwers 14 Water supply investigations in Alaska, 1906-7, Henshaw and Covert 14 Nitrates, nitrites, and ammonia in sea water. Ringer and Klingen 15 The fertilizing value of snow, Shutt 15 On the purification of peaty waters by freezing, Shutt 15 On natural filtration of soils, Prausnitz _ 15 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Preliminary report on the agricultural geology of Nebraska, Condra and Keyser. 15 Drainage conditions in Wisconsin, Whitson and Jones 15 The required capacity of open drainage ditches, Jones 15 Some field studies in tile drainage, Jones and Scbroeder 15 Studies on some soils from Saskatchewan, Clark, Gortner, and Vail 16 Soil surveys and agricultural maps in foreign countries, Rordam 16 Twenty-five years' work of the German Moor Culture Association, Wangen- heim and Fleischer 16 The Swedish Moor Culture Association and the Flahult moors, Grandeau 16 First principles of soil fertility, Vivian 16 The productiveness of the soil: Chemical factors, Graftiau 16 The influence of various salt solutions on the permeability of soils, Hissink . . 16 Nitrogen content of soils as affected by methods of farming, Whitson et al 16 The feeding of plants by the nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the soil, Koch et al. . 17 On fixation of nitrogen in cultivated soils, Warmbold 17 Fixation of nitrogen bj' certain hyphomycetes living in dead plants, Froehlich . 1 7 Adaptability of sources of energy to assimilation of nitrogen, Pringsheim 18 The fixation of nitrogen by Rhizohium leguminosarvm, Greig-Smith 18 The fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter chroococrmn, Greig-Smith 18 Biological method for determination of alkali carbonates in soils, Christensen. . 19 The new nitragin, Vogel 19 Inoculation as a factor in growing alfalfa, Harding and Wilson ' 19 Alfalfa aided by soil inoculation. Hall 19 How to determine the fertilizer requirements of Ohio soils, Thorne 20 Report on cooperative field experiments in Jutland, 1906 20 Cooperative fertilizer trials in Malmuhus County, 1906, Weibull et al 20 The value of the Albert plant food salts for pet cultures, Brehmer 21 Further experiments with various kinds of nitrate, Sebelien 21 Lime nitrogen applied at seeding and used as top-dressing in spring, Stutzer. . 21 Citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid in phosphatic slags, de Molinari and Ligot. 21 Comparative tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Kuhnert 21 On the fertilizing value of salts of manganese, Grandeau 22 The American fertilizer handbook 22 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Fertilizer materials market 22 Nitrate of soda in 1907, Maizieres 22 Nitrate of soda 22 Agricultural uses of crude ammonia, Bouant 22 Influence of plant constituents on the properties of peat, Zailer and Wilk 22 The nitrification of peat in artificial niter beds, Desprez 23 Report on trials of machinery used in the peat industry, 1906 23 The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, Giovanni 23 The high-tension arc and the tixation of nitrogen, Brion 24 Experimental investigations on the high-tension arc, Brion 24 The manufacture of calcium cyanamid, Kershaw 24 The action of sulphuric acid on calcium cj'anamid, Jona 24 Other uses for lime, Pardy 24 The German potash industry, Kubierschky 24 The manufacture of potash in North Caucasus 24 Phosphate beds [of South Carolina] , Sloan 25 The phosphate minerals from Elder Rock, Mawson, and Cooke 25 Phosphatic slags, Marsais 25 Phosphatic fertilizers, Fasoli 25 On the reversion of phosphoric acid in superphosphates, Herbst 25 The world's production of phosphates in 1907, Maizieres 26 [South Carolina] marl, Sloan 26 Commercial fertilizers, Jones, jr. , Haworth, and Proulx 26 Commercial fertilizers. Hills and Jones 26 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The occurrence of rennet in the Papaveracea*, Gerber 26 Presence of a nitrate-reducing enzym in green plants, Irving and Hankinson. . 26 Role played by proteins and the decomposition products of albuminoids in fer- mentation, Ehrlich 27 The role and function of mineral salts in the life of the plant, Deleano 27 The possible role of light in relation to Alpine plants, Shaw 27 The carbon assimilation of Penicillium, Hasselbring 28 Assimilation of ziuc by Sterigmafncystis nigra, Javillier 28 Injury to vegetation and animal life by smelter wastes, Haywood 28 FIELD CROPS. Studies on improvement of sand, marsh, and heavy clay soils, Whitson et al.. 29 Relation of orchard cover crops to moisture and freezing, Delwiche and Moore. 30. The improvement of mountain meadows. Cotton 31 Building up a run-down cotton plantation, Brodie 31 Small farms in the corn belt, Warren 31 Annual report of Porto Rico Experiment Station for 1907 [Field crops], May. 32 Experiments with grain and forage plants, 1907, Moore, St(jne, and Delwiche.. 32 Cooperative alfalfa work for 1908, Williams and (^oddard 33 Barley culture in the northern Great Plains, Carleton 33 Brewing barleys, Norgord 34 The prickly pear as a farm crop, Griffiths 34 The soy bean, Williams 34 Effect of soil inoculation on soy beans, WoU and Olson 34 [Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets during 1906], Woll and Stoddart 35 [Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets during 1907] , Woll and Moore 35 Sweet potatoes, Beattie 35 Tobacco investigations for 1907, Moore and Rogers 35 Eradication of farm weeds, Moore, Stone, and Hutton 36 Report of the agronomist. East 36 Corn breeding in Minnesota, Bull 38 Plant breeding for farmers, Webber 38 Cereal production of Europe, Rutter 38 European grain trade, Rutter 38 HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist, lorns 38 Influence of " bottom heat "in forcing cucumbers, Moore 40 IV CONTENTS. Page. Cranl)erry investigations, Whitson and Maldc 40 Relation of weather to the setting of fruit; with blooming data, liedrick 41 Pruning fruit trees, Thornber 42 Notes on the avoeado fruit, Loew 42 Dry-land olive culture in northern Africa, Kearney 42 The decay of oranges while in transit from California, Powell et al -i'.i Nomenclature of the pear; a catalogue-index of the known varieties, Ragan.. 44 Report of the coffee expert, Van Leenhoff 45 The fermentation of cacao and of coffee, Loew 45 FORESTRY. Forests 46 Yearbook of the administration of government and funds property, Heidler. . 46 A statistical review of the forest administration of Baden for 1905 46 Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1905-6, Singh ...... 46 Trees and their life histories. Groom 46 The commercial forest trees of Massachusetts, Clark 47 Forestry from a commercial standpoint, Kane 47 Practical results in basket willow culture, Mell 47 Yield tables for the spruce and beech of Switzerland, Flury 47 Progress in chestnut pole preservation, Weiss 48 Experiments with railway cross-ties, Eastman 48 Forest products of the United States, 1906 49 Wood pulp in Norway, Johnson 49 Resinous products of Dipterocarpaces'S of Indo-China, Milliau and Cr^vost. . . 49 Bamboo as raw material, Raitt 50 Rubber cultivation in the British Empire, Wright. 50 Caoutchouc and gutta plants, Jumelle 50 India-rubber and its manufacture, Terry 50 DISE.\SES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist for 1907, Clinton 51 Symptoms of disease in plants, Heald 51 The control of plant diseases, Whetzel and Stewart 52 Cultures of Uredinefe in 1907, Arthur „ 52 The life history of Puccinia malvacearum, Dandeno 52 Blindness in barley 52 Barley smut investigations, Moore and Stone 53 Observations upon the prevalence of early potato blight in Wisconsin, Milward . 53 Potato spraying experiments for 1907, Milward 53 Diseases affecting rice in Louisiana, Fulton 53 [Fermentation and diseases of tobacco] , Loew 54 Peach leaf curl, Evans 55 Notes on the black knot of plum, Dandeno 55 Gooseberry black knot 55 Combined treatment for prevention of powdery and downy mildew, Donon. . 55 Timber fungi, with special reference to the pines, Bates 56 The treatment of damping off in coniferous seedlings, Spauliling 56 Fomes pinicola and its host plants, Pennington 57 Some diseases of rubber plants, Bernard 57 Fungicides, Whetzel and Wilson 57 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY- — ENTOMOLOGY. Report on rabbit branch, Crawford 57 Observations on the food of a number of birds, Passerini and Cecconi 57 The locust-destroying birds of the Transvaal, d'Evelyn 57 Some observations concerning the effects of freezing on insect larvse, Hine 57 The more important insects injurious to Indian agriculture, Lefroy 57 The Indian surface caterpillars of the genus Agrotis, Lefroy and Ghosh 57 Combating ants and locusts in South America, Bolle 58 European insect pests in North America, HeymonsI 58 [Insect pests] , Craig, Slingerland, and Crosby 58 Report of the entomologist and plant pathologist. Tower 58 The so-called green bug and other grain aphids in Minnesota, Washburn 58 CONTENTS. V Page. Peculiar injury to barley by Clorops Lrniopus, Wahl 59 Katir corn aphis 59 The a.«i)aragus beetles, Chittenden 59 Screenins; for the protection of cabbage seed beds, Schoene 59 Protecting cabliage plant beds from maggots, Hall 59 Insects injurious to cranberries during 1907, Hardenburg and Malde 59 Report on the work of the section for plant protection, 1906-7, Brick 60 Does it pay to spray Nebraska apple orchards? Emerson and Denny 60 The ajiple maggot or railroad worm, Quaintance 60 The ir sect pests of peach trees, Lafont 60 State nursery inspection, Moore 60 Diseases and insect pests [of coffee], Van Leenhoff _ 61 Individual and seasonal variations in Ifelopeltis theivora, Mann 61 The coccidie attacking the tea plant in India and Ceylon, Green and Mann . . 61 Means of com))ating cockchafers, von Tubeuf 61 A new phytophagous mite with notes on other species, Hewitt 61 Exj)eriments in tlie control of Tinea peUioneUn, Roussin 61 Bee breeding, Green 62 Queen rearing, Alexander 62 Digestibility of mulberry leaves with relation to feeding of silkworms, Bucci. . 62 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Food chemistry, Varges 62 The food chemist as an expert, Neufeld 62 The peacock edible, Williams 63 Analyses of canned sausage, Balland 63 Analyses of canned fish, Maljean 63 A new method of preserving meat, de Lapparent 63 Slaughtering and meat packing 63 Meat inspection, Toubeau 63 Pasteur's theory applied to diastatic action in bread making, Serand 63 Survival of pathogenic bacteria in bread after baking, Roussel 63 Studies of the flour, bread, and Italian pastes sold in Venice, Zoso 63 Cultivation of cassava and manufacture of flour in Sao Paulo, Sobrinho 63 Flour and grist mill products, Ellsworth 64 Starch, Merriam 64 Bacteriological studies of field-grown vegetables from Moscow, Kozyn 64 The soy bean as a feeding stuff in Italy, Ruata and Testoni 64 The nutritive value of the avocado, Garcia 64 Some observations on the date, Vinson 64 The quantity of fatty substance in some samples of olive flesh, Passerini 64 Some Algerian olive oils, II, Archbutt 65 Composition of cocoanut milk and the diastases of Cocos mucifera, de Kruyff . . 65 Adulteration of cola nut and preserved truffles 65 Edilile oil from satflower seed, Houghton and Mudaliar 65 Alcohol-free beverages, Mezger ■ 65 Analyses of white wines at the National School of Agriculture, Kirschbaum. . 65 Statistics of Swiss wines for the year 1906 : 65 Port wine and the vineyards f)f the Alto Douro 65 Institutions for examination of foods in German Empire, Konig and Juckenack . 65 Food inspection decisions 65 Food and drug inspection, Leach 65 Housekeeping in Egypt, Williams 65 How a five-cent lunch is cooked and served at Honolulu Normal School, Bell. 66 School lunches 66 Vegetaljle products [of northern Nigeria] 66 Diet in Inclo-China, Kermorgant 66 Diet of the poor and its social significance, Rubner 66 Hygiene in relation to nutrition and physiology, Reiss 66 Influence of food on experimental tuberculosis, Lanne-Longue et al 66 Recent dietetic experiments, Kellogg 67 Physiological economy in nutrition. A different explanation, Haig 67 Relation Vjetween uric acid and heat production, Cathcart and Leathes 67 Investigations on purin bodies, 1882-1906, Fischer 67 Has a purin-f ree dietary an j'^ special therapeutic value? Watson 67 The behavior of nonfernientable carbohydrates in the animal body, Brasch. . . 67 VI CONTENTS. Page. The digestion and iitilization of crude liber and cellulose, Lohrisch 68 The effect of cocoa on metabolism, (irerlach 68 The mineral matter recjuired l>y the human body, Sherman 68 Estimation of water vapor by the Jaquet respiration apparatus, Staehelin 68 Report of progress in food and nutrition, 1906-7, Langworthy 68 ANIMAL PKODUCTION. Fodders and grasses, Brunnich 69 Salvia loca as a forage plant, Lavenir 69 The composition and digestibility of dried beet leaves, Honcamp et al 69 Drying beet tops and use as a feeding stuff, Honcamp and Katayama 69 Olive pomace as a feeding stuff for farm animals, Briganti 69 Maizena feed and homco, Barnstein 69 Concentrated feeding stuffs, Oathcart, Carberry, and Gaub ' 69 Condimental stock foods, Woll 69 The animal body as a prime motor. Experiments with oxen, Ringelmann. . . 70 Physiology of the blind intestine of Herbivora, Ustjanzew 70 Value of so-called plant amids in nitrogen metabolism, Henriquesand Hansen. 70 The substitution of amids for protein, Friedlaender .,. 70 Protein metabolism in dogs on a low nitrogen diet, Osterberg and Wolf 70 The nature of the urine of young calves, Langstein and Neuberg 70 Note on gases produced in alimentary canal of goats, Boycott and Damant 70 Yearbook of scientific and practical animal breeding, Miiller 71 Live stock schemes, 1908 71 The central zootechnic station at Sao Paulo, Raquet 71 Reports of live stock associations of Ontario, 1906 and 1907 71 Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1906, Appel 71 Notes on stable ventilation, Noack 72 History of Shorthorn cattle, edited by Sinclair 72 Feeding blackstrap molasses to young calves, Woodward and Lee, jr 72 Milk substitute for calf feeding, Woodward 72 Observations on sheep breeding, Humphrey and Kleinheinz 73 Notes on goat keeping, Nauckhoff 73 The value of different kinds of green forage for hogs, Waters 73 Pig fattening tests, Hinrichs 74 Corn to make a pound of pork, Hendricks 75 Meat meal for pigs as compared with ground grain, Steffens 75 Notes on swine management, Linklater 75 The portable hog house, Fuller 75 The horse book, Johnstone 75 Breeds of horses, Wrangel 75 Report of the department of horse breeding, Alexander 75 Horse raising in Denmark, 1906, Jensen 75 Economical horse feeding in the brewing industry 75 Substitutes for oats in horse feeding, Konig 75 Report on the poultry industry in Denmark and Sweden, Brown 75 Progressive poultry culture, Brigham 76 The perfected poultry of America, McGrew and Howard 76 Cost of feeding chickens, E. and W. Brown 76 The production of table poultry, Paynter 76 Notes on the preservation of eggs in water glass, Hendrick 76 Pheasant farming, Simpson 76 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. The university dairy herd, 1906-7, Humphrey and Woll 77 Tests of dairy cows, 1906-7, Woll and Harris 77 Records of production made by Colantha 4th's Johanna, 1906-7, Woll 77 The Jerseys at the St. Louis Exposition 77 Bacteria of machine and hand drawn milk, Hastings and Hoffmann 77 Cell elements in milk and relation to sanitary standards, Russell and Hoffmann . 77 Concerning the bactericidal property of perhydrase milk. Much 78 Milk commissions and production of certified milk in LTnited States, Lane 78 The variation in the composition of milk, Lauder 79 Variations in the amount of casein in cows' milk, Hart 79 The chemistry of milk curdling, Sammis 79 CONTENTS. VII Page. The coagulation of fresh and alkahne milks, Sammis 79 Effect of autolysis on the precipitogenic character of milk, de Waele 80 Intiuence of oxygen on fermentation by tyj)ical lactic-acid liacteria, Koestler. 80 Butter from sweet cream, Charron 80 Influence of metals on the action of rennet, Ol^on 80 Red spots in p]mmenthal cheese, Thoni and Allemann 81 Investigation of Gervais cheese, Midler 81 Regarding "short" cheese, Boekhout and de.Vries 81 An automatic cheese press, Moore 81 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Veterinary hygiene, Klimmer 81 Wounds: Their treatment and some minor surgical operations, Rol)ertson 81 Preventive inoculation of farm stock, Robertson 82 Veterinary divisic^i, Gilruth and Reakes 82 Aggressins in barbone and their application as an inununizing agent, Baldrey. 82 Granulous colpitis as a cause of sterility, Brante 82 A mycosis affecting man and rats, Lutz and Splendore 82 Cultivation of trypanosomes and vital coloration of these organisms, Franca. . 82 The trypanolytic power of serum in experimental nagana, Rodet and Vallet. . 82 The preventive and curative power of human serum in cases of nagana, Goel)el . 82 The treatment of experimental nagana, Loefiier and Riihs 83 The diagnosis of rabies, Gry uner 83 The etiology and diagnoi^is of rabies, Oreste 83 The effect of various chemicals upon rabies virus, Fermi 83 The theory and practice of anti-rabic iimnunization, Harvey and McKendrick. 83 The action of bile on tetanus toxin, Vincent 83 Action of the component elements of the bile on tetanus toxin, Vincent 84 Experiments in the use of epsom salts in the treatment of tetanus, Cruveilhier. 84 Inoculation tuberculosis in cold-blooded animals, Moriya 84 Fetal tuberculosis in calves, Ellerman and de Waal 84 Influence of wounds on localization of tuberculosis, Rodet and Jeanbrau 84 The action of chlorin on the tubercle bacillus, Moussil and Goupil 84 The formation of antibodies from the substance of the tubercle, Bertarelli 84 Tubercle toxin studies, II, Haentjens - 85 Cultures of tubercle bacilli in vivo and vaccination against the disease, Moussu. 85 Vaccination against tuberculosis, Leclainehe 85 Tuberculosis tests for 1906-7, Russell 85 Extent to which milk yield is affected by injections of tuberculin, Bohm 85 Two new species of nematodes in alimentary tract of cattle in Sumatra, Vryl)urg. 85 Parturient paresis, Wagner 86 Poisoning of cattle with tansy, Wessel, Wilster, and Bugge 86 Two undescribed diseases of sheep. Dale 86 The stomach worm of sheep and goats, Dixon 86 Ulcerous stomatitis of goats, Cadeac 86 Lesions in swine by Echinorhynchus gigas, Weinberg and Romanovitch 86 Swine erysipelas, Cesari 87 Occurrence of the bacilli of swine erysipelas in healthy hogs, Pitt 87 Behavior of white blood corpuscles in common diseases of the horse, Franke . 87 The behavior of red blood corpuscles in surgical diseases of the horse, (jasse. . 87 Studies on glanders, Galtier 87 The toxin of glanders bacillus, Turro 88 Abscess formation in horses affected with glanders, Lienaux 88 Combating glanders in Dutch East Indies, Van der Burg 88 A study of the toxin in ulcerous lymphangitis of the horse, Dassonville 88 The treatment of mange in dogs, Dietz 88 Piroplasma cavis and its life cycle in the tick, Christophers 88 [A bacterial growth on chickens] , May 88 The persistence of contagion of fowl cholera, Sizov 88 Spirochetosis of Sudanese fowls — an after phase, Balfour 89 Some observations on swollen head in turkeys, Graham-Smith 89 RURAL ECONOMICS. Piecework in agriculture, Wasmuth 89 The farm labor problem in the Empire State 89 VIII CONTENTS. Emijjration to Virginia and the labor question, Koiner 89 TIk' lluner number. The prices of other technical publicati(jns are given above. The publications of the State experi- ment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. September, 1908. No. 1. The call for men to carry on the work of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations has continued unabated during the past year. At this season, when changes are being made and new plans put into effect, the demand is especially imperative. It comes with particular stress for men to fill the higher positions in the work of these institu- tions, notably the advanced work in the experiment stations. The difficulty of filling positions satisfactorily is increasing as the demand becomes more exacting. Standards have changed materially in the last few years. More and more emphasis is being laid on new appointees having had broad training, in addition to their college course. Less stress than formerly is laid on the practical training and experience, and more upon a thorough grounding in the princi- ples of science and a true conception of the spirit and methods of research. Given the latter, a sufficient familiarity with practice to bring the investigator into touch with its problems may be acquired ; but the reverse does not follow. The change in character of the demand has been gradual but steady. Already it has left behind many who started out in the work origi- nally, or even a decade ago. The development of stations all over the country has presented such differences in standards and in grade of work that in the past men with but little special training beyond the college course have usually been able to find places in the work, if they combined other desirable qualities. Gradually, however, the necessity for more advanced study of agricultural problems has be- come widespread ; and especially since the passage of the Adams Act the attempt to inaugurate more work of that class has been general throughout the country. The latter has exercised an unmistakable influence on the work of the stations as a whole, and has thus made new demands on the personnel, present and prospective. It has directed more attention to investigation and to the necessary prepara- tion for it. The first effort in inaugurating these investigations was to conduct them mainly with the staff which the station already had. Men who could be added for this purpose were scarce, and furthermore the 1 2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. actual rcquiiviiuMits were not ahvays fully appreciated. It is not .sui'i)iisinir thcivforc that diiHcultics wciv ciiconntered. Compara- tively few of the men hud been educated and trained for thorough- "oing investigation, and hence the number who fully imderstood the spirit and the meaning of scientific investigation was not large. Out of any large body of men interested in science only a few^ are really productive in investigation. This is evidenced by the record of any large scientific society, or even of any large university. While there are many men publishing the results of their work, much of which is of value, especially in cumulative form, there is a compara- tively small number whose work is conspicuous for originality of thought and for marking distinct advance. This is in some degree due to the fact that the general average is already higher than formerly, but it is also due to the fact that genuine research ability is rare. Hence in any branch of science a considerable body of workers is essential to a satisfactory output. There must be a quite large number of men engaged before the amount of actually pro- ductive research is such as to attract much attention. This is as true in station work as elsewhere. Out of a coiiipara- tively small number wdio have prepared themselves for original scien- tific work there will necessarily be but feAv who will exhibit special aptitude and ability, and not until a considerable number have been developed who have an interest and zeal for agricultural investiga- tion will there be a sufficiently large body of genuine investigators to lead thought and promulgate the spirit of that work. Hence wdien the Adams fund came there were comparatively few who were able to formulate productive lines of original research — undertakings in which for the time being the consideration of principles pre- dominated over the development of rules for practice. The result has been that the investigation under that fund has not all been of uniformly high grade. Some has been abandoned or turned over to other funds, and some has been reshaped and strengthened in plan as a result of conference and advice. Much can be done by way of suggestion, but it is becoming evident that no amount of planning will make an undertaking a piece of research unless the guiding hand of the man in charge places it there. The man may be aided by sug- gestion and counsel in shaping his investigation, but his own genius Avill determine its ultimate quality. Research is an individual prod- uct, an expression not only of the man's technical knowledge but of his mental grasp and acumen. It is time that the kind of men required for station work was more fully understood. This applies to the stations themselves, as well as to the men electing to enter that field. It applies to the experimental work of the station as a whole, as well as to its research ^vork. The EDITORIAL. 3 station is a scientific institution. Its work in every department nnist be on a basis that will command the respect and confidence of scien- tific men as well as of the farmers. Moreover, it must be progressive, advancing, going higher and higher as it develops. How can this be the case if it runs against human limitations almost at the outset? Not all men entering the station work are to become investigators in the scientific sense. It will not be exacted of them. There are various grades of station work which have to be provided for; but the standards for all classes of work are steadily advancing. We can not always be expected to continue comparing varieties of cabbage or strawberries to determine which are best for the marlvct gardener to grow. We shall advance to a grade of work a step higher — perhaps show him how he himself can improve varieties, and then what char- acters are correlated wdth certain qualities. We shall lead him and make him more independent, rather than keeping him dependent and allowing his inertia to hold the station back. Hence the men who now enter the w^ork must be trained so that they can see the real problems and have the right perspective as to values. They must be able to make their work progressive in char- acter and to bring into it more and more real investigation — features which aim at establishing some of the fundamental facts. Then their work will become productive. If the man lacks sufficiently broad training and perspective, he will not be able to do this creative kind of work, no matter how hard he tries. His department will mark time, or the station will have to find someone to take his place. So in selecting their new men, the stations must secure, as far as pos- sible, men who have the desire, the qualifications, and the broad out- look for progressive work, even though circumstances may for awhile keep them at some rather elementary tasks. For the research work w^hich the station is to enter upon at once it must have broadly educated and mature scientists, men who know what constitutes the essentials of investigation and are able to apply these to agricultural problems. No matter hoAv sincere and earnest a station may be in its desire to carry on advanced investigation, it will fall short of attaining this end unless it has the men suited by taste and preparation. It can not develop a corps of productive in- vestigators out of men who lack this foundation. The man whose fundamental training has not been of such extent and character as to give him the right point of view at the start, will be able to grasp only feebly the kind of work which is wanted of him or to adapt himself efficientlj^ to it. Not only will he not be resourceful in investigation, but he will not have correct ideas of values and can not grow into the position of a directing head of a department. The qualities which fit a man for investigation are not picked up. except to a limited degree. They are distinctly a product of his education, supple- 4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mentecl by a natural aptitude. These qualities become a part of his nature as exhibited in his hal)it of thou<2:ht, the evidence he requires to satisfy his mind. V\\' need in some ({uarters a clearer understanding of ^vhat research is and of the methods of science Avhich characterize it. The lack of this knoAvled<2e is a stumblintj^ block to some men who have aspired to undertake Adams fund work. It can not be otherwise, and until a proper conception of this grade of work and its requirements becomes more widespread, our investigation will not attain the position which we hope for it. A great deal of our " research " is not started right and can not lead to definite conclusions of scientific value until different methods are practiced. The accunudation of data, whether analyses or observa- tions, in an indefinite way, in the hope that they wdll shed light or furnish a clew which will suggest a starting point or give an em- pirical answer, is expensive and seldom leads up to an investigation. Research does not spring merely from a desire to further human knowledge. It is conditioned on certain qualities in the man, de- veloped in part through his training and in part inherent in himself. The foundations of it are laid in an attitude which demands a scien- tific reason for observed phenomena, a knowledge which enables the subject to be approached intelligently, and skill and judgment in the handling and interpretation of data. We may have the desire to know the fundamental reason why a given soil becomes infertile; but unless we have a sufficiently broad training to discern the point of attack, to formulate a plan of investigation, taking advantage of what is already known, and to interj^ret the results in a logical and scientific manner, research will be out of the question. An investigator can not be made, even by the most careful attention to his training and preparation. His ultimate success will depend upon something within himself which can not be supplied from the outside. But a great deal can be done in developing the resources he possesses, in directing his study along broad lines, and in inculcating the scientific spirit. These things are a product of special graduate work of university grade. They require a favorable atmosphere for their development. The recognition of these facts is leading station directors to an in- creasing degree to require higher qualifications in their new men. They are looking for men who have had substantial graduate courses in science equivalent to the work of the larger universities, which shall have brought them into direct contact with research work and given them not only the technical knowledge and training in methods, but correct discrimination and an inspiration which lie at the very basis of successful investigation. EDITORIAL. 5 The idea has been current to some extent that the stations conkl train their OAvn men, at least in part. This has led to the not unusual practice of taking men direct from the college course and putting them through a sort of apprenticeship in station work, which has been accepted by the men as equivalent to a graduate course in a uni- versity. As a matter of fact, this is usually far from being the case. The stations can advise men in their reading, can assist them in get- ting a clear conception of the spirit of their work, and can stimulate them to secure more adequate preparation through university courses. But it must be left to the colleges and the universities to provide courses of instruction which prepare men to undertake advanced work and give them the proper point of view. They must bring to the sta- tion a thorough start in their education for its work. The stations on their part should stimulate their men to pursue ad- vanced study if they are to rise above the grade of a quite subordinate assistant. It should give them no encouragement to think that in the present status of station work they can get along without it. Indeed, they might well make such graduate study a condition of advance- ment to a position of independent work, as some have already done. In the past the stations have had very largely to adapt such men as the market afforded to their special field of work. This must always be the case to some extent. The work is so special that no institution could be looked upon to provide courses of instruction in it. But this is quite different from providing the fundamental education. Education is not only the imbibing of information but the securing of a point of view and an ability to w^ork out problems for one's self. This is the work of the preparatory institution. The value of a scientific fact and the method by wdiich it is established is a part of a man's scientific education. Without it he will have distinct limita- tions as a station man, and will never be able to progress far in independent work. The question is already being asked whether the courses of the agricultural colleges provide men with the proper groundwork for station investigators. In some cases, at least, they clearly do not inculcate the point of view which the prospective station man should liave. He does not receive a correct idea of values as applied to dif- ferent classes of experimental work, or a true conception of the rela- tions which science bears to the practical art of agriculture. The means by which science may be made to clear up the mysteries of plant and animal growth are not always brought home to the student, even in an elementary way, and the relative merits of different kinds of experimentation and investigation are rarely presented in such a way as to give him a true perspective or an intelligent discrimination. 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ill other words, iio <^atIior.s littlo of the real spii-it of investigation or of the scientific method in settling questions. In the past many of the graduates have left the course with much the same feeling that the farmer has — that practical trials and simple experiments under conditions which imitate practice will be sufficient to determine the best methods and furnish rules for farming. Beyond this they have not had impressed upon them the needs of agriculture in a broad and more fundamental sense. If one of the main objects of the college education is to teach cor- rect ideas of values, it would seem that this should be extended to the subject which touches the agricultural student most closely. The work of the stations furnishes a great variety of material for such instruction, and it might with advantage be made a part of the re- quired course. Agricultural education is not complete unless it teaches the student the meaning of experiment station work — the significance of investigation as well as of the more immediately prac- tical experiments, and enables him to use the results intelligently and with some discrimination. The experiment station is one of the fields open to the graduate in agriculture. In the past it has looked to the agricultural college as the source from which to recruit its forces. The station investigator should be the highest product of the agricultural course, and as such may be accorded some special attention in its courses. This does not minimize the position of the farmer graduate, or the man who has gained a new touch wdth nature through its course, or the agricultural editor whose effort is to lead agricultural thought. But the discov- erer of truth, the man wdio is adding to the store of knowdedge, is furnishing the stock in trade of the farmer, the writer, and the teacher. He stands at the head of the sj^stem, indispensable to further progress, and marking the highest stage in the application of his education. He is therefore Avorthy of special care in his training, for potentially he represents the highest tj^pe of product. Formerly when there were only a few State stations the encourage- ment to young men to spend time and money preparing for a career in that field was quite restricted. The conception of the need of special preparation has rested with the stations, and not until they demanded it and made it a condition of apiDointment was provision made to meet it. Now the colleges are establishing graduate courses and giving more attention to advanced study. Wliether or not they will be able to turn out men wdth the highest type of preparation is a vital question. The opportunity for a career in station work is now at hand. The stations in the development of their work have furnished the incentive to young men to prepare themselves thoroughly for this field. The grade of work is steadily advancing throughout the country. The EDITORIAL, 7 opportunity for advanced work freed from the distraction of other duties is making the field more attractive. The man of faulty prep- aration will soon find his limitations, and the discovery may and often will come too late to be rectified. A requirement of broad and thorough preparation is in the ultimate interest of the man as well as of the station. The eti'ect of the Graduate School of Agriculture the past summer in opening up the field of agricultural investigation and broaden- ing the view of those in attendance regarding the problems and methods of investigation, was perhaps its most important influence. The opportunity for coming into intimate contact with so many leading men in that work was a rare one. It was especially beneficial to young men preparing to enter the experiment stations. It not only served to familiarize them with the present status of knowledge on special subjects, but it inculcated higher ideals as to the character of work to be done and the preparation necessarj^ to undertake it. The real nature of many intricate problems in agriculture and their relation to the fundamental sciences Avere brought home with a new force. To many a man this school presented the first real concep- tion of the true scope of the field in which he was working. To some the discovery was. well-nigh overwhelming, while to others it was stinudating to a high degree, and inspired them with a desire for further study. To all it was broadening and imparted something more of the spirit of investigation. 53818— No. 1—08 2 RECENT WORK IN AfxRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On the theory of indicators and the reactions of phthaleins and their salts. S. F. AcKEE {Anitr. Chein. Jour., 3!) (1908), No. J/, pp. 528-54 '/). — The essential point brought out in this discussion is that "the chief cause of*this color [in case of phenolphthalein and similar compounds] is not the colored quinone group . . . but the double compound formed by the inter- or intramolec- ular union of the quinone complex with the free aniline (or aniline hydroxid) groups of the dyestuff." Note on the determination of potash by the perchlorate method in ferti- lizers, soils, manures, crops, etc., V. Schenke (Landw. Vers. Stat., 68 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 61-65; ubs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 9// (1908), No. 5^6, II. p. 321; Chem. Zig., 32 (1908), No. 36, Rrpcrt.. pp. 238, 239).— The author calls at- tention to certain difficulties encountered in applying his method (E. S. R., 19, p. 613) to the determination of potash in soils rich in lime and in solutions con- taining strong acids, particularly sulphuric acid. To overcome such difficulties he recommends a procedure which is in the main the same as that followed in the modified Finkener platinic chlorid method which he has previously de- scribed. In this the sulphuric acid is removed by evaporation and careful heating over a direct flame, the residue taken up in a small amount of 5 per cent hydrochloric acid, the sulphuric acid precipitated with the smallest possible excess of 10 per cent barium chlorid, and other salts removed by the addition of alkali-free milk-of-lime. After standing about one-half hour an aliquot part of the filtrate fi-om these precipitations is acidified with hydrochloric acid and potash precipitated with 20 per cent perchloric acid. A comparison of this method with the ordinary perchlorate method showed that the modified method gave siimewhat higher results than the original method. On the use of nitron for the determination of nitric acid in soils and plants, .7. LiTZENDORFF (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 20 (1907), No. 51, pp. 2209-2213; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcni. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 2, p. S3; Jour. Chem. Soc: [Lon- donl, 94 (1908), No. 5'i'i, II, pp. 130, 131; Bui. Soc. Chim. France, J,, ser., 4 (1908), No. 5, p, 34I). — In the use of this method for determining nitric acid in soils 2 kg. of the soil is shaken for 5 hour with 4 kg. of water according to the method of Buhlert and Fickendey (E. S. R., 17, p. 832). To 100 cc. of the solution thus obtained, heated to boiling, 5 to 10 cc. of 10 per cent nitron acetate solution is added and the solution kept in ice or ice water until the precipitate separates out. The precipitate is then collected on a Gooch filter, dried at 110° C, and weighed. When the soil contained less than 20 parts per million of nitric nitrogen it was found desirable previously to concentrate the soil extract by evaporation with the addition of a little sodium hydroxid or calcined magnesia. In the determination of nitric acid in mustard 20 gm. of the dried aud fine- ground plant was extracted with 400 gm. of water which was slightly warmed. S AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 9 A iiart Qf the extract was then aciditied with acetic* acitl, tlie solution liltered, ami nitrate precipitated with the nitron solution. The method was compared with other standard methods of determining nitric acid, such as the Schloesiny; and the Schulze-Tiemann methods, under varying conditions. The materials examined included compost earth, field soils, and nuistard, as already stated. The results show that the method will very accu- rately determine 2 to 3 mg. of nitrate nitrogen in 100 gm. of soil. In case of !-oils containing less than this amount of nitrate it is not possible to make accurate determinations on account of the fact that the repeated extraction necessary and the greater concentration required result in increase of sub- stances in the solution which prevent the crystallization of the nitron nitrate. Substances which similarly interfere with the crystallization occur when soil extracts are sterilized by heat. The difficulty due to these substances can be removed by repeatedly adding hydrogen peroxid to the extract during evapora- tion and by heating the concentrated extract with hydrogen peroxid in boiling water for 0 hours until the color is destroyed. The determinations of nitrate in mustai"d indicate that the results heretofore obtained by other methods of determining nitrates in plants are often too high. The determination of ammonia in water, A. Eonchese (Jour. Fhurm. ct Chiin., 6. scr., 27 (7.908). No. 5, pp. 231-235; Bui. Soc. Chim. France, Jf. ser., 3 (HWH), Xo. 6, pp. 362-366). — ^The author describes an adaptation of his for- maldehyde method ( E. S. II.. 15), p. 407) to the determination of small amounts of anmionia in waters. He reports.tests with water containing varying amounts of anunonia from which lie concludes tha.t the method is as exact as the more sensitive methods of determining ammonia in water, as, for example, that of Buisson. A method for the determination of very small amounts of carbon, espe- cially the carbon of organic substances, in water, N. Popowsky (Arch. Hi/g., 65 {1908), A'O. 1, pp. 1-16, pgs. 2). — The method with which this article deals is an adaptation of the wet combustion method perfected by Scholz in which the organic matter is converted to carbon dioxid by boiling with potassium bichromate and sulphuric acid. The carbon dioxid is measured by the decolor- ization of sodium-carbonate solution containing phenolphthalein. the carbon dioxid converting the carbonate to bicarbonate and thus destroying the color. A new reaction for protein, B. Bardach (ZtscJir. Phy.siol. CJicin., 5) (1908), No. -'i, pp. 355-358). — The presence of albumin hinders the formation of iodo- form from iodin or iodid of potassium and acetone. The author studied the reaction with a number of different proteids and concludes that it not only may be useful for the detection of protein but also may be of value in judging of the nature of the proteid present. Chemistry of flesh. Further studies on the application of Folin's creatin and creatinin method to meats and meat extracts, A. D. Emmett and H. S. (;KI^■nLEV {-Jour. Biol. ('hem.. 3 {1901), No. 6. pp. .'i9l-516). — On the basis of an extended chemical study of meat extracts and meats, conclusions were drawn regarding the applicability to such products of the Folin method of determining creatinin and creatin, and suggestions are made regarding details of manipulation, etc. The authors conclude " that the Folin method when properly modified is as ai)plicable to meat extracts and meats as it is to urine," and that it has given reliable and concordant results in their experience. Concerning' Liebig^'s meat extract. III. Kutscher (ZcntbJ. I'lii/sioL, 21 (1907), No. 18. pp. 5Sii, .7. I7',7~n'50). — From an ex])erinioiit(iil. Ijiiidir. (Icsdi.. 2J {HIOl), .Vo. -'/, />/>. 77; /-77;',).— This is a brief statement regarding the value of this service to farmers. The weather of the summer of 1907 in Germany and its influence on the agricultural industry, Kassner and Hillman {Jahrh. Dcut. Landiv. GeseU., 22 (1007), Xo. //, pp. 765-778, pis. //). — The season of 1007 is briefly discussed from the meteorological standpoint as well as with reference to its influence on the agricultural industry. Climate | of Belgium], {Expos6 dc la Situation du Royanmc de 1876 a 1900. Brussels: Govt., 1907, vol. 1, pp. 55-S//).— The general climatic conditions are descril)ed and meteorological obser\'ations which have been made since the establishment of the observatory of Brussels in 1833 are summarized. Contributions to the study of the meteorology of Cape Verde, J. M. de Macedo {Rev. Off MissCio Agron. Caho Verde, 1 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. 19-2Jt; 2, pp. 48-51; ,3, pp. 85-88). — The meteorological conditions during 1905-1907 are briefly sunmiarized. Studies on the climate of Tunis, G. Ginestous (Etudes sur le climat de la Ttiiiisie. Tunis, 1906, pp. -'i28+Xl, illiis.; rev. in Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 11 (1907), No. 1/5, p. 577). — This is a thesis presented for a doctor's degree at the University of Taris. It reviews previous iniblieations on the climate of Tunis and summarizes and discusses the meteorological data obtained at the various stations of the meteorological service of Tunis during more than 20 years. The work is in three parts, (1) general character of the climate of Tunis, (2) study of the climate of Tunis, and (3) natural climatic regions of Tunis. The climate of Sao Paulo, Brazil, F. T. de Souza Reis (Lavoura; Bol. Soc. Nac. Agr. [Brazil], 11 ( 1907), Ko. 9, pp. 393-399.— This is a brief review of the Itrincipal meteorological elements for this region. Lakes and forests as climatic factors, J. Schubert (Geogr. Ztschr., 13 (1907), No. 12, pp. 688-694, flO- !)• — Observations bearing on this subject are reviewed with an attempt to explain the climatic influence exerted by lakes and forests. A new theory of formation of underground w^ater, G. Martinet (Chron. Agr. Vaud, 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 13-16). — The author agrees with Haedicke that in many cases at least atmospheric precipitation is not sutflcient to maintain the underground supply of water, and that in such cases the supply is maintained more largely by absorjttion of aqueous vapor from the air than from precipitation. Iron in subterranean waters, H. Schwers (Rev. Hyg. et Pol. Sanit., 30 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. Il-'i3, flg. 1 ; 2, pp. 100-126, figs. 8; 3, pp. 185-221 ; .'/, pp. 287- 306). — This is a rather comprehensive discussion of this subject divided into general and special parts. The flrst part deals with the nature of iron com- pounds in subterranean waters, the conditions which cause their solution, and the processes of removal of the iron. The second part deals particularly with a study of natural ferruginous deposits (ochers), and tests of methods of re- moving iron, witli practical conclusions arrived at. Water-supply investigations in Alaska, 1906-7, F. F. Henshaw and C. C. Covert (V. S. Geol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper 218, pp. 156, pis. 12, figs. 2).— This report gives the results of stream measurements in the Nome and Kougarok regions of the Seward Peninsula, and the Fairbanks district of the Yukon- Tanana region, as well as meteorological records (rainfall, temperature, and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 15 pressure) for Seward Peninsula and the Fairbanks district during IDOG-T. and a summary of observations on precipitation throngliout Alaska from 1902 tS1a. Rpt. 1907, pp. 29'i-301).—Th\fi is a record of observations in Mil- waukee and Racine counties on the extent, methods, and advantages of tile drainage. 16 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Studies on some soils from Saskatchewan, L. L. Clark, R. A. Gortner, and C. E. \'ail (Anin: Chnii. Jour.. .Hi U^OS), No. 2, pp. 163-165).— Analyses of samples of a bowlder clay from soutliern Saskatclie\A-an to show the Aertical distribution of soluble salts in the soil, the composition of the water-soluble portion of the soil, and the chemical composition of the soil particles of differ- ent sizes (sand, coarse silt, fine silt, clay) are reported. There was in all cases a steady decline in soluble salts from the first to the sixth foot. The principal constituents of the water-soluble material were sodium, magnesium, sulphuric acid, and chlorin. The percentage of lime was smallest in the clay particles and largest in the coarse silt. The percentage of iron and alumina, potash, and jdiosphoric acid increased steadily from the sand to the clay. Soil surveys and agricultural maps in foreign countries and in Denmark, K. RoROAM (Tid.s.skr. IjintlUkonoiii., I'.IOl, A'o.s. 10, pp. 531-56,i, fi(js. .'/ ; 11, pp. 608-616). — An address delivered befoi-e the Danish Royal Agricultural Society, February 20, 11)07, with discussion of the same. Soil survey work in Denmark, Scandinavia, Germany, Belgium, France, and England is referred to. Twenty-five years' work of the German Moor Culture Association, Wan- GENHEiM and M. Fleischer (Illiis. Landic. Zt(j., .iS (1908), \os. /'/, ]). Ill, figs. 3, map 1; 15, pp. 123, 12-'i). — Brief reviews of the work of this organization are given, wuth a map showing the distribution of moor lauds in Germany. The Swedish Moor Culture Association and the Flahult moors, L. Gran- UEAU {Jour. Agr. Prat., u. ser., I'l (lUOl), A'o*-. '/7. pp. 6-'i9-653, figs. 2; .'/S, pp. 680-68.',, figs. 3; 1,9, pp. 713-716, figs. 2; 50, pp. 7J,5-7J,7 ; 51, pp. 777-780, fig. 1; 52, pp. 808-810). — This is a statement regarding the work of this association and an account of a visit to the moor culture station at Flahult, with descrip- tions of the work in progress there. First principles of soil fertility, A. Vivian (Neiv York, 1908, pp. 265, figs- 93; rev. in Amer. Agr., 81 (1908). ^'o. 6, p. 150). — It is stated that this book is intended primarily for home reading, but since it is made up largely from lec- ture notes used by the author in a course in soil fertility it is believed that it will be found a suitable text for short courses. It is written in nontechnical language with free use of illustrations. The subjects treated include the atmos- pliere and soil as sources of plant food, nitrogen as a plant food, origin of the soil, tillage, drainage and irrigation, summer fallowing, humus and green manur- ing, rotation of crops, manure and its preservation and application, relation of barnyard manure to the maintenance of fertility, nature and use of commercial fertilizers, purchase of fertilizers, and indirect fertilizers. The productiveness of the soil: Chemical factors, J. Graftiau {Ann. Gem- bloux, 18 (1908), No. 2, pp. 89-107, figs. 2). — This is a general discussion of the chemical factors of soil fertility intended to supplement a previous article by Gregoire on physical properties of soils in their relation to productiveness (E. S. R., 19, p. 1015). The influence of various salt solutions on the permeability of soils, D. J. HissiNK {Chcm. Werh-hi., J, {1907), pp. 663-673; abs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1907, II, No. 26, pp. 2071, 2072, fig. 1; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 92 {1907), No. 51,2, II, p. 98.',). — The results of percolation experiments with water, sodium chlorid, potassium chlorid, ammonium chlorid, and calcium chlorid solutions through soil in cylinders are reported. With distilled water and solutions of sodium and potassium chlorids the permeabilitj' of the soil was decreased; when ti'eated with solutions of ammonium and potassium chlorids the permeability was in- creased at first, but finally decreased. Nitrogen content of soils as affected by methods of farming, A. R. Whit- son, C. W. Stoddart, and A. F. McLf:o» {Wisconsin Hta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 25.',- 262). — This article rei)orts a continuation of observations begun in 190G (E. S. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 17 R., IS, p. 102o) on the changes in the nitrogen content of a number of clay loam soils under the influence of continuous cropping in a general system of farm management. Determinations of nitrogen in the cropped soil and in similar vir- gin soil are reported. The results show in general that the largest loss of nitrogen has occurred in those soils which ordinarily contain a rather large percentage of nitrogen. In 16 out of 21 cases i^ which the virgin soil contained 0.2 per cent of nitrogen or over the loss of nitrogen above that removed by crops, probably due chiefly to denitrification and leaching, exceeded 500 lbs. per acre. In 21 out of 2G cases in which the virgin soil contained less than 0.2 per cent of nitrogen the loss of nitrogen was less than 500 lbs. per acre. The average losses were 20.1) per cent of that removed by ci-ops in 1907 and 22.3 per cent in 1906. The loss of nitrogen above that removed by crops was greater when the soil was man- ured than when no manure was applied. "This seems to indicate that the nitrogen added in the form of manure, as ordinarily applied, does not accumu- late In the soil, and suggests the desirability of a very careful study of the methods of applying farmyard manure to determine whether it should be applied in very small quantities annually, or larger amounts at intervals of 4 to G years, as is the customary practice." The feeding of plants by the free living' nitrogen-fixing bacteria of the soil, A. Koch et al. (Jour. Landtv., 55 {1901), No. 4, pp. 355-J/16, pis. .3; abs. in Deut. Landw. Prcsse, 35 (1908), No. 6, p. 57; Chem. ZentbL, 1908, I, No. 5. pp. J,80, J,81; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9If (1908), No. 5J,3, II, pp. 56, 57: Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 9, p. J,59 ; CenthJ. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 21 (1908), No. 13-1 Jf, pp. Ji35-Ii37). — These investigations have been reviewed from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. 318). On fixation of nitrogen in cultivated soils, H. Warmbold {Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt.. 20 (1907), No. J,-5, pp. 121-126) .—Thiii is a reply to criticism by Pfeiffer and his collaborators (E. S. R.. IS, p. 617) of a previous article by the author, in which data were reported indic;iting a chemical fixation of nitrogen in sterilized soils. In further experiments with the same samples of soils no gain was observed under such conditions. On the other hand, a decrease in percentage of total nitrogen was observed in all cases. The extent to which these apparent gains or losses are due to analytical errors is discussed. Fixation of nitrogen by certain hyphomycetes living in dead plants, H. Froehlicii (Jahrb. IT'/.s-.s. Bot. \ I'riiiyslieini], J/o (1907), No. 2, pp. 256-302, figs. 3). — Studies of nitrogen fixation in inire cultures of Alternaria tenuis, Macro- fsporiuvd commune, Hormodcudron cladosporioides, and Chidosporivm herbarum, derived from dead stems and leaves of various trees and herbaceous plants are reported which showed that these organisms, which occur widely distributed in plant remains, can grow normally on substrata to which no nitrogen com- pounds have been intentionally added. Careful determination of the nitrogen balance indicates that all four of the organisms assimilate free nitrogen from the air. Under the cultural conditions of these experiments the relative rates of fixa- tion per 100 cc. of culture solution were as follows: M. commune 3.70 mg. of nitrogen, .4. tenuis 3.34 mg.. C. herbarum 2.26 mg., and H. cladosporioides 1.93 mg. The period covered by the different experiments varied from 39 to 42 days. The maximum nitrogen increase ob.served was 4.5 mg. in a culture of Macro- sporium, the smallest, 1.16 mg., in a culture of Hermodendron. The nitrogen content of the dry matter produced (100 to 200 mg.) was relatively low, but varied with the different cultures. In general it was somewhat less than 1 per cent. All of the organisms required oxygen for their growth and are obligate aerobic organisms. Ilormodendron and Cladosporium were able to grow at 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. teniper;itiires of from 0 to 10°. Dextrose was found to be the most suitable source of carbon. Fermentation processes were not observed in case of any of the or^anisujs. Tlie amount of nitroj;en fixed per gram of dextrose assimilated was greater in all cases than with C lost rid iuni pastcurianum, being on the average as follows: M. commune S.92 mg., .-1. tcnids 5.02 mg., C. Iicrlxiniiii 4..38 mg., and H. dados porioidcs 2.50 mg. Incidentally the conclusions of other investigators that Aspergillus nigcr and PenicilJium f/iaucum are capable of fixing free nitrogen were confirmed. It was Jllso shown in the culture e.xperiments reported that llormofU ndron clado- sporioidcs and VJadosporium hrrharum are two entirely distinct forms and not, as has been often claimed, identical organisms. On the adaptability of different sources of energy to assimilation of atmos- pheric nitrogen and the distribution of nitrogen-fixing bacteria in the soil, H. Prinosheim {Centhl. Bakt. [ctc.^, 2. Abt., 20 {1908), No. 8-!K pp. ^'/8-^.56).— In the investigations reported in this article the power of various Clostridia, but especially Clostridium amcricfiuuni, to assimilate the carbon of cane sugai*, starch, milk sugar, and ammonite under different conditions of concentration, etc., was studied. It was found that these carbohydrates were about as effi- cient as grape sugar as sources of energy in the fixation of nitrogen by C. amcricanum. With concentrations varying from 0.5 to 4 per cent it was found that the utilization of the energy-producing materials was best with the lower concentration. C. americanuDi utilized the different sources of energy more completely than C. pasteurianum. The addition of iron salts to the cul- ture solutions did not increase the nitrogen-fixing capacity of the first-named organism. The fixation of nitrogen by Rhizobium leguminosarum, R. Greig-Smith (Proc. Linn. 8oe. y. .S. Wales. 31 {190G), pt. //, pp. G0S-615).—A study of the production of slime in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. 51S) and the fixation of nitrogen by Rhizobium from Robinia or lupine alone or in association with Baeillus levanifornians. B. radiohacter, and Azotobacter on culture media containing no asparagin or other nitrogenous substance, showed that different I'aces of the Rhizobium can fix atmospheric nitrogen under such conditions and that the fixation is coincident with and proportional to the formation of slime. "Under conditions thai preclude the formation of slime, there is no fixation. Conditions, such as the presence of another bacterium, which assist the formation of slime, also assist fixation. It is a matter of in- difference whether the medium is acid or alkaline." The author's studies on the structure of Rhizobium indicate that it is a com- ])ound micro-organism of coccus type (leuconostoc or streptococcus-like) and his observations on the fixation of nitrogen by the organism confirm and amplify the' results obtained by Maze. The author believes that the slime produced by this organism contains gum and a soluble albuminous constituent which is assimilable by plants and thus makes the plant independent of the supply of soil nitrogen under certain conditions, as for example, in nitrogen-free soils. "We are now certain of the kind of help which the bacterium gives the plant. There exists a symbiosis; the plant supplies saline and saccharine mat- ter, the latter of which the bacterium converts into gum and at the same time elaborates atmospheric nitrogen into constituents which are partly contained within the bacterial cell and partly diffused in the gum, which by virtue of their presence appears as a slime. Both the nitrogenous and the carbohydrate constituents of the slime are then elaborated by the plant cells into tissue elements." The fixation of nitrogen by Azotobacter chroococcum, R. Greig-Smith {Proc. Linn. Soc. X. S. Wales, 31 {1906), pt. .',. pp. 6 16-(j 18). —The slime pro- S0TL8 FERTILIZERS. 19 (luction .-uid nilrosen tixation of various orgauisuis obtained in the process of isolatint; RJiizobiuiii IcgnDiiiio.sanim from a nodule of the l)lue lupine are briefly reported upon in this article. The organisms exjierimented with were A. clinjocovciiiii. BaciUiis ntdiobactcr, and B. Iciimiformans singly and in various combinations. " The experiment bears out Beijerinck's and Van Delden's re- sults, that the Hxation of nitrogen by these bacteria is chiefly, if not entirely, due to -I. chroococciiiii : and . . . indicates that the combination of bacteria brings about a quicker and more regnlai' fixation." A biolog'ical method for the determination of alkali carbonates in soils, H. n. CiiRiSTENSEN {Tidsski: Landbr. Planteavl, l.'t (1907), pp. 292-29h- C'cntbl. liakt. [etc.], 2. Abf., 19 {1901), No. 21-23, pp. 735, 736; abs. in Chrm. ZcnIbL, 190^, I, \o. 2, pp. 166, 167). — This is a preliminary report of investigations in continuation of previous experiments which led to the conclusion that lime in the form of gypsum, calcium chlorid, and tricaleium phosphate can not be utilized by Azotobacter (E. S. R., IS, p. 720). The later investigations do not bear out this conclusion, but show that in certain soils there is no growth with these salts, in others a limited growth, and in still others as vigorous growth with these salts as with calcium carbon- ate. This difference in behavior of soils is attributed to the presence in certain of them of substances which are able to convert a small amount of the lime into form suitable for assimilation by Azotobacter. Experiments are reported which show that alkali carbonates are capable of In-inging about such changes, and it is suggested that the growth of Azotobacter in soils suiii)lied with gypsum may be utilized as a measure of their content of alkali carbonates. The new nitragin, .J. Vogel (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 27 {1907), No 2, pp. 5, 6; abx. in Ccntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 {1907), No. 6-7, p. i7,5).— This article reviews the progress in the practical application of pure cultures for soil inocu- lation, especially with the improved Hiltner cultures. It is stated that it has been demonstrated that Hiltner's cultures and methods of inoculation give in many cases results of great practical importance. Of 62 tests of pure cultures for serradella reported in 1905, 85 per cent gave beneficial results. Large num- bers of cultures for yellow and blue lupines, peas, vetches, and beans were also distributed. Inoculation as a factor in growing alfalfa, H. A. Harding and .J. K. Wilson {Xew York yStatc ,S7«. Bid. 300, pp. 137-16'i, figs. 2, map 7).— This bulletin gives the results of experiments on 07 farms in 33 different counties of the State to test the need and most effective means of inoculation for alfalfa. " The bacteria, Pseudomonas radicicoia, which enable alfalfa to obtain nitro- gen from the air were present, at least in small numbers, in practically all of the 07 experimental fields. They were present in sufficient numbers to produce an inoculation in any considerable number of the young alfalfa plants in only one-third of these fields. An attempt to supply the germs by applying pure cultures of 1'. radicicoia to the seed, drying, and sowing, resulted in almost com- plete failure. Applying soil from an old alfalfa field at the rate of 150 to 300 lbs. per acre invariably produced an abundant inoculation on these experimental fields. " While but 15 of the 07 experimental plats produced a successful crop with- out inoculation, 48 adjacent plats where inoculating soil had been applied pro- duced successful crops. Accordingly, alfalfa growing, on 33 of the 67 fields which were tested, was changed from a failure to a success by the application of inoculating soil." Alfalfa aided by soil inoculation, F. H. Hall {New York State 8ta. Bui. 300, popular cd., pp. 10). — A popular edition of the above. 20 expp:riment station record. How to determine the fertilizer requirements of Ohio soils, ('. E. Thorne (Ohio Sid. Circ. 7!). /i/i. ,i.i, iiiai) I). — This circular explains tlw laboratory, pot culture, and Held experiment methods of studying the fertilizer requiremeuts of soils, the conclusion being that field exi)eriments furnish the only safe guide for this purpose. Tlie methods of conducting such experiments and of drawing conclusions from the results obtained are explained in detail. Report on cooperative field experiments in Jutland, 1906 {Bcretning om LokaJc Markforsixj oy ForeviNningsmaiker i Landboforeningenie i Jylland 1906. Aarhu.s, 1907, pp. 351, figs. 2'i). — The report covers a large amount of field experimentation conducted by farmers' clubs in different parts of Jutland during loot!. Seven hundred and twenty-four different fertilizer trials with winter and spring grains, roots, and hay crops were made, as well as 344 trials with farm crops, variety tests, methods of planting or culture, green manuring, etc., making a total of 1,068 different trials for the year. Detailed information is given in each case as to cultural conditions, fertilizers applied, and results obtained. Data are also given as to economy of the fertilization in each case. Superphosphate and sodium nitrate produced the best results in case of all crops, except the root crops, with which this combination of fertilizers came second, and sodium nitrate alone first ; the complete fertilizer, on the other hand, came third or fourth, potash with one or the other of the ingredients pro- ducing the poorest results, and in the case of all the crops, except the mangels, generally at an actual loss. It is suggested that the poor showing of the potash fertilizers may have been partly due to their rather late spring application. As a general rule, the best and most certain results from the applications of the various fertilizers were obtained with the winter grains and the least certain returns w'ith the spring grains. Owing to the dry September the root crops did not respond to the fertilizers applied in as marked manner as usual. There was considerable uncertainty in the after-effects of the fertilizers on the first-year clover and grass meadow, but many striking examples were obtained showing that it pays to apply potash and phosphates, even if only the total increase in the hay crop is taken into consideration. There was, however, a marked im- provement in most cases in the quality of the hay due to an increased growth of leguminous plants and good grasses. In 158 other field trials tests were made of the adaptability of different re- gions to a profitable culture of alfalfa ; time and method of application of sodium nitrate; distribution and harrowing in of potash salt and superphos- phates ; different phosphatic fertilizers ; lime niter r. sodium nitrate : " Kul- tui-a " phosphate, marl, and lime; green manuring; barnyard manure and liquid manure; time of sowing spring grains; time of thinning mangels; gray and yellow oats; variety tests of oats, barley, rye, potatoes, and turnips; alfalfa experiments ; culture of peas, grown alone and in mixtures ; maize for green feeding ; crop rotations on sandy soils ; picking of mangel leaves ; grading of seed oats ; cultivation tests ; grass-seed mixtui'es ; and prevention of club-root disease. Cooperative fertilizer trials in Malmohus County, 1906, M. Weibull, G. NoRDiN, and G. Thome (Malmo. Lans K. HusMll. SdJlsk. Kvrtlsskr., 1907. No. 1, pp. 197-265). — The trials were conducted in the same manner and along similar lines as during the preceding year. The following special investigations were conducted. and are reported in this publication; The best potash fertiliza- tion for fodder beets, ruta-bagas, and barley, being comparisons between 37 per cent potash salt and kainit, in which Wagner's results (E. S. R., 16, p. 861) were, in general, corroborated; trials with calcium cyanamid v. lime niter for potatoes and sugar beets, showing that the nitrogen in these fertilizers is of equal value; ammonium sulphate v, sodium nitrate for potatoes on sandy SOILS FERTILIZERS. 21 soils, in which the former produced 15 per cent higher yields than the latter at a considerably lower cost; and further trials of the effect of artificial fer- tilizers on the quality of potatoes and root crops. The results of cooperative fertilizer trials similar to those of earlier years on meadows, small grains, peas, potatoes, and root crops are also reported. The value of the Albert plant food salts for pot cultures, K. Brehmek {Gartenivclt, J 2 (inos), .To. /7. [ij). 193-197, figs. 9 ) .—Experiments, mainly with a number of ornamental plants, are reported in which various combina- tions of these salts were used in solution and also in solid form. The best results were as a rule obtained by two applications per week of 1 gm. each per pot of a solution of mixed salts containing from 6.5 to 12 per cent of phos- phoric acid, 13 to 15 per cent of nitrogen, and 3.5 to 11 per cent of potash. Further experiments with various kinds of nitrate, J. Sebelien {Jour. Landw., 55 (1907), No. J,, pp. 293-297; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1908, I, No. 3, p. 286; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 94 (1908), No. 543, II, p. 61).— Fot experi- ments with mustard in 1905 having shown that excessive applications of nitrate of soda slightly depressed the yield while similar applications of basic lime nitrate showed no such injurious effects, pot experiments with still larger applications of basic lime nitrate and sodium nitrate, as well as of " sulphate- nitrate," a mixture of calcium nitrate with ammonium sulphate, were made with the same crop grown in sand in 1000. The results show that the yields were five times as great with the basic lime nitrate- and the sulphate-nitrate mixture as with sodium nitrate. In similar experiments with oats grown in sand and soil of good quality the basic lime nitrate and sodium nitrate gave equally good results. It is stated that the object of mixing calcium nitrate with ammonium sul- phate is to avoid difficulty in the use of the nitrate due to its deliquescence. The mixing of the two substances results in a recombination producing am- monium nitrate and gypsum. Should lime nitrogen be applied at the time of seeding and can it be used as a top dressing in spring? A. Stutzer. {Dent. Landw. Prcsse, 35 (1908), No. 7, p. 65). — The author criticises adversely the method used by Milntz and Nottin (E. S. R., 19, p. 320) in experiments with lime nitrogen from which they concluded that the germination of seeds is not interfered with by applica- tions of not more than SO lbs. of calcium cyanamid per acre, and that top-dress- ing at this rate will give good results. The opinion is expressed that the more carefully controlled investigations of others show that injurious results are very likely to follow the use of calcium cyanamid in the manner indicated. Citric-acid-soluble phosphoric acid in phosphatic slags, M. de Molinabi and O. LiGOT {Bui. Agr. IBrusscls], 23 {1907), No. 12, pp. 911-918, figs. 5).— The authors report here a continuation during 1907 of pot experiments with oats, barley, and spring wheat grown on loam and sandy soils to test the fei'- tilizing efficiency of the phosphoric acid, insoluble in 2 per cent citric acid, of various samples of phosphatic slag. The results obtained confirm those of sim- ilar experiments in 1005 and 1006 (E. S. II., 17, p. 053; 18, p. 1113) in showing a decidedly lower fertilizing efficiency for the phosphoric acid insoluble in 2 per cent citric acid in case of the three crops. The authors conclude, therefore, that the content of phosphoric acid soluble in Wagner's reagent is a better l)asis for i)urchase of slags than the content of total phosphoric acid. Comparative tests of Thomas slag and agricultural phosphate, Kuhnert {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 22 {1907), No. 50, p. .'/^2).— A continuation of previous experiments (E. S. R., 17, p. 640) is briefly reported, in which it was found as in previous years that Thomas slag gave higher yields than the agri- cultural phosphate. 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the fertilizing value of salts of manganese, I.. Ubandeau {Jour. Agr. Prut., II. xcr., I ) {IH07). Xo. .j.i, iqi. HOH-t^Ki; iib-s. in Iter. (Sen. Agron., n. scr., 3 (lOOH), Xo. ^. in). .'id, 50). — Attention is called especially in this article to experimeuts by \on Feilitzen on moor soils at Flahiilt, near Jijukoping, Sweden (E. S. R., 19, p. 1022). The author concludes from his review of this work, as well as that of other investigators, that while interesting results have been obtaineti with manganese salts, particularly the sulphate, these results are not (if sufficient importance to warrant the regular use of such materials as fer- tilizers. The American fertilizer handbook iPliilodelphia, 1908, pp. 2//.), figs. 2). — This contains articles on National Fertilizer Association, census of the fer- tilizer industry, the phosphate movement, 1906-7, points for fertilizer salesmen, sulphuric acid catalytic processes, German potassium deposits, American sul- phur mines, a study of soils, the " filler " in fertilizers, station analyses of fer- tilizers, explanations of market quotations, fertilizer materials, Peruvian and other guanos, flsh and fish scrap fertilizers, the value of fertilizer, our large rural population, sulphuric acid tables, practical superphosphate manufacture, soluble and insoluble phosphates, the phosphate industry, commercial nitrogen, Chilean nitrate, abattoir by-products, ammonium sulphate, cotton-seed meal, and other sources of nitrogen, as well as fertilizer manufacturers, allied fertilizer trades, and cotton-seed oil meal directories. Fertilizer materials market {Oil, Paint, and Drug Reporter, ?J {li)08). No. 7, pt. 2, pp. 5't-56). — This is a review of trade in fertilizers during 1907 in the New York, Chicago, Philadelphia, and Charleston markets. Nitrate of soda in 1907, Maizieres (Engrois, 23 {1908), No. 2, pp. 36-38).— Statistics of production and consumption of nitrate of soda for many years past are given. The total production in 1907 is stated to have been 1,66.5,000 metric tons. Of this amount Europe consumed 1,274,000 tons, America 345,000 tons. A comparison with statistics for pi-evious years shows that the European consumption increased 33,000 tons in 1907, while that of America decreased about 10,000 tons. Nitrate of soda {Chem. Trade Jour., h2 {1908), No. 1018, pp. 48-5i).— This article gives statistics and discussion of the nitrate of soda industry in 1907. It is reported that the world's consumption of nitrate in 1907 was 1,646,890 tons or only 7,590 tons greater than that of 1906. The organizations and combinations controlling the trade and the outlook for 1908 are also discussed. Agricultural uses of crude ammonia, E. Bouant {Sci. XX. Steele, 5 {1901), No. 60, pp. 356-359, figii. 5; ubs. in Set. Amer. Sup., 65 {1908), No. 1615, p. 95).— This article summarizes information regarding the manufacture and use of this material as an insecticide, weed destroyer, and fertilizer. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 18, p. .325). The material has been prepared for many years in all large French gas works by absorbing the nitrogenous compounds in the Laming mixture of slaked lime, ferrous sulphate, and sawdust. It is reported that 1.3,000 tons of crude ammonia are annually produced in France and 8,000 tons are imported. It is utilized in the manufactui'e of annnonium sulphate, Prussian blue, pure sulphur, and a mixture known as precipitated sulphur, which is used by grape growers as a remedy for mildew. The greater i)art of the material, however, is used directly in agriculture as an insecticide, a destroyer of weeds, and a fer- tilizer. Its value as a fertilizer has not yet been very definitely determined, but it has been shown to be effective as a weed destroyer and insecticide. On the influence of plant constituents on the physical and chemical prop- erties of peat, Y. Zailer and L. Wilk {Ztselir. Moorkultur u. Torfverwert., 1901, pp. 1-109; Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 10 {1901), No. 11, pp. 181- SOIL.S-— FEETILIZERS. 23 h3, ■2S.'t; Jour. Clicm. Soc. [London], 94 (1908), No. 5Jf3, II, p. 60; Chem. Abs., 2 (1908). So. (>. PI). 878, 879). — The importauce of a study of tbo botanical origin and cliaracteristics of peat deposits as an aid in vniderstanding tlieir cLieniioal and physical properties is euiiihasized. The characteristic vegetation from which certain Austrian upland and lowland moors have been derived is described and the determining influence of the vegetation on the color, structure, coher- ence, absorptive power, composition of the organic and inorganic matter, and fuel value of the peat is pointed out. The Austrian moors are classified as follows with reference to the principal forms of peat which they yield which are of value for cultivation, for litter, and for fuel: Sphagnum, wool-grass moss, Carex, i-eed, Hypnum. Scheuchzeria, Erio- phorum, wood, raw moor humus, and liver peat. The hygroscopic! ty of undecomposed peat is higher than that of decomposed, although the latter contains more humus substances which are highly hygro- scopic. The absorptive power of peat for ammonia depends less upon the bo- tanical composition than upon the free humic acids and colloids pi'esent. The ash content of peat is as a rule higher than its botanical composition would indi- cate. This is accounted for by admixture of foreign mineral matter. Of the ash constituents of the plants forming peat the easily soluble potash and sodium salts have been almost completely leached out. The phosphoric acid has been removed to a moderate extent and lime and iron have remained almost entirely undissolved. As a result peat is often very rich in these constituents. Schench- zeria peat is especially rich in phosphoric acid, which appears to be combined with iron. The nitrogen content of peat depends primarily upon the nitrogen content of the plants from which it has been formed and secondarily upon chemical processes resulting in absorption of ammonia and upon the accumulation of chitin remains of insects, etc. Only very resistant forms of nitrogen accumulate in peat. Sphagnum moss and undecomposed sphagnum peat has a very strong acid reaction due to free organic acids. This explains in part the high absorptive power of these substances for ammonia. THe heating value of the different peats was found to vary widely (more than 2.J per cent) and no close relation was observed between the fuel value and the ash content of the water- free substance. The nitrification of peat in artificial niter beds, F. Desprez {Bettcravc, 18 (1908), Xo. .'I'lJ, pp. 10-13). — A method of constructing a peat niter bed de- vised and successfully operated for several years by E. Bazin, a sugar manu- facturer of Laon, is described. The bed is constructed and operated upon es- sentially the same principles as those recently described by Miintz and I.aliie (E. S. R., IS, pp. 323, 430). It is stated that when nitrification in these beds is in active operation they produce from 350 to 400 gm. per cubic meter of peat every 24 hours. Report on trials of machinery used in the peat industry, 1906 {Mecldel. K. Landthr. Styr. [Siccden], 1907, Xo. 8 (127), pp. 79, pgs. 36). — The methods and apparatus usetl are described and results of trials of Aarious kinds of machinery at the testing station of the Royal Agricultural Department at Utford, Sweden, '.u-e reported. The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen in its economic and social relations, I'. 15. (JiovANNi (Rii: Intcrnaz. Sci. .Sf^-., .'/.'/ (1907), Xo. 172, pp. J/ 81 -.',9 3). —The importance of devising commercial means of utilizing the niti'ogen of the air independently of leguminous plants as security against a shortage of the 53818— No. 1—08 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iiitri);,'(>ii suiiply and a (•(•iist'(|neiit hivad fauiiiH- is lifiefly discnssed in this articlo. The high-tension arc and the fixation of nitrogen, (I. Brion {Plnjs. Ztachr., S (HXJ7), \o. .tl. PI). 'i'.Ki-l'.i'.K ji<.l'<. U; 1>- "«^-7N6'. //V/v. .i(j ; ubs. in Sci. Abs.. Sect. A—Phyx., 11 (inOS), No. 121, p. 69). — This is a full account of experiments partly reported in the article noted above. The manufacture of calcium cyanamid, .7. B. C. Kershaw {Chcm. Trade Jour., .'i2 (190S), No. i07cS, pp. (il-U'i, figs. .'/). — The Franlv and Caro process and its modifications are described as well as the progress made in Europe in the commercial application of the process. The probable cost of nitrogen in the product by this process is discussed and suggestions are made regarding the use of the lime nitrogen as a fertilizer. A list is also given of the principal English patents covering the i)r()cess. It is stated that a factory locat-ed at Odde in Norway will during 190S manufacture a product which will be put on sale in England at about $2.40 per ton cheaper than ammonium sulphate of the same nitrogen content. The present English market price of sulphate of ammonia is about $.58.40 per ton. The action of sulphuric acid on calcium cyanamid, T. Jona (Gaz. Chim. Itah, 31 {1901), II, No. 6, pp. .558-562; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chcm. Indus., 21 (1908), No. 5, p. 22^). ^-The author concludes from the investigations briefly reported in this article that under the conditions obtaining in his experiments the action of sulphuric acid on calcium cyanamid results in the formation of dicyanodiamidin sulphate corresponding to the formula (C-HeON4);!. H2SO4. 2H2O. Further investigations to determine whether this material can be economically produced on a commercial scale are in progress. Other uses for lime, A. Paruy {Natal Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec, 10 {1901), No. 11, pp. 1369-1312). — This article briefly discusses the use of lime in the preparation of citrate of lime, calcium cyanamid, and calcium nitrate with a view to the possible introduction of the manufacture of these products into Natal. The German potash industry, K. Kubierschky {Die Deutsche KaJiindustrie. Halle, 1901, pp. VIII+122, figs. 8; rev. in Ztschr. Landw. Vcrsuchsic. Osterr., 10 {1901), No. 1, p. 6/,8).— This is the third volume of Wohlgemuth's mono- graphs on chemical-technical methods of manufacture. The mineral salts oc- curring in the potash deposits are described as well as the processes, products, and by-products of manufacture of these salts. The manufacture of potash in North Caucasus {Vycstnik Finansov, 2-J {1901), No. .'I'l. pp. IS',. 135; abs. in Chcm. Ztg.. 32 {1908), No. 1, Rcpert., p. 3: Rev. Sci. \}'aris], 5. ser.. 9 {1908), No. J/, p. 111). — The preparation of potash as a by-pi'oduct of sunflower culture in this region is described. The potash is prepared by lixiviation of ashes of the stalks, steams, leaves, etc., of the sun- flower, evaporation of the solution, and calcination of the residue, the methods employed l)eing very primitive. It is stated that 24 factories in Caucasia produced about 12,600 to 16,200 tons of potash in 1907, valued at $1,133,000. About one-fourth of the product is used in Russia, and the I'est is shipped to foreign countries, some being ex- ported to this country. A very pure product is prei^ared containing 00 per cent SOILS FERTILIZERS. 25 of potassium farhoii.ite ;iiul no soda. The iiifdiuiii and better fla.s.ses of snils produce from 1',()s[jliat(>s of avoidiug as far as possihlo tlic formation of ferrous and ferric salts or of rendering them harmless. The world's production of phosphates in 1907, .Maizikkks (IJiif/nii.s, 23 (I'JOH). .\it. 7. pp. 156-158). — The world's i)roduetion during 1!)0T is ])lac-ed at •J,o47,l()7 metric tons as against 4,(>!)2,24o tons in 1000. Of this amount the United States furnished 1,917,000 tons in 1907 as against 2,0.52,000 in 1900. [South Carolina] marl, E. Sloan {Handbook of South Carolina. Columbia: State Dcpt. Afir.. Com. mid Jiiuiiif/.. I'.UIl, pp. 121, 122). — A brief account is given of dejiosits of this mat(>rial in the State. Commercial fertilizers, W. J. .Jones, Jr., O. C. Ha worth, and E. G. Proulx {Indiana Sta. Bid. 125, pp. 63-139, map 1). — This bulletin gives results of analyses of 79.o samples of fertilizers inspected during 1907 with full text of the Indiana fertilizer law and notes on its enforcement, estimated sales of differ- ent classes of fertilizers in the State, and a review of results of inspection for the six years 1902 to 1907. It -is estimated that 100,791 tons of fertilizer, valued at .$2,341, S42, was sold in Indiana in 1907. Commercial fertilizers, .7. L. Hills, and C. H. .Jones {Vermont Sta. Jitil. hi), pp. 35-51).— 'i!\\iii is the first report on fertilizer inspection for tlie season of 1908 and contains analyses of 00 brands of fertilizers. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The occui'rence of rennet in the Papaveracese, C (iERiiER (But. Soe. Bot. France, 5.'/ {1907). pp. 17/- A 17). — The author describes the occurrence of ren- 7iet or a similar substance that coagulates milk in a number of species of i)lants ])elonging to the poppy family, and gives the results of experiments with the juices of a number of these plants in the coagulation of milk. The iH'operties of rennet are found quite marked in ClieUdonium majiis and Mcconopsifi cambrica. while they are less pronounced in Paparer rhaas, Roemeria Injbrida, Hypecoum pendulum, Glaucitim luteum. and G. corniculatum. In study- ing these rennet-like substances, the author finds that they fall into two classes, which may be distinguished as the type occurring in the genus Papaver and the type represented in Glaucium. The presence of a nitrate-reducing enzym in green plants, Annie A. Irving and Rita Hankinson {Bio-Clieni. Jour.. 3 {1908), Ao, 1-2, pp. 87-96). — The Question as to the form in wliicli nitrogen is most easily assimilated by the green plant has long been under discussion, and various conflicting views have been given regarding it. There appear but few statements in the literature of plant physiology suggesting the presence of a nitrate-reducing enzym, but the authors' investigations seem to show that a general distribution of such an enzym is to be exjjected if nitrates are utilized in the formation of proteids. The present i>aper is the outcome of work carried on upon this hypothesis. Experiments were conducted with a number of water plants, as these offered greater facilities for collecting and examining gases than otliers. The results obtained were checked up by application to other plants. The theory of the presence of an enzym capable of reducing nitrates in green plants seems to be established, and the authors report the extraction of such an enzym from grass. Eater the same enzym was found pi-esent in a number of other plants, including various grasses, iris, Vieia faba, etc. In the case of the sjtecies of Vicia the enzym was found in all parts of the plant, but the reac- tion was stronger in starting and slower in jirogress in the case of the roots when placed in the nitrate and as[>aragin solution. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 27 So far as their exiierinieiits go, the authors chxim that there is no reason to doubt the general distribution of such an enzym in green plants. In the normal plant the only conditions necessary for nitrate reduction seem lo be the presence of the enzym found in roots, stems, and leaves, and a suitable carbohydrate. The latter condition suggests the green leaf as the center of reduction, and this agri'es with the distribution of nitrates in the ])lant. The role played by proteins and the decoinposition products of albumi- noids in fermentation, Ehklich {Amcr. Brewer, ^1 (190S), Xos. J, pp. JO, 1 1 ; 2. pi>. ()l-()'i). — This is a paper, read by the author before a brewing associa- tion at a meeting in Berlin, in which he describes the role played by albumi- noids in the process of fermentation. He calls attention to a newly discovered property of proteids in their I)ehavi()r during fermentation and to a new reac- tion of yeast cells. This subject is at present believed to be of theoretical interest only, but will undoubtedly prove of considerable ai»plicntion. *' Up to the present time it has been generally accepted that only carbohy- drates, maltose, etc., are capable of undergoing alcoholic fermentation through the agency of the yeast. It has now been found, however, that in every fermen- tation of sugar by living yeast cells the albuminoids in their last stage of decomposition — i. e., in the form of amino acids — suffer decomposition, inas- much as they are decomposed not only into carbonic acid and others, but also mainly into alcohol, besides some aldehyde and acids of various form, so that we may now justly speak of an alcoholic fermentation of albumen. This hitherto unknown protein fermentation is not limited to the nitrogenous sub- stances of the wort, but extends to the yeast albumen also: it is brought about by a peculiar breaking down and building ui» of the albumen of the living cell and leads to the formation of a number of nonnitrogenous substances. Up to the present these substances had erroneously been regarded as by-i)roducts of the fermentation of sugar." A study of the role and function of mineral salts in the life of the plant, N. T. Deleano (Inst. Bot. Univ. Gendve [Pub.], 7. ser., 1907, No. fi, pp. //N; abs. in Bot. Centbl.. 107 (1908), No. 1, p. //) .—According to the author, there is a double movement of mineral material during the life of the plant, one from the soil to the plant and the other from the plant to the soil. These movements are termed by him positive and negative migrations. Concerning the latter there appears to be but little information, and it is with this that the author has carried on investigations. He found under certain conditions that plants could return to the soil min- eral matter equal to 50 per cent of the plant's weight. While the nitrogen content of the plant remains fairly constant after once attaining a maximum, and the carbohydrates increase and are stored up, the mineral matter gradually diminishes until the death of the plant. The cause of this negative migration is said to be due to the fact that the mineral matter is not truly assimilated by the i)lant but is held by the plasma of the cells through its semipermeability. When the vitality of the cell becomes reduced or the cells are dead the plasma ))ecomes permeable and the mineral matter escapes by simple diffusion. The experiments upon which the author's conclusions were based were con- ducted with oats fertilized in various ways. He found with these plants that the water content began to diminish after the forty-third day and at the same time the mineral matter began to decrease. In this way the composition of the plant .iuices remained practically constant. The possible role of lig-ht in relation to alpine plants, C. H. Shaw (Abs. in Scicnrr, n. ser., 21 (190S), No. (J87, p. .139). — The author reports that readings of the actinometer and the black bulb thermometer in vacuo in the region alxmt the Selkirk Mountains seem to prove that light at high altitudes is iMtnsiderably 28 EXPERIMENT STATTOX TtEPOED. luoiv iutoiiso than on adjac-eiit lowlands, and that the difference is chiefly in the refranjrible end of tlie spectrnni. ("nltnros of ]ilants were made iiy (he writer, and when additional Idue-violet li^ht was allowed to fall on the plants jxrowinj; in ordinary dayliiiht the plants exliihil^ed a distinct response. The leaves were more hairy and the internodes shorter than in the control series. It is believed probable that the character of the li«ht at his^h altitudes may have a moridiojrenetic value differing; materially from that at low altitudes. The carbon assimilation of Penicillium, IT. IIassklisrino {Hot. ilnz., j}5 (IVOR), No. ,7, Pit. I7i;~li).>).— In order to .ira.in some kn<»wledse of Ihe comjjlex problems of the assinnlation of some of the simider carbon compounds, the author undertook a .series of experiments to study the effect of a number of related compounds on the .ijrowth of mold fungi. P. ghiucmti was selected on account of its omnivorous habits. To the inorganic medium in which it was cultivated, alcohol, potassium ethyl sulphate, ethyl nitrate, ethyl acetate, jwtas- siuni acetate, and acetic acid were added. The cultures were all made in Erlenmeyer flasks of 200 cc. capacity, and the growth in the different media determined. It was found that alcohol, acetic acid, and the substances from w^hich the acetic acid radicle is readily derived are assimilated by P. gJaucum, In the case of alcohol the addition of mineral acids stimulates growth, but nitric acid produces greater stimulation than hydrochloric. The esters of alcohol with nnneral acids were found valueless as sources of carbon, and their lack of nutri- tive value was not due to any toxic properties. In general the substances which possess the greater food value are those wdiich are most readily oxidized. A number of interesting observations incidental to the exiieriments are re- ported. Among them, it is shown that, contrary to the current belief that sub- stances which permit vigorous growth of mycelia are not suitable for the germination of spoi'es, alcohol was not only vex'y favorable for growth, but l)ermitted an abundant germination of spores. It was further noted that in none of the cultures containing alcohol was there any production of spores by the fungus. Another fact brought out was the great individual difference of resistance of spores to deleterious agents. " In the lower concentration of all substances fa^'orable for growth, practically all s])ores germinated, forming a dense mat- like growth over the surface of the culture fluid. When, with increase of con- centration, the substance bet-omes deleterious, germination and growth are not stopped abrui>tly, but the ninnber of colonies l)ecomes fewer and fewer until the final concentration is reachetl, where germination of even the most resistant spores is inhibited. In most cases, where only a few colonies were formed, these grew with unusual vigor, so that the total weight of the culture was often as great as that of cultures of lower concentrations." Assimilation of zinc by Sterigmatocystis nigra, M. .Tavillikr (Compt. Rend, Acad. Sei. [Prtri.s], ]J,6 (1908), Xo. 7, pp. ,?()5-.%*7).— The stimulating eft'ect of dilute solutions of zinc when added to culture media in which N. iii<>ra is grown has been reported. The author has curried on experiments to determine the amount of zinc assimilated by this fungus, and he has found that where the quantity of the metal does not exceetl 1 part to 250.000 of the culture media, all the zinc is taken up by the fungus. Where a greater amount is added there is a proportional diminution in the relative amount of zinc fixed by the fungus. It seems that *9. nigra is able to assimilate without in.iur,v a quantity of zinc equal to 1/1100 of its w^eight. Injury to vegetation and animal life by smelter wastes, J. K. Haywood iU. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Chcm. liul. J 13, pp. J/O, pl.s. S). — The results are given of FIET.D CROPS, . 29 iuvestigations in resard t() the injury to vegetation and animal life observed by the author in the vicinity of certain smelters, particularly one located at Ana- conda, Mont. From all the work in the vicinity of Anaconda, the author draws the following conclusions: "(1) The forests around the smelter appear from actual chemical analysis ti> be injureil for at least 10 miles north of the smelter, G miles south of the smelter, and 13 miles west of the smelter. "(2) This injury to forests by sulphur dioxid undoubtedly extends to a dis- tance of 15 to 20 miles north of the smelter, 8 miles south of the smelter, 15 miles west of the smelter, and perhaps even farther in certain localities, al- though not proved by chemical analysis. "(3) The junipers are very resistant to smelter fumes and are able to grow close to the smelter; the red firs are susceptible to the fumes and are badly damaged at distances of about 15 miles or perhaps even farther; the lodgepole pines are intermediate between the other two species of trees, but show damage for at least 10 miles. "(4) Large quantities of arsenic are discharged from the smelter on the sur- rounding country, this poison being found in forage crops in large enough quantities to poison cattle. "(5) The waste from the reduction plant discharged into the Deer Lodge River renders it unfit for irrigation i)urposes. "(6) The land irrigated by the Deer Lodge River, containing the waste from the reduction plant, is greatly injured by the copper present in the irrigation water. "(7) The soils irrigated by the Deer Lodge River which were studied by the writer do not contain enough alkali salts to be injurious to ordinary farm crops." The methods of analysis are described at length. FIELD CROPS. studies on the im.proveinent of sand, marsh, and heavy clay soils, A. R. Whitson, R. R. Marshall, and E. J. Delwiche (Wisconmi Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 263-28.5, flgn. Jf). — Experiments begun in previous years (E. S. R., 18, p. 1034) for the purpose of improving certain typical sand, marsh, and heavy clay soils of the State by different systems of cropp ng and manuring were continued in 1007 and the details of the experiments are repo/ted in this article. Fertilizer experiments with ]U)tatoes on sandy soils at Sparta resulted in the lieaviest yield from the plat receiving 30.000 lbs. of barnyard manure per acre, the yield consisting of 90.S3 bu. of large and 16.33 bu. of small potatoes per acre. The plat treated with 50,000 lbs. of peat, 100 lbs. of potassium sulphate, and 200 lbs, of phosphate stood second with a yield of 55.GG bu. of large and 12..33 bu. of small potatoes per acre. The results in general indicate that the most serious need of the land is nitrogen and that very little benefit is to be derived from the use of commercial fertilizers. Crimson clover made a fair growth on manured land and develoiied nodules. Alfalfa made a very poor growth, developed no nodules, and showed practically no benefit from fertilizers. Alsike clover made a fair growth on the manured soil and a very poor growth on other portions of the field. Cowpeas developed nodules quite generally and made a good growth. At Iron River the largest yield of oat hay on sandy soil was 1,824 lbs., ob- tained on tlie plat receiving 20,000 lbs. of manure. Tlie plat receiving peat, rock l)hospliate, and potassium sulphate and tlie one treated! with ground limestone and sodium nitrate ranked next in yield. These results also i)Iainly show the 30 EXPERT MEXT RTATTOX RECORD. ne«'d of nitrogen in I he soil. Where pejis and oats were ^rown for bay the l)ani,varil mainire phit ijroducetl 1,360 lbs. of bay per acre and the sodium nitrate and jiroiind limestone plat 1,304 lbs. The largest yield in potato trials at this farm was secured on the plat treated with barnyard manure, followed by the plat receiving acid phosphate, potash, and ground limestone. (Jround limestone seems to have been beneficial but not to the same extent as the nitrogenous substances supi)lied. Hairy vetch sown in the summer of 1900 produced an excellent stand, and the following season the yield of hay was estimated at IJ tons per acre. On marsh soil at Marinette barley gave a slightly better yield on the plat receiving 30,000 lbs. of barnyard manure per acre, but the use of 300 lbs. of acid phosphate and 2.000 lbs. of wood ashes gave nearly as large a yield, and this is regarded as indicating that for barley the chief need of this soil is for the mineral elements phosphoric acid and potash. Barnyard manure was the most effective fertilizer for potatoes. The use of 10,000 lbs. per acre produced an increase of 50 bu., of 20,000 lbs. an iiK-rease of nearly 100 bu., and an applica- tion of 30,000 lbs. an increase of 130 bu. per acre. At 30 cts. per bushel this indicates a value on such land of $3 per load for good barnyard manure. The experiments with potatoes indicate in general that the crop is well adapted to this soil when well drained, and that manure where available is probably the best fertilizer but that wood ashes applied at the rate of about 1 ton per acre together with 300 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre, or 50 to 75 lbs. of sulphate of potash w'ith 400 lbs. of acid phosphate, can be substituted for the manure. At Phillips, where barley, timothy, and alsilce clover were grown, the re- sults seemed to show that there is some other difficulty than the lack of avail- able mineral elements or acidity in the soil. It is believed possible that the infertility is due to a slow rate of nitrification, although it is not understood why wood ashes should have a much more marked effect than lime when sup- plemented with both potash and phosphate on this soil. At Superior the tile-drained land averaged 20.2 bu. of barley, 12,956 lbs. of sugar beets, 171 bu. of potatoes, and 12,820 lbs. of corn per acre, as com- I)ared with 11 bu. of barley, 11.367 lbs. of sugar beets, 170 bu. of potatoes, and 7,SG2 lbs. of corn per acre on untiled land. This was a dry season and the effect of drainage for this reason was less marlved. There was little difference in the crop of corn whether barnyard manure was plowed, under or given as a top-dressing, while in the case of potatoes tliere was a greater difference, the top-dressed plat yielding at the rate of 161.5 bu. per acre as compared with ISO.l bu. on the plat on which the manure was plowed undei*. At Ashland there was a difference of 11.6 bu. of barley, 11.42 l)u. of oats, 1.33 tons of corn, and 3.87 tons of sugar beets per acre in favor of tiled as compared with untiled land. Fertilizer experiments with these same crops indicate the lack of nitrogen in available form, and it is believed that the grow- ing of clover or some other leguminous crop is necessary to make the soil fertile. The relation of orchard cover crops to soil moisture and soil freezing, E. J. Delwiche and J. G. Moore (Wisconsin 8ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 579-385 ) .—Obser- vations and determinations on a number of different cover crops are reported. The relative rank of the different crops as to ease in getting a catch, obtain- ing an early cover, resistance to drought, frost, shade, and attacks of fungi, innnunity from insect attacks, ability to withstand tramping, efficiency in low- ering the moisture content in late summer and early fall, soil moisture-holding capacity, and snow-holding efficiency is recorded. Oats, rape, rye, and millet were most readily started, cowi)eas were the first to form a cover and also ranked first in drought resistance, field peas stood FIELD CROPS. 31 shade best, soy beans showed the fircatest resistance to fungus diseases and c-tiwiieas to insect enemies, liairy \('tch stood tramping best, rye was the hardiest crop, turnips were most efl"ectiv(> in lowering the moisture content of the soil in la(e snnuiicr and early tall, crimson clover .sliowed the greatest efficiency in holding soil moisture, and Canada iieas in holding snow. No choice is made as to protection against deep freezing of the ground. It is stated that n cover crop decreases the depth of freezing by at least one-half. Moisture determina- tions made in the spring showed that the average moisture content of the covered ground was considerably more than that of the bare ground. The improvement of mountain meadows, .1. S. (^otton {IJ. ,S. Dcpt. Af/r., Bur. ridiit Indus. Bill. 121, pp. 29, pin. .'/). — The results reported in this bulletin show that m(>untain meadows may be greatly improved by reseeding with tame grasses, and that for this purpose timothy and redtop are best. It is stated that the introduction of timothy into a devasted mountain meadow will increase its acre-carrying capacity for a 1,200-pound steer at least 1 month and ordinarily 2 months. The cost of introducing timothy is given at 95 cts. per acre, and the value of the pasturage is estimated at 25 cts. a month for each head of stock. Redtop is valued mainly in reseeding places too wet for timothy. A mixture of the two is considered valuable because timothy gives returns quickly, while redtop is more permanent. These grasses should be sown in the late autumn in order to save the expense of harrowing. The cost of introducing brome grass, tall fescue, and orchard grass, which have proved well adapted to mountain meadows, is too great for their extensive use. Mountain brome grass readily I'e-covers the gravelly hillside areas de- nuded by over-grazing, but other grasses are preferred by the stock. In intro- ducing large-seeded grasses, like brome grass, mountain brome grass, etc., har- rowing is almost necessary. Plowing is ordinarily impracticable and some- times positively injurious. Drainage, partial irrigation, and the tilling in of old washouts are sometimes aids to meadow improvement. Building up a run-down cotton plantation, D. A. Brodie ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 326, pp. 22, figs. 9). — An account is given of the progress made in .*> years in changing a run-down cotton plantation in Arkansas into a profit- able stock and hay farm. In 1905 this farm produced one- fourth of a bale of cotton and 15 bu. of corn per acre; in 190G, after a crop of cowpeas, it produced one-lialf of a bale of cotton and STj bu. of corn per acre, and in 1907, after a crop of cowpeas. it produced one-half of a bale of cotton and 34 bu. of corn per acre. After cowpeas and 300 lbs. of commercial fertilizer it produced nearly Ihi-ee-fonrths of a bale of cotton per acre, and after cowpeas and clover continuously for 2 years 1 bale of cotton to the acre. Deep plowing had no detrimental effect upon the yields, and planting cotton and corn in check rows and cultivating both ways saved seed and labor and did away with chopping and hoeing. Red clover proved successful in this lati- tude as a soil builder and as a hay and seed crop, but cowpeas were the most im])ortant factor in building up the fertility of the soil. Planting the cowpeas in rows 3 ft. 6 in. apart is reconmiended as saving seed and bringing greater returns in yields of seed and hay. Crimson clover, bur clover, and the vetches were successful as winter cover crops after inoculation had been thoroughly established, but early planting in the autumn was absolutely necessary for the best results with these winter ci-ops. It is stated that on worn-out soils from 2 to 3 years are required to inoc- ulate the land with the proper bacteria for the different leguminous crops. Small farms in the corn belt, J. A. AVarren ( [/. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. ii2o, pp. 29, figs. 3). — Descripticms are given of two 40-acre farms and one 20- aere farm in Nebraska, with an account of the methods of crop rotation and 32 EXPERIMKNT STATION RIX'ORD. (iiltiviiliou as practiceil, and itt'ini/A'd staleuiciits of the cost of equiijnieiit and liroduction of the crops, with the tinancial returns for several years. Annual report of the Porto Rico Experiment Station for 1907 [Field crops], 1). W. May (I'ttrto liico Sta. Rpt. I'.KJJ, i>i>- ^-l.i, 16, 17). — A ijrief outline of tlu" \v()r]< witii su^'ur cane, tobacco, Hl>i'r crops, and forage crops is given. The station has a number of seedling canes containing from If) to 10 per cent of sucrose in the juice, wliile the avei-age content in tlie cane now grown on the island is about K) per cent. These seedling canes are being distributed over the island. Fertilizer experiments at the station seem to indicate the lack of nitrogen in the soil, and infests to determine how best to supply this element by the growing of leguminous crops the cowpea and the soy bean have given the most jiromising results. The cowpea will mature in 70 days and can, therefore, be grown between the rows after planting the cane and again after the last plowing. Trials are also in progress as to distance of planting in cane production. In this worlv the cane is planted in lots 5 by 5 ft. up to 10 by 10 ft., and also in continuous rows. In the first crop the narrow planting gave the heaviest yield. The figures for the rattoon cropt-, could not be given as these crops had not been harvested. Planting the canes in lines and covering entirely with earth has, where the changa is not too bad, proved a better practice than sticking canes in the ground on end as is the us«al custom. Numerous suggestions in the line of imi)roved cultural methods are given. Of the different fiber crops tested sisal seems to be the most promising. Abaca grows well on the island but requires fertile soil, which fact prevents its extension, as land suitable for it can be more prolital)ly employed in growing other plants. The carludovica plant, which furnishes the fiber for genuine Panama hats, has been introduced with a view to distribution. Sea Island cot- ton is grown to some extent, but as a rule planters are hard to interest in cotton growing. The cotton caterpillar is a great menace to the crop. (iuinea and malojillo grass are the main sources of forage. As forage crops rich in protein, cowpeas and velvet beans have succeeded best at the station. Alfalfa may be grown but is readily choked out by the vigorous native grasses. In notes on the fermentation of tobacco by O. Loew, it is pointed out that the curing as well as the fermentation of this product is not so carefully conducted in Porto Kico as in the I'nited States. It was observed in Mayaguez that the temperature of re-piled bulks reached only 44.5° C, while such bulks in Florida have reached 55 to 56° C. To prevent excessive after-fermentation in bulk the bales of tobacco in some establishments are now made up in leaves of the royal palm Instead of the porous burlap which admits too much air. It is also men- tioned that wrapjier leaves grown under cheese-cloth when held under light often show green spots after fermentation. Experiments with grain and forage plants, 1907, R. A. Moore, A. L. Stone, and K. J. Delwiciie (Wisconftin »S7(/. Kpt. I'JOl, /*/>. ;iS(j-'iOS, fiyn- J). — At the station 24 varieties of oats, 27 of barley, 4 of winter wheat, (5 of rj-e, and 1 of buckwheat were tested. In the test with oats Joannette, a black variety, ranked first with 35 bu. per acre, Kherson second with 33.7 bu., and Sixty Day third with 2S bu. Joannette also ranked first in weight per measured bushel with 30 lbs. Oderbruck barley ranked first in the barley experiments with a production of 48 bu. per acre. This variety and Manshury have been selected and dis- tributed by the station and constitute at least one-half of the barley crop of the State. Barley breeding work is carried on and of 10 different strains of pedigreed barleys grown at the station this year sufficient seed of each was secured to plant 2 acres in ]JX)S. Of 4 varieties of winter Avheat Iowa led in yield with 2X.."! bu. ]ier acre, followed by .Minnesota No. G!>5 with 26.0 bu., FIELD CROPS. 33 and Miuuesota No. 550 and Beloglina with 25 bu. Miuuesota No. 2 rye yielded 42.5 bu. per acre, Minnesota No. 1, 41.4 bu., Ivanoff 40.3 bu., Petkus 35.7 bu., and Schlansted 32.8 bu., wliiie Olds Mammoth Si»riuj; produced only 20.7 bu. I)er acre. Two new varieties l>red from Schlansted and I'etlius foundation will, go into the increase plats in lOOS. The varieties of corn under test were Silver King, Golden Glow, Smut Nose tlint, and Early Yellow Dent. These varieties were tested by the ear-to-the- row method. Thirty-seven ears of Silver King ranged in seed ear production from l;) lbs. to 61 lbs., and in total yield from 83 lbs. to 270 lbs. A row of the 1900 crop was left standing through the winter to determine its vitality. In the fall the row was thoroughly matured before freezing weather and all ears showed a uniform germination of 100 per cent prior to zero weather. After the thermometer had registered below zero the viability of the corn im- mediately dropped in all ears with the excet)tion of one, which gave a test of 100 per cent throughout the winter. The progeny of this ear, however, did not show the vigor of the kiln-dried corn nor did it produce any greater number of good seed ears. The general corn field of 18 acres planted with tested seed, the progeny of high-yielding rows from the seed plat of 1906, gave an average yield of G3.8 bu. of seed corn per acre. The approximate cost of production per bushel is estimated at 29.5 cts. Oderbruck barley tested near the Iron Kiver farm yielded 36 bu. per acre. At Ashland and Superior this barley yielded 20 bu. per acre in an unfavorable season. In trials of brewing barleys, many of which were not acclimated, only low yields were secui-ed, partly because of the dry season. Swedish Select oats gave 20 bu. per acre at Superior, 12* bu. at Iron River, and an average of IS bu. at Ashland. The weight per bushel averaged 38 lbs. at Ashland and Superior and 33 lbs. at Iron River. Sixty Day and Tobolsk stood first in rust resistance but last in yield. The winter wheat varieties grown at Ashland and Iron River suffered from winter-killing and gave low yields. The best showing was made by Beloglina, Kharkoff, and Padii. Silver King corn at the Iron River farm gave a yield of 12 J tons of silage corn and 84 bu. of ear corn per acre, and Early Yellow Dent 10 tons of silage and 55 bu. of ear corn. The corn had matured when frost came on September 25. Several varieties of flint corn tried at Superior and at Ashland did not reach full maturity. A good stand of alfalfa was secured on the Iron River farm by sowing the seed in the fall of 1906. In 1907 the field was clipped three times and by September 20 the alfalfa was a foot high, apparently well established, and almost of a perfect stand. The field had been inoculated with soil and nodules were abundant on the roots of the plants. Soy beans were ripe September 20 and gave a yield of 12 bu. per acre. Soil inoculation in this case also seemed to have favored the development of the nodules. Thirty-seven strains of medium red clover were sown in the spring of 1907 on the Iron River farm, and on the whole a fair catch was secured, although dry cold weather affected the stand. At Superior alsike clover yielded 5 bu. per acre, and near Ashland 8 bu. of clean seed was secured on a 1-acre tract. Cooperative alfalfa work for 1908, C. G. Williams and L. H. Goddard (Ohio Stn. Circ. 80, pp. //). — The plan for cooperative alfalfa work for 1908 is briefly described, and cultural notes are given, together with an application blank, for those wi.shing to cooperate with the station. Barley culture in the northern Great Plains, M. A. Carleton (U. 8. Dept. Af/r., Bur. Plant Iiulus. (Hrc. 5, pp. 12). — The development of barley culture in the Ignited States, and in this particular section, is discussed and tables are 34 F.xrr.rjMEXT station TiF.roiiD. given showing tlu' c-ouipiinitivf yields of ;i hiiiiiIkt of different varieties of bar- ley at several experiment stations. Notes on two-rowed and six-rowed barley, variety improvement, tbe iiiaintenaiiee of pure seed, the ciiltixaliun ind Ihc uses of barley are also jriven. Brewing barleys. ('. I'. NoKiiOKi) ( Wixcoitsiii Slu. I^'pl. IHOl, i^t. 'il.i-'il')).— Amon.ir s varieties of ])edi.iu'reed l»arleys introduced from Svab'if, Sweden, the l>esl yields at the station were secured from Gotland, which yielded 28.7 bn., followed by Svanhals with a yield of 17.1 bn. jier acre. Manchuria, a pedij.'reed variety from (Juelph. yielded ^C.;") hu. per .acre in this exiieriment. Aniontr a list of connnon varieties Oderbruck stood tirst with :J2.7 bn.. (iolden Quewi' second with 82 bn.. Silver Kintr third with 20.5 bn., and Canadi:in T.ake Shor<» fourth with 211.2 bn. per acre. The prickly pear as a farm crop. D. (iiiiiTiTiis ( f/. N. Dcpt. .[;/r.. lUo: rhnil Indus. Hill. I.>',. Pit. .17. pis. .?). — The exi)eriments discussed in this bulletin were conducted in a region havin.t; a very unevenly distributed annual rainfall, varyiufj from 1.^).i» to 40.5 in., the average for the past IS years being 2S.4 In. The absolute minimum temperature recorded for the locality is 4° F., this having occurred but once in 18 years. Of the 10 years ended in 1!l08 in only one was there 7 days with a minimum below 22° F. It is stated that the plants are best .grown from single-joint cuttings planted 2 ft. aiiart in (i-foot rows. On moist and well prepared ground the cuttings may be distributed on the surface, otherwise they should be placed in a furi-ow and partially covered. The planting may be done at any time except during the hottest and driest part of summer. Frequent shallow cnltivaticm is given to prevent w^eed growth and excessive baking of the soil. Plants set in Febru- ary can be harvested at any time of the year after 20 to 24 months. Singeing the standing plants has been found most advantageous. It is rec- onnnended that a stump of 2 to 4 joints be left in harvesting the plants, and that those most vigorous and most free from disease be selected for planting stock. In the vicinity of San Antonio, Texas, the Opinitia lindJicimcri best meets these cfmditions. An experimental plantation which was made cost nearly .$!) an acre, but it is believed that this cost may be reduced to .$G or $7. About 20 varieties of spine- less forms are grown at present, but these are considered as practically useless under present Texas conditions except for breeding purposes. It is estimated that the prickly pear under cultivation will produce 22.8 tons of roughage per acre. Eight times as much growth of prickly pear has been secured under cul- tivation as was obtained without cultivation on ungrazed pastures, and more than six times as much roughage during the past 2 years from prickly pear as fr(jm sorghum. The injuries by the black-spot fungus {Pcrisporium ivrightii) and the red spider {Tvinitujchus opuntiu). to which the prickly pear is subject, are de- scribed, but it is believed that both may be controlled by selection of stock and by methods of harvesting. The diseased condition known as dropping of joints is considered as purely climatic. The soy bean, C. G. Williams {Ohio Sta. Circ. 78, pp. 8). — This circular, giving general directions on the culture of this crop, discusses its use for hay, silage, seed, soiling, pasture, and soil improvement, describes the more im- liortant varieties, and presents brief cultural notes on soils, fertilizers, seeding, cultivation, harvesting, and thrashing. The effect of soil inoculation on the distribution of the fertilizer ingre- ..dients in soy beans, F. W. WoLL and G. A. Olson ( Wiscotisin 8tn. Rpt. 1907, pp. Kl'i-KKt). — Wisconsin black soy beans were grown on inoculated and miin- oculated soil. Chemical analyses of the crops indicate that inoculation of the FIELD CROPS. 35 soil was beneticial by increasing the nitrogen content of the plant, decreasing the percentage of ash constitntents, increasing the percentage of fertilizer ingre- dients in the roots, increasing the protein content of the beans, and decreasing their oil content. The yield in price per acre of fertilizer ingredients on treated and untreated soils, as calculated on the basis of 15 cts. per pound for nitro- gen and 4 cts. per pound for phosphoric acid and potash, shows the A'alue of the phosphoric acid and potash in the beans from the treated and untreated soil to be about the same, but the value of the increase in nitrogen amounted to $2.34 ijer acre. These results indicate that soil inoculation not only increases the yield of leguminous crops, but also improves the feeding value since the increased percentage of nitrogen is nearly all in the form of true proteids. [Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets during the season of 1906], F. W. WOLL and C. W. Stoddart {Wiscon.sln kSta. Rpt. n)07, pp. 32l~3.iG, flijs. 3). — A condensation of Bulletin 150 of the station previously noted (E. S. R., 1!), p. 141). [Fertilizer experiments with sugar beets during the season of 1907], F. W. WoLL and E. A. Moore {Wisconsin 8ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 336-3^2). — The fer- tilizer requireuieuts for sugar beets of the clay loam soil on the agronomy field at the station near Madison, and of the light sandy soil on the substation farm at Iron IJiver, were studied. The Braune Elite sugar beet was grown, an()(» Krowers for the purpose of introducing; improved types in plnee of the older and ii'ss valuMhie varieties now jxrowu. In the seed breedinji \vorl< J) crosses selected from a fireat many },'ro\vn during the iirevious 2 years were used for the selection of plants ])rodncing a sui)erior grade of tobacco. Out of apin-oximately 1,()()U plants only 5 were deemed worthy of use for further selection. Fertilizer experiments were conducted t)n '.i different farms near Janesville. On 2 of the farms no definite results were secured, but on the third where 1,000 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, irM lbs. of nitrate of soda, 140 lbs. of sulphate of i)ot- ash, and 1XM) lbs. of bone meal were applied to a 5-acre plat very little rust occurred, while on the check plat a great deal of injury resulted from this disease. Eradication of farm weeds, li. A. Moore, A. L. Stone, and (J. Hutton ( Wis- consin Std. Ri)t. IDOl, !>]). .'lit, -'/1 2). — The use of an anti-quackgrass mixture proved to be of no value in eradicating quackgrass. In another test the ground was plowed tJ in. deep in the fall and harrowed to bring the roots of the quack- grass to the surface, which were then raked up and burned. In the spring this same ground was i)lowed a little deeper than in the previous fall and harrowed again to prevent the growth or the rooting of any of the grass. Diiring a dry period in July the groimd was disked and harrowed, and at the last plowing and harrowing in September no more quackgrass roots were found. The grass was entirely eradicated from i acre of ground at a cost of $18. Report of the agronomist, E. M. East {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. 1901-8, pt. 7, Pit. 397--'f52, pis. V). — This i-eport discusses the prospects of better seed corn in Connecticut, the practical use of Mendel ism in corn breeding, inbreeding in corn, some essential points in potato breeding, and extension work in agronomy. In connection with the articles on inbreeding in corn and potato breeding lists of the authors and works cited are given. In summarizing the article on how Mendel's law may be practically applied in corn breeding, the author makes the following statement to illustrate his principal points: "Let us suppose that a yellow tlint has been crossed upon a white tlint, and a yellow variety is desired. The crossed kernels are planted and allowed to fertilize naturally in the field. In this season, there will appear about three yellow kernels to one white kernel. The white kernels being the recessive will breed true without further trouble. Of the yellow kernel, on the other hand, there will be one pure yellow to every two hybrid. If only yellow kernels are then planted and a number of resulting ears are self- fertilized, then, wherever a pure yellow kernel has been planted by chance, the kernels of its self-fertilized ear will be pure yellow and will ever after breed true to yellow. The same thing is true of the other dominant characters." In treating the subject of inbreeding in corn the author reviews the opinions of different investigators, including Shull. who also recently published a paper on the subject, and points out some of the results obtained at experiment sta- tions. The author believes that when the results of inbreeding corn by arti- ficial pollination are not as favorable as those secured by natural pollination this does not necessjirily mean that this has been entirely due to inbreeding. He states that in his first year's work with artificial corn pollination he secured poor ears upon both crossed and self-fertilized plants, but in succeed- ing years he obtained excellent ears by artificial pollination both when the ears were crossed and when they were self-fertilized. Rows grown from ears self-fertilized for 2 or 3 generations were exceedingly uniform in all of their botanical characters, the plants were perfectly healthy and normal, and the FIELD CROPS. 37 only difference iu favor of the crossed rows was the yield. The author further points out that several types of corn plants always ai)pear in the breeding plat, and as these types are Intercrossed there are always some of the rows from such crosses so vigorous that they are selected because of the yield and that therefore the odd type remains. In 1905, in a breeding plat of Stowell Evergreen sweet corn two types, one with a smooth full kernel and the other with a thin peaked kernel, were observed. In 11)00, some ears of the same type were planted side by side so that they were intercrossed. In 1007, a part of the ears of each type were planted so that they would be fertilized by the same type and a part so that one type would pollinate the other. The rows were selected by yield only and, in every case but one, rows in which the two types had been crossed were the ones selected. The results of several experiments and investigations made at the station are reported in an article on potato breeding. It is shown that potato varieties may be arbitrarily divided into those the buds of which drop oft" without opening, varieties in which a tew tiowers open but immediately fall, varieties the flowers of which persist several days but rarely produce viable pollen, and sorts which inider most conditions always produce viable pollen. Of 721 varieties undei observation, in 07 per cent the buds fell off before opening, and in ab(jut 70 per cent of the remaining varieties the flowers remained on the stems for more than one day. In unselected 2-year old seedlings the percentage of varieties re- taining their flowers and those the buds of which fell oft' was about the same as in named varieties. In experiments to test the efficiency of stimulating seed production through prevention of tuber formation by removing the earth from around the stolon, it was found that there are characteristic differences in seeding power which are inheritetl by difterent varieties and that the fluctuations in these characters are large and may be increased artifleially by changing environmental condi tions, but that no ordinary treatment will force a variety across its critical point into another biotype. From these results it is concluded that there is no rea- son to believe that artificial treatment can sufficiently change the natural tenden- cies of varieties the buds of which fall off to allow their being used as parents in originating new varieties. It w-as found that the flowers most easily crossed are not those at the upper end of the plant stem but those at the next lower axils. Of such pollinations on naturally seeding varieties 52 per cent were successful, while of those on the uppermost cymes 28 per cent and of those on the lowest clusters only 18 per cent formed fruit. A microscopical examination of pollen of different varieties showed a great variation in the character of the pollen produced by each, in addition to con- siderable fluctuation within the variety. Normally healthy pollen is described as round and about 0.0.30 nmi. in diameter and pollen not producing tubes as seldom over 0.02 mm. in diameter and shriveled and irregular. Pollen grains with a number of slight protuberances were the first to germinate when placed iu a 7 per cent sugar solution, and the pollen tubes grew faster and appeared stronger than those from the round grains. A pollen tube germinated from each of the protuberances, showing that several nuclei were present. From the results of a study to determine the relation between amount and viability of pollen, it is concluded that the percentage of viable pollen should be about 50 and that it is useless to attempt using a variety of which less than 25 per cent of the pollen will grow. No fruit was obtained from varieties pro- ducing no multi-nucleate pollen grains, and of those varieties producing fruit with fair readiness all but one yielded above 16 per cent of this kind of i)ollen. It was observed that in general if less than 50 per cent of the ovules are fer- 38 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. tiliziHl the seed berries iire (Iropped in less than S days after fertilization, tiud it is eoneiuded tliat tlie persistency of tlie berries increased directly with au increased percentage of fertilized (tvnles. \ sunnnary of the procedure in hybridizinj; potatoes is jiiven. In a stndy of the correlations between characters, round and oblong shai)es, deei» and shallow eyes, roufih and smooth skins, tall and dwarf plants, and col- ored and uncolored stems were compared in fiood pollen and poor i)ollen varie- ties. Out of the correlation tables constructed only four showed correla- tions lii.L'licr than the probable error, and these were all correlations where color is nianifi'sted on different parts of the plant. The sugjiestions rejrarding extension work in ajj;ronomy contain outlines of 4 fertilizer experiments. 4 experiments with lejiununous crops. 3 in seed selec- tion, and '2 with varieties. Corn breeding in Minnesota, C. P. Bull {Mhuirsotd .S7ft. Bui. 107, pp. 177- 2-j(i. /i!i'<. 'i')). — The possibilities of corn improvement in Minnesota are discussed, the need of such work is pointed out, and detailed directions on the methods of corn improvement followed at the station are given. Some of the more impor- tant sub.iects discussed are lack in uniformity of type, pollination and formation of ears, factors iufiuencing yield and quality, principles of breeding, the breeding plat, the registry system, the pedigree chart, and the score card. Plant breeding for farmers. II. J. Webber (Xcid York Cornell Sta. Bui. 2-31, pp. 2'.)I-S.i.i. p'(/x. JO). — This bulletin discusses simple methods of plant l)reeding suitable for the general use of farmers. Some of the factors of plant breeding such as pedigree breeding, variations, principles of selection, transmitting power, control of parentage, and record keeping are described, and methods in detail for breeding corn, wheat, oats, barley, and potatoes are presented. Cereal production of Europe, F. R. Rutteb ( U. 8. Drpt. Af/r., Bur. Statis. Bui. 68, pp. 100). — This bulletin contains the results of an investigation of the conditions attending the production, supply, and consumption of grain in Europe. The statistics of acreage and ])roduetion and of imports and exports are given for each country covering a period of 20 years, and the statistics relating to the main progress or decline of grain culture in each country are also presented. The inadequacy of the surplus of eastern Europe to supply western Europe, the extent as well as the limits of grain culture in Europe, and the relation of the grain area to ai-able land are discussed, and statistics are given to point out existing condition.s. Notes and statistics are also given on the average yield of grain, the average size of holdings, and the acre value of crops.' European grain trade, F. R. Rutter (U. S. Dept. Afir., Bur. 8tatis, Bui. 69, pp. 6-3). — This liulletin presents the results of a thorough investigation of the conditions attending the imi)ortation and exportation of grain in Europe during a period of years. The imports and exports of cereals for each country, in nearly all cases covering the period from 1883 to 1905 or 1906. are shown in tables. Brief explanations of the data are given and special features of the cereal trade of each country are pointed out. There are also general notes on the grain deficit in western Europe and on the countries of surplus production. HORTICULTURE. Report of the horticulturist. M. .7. Iorns (Porto Rico 8ta. Rpf. 1907. pp. 20-30. liij. I). — The work for the past year was largely in continuation of work ])reviously reported (E. S. R.. 18. p. 1044) and consisted of cultural and variety tests of economic fruits and vegetables. Several new lines were outlined both for the station and for cooperating planters, some of the more important of which are cover crops, treatment of pineapple plantings after the second year. HORTICULTURE. 39 stock rosistanco to "nial de j;oina," effect of stock on scion, pruning, and plant selection and breeding for special purposes. A detailed statement is given of the work being done or planned in the various lines. In order to emphasize the former work by the station, experiments are being carried on to determine more definitely the special growth seasons for different classes of vegetables. Some of the points thus far brought out from this work are that such vegetables as radishes and lettuce with proper culture grow well at all times of tlie year, except in periods of excessive rainfall ; that many others do have certain seasons in which they grow best; that these seasons are usually during the early winter and spring months; that the insect i)ests and diseases are, in a large nieasure, periodic; that tomatoes, melons, cucumbers, and some others can be grown in Porto Rico for a winter or spring market ; and that good seed of many classes of vegetables can be home grown and the better native varieties readily improved. Among the orchard fruits giving promise of sufficient merit to warrant fur- ther investigations are the Japanese persinunon, the Peen-to peach, the cheri- nioyer, the loquat, and several of the imported guavas. With a view of study- ing in detail cultural methods, diseases, and various other problems of fruit growing, several new plantings have been made, including a new citrus grove and a cacao grove, with rubber for shade, as well as miscellaneous plantings of cocoanuts. Notes are given on the work with cocoanuts, rubber, mangoes, bananas, and pineapples, as well as brief notes on several miscellaneous fruits, including the Barbados cherry, Otaheite gooseberry, anona, rose apple, guava, avocado, and cacao. A large number of standard varieties of grapes have been introduced and have made an exceptional gi'owth during the year. It is found that heavy pruning can be done without apparent injury while the vine is in full growth. Pruning semidormant vines caused severe bleeding. By 1 or 2 heavy prunings at the proper time and pinching the buds before the growth fairly begins, it is possible to keep the vines in good bearing condition. Several new varieties of strawberries are being tested, some of which have stood the adverse conditions of drought and excessive rains and give promise of producing excellent fruit. The crop is not heavy at any one time, but the bearing period lasts over several months. In the cooperative fertilizer experiments, in all the soils thus far tried a com- plete fertilizer has given a marked increase in growth over no fertilizer or one composed of 1 or 2 elements only. In no case has there been less than from 10 to 15 per cent gain in favor of a complete fertilizer. No injurious effects have been noticed from using chlorids or organic fertilizers in citrus groves. The " mal de goma " present in some groves seems in almost all cases to be duo to too deep planting, bad drainage, or some allied cause rather than to the ])resence of organic matter. In the station orchard fresh manure has been liberally spread with beneficial results. In the work in ])lant improvement, practically all of the standard vegetables are under observation, and all the native strains that give any promise of merit are being tested. Special emphasis is being laid on breeding disease-resistant \ari<>ties. The tomato, eggplant, cucumber, and muskmelon are being given s])ecial attention. Some of the most stubborn diseases, like wilts and mildews, can be overcome by breeding and selection. With choice eggplants grafted on native wild eggplants, the grafts seemed proof against disease and the fruits were large and of excellent quality. The jilants bore several successive crojis and were destroyed only by a newly ai)pearing insect, which did the damage 53S1S— No. 1—08 i 40 EXPERTMKNT vSTATIOX RECORD. before it wiis tlisfovoriHl. Wild 0KKpl-ii><^ <'i't' sil^o l)einf: used as a stock on which to Ki-aft tomatoes, with considerable success. A native strain of musk- melon of hirge size has been found with merit enough to warrant further work. With the use of fertilizers these melons have been grown to a large size and retain an excellent flavor. Another type, locally known as " melon de la China," has been found to rank well with the Rockyford in size and flavor and to excel it in ajtpearance. This melon is to be further tested relative to its shipping qualities, size, productiveness, and flavor. Spanish onions have been planted and will be grown from seed with the view of determining whether they keep better than those grown in the I'nited States or in the Bermudas. An excellent and extra early strain of cowi)eas has been developed, and seed is being raised for trial at other points in the island. The breeding crops thus far have matured in from 6.3 to 68 days. Influence of "bottom heat" in forcing cucumbers, J. G. Moore (Wisconsin l^ta. Ri>t. 1907, pp. 355-36 'i). — An account of an experiment in forcing cucum- bers which has been conducted by the station for the past 3 seasons, the chief object of which was to determine the soil temperature best suited to the produc- tion of the crop irrespective of cost. Other factors studied were earliness, rela- tive number of male and female flowers, and relative effect on growth and vigor of plants. Eight benches of plants were grown, 3 each in 1905 and 1906 and 2 in 1907. The range of temperatures from lowest to highest during the entire period was from 68.7° to 83.3° F. From observations made and data secured during the 3 years, it is concluded that a soil temperature of approximately 74° gives a greater fruitfulness during the same length of time than temperatures ranging either much higher or much lower. Increase in soil temperature increases the earliness of production little if any. Variation of soil temperature shows little influence on flower produc- tion, the important factors in this respect being sunshine, atmospheric temper- atui'e, and individuality of plants. Higher soil temperature shorteus the fruit- ing period of the plants, and the author believes that the length of fruitfulness in the cucumber is inversely proportional to the amount of soil temperature, within the limits of temperature usually given iu producing this crop. The advantages gained by higher soil temperature are not suflicient to warrant the additional cost. Plant individuality is so mai'ked that better results can be ob- tained by using seed from the best individuals rather than by attempting to influence i)roduction by increased soil temperature. Cranberry investigations, A. R. Whitson aud O. G. Malde ( Wisconsin Hta. Rpt. 1!)07, pp. 302-308. fig. 1). — A further report on the cranberry investigations being conducted at the station and which have been reported on from year to year (E. S. R., 18, p. 1047). The general results of the season's investigations further emphasize the influence of drainage and sanding on soil temperature. The observations rela- tive to soil and air temperatures at different depths and heights are to be pub- lished in detail in the future. The results secured for the past 4 years relative to the influence of deep, shallow, and absence of drainage on the yield of berries are tabulated and indicate a considerable benefit from drainage. On tlie plat where the water was held at the surface, the average number of barrels of cranberries secured was 32, whereas on the plat drained to a depth of 14 in., the average number of barrels secured was 39. The roots on the better drained plat showed a tendency to extend deeper and were stronger than those on the undrahied plat. Relative to the sanding of plats, it appears that the applica- tion of 2 in. of sand at one time on vines already established is very detrimental, as the runners are covered too deeply to prevent the rapid development of more runners. About ^ in. of sand applied to ground already well covered is found to be beneficial. HORTICULTURE. 41 A table is given sliowingc the yields of cranberries sec-nred on the various fer- tilizer plats during the period from 15)04 to 1SX)7, inclusive. The treatments which have been most beneficial are combinations of phosphate and nitrate and of potash and nitrate. Two cooperative fertilizer tests have been made with growers during the past 2 seasons, the experiment consisting of an application of acid iihosphate, sotlium nitrate, and potassium sulphate, each alone and in a combination of 2 on areas of one-tenth acre, except that on one of the bogs potash and nitrate were not used singly. The yields of berries together with the tr'^atments are given, although no conclusions are drawn as yet from the work. A number of plats planted at the station in 1904 produced fruit and gave some indication of the results of different methods of planting as well as the compara- tive value of a few of the standard varieties of berries. Of .3 plats set with short cuttings by the use of a dislc, as described in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 16, p. 975), the native varieties yielded at the rate of 10 barrels per acre, the Palmeter variety 17 barrels per acre, and the Howe 12 barrels per acre. An- other plat, planted with vines from the nursery in 1905 and set with a dibber in rows about 5 in. apart and 1 to 2 in. between vines in the row, yielded i\t the rate of 2G barrels per acre. McFarland vines planted in 1904 on unsanded peat yielded about 1 barrel per acre. As a result of work in the moss-killing tests, the application late in May of 2 barrels of air-slaked lime per acre is recommended. This application may be repeated the second year, but the third application should be deferred for at least a year. AVhile this treatment is suitable for sphagnum moss, wood moss is not killed by the lime, and experiments were made to establish some treatment for killing wood moss. Dry salt was first used, but could not be applied in sufficient amounts without injury to the vines. During the past year the salt was applied in solution, giving excellent results. " The application of a mixture of 15 pounds of common salt to 50 gal. of water at the rate of 4 barrels to the acre just before the opening of the terminal buds of the cranberry vines has been found safe and effective for killing the wood moss, which at that time grows rapidly." A second growth of moss usually occurs in the latter part of September and should be given a second application of the treatment at that time. The relation of weather to the setting of fruit; with blooming data for 866 varieties of fruit, U. P. Hedrick {Xciv York State Sta.BuJ.299, pp. 59-138).— In the tirst part of this bulletin considerable data are given together with refer- ences drawn relative to the behavior of fruit crops during the varying weather conditions of past seasons in western New York. Killing frosts, rain, tempera- ture, sunshine, and wind are all discussed in their relation to the setting of fruits. The data are largely based upon a study of the printed records of the fruit crop of the above region found in the Proceedings of the Western New York Horticultural Society, together with an examination of crop reports, weather re<"ords, and the agricultural papers for the period under discussion. In connection with the discussion meteorological data, compiled from the rec- ords of 90 weather stations in New York, are given for the month of May for the years 1897 to 1900, inclusive. The author points out that although self-sterility with lack of cross-pollina- lion may be an important cause of the failure to set fruit, unfavorable weather conditions during the blooming i)eriod are also important factors in the loss of fruit crops. The conclusions reached from this investigation ai'e that frosts, rain, cold weather, and cold or high winds are the chief agencies in preventing the proper setting of fruit in New York. The damage in the case of light frosts may be prevented to some extent If the proper precautions are taken. Abun- dance of sunshine and a low peix-entage of humidity give the most favorable con- 42 EXPERIMENT yTATIOX RECORD. ditions for tlio soUiii« »>f fruil. The orcluuds should be located with reference both to generjil and to local climate. Varieties of fruit may be selected with reference to time of blooiniuf: and with reference to their ability, from one cause or another, so to withstand injurious weather as to escape in some degree in- jurious climatal :ijrencies. Cultural treatment to induce strong vitality probably heli)s plants to withstand stresses of harmful weather. The climate changes in short cycles, but such oscillations are not permanent, and it is jtrobably beyond the power of man to change the climate by flooding, draining, planting or destroying forests, etc. Blooming time is next briefly considered relative to the influences tending to hasten or retard its advent. The dates of blooming for 866 varieties of fruit, including the api)le, ju'ar. peach, i)lum, cherry, and grape, are given. The data were taken from the station oi'chards and are gi\en for the years 19<)2 to 1!»07, inclusive, for the tree fruits and for the years 1X02 to ]8!»S for the graiie. The dates are those of the first open blossoms and the full bloom and were taken from trees grown under normal conditions as to pruning, distance apart, and other factors which might influence the blooming period. An examination of the list shows that under normal conditions and during the average season, varieties of any one species overlap sufficiently for the purpose of cross-polli- nation, with the possible exception of the very early and the very late Aarieties. Relative to the belief that early varieties bloom earlier than late ones and that late varieties are less liable to have their blossoms injured by late frosts, the author concludes, after a study of the varieties for which blooming dates are given in connection with the period of ripening given for the same varieties in fruit manuals, that there is no correlation between blooming and fruiting,' although there are many apparent exceptions. The average of data taken for 5 years shows the length of time the several fruits are in bloom as follows: Apples, 9 days; peaches, 8 days; pears, plums, and cherries, 7 days ; and grapes, 10 days. The actual length of the blooming period may vary considerably under different weather conditions. An inspec- tion of the dates of blooming of all the fruits shows a variation of several days in most seasons between the apitea ranee of the first blossoms of the different varieties, which can be taken advantage of in selecting sorts to avoid injury from frost. A list is also given showing early and late blooming varieties of apples, pears, peaches, plums, and cherries. Pruning' fruit trees, W. S. Thornber ( Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 3, pp. 4, fiffs. S). — This bulletin contains popular directions for pruning apples, pears, sweet cherries, and peaches. Notes on the avocado fruit. O. Loew (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1007, pp. 18, 1!>). — A detailed descrii»tion of the avocado, with a brief note on a study made relative to the softening of the fruit. Repeated shipments to New York have failed on account of the decay of the fruits, attributed to injuries to the skin, permitting the entrance of fungi. The author found, however, that where perfectly healthy fruit without any injury and with the stem still attached were selected and keiit at .3.5 to 40° C. in a thermostat, the skin commenced to turn brown after 4 days. Two days later the fruit was soft and the skin had begun to shrink. After another 2 diiys the entire skin was deep brown and showed considerable and irregular shrinkage. The flesh was found to be discolored and sour, but neither microbes nor myce- lium were observed. It is believed that not even the most careful i)acking pro- posed will sto]) these chiinges, but cooling with ice will retard them. Dry-land olive culture in northern Africa, T. H. Kearney ( U. S. Dept. Agr., liur. f'hiiit huliis. fiiil. I2j. pp. '/N. /(/v. '/. fif/x. 10). — This liulletin contains an account of the cultivation of olives without irrigation in the vicinity of Sfax in HORTICULTURE. 43 sonthorn Tunis, in which re}j;ion the averase yeaii.v rainfall is only 9.3 in. The drought-resistant variety of the olive that is grown in Tunis has been introduced with a view to establishing dry-land olive culture in the United States, and it is believetl that the present work will be useful not only in directing attention to the type of tree and methods of culture that ai"e likely to give the best results in the olive zone, ))ut also in stimulating as well the cultivation of trees in gen- eral in arid and semiarid regions. A discussion is given of the importance of dry-land arboriculture in ancient Africa, the climate, topography, and soils of the Sfax region, and the cultural methods employed, including propagation, clearing the land, planting, tillage, manuring, pruning, harvesting, and yields. The relation of rainfall to yields, the question of labor, and the utilizati(m of the run-oft" water in olive culture in otlier parts of Tunis are also discussed. Only one variety of olive, the Chemlaly, a small-fruited, oil-producing variety, is extensively grown in the Sfax region. It is very productive and the fruit yields an unusually high per- centage of oil. Wide ])lanting and thorough cultivation are the most important principles of olive culture at Sfax, the trees being planted G5 to SO ft. apart in each direction. There appears to be a relation between the yield of the olive and the rainfall of the previous year, but none between the yield and the rain- fall of the year in which tlie crop is made. The decay of oranges while in transit from California, G. H. Powell et al. iU. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. J23, pp. 79, pis. 9, figs. 26).— This is the lirst comprehensive report on the investigations which are being conducted by tlie Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department in cooperation with the California orange growers relative to the causes and control of the decay in citrus fruits while in transit to eastern markets. The investigations in general liave been conducted under commercial conditions with a view to rendering the data secured of practical value in the various pliases of the industry. In the experimental investigations it was souglit to determine the comparative susceirtibility to decay of oranges handled in difterent ways for shipment, in- cluding holding them in the packing houses in California for about 2 weeks, forwarding to New Yorlv at short intervals after packing under ventilation, icing, and precooling, and handling in different ways and shipping under difter- ent conditions when stored in a common storage room in eastern markets. Tech- nical investigations in refrigeration were also conducted, including the develop- ment and testing of various methods of cooling the oranges for shipment and the determination of changes in tlie temperatures of cars when shipped under difterent methods. For a proper understanding of the work under discussion, a general account is given of the California citrus fruit business relative to its extent, location, cultural conditions, and methods of picking, packing, and shipping. The preliminary survey of the winter of 1003-4 showed that the decay varied in extent in difterent regions and in difterent packing houses in the same region and that it usually increased in severity as the season advanced. As has been l)revious]y noted in a preliminai-y account of the work (E. S. R., 17, p. 663), it was found that the decay was caused by a blue mold fungus, which enters the orange through mechanical abrasions in the skin. A systematic series of ob- servations and inspections was started in 1905 to determine the amount and severity of mechanical injuries of oranges when delivered to the jiacking houses and the relations of the methods of handling the fruit to these injuries, and a variation commonly miming from 1 to .50 per cent was found in the amount of injury in the fruit of different pickers, growers, and i»acking houses. Largely as a result of this investigation the relation between mechanical injury to the orange and the chance of decay during shipment is now generally under- 44 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Stood by firowors and loickots, and a dcteriiiincd rfloit is l)eing made to retluco the trouble. Abundant data have been accumulated to show that with care in instruction and suiiervislon of labor not more than 2 or 3 per cent of the oranjies will be injured in handling; tlie fruit on a large commercial scale. Witii the oranges handled in dillerent ways and lield in the iiacking houses in California for about '2 weeks previous to sliipment, the work of the ;> years from the standpoint of the packing house shows that the least decay develops in sound unbrushed fruit. Brushing increases decay and washing increases it still more. The greatest decay develops in mechanically injured oranges. Little difference was noted in the amount of decay in oranges grown in differ- ent sections and handled in the same manner or in oianges picked from the same grove with e(|ual care at difterent periods from .January to May. Curing the orange for a few days before packing wilts the skin and in the early part of the season renders it more pliable. While this process is probably not harm- ful to uninjured fruit, the blue mold begins to develop more or less in the injured oranges during the curing period, according to the severity of the injury. When fruit is packed promptly after picking and shipped at once in a cool temperature the decay may not develop in transit. Brushing so large a pro- portion of the oranges as has been the custom is found to be unnecessary, and washing can be avoided by treating the groves properly for scale. Two hundred and ninety-seven shipments of fruit were made to New York during the last .•> years. Relative to the handling of the fruit, the least decay has developed under all methods of shipment in the sound, carefully handled oranges, and the greatest amount in those mechanically injured. With regard to promptness of shipment after packing, the decay has increased proiiortionately with delay in shipment. As to the method of shipment the least decay devel- oped in i>recooled fruit that was loaded in the cars in cold condition. When the fruit is cooled to a temperature of about 40° F. before shipment less re-icing is required en route. The boxes may also be loaded more closely than is safe under regular icing. Precooling retards decay temi»orarily but does not remove the cause. Decay can be avoided by handling the fruit carefully. In the market-holding tests the greatest loss occurred in mechanically injured oranges. The temperature of the fruit was found to change slowly in transit. *' In ventilated cars there may be extreme changes in the outside air, and if the extremes do not persist long the changes in the temperature of the fruit are relatively slow. In iced cars the temperature falls relatively fast during the first few days, but a train may cover one-third of the trip across the continent before the temperature of the fruit reaches 50° F. The decay develops rapidly during the early part of the trip, while the fruit is warm. In a car in which the fruit is cooled to 40° F. or lower before shipment the temperature remains nearly constant if the car is re-iced regularly in transit. In cool weather it remains fairly constant without additional icing after the car leaves California. In warm weather the re-icing during the first half of the trip can be avoided, but the car may need re-icing during the latter half of the trip." Nomenclature of the pear; a catalogue-index of the known varieties referred to in American publications from 1804 to 1907, W. H. Ragan {U. 8. Dept. Affi:. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. lid, pp. 268).— This bulletin is similar in its scope to the Nomenclature of the Apple (E. S. R., 16, p. 777) and is offered as the second of a contemplated series in which it is hoped to publish the names of all the cultivated fruits. The data collected are based on a careful study of the American literature of the pear, extending back to and including the publication of the Domestic Encyclopedia in 1804. The code of nomencla- ture of the American Pomological Society has been followed in the naming of the varieties. HORTICULTITRE. 45 The index is arranged in alphabet ieal order and consists of a fairly complete list of the cultivated varieties of pears, embracing both leading names and their synonyms, together with brief descriptions and histories of varieties, including origin, form, size, color, texture, flavor, quality, and time of maturity. An index to the American literature of the pear from 1804 to 1"J(J7 is appended. Report of the coffee expert, J. W. van Leenhoff (Porto Rico .S7rt. Ri)t. 1907, pp. 3!), J/O). — Storms lasting continuously from November 25 to December 14, 15)06, and again from March 26 to March 2S, 1907, did much damage to old and young trees, especially in less protected places, and showed the necessity of many more wind-breaks. As a provisional protecticMi i)]antains were planted between the rows, to be removed as soon as the shade had grown to sutHcient height. Although the claim of Porto Rican planters that young coffee wants heavy shade has not been proved, it does appear that many shade trees for wind- lireaks may be required. The experiments in improving an old coffee grove were continued and the yields determined (E. S. R., 18, p. 1049). The crop from 10 acres in 1902 was 3,387 lbs. In the following year the plat was divided into 10 1-acre plats, on each of which a different method of treatment was followed, as has been previously noted (E, S. R., 16, p. 144). In all 1,106 trees were removed and the others trimmed up. In 1903 the yield from the 10 acres was in all 1,623 lbs. The yield has increased each year, and in 1906, 4,349 lbs. was secured. Full details of the experiments are to be published later in bulletin form. The total cost of gathering and preparing 100 lbs. of coffee for market is estimated at $4,335, and the average price obtained for the same amount as .$10,885. Estimates are given of the cost of the new plantings of coffee. The net cost per acre to the end of the third year was $83.70. The fermentation of cacao and of coffee, O. Loew {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. Jfl-55, fig.s. 2). — Studies were made by the author relative to the pur- pose and necessity of, and the kind of action involved in, the fermentation of cacao and coft"ee. Several investigators are cited to show that a great differ- ence of opinion exists along these lines. The chief purposes of the fermentation process with cacao are given as the removal or contraction of the pulp surrounding the seeds, the loosening of the connection between the seed and its testa, and the development of the color and the improvement of the taste. The action of the fermentation process in bring- ing about these changes is discussed. The author concludes that the fermentation process itself is due primarily to yeast cells, which multiply rapidly in the saccharine juice oozing from the pulped cacao, or slime tissue, and pi'oduce alcohol and carbon dioxid. Bacteria also develop rapidly after a certain time and ozidize the alcohol formed by the yeast, either wholly or partly, into acetic acid. These processes cause a rise of temperature and the death of the cells of the seeds and slime tisue, where- upon the juice of the slime tissue, more or less altered, collects at the bottom of the receptacles, together with the acetic acid produced. By thus shrinking the slime tissue the quick drying of the seed is facilitated, the adhesion between the seed and its envelope is loosened, and the envelope is liardened. P'ermentation also acts indirectly in killing the seed cells, thus liberating oxidizing enzyms, which cause the formation of a brown coloration by oxidation of the tannin of the seed. This coloration is increased during the drying process and finally by the roasting. The taste of the raw cacao bean is not only altered by the partial oxidation of tannin during the fermentation or sun drying of the seed, but also by products of roasting. Both the oxidizing enzyms and the flual roasting process assist in developing the aroma. 46 EXPERTMENT STATION RECORD. The ft^niiciit.itinii of corioc wns also investifcated, aiul the author conies to the conclusiDU tlial Uu' aJeohulic and acetic fermentations are of only indirect benefit, inasmuch as heat is (hereby produced which supports the action of a body (enzym) furnislied by the bacteria, which dissolves the adhesive substance between parchment envelope and slimy layer. From l."» 1<> 20 hours is considered sntlicient for the fermentation of coffee in I'orlo Uico. while in some sections of Central America, as (Juatemala, it nnist be carried on for 2 days. Undue jjrolon^'ini; of the fermentation causes a brown coloi-ation of the parchment and of the seeils. The latter also acquire a dis- airreeable odor. FORESTRY. Forests {Bihliogr. Xat. .<^'»m•r, I'Jtn, Xo. V Dr, f^iip., pp. VI IT-}- 15 1-231). —Thin is a supplement to ;i catalo.uue imblisbed in is;»4 of literature dealing with the various i)hases of Swiss forestry. The present supplement comprises a com- ])lemen(ary list of works published from 1800-1S92, together with the forestry literature from 1893-11)00. The scope of tlie literature is broad, including forest zoology, botany, soil and climatology, instruction, experiments, history, societies, l)i(>grai>hies, commerce, statistics, expositions, surveys, management, taxation, administration, politics, and sylviculture. The worlv is arranged in chronolog- ical order and is accompanied with an alphabetical index. Yearbook of the administration of government and funds property, A. Heidler (Jahrh. Staats u. F(>u(Jsg. Venoalt., 6 (1907), pp. r+2G3, pis. 6, figs. 7/7). — Tabular data are given relative to the constitution and areas of the gov- ernment and various endowment estates in the different provinces of Austria for the period 1S04-1005, inclusive, together with a siunmarized report on the revenues of these estates for the period 1890-1903, and comparative data of the revenues obtained in the ]ieriod 1S74-1903. Detailed tabular data are also given showing the production of the various forest products, sylvicultnral operations, iind forest management for the period 1899-1903. Concluding articles deal with an account of the worlv in combating the nun moth {Lyniantrid iiioimeha) in the Niepolomice principality from 1891 to 1902 by W. SedhHczek, and an account of forestry operations conducted under the direction of the administrator of the estates of the Bukowinaer oriental religious funds in Czernowitz by J. Opletal. A statistical review of the forest administration of the Grand Duchy of Baden for the year 1905 (Statls. Nachiv. Forstveiiv. Baden, 28 (1905), pp. XX + 123. (Ignis. 9). — A statistical report for the .year 1905 of forest areas, planting and cutting operations, yields, and revenue from various forest prod- ucts in the Grand Duchy of Baden for the year 1905, together with comparative data for the period from 1878 to 1904. Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1905—6, S. SiNoii (Rpt. Forest Admin. Bdluchistan, 1905-6, pp. J/l). — The usual annual report on the forest operations in Baluchistan for the year 1905-6, including notes and tabular data dealing with the constitution and areas of State forests, forest surveys, preitaration of working i)lans, protection from fire, sylvicultnral oi)erations, exploitations, and financial results. A brief report of similar nature is given by E. H. S. James for the Zhob district for the year 1905-0. Trees and their life histories, P. Groom (London and New York, 1907, pp. XVI+J1O7, pi. J, figs. 517). — A i)opular account and description of all the more important trees of Great Britain, including analytical tables, diagnosis of families, and numerous illustrations showing the various tree types, structure cf the bark and new growth, flowers, and fruits. An explanatory introduction FORESTRY. 47 is iiiven. (loalinji with the activity and nonrif^bnient of trees and a study of the various tree organs, classification, and nomenclature. The commei'cial forest trees of Massachusetts, D. A. Clark (Boston, 1901, I'P. 06, flyti. 76). — This iiamphlet, which was prepared by the author under the direction of F. W'. Kane, State Forester of Massachusetts, is offered by that •State for free distribution with a view of presenting a practical working de- scrii)tion of the conuuercial trees of iNIassachusetts. The more important characteristics and distinguishing features of each species are given, together with a brief account of tlieir distribution, range, habit of growth and form, with figures illustrating the winter twigs, leaves, and fruit. Forestry from a commercial standpoint, F. W. Rane {[Boston], 1907, pp. 16). — A lecture on this subject delivei'ed by the author before the Massachu- setts Ilorticidtural Society, and which is here presented in pamphlet form for general distribution to Massachusetts citizens. The subject matter deals par- ticularly with conditions in Massachusetts and several estimates are given showing the profits to be derived from woodlands under present conditions in that State, including second growth white pine, chestnut, and sprout hard- wood growth, as well as i)lanted woodlands. Practical results in basket willow culture, C. D. Mell ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Sen: Virc. l.'/S, pp. 7). — In this circular results are given of 2 years' tests at the willow holt of the Forest Service, located on the Depai-tment ex- perimental farm at Arlington, Va., in growing standard European basket wil- lows under different methods of management. The varieties tested include Welsh or purple, Lemley, patent Lemley, and American green or almond, and have been described in a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 16, p. IGl). Tests were made on two phases of willow culture, spacing and cutting. The results are presented in tabular form and discussed. The following important facts were brought out by the experiments : Wide spacing was found greatly to decrease the number and total weight^of rods for a given area and to increase the weight of individual rods; close spacing greatly retards the growth of weeds; spacing has little effect on the proportion of bark to wood or on the length of the best rods, but wide spacing lowers the production of unbranched rods; cutting below the surface of the ground lowers the quality of the rods and decreases the productivity of the stools. Large samples of bark from all the willows on the experimental farm were analyzed by the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department. The tannin content was found to be comparatively large, ranging from 8.75 per cent in the Welsh variety to 11.38 per cent in the American green, from which it is concluded that willow bark may prove a valuable source of tannin. Brief suggestions are also given relative to the marketing of willow rods. Yield tables for the spruce and beech of Switzerland; P. Fluey (Mitt. Schweiz. Ccntralanst. Forstl. Vcrsuchsw., 9 (1907), pp. Til + 290 -{- 55, pis. 7, map 1). — The yield tables here presented are based upon statistical data col- lected from Snti pure stand experimental areas of spruce and of beech estab- lished and directed by the Swiss forestry experiment station and located in various State, communal, corporation, and private forest areas in the hill lands and mountain regions "of Switzerland. The first of these experimental areas was established about 18 years ago, and most of them have been thinned for the second or third time. The first part of the work is devoted to a detailed account, with explanatory tables, relative to the individual experimental areas and methods of gathering the data. Parts 2 and 3 contain detailed tabulated descripticms. and various It'liiug results of the individual experimental areas, together with computed yield and accretion tables for different age and quality classes of spruce and 48 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. beech. In the case of the spnuv, se|»arate spts of tables are given for the hill lands aud mountain areas since the various relations for this species differ • onsiderably in the two i-e.t;ions. Only one set of tables is given for the beach, whidi species shows i)ractically the same development in botli regions. Part 4 discusses the principal results derived from the statistics, together with the application of the yield table. In an appendix the separate experimental stands are classified relative to the diameter and yield i)er hectare of stems at the time of the first felling and according to the quality of the locality. A map is given showing the location of the various experimental areas, as well as a catalogue of the yield tables for various species of trees published since ]S72, and of all works published since 18>S1 dealing with the arrangement, testing, results, and investigations in con- nection with yield tables. Progress in chestnut pole preservation, H. F. Weiss {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest fe'c/r. Circ. J.'fl, pp. J-'t, pg-s. „^).— This circular discusses a number of points relative to pole preservation not brought out in the former publications of the Forest Service on similar subjects (B. S. R., 19, pp. 243, 052), and is based largely upon the results of a series of experiments conducted at Parkton, Md., from August, 1005, to June, 1J,»07, in cooperation with the American Tele- phone and Telegraph Company. A comparison of poles cut from sprouts and seed trees showed practically no difference in the taper, but the sprout-grown poles are stronger and hence safer under strain. Furthermore, they reciuire a shorter rotation, thus giving quicker and larger returns on the investment. The poles were preserved by the brush and open-tank treatments. Under the brush treatment the penetration of carbolineum and creosote was about equal and averaged about one-eighth of an inch. Creosote alone was used in the (»pen-tank treatment, and special studies were made of the effects of long soak- ing in hot oil and of a rapid change from hot to cold oil, and as to whether poles soaked in water and then seasoned take better treatment. The conclu- sion reached is that the sapwood of chestnut, w^hich is a thin layer, should be comi)letely saturated with the preservative. This can be accomplislied by heat- ing the poles in oil for 6 hours and leaving them in the cooling oil over night, or by heating them in hot oil for 4 hours and plunging them into cold oil for 2 hours. Soaking poles in water preparatory to preservative treatment is not recommended, since no better absorption or penetration of the oil is obtained thereby. Effectiveness of treatment is independent of the season of cutting, but depends directly upon the moisture content and the width of the sapwood. Chestnut poles cut during the period of maximum rate of diameter growth and thoroughly seasoned admit of best results in preser\ative treatment. Poles cut in spring and summer reach such a condition more quickly than those cut iu autumn and winter. A table is given showing the length of seasoning period desirable previous to preserving for poles cut at different times of the year. Defects such as cup shakes, frost cracks, or splits from careless cutting may cause serious damage, especially in spring-cut and summer-cut poles. It is advised that such poles be immeOS : l.>. pji. .',.i!)-5-'il). — This paper, which oriuinally aippi-aicd in Paper Milt, contains a jicncral discussion as to the prol)al)le iniporlaiue of i)anii)oo as a source of wood pulj), toiii'thcr with notes on laboratory tests made l)y the au- thor in the production of wood pulp and observations on the growth and be- liavior of bamboo under various systems of cropping, with estimates on the average weight of the material which might reasonaltly be expected aiuiually from a given area under rational systems (jf culture. The results of Hie author's experiments in the production of wood pulp from Jianihoo indicate that the use of 2 or 3-year old growths appears to be the most economical and to differ very slightly in the results. It is concluded that crop- ping every third year, when the stems are from 28 to 34 months old, will secure an absolute permanence of growth. In making paper pulp the nodes must be removed from the bamboo cane. Fifteen tons of canes per acre every third year is given as the dejiendable crop to be realized from poor to moderate bam- boo stands. According to data secui'ed from lalioratory tests it is estimated that .^ tons of air-dry bamboo will produce at least 45 per cent or 45 cwt, of un- bleached pulp. Rubber cultivation in the British Empire, II. Wkigiit (London, 1907, pp. VII +100, pis. -'i). — A lecture on this subject delivered before the Society of Arts. Introductory considerations deal with the importance of rubber cultiva- tion and the development of the rubber market, including tabular statistics showing the consumption and value of rubber from 1809 to 1000, the relative importance of India rubber, Balata, and gutta-percha, and the capital invested in rubber companies. The author di.scusses the various geographical and liotanical sources of caoutchouc, briefly describes the important rubber-producing species and varie- ties, and gives a general account of the development of wild and plantation rub- ber, with special reference to rubber cultivation in the British Empire. The differences between the laticiferous systems of different genera is discussed, the methods of tapping, collecting, coagulating, and the manufacture of rubber are described, and data are given on yields secured under various conditions. Notes are also given on numerous slides shown at the lecture. Caoutchouc and gutta plants, H. Jumeli.e (Les Plantcs d Caoutchouc ct a Gutto. Pahs, I'MlS, pp. Xll+5.'i2, figs. 51). — This work is designed to supersede one published in 1898 on the caoutchouc and gutta plants in the French colonies. The present volume has been revised and enlarged with a view of including all the tropical countries where rubber is produced and preseftting the more recent information collected on the subject of rubber culture. Part 1 deals with plants producing caoutchouc, which are discussed in a general way relative to their history, the chemical and physical properties of the rubber and latex, and methods of harvesting and coagulation, after which the important caoutchouc-producing species and varieties are taken up, includ- ing their geographic distribution, botany, exploitation, yield in latex and rubber, cultivation, etc. Part 2 deals with plants producing gutta. India-rubber and its manufacture, H. L. Terry (London, 1907, pp. VIII+ 29Ji, figs. 18). — This volume is designed for the general reader and the tech- nologist in other branches of industry, with a view to fuxniishing information relative to the natural history and manufacture of rubber. A brief general and historical account is given of the rul>ber industry, together with the l)otan- ical origin of raw rubber, methods of tapping, coagulation, and priuciiml raw DISEASES OF PLANTS. 51 nilibrrs of commerce. Succeeding cbai)ters deal with tlie cliemicul and pliysical l)roperties of rubber, vulcanization. India-rubber plantations, India-rubber sub- stitutes, reclaimed rubber, washing, drying, and compounding of rubber, rubber solvents and their recovery, rubber solution, and the various forms of manufac- tured rubber and the articles made therefrom. Concluding cliai)ters treat of the l)roduction and uses of gutta-percha and balata. A brief bibliography is also given of publications dealing with the various phases of rubber cultivation and manufacture. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist for 1907, (J. P. Clinton (Coiinrcticut ^taie Hta. Ritt. 19011-8, i)t. G, i>iK .^39-396, p/.s. 16). — General notes are given on a number of dis- eases of plants that have been previously reported and short accounts i)re- sented of a number that have not hitherto been reported as occurring in this State. The diseases new to the State are taken up under an ali)habetical list of liost plants, and among the number, attention is called to the blight of the wlute pine, wliich, it is said, has been one of the most conspicuous diseases of the year, occurring not only in Connecticut but over most of New England. This disease has been attributed to various causes, but tlie author thinks the trouble a physiological one, induced by adverse conditions. . In some cases winter injury was probably the cause of the trouble, wliile in others it was apparently due largely to drought and late frosts. Notes are given on the internal brown spot of potatoes, a diseased condition that pro\ed ratlier troublesome in potatoes tliat were imported from Scotland for experimental purposes at the station. The occurrence of scurf on potatoes, due to SpondyJocJudiuni atrovircns, is also noted. An account is given of a disease of Sumatra tobacco, which is believed to be possibly of bacterial origin. Attention was first called to this disease in Bulletin 150 of the station (E. S. R., 17, p. 136), in which it was stated that the plants were attaclced by a fungus root disease. Subsequent studies seemed to indicate that the trouble may be bacterial in origin. The disease, so far as it has been noticed, has been confined to seed betls. An account is given of investigations begun in 1906 on the root rot of tobacco, due to Tluehiikt basicola. This fungus, which seems to be rather widely dis- tributed, occurring on a number of plants, has proved very troublesome botli in tobacco seed beds and in the fields. Experiments with formaldehyde and steam sterilization in seed beds have given fairly satisfactory results, the steam heated plats prtniucing the best stand, followed by those treated in the fall of the year with formaldehyde at the rate of 1 part formalin to 100 parts water. Formalin diluted and sprinkled over the plants after their growth had begun, injured the plants and resulted in a very poor stand and growth. When the convenience of treatment is considered, the author believes that tlie formalin treatment is an efficient and convenient method of protecting seed beds against the root rot and possibly the damping off of tobacco. Observations made of the treatment of tobacco fields for the control of this disease seem to indicate that as yet no effective fivatment for use in the field has been obtained. \Vhere\er possililc the growing of toiiacco in land (hat has licrome infested .should be abandoned for a few years. The report concludes with an account of sludies on hetercpcions rusts of Con- necticut having a periderinium for their a'cidial stage. This Is a detailed report on investigations which have been previously noted (E. S. R.. 19, p. 1149). Symptoms of disease in plants, F. D. Healo (Aim. R/rt- Nfbr. Hnrt. Koc. 38 {1007), 1)1). J31-,l'i'i), — The author describes the symptoms of a large number 52 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of plant (lisoascs and irivps nicthods for rcco^'nizin^' their causes. Suggestious are also given for tlie ja-evention of the diseases where definite means are known. The control of plant diseases, H. H. Whktzkl and F. C. Stewart (New York Conirll Std. Bill. ,>■'>.!, pi). ,i',!i-MI, fiijs. /.>). — Brief descriptions are given of the more important fungus diseases attaclcing alfalf.i, apples, asi)aragus, beans, cab- bage, caulitiower, carnations, celery, cherries, chrysanthemums, cucumbers, cur- rants, ginseng, gooseberries, grapes, lettuce, uuiskmelons, oats, onions, peaches, pears, i)lmns, potatoes, quinces, raspberries, roses, strawberries, tomatoes, tur- nijts, and wheat, together with directions for their control. Cultures of Uredineae in 1907, J. C. Arthur (Abs, in Science, n. set:, 27 (IHOS), \<>. i;s7, p. ,f'/0). — A brief abstract is given of a report on the cultural work carried on by the author during 1I>07. Thirty species of rust were grown with success, S of which are reported for the first time. A rust of Allium was carried tlu'ough its life cycle, and 3 sedge rusts and 2 species of (4ymnosi)o rangium, G. hctlieli and O. incoii.spicuKiii. were connected with their lecidial stages. The life history of Puccinia malvacearum, J. B. Dandeno {Kpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 9 il!)07). pp. 68-73, p(j>i. 5). — The author calls attention to this parasite, which is of interest on account of the fact that, so far as known, it does not produce any other stage of si)ores than teleutospores. On account of this peculiarity, the wintering of the fungus and its sudden spread during the late summer have been subjects of considerable study. The author undertook a series of investigations to discover how the fungus passes the winter, in this way testing the statements of others that the disease might pass the winter in the embryo of infected seeds, or that teleutospores pro- duced late in the season acted as resting spores and then germinated in the spring. So far as the author's observations have gone, none of the old spores could be inducetl to germinate, and the author claims that the idea of teleutospores wintering the fungus over will have to be abandoned. On examining some mallows very early in the spring the fungus was found present, and it is be- lieved that it winters over in living portions of such infected plants as with- stand the winter. Its slow development in the summer is attributed to the probable fact that the temperature and moisture conditions in the latter part of the summer are best suited for its rapid development and spread. Blindness in barley (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London'l, llf (1908), No. 11, pp. 670, 671). — A t)rief account is given of the experiments carried on by the agricultural dei)artment of Cambridge I'nlversity in treating barley with fungicides to pre- vent the attack of the disease known as blindness in barley, a disease that is caused by the fungus HcJminthofiporiinii f/raminrinn. In the first series of experiments, seeds were treated with a 10 per cent solu- tion of copper sulphate, with formalin, with the mixture known as Sar, and by tlie hot-water method. The results obtained showed that the copper sulphate, while injuring the seed to some extent, was efficient in preventing the disease, and that formalin was nearly as satisfactory, the other methods being much less effective. In 1907 formalin was again used in 2 strengths of solution, 1 part in 240 of water and 1 part in KiO of water. For the strcmger solution, only 0.9 per cent of diseased plants was observed, while for the weaker solution, 2.5 per cent was found to be attacked by the fungus. The stronger solution had no bad effect upon the crop, while by cheeking the disease it is believed that the yield of gniin was increased by not less than 25 per cent. There was also a decided increase m the proportion of heavy to light grain. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 53 Barley smut invastigations, K. A. .Moore and A. L. Stone ( Wiioor germination of treated seed after sowing. As a result of both the station and cooiierative tests, it is concluded that loose smut of barley can be eradicated by the modified hot-water treatment, although the farmer is advised to treat only small areas until further tests have been made with large quantities of seed. The range of temperatures of the hot water at which the ti'eatment will be effective without injury to the seed appears to be limited. Treated barley should be sown immediately, otherwise it will sprout. The ground should liave become warm before sowing, to facilitate germination. Observations upon the prevalence of early potato blight (Alternaria solani) in Wisconsin, ,J. G. Milward (Wiscon' be moldy or musty. The vines were covered here and there with a white mass and many of the stems were so rotten that they easily broke into fragments on being handled. A microscopical ex- amination revealed no fungus mycelium, but numeroiis bacteria, especially cocci, as well as yeast-like cells. The disease resembles pole burn. The cause is still undetermined. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 55 A peculiar disease, known as " sancocliado " in Porto Rico, was observed in tobacco seed beds of CVijinas. This disease spreads from a center in ring-like progression. The circle of dead, bleached seedlings increasing continuously is cheeked only by removing the soil to some depth and treating the spot with diluted formaldehyde (1 spoonful to 30 gal. of water). A microscopical examination revealed no mycelium, but numerous active nematodes were found, which are thought to cause the disease. The tobacco flea beetle and the chauga are considered the worst enemies of tobacco in Porto Rico. The majority of the insect pests, including the cutworm, are avoided by growing the tobacco under cheese-cloth. Peach leaf curl, I. B. P. Evans {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 6 (1908), No. 22, IH). 259, 260, pis. 2). — The author descril)es the peach leaf curl caused by Ej-oascus (U'forinaus, giving particular attention to its occurrence on nectarines and apricots. When the fungus attacks the fruit of the nectarine it becomes covered with wart-like growths, while apricots are arrested in their develop- ment so that they never attain more than half the normal size. For the prevention of this disease the author recommends thorough spray- ing with Bordeaux mixtui'e. Notes on the black knot of plum, J. B. Dandeno {Ri)t. Mich. Acad. Sci., 9 (1901), pp. l-'i, 15, pg. 1). — The author reports on successful attempts in ob- taining the ascospores from the black knot of plums. Upon careful examina- tion it was found that the perithecia are not produced for about 3 years after infection. After the perithecia are produced the asci are quickly disseminated, and the old knots remain on the twigs. In order to collect material showing the asci and ascospores the third year's growth of the plum knots must be secured. From inoculation experiments with conidia formed by the fungus, it seems that they are not very active as infecting agents. Only a small proportion of infec- tion with ascospores succeeded in producing the disease, which seemed to indi- cate that artificial inoculation is not readily accomplished. Gooseberry black knot {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], IJ, (1908), No. 11, pp. 680, 6S1, figs. //). — A descrii)tion is given of a disease of gooseberries and red and black currants that is due to the fungus Plowrightia ribesia. The fungus is a wound parasite, and it seems probable that ai>hids and scale insects enable it to gain entrance into the living tissues of the plant. The first indication of disease is the wilting and yellowing of the leaves, which fall quite early in the season. As a rule a branch is not killed outright in the first season of the attack, but during the second year the leaf buds remain In half-opened condition and the branch dies, owing to the presence of the fungus mycelium in tlie water conducting vessels. There is no external evidence t)f the fungus until the brj'.uches are dead or nearly so, when the fruiting bodies burst through the bark, forming elongated or grouped blackish warts. It is believed that spraying will have little or no effect in controlling this disease, and it is recommended that on its l>rst appearance all branches whose foliage is wilting should be removed and burned. A combined treatment for the prevention of the powdery and downy mil- dew of grapes, 1). Donon {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 15 {1908), No. 5, pp. I.'f6- l-'i8). — A description is given of a fungicide that is said to consist of a copper and sulphur mixture to which formaldehyde is added. This fungicide is claimetl to be very efficient in the control of various grape diseases, including the poW' dery mildew, and its use does away with the necessity of sulphuring the vines. The fungicide is prepared for the trade in a concentrated form, and is said to be of easy application and less expensive than a liquid spray for the prevention of black rot, etc., with a separate application of sulphur for the powdery mildew, 53818— No. 1—08 5 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The efficiency of this new limjiicicle in conlrolliiiij: oflicr plant diseases is to bo tested. Timber fungi, with special reference to the pines, C. G. Rates {Ann. Rpt. \cbr. Ilort. »Soc., 38 {l'J07), }i}k 201-20H). — Descriptions are given of fungi caus- ing damping off of the seedlings of jiines, pine blister due to Colcosixtriion scnrcioiiis, liyi)ertroi)liy of pine cones, ring scale of pine due to Trninctcs pini, root rots caused l)y I'oli/iiorus annoxuH and Annillariu )iirlle(t, and dry rots due to /'. raporariu.s and Mcntliiis JachrymanK. The treatment of damping-off in coniferous seedlings, P, Spaulding ( IJ. ti. Dcpt. Afjr., liiir. nant Indus, ('ire. '/. /*//. N). — Greenhouse tests have been made l>y the writer for several years relative to tlie effect of various chemicals upon the daniping-off diseases of tender coniferous seedlings. The worlv was ex- tended to field conditions in 1907, experiments being conducted in several nur- series of the New York Forest. Fish, and Game Commission and of the Vermont State Forestry Commission, located, respectively, at Saranae Inn, N. Y.. and Burlington, Vt. The results presented are not considered tinal, but are offered to nurserymen with the hope that they may prove useful until more conclusive proof of the comparative value of the chemicals tested can be secured. The plats used were located in seed beds 12 ft. long and 4 ft. wide, each bed being divided into 3 equal parts 4 ft. square. The chemicals were used in the form of fine powders or in solutions. Tlie solutions were applied to the soil with an ordinary sprinkling can before the seeds were sown and again about .^ days after the seedlings had come up. The pow'ders were applied to the beds only after the seedlings had been up for 3 or 4 days, a simple form of duster having a perforated bottom being used. Very light coatings were given, which were renewed promptly after each rain. Powdered sulphur was used in 3 forms, namely, washed, resublimed, and pi-ecipitated, with favorable results, although the first form gave slightly the best result. The preparation of dry Bordeaux mixture was found to be too tedious and time-consuming to l)e of use in the case of a disease like damping- off and was discarded for a copper suliihate and lime mixture which is easily and quickly made. Powdered sulphate of copper was mixed with fresh slaked lime 1 : 10. No injurious results were noted when this mixture was freely used, even when the seedlings were still wet with dew. Very good I'esults were obtained in checking the damping-off, and it is believed that the mixture may prove of commercial value. Solutions of potassium sulphid and of potassium permanganate gave no defi- nite results, owing to the absence of the disease in the experimental plats. Com- mercial 40 per cent formalin, used at the rate of 4 oz. to 3 gal. of water, when applied to the soil before seeding and not afterwards, seemed to have no effect on the disease. AVhen the application was repeated after the seedlings had come up the results were poor, hence it is believed that formalin is of little value with the daniping-oft' diseases of coniferous seedlings unless supplemented after the germination of the seed with some other efficient chemical. The best results were obtained with dilute sulphuric acid. The soil was thoroughly drenched with a solution of 1 oz. of sulphuric acid to 1 gal. of water several days before sowing the seed, and the treatment was repeated about a week after the seedlings came up. When noted in December, there was a very good stand of fine, healthy seedlings on the treated plat and the soil was entirely free from algre and moss, while on the check plat there w^ere practically no seedlings left and the soil was green with algse and moss. Of the several species thus treated, the Norway spruce alone showed ill effects from the treatment. A weaker solution, 1 part sulphuric acid to 500 of water, is recommended in i^refer- ence to the stronger one used iu these experiments. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57 Fonies pinicola and its host plants, L. H. Pennington (/»*/'/• Mich. Acdd. HcL, 0 (1901), ))p. 80-S2). — This fnnij;us, which is said to be one of the most couunon of the larger fungi that infect conifers, is reported by the author as l)eing foinid on a nunil)er of broad-leaved species of trees, among them the hard maple, beech, yellow and white birch, and balsam poplar. Some diseases of rubber plants, C. Bernard (Bui. Dcpt. A. (k ])}). J!),i-.'iUl). — A luiniber of loaf-eating ants occur in South America and may cause serious damage. These insects may be controlled to some extent by the use of burrows combined with pits in which the ants are captured. In the control of locusts good results are reported from the intro- duction of colonies of predaceous ants which feed ui)on them. It is stated that Ihese ants may easily be transported in whole colonies to cultivated tields or t)tlici- localities where their hcl]! is needed in the control of locusts. European insect pests in North America, K. Hkymons {Naturw. Ztschr. Foist II. lAinihr., (! (tOOH), jN'o. /, ijp, 6-22). — A historical statement is given of the introduction and distribution of gipsy moth and brown-tail moth in the United States with particular reference to the use of artificial remedies in con- trolling the ])ests and to the importation of their parasites. [Insect pests], ,J. Craig, M. V. Slingebland, and C. R. Crosby (New York Conicll Stit. Bill. 2-j2, pp. J-iJ-J'/P, flgs. 12). — Attention is called to the underly- ing principles and economic aspects of spraying in general. Directions are given for preparing insecticides and applying them in the control of the chief insect enemies of apples, plums, cherries, quinces, peaches, pears, nursery stock, grapes, small fruits, roses, potatoes, cucurbits, cabbages, onions, and greenhouse plants. Report of the entomolog'ist and plant pathologist, W. V. Tower {Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 31-38, pi. 1 ) . — Notes are presented on the chief pests infesting oranges, tobacco, vegetables, sugar cane, pineapples, and other crops, the use of wind-breaks in checking purple scale, and the preparation of kero- sene emulsion. The " (U'ange dog," a variegated caterpillar belonging to the genus Papilio, was found feeding on the orange during July, and a second brood was observed October 18, at which time the larvie were half grown. The orange leaf-weevil occurred in great numbers in the latter part of May. Spraying with arsenate of lead was effective for both of these pests. For orange scab, spraying with Bordeaux mixture just as the fruit forms and again after from 10 to 14 days is recommended. Nurseries of rough lemon should not be planted between budded rows of trees, nor should nurseries be planted on the windward side of the groves. Red scale and purple scale are causing much trouble but may be combated by spraying with kerosene emulsion 1 : 6 and the use of wind-breaks. The principal tobacco pests were cutworms, changas, flea beetles, horn- worms, and nematodes. A Paris green mash made up of a mixture of 20 lbs. bran or corn meal with * lb. Paris green made into a thick paste w^ith 1 gal. molasses and 1^ gal. water, and applied in the form of small cones partly below ground and partly above, is recommended for changas and cutworms. Tele- nomus moniliconiis was observed as a parasite in the eggs of the hornworm. PlutcUa jiiaciilipciinis did considerable damage to cabbage, kale, mustard and turnips. For mealy bugs on sugar cane and pineapples, dipping in kerosene enuilsion is advocated. Tobacco dust placed in the crown of the pineapple has also given excellent results. Brief notes are also given on May beetles, brown scale, rust mite, southern cabbage worm, a white fly, plant lice, striped cucumber beetle, the melanconium stage of Tricosphocra sacchari, sugar cane weevil, a borer of the genus Xyle- borus, rice weevil, Icerya montserratensis, Pulvinaria psidii, rufous scale, wax scale, mummy disease of guavas. and other pests. The so-called green bug and other grain aphids in Minnesota in 1907, F. L. AYashburn {Minnesota Sta. Bui. lOS, pp. 257-280, pi. 1, figs. 15; Spec. Rpt. State E'nt. Minn. 1908, Mar., pp. 21, pi. 1, figs. 15). — On account of the alarm which jirevailed among the grain growers of Minnesota regarding the possible invasion of the State by the green bug, an iuvestigatiou was made of this insect ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 59 and of other related apliids. The green bug occurred sparingly in various parts of Minnesota during 1907 but did not affect the wheat crop appreciably. The author believes that the long cold winters and hot summers of Minnesota are unfavorable for the multiplication of this pest. The most common grain aphid in Minnesota is Mucrosiphinii rnaiiaria. This i)est is attacked by parasites aud is usually held in control by climatic conditions. An account is given of the injury caused by the green bug in the southwestern States and descriptions are presented of the developmental forms of this pest as studied in the insectary. Peculiar injury to barley by Clorops tseniopus, B. Wahl {Ztschr. Landw. Yersuchnw. Ostcn:, 10 (1907), No. 10, pi). 730-756).— The author had occasion to observe an unusually severe attack of Clorops taminpus upon barley. In the infested i)lants the inflorescence aiijieared to be normal in its early stages but soon showed a jironounced deformation due to the attacks of the insect. Kafir corn aphis (Agi: Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), No. 1, pp. 27-31).— Aphis sorghi has attracted attention on account of its ravages upon Katir in South Africa since irHt4. The pest is apparently spreading and its eradication is a dithcult problem. A description is given of the insect together with a brief account of its natural enemies which thus far seem to include merely lady beetles. Apparently some advantage is to be derived from early sowing of Kafir. According to certain growers, Bushman Kafir is rather more resistant to aphis attacks than other varieties. The asparagus beetles, F. H. Chittenden {U. 8. Dept. Apr., Bur. Eiit. Circ. 102, pp. 12, fif/s. U). — The life history of these insects has been previously studied by the author (E. S. R., 0, p. 509; 10, p. .570; 19, p. 1,58). In this circular atten- tion is given to the habits, life history, and means of combating Crioceris asparagi and C. 12-punctata. The present status and distribution of these insects is outlined and recommendations are made regarding the most effective remedies for controlling the pests. Screening for the protection of cabbage seed beds, W. .1. Schoene {New York State Sta. Bui. 301, pp. 165-17 Jf, pi. 1). — In raising seedling cabbage, great losses have been experienced from attacks of flea beetles {PlujUotreta vittata and Systena hudsonias) and root maggots (Pegomya brassiew and P. fusciceps) . The ordinary methods adopted for the control of these pests have not given satisfactory results. Experiments were therefore undertaken to test the value of cheese cloth screenings for the protection of cabbage seed beds from these pests. A bed was sown to cabbage seed on May 15 and covered with cheese cloth on May 20 just as the plants were coming out. On June 20 the screen was removed to harden the plants before transplanting. The hardening process was allowed to continue for 1.3 days. The total expense for cheese cloth, lum- ber, laths, wire, and tacks for screening a seed bed 12 by 150 ft. was .$20.21 or about 40 cts. per 1,(K)0 cabbage plants. The results indicate that cabbage jilants may be completely protected from root maggots by screening with cheese cloth and that the flea beetles are also prevented from attacking the young plants. The losses in check beds which were not screened were very large. Protecting cabbage plant beds from maggots, F. H. Hall (New York State Sta. But. 301, jtoputar ed., pp. .), fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above. Report on the study of insects injurious to cranberries during the summer of 1907, C. B. Hardenburg and O. G. Malde (Wiseousin Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 309-320, figs: 2). — The three most injurious insect pests of the cranberry are the blackheaded vine worm, yellowheaded vine worm, and fruit worm. Bio- logical notes are also given on tip worm, girdler, a species of snout beetle, and other less important cranberry insects. GO EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In controlling tlio insect pests of cranberries, tioodinj;; is recommenclecl for the first brood of the r)]iickheaded or yeilowheaded vine worm. Spraying is a safer but more lalidridus method of control. Two applications are snfficient for vine worms and tln«'e for frnit worms. The spray recommended for this pur- pose is lead arsenate solid ion and Bordeaux mixture with 5 lbs. of resiu soap added for each .".(» gal. Arsenate of lead is con.sidered superior to Paris green. Report on the work of the section for plant protection, 1906-7, C. P.rick (Stat. I'flaiizcitschutz llnnibunj. Hot. Stdutinst., [lici:\ Aht. I'flaiizciiscliut::, 0 {1906-7), pp. J-IS). — A detailed report is given of the extent of importation of apples and other fruits and living plants from America and other countries. As in previous years the P>aldwin is the chief apple imported from the United States, constituting alxmt 70 per cent of the total importation and conung chiefly from New York and Maine. From a total of about 200,000 packages of these apples about 11,000 or approximately 6 per cent were found to he infested with San Jose scale. Apples imported from New South Wales were found to be slightly infested with San Jose scale. Notes are also given on other insect i»ests and plant diseases found upon this fruit. A report is also made upon the condition of live plants imported from various countries. Does it pay to spray Nebraska apple orchards? U. A. Emerson and F. E. Denny {Nebraska Sta. Bill. 106, pp. S-.IO). — Practical tests were made under what wei-e considered average conditions to determine the value of spraying orchards, particularly for the control of codling moth and apple scab. Five a]iplieations were made from May 2 to August 20 of combined insecticides and fungicides chietiy Paris green or arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture. For the first three applicaticms Paris green and Bordeaux mixture were used while arsenate of lead was used alone in tlie last 2 sprayings. In one orchard a net gain of .$1.70 i)er tree was produced and in another orchard of .$2.50, the in- creased yield being 1.17 bu. and 2.1 bu. per tree, respectively. The apple maggot or railroad worm. A. L. Quaintance (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 101, pp. 12, p(/s. 2). — The apple maggot is placed among the five chief insect enemies of the apple. It is a native American species and its native food is api)arently si)ecies of Crataegus. It attacks nearly all varieties of cultivated apples. The spread of the apple maggot when once established in the orchard is very slow. The insect is described in all its stages and notes are given on its life history. There is only one generation annually. In combating this pest no hope can be entertained of success from the use of arsenicals. All fallen infested fruits should l)e promptly gathered and fed or otherwise destroyed. If iireferred, orchards may be i)astured with sheep, hogs, or cattle to destroy the windfall apples promptly. Some success may also be expected from tlie thorougli cultivation of orchards. The insect pests of peach trees, F. Lafont {Prog. Agr. ct Vit., 2-i {1907), A'o. 'i9, pp. 6S0-6S.J). — Biological and economic notes are given on Ceratitin capi- tata, codling moth. Anar.sia UncatcJla, Vossiix ligniiicrda. bark beetles, and other insects injurious to peaches. State nursery inspection, J. (J. Moork {Wm-oiisin l^ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 369-378, figs. 3). — The law go\erning nursery inspection in Wisconsin was so amended in 1907 as to provide for the inspection of the premises of all nurseries doing business within the State. The general conditions observed in the nurseries during the past season were somewhat improved. San Jose scale was found in one nursery only. Mention is also made of the pre\alence of oyster-shell bark- louse, woolly aphis, strawberry root louse, cottony inaple scale, coxcomb gall of the elm, and anthracnose of raspberries. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 61 Diseases and insect pests [of coffee], J. ^V. Van Leeniioff (Porto Rico Sta. Rpt. I'JOl, p. J/O). — Experiments in fertilizing to overcome losses clue to the leaf- miner seemed to give good results, the tield described in a former report (E. S. K., IS, p. lOGO) liaviug completely recovered and showing very vigorous growth, with a very noticeable decrease of the brown spots on the leaves. A number of old coffee trees have been attacked by a borer which eats its way in a vertical direction through the heart of the trunks and branches. This pest is now under investigation. Individual and seasonal variations in Helopeltis theivora, with descrip- tion of a new species of Helopeltis, II. H. Mann (Mem. Dcpt. Agr. India, Eat. Scr., 1 (tool), Xo. '/. ]ip. ^7')-,i.i7, pi. I, pgs. 5). — A large number of specimens of Helopeltis tlicivoni were obtained from various i)nrts of India and careful obser- vations were made to determine the variations which occur in this species. In this work variations in color were noted and also variations in the size and proportions of the antenrnv, legs, rostrum, and other anatomical parts. Particu- lar attention was given to the possible effect of locality, seasons, and food upon vari.-itions, but these factors appeared to be of little constant value. A change of food from tea to cinchona led to no modification either in the structure of the insect or in its color. The relationship between //. tlirirora and //. (inlonii is brietiy discussed. The coccidae attacking the tea plant in India and Ceylon, E. E. (Jreen and H. II. .Mann iMvni. Dipt. Agr. Jiidiit, Ent. Her., I (I'.lOl), \o. .5, pp. S.iJ-S.'i.'), pis. .'i). — The information relating to scale insects which attack the tea plant in India and Ceylon has been brought together and sunmiarized in this bulletin. X list including 31 species, three of which are described as new, is given, together with brief notes on the relative importance of these species. Means of combating' cockchafers. Von Tubeuf [XatitriD. Ztsclir. Forst u. Landic, 6 (1908), No. 1, pp. 13~lo, Jig. 1). — A considerable variety of insecti- cides was used in spiaying foliage to test their effectiveness in the control of cockchafers. Bordeaux mixture, barium chlorid, tobacco decoction, and insect powder had no effect. The use of Paris green, however, was attended with striking success. Attention was called to the apparent wide-spread distribution of a parasitic fungus, Isaria deitsa, upon cockchafers. On a neAV phytophagous mite with, notes on other species of economic importance, C. G. Hewitt {Meiii. and Proe. Mdiiehester Lit. iiiid Phil. tSoc, 5.i (1U07-H), j)t. 1, No, 5, Pi). 1-10, pi. 1, figs. 2). — Lohniannia insignis dissiiiiilis is described as a new species of mite attacking tulip bulbs. Ithizcglgplnis eelii- iiopiis is also mentioned as an important enemy of the bulbs of tidips, hyacinths, nud other liliaceous plants. Glijcypliagus spinipes has appeared in a number of instances as a serious house pest occurring in large numbers and attacking the horsehair or other material used in upholstered furniture. Experiments in the control of Tinea pellionella, L. Koussin (Rev. Serr. Intend. Mil. [fdris], 20 (1901), No. 155, pp. 37 S-.i9 6) .—The appearance of this insect in its different stages is described in detail. A number of insecticides were tested in determining their effectiveness in controllng the pest. From a series of observations and experiments reported by the author it appears that benzine, turpentine, naphthalin. camphor, carbolic acid, and a number of other volatile substances of this class may produce asphyxia of the insect in woolen fabrics. The remedies mentioned give satisfactory results as used against all stages of the insect. Metallic salts such as arsenious acid, corrosive sublimate, and suli)hate of copi)er are only slightly effective, while bitter substances such as aloes and extract of gentian have no effect whatever. The best results are to l)e ol)tained from the use of ordinary illuminating gas or bisuli>hi(l of carbon. Either of these substances is i)erfectly effective. 62 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. Bee breeding, S. N. Green {Medina, Ohio, l!)07, pi). -'i2). — Complaint is made tliat the subject of bee breeding lias not received sufficient attention. It is urged tliat in tbe improvement of tlie lioney l)ee an ideal standard should be set up for which a score of points is suggested. After the ideal lias been adopted, the problem consists, in the author's opinion, in improving the environment of bees in all i)ossil)le ways and selecting those (pieens and drones which come nearest to the ideal standard. Queen rearing, K. W. Alexander {Glcuninijn lice Cult., 36 {J908), No. //, PI). 20!), 210). — The (piestion is often raised wliether it is better for the bee raiser to rear bis own tiueeiis or depend upon professional queen breeders. The author concludes that in most cases the professional breeders will obtain better results than the ordinary bee raiser and that if certain queens in an apiary should develop particularly desirable qualities they may be sent to a breeder foi- the puriiose of producing other (lueens of similar characteristics. The dig'estibility of mulberry leaves with relation to the rational feeding of silkworms, I'. Bucci {Staz. Spcr. A(/r. Itnl.. JiO (1H07), A o. S-12, pp. 721- 7!)S). — A long series of feeding exi)eriments was carried out with the purpose of determining the digestibility of the leaves of different varieties of muTherries and other matters connected with the feeding of silkworms. Statistical data are presented in a tabular form showing the amount of mulberry leaves eaten under different conditions, the growth and weight of the silkworms, the amount of silk pi-oduced and its elasticity and other qualities. A variety of mulberry obtained from ^'erona gave the best results both in resiiect to its digestibility and to the- quantity and quality of the silk obtained as a result of feeding. Another variety of mulberry referred to as rosea proved no less digestible but the mortality of silkworms fed upon it was somewhat greater than in the case of the A^eronese variety. The leaves of Chinese mul- berries were much less digestible than those of the Veronese variety. Experiments were also conducted in the addition of starch to the diet of mulberry leaves. It was found that this material could easily be sprinkled upon the leaves with a small expense of time and energy. Silkworms fed in this manner did not weigh more at maturity but tbe cocoons were heavier, the quantity of the silk was slightly greater, its quality was improved, and the mortality of the silkworms was diminished. The author contends that careful experiments in the feeding of silkworms are as much needed as in the case of higher animals. These insects grow with great rai)idity and produce a large amount of silk within a short time. The experiments thus far conducted indicate that the amount and quality of the silk are largely dependent upon a rational system of feeding. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Food chemistry, .7. Varoes {Xnhrunr/.wviffrlrhrmir. Lripsic, 1907, pp. 298, plH. 3, figs. I7S). — In this handbook of food chemistry the subjects treated have been arranged in alphabetical order. In the discussions of the various animal and vegetable fof)ds, beverages, condiments, and commercial products, special atten- tion has been paid to histological characteristics and microscopical methods, as well as to the more common methods of food examination. The food chemist as an expert, C. A. Neufeld {Dcr yahruiigfiiiiittciclicinikcr als Sachverstdndiger. Berlin, 1907, pp. XX-\-477). — This volume is designed for the information of public analysts and discusses general questions which have to do with food inspection, with special chapters on milk and other dairy prod- ucts, fats and oils, fruits, houey, sugar, spices, beverages, etc. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION, 63 The peacock edible, Martha McC. Williams {Couiitry Life Amcr., 13 (HXIl), \(). .^. iip- -•'.-, .''>'h '^■J'U ftff- i)- — Directions are given for preparing and coolving pea fowl. Though not connnonly eaten, these liirds are considered of sui)erior quality and when range bred are very much lilce game. Analyses of canned sausage, Balland (Rev. ^cvv. Intend. Mil. [Par/s], 20 (1907), \(). I') I, pp. 77, 78). — Proximate analyses are reported of 4 samples which had been canned several years before. Analyses of canned fish, Maljean (Rev. Scrv. Intend. Mil. [Paris], 20 (l!i()7). A o. l.).'i, pp. 3.~)l-,i.j7). — Examination was made of salt water tish when c;inned and when i)nt up for soups. The canned fish was made up of 1(;4 parts of tlesh to 100 of .lelly. The proportion of .jelly to flesh, as the author points out, is nuich higher than in the case of canned beef and hence the nutritive value is lower. The fish canned for soup making was rich in. fat, but the author believes that it is not suitable for army rations owing to the compli- c;ited process reijuired in preparing it for the table. A new method of preserving meat, II. de Lapparent {Bill. >SV>c. T^dt. Agr. France. (H {t!l07). pp. 2S0~2S6 ; abs. in Uj/!/. Viande ct Lait, 1 {1D07), No. It, pp. .'>ll, r)12). — In the method of preserving described, meat is exposed to sul- l)hnr vapor for 24 hours and then stored in an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. Analyses showed that meat so iireserved did not contain free sulphuric acid and that the cooked meat showed 22 gm. of sulphites and bisulphites per TOO kg. Slaughtering and meat packing (liar, of tlie Census [U. /S'.] Bnl. S3, pp. 7--'//). — According to the statistical data summarized and discussed the value of the combined slaughtering and meat packing industi'y in the linitetl States in l«JOr> was .$!)13.!>I4,(>24, an increase of 10.6 per cent over 1900. Meat inspection, M. Toubeau (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 6 {1907), Xo. 11, pp. 13'i0-13.j9). — A summary of French legislation on this subject. Pasteur's theory applied to diastatic action in bread making, or rational bread making, Serand {Rei\ i^erv. Intend. Mil. [Paris], 20 (1907), Nos. 157, pp. oJi9-590 ; 159, pp. 777-83.'/). — Part 1 of this article discusses the processes of bread making. Parts 2 and 3 treat of the biology of the various fermenta- tions with detailed directions for making bread sufficient for 300 rations and explanations of the rationale of each step. Survival of pathogenic bacteria in bread after baking, J. Koussel (Rev. Serv. Intend. Mil. [Paris], 20 (1907), No. 152, pp. 122-131; ahs. in Rev. Ilyg. et Pol. Sanit., 29 (1907), No. 8, pp. 722, 7.3 J). —According to the author's obser- vations the temperature in the crumb of bread during baking ranged from 101 to 103° C. and in the crust from 125 to 140°. The author also studied the effect of such temperatures on tuberculosis bacilli artificially introduced into the dough with si»ecial reference to the question of the employment of tuber- cular subjects in bakeries. Experimental studies of the character of flour, bread, and Italian pastes sold in Venice, A. Zoso (Separate from Lab. Ctrini. Miinie. Venezio, 1907 ; abs. in Vlieni. Zentbh, 1907, II, No. 21, pp. 175.'/, 1755). ^-A large number of analyses are reported in this study of Venetian flour and flour products, undertaken with a view to studying the relation between composition and quality. Phosphoric acid and other ash constituents are reported in addition to the usual analytical data. Cultivation of cassava and the manufacture of cassava flour in Sao Paulo, J. P.. Soukinho (AVr. Agr. |.sV?f> Paulo], 13 (1907), No. I.'i7, pp. 'i79-',83). -Sta- tistical and other data regarding the ijroduction of cassavii flour are i)resented, together with an analysis of this material. 64 KXPRRFMRNT STATION RECORD, Flour and grist mill products, E. K. Ellswoktii (Bur. of the Census [[/. S.], liuL Ci'i. ii/i. -'/■'>-Sj). — From an oxtoiulod suiuinary of data it appears that the total vahio of the tlour and ^rist mill products produced in the rnit(>d States in mof) was .^Tl.'t.O.'Jo.oDr), an increase of 42.2 i)er cent over 1!)()0. Starch, 1{. H. Mkkkiam (liur. of the Census | T. .s'. | Bui. U'l, />;). 85-92).— Tho statistical data reported in this article show that the total value of the starch px'oducts produced in the I'nitcd States in I'.K)") was $8,082,1)04, au increase of 12.5 i)er cinit o\er 1000. Bacteriological studies of field-grown vegetables from Moscow, M. B. KozYN {VraeJi |*S7. Petersh.], 6 {11)01), p. 22; abs. in. Client. Ztg., 31 (1907), No. 86, Repert. No. 78, p. 522). — Examination of a number of samples of vege- tables showed that 3 had tetanus bacilli on the surface. Sixty samples showed no typhoid bacteria though the surface was more or less infected with in- testinal bacteria. Cenerally speaking, bacteria were not found in the interior of the vegetal)les through pus bacteria were finally found in 5 samples. The soy bean as a feeding stuff in Italy, (4. Ruata and G. Testoni {BoL Uffle. Min. Ayr.. Indus, e. Com. \h'oine\, (! {19(17), VT, No. 6, pp. 698-718, pis. 5). — In a discussion of the ])robal>le value of soy bi'ans as a feeding stuff under ItJilian conditions data are summarized regarding the culture of this crop and the chemical comp()sitit)n and nutritive value of the beans, and 9 analyses are reported of Italian-grown samples. Determinations of the pento- san content of 5 samjiles which are (pioted showed that it ranged from 2.8G to 3.80 i)er cent. Descriptions and anal.\-ses of bean curd and other soy-bean products used as food for man are quoted and the possible use of soy beans as a bread stuff and as iiorridge is discussed. A bibliograiihy is appended. The nutritive value of the avocado, C. A. Garcia (Bill. Assoe. Chim. Sucr. et DistiU., 25 (1907), No. 5, pp. 516, 517). — The author analyzed Peruvian- grown avocado and found the following values : Water 38.00 per cent, protein 3.70 ])er cent, fat 34.10 per cent, cellulose and undetermined material 28.10, and ash 3.50 per cent. The phosphoric acid content of the pulp was 0.817 per cent or 12.9 per cent of the total ash. Neither starch nor sugar were found. The lai'ge proportion of fat, protein, and phosphoric acid, the author con- cludes, indicates that avocadoes have a high feeding value. On the basis of personal experience he believes that they may be valuable in invalid dietetics, l)articularly in the case of tuberculous and dial)et!c patients. Some observations on the date, A. E. Vinson (Plant World, 10 (1907), No. 11, pp. 259-262). — On the basis of his observations, the author briefly discusses the composition of dates with special reference to stages of ri})eniiig and related topics. " The development of the fruit takes place in 3 stages. After fertilization very little change in the fruit itself can be observed for several weeks, but dur- ing tills period the entire energy seems to be expended in building a long mas- sive stem. AVhen this is nearly completed, the fruit starts to grow and the seed to mature. When the fruit has reached its full size, but is still green, it cor- responds very closely in chemical character to any other nonstarchy fruit, and contains about 20 per cent of dry matter. The third stage now begins and additional sugar is heai)ed into the fruit at a rapid rate without any apparent change in size until upwards of (iO per cent dry matter is present. It then softens, the tannin becomes insoluble with consequent loss of astringency, and the fruit is ripe." Concerning the quantity of fatty substance in some samples of olive flesh, N. Passkrini (.S7«:f. i^per. Agr. Ital., J,0 (1907), No. 6-7, pp. 606-617 ; Afti R. Aeead. Eeon. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., J, (1907), No. 3, pp. 322-333).— Fifty samples were analyzed and the results discussed. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 65 Some Algerian olive oils, II, L. Akchbutt (Jour. >Sor. Chew. Indus., 26 (IH07), Xo. 22. pp. 1185, 11S6). — The author reports the examinatiou of 12 samples of Algerian olive oils from different localities in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. 7G5). It was found that varieties from certain districts showed extremely high iodin values, while oils from other varieties and districts gave normal ov nearly normal results. Investigations on the composition of cocoanut milk and the diastases of the fruit of Cocos nucifera, E. de Kiu yff {A(/r. Prat. Pays Vliauda. 7 (1907), No. 55, pp. 33!}-3.'i5). — The couclusion is drawn from the experimental data reported that cocoanut milk contains saccharose, sugar being inverted during the ripening of the nut by means of the diastase sucrase, which is dissolved in the juice present. The diastase is secreted by the albumin cells. In addition to sucrase cocoanut milk contains oxydase and catalase, the 2 last mentioned being absent in the young nuts. The haustorium of the nut contains lipase, a proteolytic diastase, amylase, catalase, and a peroxydase. Adulteration of cola nut and preserved truffles {Ann. Soc. Agr. Set, et Indus. Lyon. 1H06, pp. 133, 13'i). — Analytical data are reported. Edible oil from safflower seed, H. E. Houghton and P. E. Mudaliar (Cent. Agr. Com. Madras Circ. 23, pp. 2). — ^A brief note on the use of safflower seed (Cartlianius tinetorius) and safflower seed oil for culinary purposes and on the experimental manufacture of the oil. The oil cake is used as cattle feed. Alcohol-free beverages, O. Mezger (Ztsclir. Angew. Cliem., 20 (1907), No. .'i9, pp. 2116-2121). — The results of the examination of 44 samples are reported and discussed. Analyses of white wines at the National School of Agriculture, M. Kirsch- BAUM (Bol. Min. Foment o [Peru], 5 (1907), No. ,S', pp. S0-S5). — Detailed anal- yses are reported of .5 samples. Statistics of Swiss wines for the year 1906 (Ann. Ayr. >^uisse, 8 (1907), No. 5, pp. 2Ji7-272). — Several hundred analyses of Swiss wines from various cantons are reported. Port wine and the vineyards of the Alto Douro (Laneet {London^, 1907, II, No. 2-'/, pp. 1705-17 l.'i). — A descriptive article with analyses of musts, ports, imitation ports, and brandies used for checking fermentation. Institutions for the technical examination of foods, condiments, and com- mercial products in the German Empire, J. Konig and A. Juckenack (Die Anstalten zur teelinischen Vntersuehung von Nahrungs- und Genussmittehi soicie Gedra/uehsgegenstdnden. . . im Deutsehen Reielie, ete. Berlin, 1907, pp. XV -^308). — Legal and other data regarding the character and extent of the German department of public health and the institutions in different provinces for inspection and analysis. Food inspection decisions ( f^. *S'. Dept. Ayr., Food Insp. Deeisions 93-95, pp. -'i ; 96, pp. 2). — The questions considered are an amendment to regulation ."U, the l.-ibeling of medicinal and table waters, the use of neutral spirits dis- tilled from beet sugar molasses in the preparation of whisky comiiounds and imitation whiskies, and serial number guaranty. Food and drug inspection, A. E. Leach (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Health Mass., 38 (1906), pp. 351-Ji09). — A total of 7,530 samples of food and drugs was examined under the provisions of the State law, of which 5,.520 were of good quality, while the remainder did not correspond to the requirements of the statutes. The report contains details of the work. Housekeeping in Egypt, Emily Williams (Boston Cookiny-fiehool May., 12 {1908), No. 7, pp. 317, 336, 337).— Food and diet of the Egyptian wage-earners and families living in the country are described, as well as methods of pi-e- paring bread, meat, rice, and other foods, and related topics. 6G EXPKHIMENT STATION RECORD. How a five-cent lunch is cooked and served at the Honolulu Normal School, Makion P.ki.i. ilin.stdii (U,(,l.iii!/-S/), .lOl-oO-j) . — The posi- tion is taken that uric acid is the harmful substance formed by nitrogen met- abolism in the body. Any observed increase in strength and endurance when the amount of jn-oteid food is lowered is therefore due, the author believes, not to this factor but to the diminished uric acid which it involves, since, in his opinion, the lower the uric acid the less the internal friction and hence the greater the amount of energy available for external work. A constant relation, it is claimed, olitains between nitrogen consumed and force produced, so that although a diminished intake of protein may appear beneficia] for a time by diminishing the uric acid, a continued lowering of the nitrogen intake leads eventually to breakdown. On the relation between the output of uric acid and the rate of heat pro- duction in the body, E. P, Cathcart and J, R, Leathes (/'roe. Roij. Soc. [Lo)ido)i]. Scr. B, 79 (JOOl), Xo. B,j3.j, pp. 5.'il-5'i5). — Experiments with a mau on uniform diet showed that exposure to cold with and without labor increased the uric acid outr-ut materially. If the body was warmly protected exposure to the cold with exercise did not produce such an increase. The results are dis- cussed, but the author considers the available data too limited to furnish an adequate explanation of the observed facts. The total nitrogen and other con- stituents of the urine were determined also. Investig-ations on purin bodies, 1882—1906, E. Fischer {JJiitersuchungen in dcr Puriiifii-iippc (1SS2-1906). Bcilht. ]<.t(i7, pp. 608; fcr. in Brit. Med. Jour., 1907. Ao, 2.'i.'i8, p. 1592). — This volume, in which the author has reprinted 47 papers relating to work carried on in his laboratory, constitutes a valuable ref- erence work for those interested in questions of purin and metabolism. Has a purin-free dietary any special therapeutic value? C, Watson (Brit. Med. Jour., 1907, No. 2-^51, pp. 1759-1761). — From practical experience the author concludes that there is no special therapeutic effect in a purin-free diet. The benefit derived from such a regime in certain cases, he believes, would be equally obtained by the use of a carefully planned system of feeding, formed without special reference to purin condition, " In some cases the restriction in amount of animal protein food is of special value, in others the diminution in the carbohydrate, and especially the sugars, is equally efficacious, and in others the restriction of various alcoholic liquors will suffice." The behavior of nonfermentable carbohydrates in the animal body, W. Brasch (Ztschr. Biol., .50 (1907), Xo. 2, pp. 1 13-162) .—The author studied the question of the assimilation of galactose, pentoses, and other carbohydrates with special reference to the behavior of noufermentiug carbohydrates in dia- betes. In harmony with the results of other observers he found that compara- tively small quantities of galactose were assimilated by normal mau, the upper limit in his experiments being 30 to 40 gm, per day. As shown by experiments with dogs, pentoses can not be regarded ?is precursors of glycogen. The author 68 KXPEHIMENT STATION KEl'OKD. consitU-rs it ccrlnin that the (•(msnniiilion of |)ciit(>scs incn>as(>arnstein (Landw. Vers. Stat., 67 (1907), No. 5-6, pp. .'tl9--'i31, figs. 5). — A summary of data regarding the manufacture, histological character, composition, and feeding value of these maize by- products. Concentrated feeding stuffs, C. S. Cathcart, V. J. Carberry, and J. Gaub (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 212, pp. 3-57). — Under the provisions of the State law analyses have been made of cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, linseed meal, linseed feed, gluten feeds, corn bran, cerealine and maizeline, hominy meal and feed, distillers' grains, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, molasses grains, feed mixtures, alfalfa meal, barley feed, dried beet pulp, cereal breakfast food by-products, ground flax flakes, ground flax seed, ground rice feed, condi- mental and commercial feeds, millet feed, commercial poultry feeds, meat meals and beef scraps, wheat bran, feeding flours, wheat middlings, wheat feed, rye bran, rye feed, rye middlings, corn meal, corn-and-cob meal, ground oats, corn and oats, a commercial oat feed, mixed grains ground together, buckwheat mid- dlings, buckwlieat bran, and buckwheat feed. Of the 303 samples received at the station which should have been guarantied 5 failed to meet the requirement. In the case of 326 guarantied samples 50 deficiencies in protein and 56 in fat were noted. The authors report no direct adulteration but some of the unguarantied feeds were of inferior quality. " The cheapest protein feeds this year were of high grade distillers' grains, cotton-seed meal, buckwheat middlings and bran, and dried brewers' grains. , . . " When purchasing molasses feeds a careful examination should be made for the ]iresence of weed seeds." Condimental stock foods, F. W. Woli. (Wiseousiu Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 96- 110). — A summary of Bulletin 151 of the station previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p, ayi), 70 EXPKKIMKNT STATION RECORD. The animal body as a prime motor: Experiments with draft oxen, M. RiNGia.MANxN (Anil. Insf. \, /*/.s-. (),.^ niiip 1). — The objoct of tbis volume has been to "place on record as many facts as could be obtnined ref,'arding the work of tbe early breeders, and tbe development of llie bived tbrouKbout tbe wide reijions where it is cultivated. No ntlcmpt lias been made, or, indeed, could have been made, in a sint^le volume of reasonable size to also furnisb detailed accounts of existini^ lierds oi- of tliose recently broken u|». A jjood many of them have, however, been brieliy alluded to, and a list of existinj; berds in tbe T'nited Kingdom is also iirinted." Feeding blackstrap molasses to young calves, T. E. Woodward and J. (J. IjEK, Jr. { LoiiisiiiiKi Kta-s. Hiil. Ul'i. pp. 3-38). — In this test 13 calves were used, the younger calves Iieing fed 4 to (! lbs. of skim milk twice daily and the older ones (J to 8 lbs. Oat hay and crab grass hay were also fed as well as a grain mixture consisting of bran, corn meal, and oil meal 2:2:1. tlie young calves receiving all tbe hay and grain tbey would eat up clean and tbe older ones about 2 lbs. of grain per head daily. The amount of molasses varied but in no instance did it fail to scour the calves, the amount required to produce this effect varying from 0.05 lb. with very young calves to 0.7 lb. with calves 7 months old. Tbe molasses used at first was slightly sour, but this was not the cause of tbe scouring as the same effect was noted wlien fresh molasses heated to a tem])erature of 180° F. or more was used. Exercise made no difference and granulated sugar produced scouring when an amount equivalent to that contained in the molasses wf.s fed. Milk sugar also proved laxative, but about twice as much as of tbe cane sugar could be fed without tbis effect. " When the calves scoured their droppings were sour smelling, but when they did not scour, their droppings did not smell sour." Several substances were tested as preventives of scouring. Formalin, blood meal, and limewater proved useless. Common salt had a slightly beneficial effect and 50 grains of tannin in some cases jtermitted tbe feeding of about one-half more molasses than was possible without it. In other cases it seemed to be without effect. All of these substances, as well as the sugar and molasses, were fed mixed with the milk. The authors conclude that " on account of its laxative effect, blackstrap molasses can not be used as a supplement to skim milk for calf feeding ])ur- poses in sufficient quantity to be of any practical value. " This laxative effect is due to the sugar content, rather than to any of the other constituents of the blackstrap. '• Scouring is caused by the fermentation of the sugar in the digestive tract. " Salt and tannin have a beneficial efl'ect, but will not i)revent scouring." The bulletin contains an introduction by W. H. l)alrymi)]e in which the de- sirability of sui)]>U>menting skim milk by inexpensive feeds is discussed. Milk substitute for calf feeding, T. E. Woodward {Louisiana Htas. Bid. lOJ/, pp. 39, .'/O). — Brief statements are made regarding the use on a Louisiana farm of bean soup, with shorts, blood meal, and sometimes cotton-seed meal grad- ually substituted for milk in calf feeding. The calves were encouraged to eat hay as soon as possible, alfalfa being preferred with peavine hay as second choice. The method of making the soui> which has been found successful is to parboil the l)eans with soda, drain and boil again until soft. After squeezing the beans through a colander salt is added until the soup has a decidedly brackish taste ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 73 iiiid Uien the sluirls, l)i(i(i(l meal, cotton-seed meal, and lukewarm water are added. At the end of 10 days the calves received twice daily, in addition to a pint of milk, soup from 4 oz. of navy beans, 3 oz. shorts, 1 oz. blood meal, and about half the time 3 oz. of cotton-seed meal. "The calf receives this ration until it is (j weeks of age, when the milk is discontinued and the same amount of the substitute fed as before until the calf is 4 months old, when it is weaned, that is. put on dry feed entirely." O'cservations on sheep breeding from records of the University flock, C C. IIiMPHKEY and F. Kleinheinz {WiscoiiKin .S7«. Rpt. 1901, pp. 25-40). — From the station records, which have been kept for 240 ewes and which cover a period of H years in continuation cf i)revious work (E. S. It., 14. j). GSf)), the fol- lowing conclusions were drawn : "The normal period of gestation, or the time from which a normal ewe is bred to the time of lambing, ranges from 145 to 151 days, and the greatest per- centage of ewes will lamb 147 days after service. '• The gestation period appears to be somewhat longer for the male than for the female. •' The percentage of males born is practically the same as that of females. " The larger percentage of lambs born on or before the 147th day of preg- nancy is strong, and after this time the number of weak and dead lambs is greatly increased. "The number of days a lamb is carried in utero does not seem to have any effect on its size. " The largest percentage of increase is due to twin lambs, and there is no appreciable difference in the percentage of twins of the different breeds. " The production of twin and triplet laml)s is detrimental to the strength and vitality of lambs at birth. " Shropshire ewes appear to be more prolitic than any other breed. " Ewes () years old produce the largest ])ercentage of increase, while young ewes have the greater percentage of single lambs. The percentage of ram lambs increases and the iiercentage of ewe lambs decreases as the age of the ewe advances. "A ram is at his best at 2 and 3 years of age. " The age of the ram does not have any eft'ect ou the sex of the offspring. "Ram lambs average about one-half pound heavier at birth than ewe lambs. " The lai'ger the ewe the greater the pei'centage of increase, while the ram has no effect on the lambs in this respect. " The size of the ewe and not the size of the ram determines the size of the lamb." Notes on goat keeping, V. Nauckiioff {Mcdilcl. K. Lundtbr. ^Sti/r. [Kircdcn], turn, Ao. in (129), pp. 2S, pi. 1). — The data reported were collected on a trip to Schleswig-Holstein and North Germany. The value of different kinds of green forage for hogs, H. J. Waters {Missouri Hta. Bui. 79, ///>. 3-12, pgs. 6). — Corn meal with rape, alfalfa, red clover, and blue grass was fed in comparison with corn meal and shii) stuff 3 : 2, and corn meal and skim milk 1 : 3 in a test made with 6 lots of G pigs, weighing about 50 lbs. each. The test covered 102 days. The lots were kept in separate pens with a shetl for protection and the green forage was given twice daily in a separate trough immediately after cutting. " It was not expected that in ordinary farm practice the green material would be cut and fed to the hogs in this manner. At the time the experiment was undertaken, however, it was not feasible to fence oft" areas of leniented by green crops the gain ranged from ((..^s lb. per head on raiH> to 0.74 lb. on alfalfa. Of these rations, the gam was cheapest on the alfalfa, costing 2.51) cts. jier iwnnd, and most exi)ensive on the ra]»e, costing ;!..'!4 t-ts. per ponnd. The ^'reatest range in grain per ponnd of gain was also noted with thes(> lots, being ;>.4.'; lbs. with the alfalfa ration and 4.41 lbs. with the rape ration. "It is believed to be possilde to grow enough alfalfa for hof: jtastnre at least on practically every farm in Missouri. Until, however, alfalfa is an assured success on every farm the farmer ought to arrange for a clover pasture for his hogs ev(M"y year wilhont fail. . . . " It is not safe or even desirable to rely upon a single crop, excepting alfalfa where it is an assured success, to furnish pasture for our hogs throughout the entire season. It is better to arrange for a succession of pastures from the beginning of the season until the hogs are ready for market, making the feed richer and more concentrated toward the close of the season and as we approach the finishing or fattening period. P'or this purpose the following crops are rec- ommended: lied clover or alfalfa, cowpeas, soy beans. " To provide a crop of cowpeas in the best condition for the hogs, it will be necessary to select some very e.irly maturing sort and sow rather earlier than is advised for a general crop. . . . " For the best results the hogs should not be turned on the peas until the first pods are turning yellow. They will, however, make good i»asture before this time, and if the ho.us are needing pasture it is not advised to wait until that stage 'of maturity. . . . "As a grain ci'op to use in connection with corn for crowding the spring crop of pigs to mai'ket, the soy beau is a very valuable cro]*. It is essentially a grain plant, very rich in protein, and while the hogs are running on soy beans they should have access to corn to balance the ration." The author reconnnends that medium early corn, which ripens about the same time as soy beans, be fed with them, the two crops being sown together and har- vested by the pigs. The pigs should be turned into the field when the lirst soy bean pods begin to ripen. "The soy bean is regarded as somewhat better adapted for finishing a bunch of hogs than the cowpea ; at the same time if one does not care to bother with so many dil¥erent crops, the cowpea may be used instead with satisfactory results. " For brood sows in winter and very early spring, it is always advisable to give them access to a piece of early sown wheat or rye, and to let them have a limited amount of nicely cured clover, alfalfa or cowpea hay by way of variety of fei'd. Sorghum stalks grown as is customary for the production of sirup, in limited quantity, make an excellent addition to tlie ration. The main thing to be avoided in cari-yinj^ hogs of this sort through the winter is a straight corn diet. The greater the variety of cheai) materials like these, the better the sows will do." Pig fattening tests. TIinriciis (Landir. Wclnihl. HcJiJes. Hoist. 57 (1907), Nns. /,,S, pp. 707-800: ',!). pp. 82,1-825).— A variety of rations, all of which con- tained potatoes as a i)rominent constituent, were tested with a number of lots of pigs. The results, in the author's opinion, demonstrate the high value of pota- toes for fatteniug pigs, ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 75 Corn to make a pound of pork, (i. IIkndricks (lircrdcr'a Gaz., .7.? [I9()S), Xo. 'i, p. J77). — A brief note on the amount of corn required ])er i)oun(l of i^ain in feeiiing pif^s. A pen of 11 Duroc- Jerseys fed 02 days gained 800 lbs. and requirtHl G.71 lbs. corn per pound of gain. A lot of 15 Poland-Chinas fed ;^r> days gained 5X5 lbs. and required 4.f)G lbs. of corn i)er pound of gain. A little skim milk was fed once a day in addition to the corn and the pigs had the nni of a pasture. Meat meal for pigs as compared with ground grain, I. Steffens {IUiis. LatuUr. 7Ag., 21 (1907), No. 3.9, pp. 3.56, 357).— Although satisfactory results were obtained in feeding 1.5 to 3 lbs. of meat meal per head i)er day in comitari- s(m with a similar i-ation without this material, the author concludes that smaller amounts are more desirable and recommends 0.5 lb. per head per day. Notes on swine management, W. A. Linklater (WasJii in/ton 8ta. Popular Bill, .'i, pp. .'i, figfi, 2). — Various questions concerned with ])ig management under local conditions are discussed and especially the use of forage crops, peas, corn, kale, white and Swede turnips, and hairy vetch. The use of artichokes in the drier semiarid regions is also spoken of. The portable hog house, J. U. Fuller {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. J 907, pp. 'il-'iS, fig. 1). — A summary of data previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 774). The horse book, J. II. S. Johnstone {Chicago, J90S, pp. 299, pis. 51). — This volume, which is designed primarily " to be of practical value to those who have in view the i)roduction of the types of horses in general request upon the farms •and in the market places of the United States," takes up the origin and breeding of horses, the characteristics of the different breeds, hygiene, unsoundness, and disease. An appendix gives the stallion lien laws of all States and Territories where such legislation has been enacted and a list of stud books recognized by the United States Department of Agriculture. Breeds of horses, C. (4. Wrangel {Die Rasscn dcs Pfcrdcs. Htuttgdit, I90S, vol. J, pp. VIII-\-6.32, pi. 1, figs. 87). — The origin, history, and characteristics of different breeds of horses are considered in this extended tre;itise. Beport of the department of horse breeding, A. S. Alexander {Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. .'/Jf-Jj6). — A brief summary of data relating to the licensing of stallions and State legislation on the subject, as given in previous publications (E. S. R., 18, p. 764; 19. p. 774). Horse raising in Denmark, 1906, J. Jensen {Tidsskr. Laiidokoiioin.. 1907. No. 7, pp. 385-lfOO). — A general discussion of the conditions of the industry dur- ing the year. Economical horse feeding in the brewing industry (AUg. Brau ii. Hopfrii, Zig., .'/8 {1908), No. 9, pp. 8.1-87). — The economical feeding of horses is dis- cussed, especially with reference to the substitution of other materials for oats. Substitutes for oats in horse feeding, H. Konig {Deut. Landw. Prcssc, 35 (1908), No. 2, pp. 13-15). — A summary and discussion of data on the value of oil cakes, meat meal, dried brewers" grains, dried distillers' grains, and other materials as substitutes for oats in hort-e feeding. A number of rations ai'e suggested in which oats are in i>art replaced by other concentrated feeds. Report on the poultry industry in Denmark and Sweden, E. Brown {Lon- don, 1908, pp. A'+//2, pis. 16, fig. 1). — On the basis of information gathered on a tour through Denmark and Sweden, the author discusses poultry breeding, care and management of poultry, and marketing of poultry and eggs in these countries, and related questions. In his judgment, the British poultry raiser has not much to learn from Denmark and Sweden as regards i)roduction, and in some instances he considers that the English methods are prefei-able. " But the main value of these observations is iu regard to tlie widtispi'oad and almost 76 KXPKHIMKNT STATION RECORD. perlVct system of niiirkctiiij,'. which h:is ht'ou the nicaus of securing for Danish vggs so hif,'h a posilioii on the lififish marlvcts, and is doinj: tho same for Swedish. . . . " Till' estabiishnu'iit of breeding' contors has had a powerful influence in the improvement of Danish and Swedish poultry, more especially in the direction of economic qualities, and the distribution of eggs for hatching and stock birds from such centers has maintained the character and increased the average pro- ductiveness of the fowls kei»t by farmers. ... In Denmark and Sweden suc- cess has been largely due to adoption of i)reservation of all eggs produced in the sjiring beyond tho.sc which can then be sold at ade(|uate jirices." Generally speaking, the eggs are preserved in liniewater. "These observations in Demnark show the value of maintaining separate central organizations for the promotion of poultry keeping and the sale of eggs and poultry, from those chiefly engaged in the purchase of general agricultural sui)plies, as the trade requires expert knowledge and undivide'd attention, but that in local societies the work of collection may b(> associated with other branches of agri<-ultural produce." Progressive poultry culture, A. A. Rrigiiam {Cedar Rapid.'^, Iowa, IDOS, pp. 29S, pi. 1, /ff/.s'. 29). — The author has sununarized and discusse.l data, much of it based on personal exiterience, regarding the principles and practice of poultry breeding, incubation, brooding, foods and feeding, parasites and dis- eases, marketing, housing and fencing poultry, and related questions, as well as the exhibiting, scoring, and judging of poultry. A novel feature of the volume is the section devoted to records, accounts, and advertising in relation to the poultry business, and to methods of management of the poultry indutsry considered as a business enterprise. The perfected poultry of America, T. F. McGrew and G. E. Howard ( Tr(/.s7(- ■iiicjtoii, 1). C, 1!)(J7, pp. 257, pLs. J 17). — As described in the subtitle, this is a concise, illustrated treatise of the recognized breeds of poultry, turkeys, and waterfowl. Information is also included regarding guine:i fowl. Cost of feeding chickens, E. and W. Brown {Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London], J 4 {1908), No. 10, pp. 611-61Jt). — In a test carried on at the college poultry farm of University College, Reading, 25 White Wyandottes, 4 weeks old, fed for 12 weeks mixed meal, meat, and grit from hoppers, gained on an average 4.1 oz. per week each. The total feed consumed was 171.25 lbs. mixed meal, 63 lbs. meat, and 47 lbs. grit, and its total cost was $0.47. In comparison with earlier work (E. S. It., 17, p. 707) the feed was expen- sive, but the added cost was more than compensated for by the increased gain in weight. " Hence it is apparent that the hopper system of feeding and the use of dry mash are worth the attention of poultry breeders and deserve a fair trial. Whether the food supplied could not be cheapened remains to be tested." The production of table poultry, F. G. Paynter {Country Life [London], 23 {1908), No. 577, pp. 13U-13S, dgnis. 3). — A brief summary of poultry feeding experiments undertaken on the Fame Islands, which the author discusses in comparison with the University of Reading poultry work. Notes on the preservation of eggs in water glass, J. Hendrick {Aberdeen and No. Scot. CoJ. Ayr. Bui. 8, pp. 12-17). — A brief account of an investigation noted from another source (B. S. R., IS, p. 1149). Pheasant farming, G. M. Simpson {CorvaUis, Oreg., 1908, pp. 26, figs. 10). — On the basis of the author's experience in pheasant raising in Oregon the feeding, care, and management of these birds are described. DAIRY FARMIN(i DAIRYING. 77 DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. The university dairy herd. 1906-7, (i. C. Humphrey and F, W. Woll {Wis- consin Sta. Ri>t. I'.tOl, lip. -'/7-7.>, fiL 1, fif/s. 13). — The records of the herd are reported and discussed as in previous years (E. S. K., 18, p. lOK!). The herd inchided 9 Jerseys, S Gueruseys, 10 Holsteins, 4 Ayrshires, and 3 Brown Swiss. Descriptions are given of 14 of these cows added to the herd duruig the year. Data showing the food consumption and yield per cow are given for 2.3 cows, for which a full year's record was olitained. The average yield of milk per cow was 7,4i:>.0 Ihs., containing oO.S.37 lbs. of butter fat. The average net profit per cow was .$44.20, or .$3 more than during the preceding year. A summary of the data comparing the returns from the different breeds shows that the cows ranged in production of milk as follows: Holstein, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, and Jersey ; in production of butter fat, Guernsey, Holstein, Jersey, and Brown Swiss; in cost of feed, Jersey (lowest), Guernsey, Brown Swiss, and Holstein (lilghest) ; and in average net profit Guernsey, Holsteivi, Jersey, and Brown Swiss. The analyses of the various feeding stuffs used are recorded. Tests of dairy cows, 1906—7, F. W. Woll and II. T. Hauris {^Yisc■onsin Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 76-S2). — The so-called official and semiofficial tests of dairy cows were continued during lDOG-7 as in previous yeai's (E. S. R., 16, p. 813), 213 of the former and 756 of the latter with 345 different cows being conducted. A brief report of the work done in this connection is given. The records of production made by Colantha 4th's Johanna (H.-F. H. B., 48577), 1906-7, F. W. Woll (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. SS-8H, pi. /).— The official 7-day, 30-day, and 63-day tests of this cow during the year 1006-7 are given. During the 10 montlis of the semiofficial record this cow produced 23,981.4 lbs. of milk, with an average fat content of 3.65 per cent, yielding 875.71 lbs. of butter fat. The Jerseys at the St. Louis Exposition (Ncip YorJc, J 900, pp. 121, figs. 27). — An account is given of each cow in the Jersey herd included in the dairy- cow demonstration at the St. Louis Exposition. The productive record and breeding of each cow is reported by R. M. Gow, and the feeding and handling of the cows during the test are described by H. G. Van Pelt. The returns by these and three other herds of different breeds in the same test are sum- marized and comjtared. Bacterial content of machine-drawn and hand-drawn milk, E. G. Hastings and C. Hoffmann (M'isconsin 8ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 21.'i-223). — The data reported indicate that if the proper attention is paid to the cleanliness of the milking machine, milk may be produced by machine milking with as low a germ content as, or even lower than, that drawn by hand. To maintain the milking tubes and other parts of the machine in a bacteriologically clean condition the investi- gators used lime water prepared from fresh luislaked lime. Distribution of cell elements in milk and their relation to sanitary stand- ards, H. L. Russell and C.Hoffmann (Wisconsin Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 231-253.) — The purpose of the investigations here reported was to obtain information that would be of use in establishing a rational standard for the leucocyte con- tent of normal milk. Attention was directed first to the study of the methods of examination. Com- parative tests were made of the Doane-Buckley and the Stokes-Stewart methods of quantitative determinations of leucocytes in milk. The results obtained by the former method were considerably higher than those by the latter, and there 78 EXPERIMENT STATION RErORD. was also much iiioro uniformity in llic results of duplicato tests. In tlio data Siven for L'.S tests the pereeutajie variation in duplicates by tlae Stokes nietliod was very larj,'e and averayed IVJ jier cent, while l)y the Doaue method the largest variation was 20 per cent and the average only 5.0 per cent. A modifi- cation of the method introduced by the investigators, which consists in heating the milk sanii»le to (".0° or 70° ('. jn-evious to centrifugalizatiou, affords even more uniform results, the variations averaging less than a per cent. Tliis metliod as thus modified is tlierefore recommended in studies of this nature. In the investigations reported tlie authors studied the effects of a variety of factors, as i)hysiological conditions of the animal, the period of lactation, the condition of the udder, l)reed, age, and others, on the cell content of milk of apparently healthy animals. In sunnnarizing results of their investigations the authors state that nnicli injury may come to the dairy industry through the enforcement of such quanti- tative standards for leucocyte content as have been hitherto adopted. Their results agree with, those of other investigators in showing wide variation in results of examination, deiiending largely upon the method followed. From the studies according to the method they adopted their conclusion is that " there is a wide range in the cellular content of milks that are apparently normal and perfectly safe for ordinary use. In a number of instances this cell content has been found to be relatively low and constant, while in a large proportion of cases, wide fluctuations have been noted which were frequently nuich in excess of any standards that have heretofore been accepted. There are undoubtedly factors operative which underlie this peculiarity in the individual animals. From the studies made it appears evident that the milks of older animals are moi-e likely to show a high cell content than younger stock, and that frequently this condition is associated with a previous udder disturbance, which in some instances may leave a more or less marked indurated condition in the udder. These temporary disturbances, which are really gargets of a physiological char- acter, very soon disappear, and the milk becomes wholly normal, although the evidence of such slight inflammatoi'y disturbances may continue for a 'Consider- able period of time. So far as we have been able to find, there is no adequate reason why milks from such animals as these should be excluded from ordinary domestic supplies. "At the present time we do not feel that it is wise to formulate a quantitative standard to be used as a hard and fast line in the inspection of milk supplies. The most that can be said of leucocyte examinations at the present time is that they are suggestive rather than final." Concerning the bactericidal property of perhydrase milk, H. Much (Miiiwhcn. Med. Wclmschr., 5.3 {1908), No. 8, pp. 38't-386) .—The experiments reported give evidence of the bactericidal effect of fresh cow's milk in destroying typhus bacilli, Stiiphi/hjcocciis aureus, and coli bacilli. They also add experi- mental evidence to that previously contributed by Much and Romer (E. S. R., 18, p. .'5GS) that the process of producing perhydrase milk does not destroy the antibodies. By this process it is possible to maintain a bactericidal action in the milk for 24 hours, which is not the case with oi'dinary raw milk. Medical milk commissions and the production of certifi^ed milk in the United States, C. R. Lane (U. ^. Drpt. .igr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Bnl. 10.',, pp. .'/.i. plx. a, /fV/.sr. 11). — The writer gives a comprehensive account of the work of medical commissions and of the movement that has resulted in their organization in different cities, and he describes in consideralde detail the conditions under which certified milk is produced in different parts of the country. A pajter pre- pared by R. I). White shows an economical method for the production of certi- fied milk us practiced several years at a certified dairy in Minnesota. DAIHY FARMING DAIRYING. 79 The variation in the composition of milk. A. Lauder (Edinh. and Ea.st of f//. '/0/-',0«).— Aeronliiit; to llif oxiifi-iiiHMils r('|p(irtt'(l the iiiitolysis of milk im-rc-ises its i)ivcipito,ir«'iiic action. The influence of the oxygen of the air upon fermentation by typical lactic- acid bacteria, (J. Koksti.kr (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 19 {1901)', Nos. 1-3, pp. -'iO-Ji9; ',-(■>, pp. 128-1^8; 7-9, pp. 236-255; 13-15, pp. 39'i-.',19, fifju. 18; ah.s. ill Hyg. Zenihl., 3 (1908), No. 18, p. 558).— From the results of the investiga- tions reported the author concludes that oxy{:(>n had a dil1"erent effec-t upon different lactic organisms. lid etc it It III f/iiiithrii was l)ut slightly sensitive to free oxygen, whereas Bacil- liifi casri e was very sensitive. The effect on this organism varied according to the quantity of oxygen supplied. With an abundant supply fermentation was largely prevented; there was, however, a rich vegetative development of the organisms, but they were not healthy. A scanty oxygen supply was practically vfitliout effect. With intermediate aeration there was a maximum acid produc- tion and normal cell development. The results indicate that oxygen in large quantities had a toxic effect and in moderate quantities a stimulating effect. This phenomenon can not be explained by Beijerinclv's microserophilus hypothe- sis, because the same degree of acidity was produced under positive anaerobic conditions as with the free access of air. With controlled aeration the degree of acidity produced depended upon the temperature and the content cf the nutrient medium in assimilable nitrogenous compounds. A continuous oxygen supply was not necessary for fermentation, an occasii)nal exposure of the medium to air with shaking being sufficient. Butter from sweet cream, A. T. Charron (Rpt. Ddiri/iiirii's Assoc. Prov. Quebec, 25 {1906), pp. 238-2-^6). — Results of experiments in making butter from sweet cream are discussed. It is claimed that the process is just as advantageous as that with ripened cream, and that tlie butter made from sweet cream is equally good when fresli and keei)s good longer tlian butter from cream si)ontaneously fermented. Influence of metals on the action of rennet, G. A. Olson ( Wisconsin t^ta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 13'i-159, figs. 7). — The author summarizes information regarding a number of conditions which influence the action of rennet on milk and reports the results of investigations on the effect of different metals. Milk was kept in contact with copper, zinc, lead, nickel, aluminum, tin, iron, and platinum, and different kinds of glass for different periods of time and afterwards the time required for the coagulation of such milk with a standard solution of rennet under uniform conditions was observed to learn what influence, if any, these substances had on the action of the rennet and whether this was characteristic for each substance. " The data given show beyond a doubt that metals in some way delay the coagulation of milk with rennet. Different milks respond differently ; the most striking retardations were observed with pure nickel. The retardations that are most doubtful are those observed with platinum and tin. It is hardly con- ceivable that salts of platinum or tin should be formed bj' the acid of the milk. When tin is treated with lactic acid a slight visible corrosion takes place, while on the other hand platinum remains uncorroded." The direct cause for retardation of rennet by metal was not ascertained. Practical application of the information obtained in these studies is made in avoiding the use of rusty cans or poorly tinned utensils in the creamery or cheese factory. " The quality of the milk will to a large extent depend upon the condition of utensils in which the milk is kept or hauled to the factory. The degree of influence of iron on milk will depend largely upon the temper- atui-e, the length of time kept, and the amount of surface." VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81 The author suggests that the reason for a slow or retarded action of rennet, which cheese makers have often experienced, may be attributed to tlie action of iron in milli cans in poor condition, and not entirely to the amount of salts present in the milk as was formerly supposed. Red spots in Emmenthal cheese, J. Thoni and O. Allemann (Ldmlir. Julirh. Sclnociz, 22 (1908), A'o. 2, pi>. 4'>--'~, pi. 1). — Several cheeses from 4 to ;") months old showed on the cut surfaces round red spots scattered irregularly throughout the cheese, which were f«)und to be due to liactcriiDii ncidi propionicl var. nihci: Microscopical, cultural, and biological chemical data obtained in the study of tliis fault in the cheese are given. Investigation of Gervais cheese, L. Muller (Molk. 7Ag., 22 (1008), No. IS, p. J/Ol). — Analytical data are given regarding French Gervais cheese and clieese of the same sort made in Germany. Regarding- " short " cheese, F. W. J. Boekhout and J. J. O. de Tries (Ccnibl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 19 (1907), Nos. 21-23, pp. 690~69G: 2-'/-2.5, pp. 7.50-7.5-}, fl'ij. 1). — This article has been abstracted from another source (E. S. R., 10, p. 474). An automatic cheese press, J. W. Moore (^YiKconf (Ji'Ol), No. 7, pp. li3J-6S7, pis. .'/). — For several years the author has had opportunity to observe a mycosis which occurs spontaneously in rats and also occasionally in man. In rats the lesions are to be found chiefly on the limbs and tail. Edematous swellings and ulcers appear on the surface, some of them being of a fistulous nature. Infection may be transmitted in rats thi'ough the alimentary tract but the progress of the disease is slow. In man the ulcerous lesions appear largely on the hand and arm. The micro- organism which produces this disease has been identified as a species of Tricho- sporium. Cultivation of trypanosomes and vital coloration of these organisms, C. Franca {Bill. Soc. Bortiif/aisc Sci. Nat., 1 {1901), No. 1, pp. 5-11, figs. 3).— Particular attention was given by the author to the typanosomes which occur in frogs. It was found possible to stain these organisms while alive by means of aniliu dyes, particularly pyronin. This method, however, was not successful in the case of the trypanosomes of dourine, for these organisms would not take the stain during life. The trypanolytic power of serum in cases of experimental nagana, A. RoDET and G. Vallet {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Part.s], l.'i5 {1901), No. 2-'u pp. 1225-1221). — In a series of laboratory experiments it was found that in animals which show no crisis during the development of nagana, the trypano- lytic power of the serum gradually increased from the time of infection until death. On the other hand, in animals in which a regular crisis occurs during the course of the disease, the trypanolytic power of the serum develops to a high extent at the time of the crisis. The preventive and curative power of human serum in cases of nagana, O. (ioEDEL {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 21 {1901), No. 11, pp. 882-910). — As had been I)reviously shown by Laveran, Mesnil, and others, human serum in the exi>eri- ments reported by the author exercised a ]ironounced preventive and curative I VETERINARY MEDICTNE. 83 powei" ill mice ami guinea i)ijis infected witli TnjiKUioxomd hnicri. Human f^erum di.!;este(l tejietlier witli the trypanosomes at a temperature of 37° C. did not lose its preventive or curative properties nor did the parasites lose tlieir virulence. The active power of human serum toward the trypanosomes of nasana was destroyed by subjection to a temperature of 64° C. The treatment of experimental nagana, F. Loeffler and K. RiJHs {Deut. Med. Wchiischr.. ,{'i {{!)f)S), Ao. /, />/). 5-S). — In a previous article on this sub- ject (E. S. It., 1!>, p. 0S3), the authors rei)orted striking success in the ti-eat- ment of uagana by the use of arsenious acid. The present article is largely of a controversial nature by way of reply to criticisms of Laveran and Thiroux (E. S. R., 10, pp. 1081, 1182). The authors re[)eated their experiments and again came to the conclusion that experimental nagana might be certainly cured I>y tlie simultaneous use of arsenious acid and atoxyl. The diagnosis of rabies, S. A. Gryuneb {Arch. Vet. Nauk [St. Petersb.], 31 (ID07), Ao. 11, 1)1). 96'i-9{)5). — A long series of observations was carried out by the author in determining the reliability of various methods in the diagnosis of rabies. In some cases it is found possible to reach a positive diagnosis merely from a post-mortem examination. The presence of sugar in the urine in connection with other evidence may furnish a basis for a positive diagnosis, but the absence of sugar from the urine is not satisfactory proof of the nonex- istence of rabies. Negri corpuscles could be recognized with certainty in a certain percentage of cases. The author considers, however, that the only absolutely reliable method is to be found in the inoculation of rabbits or other laboratory animals. The etiology and diagnosis of rabies, N. Oreste (Clhi. Vet. [Milan'], /S'e^. Fiat., 30 {I'JOl), Nos. 50, pp. 805-812; 51, pp. 8i/-8i6).— It is recognized as a great desideratum in the study of rabies to devise a method of i-apid diagnosis. The rapidity, however, is no more important than certainty in diagnosis, and in Ihe author's opinion preference should be given to the method of inoculation of guinea pigs. The effect of various chemicals upon rabies virus, C. Fermi {Arch. Hi)(j., 63 {11)01), A'o. 3, pp. 315-330). — Fixed rabies virus preserved at the Pasteur Institute at Sassari maintained its virulence for 20 days as determined by in- oculation of rodents. None of the pieces of rabid brain material preserved in glycerin retained their virulence to the twenty-fifth day. The incubation period of rabies produced from virus preserved in glycerin was 5 or 6 days and was, therefore, not different from ordinary virus. The theory and practice of anti-rabic immunization, W. F. Habvev and A. McKendrick {Sci. Mem. Med. and Sanit. Depts. India, n. ser., 1901, JSfo. 30, pp. Jf3, figs. 1). — Extended observations w^ere made on the infective power of rabies virus from dried spinal cords as compared with that of fresh virus. Tests were also made to determine the bearing of the rate of desiccaiton of the spinal cord upon the use of such material for immunizing purposes. It was found that there is a direct relation between infectivity and the duration of desiccation of nerve material. No evidence was obtained for the existence of a rabies toxin. 'I'here appears to be some advantage in favor of using fresh material in ininnmi- zation for the reason that this method involves the inti"oduction of less foreign nerve substance. The action of bile on tetanus toxin, H. Vincent {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'aiis], 63 {1901), No. 36, pp. 623-625).— lu glass vessels bile exercised a strongly antiseptic effect upon tetanus virus. In guinea ings, however, the re- sult was far less satisfactory and bile was not capable of protecting the animal against fatal results from the tetanus toxin. It is believed that this fact is to 84 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bo oxpl.-iiiicd liy tli<' trrcat dilutinn in wliicli llic liilc exists in the body of the ex- l»eriiiieiit:il aniniai. Action of the component elements of the bile on tetanus toxin, H. Vincent {('oiHiit. liiiid. Soc. liiol. \l'-()97). — In con- tintialidii of (lie work noted above, it appearetl desirable to determine the par- ticular elenients of tlie l)ile upon which its antiseptic property depends. A study of this problem showed that all of the essential elements of the bile possess an antiloxic ))owi'r toward tetanus toxin. Tlie antitoxic jiroperty of cholesterin is somewhat firealer than that of lecithin and bile salts. Experiments in the use of epsom salts in the treatment of tetanus, 1j. ("KrvKiLiiiKK (Coiiiiit. Rend. .Sw. Biol. \r(iris], 67/ (1908), No. 3, iip. 111-1J3).— Several investijralors h.ive sujigested the use of epsom salts in treating tetanus. 'Phis drug was tested by the author who administered it hyiKtdermically to mice ;ind guinea pigs in a 2 per cent solution. No benettcial results were ob- tained and the .-luthor concludes that in the treatment of this disease no de- pendence should be i)laced upon epsom salts. Inoculation tuberculosis in cold-blooded animals, G. Moriya {Vciithl. lidkf. [ctc.l, J. AM., Grig., .',5 {1007), No. .',, iip. 2!>-',-301, 1>1. J).— In a series of inocu- lation experiments the author found that human tubercle bacilli were by uo means easily modified into the form of tubercle bacillus usually found in cold- blooded animals. The author believes that before such transformation can be assumed to be possible it is necessary that further careful experiments be carried out on this line. Fetal tuberculosis in calves, II. L. Ellerman and H. C. DeWaal {Tijdsclir. Vccaii.sniijl-., 3'i {1908). No. '/, /. .112-117). — A detailed description is given of the tuberculous lesions observed in a pregnant cow. The disease liad become generally distributed throughout the organs of the body and had affected the uterine cotyledims, from which pure cultures of tubercle bacilli were obtained. From these points the infection had spread to the fetus, causing characteristic lesions in various lymphatic glands. The influence of Avounds on the localization of tuberculosis, A. Rodet and Jeaniirau {Coiiiiit. Rend. Acad. Sci. [I'ari>i\, l.'i'j {1907), No. 2(j, pp. 1361- 1363). — It has sometimes ]i<'en assumed that tubercle bacilli possess a ten- dency to become localized in wounds which exist at the time of infection or arise subsequently. The author's experiments on rabbits led to negative re- sults in this regard. Tubercle bacilli introduced through the alimentary tract led to distinct lesions in the lungs, but did not produce any subsequent lesion in artificial wounds in tlie joints. The action of chlorin on the tubercle bacillus, (i. Moussu and (Joupil {Vompi. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], t.',5 {1907), No. 2.'i, pp. 1231, 1232).^ln the opinion of the author it has been shown that the acid-resisting property of tlie tubercle bacillus depends not alone upon its content f)f fatty substances, but also upon its i)rotoplasm and other chemical constituents. The author found that if cultures of tubercle bacilli be subjected to the action of chlorin fumes the acid-resisting power of the bacilli disappears rapidly. The formation of antibodies from the substance of the tubercle, E. Ber- tarelli {Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Grig., J,.5 {1907), No. 1, pp. 6.2-67).— Dur- ing the development of the tubercle in susceptible animals the process is not confined to alterations of the ti.ssues as a consequence of necrosis or other pathological changes, but under the influence of the bacterial invasion molecular combinations occur which result in new bodies previously not to be found either in bacterial cultures or in the tissue of the animal organism. These antibodies may possibly prove of some service in the production of immunity. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 85 Tubercle toxin studies, II, A. II. Haentjens (Ztschr. Tuhcrkulose, 11 {t'.itn), .\(i. -J, piJ. 323-SJl). — Suspensions of tubercle bacilli in pliyslological salt solution, glycerin agar, cultures of tubercle bacilli, and cultures of glycerin and potato were kept in a filter in an autoclave for 14 to 30 days. During this time the filtrate contains the true toxin of the tubercle bacillus. The material is called filtrase by the author and varies in strength according as the cultures are made in physiological salt solution, glycerin agar, or glycerin and potatoes. This material was tested first on healthy and tuberculous guinea pigs with encouraging results. In healtliy guinea pigs it was iiossible to administer doses of reasonble size without producing either toxic or thernnc effects. In Larger doses of a stronger filtrate, the material produced only slight toxic reac- tion. In the case of tuberculous guinea iiigs, the use of this material caused an imiirovement of the general condition or a complete cure. The material has also been tested on tuberculous human I)i'ings with satis- factory results. Cultures of tubercle bacilli in vivo and vaccination against the disease, (}. Morssu (Rcr. Med. Vet., S.', {HlOl), A'o.s'. 21, pi). 101-112; 23, pp. 110-116).— Ill the investigations reported in this article the author was concerned in ob- taining evidence on the influence niton the animal organism of the prolonged cultivation of tubercle bacilli in the peritoneal cavity. In the case of dogs it was found that the cultivation of tubercle bacilli in vivo for a period of 1 to 10 months did not increase the resisting power of the dogs toward inoculation with human tubercle bacilli. Vaccination ag-ainst tuberculosis, E. Leclainche {Rrr. Geii. Med. Vet., 10 (1!)01). No. 119, pp. .'}S5-5!ll). — The author reviews in a critical manner the results obtained by other investigators and himself in testing the efficacy and practicability of von liehring's method of vaccination ag.ninst tuberculosis, and concludes that at the jtresent time the only reliable and well established methods for controlling tuberculosis are the systems of isolation recommended by Bang and Ostertag. Tuberculosis tests for 1906-7, II. L. Kussell {Wiscoit.sin Hta. Rpt. 1901, Pit. 22'i-230). — A systematic effort is being put forth by the station to popu- larize and extend as widely ::s possible the aitplication of the tuberculin test to dairy herds as a basis for the control of tuberculosis. The number of ani- mals tested is increasing ra])idly from year to year. Statistics are given show- ing the number of herds and number of animals tested from 1!>01 to 1007. In 1tM)l the number of cows tested was 425 and in 1907, 10,740. The percentage of tulierculous animals as shown by these tests varied from 2.7 to 19.7. The distribution of tuberculosis is shown by counties and also by regions in the State. The greatest prevalence of the disease is observed in the older dairy regions. The extent to which the milk yield is affected by subcutaneous injections of tuberculin, E. Rohm {Srensk }(t. Tid.^kr.. 12 {1901), No. 6. pp. 2'i1-2'iS).— In the experiments reported in this paper it was found that the milk yield may be considerably lessened as a result of tuberculin injections. With reacting cows the falling off in the milk flow appears within 2 or 3 days after injection and a return to the normal milk yield usually occurs within 1 week. In non- reacting cows there is no diminution in the milk yield, but, on the other hand, there may be a slight temporary increase. Two new species of nematodes in the alimentary tract of cattle in Sumatra, A. Vryburg (Cenihl. Bali, [ei(■.^, 1. Aht., Orig., J,5 (1901), No. ',, pp. 321-332. ids. ,')). — An account is presented of the appearance, life history, and habits of HtrotKjyloidea hovis and Ayrioistomum vnjburyi. Either of these parasites may 86 KXl'KHIMKNI" SIAIION ItKCOHD. he iraiismitlod to liCiilthy cattle tbrout,'li tin- food and l>otli sjiecies may occur siimiUaiH'Dusly in tlio same animal. The symi)toms of infestation are not par- ticularly characteristic. In some cases, however, there is a chronic diarrhea which does not yield to treatment with the ordinary remedies. In attempts to treat animals for the parasites thymol, creosote, oil of turpentine, arsenic, and areca nut wi're used. The results were not satisfactory for either species, but were somewhat more encouraj^injj; in the case of A. vri/hiinji than with 8. hovis. Parturient paresis, Wa^nkk {Wchnschr. Ticrhcilk. u. Virlizuclit, 51 {1901), So. .(/, piK Kiiiu. 1 0117). — In a series of OO cases of this disease, the author care- fully tabulated clinical and physlolojiical data which niisht be considered of lnt(n'est in the study of Its nature. The j,'reat majority of cases occurred in connection with the fourth or fifth parturition and cases were comparatively rare after the age of 13 years. In nearly all cases of the disease parturition was easy and occurred at the end of the normal term. No lesions occurred during parturition. The nutritive condi- tion was in all cases excellent. In 04 of the 69 cases the udder was well dis- tended with milk. The largest ijercentage of cases occurred in cows which had been dry for 2 to 3 mouths previous to parturition. Poisoning- of cattle with tansy, Wessel, Wilstek, and Bugge {BcrUn. TkriirztL Wchnschr., 1907, Xo. ',9, I'P- S79-8SI, fig. 1). — Descriptive and clinical notes are given on a number of cases of poisoning of cattle with tansy. In one herd 43 per cent were affected and 25 per cent died. From post-mortem exam- inations it was impossible to observe any constant pathological lesions which were characteristic of the trouble. Notes ai-e given on a uumber of other cases of this form of poisoning involving in all nearly 200 cattle. The symptoms as a rule are restlessness, irregularity of movement, blindness, twitching of the muscles, and dullness of the special senses. In some cases death resulted within 24 hours. Fairly satisfactory treatment was found in the use of tannin and barium chlorid. Two undescribed diseases of sheep, T. H. Dale (Vet. Rec, 20 {1908), No. 1018, 1)1). -'{90-49.2). — The author has made observations on 2 new diseases of sheep in the Transvaal. The diseases have not been given a characteristic name. In both cases the mortality is very high and the course of the disease short. In one the period of incubation is about 4 days. This disease appears in flocks of sheep without regard to the degree of infestation by parasitic worms. The second disease attacks sheep in excellent condition, causing rapid prostration and death. The pericardium always contains a considerable quan- tity of fluid stained with blood. This disease is frequently associated with blue-tongue. The stomach worm of sheep and goats, It. W. Dixon {A(jr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 31 {1907), No. 6, pp. 6S7-GJ,2, figs. 11).— The life history of Strongylus contorius is briefly outlined. In treating young lambs for infestation with this worm good results were had from the use of copper sulphate in doses from 2 to 4 oz. of a solution containing 1 lb. of copper sulphate and 1 lb. of mustard in 12 gal. of water. Mention is also made of the use of creosote and gasoline. Ulcerous stomatitis of goats, C Caueac {Jour. Med. Vet. et Zootech., 58 {1907), Nor., mi. (ioii-GGH). — Ulcerous stomatitis in goats as in other animals may be due to a variety of causes and sometimes appears to be of an infectious nature. A detailed account is given of a serious case occurring in a single goat in a herd, the ulceration in this case being apparently due to some caustic substance which the goat had taken with its food. Lesions produced in the small intestine of sw^ine by Echinorhynchus gigas, Weinberg and Romanovitch (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 21 {1907), No. 12, pp. 960- 968, pi, 1, figs, .'f), — By means of gross and microscopic examinations of the i VETERINARY MEDICINE. 87 small intestine of swine infested with Evliiuor/ii/iicltus glgus, it was founil that this parasite by attacliing itself to the wall of the intestine may destroy in a met-Lianical manner the mncous^ submucons, and even the muscular layer of the intestinal wall without producing any inflammation. The eosinophilous cells found near the point of attachment of the ])arasitic wrms are apparently not attractetl there by the presence of the parasites. E. gigas may produce lesions in which pathogenic bacteria find entrance to the host, causing infectious or necrotic enteritis. Swine erysipelas, E. Cesari (Hyg. Viande et Lait, 1 {1907), No. 12, pp. 344- 551). — A considerable number of cases are cited in which swine erysipelas has l)een transmitted to man. The characteristic symptoms of the disease as observed in meat inspection ai"e briefly outlined. The bacilli are not destroyed by the ordinary method of preserving hams until after at least 6 months, and the author recommends that pork affected with this disease should not be admitted for human consumption until it has at least been sterilizeil. The occurrence of the bacilli of swine erysipelas on the intestinal mucous membrane and in the tonsils in healthy hogs, W. Pitt (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., .'i5 (JHOJ), Xos. 1. pp. 33-37; 2, pp. 111-121).— 1-a an examination of the intestinal mucous membrane in 66, and of tonsils in 50, healthy hogs, undoubted bacilli of swine erysipelas were found in 26 and 28 cases, respectively. The author concludes that the bacilli of swine erysipelas may occur in nearly 50 per cent of healthy hogs a)id that, therefore, prophylactic measures, such as have been commonly advocated, are of low value. It is, therefore, recom- mended that protective vaccination be adopted as the only reliable means of controlling this disease. The behavior of white blood corpuscles in common diseases of the horse, E. Fraxke (Monatsh. PraJct. Tierheilk., 19 {1907), No. 2-3, pp. 98-120).— The variations which occur in the relative proportions of red blood corpuscles and the various kinds of leucocytes are presented in a detailed manner as observed in cases of pneumonia, influenza, petechial fever, tetanus, etc. Attention is called to the fact that in order to obtain reliable results from the examination of the blood the determination of the relative percentages of the different kinds of leucocytes must be made immediately after the blood is withdrawn. The behavior of red blood corpuscles in surgical diseases of the horse, par- ticularly in purulent inflammations, A. Gasse {Monatt. 1-5). — Glanders bacilli in small pieces of infected tissue are rendered en- tirely sterile by submerging in glycerin for a period of 12 days. The attenua- tion of the bacilli- progresses gradually during this period. Dead glanders bacilli are toxic, and in the author's experiments they were shown to possess considerable toxicity after their virulence had entirely disappeared. No satis- factory results were obtained in immunizing dogs and guinea pigs against glanders. oasis— X... 1— OS 7 88 EXPERIMENT STATIOX KECOKD. The toxin of glanders bacillus, It. Turko ((Joniiil. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paries], G.'i (JDOfi), ^o. 3, pp. 130, 131). — The author deseri))es the technique for obtain- ing a new form of niallein or toxin from tlie .slanders bacillus which acts as an aggressiu. Abscess formation in the hypoglossal glands of horses affected with glanders, E. Lienaux {Ann. Mrd. Vet., 56 {lUOl), Xo. 12, pp. G'/3-G'iS). — It is couunonly stated that the glanderous process in the lyuipliatic glands of the horse does not lead to formation of abscess. As a rule at least, this statement is true. The author reports, however, one case in which the hypoglossal glands were extensively affected with abscess. Combating glanders in Dutch East Indies, W. Tax dkr Bubg (Tijilschr. ^'(^c(lrts(■llijk., 3.3 {J!)07), Xo. 3, pp. L'/O-lol). — From a report of the occurrence of glanders in the Dutch East Indies and the methods of control adopted in Java, tlie author maintains that the system is altogether too lax and that unless niallein is more extensively used as a diagnostic agent and the necessary quar- antine measures carried out, it will be impossible to control the disease. A study of the toxin in ulcerous lymphangitis of the horse, Dassonville (Bid. Hoc. Cent. Med. Vet., S.'f {IDOl), Xo. 2.'i, pp. o76~oS2).— The author de scribes the methods used in isolating and studying the toxin of ulcerous lymphan- gitis. It is found that the bacillus of this disease produces a very active toxin, to which guinea pigs and rabbits are very susceptible, dogs and cats less suscepti- ble, and white mice almost if not quite refractory. The action of the toxin is readily modified by heat or by the use of various acids. The symptoms and lesions produced by the toxin closely resemble those which occur as a result of diphtheria toxin, and the properties of the toxin as a whole Indicate that it is very similar. The similarity is particularly evident from the fact that diphtlieria antitoxin greatly modifies or counteracts the toxin of ulcer- ous lymphangitis. The treatment of mange in dogs, Dietz (Berlin. Tierdrstl. Wchnsclir., 1901, Xo. .'/S, p. 867). — In treating mange due to Acarus mites the author has found it desirable to shear the hair as closely as possible from infected dogs after which a mixture of tincture of iodin and cream is thoroughly rubbed on the affected parts. Piroplasma canis and its life cycle in the tick, S. It. Christophers (Hci. Mem. Med. and Sanit. Depts. India, n. ser., 1907, Xo. 29, pp. 83, pis. 3, figs. .'/. charts 7). — The literature relating to this protozoan parasite and related organisms is criticallj' discussed in connection with an elaborate bibliography (pp. 67-77). In the tick Rhipiccphalus sanguineus there are at least two means by which transmission may be effected. One is through the egg and the other a stage to stage infection. The latter has not been demonstrated experi- mentally, but must be assumed to be true from observations which have been made. The parasite passes through the same cycle of development in both methods of infection. In hereditary infection club-shaped forms originating from simple parasites penetrate the ova either in the ovary or in the lower passage of tlie oviduct. [A bacterial growth on chickens], D. W. May (Porto Rico Hta. Rpt. 1907, p. 15). — A disease, seemingly a bacterial growth, has been noticed which pro- duces lumps on the comb and at the base of the bill. Washing the heads of the fowls with a saturateil solution of boric acid gave relief. The persistence of contagion of fowl cholera, P. V. Sizov (ArcJi. Yet. Xauk [St. Petersb.], 37 (1907). Xo. 10. pp. S'i7-850).— It is commonly stated that after the occurrence of this disease an infected condition of the premises may persist for 3 or 4 mouths. In the author's experiments it was found that the EUEAL ECONOMICS. 89 virus of fowl cholera iiresfrved in f;la>;s vessels retained its virulence for 2 years. Spirochetosis of Sudanese fowls — au after phase, A. Balfour {Jour. TroiJ. Mag. and HijU-, ^1 (IDOS), No. 3, p. 37). — In continuation of his work in spiro- chetosis of fowls, the author has observed the parasitic organisms entering blood corpuscles. The organisms apparently degenerate after penetrating the corpuscles but the corpuscles also disintegrate. The fact is recorded that after the spirochetes had entirely disappeared from the peripheral blood they reap- peared again in considerable quantities. Some observations on s"wrollen head in turkeys, U. S. Graham-Smith (Jour. Ayr. IScL, 2 (1907), No. 3, pp. 227-2.'i3, pis. 2). — A disease commonly known as swollen head of turkeys is described and notes are given on the symptoms usually observed and on the lesions as determined hy an examination of a number of affected turkeys. The most characteristic symptom is an extensive swelling about the head which becomes so enlarged that the birds are unable to see. The swelling is due to an accumulation of gelatinous substance in the infraorbital cavity. This swelling may disappear in a short time or may persist for several mouths. The swellings contain a cheesy foul-smelling material and death may take Ijlace without regard to the apparent severity of the disease. The lesions are confined to the head except for an occasional distension of the ceca. Bacilli related to the diphtheria bacillus are frequently found in the exudate, but no organism has been definitely shown to be the primary cause of the disease. RURAL ECONOMICS. Piece work in agriculture, G. Wasmuth (Dvut. Landio. Presse, 35 {I'JOS), Xo. 33, pp. 35S, 359). — The author shows that the amount of work done and the wages earned by the average farm day laborer is the correct basis for determin- ing the rate of pay for job workers in many of the operations of agriculture. The various classes of work both by hand and machinery that could be assigned as piece work in agriculture are enumerated, and the author advocates piece work rather than day work for farm laborers. It is maintained that where this class of work has been tried the piece workers accomplish more, earn more, live better than farm laborers paid by the day, and do equally good work. Where laborers are scarce piece work is regarded as a partial solution, because three men on piece work will accomplish as much as four ordinary day laborers. Moreover, the incentives of independence and higher wages as a result of piece W'Ork puts the agricultural industry on the same level as other industries so far as wages is concerned, and this is regarded as affording the brightest prospects in the future for retaining the young workers on the land. The farm labor problem in the Empire State {Anicr. Ayr., SI {190S), No. 21, pp. 5S3, SS-'i). — This article contains brief statements from several farmers in different parts of New York State relating to the farm labor problem. The general trend of the replies indicates that good farm laboi* is scarce, that wages' for day labor range from $1.25 to $1.50 per day, and monthly wages from $20 to $33 with board for 10 hours work per day, and that the scarcity of work in cities is bringing back to the farm those who were born and brought up thereon. The encouragement of the immigration of farm labor from the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, and other European countries and the greater use of farm machinery are advocated as a remedy. Emigration to Virginia and the labor question, G. W. Koiner (Rpt. Vu. t^tntc Hurt. Soc, 12 {1907), pp. I'i5-155). — This is an address delivered before 90 EXPERIMENT STATION HEC(JRI). tlii' Virginia State Ilorl iciil1iir.il Society at its int'etin^' held at Staunton, Va., December r>, 1!)UT. The paper deals with the personal efforts in northern Europe of the State commissioner of agriculture to induce farm laborers to emigrate to Virginia and of the results of the undertaking. In two seasons some five or six hundred per- sons had been located on \'irginia farms, about SO per cent of whom were doing well. " There are now a thousand or more applications in my office for farm labor that we can not till. The work . . . shows a great demand for farm labor in the State of Virginia. "We have about 125,000 farmers in Virginia, and about half of them want some help." The Hungarian farm labor problem {Wiener Landw, Ztij., '>8 {W()8), No. 26, p. 269). — The writer shows that whereas during 1897 there were 14.;>10 emi- grants from Hungary, the year 1906 showed 178,170, and that of the latter about 23,000 were peasant proprietors and 76,000 farm and day laborers. The wages of farm help has doubled during the past 15 years, and even if farm labor were available no remedy could be afforded by offering an increase in wages as they are as high now as the majority of farmers can afford to pay. The recent re- turn of so many emigrants from the United States and other countries brought no remedy to farmers as the majority located and sought employment in indus- trial centers. The future outlook for agriculture in Hungary, therefore, is regarded as serious. The agricultural holdings act, 1906, A. P. Poley {Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 6S {1907), pp. 1-16). — This is a discussion of the main provisions of t4ie act which goes into operation on January 1, 1909. The features discussed relate (1) to those alterations in the law which amend preceding agricultural holdings acts, particularly the act of 1900, and (2) to those sections of the act which embody the ideas of the schood of agricultural reformers responsible for its inception. The topics of interest to landlords and tenants relate to arbitra- tion, repairs to buildings, record of holding, amendment of market gardeners compensation act, freedom of cropping, compensation for unreasonable disturb- ance, and compensation for damage by game. The creation of small holdings under the act of 1907, Mrs. Roland WiLKLNs {.Tour. B(l. Agr. [London], i.7 {1908), No. 1, pp. 1-7). — This is a dis- cussion of the natural, market, and other conditions which are necessary to the successful extension of small holdings in England. The cooperative association movement relating to the grain industry in the United States, H. L. Kudloff {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 57 {1908), No. 9, pp. 321-33.'/). — The author discusses the origin, purpose, and development of several associations and cooperative societies in the United States with particu- lar reference to the production, storing, grading, and marketing of wheat. Among the societies historically sketched ai'e the Grange or Patrons of Hus- bandry, National Grain Dealers' Association, National Farmers' Alliance and Industrial Association, National Grain Growers' Association, Northwestern In- dependent and Farmers' Elevator Association, and the Cooperative Commission Company. It is the author's opinion that the farmers of the northwest lack in the spirit of solidarity which has been so helpful in promoting agricultural cooperation in Europe. The spread of cooperation among grain producers it is thought would promote still more the advantages of increased prices already accruing to farmers as a result of this movement. Agricultural mutual societies, H. Leraille {Fermcs et Chateaux, Jf {1908), No. 33. pp: 232-23.'i, figs. 7).- — This is a discussion of the origin and pi'ogress of mutual insurance and credit societies in France, including the underlying princi- ples of organization, operation, assessment^ payment of losses, etc. RURAL ECONOMICS. 91 Tile mutual iusurauot' yucifties were iuytituted for tlie insurauce of farm buikliugs against Are and storms, of live stock against loss from diseases or otJier causes, and of crops against storms, floods, and other natural forces. kSince their origin in 1898 the mutual insurance societies have increased to 7.824 in May, 1907. The statistics of mutual credit hanks have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. G92). The Utopia of agricultural credit, H. Oestueiciier {Iiiaug. Diss., Vniv. Frcihiiifh 1907. pp. 129). — This is an inaugural dissertation dealing with the history of agricultural credit reform, from the efforts of Itodl)ertus in 18GS to the pref-ent time, with a critical discussion of the different systems and an esti- mation of their value. [Cooperative societies in Bombay Presidency], C. S. Campbell and J. E. C. Jukes (Ann. Rpt. Work. Coop. Credit Soc. Bombay Pres., 1906-7, pp. .'i5+3, map 1). — The total number of societies is 70 as compared with 31 in the pre- ceding year, with a membership of 4,845. The maximum rate of intei*est is I25 per cent, the lowest Gi per cent, and the average per society 8* per cent. Summary of the work of the agricultural commission during the year ended October 1, 1907 {AperQu dcs travaux des Commissions agraircs pendant la premiere annee de leur fonctionnement {jusqti'au 1-er Octobre 1907). St. Petersburg: Dir. Gen. Organ. Agraire et Agr., 190S, pp. 20). — This report deals with the new land surveys in Russia, the modification of the rural land-tenure system, and the financial aid afforded the peasantry for improving their holdings under the terms of a royal decree issued March 17, 1906. and the law of May 9, 190G. The agricultural budget for 1908. E. Martin {Bui. Hoc. Agr. France, 1908, Mag 1. pp. SI 1-8 16). — This is a detailed discussion of the law relating to the government exi»enditures in France for the different branches of agriculture for the year 1908. The law carries for agriculture the sum of 40,005,594 francs (about $9,200,000), an increase of 850,448 francs over 1907, or 1,17 per cent of the total French budget. Crop Reporter (U. »S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 10 (1908), No. 7, pp. .'19-56). — Crop acreages and conditions in the United States and foreign countries, and the value and prices of the principal agricultural products are reported to July. 1908. Agricultural production in Russia in 1906 (Hcpurate from f-ltatis. Empire Russ. 60 (1907), PI), iy+57. charts 13). — Statistics of crop production are reiiorted. Agricultural statistics of Bengal for 1906—7 (Agr. Statis. Bengal, 1906-7, pp. 68). — Statistical data showing total acreage, classification of areas, crops, current fallows, etc.. are reported. Manual of world economics, edited by E. von Halle (Weltivirtsehaft. 2 (1907) pts. 1, pp. yi+368, pis. 2, figs. 8; 2, pp. VIII+28-',, dgms. 18; 3, pp. Tl -\- 288). — This publication gives a general review of the world's economic, social, and political conditions during 1906. Part 1 contains an article by C. Ballod (pp. 64-84), which gives statistics on the production of cereals and other staple crops, meat production and consump- tion, and other data relating to agricultural products in the chief countries of the world. Part 2 contains an article by W. von Altrock (i)p. 5-63), which discusses the statistics of cereal and fruit production, number of live stock, dairy cooperative societies, agricultural credit societies, etc., in Germany. Part 3 contains articles reviewing the economic and agricultural conditions in the United States, Europe, and the far east. 92 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bibliography of the price of cereals, J. A. 1'. Mackenzie unci J. A. Baines (Jour. Roil. Statift. ,SVx'., 77 (IVOS), .Vo. /. ///*. 17 S-20(J).— Thin bibliosraphy was presented by the Royal Statistical Society of Loudon to the International Statistical Institute at llie ccinLTess licid at Co]ienhasen in Au.tcnst. 1!)07. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Course in agriculture, S. !>. M( Cready {Atui. h'/it. Ontario Affr. and Exjjt. I'nloii, 2D (1907), int. Do-lO-'i). — This is an ontlino of a two-year course in agricnlture suitable for bi;^h schools and collegiate institutes. It includes sug- gestions for instruction in agriculture, physics, chemisti-y, botany, horticulture, agronomy, animal husbandry, dairy husbandry, poultry keeping, farm carpen- try, and farm economics, items of equipment needed and their cost, and i-egu- latious to govern agricultural departments in high schools and collegiate institutes. State facilities for viticultural instruction in Hungary, J. Wortmann (Lainlir. Jahrl).. 36 (1907), -To. 5-6, piJ. 7S8-792). — An account of the work of the 27 viticultural inspectors in Hungary, the 8 secondary and elementary viticultural schools, the 4 commimal viticultural schools, the Royal School for Cellar ;\Ia.sters at Budafok, near Budapest, and the Royal Central Viticultural Institute at Budapest. French traveling agricultural domestic science schools, A. Ducloux (Indus. Lait. [Paris], 33 (1908). Xo. 11. iJii. 23o-2.jo). — This article gives a bi'ief history of itinerant instruction in agricultui'al domestic science in France, and an account of the organization, work of the staff, daily schedule, budget, and quali- fications of students of these schools, results obtained in the departments of Oise, Pas-de-Calais, and Nord, and suggestions as to qualifications and prepara- tion of teaching staff necessary to insure the success of this movement, together with the three months' course of study. The teaching of agriculture, C. C. James (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union. 29 (1907), pp. 75-9-'i). — The author calls attention to the failure of pre- vious attempts at teaching agriculture in the public schools of Ontario in spite of the fact that three good text-books of agriculture have been prepared espe- cially for these schools. He attributes this failure to the lack of rural school teachers having the training that would make them competent to handle the subject even when provided with text-books. He then outlines a new plan, which has recently been put into operation, viz, to start with 6 agricultural college graduates as teachers of agriculture in G of the high schools of the province. Reports are given from each of these teachers showing their work not only in the school but also among the farmers in their districts. These reports are followed by a" memorandum by the author which was presented to the minister of agriculture in 1906 and which outlines their duties in consider- able detail. These young men are not only teachers but local representatives of the department of agriculture, occupying positions very similar to those of deiiartmental professors of agriculture in France. Agriculture in public schools, A. D. DeWitt {Cornell Countryman, 5 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 187-189). — This is a description of the 3-year course in agricultiu-e given in the public high school at St. Louis, Mich. Public school cookery, is it playing fair with the home and taxpayer? Mary B. Hartt (Good Housekeepini/, .',6 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 123-130, figs. 6).— A discussion of instruction in cooking in the public schools as to whether it should be in the nature of practical cookery or to give a knowledge of the scientific basis of cooking, and whether or not the principles of cookery should be taught iu the grades leaving the science for the high school. A comparison AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 93 is made of the fmctioual recipe or iiulividiuil method witli small amuiuitis ui' materials and the group method with large amounts. The former method is favored by many. Active teachers agree that the school kitchen should not be expected to produce cooks any more than the manual training school should be expected to turn out fully equipped carpenters or machinists. School gardening, Lucy K. Latter {Troih Agr. and May. Ceylon, Agr. /S'oc, 30 (J DOS). Ao. 2, pp. J5o-1o8). — In considering the place of school gardening in education the author states that a great deal of confusion and disappointment has resulted from the fact that people have not realized the difference between the tvro points of view from which gardening may be considered, viz, as a direct aim in itself and simply as a means toward a given end. " Experience proves that nature teaching or gardening should be the center point of all the other work of any school children up to at least 9 years of age, and it should certainly have a large place in the work of schools for scholars of more advanced age." The author describes the gardening work at her own school, in which the chil- dren are taken in small groups for work. It has been found that 8 or 10 chil- dren are all that one teacher can direct advantageously unless it be in such t operations as weeding and watering. With .50 or 60 children the work becomes overorganized and its value is lost in drill. School g-ardening- at Greenville. Ohio, W. S. Rowe {Ohio Ed. Mo., J7 (1908), No. 2, pp. .'i9-56, figa. 2). — An account of the motives prompting the experiment, interest awakened in the homes, provision for ground, tools, and seed, the thoughtful planning and careful direction required, the vacation work (essen- tially truck gardening), the class of pupils electing the truck gardening, some problems which had to be solved, a device to keep up interest and enthusiasm, the cost of garden and its ample returns, and the economic, educational, and other results. Arbor day — the American spring festival, W. C. Lee {Forestry and Irrig., U'l {1908), Xo. .'f. pp. 201-200. figs. J). — An account of Arbor Day observance in different States and what it has accomplished. The farm hoys' encampment, S. il. .Jordan {Mo. Bd. Agr. Spec. Bid., 1901, Dec pp. 21, figs. o). — This is an account of an encampment of farm boys on Glenview Farm, near McCurry, Mo., August 19-23, at which a corn show was held and entertainment and instruction were given. The instruction was on breeding and cultivating corn and demonstration of implements. Proceedings of the spring meeting of Farmers' Annual Normal Institute and State Board of Agriculture, A. L. Martin {Penn. Depf. Agr. Bui. 161, pp. 210. figs. 9). — This l)u]letin includes the addresses and discussions at the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture. Allentown. Pa.. June 4, 1907. Among the addresses relating to-agricultural education are the fol- lov»-ing: The Successful Farmer's Education, by W. S. Owens, and Rural Edu- cation, by A. C. True. Bird life: Its relations to the farmer. T. H. Scheffer {Industrialist, Agr. Ed. Scr., 1 {1901). Xo. .5. pp. 81-106, figs. 11,). — A study of bird life, in which the following phases are considered : Place of birds in the animal kingdom, their external structure and other structural features, their classification, the object of ])ird study, birds in their general relations to farm crops, migration, I'-ird diaries, winter birds, some of our useful birds, birds of doubtful value, food habits, l)irds and the balance of power, natural enemies of birds, man as an enemy, nests and nesting, notes and colors, protecting and encouraging the birds, and how to study a bird. A list of reference material is appended. The story of cotton, Mary C. P.reex {Hampton Leaflets, a. ser.. If {1908), Xo. -'f, iJiJ, 24, fi'ja- '•-)i — This circular is intended for the use of teachers and 94 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. includes !) siiuplo exercises on seed testinj;. depth of plantinj;, some essentials for serniiuation, liow iilants grow, disposition of surplus water in plants, effect of exclusion of air on iilant growth, effect of too much water in soil, and where roots increase in length, as well as a study of the cotton plant in the school garden plat and of its products after it is picked. Notes on drainag'e, E. It. Jones (Madison, Wis., J 90S, i>i). IGli, figs. ,:?.J). — This is a text-book dealing with class-room, field, and laboratory exercises for stu- dents of land drainage. Prepara^ry to the lessons dealing strictly witli drain- age are a number of chapters on surveying, containing instructions concerning linear and angular measurements, subdivision of land, methods of mapi)ing, the use of different instruments, and problems in surveying. The lessons relating to di'ainage deal with moisture and its relations to the soil and methods of artificial drainage and principles govei-ning it. Numerous exercises for practice are given. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Beport of Porto Rico Station, 1907 (Porto Rico Sta' Rpt. 1907, PI). 55). — This report contains, in addition to a summary by the director of the investigations conducted at the station, separate reports for the physiologist, horticulturist, entomologist and plant pathologist, and coffee expert, and an article on The Fermentation of Cacao and of Coft'ee. The experimental work reported is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-fourth Annual Report of Wisconsin Station, 1907 ( Wisconsin ^ta. Rpt. 1901', pp. VII+'i37). — This includes the organization list of the station, a report of the director on the work of the station during the year, numerous articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, registers of licensed feeding stuffs and fertilizers and their guaranties, lists of exchanges and donations, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 11)07. Laws applicable to the United States Department of Agriculture (Wash- ington: U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Solicitor, 1908, pp. 255). — A compilation of the provisions of law pertaining to this Department in force July 1, 1907. The conservation of natural resources, G. Pinchot (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farm- ers' Bui. 327, pp. 12). — An address delivered before the National Geographic Society. January 31, 1908, in which attention is directed to the necessity of immediate conservation of the natural resources. The concerted action of for- estry associations, waterway associations, irrigation associations, and related bodies is suggested as a means of bringing about a new point of view on the part of the general public to lead to tlie adoption of u defluite policy. NOTES Connecticut College and Storrs Station. — G. H. Lamson, jr.. iut^tructor in geolojiy, ornitLiology, eutomology, aiul physiology in the oollegf, has been ap- pointed entomologist in the station. F. II. Stoneburn, formerly connected with the poultry work of the college and station, has been appointed iionltryman, vice C K. Graham, whose resignation has been previously noted. Florida Station. — Alfred Dickenson has accepted the position of gardener, vice "William Hess, whose resignation has been previously noted. Georgia College. — The State genei-al assembly has appropriated $105,000 for maintenance and improvements for the college of agriculture for the next bieu- nium. It has also turned over the entire net proceeds from the oil and fertilizer taxes to the district agricultural schools. It is estimated that each school will receive $7,500 from this fund this year. Guam Station. — In accordance with the current Federal agricultural appro- priation act, authorizing the establishment of an experiment station in the Island of Guam, Dr. W. H. Evans of this Office visited the island the past sum- mer and selected a site for the station at Agaua. The station will be conducted under the immediate supervision of this Office, with H. L. V. Costeuoble as agent in charge. Hawaii College. — E. E. Porter, assistant in animal husbandry in the Mary- land College, has been elected professor of animal husbandry. Hawaii Federal Station. — ^A new insectary, protected against insect pests by screens and by erection on ant-proof pillars, has been completed for use in the breeding work with injurious and beneficial insects, D. T, Fullaway has been appointed assistant entomologist in connection with the breeding work with scale insects and insects injurious to domestic animals, notalily sheep maggot and horn fly. At the urgent request of growers the station is to devote special attention to pineapple and rubber culture. With pineapples the work will include a study of the fertilizer requirements, the soil conditions which lead to yellowing, and pineapple diseases. Experimental i)lants covering 0 acres have been established on land furnished by two of the leading pineapple companies of the Island of Oahu, and arrangements have been made whereby a plant pathologist from the Sugar Planters' Station will cooperate in a study of pineapple diseases, the results to be published by the Federal Station. With rubber, extensive investigations are contemplated as to the economics of the industry in the islands, the best methods of tapping, and various other points connected with the fertilization, cultivation, and care of rubber trees. The Board of Commissioners of the Bureau of Agriculture and Forestry has passed a resolution diverting, during the present fiscal year, $1,300 of its funds for the purpose, the work to be under the supervision of the station. Hawaii Sugar Planters' Station. — C. F. Eckart, director of the division of agriculture and chemistry and business director of the station, has been given a year's leave of absence, during which Noel Deerr will act as director of the division of agriculture and chemistry and L. Lewton-Brain as business director. 05 96 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tbo division of patbolo.i:y aiid pli.vsiolo.ii.v has recently extended the scope of its work, and is investigatini; a serions disease of the forests of windward Maui. L. D. Larsen, a recent graduate of the Massachusetts College, has been appointed assistant pathologist in connection with this work and has entered upon his duties. W. R. Potter has been appointed illustrator, vice W. E. Chambers, who has accepted a similar ap])oiiitment with this Department. Purdue TJniversity and Station. — The school of agriculture and the station are planning a nianinuitb cxbiblt at the State fair, where a s))ecial building has been recently remodeled and equipped for the purpose by the State board of agriculture. Results of exjieriments will be presented by collections of grains and fruits, photograi>lis, charts, and in similar ways. A special exhibit of stock feeds and fertilizers will be made and demonstrations in making and applying spraying mixtures, judging stock, and seed selection will be given daily. In the dairy division milk testing and separating, cream ripening, and butter mak- ing will be carried on throughout the week, and exhibits of butter, cheese, and dairy equipment will be open for inspection. Experts to answer questions and explain the work in detail will be available for each of the exhibits. Carleton Cutlei'. of the Vermont Station, has been appointed assistant chemist. Louisiana University and Stations. — Ernst A. Bessey, pathologist in charge of the Subtropical LaI)oratory and (iardens of this Department, has been ap- pointed professor of botany in the university. In the Sugar Station H. P. Agee has been appointed assistant director to succeed R. E. Bloiaiu, who has accepted the directorship of an experiment station in Argentina. Dr. Fritz Zerban has resigned as chemist to become director of the Sugar Experiment Station at Lima, Peru. R. E. Graham has been appointed assistant chemist. George Tiebout has accepted the jiosition of assistant horticulturist of the stations and will be located at Roseland. Massachusetts College. — The main section of tlie new college barn, erected in 1007 to replace a similar structure destroyed by fire, was burned to the ground on August 15, together with 3.3 head of live stock, about .$4,000 worth of farm machinery, and $4,500 worth of hay. The cattle stable and dairy wing, sepa- rated from the main barn by a cement. wall, escaped serious injury, as did al.so the cement silos. The total loss is estimated at about $27,000. The cause of the fire has not been determined. W. P. B. Lockwood has been appointed assistant professor of dairying. Michigan College and Station. — As a part of the extensive reorganization of the agricultural work, divisions of animal husbandry, dairy husbandry, soils and farm crops have been established, with H. W. Norton, A. C. Anderson, J. A. Jeffery, and the director in charge respectively of these divisions. H. J. Eustace, expert in fruit storage in the Bureau of Plant Industry of this De- partment, has been apjiointed professor of horticulture in the college and horti- culturist in the station. Other recent appointments include the following assistants: M. A. Yothers, entomology: F. A. Spragg, farm crops; C. B. Colling- wood, chemistry, and Misses Z. Northrop and L. M. Smith, bacteriology. Mississippi College and Station. — Dr. ,J. C. Roberts, veterinarian, and Glenn W. Herrick, entomologist, have resigned, their resignations becoming effective Septemlier 15. Missouri University and Station. — C. Stuart Gager, of the New York Botanical Gardens, has been appointed professor of botany in the university and botanist in the station. L. Haseman, assistant entomologist, and C. W. Rine, assistant animal husbandman, have resigned, the former to take up graduate work at Cornell University and the latter to engage in commercial work. The station veterinarian is meeting with remai-kable success in the inocula- tion of liogs against cholera, the work being done in conjunction with this liTOTES. 97 Deitartnieut. The dem;iud from funuers for the antitoxin has far exceeded the supply and efforts are under way to produce it in sufficient quantity. It is found that only limited amounts can be obtained from immune hogs, but it is hoped that other animals, possibly horses, can be utilized for the purpose. The station correspondence with farmers is larger than ever before. This increase is ascribed to a great extent to the i)lan now being followed whereby each department has charge of tlie dissemination of its results through multi- graph letters and similar means. The country newspapers of the State are also actively cooperating in the work, showing gi'eat willingness to publish notes of interest from the college and station. Montana Station. — Edmund Burke, assistant chemist and meteorologist, has been appointed chemist, and IJeul^en M. Pinckney, assistant in chemistry at the University of Nebraslca, lias been appointed assistant chemist. Nebraska University and Station. — C. W. Pugsley has been appointed associate professor of animal husbandry in the university and assistant in the station. New Jersey Stations. — George G. Claiming has resigned as field and green- house assistant and Arthur J. Farley, a graduate of the Massachusetts College in 1908, has been appointed assistant horticulturist. Cornell University. — Arrangements have been completed by the extension department whereby a special agricultural train is to be sent out over the lines of the Erie Railroad in the near futm-e. North Dakota College and Station. — According to a note in Science, F. J. Seaver, assistant botanist, has been appointed director of laboratories in the New York Botanical Garden. A .$10,000 brick seed house and root cellar and a .$2,000 machinery shed 40 liy 112 feet have been completed, and the contract has been let for a horticultural green house to cost $6,000. Oklahoma College and Station. — In accordance with a new State law, repre- sentatives from the various country farmers' institutes recently met at the college for the election of a State board of agriculture and the holding of a general round-up institute. The board of agriculture, which acts as the board of regents for the college and station, is now constituted as follows: J. P. Con- nors (president), Canadian; J. C. Elliott (vice-president), Pauls Valley; E. "White (treasurer), McLoud ; R. F. Wilson, Valliant; G. T. Bryan, Perry; D. Diehl, Hobart; T. Rice, Hitchcock; R. AV. Lindsay, Choteau ; A. C. Cobb, Wagoner; J. W. Corley, Howe, and F. Ikard, Chickasha. W. L. English resigned as director of the station August 24 and B. C. Pittuck has been appointed acting director. W. T. McDonald has resigned as animal husbandman in the college and station and has been succeeded by W. A. Link- later, of the Washington College and Station, as previously noted. Cornelius Beatty has been appointed chemist in the station, vice A. G. Ford resigned, and R. O. Raird has lieen appointed assistant chemist. The department of botany has l)een transferred in both the college and station from the department of entomology to that of horticulture, and an additional assist.ant in horiculure, L. M. Montgomery, of the Colorado College, has been appointed. The Cotton Conference and Cotton Grading School held at the college during August was largely attended. About .300 delegates and visitors registered for the first week of the conference, and about 100 farmers, merchants, bankers, and cotton buyers were in attendance duiMng the two weeks of the school. Pennsylvania College and Institi:te of Animal Nutrition. — Frank D. Gardner, of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has accepted the professorship of agronomy in the college and has entered upon his duties. In the Institute of Animal Nutrition, John W. Calvin, of the Kansas College has been appointed assistant, vice F. W. Christensen who has been given a year's leave of absence 98 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. for study, niid I). ('. ('uclii-;iiu' and li. i\ Junes have l)een appointed assistants, vice F. S. Putney and W. II. Melntyre. resi^'ued. Porto Rico Station. — George L. Fawcett, of the Sul)tropi(ai Laboratory and Garden of this Department, has Iteen apiiointed assistant in ]>l:nit i)ntliolos;y and has entered upon his duties. Clemson College. — 1). X. Rarrow, who has been engaged in the South in the farmers" cooperative denionstratiou work of this Department, has been appointed director of the agricultural department and professor of agriculture in accord- ance with the recent plan of providing separate forces for the instruction and station work in that State. He will enter upon his work at once. According to a note in Science, Dr. ('. H. Shattuck. of Washburn College, has been appointed to the chair of I>otany and forestry. Tennessee University and Station. — The 1908 session of the Summer School of the South, held at the university June 15 to July 25, was extremely success- ful. About two thousand students, mostly teachers from Tennessee and other southern States, were enrolled. About 125 elected the agricultural work in which for the first time courses were arranged sufficient to occupy the whole time of the students. These courses were conducted throughout the session aud included plant life, horticulture, animal life, animal husbandry, and agri- cultural education, election of four of these courses being required. J. X. Price has resigned as dairyman aud has been succeeded by F. H. Dennis. James Tyler has resigned as poultryman in the station. Texas College and Station. — R. T. Milner, State commissioner of agriculture, has been elected president of the college to succeed H. H. Harrington, who will devote his entire attention to the directorship of the station. E. Pv. Kout' of San Marcos has been appointed to the commissionership of agriculture, thereby becoming an ex-officio member of the board of directors. It is expected that the next legislature will establish a number of additional substations. Virginia College and Station. — Dr. W. J. Quick has resigned as dean of the agricultural department in the college, retaining his work in animal husbandry, and has been succeeded as dean by H. L. Price, the horticulturist. Dr. Howard S. Reed of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has assumed the duties of plant pathologist in the college aud station vice Dr. Meade Ferguson, who has accepted the position of bacteriologist to the State board of health. W. D. Saunders has been appointed State dairy and food commissioner. He will re- tain the superintendeucy of the college creamery, but will be succeeded as pro- fessor of dairying in the college and dairyman in the station by W. K. Brainerd. formerly of the West Virginia University. W. L. Mallory. a 1908 graduate of the college, has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry and agronomy for work on Adams fund projects. Washington College and Station.— Dr. H. B. Humphrey, recently connected with Leland Stanford Jr. University, has been appointed assistant professor of botany in the college and assistant botanist in the station, assuming these duties' September 1. G. A. Olson, of the Wisconsin University and Station, has been appointed assistant chemist in the station, vice H. R. Watkins. whose resigna- tion has been previously noted. W. H. I^awrence. superintendent of the Puyal- lup Substation, has been appointed plant pathologist in the station and will devote a considerable portion of liis time to studies of plant diseases in western Washington. E. E. Elliott has resigned as agriculturist to become dean of agriculture in the T'niversity of Idaho. C. H. Goetz. a postgraduate student at the University of Michigan, has been appointed instructor in forestry. Wyoming University and Station. — T. F. McConnell has resigned as animal husbaudmuu to engage in commercial work and bus been succeeded by A. D. SfOTES. 99 Faville of Wisconsin. Dr. O, L. Prieu lias assnmed the duties of instructor iu veterinary science in tlie university and veterinarian iu the station. H, T. Nowell has resigned as irrigation engineer and has been succeeded by J. C. Fitterer. Prospective Meetings of Agricultural Workers in Washington. — Arrangements have been completed whereby a number of organizations of agricultural workers will hold meetings in Washington in November. The Association of Othcial Agrijultural Chemists will be in session from November 12-16, the Society for the rromotiou of Agricultural Science on November lO, the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers ou November 16 and 17, and the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations from November 17-19. National Corn Exposition. — The second National Corn Exposition will be held at Omaha in December. As a special feature extensive educational exhibits by a number of agricultural colleges and experiment stations are contemplated, these to be of such a character as to give visitors an idea of the work carried ou by these institutions. Commission on Rural Life. — A commission has been appointed by President Roosevelt to make recommendations touching the betterment of the social, sanitary, and economic conditions of American farm life. Dean L. H. Bailey, of Cornell Fniversity, has accepted the chairmanship of the commission, the remaining members of which consist of Henry Wallace, editor of Wallace's Farmer, President K. L. Butterfleld of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, (iifford Pinchot of the Forest Service of this Department, and Walter H. Page, editor of World's Wurk. Agricultural High Schools in Oklahoma. — In accordance with the law passed by the first State legislature of Oklahoma providing for the establishment and mainteuauce of agricultural schools of secondary grade in each supreme court district of the State, 2 schools have been established this year, one known as the Murray State School of Agriculture, located at Tishomingo in Johnston County and the other at Warner in Muskogee County. These State schools will offer no courses of instruction other than industrial courses. Each school has an appropriation for the first year of .$20,000 for buildings and $12,000 for maintenance. One-fourth of the maintenance fund for each school must be expended in developing agricultural experiments in the field, barn, orchard, shop, and garden. The Tishomingo School has 120 acres of land and the Warner School, 160 acres. These a*nd the other similar schools in the State will be under the supervision of the State Commission of Agricultural and Industrial Education, which con- sists of the State superintendent of public instruction, E. D. Cameron, the president of the State Board of Agriculture, .J. P. Connors, and the president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College, J. H. Connell. The Murray School will open this fall and will be in session 8 months. Smith's Agricultural School. — Plans have been adopted for the main building of this school, which is to be opened during the fall. A two-story red brick structure, with limestone trimmings, 200 by 69 ft., is contemplated, compris- ing offices and administration rooms, an auditorium, an arena for athletic sports, physical and chemical laboratories, class rooms, etc. Farmers' Summer School for Negroes. — Clark University, Atlanta, Ga., held from August 3 to S, a well-attended farmers' summer school especially for the education of the negroes. The instruction consisted of lectures by agricultural experts iu the South on the following topics: Farm Garden and Orchards. The Plow—its Care and Adjustment, Fall and Winter Plowing, The Best System of Itentiug Farm Lauds, Management of Farm Labor, Selection of Seed Cottou 100 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and Seed Corn for Planthii;, Cave of the Dniry Ilord. Improvenient of the Cot- ton I'lant, IIow to Extend the Knral School Term. Ilarvestnii? Corn and (Cotton, How to Keep Boys on the Farm, Keeping the Farm Neat and Attractive. Ponltry Kaisinj;, Insects Injnrious to Farm Crojis. etc. Agricultural Education. — The Iowa State Fair and Exposition ofifered prizes amountins? to Jj^CtOO to the boys and .irirls of Iowa taking; part in contests at the fair Angust 22. The boys competed for first, second, and third i)rizes of $2(M», $100. and $25. respectively, in a corn-jndgin.i: contest, and the .sirls for prizes of $100, .$,"»(), and $2.j for preparing food products and giving reasons for their methods of work. I'rof. W. C. Palmer, who has been at the head of the department of agri- culture of the Winona Agricultural Institute, Winona Lake. Ind.. has been made dean. He is enlarging the work of the Institute by the addition of new courses and new members to the faculty. The practical 2-year course is being improved, and an advanced 4-year course leading to a degree and a normal course have been added. The courses are modeled after that of the Minnesota School of Agriculture. According to Journal (VAgriculture Tropiculc of April 30, 1908. there has been established at Havre, France, by a number of merchants and members of the cotton association of that city a Practical Colonial School, which is designed as a training school for artisans and others in the agricultural, industrial, and commercial exploitation of the French colonies. Lecturers have been chosen from among siiecialists in colonial affairs who will give instruction in different cultures, particularly tliat of cotton, and in colonial hygiene and other aft'airs pertaining to tropical countries. It is expected that about three years will be required for the proper coordination of the different departments of the institu- tion. At present it consists of a collection of cotton ginning and compressing machines of different types, a conference hall, a library of colonial publications, and a colonial museum. Miscellaneous.— Dr. H. D. Hou.se, formerly of the Clemson College and Sta- tion, has been appointed associate director in the Biltmore Forest School. H. H. Cousins has been appointed director of agriculture and island chemist in Jamaica, vice William Fawcett, resigned. A new fellowship, the Monro Fellowship, has been established at Cambridge, to which T. B. Wood. Drapers' professor of agriculture, has been elected. AV. W. Rawson, prominent as seedsman, market gardener, and writer on horti- cultural topics, died August 9, at Arlington, Mass., at the age of 61 years. H. D. Everett, superintendent of the division of forest administration of the Philippine Bureau of Forestry, was murdered by natives in the island of Negros during the early summer. He was 2S .vears of age, o •' ' "/■ EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., AxsL^tani Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers— W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology— W. H. Evans, Ph. D. , Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition— C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agrotechny, Dairy Farming, and Dairying— R. D. Milner. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal,"C. F. Langworthy, and K. D. Milner. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. Rural Engineering — Rural Economics— J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. 2. Editorial notes: Page. The work of moor land experiment stations 1 01 The field of the insular experiment stations - . -• 105 The experiment station in Guam 1 07 Recent work in agricultural science 109 Notes 196 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Joint recommendations of the committees on protein nomenclature 109 A suggestion for a new unit of energy, Armsby 109 A supposedly new compound from wheat oil, Gortner 109 Physical and chemical properties of the fat of the common chestnut, Paladino . 109 Rotatory power of alcoholic extracts of cereal proteids, Lindet and Ammann. 109 The relation between refraction and iodin value in pork fat, Halfpaap 109 Preparing odorless fatty acids from fish oil, Sandberg 110 Hydrolyzing and oxidizing bacteria of fat, de Kruyff 110 Contribution to study of composition of starch grains, Gatin-Gruzewska 110 Concerning the composition of the starch grain, Gatin-Gruzewska 110 Note on vegetable phosphatids, H, Winterstein and Hiestand 110 The formation of aldehyde or ketone in acetic fermentation, Farnsteiner 110 The action of anilin colors on diastase and pepsin, Sato 110 Coloring matter in apple juice, Kulisch 110 The determination of carbon, Pouget and Chouchak Ill Determination of phosphoric acid, Pawlenko Ill Alkalimetric estimation of phosphoric acid by Neumann's method, Gregersen. Ill Determination of free sulphuric acid in superpliosphates, Pomaski Ill* Methods and apparatus for nitrogen and phosphoric acid in fertilizers, Rousset. Ill The determination of hardness and carbon dioxid in waters, Noll Ill Practical treatise on the analysis of foods, Gerard and Bonn 1 1*^ I n CONTENTS. Page. Analytical methods and communications regarding food materials, etc 112 MicrografihiciU examination of meat powder, Peltriaot 112 The e.stiniation of boric acid in licjuid eggs, Parkes 112 The Burt^tcrt method of determining fat in cheese, Miihlbach 112 Method for the complete analysis of vegetable products, Alhahary 112 The estimation of starch in maize, Frauk-Kamenetzky " 112 Oflicial analysis of Ku^isian high-grade sugars 113 Concerning the Marpmaim reaction for honey, Utz 1 IS The detection of cherry juice in raspberry juice, Jonscher 118 Examination of white wine colored with paiched chicory, Popescu 118 Ester estimation in wine, Austerweil and Pacottet 113 Lactic acid in wiue, Paris 113 The precipitation method for the estimation of oils, Howard lU The quantitative estimation of total sulphur in urine, Schulz 113 The methods of analysis of raw rubber, Speuce 1 13 Miscellaneous analysis, Hartwell 113 Modification of the Soxhlet extractor. Wood, jr 113 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Precipitation, run-off, and evaporation on the earth's surface, Fritzsche 114 Kinds aud distribution of viable micro-organisms in atmosphere, Flemming.. 114 Monthly Weather Review 114 Meteorological work [of the Alaska Stations] , Georgeson 115 Climate of Kansas, Jennings 115 Meteorological ol^servations at the Massachusetts Station, Ostrander et al 115 Meteorological observations 115 Report of meteorologist, Helme 115 Weather of the year 1907 in Switzerland, Billwiller 115 Meteorological observations in Surinam and Curagao, 1907 115 ThecUmate of the British Isles, Watt 115 Climate of the Bahama Islands, Fassig 115 Forests and rainfall, Henry 116 The level of underground water in forests and in the open, Ototzky 116 The level of subsoil waters with regard to forest, Pearson 116 Changes of methods in water resources work of Geological Survey, Hoyt 116 Effect of low temperature on bacteria in ice. Sparks 116 Sewage purification works of the State Agricultural School, Minnesota, Bass. . 116 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil studies, II: Acid soils, Blair and Macy 116 Some notes on soil acidity, Morse aud Curry 117 A natural model for the formation of dunes, Gunther 117 Washington soils, Thatcher 117 Summary of the soil survey of the State, Thatcher 118 Analyses of soils [of grass lands], Taylor 118 Humid and arid soils of Rio Verde, Garcia Oses 118 The origin of the fertile soils of western Morocco, Gentil 118 Notes on Egyptian and Soudan soils, Hughes 118 Contribution to the knowledgeof the lands and agriculture of Syria, Auhagen. 1 19 Soils [of the INIalay States] and their analysis, Bamber 119 Classification of soils. Rebel lo da Silva 119 The nomenclature of soils, Pardo y Urbina 119 Physiography for high schools, Salisbury 119 Land ruin compared with soil improvement, Hopkins 119 On the deep cultivation of soils, Strecker 119 Methods of soil toxicology, Schreiner and Shorey 120 The cause of soil sickness 1 20 Bacteriological investigations with reference to the drying of soils, Rahn 120 Influenceof composition of medium upon solvent action of soil bacteria. Brown. 120 On the activity of bacteria in soils, Vogel 121 Atmospheric nitrogen, Woolcock 121 Bacteria inoculation in the culture of leguminous plants, Simon 121 The assimilation of free nitrogen by micro-organisms, Boullaneer 121 Note on de Rossi's article on organisms which produce tubercles, Perotti 121 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Contribution to the knowledge of denitrification processes, Kiihl 121 The construction of manure pits and tlie preservation of manure, Cornelius. . . 121 Plans for the construction of manure pits, Friz 1 22 Demonstration experiments with fertilizers in Carinthia, Svoboda 122 Experiments with fertilizers on sandy soils in bad cultivation, Clausen ] 22 Influence of fertilizers on the compositi( tn of wheat, Snyder 122 On nitrogenous fertilizers and their application, Lavenir 122 Nitrate-! as soil renovators, Schreiner and Reed 122 Nitrogen capacity of soils with fertilization with nitrate of soda, Pfeiffer 122 Lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, II, Lohnis and Sabaschnikoff 123 Investigations on lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, Lohnis and Sabaschnikoff. 123 Experiments with new nitrogenous fertilizers, Malpeaux 124 Experiments with calcium cyanamid. Hall 124 Nitrolime, Ragondet 124 Effect of addition of sodium to deficient amounts of potassium, Hartwell et al. 124 The partial substitution of potassium by sodium as a plant food, Hartwell et al. 125 Wliat is the relation of the increase in yield of barley produced by phosphatic fertilizers to the phosphoric acid content of the soil ? Pijz 1 25 Phosphorus and humus in relation to Illinois soils, Hopkins 125 On the behavior of minerals in soils, Vinassa de Regny 125 Effect of lime and gypsum on the solubility of potassium, Morse and Curry. . . 125 Effect of lime upon availability of soil constituents, Guthrie and Cohen 125 Experiments with limeand crushed limestone on Pennsylvaniaclay loam, Frear. 126 Relation between effects of liming, and of nutrient solutions containing differ- ent amounts of acid, upon growth of certain cereals, Hartwell and Pember. . 126 Relation between acid in nutrient solutions and liming, Hartwell and Pember. 127 Analysis of a bample of synthetic calcium nitrate, Passerini 127 Tennessee white phosphate 127 Composition of ashes from Vesuvius, Comanducci 127 Kainit, Jubartre 127 Garbage tankage, McMurtrie 127 Analyses of fertilizers for consumers, Burd 127 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Scovell, Curtis, and Roberts 127 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 1 28 Licensed commercial fertilizers, 190.S, Woll and Olson 128 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The origin of the potato, Druery 128 Texas honey plants, Sanborn and SchoU 128 Poisonous properties of beans of Phaseolus luuatas, Dunstand and Henry 128 A quantitative study of transpiration, Clapp 129 Relation between size of the stomata and photosynthesis in grasses, Kolkunov. 129 The physiological function of potash in ])lants, Stoklasa 130 The influence of light and of copper on fermentation, Purvis and Wilks 130 On the variation of peroxidase in seeds, Brocq-Rousseu and Gain 130 Studies on variegation and some accompanying phenomena, Lindemuth 131 Recent investigations in plant breeding, Fruwirth 131 Reports of the plant culture stations in Denmark, 1905-6 and 1906-7 131 FIELD CROPS. Thirty years of crop rotations on the prairie soil of Illinois, Hopkins et al 131 Field crops [at Copper Center Station in 1907], Heideman 131 [Field crops at Rampart Station in 1907], Rader 132 Report of the Upi)er Peninsula Substation for 1905 and 1906, Geismar 132 Forage crops in northwest Texas, Conner 133 Grains and forage crops for northern Wisconsin, Moore and Delwiche 134 Wyoming forage plants and their chemit'al comjwsition. Knight et al 134 Alfalfa studies, Blinn 134 Clover seed in the Connecticut market, Jenkins and .Tagger 135 [Experiments in clover and corn selection]. Card - 135 Egyptian cotton in the southwestern United States, Kearney and Peterson. . . 135 How to Biake cotton growing pay. Carver 136 Rice investigations: Report of first year's experiments, Krauss - 136 Topography of the sugars and nonsugars in the sugar-beet root, Urban 141 IV CONTENTS. Page. Food requirements of seed beets, mother beets, and cuttings, Andrb'k et al . . . 141 An experiment in Swedish turnip culture, Canl 142 nOKTICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], Georgeson et al 142 Report of the liorticnlturist, Higgins 143 Keport of the South Ha\en Substation for 1906, Taft and Wilken 143 [Horticultujul crops of U])per Peninsula Substation], Geismar 144 Keport of the horticulturist, Garcia 144 Report of tlie horticultural division, Card 144 The cultivation and handling of goldenseal, Henkel and Klugh 146 Marketing the muskmelon, Lloyd 146 Notes on Brassica crosses, Sutton 146 How new fruits can be made by crossing, Fletcher 147 Horticultural districts of the State, Marshall et al 147 Fall and early winter injuries to trees and shrubbery by freezing, Selljy 147 The forcing of grafted American grape stocks, Drago 147 The tropical plants of commercial importance, de Wildeman 148 The date sugar palm ( Plurni.v si/lrestris), Banerjei 148 Ether and. the germination of seeds, Taubenhaus 148 A handbook for planning and planting home grounds, Manning 148 Laws of Massachusetts relating to public shade trees 148 FORESTRY. Forest economy, Huffel 149 State forestry "development, Rane 149 Contribution to the forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine 149 Forestry in the provinces of Malaga, (Grenada, Jaen, and Cordova 149 Forest administration in Icjwer Bengal for the year 1905-6, Lovegrove. . ...... 149 Fire conservancy in Burma, Bryant 149 Economic thinning of white pine, Hawes 149 Condition of cut-over longleaf pine lands in Mississippi, Holmes and Foster. . 150 Mexican timber, Butman 150 Austria's wood industry and lumber trade, von Engel. • 150 A treatise on the commercial uses of wood, Mathey 151 The arboretum of the National ^School of Streams and Forests, Jolyet 151 The evergreen trees of Colorado, Longyear 151 Notes on the bamboos of Indo-China, Crevost 151 The chestnut tree, Lavialle 151 Karite, argan, and other African sapotaceous trees, Perrot and Chevalier 151 Teak wood, Biisgen, Hosseus and Busse 152 Growing wattle bark, Millward 152 Willow culture in Holland, Hesseling 152 An effective screen for nurseries, Zavitz 152 The cultivation of Ficus elustica, Bald 152 Herea guyanensis in Surinam, Van Asbeck 152 A new [rubber-producing] forest species of Tonquin, Eberhardt 152 Observations on rubber-producing tree of Tonquin, J^berhardt and Bloch 152 DISEASES OF PLANTS. A contribution to the biology of wood-destroying fungi, Rumbold 153 Parasitism of Melampi/ruin pratense, Gautier 153 On the existence of Mijxoiiiomis }>dx, Trzebinski 153 A study of jUpfrgillas flarus, Brocq-Rousseu 153 Distorted barley heads, von Hegyi 153 Dry r( )t of corn, Burrill and Barrett 153 Diseases of the peach, Foex 154 A spot disease of potatoes, Swellengrebel 154 A Fusarium disease of potatoes, Appel 154 A leaf spot disease of sisal in German East Africa, Braun 155 The smuts of sorghum, Freeman and Umberger 155 The field treatment of tobacco root rot, Briggs 155 The susceptibility of various varieties of wheat to smut, Kirchner 156 • CONTENTS. V Page. Wheat nematodes 156 A contribution to the knowledge of cutting bed fungi, Ruhland 1 56 A di.«ease of globe artichokes, Trabut 150 A disease of lettuce due to Marsonia panattoniana, Appel and Laibach 156 [Apple diseases in Keiitucky], Garman 157 A disease of olives due to C>/li)idroq)orium, olinc n. sp., Petri 157 Yellows and some other important diseases of the peach, Phillips 157 Cacao pests of Trinicfad, Barrett 157 Cranberry diseases in Wisconsin, Shear 157 Some diseases of strawberries, Laibach 158 A pine disease 158 A disease of pine twigs, Petri 158 "Witches' brooms of Pinus sylvestris, Miiller 158 Fungusine as a smut preventive, McAlpine 159 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Report of the ornithologist, Surface 159 The lizards of Pennsylvania, Surface 159 Studies in metazoan parasitology in McManes laboratory of pathology, Sniitli. 159 The rule of arthropods in pathology, INIarotel 159 International catalogue of scientitic literature. L — General Biology 159 Report of the entomologist. Van Dine 159 Report of the entomologist, Tryon 160 Report of government entomologist, 1906, Pratt 160 Indian insect pests, Lefroy 160 The life history of the carpenter ant, Pricer 160 An automatic trap for night-flying moths, Friedrich 160 The control of snout beetles on beets, Wahl and Philp 160 The harlequin cabbage bug, Chittenden 161 The insect enemies of the boll weevil. Hunter, Newell, and Pierce 161 Development of Isosoma on Agropyron, W. and J. Van Leeuwen-Reynvaan . . 161 The national collection of Coccida?, Marlatt 161 Aspidlotus oslrescfurm'is, JMacdougall 161 San Jose scale in Oklahoma, Nicholson 161 Apple orchard pests in Kentucky, Garman 161 The codling moth in 1907, Melander and Trumble 161 Spraying for the codling moth, Melander 162 Annihilating the codling moth, Melander 162 Spraying for codling worm, Gossard 162 Eighth report of "Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Bedford and Pickering. . 16.'i Spraying apple trees, Garman 163 Insecticides and fungicides for use in the apjile orchard, Garman 164 Principles underlying the preparation of insecticides, Mansier 164 The cranberry insects of Wisconsin, Hardenberg 164 Treatment of grape roots for phylloxei'a, Faes 164 A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States, Banks 164 The influence of frost on tick life, Verney 164 Influence of high temperatures on the eggs of the silkworm, Quajat 165 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Some present-day problems of biological chemistry, Chittenden 165 The occurrence of nitrates in foods, Richardson 165 Imported meat foods of questionable wholesomeness, Buchanan 165 On inquiries with regard to the wholesomeness of tripe, MacFaddeh 165 Meat clubs, Doane 165 Statistics of the meat consumed and imported, 1902-1906, Betancourt 165 Powdered eggs, Norton 165 Concerning crab extract, IV, Ackermann and Kutscher 165 The proteolytic enzyms of certain vegetable food stuffs, Aron and Klempin. . 166 Milling of wheats, Brunnich 166 The milling quality of Washington wheat, Thatcher 166 The effect of nitrogen peroxid upon wheat flour, Alway and Pinckney 166 [Chemistry of the bleaching of flour], Avery 166 Studies of the cause of coloration in black bread, Bertrand and Mutermilch . . 166 VI CONTENTS. Page. Wheat and bread, Patourel 166 Chanjrea in rye flour due to molds, Anioldow 166 Comparative nutritive value of bread and zwieback, Belli 166 The vermicelli and alimentary pastes of Annam, Crevost 167 Studies of fruit I'uip called JSette flour, (ioris and Crete 167 Note on fruit juice statistics, Liilirig, Bobriscli, and llepner 167 Grai)e juice cordial 167 Concerning alcohol-free beverages, Mezger 167 Cocoa from the Gold Coast 167 Calorimetric and analytical studies of cocoa, Langljein 167 Enrilo, a new coffee substitute, Beitter 167 Hojts, Brunnich 167 Food analyses, Willard 167 Iiei)ort on food products for 1907, Allen and Card 168 Ice cream thickeners, Patrick 168 Concerning the requirements of the German pure food laws, Ki'mig. 169 Food law requirements, Abel 169 Notices of judgment 169 Hygienic cookery, Calvin 169 The Rising Sun Household Cookery Book, La Mont and Weedon 169 The kitchen manual, 1907, Rees 169 How to cook cowpeas, Carver 169 Saving the wild plum crop, Carver 1 69 Measuring food values, W ilson 169 Metabolism experiments with 32 children 3 to 6 years old, Miiller 169 Minimum protein requirement, Forster 169 A contribution to the study of calcium metabolism, Patterson 1 70 The imjiortance of calcium salts for the growing body, Aron and Sebauer 170 Influence of surrounding temperature on carbon dioxid output, Ignatius et al. 170 Concerning the rule of powdered meat, Lassabliere 170 The biological significance of lecithin, I, Glikin 171 The role of osmotic pressure in the phenomena of animal life, Demoor et al . . 171 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Experiments on the digestibility of prickly pear by cattle. Hare 171 The composition and digestibility of hay from sewage meadows, Volhard 172 The hay from sewage meadows and feeding calcium phosphate, Ehrenberg. . . 172 German potato flakes, Kehl 172 Dried grape marc as a feed for farm animals, Semichon 172 " Nsa-Sana" seeds from southern Nigeria 172 On some by-products from ethereal oil manufacture, Honcamp and Katayama. 172 Composition of Hawaiian feeding stuffs, Thompson 1 72 Feeding stuff inspection. Woods and Bartlett 172 Commercial feeding stuffs, Calvert 1 73 Licensed concentrated feeding stuffs, WoU and Olson 173 The digestion of different quantities of feed by swine, Katayama 173 Studies of nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur in vegetable products, Stutzer. . 173 Elimination of phosphorus by Herbivora, Gouin and Andouard 174 The action of fresh cola nuts on muscular work, Chevalier and Alquier 174 The influence of sexual function on metabolism, Tan'gl 174 The effects of environment and nutrition upon fertility, Marshall 174 Experiments in calf feeding, Gouin and Andouard 174 Skim milk for raising and fattening calves, Malpeaux 175 Feeding experiments with diastasolin, Reichert 175 Calf feeding, Strebel 175 Animal production in Argentina, Baldassarre 175 Cattle raising, Hnos 175 Cattle, French and foreign, Diffloth 175 The improvement of Egyptian cattle, Goodchild 175 Live and dead weight of Egyptian animals, McCall 175 Sugar for fattening sheep, Mai] teaux 176 An attempt to acclimatize sheep at Kelantan 176 Rations for fattening hogs, McDonald and Malone 176 Stock food for pigs, Wilson and Skinner 176 Some suggestions to farmers who kill their own hogs, Schuler 177 CONTENTS. VII Page. Notes on horse feedino;, Vital 177 Feediiii; tests witli I /ran inolasyes for horses, Pape 177 The feeding of tlie jmre blood horse, (irandeau 177 Tlie use of dried skim milk for feeding a pure blood horse, Peers 177 Proceedings of the Horse Breeding Congress, Paris, 1907, de Lagorsse 177 The grade stallion situation in Wisconsin, Alexander 178 Safety for new-laid eggs , 178 The marketing of poultry 178 Nationa 1 standard squab book, Rice 1 78 Breeding for squabs, Sotter 178 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING AGEOTECHNY. Sources of bacteria in milk, Esten and Mason 178 Bacterial and chemical changes in milk at low temperatures, Pennington 179 'J he milk of cows attiicted with foot-and-mouth disease, Cornalba 180 Tests of dairy C(Mvs, 1906-7, WoU and Harris 180 The Kirkee civil dairy, Fletcher 180 The problem of thi pour cow, Fraser 180 Why and how to test dairy cows, Fraser 180 oNlilk supply of Kentucky — Louisville, Allen 180 Dairy jn-actice at Kenai Station, Ross 180 The origin of the turnip taste of butter, Weigmann 180 Rusty cans and their effect upon milk for cheesemaking, Olson 181 Varieties of ch -ese, Doane and Lawson 181 Investigation of commercial rennet preparations. Burr and Berberich 181 The positidu of the oleomargarine industry in Sweden, Larson 181 The manufacture of starch from sweet potatoes, McDonnell 181 The pitting or puljiing of olives, Marcille 182 Vegetable butter, Cornalba 182 Extraction of beeswax, Alford 182 Technology of fats and oils, Hefter 182 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Therapeutic technique, Schlampp 182 Veterinary hygiene, Bonansea 183 Report of board of live-stock commissioners of Ohio, Calvert and Fischer 183 Report of civil veterinary department and of the Bengal college, 1906-7, Gait. 183 Annual report of the imperial bacteriologist, 1906-7 183 Morphological changes in the spleen in animals passively immunized, Jarotzky . 183 The latency of tetanus spores in the animal organism, Canfora 184 The mouse typhoid bacillus and the typhoid coli bacillus, Lotzer 184 The pathogenic effects of human viruses, Cobbett 184 The pathogenic effects of bovine viruses, Griffith 185 The infection of the organism with general tuberculosis, Pawlowsky 185 Morphological variation in the tubercle bacillus, Arloing 185 Tubercle bacilli in meatand lymphatic glands of tuberculous animals, Swierstra. 186 Ophthalmo-reaction to tuberculin. Valine 186 Cerebral traumatism and the reaction to tuberculin, Slatineano and Danielopol. 186 Immunity toward tuberculosis, Metalnikoff 186 A plan for eradicating animal tuberculosis, Rogers 186 The dissemination and control of tuberculosis in the bovine species, Moore 187 The diagnosis of blackleg, Warringsholz 187 Bacilli pyogenes horis and siiis and chronic inflammation of the lungs, Berger. . 187 The occurrence and frequency of streptococcic mammitis in cows, Riihm 187 Tick fever in cattle. Pound 187 Sheep dips, Quibell 187 Bacillus pseudotuberculosis in hogs, S6res and Guillaume 188 The hygiene and internal diseases of the horse, Morisot 188 Seborrhoic eczema in horses, Bang 188 Ophthalmo-reaction in glanders, Wladimiroff 188 Het)atic hemorrhage as a result of amyloid degeneration in horses, Noyer 188 The etiology of fowl plague, Prowazek 188 Coli-septicemia in fowls as a disease during transportation, Claussen 189 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Infectious inflammation of the air sacs in geese, Biigge 189 Penetration of toxins from parasitic worms into the body of the host, Weinberg. 189 Feedins;- ^^tuffs poisonous or injurious for animals, Dumont 189 The effect of digitalis and its glucosids upon various ruminants, Salvisberg 189 RURAL ECONOMICS. The agrarian question in the German economic system, Cronbach 190 The agrarian social problem in Spain, del Retamoso 190 [Papers relating to rural economics] 190. Small holdings in Hampshire, Nevvsham 190 The English jieasantry and the inclosure of common fields, Slater 191 Some reflections upon the reassignment of small farms, Kaeymaeckers 191 The law of April 10, 1908, relating to small holdings and cheap houses 191 The holdings of agricultural laborers. Convert 191 The opportunity of acquiring property afforded the agricultural laborer, Antoine. 191 Mutual agricultural credit, Decharme 191 Mutual credit and agricultural improvement, Virgili 192 Agricultural credit, de Eza 192 Agricultural labor, Hitchins 192 Crop Reporter 192 [Agricultural statistics of the Netherlands] 192 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The next step in agricultural education, Davenport 192 The township high schools of Ohio, Graham 192 Instruction in practical agriculture upon the university farm at Davis 192 Southern agriculture, Earle 193 Agriculture for Southern schools, Duggar 193 Elements of agriculture, Welborn 193 Agriculture in the elementary schools. Abbey 193 Rural school agriculture, Davis 194 How agriculture can be taught in our schools, Mankenberg 194 Horticultural education. Close 194 An elementary course in horticulture for the schools of Michigan, Fletcher. . 194 The adornment of rural school surroundings, Clothier 194 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Alaska Stations, 1907 194 Nineteenth Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1906 194 Twentieth Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1907 195 Annual Report of Hawaii Station, 1907 195 Twentieth Annual Report of Michigan Station, 1907 195 Eighteenth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1907 195 Twentieth Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1907 195 Southern California Pathological Laboratory and Citrus Station, Smith 195 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations «i the United States. Alabama Tuskegee Station: Page. Bui. 12, June, 1907 169 Bui. 13, Aug., 1908 169 Bui. 14, Apr., 1908 137 Alaska Stations: An. Kpt. 1907 115, 132,1.33,142,180,194 California Station: Circ. 35, Feb., 1908 195 Circ. 36, Mar., 1908 127 Circ. 37, May, 1908 192 Colorado Station: Bui. 128, Apr., 1908 135 Bui. 129, Mav, 1908 182 Bui. 130, May, 1908 151 Connecticut State Station: Bui. 160, June, 1908 136 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 51, Apr., 1908 178 Florida Station: Bui. 93, May, 1908 116 Georgia Station: Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1906 194 Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 195 Hawaii Station: An. Rpt. 1907 137, 143, 159, 172, 195 Illinois Station: Bui. 124, Apr., 1908 146 Bui. 125, May, 1908 131 Circ. 114, Jan., 1908 180 Circ. 115, Jan., 1908 ,_. 180 Circ. 116, Feb. , 1908 1 25 Circ. 117, Apr., 1908 153 Kentucky Station: Bui. 1 32, Dec. 31 , 1907 127 Bui. 133, Jan., 1908 157, 161,163,164 Bui. 134, Feb. , 1908 180 Maine Station: Bui. 156, Apr., 1908 172 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 233-234, May-June, 1908 115 Michigan Station: Spec. Bui. 40, Apr., 1907 143 Spec. Bui. 41, Apr., 1907... 143,144 Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907... 115,195 Mississippi Station: Bui. 109, Apr., 1908 194 New Mexico Station: Eighteenth An. Rpt. 1907.. 144,195 Ohio Station: Bui. 191, Feb., 1908 162 Bui. 192, Feb., 1908 147 Stations in the United States — Continued. Oklahoma Station: Bui. 79, Apr., 1908 161 Bui. 80, May, 1908 176 Rhode Island Station: Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 113, 115, 124, 126, 136, 142, 144, 195 South Carolina Station: Bui. 136, Apr., 1908 181 South Dakota Station : Bui. 105, Feb., 1908 176 Texas Station: Bui. 102, Jan., 1908 128 Bui. 103 134 Washington Station: Bui. 85, 1908 117 Bui. 86, 1908 161 Popular Bui. 5, Mar., 1908 162 Popular Bui. 6, May, 1908 166 Popular Bui. 7, June, 1908 118 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 158, Mar., 1908 178 Bui. 159, Mav, 1908 164 Bui. 160, ]\Iar., 1908 180 Bui. 161, Mar., 1908 135 Bui. 162, Apr., 1908 181 Bui. 163, Apr., 1908 128,173 Wyoming Station: Bui. 76, Mar. , 1908 135 U. S. Department of Agriculiurc. Notices of Judgment 1-4 169 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 105 (10 cents) ..: 181 Bui. 106 (10 cents) 171 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 15 (tech. ser.") (15 cents). 164 Bui. 16, pt. 1 (tech. ser.) (5 cents) 161 Circ. 103 161 Forest Service: Circ. 149 150 Bureau of Plant Industrv: Bui. 128 (15 cents) ." 136 Circ. 6 146 Circ. 7 155 Circ. 8 155 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 10, No. 8, Aug., 1908 192 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 36, Nos. 3-4, Mar. -Apr., 1908 (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 114,115 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. October, 1908. No. 2. With the expansion of experimental inquiries in agriculture in the United States there is growing interest in investigations dealing with the special needs of particular regions. This is leading to appropria- tions by State legislatures for substations. To be most effective these substations should be organized to work on definite problems indicated by their local environment. This is especially true in regions where the natural conditions require that agriculture must have a peculiar organization to be successful. This may be illustrated by the condi- tions existing in the regions in this country where irrigation or drainage is a fundamental requisite of agriculture. As an example of the organization of experiment stations with ref- erence to peculiar regional conditions, the work being done by the German Government with a view to the reclamation of moor lands is interesting, since it shows a well-directed specialization of experi- mental inquiries. The attention of our readers is therefore called to some observations on the moor experiment stations of Germany made by Mr. C. G. Elliott, chief of Drainage Investigations of this Office, as the result of a recent visit to these institutions in connection with a study of drainage conditions in Europe. The moor lands of Germany have long been celebrated in poet's song and upon painted canvas, yet in their natural state they are worthless for growing food plants, a barrier to travel between differ- ent sections of the Empire, and forbidding to the prospective home maker. There are more than 5,000,000 acres of these lands, most of them in Government ownership, which yield no revenue and support but few ]oeoj)le. Existing as they do in this land of intensive culti- vation, and in full view of people of acknowledged industry and scientific attainments, it is a matter of surprise that no greater progress has been made in utilizing them. As an inducement to their settlement, the Government at one time offered immunity from mili- tary service to such as would make homes upon the Government moors. Notwithstanding the efforts so far made to reclaim and utilize this vast area of waste land, only about 15,000 acres have been converted into productive fields. 101 102 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The upland moors are covered with the Callima vulgaris^ ordinarily called heather, which, when in bloom, has the appearance of red clover. The plant is an evergreen shrub, growing about a foot high, with foliage like our juniper or red cedar. Scattering birch trees and a few deciduous shrubs, in addition to the attractive bloom of the heather, make a pleasing scene and one which well merits the notice of the artist. The moors are immense beds of decayed mosses, among which the sphagnum genus largely predominates, and are from 6 to 15 feet deep. Underneath them, in some localities, is a stratum of sand, in others clay, and in still others lime rock. The several layers, which are easily traced when a section of the bed is made, indicate that different cycles of climatic conditions have attended the formation of this huge vegetable sponge. The entire mass is filled with water, and is imjoassable for large animals and nearly so for men. The more solid parts are dug out in brick form, dried in the open air, and used for fuel. The top 4 feet in depth, in many of the moors in northern Germany, is too light and spong}' for fuel. \Vhen dry this is passed through a machine with two rollers carry- ing hooks which pull the material to pieces, after which it is baled and shipped abroad to be used as bedding for live stock in barns in the place of straw, and for the manufacture of mattresses, and for other similar purposes. Some progress in utilizing this land for agriculture has been made in the more favorable localities by individuals, who have shown enter- prise and untiring industry. The lands lying in the valley of the Sal- zach River, near Salzburg, Austria, have been highly productive many years. These moors lie upon limestone, differing in that respect from those in northern Germany. Grasses grow exceedinglj'^ thick upon this soil, three good crops being gathered each season. Here fruits are grown to some extent, as well as all the cereal crops. The drainage is accomplished by open ditches, often as deep as 7 feet, placed parallel to each other about 70 feet apart. No lime is required in preparing the raw land for crops, but annual dressings of fertilizers containing potash and phosphoric acid, supplemented by barnyard manure, are a necessary part of their management. In late years the Government has established experiment stations, having for their sole object the reclamation of moor lands. Xotable among them are those at Hude and Ottersberg, in northern Germany, under the direction of Dr. Tacke; in the south, the principal one of which is at Bernau, under the direction of Dr. Baumann ; and those in the interior, under the direction of Dr. Schrieber. A cursory view of some portions of the moors which have been reclaimed in the vicinity of Hude reveals a most unique kind of agriculture. The highway, bordered by birch trees, is built upon the original surface of the land, while upon either side, and 8 feet below, are little meadows of grass, or fields of potatoes growing upon terraces EDITOEIAL. 103 arranged at various heights, which have been formed in the process of removing the peat for commercial purposes. Large ditches, afford- ing outlets for the drainage of the moors, have been excavated to the layer of sand, and lead directly to the river. It has been learned that any part of the turf can be removed and the place from which it was taken, ydien drained and treated with suitable fertilizer, can be made productive, that part Ij'ing 8 feet below the surface and near the sand base being as valuable as the original surface. The spongy and soft nature of the land requires special methods of management. The hekl lanes, as well as the public roads, must be well covered with sand to prevent the wheels of vehicles .from sinking too deeply into the muck. The horses must have broad footpads clamped to their hoofs whenever they are driven upon the fields. A large part of the culti- vation and joreparation of the soil for the crops must be performed by hand labor. The farm buildings settle unevenly and soon present a sorry appearance unless their foundations are sunk to the underlying sand or clay. As a sequence of the experimental work at- the Government moor culture stations a great impetus has been given to the development of these lands, which for centuries have lain idle. The resuUs obtained in the several parts of the Empire, and the assistance given to moor farmers, have imparted a confidence in the future of these lands which bids fair to gradually bring them into the agricultural domain. Par- ticular value attaches to the work of the station at Bernau, in Bavaria, bordering the Chiem See, at the foot of the Tyrol Mountains, where 5,000 acres of moor land lies in sight of the King's castle, a mile dis- tant, since it has brought into prominent notice some of the essentials of successful moor culture. As may be readily inferred, the first step in reclaiming these moor lands is drainage. The land is virtually a bog with water Wing at the surface, and held throughout most tenaciously by the vegetable spongy material of which the moor is composed. The usual practice among farmers is to dig ditches 2 feet deep and 45 feet apart, dividing the land into narrow strips which must always thereafter be culti- vated as separate fields. The station has shown that the ditches may be made 65 feet apart and 3 feet 8 inches deep, in which drain tile nuiy be placed after the ditches have lain open for two or three months. The ditches are then filled and level culture is practiced, resulting in great economy of labor and in the saving of about one- fortieth of the surface of the land, which in the ordinary method of draining would be occupied by open ditches. It was formerly held by those well versed in moor culture that drain tiles would not remain in alignment because of the continual settling of the land which fol- lows the removal of the water and subsequent cultivation. A careful record of the position of the water table of the drained moors shows 104 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. that the earth is always saturated at the level of the drains and that the settling of the earth is limited to that portion which lies above them. Clay tiles 2 'inches in diameter are used for all laterals, which are usually planned so as to be not more than 800 feet long. A suc- cessful method of measuring the volume of flow from the drains and of determining the position of the water table of the soil between them, and representing it above ground to the eye, has been put in operation at the station. The growing season in this locality is short and the winter long and severe, so that one summer season is required to efi'ect the drainage of the land. Hand labor must be relied upon in all the construction, and also largely in removing the native vegetation previous to seeding the ground. The proper control of the water content of the soil is considered essential. At the Bernau station good drainage is secured and suffi- cient moisture conserved by drains placed 3 feet 4 inches to 3 feet 8 inches deej3. Rains occur almost every week. The climate is cool, so that evaporation from the land is small. In northern Germany, however, where the strata underlying the turf are sand, somewhat facilitating the natural drainage, stops are sometimes placed in the outlet ditches for the purpose of holding the water within 2 feet of the surface. A considerable jDortion of this turf is of a less compact character than that previously described. In general a depth of 1 meter (or 39 inches) and lines laid 20 meters (or 65 feet) apart are found to give the best results in moor land. The cost of draining, even with labor as cheap as it is in that country, is about $35 an acre, and the cost of preparing the land for the first crop is $10 more, making the expense of draining and pre- paring land for the first crop about $45 an acre. Before improve- ment the land has a value of about $20 an acre, but after being re- claimed and prepared for the production of crops it is worth $200 an acre. It is reported at Bernau that the produce of the drained land nets $13 per acre annually. The director of the Bernau station has made the following offer to owners of moor land adjoining the station farm: The Government will drain the land and turn it over to the owners at the end of three years, well seeded to grass, asking only the use of the land during that period and $8 an acre additional to be paid b}^ the owner at the time the land is returned. Thus the owner will give $8 an acre and the use of the land for three years for the reclamation of his moor. This shows the financial side of the question quite clearly and indicates that the owners of these lands may safely undertake their reclamation. Drainage, though the first essential, is by no means the only re- quirement of these lands. Those having a sandy substratum require a liberal treatment of lime and also of fertilizers containing potash and phosphoric acid to fit them for producing the first crop. The EDITORIAL. 105 latter fertilizers must be applied to the land regularly each year, incurring an annual cost of from $3.50 to $4 an acre. Another result of these developments is that the speculative value of moor lands has advanced quite materiall}" in nearly all localities. "With good drainage the lands may be grazed profitably, though some care is required to keep intact the surface of those portions used for pasture. Meadow grasses, clover, oats, rye, potatoes, beets, and other root crops are grown successfully in the fields, and flowers and vegeta- bles in the garden. It may be said, however, that much remains to be learned regarding the proper fertilization of the land for the economic production of staple crops. The Government is prose- cuting this part of the investigation with great care and has attained a reasonable measure of success. Turning to the moor lands of America, it may be remarked that they are quite different from those in Germany in several important particulars. They are not usualh^ as deep as IG feet, and many of them have their origin in decayed sedges and grasses, the resulting turf resting upon clay or upon sand only 4 or 5 feet below the surface. The sphagnum moss lands in the north are less compact than the German lands of that class, being apparently of more recent geo- logical formation than those of Europe, Their characteristics, as far as drainage and natural fertility are concerned, are not far different, judging from the few results so far attained in this country. The work on German moors has demonstrated the practicability of making them profitably productive under conditions which exist there, namely, cheap labor, all arable land occupied, and a constant demand for staple crops at good prices. We are approaching these conditions in America, but are still quite distant from such as prevail in Ger- many. We are beginning, however, to look into the possibilities of our own moor lands. That they are less promising for agriculture than the alluvial swamp and wild lands which we are accustomed to reclaim is acknowledged, yet considering the attention which is now being directed to that portion of our domain, they merit careful examination and experimental treatment. The acquisition by this country of Hawaii, Porto Eico, and the Philippines has brought to the American people a number of agricul- tural problems that are pressing for solution. In the past these coun- tries have produced in important amount but one or at most a few crops. In Hawaii sugar, in Porto Rico sugar and coffee, and in the Philippines tobacco and Manila hemp ha^ c been the most important agricultural products. Many minor crops are grown, but of as impor- tant a crop as rice not enough is produced to meet the requirements and large quantities must be regularly imported. This is a direct result of the system of agriculture that has been developed in those countries, that of the large holder, either an 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. individual or a corporation, who employs a large number of peon or contract laborers. In most instances the estate is under the direction of a manager, whose desire is to secure a maximum yield with a min- imum outlay. In many cases this has resulted in the continuance of antiquated methods and finally in the utter impoverishment of the soil. There have been some exceptions to this rule, notably in Hawaii, where the methods followed on some of the sugar plantations can be cited as models for the tropical world. Since these insular regions have become a part of the United States, efforts have been made to develop their agriculture upon more rational lines. In 1901 agricultural experiment stations were estab- lished under the direction of the Office of Experiment Stations in Hawaii and in Porto Rico, and a system of agricultural stations is provided for by the local Government in the Philippines. Congress at its last session made an appropriation for the establishment of a station in Guam, and some preliminary work has already been begun on that island. At all of these stations the fundamental idea has been the diversification of agriculture. The single-crop system has in the past been a highly remunerative one to the employer, but it has not contributed very much" to the general welfare of the community. It tends to centralization of wealth and power, and the indiAndual ceases to be much of a factor in the economic development of the country as a whole. At all of the experiment stations attempts are being made not only to improve the present agricultural practices, but to intro- duce new crops and industries. In doing this it is believed that not only will the producing capacity of the countries be increased, but that many small holdings will be developed and made profitable and the islands filled with a more enlightened and contented population. In the establishment of these stations and the introduction of new crops and improved methods of cultivation, many unexpected diffi- culties have arisen. In the first place, it has been very difficult to secure and retain qualified men in these new and in many ways strange lands. Naturally the agricultural and other institutions on the main- land were drawn upon to supply the personnel of the new stations, but none of our institutions have courses that are especially adajjted to the needs of an investigator in the Tropics, The best that can be done under the circumstances is to get men with good general training along the lines of their various specialties, and allow them sufficient time to become adjusted to their new surroundings. Conditions of living, methods of agricultural practice, kinds of crops, etc., are so at variance with those upon the mainland that some time is required to adapt the old theories to new and unfamiliar conditions. Under the influence of tropical climates, man}" factors are wanting that are common in temperate zones. The influence of frost, pro- longed hibernation, resting periods, etc., are absent, and in their stead EDITORIAL. 107 we find continual gi'owing periods, varied by more or less pronounced dr}" and rainy seasons. Soils do not react as is often taught, ferti- lizer requirements vary, insect and fungus pests never cease their depredations, weeds are a greater pest than in temperate climates where annuals are limited in the lunnber of generations within a season and where frost checks for a time the growth of perennials, many and often strange diseases alfect farm animals — all these go to perplex the investigator in the Tropics. ]Many persons going into tropical regions have made the mistake of attempting radical changes in the methods of agricultural practice. Often the methods in vogue are the result of centuries of unconscious experimentation on the part of the agriculturists. Some things that ap]3ear very simple and easy of demonstration fail when put to the test. As an example, it was thought desirable to get away from the oriental method of rice growing that involves so much hand labor in transplanting the crop, and to substitute machinery by which the seed grain was drilled where the crop was to grow. Experiments carried on in Hawaii and in the Philippines have shown that under the existing conditions the oriental method gives the best results. Not only were larger yields secured from transplanted rice, but the cost of jDrodaction was decidedly less when the added labor of draining the fields, extra amount of seed, cost of machinery, etc., were considered. A rather discouraging feature of the work in the Tropics is the slowness with which demonstrated results are taken up and applied. For the most part the constituency of the stations are unappreciative and conservative in the extreme. New crops and unusual methods appeal to but a very few individuals, hence the progress noted is not rajDid. But, for the time they have been established, the stations have more than met the expectations of those fully acquainted with their organization, aims, and resources, and they have about completed their period of pioneering and are entering upon an era of great usefulness. Congress at its last session appropriated $5,000 for the establish- ment of an agricultural experiment station on the Island of Guam. During the past summer Dr. W. H. Evans of this Office visited the island and made preliminary arrangements for opening the station and starting experimental work on the improvement of the agriculture as now practiced. The Island of Guam is a fertile island of nearly 300 square miles, situated 1,200 miles east of the Philippine Islands, and was acquired as a naval and cable station. Formerly most of the 10,000 or 12,000 people inhabiting the island were engaged in agricultural pursuits. For various reasons, some of which were economic, others agricul- tural, many cultivators left their plantations and accepted other 57401— No. 2—08 2 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. employment, until now there is not sufficient food produced to properly sustain the inhabitants, llice and other foodstutl's are imported from Japan. The internal development work can not be continued on the same scale as formerly, and somethino- must be done to get the people back to their farms. Attempts will be made to introduce new meth- ods of cultivation, new varieties of standard tropical crops, and improved live stock, and to take up breeding and selection in con- nection with plants and animals. As rapidly as ])romising material is secured in quantity, the surplus will be distributed for the benefit of the farmers. AMiile the island is volcanic in origin, the hills are low, none of them exceeding 1,500 feet in elevation, and at least 05 per cent of the land is believed to be capable of cultivation. The renuiinder is nearly all forested with valuable timber or could be reforested at compara- tively little expense. The rainfall of the island averages nearly 100 inches per annum, and while most of it falls during July to Xovem- ber, the so-called rainy season, there are sufficient showers during the other months to permit of crop growing without irrigation. There are now some attempts at growing corn, rice, cotfee, cacao, and sugar cane, with extensive plantings of l^ananas, cocoanut, and breadfruit trees. In a smaller way, some beans, tobacco, sweet potatoes, yams, etc., are grown and it is with these crops that the first work will be done. Considerable introductory work had already been carried on in cooperation with the Hawaii Station, and this will be continued until the best of the agricultural and horticultural products of that Territory are represented in Guam. There appears to be a woeful lack of cultivated grasses and of pas- tures, except in the savannas, which are covered with coarse grass that is not palatable to stock except for a short time. Already some of the varieties of grass that have proved especially adapted to the tropical regions of Hawaii and the Philippines have been sent to Guam, and others will be added as fast as possible. The introduction of leguminous plants in cropping will undoubtedly prove of benefit not only for the forage they will produce, but for their renovating power upon lands that have become impoverished by a long-continued cropping without adequate preparation of the soil. For several years a pest of the cocoanut trees seemed to threaten the most important industry of the island. It is a kind of mealy bug that attacks the young plants within the leaf sheath, and when present in great numbers often destroys the plant. This was thought to be one of the first problems needing attention, but- there appears to be evi- dence that it is not gaining in importance and that either through parasitism or some other cause its threatened invasion is at least tem- porarily checked. How^ever, studies have been begun upon the insect, and should it again appear in abundance means for its control will probably be at hand. RECENT AVORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Joint recommendations of the physiological and biochemical committees on protein nomenclature (Science, n. i^er., 27 (1908), \o. 6V2, pp. o5-'i-5.')i}). — The recommeudatious adopted are (1) that the word " proteid " be abandoned; (2) that the word "protein" shall be used to desii^uate " that group of sub- stances which consists, so far as at present is known, essentially of combina- tions of a-amino acids and their derivatives, e. g., a-aminoacetic acid or glyco- coll; a-amino propionic acid or alanin; phenyl-a-aniino propionic acid or phenyl- alanin; guanidin-aniino valerianic acid or arginlu, etc.. and are therefore essentially polypeptids;" and (?.) that the following terms be used to designate the various groups of proteins: Simple protelns-^that is, protein substances which yield only a-amino acids or their derivatives on hydrolysis; conjugated 1 roteins — that is, substances wlilch contain the protein molecule united to some other molecule or molecules otherwise than as a salt; and derived proteins. The simple proteins would include albumins, globulins, glutelius, alcohol- soluble proteins, albuml'iolds, histones, and prt)tamlus. The conjugated pi'oteins would include nucleoprotelns. glycoproteins, phosphoproteins, hemoglobins, and lecithoproteins. The derived proteins would Include primary protein deriva- tives and secondary protein derivatives. In the former group proteans, meta- protelns, and coagulated proteins are Included and in the latter proteoses, peptones, and peptlds. A sug'g'estion for a new unit of energy, H. P. Armsby (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. ScL, 2S (1907), pp. 16'i-]67). — The author's proposition for a new unit of energy has been noted from another publication (E. S. R., 19, p. 704). A supposedly new compound from wheat oil, R. A. Gortner (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc., 30 (190S), Xo. J/, p. 617). — From wheat oil the author obtained crystals which on recrystallizatlon showed a melting point of 96.5°. The com- pound, he states, contained nitrogen, but the work was discontinued before its character was determined. Physical and chemical properties of the fat of the common chestnut, R. Paladino (Rend. Accad. Sci. Fis. e Mat. NapoU, 3. ser., 13 (1907), pp. 89-93; «&,s. in Jour. C'hcm. Soc. [London], 92 {1907), No. 51,1, II, p. 905).— Chestnut fat was found to consist of an oily and a solid portion and the physical and other characteristics of the two sorts of fat were studied. The rotatory power of alcoholic extracts of cereal proteids, Lindet and L. Ammann (Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron.. 2. scr.. 6 (1907), No. 2, pp. 233-2J,2).~ The specific rotatory power of proteids from wheat, barley, rye, and maize was measui-ed. According to the author, this property of cereal proteids varies with the concentration of the alcoholic extract. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. SOS). The relation between refraction and iodin value in pork fat and the non- volatile fatty acids insoluble in water, (J. HALFPAAr (ZfscJir. Uiiteri^iicli. Nahr, v. GenussmtL, 1-5 (1908). No. 2, pp. 6V7-7,?). — Variations in th(> iodin value 109 110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of fats with the same index of refraction, according to the author's investiga- tions, are due to an abnormally liigli refraction value. This value is not dependent upon free oxy-acids but is due, tlie author considers, either to polymerization — that is, lactone formation — or. very probably, to the conversion of normal oleic acid radicals into iso-oleic acid. Preparing odorless fatty acids from fish oil, A. Sandberg (Corps Grus Indus., 32 U!>Ot)), I'P- 355, 350; uhs. lit Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 15 {190S), Xo. Jf, PI). .I'l-'i, 2-'i5). — In the method descril>ed crude fatty acids from fish oil are treated with 20 per cent sulphuric acid at 25 to 40°, being stirred constantly, then allowed to remain for a few hours, washed with water, and distilled. Thus purified the fatty acids solidify at 25 to 36°. According to the author, the disagreeable odor of fish oil depends upon the presence of proteid cleavage products. The purified oil, it is stated, has many technical uses. Hydrolyzing and oxidizing bacteria of fat, E. de Kruyff (BuI. Dept. Agr. Indcs Necrhtnd., 1007, No. 9, pp. 13, pis. 2). — Bacteria which induce hydrolysis and oxidation in fat are studied and described and the amount of decomposition which they induce measured. Contribution to the study of the composition of starch grains, Mme. Z. Gatin-Gruzf.wska (Compt. Rend. /S'oc. Biol. [Paris], 6'// {IHOS}, Xo. 4, pp. 178, 179). — According to the author's conclusions, amylose constitutes the soluble material in the starch grain and amylopectin the envelope of the starch grain. Concerning the composition of the starch grain, Mme. Z. Gatin-Gruzewska (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 1-',G (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 5-',0-545).—X contri- bution to the structure and composition of the starch grain followed by a note by L. INIaquenne. Note on vegetable phosphatids, II, E. Winterstein and O. Hiestand (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 5Jt (1908), Xo. If, pp. 288-J30).— Cereals, lupines, vetch, and potatoes were among the materials included in this investigation. Accoxxling to .the author, different vegetable products contain substances extractable with alcohol and ether which yield carbohydrates on cleavage with acid and for which the name *' phosphatid " is proposed. The material obtained from Pin us ceinbra seed, however, was an exception and did not contain carbohydrate. The amount of reducing substance obtained varied greatly in the case of different materials, the phosphatid of a sample of Triticuin vulgare yielding 16 per cent and a sample from Lupinus albus 13 per cent, while only 1 per cent was obtained from material extracted from L. luteus. From the cereal phosphatid pure galactose was obtained and the presence of 5-glucose demonstrated. As yet it is not possible to determine whether these hexoses are present as such or as disaccharids or polysaccharids. From experimental evidence, the conclusion seems warranted that the phos- phatids of wheat contain other nitrogenous components in addition to cholin and it is not impossible that they also contain unknown nitrogen-free material. Observations on the formation of aldehyde or ketone in acetic fermentation, K. Farnsteiner (Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. ii. Gemissmtl., 15 (1908), No. 6. pp. 321-326). — A study of the volatile reducing bodies of vinegar. The action of anilin colors on diastase and pepsin, S. Sato (Jour. Jap. Pharm. Soc, 1907; Pharm. Ztg., 52 (1907), p. 1022; abs. in Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 27 (1908), No. 5, p. 2-'i6).— The anilin colors studied stopped the action of diastase and pepsin. Coloring matter in apple juice, P. Kulisch (Ber. Landiv. Vers. Stat. Colmar, 190-'i-1906, pp. 79, 80; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oenussmth, 15 (1908), Xo. 2. p. 10 'f). — According to the author, natural apple juice regularly contains a yellow coloring matter which dyes woolen well. The bearing of this fact 1 AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Ill upon the analysis of lemonade goods containing apple juice is discussed with special reference to the detection of added coloring matter. The determination of carbon, I. Pouget and D. Chouchak {Bui, Soc. Chiin. France, 4. ser., 3 (1908), So. 2, pp. 75-80; ahs. in Chem. Ahs., 2 (1908), No. 8, p. 1105; Analyst, 33 (1908), Xo. 385, p. 1^2).— In the method described carbon is determined in soils by combustion with lead chromate and potassium bichromate, the carbon dioxid and nitrogen evolved being collected in a gas holder over mercury upon which floats a measured quantity of one hundredth- normal barium hydrate, the barium hydrate being finally titrated with one hundredth-normal sulphuric acid. Determination of phosphoric acid, W. Pawlenko ( Vycstnik Sakh. Promuish., 1906, Xo. 37, p. 417; abs. in Cenibl. Zuckerindus., 16 (1908), Xo. 21, p. 582).— Comparative tests are reported which indicate that alkaline magnesia mixture gives as accurate results as the neutral mixture recommended by Jiirvinen. Alkalimetric estimation of phosphoric acid by Neumann's method, J. I*. Gregersen (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 53 {1907), Xo. 6, pp. 453-463; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9^ {1908), Xo. 543, II, p. 64; Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 21 {1908), Xo. 11, p. 498). — As a result of his investigations the author prescribes the following precautions as necessary to the best results with the Neumann method : In the destruction of the organic matter and the incineration of the material use 20 ec. of Neumann's acid mixture, adding from time to time during the process small amounts of concentrated nitric acid instead of the mixed acids. In precipitation use 250 cc. of liquid containing 15 per cent of ammonium nitrate, heat to TO to 80° C, and add a slight excess of 10 per cent ammonium molybdate. In the final titration add a slight excess of standard acid, boil to remove carbon dioxid. and titrate back with one-half normal sodium hydroxid. Determination of free sulphuric acid in superphosphates, A. Pomaski {Yyestnik Sakh. Promuish., 1907, Xo. 50, p. 765; abs. in Cenibl. Zuckcrindus., 16 {1908), Xo. 20, p. 552).— The method is in brief as follows: Shake 30 to 50 gm. of a finely ground superphosphate with 150 cc. of water-free ethyl alcohol for ^15 to 20 minutes at room temperature with exclusion of air. Neutralize an aliquot of the solution thus obtained with sodium hydroxid and evaporate to dryness. Take up the residue in a little water, strongly acidify with hydrochloric acid, and determine sulphuric acid with barium chlorid in the usual way. Industrialization of analysis. Methods and apparatus used in the deter- mination of nitrog'en and phosphoric acid in fertilizers, H. Rousset {Rev. Gen. Chim., 10 {1907), Xo. 6, pp. 105-113; abs. in Chem. Abs., 1 {1907), Xo. 12, p. 1601). — It is stated that the industrial chemist is as a rule intei-ested mainly in matters of routine and desires chiefly knowledge of apparatus and methods. This article gives a general account of apparatus and methods used at the Aisne agricultural station in a large number of routine determinations of nitrogen and phosphoric acid in fertilizers. On the determination of hardness, as well as free, partly combined, and combined carbon dioxid in waters, H. Noll {Ztschr. Angeic. Chem., 21 {1908), Xo. 14, pp. 640, 641; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 {1908), Xo. I4, p. 1942).— A compari- son is reported of Lunge's method of determining combined carbon dioxid in water by titrating with hydrochloric acid in the cold, using methyl orange as an indicator, with the method in which a given volume of water is boiled with a measured amount of standard sulphuric acid and the carbon dioxid calculated from the amount of unused sulphuric acid. The Lunge method was found to give accurate results for the combined carbon dioxid, while the other method gave results nearly a third too low. 112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Practical treatise on the analysis of foods, K. Gerakd and A. Bonn (Traitv Pratique. (rAiKilijsc des DenrC'CS Alimcntaires. Pa7-is, 190S, pp. 60.'i, figs. J)2 : rev. in Brit. Med. Jour., 190S, No. 2.'i58, p. 327). — Though this handbook of focjd haspection has been prepared with special reference to the requirements d!' French analysts, it contains data which will prove useful in other countrie;^. Each chai)tor concludes with extracts from laws and government regulations regarding the purity of foods dealt with, etc., and French official analytical nu'thdds are given in the appendix. Analytical methods and miscellaneous communications regarding food materials, etc. {Rev. Intcrnat. Falsif., 21 (lOOS), No. 1, pp. .'i-i-), fiy. 1). — A number of papers including among others the following: A'inegar and the Law, by L. ]Mathieu ; Montpellier ]Milk Standards, by Bertiu-Sans, Defrance, and H. Inibert ; A Simple Method for Determining Raw and Cooked Milk, by L. Gaucher; and the Dangers of Employing Arseuious Insecticides in Agriculture from the Standpoint of Public Hygiene, by P. Cazeneuve. Micrographical examination of meat powder, C. N. Pkltrisot {Bui. Sci. PJianiKico]., JJf ( I'JOl). pp. I!i-,i3; ahs. in Zt^schr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussniiL, 15 {1908), No. Ji, p. 238). — Methods of judging of the character and quality of meat powder are described which involve the use of the microscope and varior.s stains. The estimation of boric acid in liquid eggs, A. E. Parkes {Brit. Food Jour.. 10 {1908), No. 110, pp. 20, „'/).— According to the author, the usual methods employed for the estimation of boric acid were not altogether satisfactory when applied to liquid eggs, and better results may be obtained if protein is first precipitated with alcohol, tannin, or mercui'ous nitrate, of which the last men- tioned is preferable. The presence of boric acid may then be qualitatively determined by testing with sulphurous acid and turmeric paper. Boric acid is estimated quantita- tively with standard sodium hydrate in the presence of phenolphthalein after the separation of protein and phosphates. The author quotes the results obtained by his method in comparison with other methods and when known quantities of lioric acid were used. The Burstert method of determining fat in cheese, E. Muhlbacii {Milchic. ZentbL, .'/ {1908), No. .5, pp. 103-237, fir/s. 2). — According to this method cheese is dissolved in an acid solution and the fat is separated centrifugally. The proportion of fat is indicated liy the divisions of the scale on the neck of the special bottle used. Method for the complete analysis of vegetable products, J. M. Albahary {Compt. Rend. Aead. Sri. [Paris], L',6 (1908), No. 7, pp. 336-338) .^The scheme for proximate analysis of vegetable products which the author outlines is more detailed than that usually followed in food analysis, chiefly owing to the de- termination of a number of the individual constituents making up the nitrogen- free extract group. The estimation of starch in maize, A. Frank-Kamenetzky {Chem. Ztg.. 32 {1908), No». J.'i, pp. 157-159; 15, pp. 175, 176). — According to the author, the starch value of maize bears a direct relation to the amount of extract when the latter factor is determined under controlled conditions. In the method which he outlines, a sami)le of finely ground meal is inverted with diastase, high pressure being avoided, properly diluted, filtered, and the amount of extract material determined with an immersion refractometer or by determining the specific gi'avity with a pycnometer. The method of calculating the results, the corrections which must be introduced, and similar topics are discussed and the results of a number of determinations i-eported. The author believes that his method is ai)plieable to other sorts of grain as well as to maize. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 113 Official analysis of Russian high-grade sugars {Sugar Beet, 29 (1908), Xo. 'i. pp. ,320, 321). — Changes in the method of analysis of standard white sugars udoi)ted by the Imperial Technical Committee in Russia are summarized. Concerning the Marpmann reaction for distinguishing between sepa- rator honey and honey obtained by heating the comb, Utz {Ztsclir. Offeiitl. Chan., l.'f (J90S), Xo. 2, pp. 21-28). — The reaction under consideration depends upon the detection of the ferment present in raw honey which is destroyed when it is heated over 50°. Hydrogen peroxid .is used as a reagent and p-pheuylen- diamin or other material as an indicator. Methods of manipulation and related topics are discussed and the results of an examination of a large number of samples of Cermau and foreign honeys are reported. The detection of cherry juice in raspberry juice, Jonscher {Ztschr. Offentl. CJicni., l.'f {1!)0S), Xn. 2, pp. 29, 30). — The author criticises the lead-acetate method for the detection of cherry juice, particularly in the case of raspberry juice which has undergone fermentation, and states that he proposes to study this question. Examination of white wine colored with parched chicory, Popescu (Ann. Chim. Aiiali/t., 13 {1908), Xo. 3, p. 101). — According to the author's investiga- tions, parched chicory coloring matter is insoluble in ether but is extracted by amyl alcohol, which is not the case with the coloring matter of the untreated white wine. Fresh albumin completely precipitates the natural coloring matter of wine, the filtrate being uncolored with natural wine and yellow if chicory has been used. Other characteristic differences are also pointed out. Ester estimation in wine, G. Austerweil and P. Pacottet {Chem. Ztg., 32 I 1908), Xo. 10, pp. 112, 113, fig. 1). — Apparatus is described which, according to the author, facilitates the detennination of esters in wines. Lactic acid in wine, G. Paris {Staz. 8per. Agr. Ital, J/O {1907), No. 8-12, pp. 689-720, figs. 3). — A comparison of the author's method with other methods for estimating lactic acid in wine. The precipitation method for the estimation of oils in flavoring extracts and pharm.aceutica,l preparations, C. D. Howard {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 30 (1908), Xo. '/. pp. 608-611). — The precipitation method, according to the author, affords a direct and valuable check on polarimetric results in addition to pro- viding the material for a refractometric examination. The results which he presents were obtained with solutions of different strength and also with com- mercial extracts. The quantitative estimation of total sulphur in urine, H. Schulz {ArcJi. Physio}. [Pfliigcr], 121 {1907), Xo. 1-2, pp. ll-'t-l 16). —In the method described organic matter in the urine is destroyed with fuming nitric acid and the sulphur eventually precipitated as barium sulphate. As shown by duplicate tests, the method gives satisfactory results. The methods of analysis of raw rubber, D. Spence {Liverpool Univ., Inst. Com. Research Trop. Quart. Jour., 2 {1907), No. 5, pp. 91-104). — ^The author discusses the need of a uniform method of analysis of rubber, and describes a method which in his experience has proved satisfactory. Miscellaneous analysis, B. L. Hartwell {Rhode Island 8ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 29'j-298). — ;\Iore or less complete analytical data are given regarding various fertilizer substances, poultry grit, malt sprouts, aiid materials used in a poultry feeding experiment, and the moisture, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potassium ox id content of several samples of hay. Modification of the Soxhlet extractor, H. C. Wood, Jr. {Amer. Jour. Pharm., 80 (1908). Xo. 3, p. 106, fig. /).— The modified form of the Soxhlet extractor, which, according to the author, is simple and inexpensive, consists of a narrow percolator, the lower end of which is connected by means of .a tightly fitting 114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cork with a siphoii-shaijecl glass tube, and the upper end closed with a perfo- rated cork into which is fitted a glass T-tube. The rectangular limb of this tube is connected by a short piece of rubber tubing with a glass tube at right angles which passes down to the flask containing the solvent. Additional ad- vantages, according to the author, are the ease with which the apparatus can be cleaned and the fact that by substituting different sizes of percolators it can be adapted with little trouble for use with either large or small quantities. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Precipitation, run-off, and evaporation on the earth's surface, R. Fritzsche {jViederschhif/, Ahfhiss iiiid Vcrdunstuny aiif den Landfiuc^icn der Eide. Inaug. Diss. Halle, 1906. pp. 55; Ztschr. GeiDusserk., 7 (1906), No. 6, pp. 321-370; rev. in Naturiv. Rundschau, 22 {1907), p. Ill; Mitt. Justus Perthes' Geogr. Anst., 53 (1907), No. 1, Uteraturhericht: p. 16; Met. Ztschr., 25 (190S), No. 1, pp. 32-35). — This dissertation deals with the methods of reckoning mean precipita- tion, and summarizes and discusses data bearing upon the balance of rainfall, run-off, and evaporation on the earth's surface, distinguishing between the relation of these three factors over water surfaces and land surfaces. In reviewing this dissertation E. Briickner points out that over the water surface of the earth evaporation exceeds precipitation, but that 92 per cent of the evaporation falls again upon the water surface. On the land surface evapo- ration is decidedly smaller than precipitation, precipitation being about one and one-half times as great as evaporation. About 70 per cent of the precipitation on the land surface is derived from evaporation from the land. On th.e kinds and distribution of viable micro-organisms in the atmos- phere, Flemming (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infectionskrank., 58 (1908), No. 3, pp. 3-'j5- 385, figs. 2). — The results of numerous bacteriological examinations of air col- lected by means of captiA^e and free balloons at different heights and places over land and sea are reported. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), Nos. 3, pp. 51-8.'f, fig. 1, charts 17; 4, pp. 85-12.), charts 16). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months of March and April, 1908, recent papers bearing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 3. — Accidental Variations in Atmospheric Pressure in the United States (illus.), by A. J. Henry; Is There a Type of Storm Path, by E. Van Cleef ; The Present and Future State of Maritime Meteorology, by H. Hergesell ; Abstracts of Russian Meteorological Memoirs, by A. Voeikov : The Study of Evaporation, by A. Voeikov ; The Evaporating Power of the Air at the New York Botanical Garden, by C. S. Gager ; Radium — Its Properties, Distribution, and Influence on the Atmosphere, by W. W. Strong; and Tornado of January 31, 1908 (illus,), by W. S. Belden. No. 4. — Chinook Winds in Eastern Colorado During December, 1907, by L. H. Daingerfield; Climate of Kansas, by T. B. Jennings (see 115) ; Lightning and Powerful Electric Discharges; A Collection of Mean Annual Temperatures for Mexico and Central America, by P. P. Calvert; A Small Cloudburst Near Shasta, Cal., by R. H. McCandless; Local Changes of Climate, by W. C. Devereaux ; Ice Columns in Gravelly Soil, liy E. D. Bourne : Popof and Erman on the Use of Kites in Meteorology ; Forecasting on the Pacific Coast, by A. G. McAdie; Can We Protect Against Tornadoes? The Observatory on Mount Etna ; Dustfall in Idaho ; Meteorological Education ; The Law of the Earth's Nocturnal Cooling, by W. H. Jackson; Early Meteorological Data for Saline, METEOROLOGY — WATER. 115 Mich., by J. E. Buchanan ; Excessive Precipitation at Louisville, Ky., by F. J. Walz; A New' Formula for Computing the Solar Constant from Pyrheliometric Observations, by H. H. Kimball ; and Stormer's Work on the Physics of the Aurora, by P. G. Nutting. Meteorological work [of the Alaska Stations], C, C. Georgeson (Alaska )S7«v. Rpt. 1907, pp. S7-9S). — Tabular summaries are given of the reports of the volunteer weather observers of the Weather Bureau of Alaska on temperature, precipitation, and general weather conditions during the year ended November 30, 1907. Climate of Kansas, T. B. Jennings (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (190S), No. Jf, pp. SS-92). — Extremes and means of temperature and precipitation are given for each month during 20 years, 1SS7-1906, with notes on frosts, winds, snow- fall, thunderstorms, and hailstorms. " The mean annual temperature varies between 51° in the extreme northwestern counties and 57° in the extreme southeastern. . . . The average annual precipitation ranges from 15.37 in. in the extreme western to 44.54 in. in the extreme southeastern part of the State." Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J, E. Ostkandeb, T. A. Babrv, and K. C. Lindblad (MassucJiu- sctts Sta. Met. Buls. 233, 234, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sun- shine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during INlay and June, 190S. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological observations (Michigan Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 123-134). — Tabu- lated daily and monthly summaries are given of observations during 1906 on temperature, pressure, precipitation, humidity, cloudiness, wind movement, etc. Report of meteorologist, N. Helme (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 381- 397 ) . — Observations at Kingston on temperature, precipitation, prevailing winds, and general character of the weather are given for each month of the year ended June 30, 1907. The mean temperature for that period was 46.5°, the precipitation 48.01 in., and the number of clear days 1.36. Weather of the year 1907 in Switzerland, R. Billwiller (Schweiz. Ztsehr. Forstic, 59 (1908), Nos. 2, pp. 4i}--J2; 3, pp. 78-84). — The meteorological condi- tions during each month of the year are described, and observations on tem- perature, precipitation, and sunshine at various stations in Switzerland are summarized. Meteorological observations in Surinam and Curagao, 1907 (Meteorologische Waarnemingcn gedaan op dc Meteorologische Stations in dc Kolonii'n Suriname en CuraQ-ao in het Jaar 1907. [1907], pp. 16). — Observations on pressure, tem- perature, precipitation, etc., at Paramaribo, Surinam, and on precipitation at various places in Surinam and Curagao and other parts of the Dutch Antilles are given. The climate of the British Isles, A. Watt (Scot. Geogr. Mag., 24 (1908), \o. 4, pp. 169-186, figs. 9). — The general climatic conditions are described and ihe distribution of temperature and rainfall is discussed in some detail. The question of change of climate is also briefly touched upon. It is stated that no definite answer can be made to this question, although there appears to be a very general opinion that the winters in the British Isles have on the whole grown milder. Climate of the Bahama Islands, O. L, Fassig (The Bahama Islands. 'New York, 1905, pp. 111-125, maps 3). — This is a chapter in a monograph on the Bahama Islands, issued by the Geographical Society of Baltimore. It discusses the climate of the islands as a whole, the temperature, relative humidity, clouds and sunshine, rainfall, winds, thunderstorms, and especially hurricanes. 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Forests and rainfall, E. Henry (Indian Forester, 3-} (1908), No. 2, pp. GO- SI). — This is an English translation of the original French article. A previous article in the same series dealt with the levels of underground water in and outside of forests (E, S. R., 18, p. 942). The present article discusses the moisture content of the air over forests and open laud, and the influence of forests upon rainfall and the flow of springs. In the previous article it was shown that the ground water level was much lower under forests than under adjacent open land. The conclusion is drawn from the data reported in this article tliat the moisture content and the chances of lain are much greater over forests than over open land. It is stated that obser- vations made in various localities show that forests increase the rainfall 8 to 15 per cent above normal. Forests also exert a beneficial influence in maintaining a more uniform flow of springs. The foregoing conclusions, liowever, apply- more particularly to level country. The pi-oblem is more complicated in hilly or mountainous areas. It is i-ecognized that the chief factor affecting i-ainfall is the conflguration of the ground, but it is maintained that other conditions being equal wooded hills are better agents for promoting precipitation than bare hills. Experimental data on this point are, however, deficient. The level of underground water in forests and in the open, P. Ototzky iAn7i. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., 2 {1901), I, pp. 116-119). — This is a review of the contents of a 2-volume book by Ototzky on Underground Waters, Their Origin, Regime, and Distribution, which contains an account of investigations on the subject of this article made in Gascony in 1902, showing, as many other obser- vations had done, that the level of the ground water is lower under forests than in the open. (See also E. S. R., 16, p. 672.) The level of subsoil waters with regard to forest, R, S. Pearson (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., 2 (1907), I, pp. 10-'f-115). — A French translation of an article already noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 942). Recent changes of methods and equipment in the water resources work of the United , States Geological Survey, J. C. Hoyt (Engin. Xeics, 60 (1908), Wo. 1, pp. 15, 16, figs. 2). — Several changes in the instruments and methods used in stream gaging by the Water Resources Branch of the U. S. Geological Survey are described. Effect of low temperature on bacteria in ice, J. C. Sparks (Sci. Amer. Sup., 65 (1908), Xo. 1695, pp. JflO, Jtll). — Tests are reported in this article from which the conclusion is drawn " that ice, even when cut from water which may contain pathogenic bacilli, is utterly incapable of passing on disease if it is stored for some time before being distributed." Sewage purification works of the State Agricultural School, St. Anthony Park, Minn., F. II. Bass (Engin. News, 59 (1908), No. 26, pp. 685, 686, figs. Jf). — The consti'uction and efficiency of these works, which consist of a septic tank, a percolating filter, and a sand filter and cost about $9,000, are described. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil Studies, II: Acid soils, A. W. Blair and E. J. Macy (Florida Sta. Bui. 93, pp. 45-69, figs. 2). — This bulletin reports the results of an investigation which was undertaken to find out to what extent acid soils are distributed in Florida and discusses the origin and nature of Florida soils with reference to the causes of acidity. Of 189 samples of soils and subsoils, representing 17 counties of the State, 68.22 per cent of the soils and 51.35 per cent of the subsoils were found to be more or less acid when tested by A'eitch's limewater method (E. S. R., 16, p. 14). ' With only one or two exceptions the soils are more acid than the subsoils, SOILS — FEETILIZERS. 117 ;aul the cultivated soils are more acid tliau the vir,i;in soils. With one exception the muck soils examined are extremely acid." The average lime requirement of the acid soils as determined by the Veitch method was approximately 500 parts per million, equivalent to 1,500 lbs., per acre to a depth of 9 in. There was found to be about three times as much nitrogen in the soils as in the subsoils, slightly more than three times as much in the subsoils as in the second subsoils, and nearly one and one-half times as much in cultivated soils as in virgin soils. " Experiments by the wire-basket method showed a gain in baskets where lime was used, over baskets where no lime was used. Of 17.3 per cent green weight, and of nearly 20 per cent dry weight. With a muclc soil which was very acid, the gain in baskets where finely ground limestone was used, over baskets where no limestone was used, was nearly 100 per cent green weight and 120 per cent dry weight." It is pointed out that Florida soils are composed very largely of sand which has been derived from disintegrated rock, the process of formation being such as to remove to a large extent the basic constituents such as potash, lime, and magnesia. The soils are therefore fundamentally acidic. The acidity is, how- ever, increased by the decomposition of organic matter. Som.e notes on soil acidity, F. W. Morse and B. E. Curry {Abs. in Scloice, n. scr., 27 (1908), No. 6S6, p. 298). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Chemical Society. " The authors report the reactions taking place between a number of clays and some common salts. Also some reactions between the organic matter in soils and some common salts." A natural model for the formation of dunes,' S. Gijnther (Sitzber. K. Bayer. Akad. Wiss., Math. Phijs. KL, 1901, No. 2, pp. 139-153, figs. 3).— This is a discussion of typical forms of seacoast and inland dunes. Washington soils, li. W. Thatcher {Washington Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 3-56, figs. 2). — This is the final report on a soil survey of the State begun in 1S93 (E. S. R., 7, p. 375; 15, p. 65S) embodying 89 new analyses and summarizing the results of all of the analyses (188) made since the beginning of the survey. The bul- letin also contains a statement regarding the objects and methods of the soil survey, and brief discussions of origin and composition of soils and the relation of soil composition to fertility, and the soils of the different districts of the State are fully described. The samples of which analyses are reported represent soils from every county except one and include probably every typical soil of the State. " Practically every type known to soil students is represented some- where in this State. We have every variation from almost pure sand to pure clay on the one hand and to pure peat on the other. In other localities special types, such as marls, glacial drift of several kinds, etc., are found. These varia- tions in type are accompanied by almost the widest conceivable variations in chemical composition." The extreme variations in the percentages of the sev- eral constituents which have l>een found in the samples of soils analyzed are given as follows : Per cent. Insoluble silica 3.014-90.716 Hydrated silica . 157-18. 524 Soluble silica .002- .938 Potash .000- .829 Soda .027-1.632 Lime .005-36.009 Magnesia .000-4.830 Iron oxid .181-16.368 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Per cent. Alumina 0. 148-14. 898 Phosphorus pentoxid trace- .409 Sulphur trioxid .000- .694 Carbon dioxid . 000-28. 998 Ilumus .084-51.000 Nitrogen trace- 2.600 Summary of the soil survey of the State, R. W. Thatcher {Wnshington ^ta. Popular Huh 7, pp. 8). — A popular summary of the above. " " Analyses of soils [of grass lands], J. W. Taylor {Univ. Col. Reading,. Dipt, ^gr. and Hort. Bui. 3, pp. 24-26). — Analyses of samples of soil from 2l farms ^h which fertilizer experiments with grass have been carried on are reported, ^he samples were taken to a depth of 9 in. The analyses show very low per- centages of lime in all except two of the soils. Two of the soils which overlie chalk were found to be practically devoid of lime. Humid and arid soils of Rio Verde, R. Garcia Oses {Las Tierras dc Riego ij de Temporal en Rioverde. Mexico, 1907, pp. 2-'/). — The nature and causes of the differences between the arid and humid soils of this region are discussed. The origin of the fertile soils of western Morocco, L. Gentil ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1>,6 {1908), No. 5, pp. 2^3-246; ahs. in Rev. Set. [Paris-], 5. ser., 9 {1908), No. 7, p. 221). — The author concludes from bis investi- gations that the very fertile black and red soils of this region are the resultant of decalcification of ueogenic calcareous sandstones. Analysis of the black soil shows it to contain 0.15 per cent of nitrogen, 0.25 per cent of phos- phoric acid, 0.46 per cent of potash, nnd 1.39 per cent of calcium carbonate; the red soil 0.2 per cent of nitrogen, 0.08 per cent of phosphoric acid, 0.21 per cent of potash, and 1.79 per cent of calcium carbonate. Chemical analysis does not explain the great fertility of these soils, which is believed to be due mainly to favorable conditions of rainfall and underground water supply. Notes on Egyptian and Soudan soils, F. Hughes {Yearbofjk Khediv. Af/r. Soc. Cairo, 1906, pp. 133-140). — The variation in the physical character of Nile soils due to variations in the velocity of the flow of the water from which the soil deposits are formed and to admixture of wind-blown desert sand with the alluvial deposits is pointed out. Analyses of 6 representative alluvial soils from Keneh Province are reported which show that " at least in purely alluvial soils, the amount of plant food contained in the various grades of the finer particles of the soil is practically the same." The availability of the plant food constituents as shown by the Dyer method was also very similar in the different grades of soil particles. In case of soils with which desert sand has been mixed the plant food con- stituents decrease with an increase of the added sand. Analyses of samples of soil from all parts of the Nile Valley show that the alluvial soils in most cases are very similar in composition to Nile silt. Analyses of desert soils not of alluvial origin show that these are much poorer than the Nile soils in mineral constituents and contain only slight traces of nitrogen. The alluvial soils contain sufficient potash in available form to render the application of potash fertilizers unnecessary. Although the percentages of total and available phosphoric acid are larger than are usually considered sufficient for needs of crops the soils are as a rule benefited by application of phosphatic fertilizers. It is suggested that the inefficiency of the phosphoric acid in these soils may be due to the deficiency of organic matter. In other words, in soils which are naturally poor in organic matter it is necessai'y to set a somewhat higher figure as the limit below which phosphatic fertilizers may be dispensed with. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 119 Contribution to the knowledge of the lands and the agriculture of Syria, H. AuHAGEN (Bcr. Land u. Forstw. AusJaiidc, 1907, No. 16, pp. 85, figs. J/B). — This is a summary account of the geography, climate, soil, water supply, flora and fauna of agricultural importance, administratiA-e and economic conditions, population, general systems of agriculture in vogue, irrigation, dry farming, animal breeding, and other incidental agricultural industries of this region, which is stated to be about oue-half the size of the German Empire. Soils [of the Malay States] and their analysis, M. K. Bambeb (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 6 (1907), No. 9, pp. 274-277).— Chemical and physical analyses of 3 samples of alluvial clays and 7 of sandy loams represent- ing typical soils of the Malay States are reported. It is stated that the soils of the Malay States are roughly divided into two distinct kinds, (1) flat alluvial clays or muds on the banks of the rivers near the seacoast, and (2) undulating low soils a few miles inland, varying from free sandy loams to heavy clays. There are also some peaty soils resting on clay a few miles from the coast. As a rule the soils are not especially rich in plant food, but their physical properties are exceptionally good. The alluvial clays or muds are generally rich in nitrogen. Potash is frequently deficient, and the proportion of phos- phoric acid is variable. The upland soils have a larger proportion of sand and coarser particles and as a result the natural drainage is better. They are richer in nitrogen than the proportion of organic matter would indicate, but are usually slightly deficient in potash and phosphoric acid. Classification of soils, L. A. Rebello da Silva (Rei\ Agron. [Portugal], 5 (1907), No. 10, pp. 29/,-301).— This article briefly describes different types of soils and soil characteristics and gives analyses and a physico-chemical classifi- cation of a number of Spanish soils examined by the Schloesing method. The nomenclature of soils, M, Paedo y Urbina (La Nonienclatura de las Tierras. Mexico, 1907, pp. 14). — This article discusses the necessity for a uni- foi'm agricultural classification of the soils of Mexico. Physiography for high schools, R. D. Salisbuky (New York, 1908, pp. VIII + 531, pis. 24, flgs. 469).— It is stated in the preface that "this book has been prepared with the purpose of letting the beginner into the method of the science with which the book deals, as well as with the purpose of conveying information to him. It has been prepared with the conviction that the child likes to reason and to follow reasoning, and that reasoning and following rea- soning contribute more to his mental growth than the accumulation of great numbers of facts. It has been written with the conviction that the growth of the pupil is more important than facts about physical geography." Directions for laboratory work are not given in the text, it being the author's opinion that such work will be most effective if suggested by the teacher. The book is divided into four parts, the lithosphere, earth relations, the atmosphere, and the ocean. The formation and general characteristics of soils are treated in the first jmrt and climate and weather in the third. Land ruin compared with soil improvement, C. G. Hopkins (Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 154, PP- 118-136). — The results are given of continuous cropping with- out systematic manuring as compared with a system of soil improvement based upon the use of phosphates in connection with farm manures and green manur- ing with leguminous crops as applied especially to the soils of the Central West. On the deep cultivation of soils, Strecker (FiihUng's Landw. Ztg., 57 (1908), No. 2, pp. 46-64, flgs. 14).— The advantages of deep culture are briefly stated and different methods and appliances used in Germany for the purpose are described. 120 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Methods of soil toxicology, O. Sciikeinek and E. C. Shorey {Abs. in Sci- ence, n. ser., 27 (WOS). Xo. mo, pp. 295, 296). — This is r.n abstract of a papei' presented at the Cbica.^o meeting of the American Chemical Society. The impor- tance of working ont refined methods for the detection, isolation, and study of the small amounts of toxic organic bodies which are believed to exist in soils is pointed out, and the authors outline " methods of separating the organic mat- ter from the large mass of Inorganic material, and further seiiaration of the pure organic body from the extraneous organic matter by methods of extraction, solu- tion, precipitation, distillation, etc. The specific methods by which several harm- ful organic compounds have already been isolated from unproductive soils are given to illustrate the general principles involved." The cause of soil sickness (Mark Lane Express, 98 (1908), No. 3985, p. ]'i5). — This article reviews briefly the evidence supporting the view that soil sickness is due to poisonous excretions of the roots of plants. Bacteriological investigations -with reference to the drying of soils, O. Rahn {Cenihl. Bald, [etc.'l, 2. AM., 20 (1901), \o. 1-3, pp. 38-61, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 9, Rcpert., p. Jf7). — From a large number of studies on the formation of acid in sugar solutions, carbon dioxid in sugar solutions containing calcium carbonate, and ammonia in urea and i)eptone solu- tion, the conclusion is reached that bacterial changes go on much more rapidly in soils dried at room temperature than in similar samples kept moist or in the original moist soils. The difference in this respect between the dry and moist samples was in the case of garden soil about 60 per cent and in ordinary farm soil 10 to 30 per cent, but in case of a light sandy soil inappreciable. The rapidity with which the drying took place had very little Influence on the differ- ence in bacterial change. Since the number of organisms in soil samples was invariably decreased by drying it is difficult to explain the difference In bac- terial activity. It can not be explained on the basis of physical properties, since such differences were observed in case of soil samples suspended In water and in extracts of the soils. Neither can decomposition of the soil constituents fur- nish an explanation, because with the liberal addition of potassium phosphate and asparagin similar differences were observed. Variations in the amount of nitrates in the soil were also without effect on the bacterial activity. Whatever the substances producing the difference it must be undecomposable by boiling and capable of passing through filter paper. It is not clear whether it acts by reducing bacterial activity in the moist soil or accelerating It in the dry soil. Dry soils lose the greater part of their Intensified putrefactive power and do not differ materially from the original moist soils after they have been moistened about 24 hours. Mustard plants grew better in soils which had become dry than in those which had been kept moist continuously. Tests of Remy's method of judging soils indicate that this method may give erroneous results if great care is not taken to prevent the loss of moisture from the cultures. The influence of the composition of the medium upon the solvent action of certain soil bacteria, C. W. Bkown (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 9 (1907), pp. 160-162, figs. 3). — A study of the solvent action of a large number of soil bacteria on rock phosphate, bone, pure trlcalcium phosphate, dicalcium phosphate, and cal- cium carbonate is briefly reported. The results show that 12 out of 25 bacteria isolated from soil exerted a definite visible solvent action on the substances named when supplied with some form of sugar in the nutrient medium. " One which produces no gas but a larger amount of acid from sugars than any of the others, shows the greatest ac- tion upon the calcium carbonate, while other germs which produce gas — largely carbon dloxld — but not as much acid as the former, give an action mor'e SOILS FERTILIZERS. 121 marked than that of the stroiiiiex" acid producer upon the dicalcium aud trical- cium phosphates. These points, with others noticed during the experiments, have led us to believe that, wliile acid is a great factor in dissolving insoluble phosphates, the carbon dioxid liberated from carbohydrates by the gas produc- ing bacteria must not be overlooked as a solvent agent." On the activity of bacteria in soils, J. Vogel {IUus. Landw. Ztg., 27 (1907), Vo. 20, pp. 175, 176; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 (1908), No. 10, p. i^99). — This is a general explanation of bacterial activities in the soil and the conditions, especially the supply of humus and other energy-yielding material in the soil, favoring such activities. Humus is not considered a very efficient source of energy for the soil organisms, hence the necessity for increasing the supply of readily available energy-yielding materials in the soil if vigoi'ous activity of the soil organisms is to be promoted. The author thinks it is still an open question whether the beneficial results following black fallow are due to increase of nitrogen or to the setting free of latent plant food in the soil. Reference is also made to the favorable results both as regards increase of yield and nitrogen content obtained in field experiments with leguminous plants (serradella, yellow lupines, and soy beans) inoculated with Hiltuer's pure cultures of root-tubercle bacteria. Atmospheric nitrogen, W. J. U. Woolcock (8ci. Amcr. Sup., 65 (1908), No. 1678, p. 1^3). — A brief account is given in this article of the results of experi- ments by Professor Bottomley in England on soil inoculation and also on the possibility of the assimilation of free nitrogen by nonleguminous plants. Bacteria inoculation in the culture of leguminous plants, J. Simon (Sachs. Landir. Ztschr., 55 (1907), Nos. 33, pp. 877-881; 34, pp. 901-905).— Thifi is a general discussion of this subject and of the relative merits of commercial preparations of root-tubercle bacteria (nitragin, nitroculture, etc.) based in part upon experiments at the Tharand experiment station. The assimilation of free nitrogen by micro-organisms, B. Boullaxger (Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. 1-12; 2, pp. 49-56; 3, pp. 97-101,).— This is a review of investigations and a critical discussion of the present status of knowledge on this subject, including a bibliography of 84 references to the more important investigations. Note on de Rossi's article on the organisms which produce the root tuber- cles of leguminous plants, R. Perotti (Malpighia, 21 (1907), No. 4-6, pp. 255-262). — The author cites evidence tending to show that other investigators besides de Rossi have isolated specific organisms from the tubercles of legumi- nous plants, and calls attention to the fact that although in earlier publications de Rossi casts doubt upon this point, in later reports (E. S. R., 19, p. 519) he is careful to disclaim any specific denial of such isolation by other investigators. Contribution to the knowledge of denitrification processes, H. Kijhl (CentM. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 (1908), No. 8-9, pp. 258-261; ahs. in Chem. ZcnthJ., 1908, I, No. 10, pp. 980, 981). — A series of experiments ai'e reported which show (1) that the activity of denitrifying organisms was greatly increased under anaerobic conditions (covering the culture solutions with oil, paraffin, etc.), (2) the denitrifying power of pure cultures was greatly increased by adding mixed cultures, and (3) that sea slime set up rapid denitrification in culture solutions. The construction of manure pits and the preservation of manure, P. Cor- KELirs (Mitt. Dciit. Landw. Geselh, 22 (1907), No. 48, pp. 409-413, figs. 3).— Plans and descriptions are given of manure pits with systems for the collection of the liquid portion and the convenient arrangement of these pits with refer- ence to the cattle stalls and the handling of the manure is explained. 122 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Plans for the construction of manure pits, Fkiz ( Wiirttemh. Wchnbl. Landw.. 19()S. \(j. I, pp. //-7, fiffs. ,'?). — Descrii)tloiis iiiid plans of various kinds of manure pits are given. Demonstration experiments with fertilizers in Carinthia during 1905 and 1906, H. SvoBODA {Ztsdir. Larulw. Vcrsuchsw. Osterr., 11 (1908), ^"o. I, pp. ^.2-.i5; ahs. in Client. ZrnthL, 1908, I, No. 8, p. 759). — The cooperative experi- ments of previous years (E. S. R., 16, p. 761; 17, p. 753) were continued during 1006 and the results of 151 such experiments carried out during that ^'e-.w ai-e rei)orted in detail in this article, a comparison being made of both the direct (first year) and after effect of the various fertilizers on oats, potatoes, and hay meadows. As in previous experiments, combinations of Thomas slag and potash salts were used on grasses and of superphosphate, potash salts, and nitrate of soda on oats and potatoes. The after effects of the commercial fertilizers were very good, especially on the grasses. In this case not only was the second cut of grasses increased, but the yield the second year after the application of the fertilizers was greater than the first year. It was also observed that under the unfavorable weather conditions of both 1905 and 1906 the meadows which had received fertilizers suffered much less injury than those which had not been fertilized. The results obtained with barnyard manure combined with commer- cial fertilizers lead to the conclusion that while it is not advisable to completely replace manure with commercial fertilizers, the yield and profit can be greatly increased by judiciously supplementing the manure with such fertilizers. The results of field experiments with fertilizers on sandy soils in a bad state of cultivation, Clausen (Dciit. Landw. Prcsse, So (1908), Nos. 11, pp. 103, 106; 12, pp. 115, 116). — Kainit, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia with superphosphate and Thomas slag were tested in pot and field experiments with oats and potatoes. The effect of the different fertilizers and fertilizer combi- nations on the yield and nitrogen content of the crop is discussed. Influence of fertilizers on the composition of wheat, H. Snyder (Ah.s. in Science, n. ser., 21 (1008), No. 686, p. 297). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Chemical Society, the essen- tial features of which have been noted from another source (E. S. R.. 19, i). 941). On nitrogenous fertilizers and their application, P. Lavenib (Rev. Faciilt. Af/ron. y Vet. La Plata, 2. ser., 3 (1907), No. 7-9, pp. 199-217).— This article discusses the source, value, and use of nitrate of sotla, sulphate of ammonia, the artificial compounds prepared from atmospheric nitrogen, and various nitrogenous fertilizers of animal and vegetable origin, as well as green manures. Nitrates as soil renovators, O. Schreiner and H. S. Reed (Ahs. in Science, n. ser.. 27 (1908), No. 686, p. 296). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Chemical Society. Attention is called in this paper to the possible action of nitrates in aiding in the destruction of harmful organic substances which may be present in unproductive soils. Observations and investigations ai'e reported which indicate that the roots of plants have a sti"ong oxidizing jxjwer and that this power is greatly increased by the addition of nitrates, the combined action of the two being suflicieut to destroy harmful organic bodies and thus to improve conditions for plant growth. It was shown by chemical analysis that when toxic bodies were used in the experiments they were destroyed by the plant and nitrates. The nitrogen capacity of cultivated soils with one-sided fertilization with nitrate of soda, T. Pfeiffer (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 57 (1908), No. 2, pp. 41~46). — On the basis of his own previous work and that of other investigators the author argues that the use of nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, SOILS FERTILIZERS. 123 especially the former, as the exclusive sources of nitrogen supply for soils may result in actual impoverishment of the soil in nitrogen. He therefore considers exclusive use of such fertilizers a questionable practice. On the decomposition of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, II, F. Lohnis and A. Sabaschnikoff (CentM. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 20 (1908), No. 11, pp. 322-332, fig. 1). — In previous experiments (E. S. R., 17, p. 345) Lohnis shovs^ed that calcium cyanamid was decomposed and dicyandiamid was produced by the action of water without the intervention of micro-organisms. He also showed that under favorable conditions the nitrogen of the cyanamid was completely transformetl into ammonia by the action of vai'ious ammonifying bacteria, ex- periments with pure cultures indicating that urea was an intermediary product in the process of formation of ammonia. This activity of the bacteria was greatly increased by the addition of small amounts of asparagin and grape sugar (about 0.1 per cent). Experiments of similar character showed that in solutions of calcium cyanamid which had been repeatedly heated and in which ilie formation of ammonia had been started by the action of steam the decom- position resulting fi-om the inoculation of the solution with 10 per cent of soil was as rapid as in case of freshly prepared unheated solutions. The investigations reported in the present article were undertaken to explain if possible the contradictory results obtained by von Seelhorst, Immendorff, Kappen, and others on the one hand, and by Ulpiani and Perotti on the other, with special reference to the formation and decomposition of dicyandiamid. Further experiments showed a decided advantage as regards the ammonifica- tion of the nitrogen of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime from the addition of isparagin and grape sugar to the culture solutions in Remy's process. The authors never succeeded in producing ammonia in solutions of dicyandiamid inoculated with soil. When, however, the solutions of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime were repeatedly heated the nitrogen was rapidly anunonified by a number of soil organisms. In this case it is believed that not dicyandiamid l)ut dicarbimid is produced, which is more easily converted into ammonia. Of various soil organisms experimented with Bacterium crytlirogenes, B. kirchneri, and B. lipsiense were especially active in producing ammonia. A less active organism in this respect was B. vulgare var. zopflL Observations during two years on the influence of season and weather upon the decomposition of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime in the soil showed that the most active decomposition occurred in May, the least in August, and that there was another period of activity in September, the curves being practically iden- tical for the two seasons, although the first was dry and the second wet. Nothing was observed in these experiments to indicate that the lime nitrogen or nitrogen lime in any way interfered with the process of nitrification. Recent investigations on the decomposition and the action of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, F. Lohnis and A. Sabaschnikoff (FilhHng's Landw. Ztg., 57 ( 1008), A'o. 1. pp. 15-29). — In this article the authors discuss their own inves- tigations on this subject (see above) as well as the bearing of recent work by Perotti and Kappen (E. S. R., 18, pp. 537, 1028) on their conclusions with refer- ence to the decomposition of calcium cyanamid in the soil and the fertilizing value of the commercial forms of this compound. They maintain that recent investigations have confirmed the conclusion that calcium cyanamid is not con- verted to any appreciable extent into ammonia in sterile soils and that this transformation is due to the activity of micro-organisms; that under suitable conditions the transformation of the cyanamid as well as the dicyanamid into auunonia by bacterial action is almost complete ; and that the transformation into ammonia and ultimately into nitrates which are readily available to crops is 57401— No. 2—08 3 124 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. indicated by tlie action of these materials in increasing tlie yield of crops in pot experiments, tlie fertilizing efficiency shown by lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and dicyanamid comparing very favorably witli that of ammonium sulphate. It is shown that by heating and especially evaporating the solution of lime nitrogen the rapidity of transformation into ammonia by the action of micro-oi'ganisms is greatly accelerated. The authors conclude that while it may be possible under favorable conditions to secure a transformation of 99 per cent of the nitrogen of calcium cyanamid into ammonia and finally into nitrates, it is not likely that such high efficiency as this indicates can be obtained in practice. Experiments with new nitrogenous fertilizers, L. Malpeaux {Betterave, JS (190S), No. JfJ/O, PI). 67-70). — Experiments made at the agricultural school of Berthonval during 1907 with basic lime nitrate and calcium cyanamid on barley and oats are reported. The results obtained with the first were somewhat superior to those obtained in case of nitrate of soda. The second gave results about equal to those obtained with suliihate of ammonia. Experiments with, calcium cyanamid, A. D. Hall {.Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London \, IJf (1908), No. 11, pp. 652-661). — The experiments reported deal mainly with the question of the changes which calcium cyanamid is likely to undergo iuider different conditions. The principal conclusions drawn from the expermients are "that calcium cyanamid as now manufactured can be stored for a reasoua ble time under ordinary conditions without danger or sensible loss of its fer- tilizing properties ; cyanamid can also be mixed without difficulty or loss with superphosphate, the resulting mixture being as easily handled as any other artificial manure." Nitrolime, G. L. Ragondet {Jour. Soc. Ayr. Brabant ct Hainaut, 53 {1908), No. 9, pp. 219-223). — The manufacture, properties, composition, keeping quality, and use as a fertilizer of calcium cyanamid are briefly discussed in this article. The effect of the addition of sodium to deficient amounts of potassium, upon the growth of plants in both water and sand cultures, B. L. Hartwell, H. J. Wheeler, and F. R. Pember {Rhode Island Hta. Rijt. 1007, pp. 299^51, pi. 1). — -This is an account of investigations carried on in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this Department and " gives the results of growing wheat seedlings in complete nutrient solutions containing deficient, and approximately optimum amounts of potassium, and the same supplemented by sodium and again by extra calcium. "Sodium seemed to cause no increase in growth when an optimum amount of potassium was present, but when the deficiency of potassium was great enough to cause about a 30 per cent depression in the green weight produced, the addi- tion of sodium did give an inci*ease in growth which usually amounted to 10 per cent, or more, within a period of from two to three weeks, under the par- ticular conditions of these experiments. " The extra calcium did not on the whole increase the growth, either when used with an optimum or a deficient amount of potassium. " The beneficial effect of sodium, when accompanying a small amount of potassium, is not attributed to the increase in the osmotic pressure of the solu- tion, because the addition of extra calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, or nitrogen failed to cause an increase in growth. " The increase in transpii*ation was usually less than that in green weight, when sodium was added, or the potassium increased. This seemed 'especially marked with the alkali carbonates. "A larger amount of potassium was left in the solution by the growing seed- lings when the potassium in the nutrient medium was supplemented by sodium. In other words, sodium was a conserver of potassium. SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 125 •' lu two experiments by the paraffined wire baslvet method, with white quartz sand which had been digested with acid, sodium, when supplementing a deficient amount of potassium, affected the growth similarly as in the solution experiments." The partial substitution of potassium, by sodium as a plant food, K. L. Hartwell, H. J. Wheeler, and F. K. Pember {Abs. in Science, n. ser., 21 (1908), No. 6S6, pp.' 298, 299).— This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Chemical Society, the essential features of which are given in the paper noted above. What is the relation of the increase in yield of barley produced by phos- phatic fertilizers to the phosphoric acid content of the soil? F. 1'ilz iZtschr. Landic. Versuchsiv. O.'^ten:, 11 (1908), A o, /, /;/>. 36-51; ah.s. in Chcm. Zentbl., 1908, I, Xo. 8, pp. 7.J9, 7()0; Jour. Clicni. H(m: [London], 9) (1908), No. .7//7, //, /). .'i,23). — From the results of a large number of observations on the relation Ix'tween increased yield of different varieties of barley produced by application of phosphatic fertilizers and the phosphate, nitrogen, and potash contents of the soils the conclusion is drawn that the higher the phosphoric acid content of the soil the greater is the benefit resulting from the application of phosphatic fer- tilizers. Suiierphosphates were in general more effective on rich soils (contain- ing over 0.2 per cent each of nitrogen, jMitash, and i>hos|)horic acid) than on poor soils (containing less than these percentages). This explains the fact often observed in practice that the use of phosphatic fertilizers on poor soils frequently results in a depression in yield and poor ripening of barley. Phosphorus and humus in relation to Illinois soils, C (J. Hopkins (Illinois stfi. Cirr. 116, pp. 27). — This is an address which was delivered before the Illi- nois State Farmers" Institute, and discusses the improvement of the couunon prairie soils of the Illinois corn belt by means of rotations and the use of tine- ground limestone, rock phos])hate, and organic manures, thi' main object being to increase the phosphorus and humus content of the soils. On the behavior of minerals in soils, P. Vinassa ue Ivegny (Std.:. Spei: Aijr. llal., Jfl (1908), No. 1, pp. J/-77). — The results of investigations, i)articularly those of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, and of Delage and Lagatu (E. S. R., 17, pp. 226, S41), bearing on the solubility of various mineralogical constituents of soils are summarized and discussed. A bibliography of 48 refer- ences to literature on the subject is given. Effect of lime and gypsum on the solubility of potassium in feldspars, F. W. Morse and B. E. Curry (.l^^.s-. in Sriencc, n. ser., 27 (1908), No. 686, p. 29.')). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meeting of the American Chemical Society. The authors found that lime and gypsum in con- tact with feldspar increased the solubility of i)otassium. The fact that this effect was not observed when ordinary clay soils were treated in the same way is attributed to the removal of potassium from solutions by the absorbent power of the clay. Note on the effect of lime upon the availability of the soil constituents, F. B. Guthrie and L. Cohen (Agr. Gaz. N. S. M'alcs, 18 (1907), No. 12, pp. 952- 956; UaiKuii. Planters' Mo., 27 (1908), No. 1, pp. .i2-37).— Experiments on the solubility in water and 1 per cent citric acid of phosphoric acid and potash in light sandy soil, garden loam, and very stiff clay before and after treatment for one month with 1 per cent of freshly slaked lime, as well as the changes which the nitrogen underwent as a result of such treatment, are reported. The water-soluble phosphoric acid decreased during the experiment in all of the soils and the potash in the clay soil. The amount of water-soluble plant food, however, was larger in the limed than in the unlimed soils, but only in the sandy soil did the liming increase the proportion of water-soluble phosphoric 126 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. acid aiul potash over that originally present in the soil. Digestion with citric acid showed very little alteration in the amounts of soluble constituents during the experiment, the effect of liming being much less marked in this case than in case of the water-soluble constituents. The examination of the soils after S mouths with reference to changes in the nitrogen showed a larg(» increase in the proportion of nitrite nitrogen in the limed soil. The total nitrogen as nitrite and nitrate increaseJ in all cases, although the nitrate nitrogen remained almost stationary except in the clay soil. The fact that there was no loss of the very soluble nitrites and nitrates is taken to indicate that the decrease of water-soluble potash and phosi)horic acid was not due to percolation through the walls of the pots so much as to conversiou into less soluble forms. Experiments with lime and crushed limestone on a Pennsylvania clay loam soil, W. Frear (Pen II. Dcpt. Ayr. Bid. l.j.'i, pp. 7'.9-.S'.j). — This article summarizes briefly the results obtained in a series of experiments at the Pennsylvania Ex- Ijeriment Station which have been continued since 1880. The results show in brief that the use of burnt lime imder the conditions of these experiments, namely, in excessive amounts on a soil in no particular need of lime, caused a net decrease rather than a gain in production, whereas with carbonate of lime there was a slight increase in yield, but entirely insufficient to pay the cost of application. The relation between the effects of liming', and of nutrient solutions con- taining different amounts of acid, upon the growth of certain cereals, B. li. Hartwell and F. R. Pember {Rhode Island »S7o. Rpt. li)01, pp. 358-.iS0. pis-. 2). — Field experiments having shown that rye and barley are very differently affected by liming, the water cultures with these crops here reported wei-e un- dertaken to determine " whether varieties of plants which were most benefited by liming were likewise most susceptible to injury by certain acids, when their seedlings were grown in nutrient solutions possessing definite degrees of acidity. . . . " The water-culture experiments showed that barley seedlings were not more susceptible than rye seedlings to injury from acidified nutrient solutions, even though the field results proved that barley I'eceived very much more benefit than rye, from liming. " While recognizing the caution which should be exercised in drawing con- clusions concerning growth in the soil, from results secured by solution cul- tures, it seems certain, in searching for an explanation of the great differences exhibited by different kinds of plants in respect to liming, that other chemical properties of lime should be prominently studied along with its function as a corrector of acidity, even when attention has been given to the plant-food ingredients. "According to the method of experimentation employed, the growth of wheat, rye, barley, and oat seedlings was not materially influenced by any degree of alkalinity which is insufficient to cause precipitation from an ordinary nutrient solution. *' The growth of these same seedlings, in nutrient solutions, was likewise scarcely affected by an acidity e(pial to about -g^o^o" "i" '^'^'*- -^ depression in green weight of about 20 per cent resulted when the acidity equalled ^^o"' ^"^^ an increase in the acidity to about y/oo and j-r^-o, decreased the production of green weight around 40 and 60 per cent, respectively. " The very marked property of the seedlings of rendering the nutrient solu- tions alkaline was measured by titrations against standard acid at the end of the final periods of growth. SOILS- — FERTILIZERS. 127 " Even if it should bo proven beyond qnestion that the so-called acid soils are not injnrious to the growth of certain plants because of a noxious degree of acidity, but rather owing to accompanying toxic compounds, it would surely be unwise to discontinue the use of the litmus paper or other tests for soil acidity so long as valuable indications are afforded by them concerning the need of applications of basic material." The relation between the effects of acid in nutrient solutions, and of liming, B. L. Hartwell and F. R. Pember (Abs. in Science, n. scr., 21 {1908), Xo. (iS6, p. ,2!)S). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Chicago meet- ing of the American Chemical Society, the essential features of which are given in the paper noted above. Analysis of a sample of synthetic calcium nitrate, N. Passerini (Bol. Iiit. A(jr. Sciindicci, 2. scr., 7 (lUOS), Xo. 1, pit. 108-111). — The avei'age iiei'centage fif total nitrogen found by the Ulsch and Schloesing methods was 12.9. Com- plete analysis of the material showed calcium oxid 25.7 per cent, nitric anhydrid 4!>.7 per cent, and water of hydration 2?).T per cent. There were in addilion small amounts of niti-ous acid, magnesia, and insoluble substances. Tennessee white phosphate (Amer. Fert., 28 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 5-10, flgfi. 2). — This article deals especially with the AVilsdorf deposits, discussing their origin and extent, but also treats briefly of deposits in other parts of the district. Composition of ashes from Vesuvius, E. Comanducci (Oaz. Chim. ItaJ., 30 (J90G), II, Xo. 5-6, pp. 797-812; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Prui:uv (y a proper system of grain farming with leguminous crops in the rotation, and that a good system of live-stock farming will also maintain the fertility of the land. It was observed that barnyard manure gave a net profit in the first 3 crops of $1.30 per ton, or of $7.80 an acre, when 6 tons had been applied. As an average of 18 tests with a rotation of corn, oats, and clover the use of 75 lbs. of ])hosphorus per acre produced increases in crop yields worth $12.39. Larger yields were secured and j)hosphorus was nearly twice as effect ive in the 3-year rotation of corn, oats, and clover as in the 2-year rotation of corn and oats. It is pointed out that while phosphorus is commonly the element that first limits the yield, nitrogen is lost from the soil so much more rapidly under poor systems of farming that this constituent soon becomes the liuiiting element, after which phosphorus alone has no power to increase the yield. Field crops [at Copper Center Station in 1907], C. W. H. Heideman (Alaska Htas. Rpl- 1!)07, pp. 53-58). — In the tests with spring wheat varieties the most promising results were obtained with Early Riga and Velvet Chaff. Velvet Chaff or Blue Stem made the best growth but only a few heads matured, while Early Riga made only a fair growth but ripened uniformly. The most promising barley for future work in Alaska was Pamir No. 18922 from the Himalaya Mountains. Hanna Fall barley, sown April 27, made a good growth, matured, and was harvested August 15. Champion gave most satisfactory results as to yield of straw and grain and was next in earliness to Pamir. An atti^mpt has been made to cross Pamir No. 18922 with Champion. Burt oats from station- grown seed nearly all matured by August 20. Finnish Blaclv oats from station- grown seed produced its earliest matui-ed lieads August 15, and the entire Held matured August 20, when it was cut for feed. Buckwheat was killed bj^ frost July 4 and millet by frost in June. Wild rice was sovm but none of the seed germinated this season. Of the winter gi-aius. Amber winter rye was most resistant to winterkilling. The crop averaged 4 ft, in height. FIELD CROPS. 13tS About n acres are dovotod io jiiasses iutrodnr-ed from tlio Stato«!. With tlio oxcejition of smooth brome .ui'ass {lironius iucriniti) and wheat ixvass (Ai/ropuroii tenerum) all have winterkilled l)adly and have run out. Wheat .j;rass is the most promising of all the introduced grasses at the station. Timothy is not a success in that latitude. Seeds of 46 species of native grasses have been collected for thorough testing under farm conditions. [Field crops at Rampart Station in 1907], F. E. Radeh {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1907, PI'. 'i-S-.'il. pi. /). — Wheat, barley, rye, and oats were sown as winter grains en August 25, 1906, but the date of this seeding was too late for the latitude. For the first time in the history of the station winter rye failed to live through the winter and Kharkov wheat was the only winter grain to sur- vive. Finnish Black oats, seeded May 24, was cut Sei)teniber i). It reached an average height of 60 in., but the ground was too rich and the crop grew too tall and lodged badly. The growing season for Romanow wheat, seeded May 24, was aliout 10 days too short to bring it to maturity. A number of barleys from Abyssinia were grown this year for the first time and seem very promis- ing. Of these, barley No. r>62, seeded May 25, was ripe and was cut Septem- ber 3, its average height being ;}(! in. A beardless barley. No. 12709, ripened its grain by Se]itemlier :!. but had a very brittle straw, so that when blown to the ground by a storm on August 1 it never straightened up again. Lapland barley this year ripened somewhat unevenly. Heretofore this variety has never failed to mature. Manshury barley has given the best results and has always ripened. This season it grew about 40 in. high and produced very plump heads of good length. Ennner and einkorn failed to mature. Selected seed was grown (»f I>ai)land and Manshury barley and of Burt Extra Early and Finnish Black oats. Lapland barley reached a height of 60 in. and ])i"0dnced heads extra large and plumi). The selected Manshury seed grew to a uniform height of 42 in. and the lunids were fine and large. Both plats were harvested August 31. Burt Extra Early oats was harvested September 5. This variety has always ripened unevenly, but it is hoped that it may be improved by selection. Finnish Black oats grew to a uniform height of 48 in. and stood up perfectly. This variety is considered the best of those tested at the station. Among the gi-asses luider test, meadow foxtail (Alopccurus prafcn.'iis) has ]iroved the earliest in maturity. This season it was ready to cut for hay .July 1. when it had reached a height of 36 in. The seed was ripe .July 20 and it was harvested for seed August 8. Orchard grass (Dacti/lis glomerata) did not head at all, and timothy ( Phleum pratoinr) was also unsuccessful. Smooth brome grass {Bronms inermis) promises to be a good grass for hay in that region. Early Rose potatoes yielded about ninefold and Burbank about eightfold. In yield and size the potatoes this year were inferor to last year's crop. The tubers keep perfectly in the winter. Report of the Upper Peninsula Substation for the years 1905 and 1906, li. M. Geismar (Michignn Sta. ^pcc. Bill. '/l. pp. S-.'/O). — Meteorological data for the 2 years are given in tables and the yields of different crops tested at the station are reported and discussed in detail. The yields per acre of the most productive varieties in 1905 were as follows : Early Champion oats 47.5 bu., Mansheurl 6-rowed barley 35 bu., Dawson or (iiolden Chaff winter wheat 35.67 bu., French .Tune field peas 41 bu.. Northwest ern corn 27.12 bu., Swedish Brown field beans 51.08 bu.. Improved pea 29.04 bu.. Earliest Navy bean 27.83 bu.. Rye buckwheat 44 l)u., brooni corn or hog millet 4s bu.. Noi'thern Be;nity jiotatoes .3.58.46 bu., Meyer Friederichswerth Elite sugar beet 37,600 lbs. 134 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ill 1906 the leading varieties aiul tbeir yields were as follows: North Fin- nish S. P. I. No. 5513 oats 58 bu., Silsolsk No. 89 barley 35 bu., Velvet Chaff spring wheat 17 bu., Black English field i)eas 33.00 bn., Northwestern corn GS.OO bu., Swedish Brown field lieans 43.17 bu.. Rye buckwheat 25.83 bu., flax 10.30 bu., einkorn 29.04 bu., Dolsen potatoes 272.25 bu. I'otatoes planted November 5-9, 1904, sprouted and blossomed about 1 week earlier the following spring than potatoes of the same varieties planted May 18 and 20, 1905. A i acre of fall planted potatoes yielded 3,390 lbs., as compared with 3,266 lbs. for a i acre of spring planted tubers. In 1906, on drained muck land these varieties of potatoes ranged in yield from 123.75 bu. to 284.62 ])U. per acre, the leading variety being Northern Beauty. This same year a comparison of fall and spring i)lantiug on /, acre plats again favored the fall planted crop in sprouting and blossoming. The yield on this area was in favor of sju-ing planting by 3()9 lbs. In both years the average differences in yield between level and bill cultui-t' and in 1905 between sjjraying and not spraying were immaterial. In 1906, si)raying with Bordeaux mixture gave an average increase at the rate of 22 bu. per acre. A sprayed i)lat of Delaware potatoes this same season yielded at the rate of 460.8 bu. per acre, while the nnsi)rayed plat iiroduced at the rate of only 358.4 bu. Kherson oats stood second in 1905 with a yield of 4(> bu. per acre. Burt and Sixty Day, two white varieties, and North Finnish, a black oat, are con- sidered promising for that region. French Chevalier 2-rowe(l barley has given only low yields. The results of a corn-breeding experiment in 1906 showed that corn will readily adapt itself to new environments and demonstrated the importance of breeding a type sure to ripen in all localities and in all seasons in the Upper Peninsula. Geliu has proved to be the earliest coi'n of 100 early varieties under test. The yields of numerous forage crops are given in tables and the growth of these crops is briefly noted. Forag-e crops in northwest Texas, A. B. Conner (Texas 8tu. Bui. 103, pp. 5-21, figs. 6, map 1). — Cooperative forage crop investigations were begun by the Texas Exi)eriment Station and the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart- ment in 1905 at Chillicothe, and in 1906 at Amarillo, in northwestern Texas, or that part of the State known as the Panhandle. Brief descriptions and cultural directions are given for the different forage crops tested. Sorghum is by far the most important forage crop of this section. The best forage varieties, according to this report, are Sumac, Orange. I'lanter, Black- hull Kafir corn, lied Kafir corn, lied Amber, Minnesota Amber, and Milo maize. In 1907, a season not at all favorable to heavy forage production, medium early planting sufficiently thick and regular in the drill to allow the utilization of all available moisture gave the following yields at Chillicothe: Sumac and Orange 5 tons, Blackhull Kafir corn and Red Amber Ah tons, Minnesota Amber and Planter 4| tons, Red Kafir corn 4 tons, and Milo maize 3 tons of thoroughly dried-out forage per acre. Careful seeding was found to control largely the growth and yield of the crop, and the use of a planter with a pack-wheel is recommended. Hand-thrashed seed was found more satisfactory than machine- thrashed seed. The heaviest yields of forage with most varieties were obtained from drills 21 in. apart with stalks every inch in the drill. Milo maize gave the large.st yield of forage in rows 42 in. apart with stalks every inch, and the best yield of seed in rows 3 ft. apart with stalks every 6 in. The yields ranged from 3 to 6 tons per acre at Chillicothe and from 3 to 8 tons at Amarillo. FIELD CROPS. 135 Alfalfa promised to be valuable in the soutliea stern part of the section, but through the northwestern portion it had little promise except when grown in depressions known as swales, on beaches around lakes, and especially in canyoija. Kansas and Texas grown seed gave the best results. Turkestan alfalfa has so far been a poor yielder. Thecowpea, which is valuable for rotation with sorghum, promises to take the pla<-e of alfalfa on the uplands. The moth bean compared favorably with the cowpea in yield of hay and was apparently more drought resistant. The sciy bean and the nunig bean did not give very satisfactory results. Grains and forage crops for northern Wisconsin, R, A. Moore and E. J. li'ELWicHE {Wifsconsin tita. Bui. Jdl, pp. S-23, fli/a. 5). — The results secured with different grains and forage plants on the substation farms in northern Wiscon- sin in I'JOG and 1907 are reported and discussed. It has been observed in gen- eral that the sandy soils of this region are especially adapted to growing sugar beets, corn, oats, soy beans, and clovers when well manured and a proper crop rotation is followed. The clay soils when well worked and drained are suitable for growing winter wheat, barley, oats, peas, clovei", and mixed grasses. On heavy clay soil alsike clover has yielded as high as 8 bu. of seed per acre. The early varieties of corn gave good yields on rich sand and clay loam soils, while the medium dent varieties produced an abundance of fodder but were too late for good yields of well-matured ear corn. Smut Nose and Yellow Flint matured well and seemed to be the preferable varieties for the region at present. Barley was iirofitable only on old well-subdued clay and loam soils. The heavy, bearded, stiff-strawed, six-rowed varieties have done best. Wyoming- forag-e plants and their chemical composition, H. G. Knight, F. E. Hepner, and A. Nelson {WijomiiKj »S7«. Bui. 76', pp. 11!), figs. 50). — These studies are in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 18, p. 229). Of a total of 152 analyses of native and introduced forage plants grown in Wyo- ming, 72 are included in this bulletin. Heretofore the plants collected for the chemical work were all gathered at about an altitude of 7,000 to 8,000 ft., but for this bulletin the plants were collected from various altitudes ranging from about 4,500 to 11,000 ft. It was found that the crude fiber in the Wyoming native gx'asses runs higher on an average than the crude fiber in eastern grasses, but apparently the variations in altitude alone have little or no effect upon this constituent and it is believed that when the crude fiber content is lower in forage grown at low altitudes other causes than altitude must operate to produce this general change. The forage plants analyzed in general have shown a high percentage of nitro- gen, averaging about 9 per cent of the water-free material when calculated as crude protein. Analyses made, of soils show on the contrary a marked deficiency in nitrogen content. Thirteen grasses collected at elevations from 10,000 to 11,000 ft. contained on an average 4.85 per cent of ash, 2.64 per cent of crude fat, 32.32 per cent of crude fiber, 10.95 per cent of crude protein, and 49.24 per cent of nitrogen-free extract. This was very close to the average comp(,»sition of forage plants collected at lower altitudes, but the crude protein was about 2 per cent higher. Downy oat grass, collected at 10,000 ft., contained 9.09 per cent of crude protein, while another sample collected at 11,000 ft. contained 12.20 per cent. Other samples are cited but the number of plants obtained at different altitudes is not considered large enough to warrant general conclusions. A number of miscellaneous analyses, including analyses of grains, straw, and mixed hay, are also recorded. Alfalfa studies, P. K. Blinn {Colorado Sta. BuL 128, pp. 3-7, pis. 5).— The station has made a selection of seed from promising alfalfa plants and has established au alfalfa nursery containing 64 different varieties of promising 136 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, individual selections. This nursery was planted April 15, 1907, and thinned to single plants about the middle of July. An epitome of the tirst season's obser- vations is given. While in previous tests at the station the Turkestan alfalfa has proven the most desirable for hay, it was observed in these tests that although one-half of* the plats were sown with Turkestan strains the most leafy and the gi'eatest seed- producing plants were not found in the Turkestan varieties. Six selections of the most promising type for seed and hay were made, and of these the seed pro- duction in four ranged from 70 to 118 gm. from 10 plants, one strain produced 18 oz. of clean seed from 50 plants and the remaining strain 11 oz. from 1.50 plants. Clover seed in the Connecticut market, E. H. Jenkins and Mary H. Jauger ( Connect iciit Sta. Bill. UK), pj). 3-1 'i, figs. S). — This bulletin briefly reports tli<' results of examining 51 samples of clover seed obtained from various sources within tlie State. The seed of 26 of the samples examinefl weighed less than li gm. i)er 1.000 seeds, that of 2 weighing 1.27 gm. or less, being ecjual to about .')63,0U0 seeds per pound. Two .samples weighed 1.92 gm. per l.o<>0 seerepared so deep had small root systems and matured fewer bolls. To show the advantages of shallow surface cultivation, which produces a dust mulch and leaves the feeding roots undisturbed, the results of experiments with the sweet potato are pointed out. Sweet potatoes cultivated 2 in. deep gave much better results than those cultivated 5 and 6 in. deep. The meteoro- logical records for 1906 and 1907 are reported, with brief comments. Rice investigations: Report of first year's experiments, F. G. Krauss (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 11)01, pp. 67-90, pis. 5). — The rice industry in Hawaii is 138 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. briefly discussed aud the plans, objects, and methods of the experiments reported are noted. Of more than 100 varieties under test 11 have been selected as suitable for Hawaiian conditions. A number of these are upland rices producing a fair yield with a minimum moisture supply, and the others are promising wet land rices of the short, thick kernel type characteristic of Japan rice. Brief notes on some of these varieties are given. The results of a comparative study made between plats of several varieties are presented in the following table : Comparison of standard Hatcaiian Gold Seed, Japan Seed, and Egyptian varie- ties of rice. Name of variety. Standard Hawaiian Gold Seed. Hawaiian-grown Japan Seed. . Hawaiian-grown Egyptian Sta- tion inven- tory num- ber. 148 153 65 Date of sowing, 1907. Feb. 18 ..do.... ..do.... Date of maturity and harvest, 1907. July 20 June 8 July 20 Grow- Height Weight Weight ing pe- of of riod. plants. paddy. straw. Days. In. Gms. Gms. 152 42 32 68 110 36 20 54 152 48 43 114 Esti- mated acre yields, paddy. Lbs. 3,730 3,412 4,129 It v/as found in this work that some varieties which yield well from July planting fail if sown in the early spring, or continue to vegetate until late fall, when they flower and fruit at about the same time as summer plantings. The all-season varieties are considered best for Hawaii. The spring varieties also produce fall crops, while fall varieties are not at all suited to spring culture. With a view to discovering some of the fertilizer requirements of rice a series of 7 fertilizer experiments was begun July 1, 1906, and continued through a period of about 15 montlis. The first experiment was made with Hawaiian Gold Seed, and the results secured are summarized in the following table: Su7nmary of pot experiments with rice, showing effect of fertilizers on grotcth. Se- ries No. Fertilizer used and calculated rate per acre. Water transpired by 5 plants in total period of growth. Check ( no fertilizer) Stable manure 5 tons.. Lime, air-slaked 1 ton.. Nitrate of soda 200 lbs. . Sulphate of potash 200 lbs.. Acid phosphate 200 lbs. . Nitrate of soda and sulphate of potash, 200 lbs. each Nitrate of soda and acid phosphate, 200 lbs. each Sulphate of potash and acid phosphate, 200 lbs. each Nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and acid phosphate 200 lbs. each.. Nitrate of soda, sulphate of potash, and acid phosphate, 200 lbs. each, and lime, 2.000 lbs. Nitrate of soda, applied in 10 doses, 3 days apart 200 lbs. . Gms. 202. 0 287.4 296.3 276.1 298.1 276.7 299.7 235. 1 Green weight of 5 plants at end of 30-day period. Gms. 1.92 2.75 2.75 2.57 2.75 2.57 2.47 2.67 2.37 2.67 2.50 4.40 Water-free weight of 5 plants at end of 30-day period. Gms. 0.42 .60 ..57 .57 ..57 .57 .60 .57 .50 .60 .55 Water transpired per pound of water- free sub- stance. Lbs. 480. 95 479.00 .519.82 484.38 522. 98 485. 44 499. .50 513. .S6 450. .50 524.33 496. 91 442.10 The most striking result was the superior growth obtained where nitrate of soda was supplied in 10 equal doses, and the second important result was the apparent depreciation of the yield through the application of lime. FIELD CROPS. 139 The object of the second experiment was to determine as far as possible by means of pot cultnres the inflnence upon the yield of grain and straw of the various elements found in commercial fertilizers used in combination with and without lime. Japan variety No. 153 was used for the test and all fertilizers were mixed with the first 3 in. of soil before planting and applied at the rate of 50 lbs. per acre for each element. One of the striking results in this test was the general depression of the plants when treated with lime, the loss amounting to from 14 to 40 per cent. The general results of the test indicated that nitrogen in the form of sulphate of ammonia is especially suitable for the rice plant. The results with fish guano agreed closely with those obtained with sulphate of anunonia. Next to these two substances acid phosphate seemed to be the most available for the plant. The best combination of two elements was nitrogen and phosphorus in the form of sulphate of ammonia and acid phosphate or fish guano and acid phosphate. Where a complete fertilizer made up of the several forms of these different fertilizers was used practically all the plants were killed within a month. The relative value of different fertilizers when applied to two widely different types of rice, the Hawaiian Gold Seed and Japan rice, was studied in a third experiment. The fertilizers were supplied in as varied selection as the market afforded and where single constituents were added 40 lbs, of nitrogen, 25 lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 45 lbs. of potash were supplied per acre. The data secured are brought together in the table below : Relative value of the various commercial forms of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash as fertilizers for the rice crop. Fertilizers applied per acre. Check (un- treated). Fertilized before planting. Limed (750 lbs.) and fertilized be- fore planting. Fertilized after plants were three-fourths grown. Paddy. Paddy. Gain or loss. Paddy. Gain or loss. Paddy. Gain or loss. Nitrate of soda, 266 lbs Lbs. 3.54 3.66 3.93 3.81 4.02 3.90 4.26 3.75 3.66 3.30 n>s. 4.76 7.12 10.15 9.06 8.75 6.31 5.56 4.75 7.-55 3.94 Per ct. + 25.92 + 88.36 +168.52 +139. 68 +131.48 + 66.93 + 47.07 + 2.5.66 + 99.73 + 4.23 Lbs. 3.18 3.37 2.87 3.75 2.15 2.06 2.75 3.12 3.37 3.00 Per ct. -15.87 -10.84 -24.07 - 0.79 -43. 12 -45. 50 -27.25 -17.46 -10.8 -20.63 Lbs. 5.06 5.34 2.90 3.47 4.59 3.12 3.12 3.70 3. .57 4.31 Per ct. +.S3.33 +41.27 23 27 Sulphate of ammonia, 200 lbs Sulphate of potash and magnesia, 180 lbs 8 20 Acid phosphate, 125 lbs +''1 42 Reverted phosphate, 156 lbs 17 46 Thomas slag phosphate, 156 lbs Complete fertilizer (nitrate of soda, acid phosphate, and sulphate of potash), 350 lbs -17.46 - 2.11 Complete fertilizer (sulphate of am- monia, fish guano, reverted phos- phate, and sulphate of potash), 350 lbs.. 5 .55 Complete fertilizer (nitrate of .soda, Thomas slag phosphate, and sul- phate of potash and magnesia), 350 lbs +14. 02 The average production of the 10 untreated plats was 3.78 lbs. of paddy. In a second exi)eriment in which the Hawaiian Gold Seed variety was grown the results were almost identical with those given in the table above. Plat tests were carried out in a fourth experiment with Japan seed rice fertilize<:l with Chinese peanut cake, fish guano, stable manure, and commercial fertilizers. On some plats lime was used, and as in practically all other tests the addition of this substance seemed to depress the yield except on the plat receiving stable manure at the rate of 5 tons per acre. Fish guano and com- mercial fertilizer showed a decided gain in the application made before the crop 57401— No. 2—08 4 140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I was sown as compared with the application after the crop had become well advanced. Little difference in this regard was observed with Chinese peanut cake. Stable manure showed an increase of 121 per cent of paddy for an applica- tion of 2i tons, while an application of ."> tons per acre yielded 250 per cent increase over the check i)lat and over 100 per cent more than where only half as much manure was used. Stable manure also greatly increased the yield of straw in proportion to the amount of grain. Fish guano, which stood next,- gave an increasetl yield of 118 per cent over the check plat, followed by the commercial fertilizer with an average gain of 100 per cent when applied at the rate of 100 lbs. per acre. The same treatment upon the Gold Seed variety produced about the same results. The object of the fifth experiment was to compare the relative value in economy of several complete fertilizers under different modes of application. The fertilizers were applied April 30, 1907, when the crop was about half grown. The application in one instance was made up of fish guano, acid phosphate, and sulphate of potash and magnesia, and in another of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, acid i)hosphate, and muriate of potash. These compounds were used alone, and the one first mentioned was also given in combination with sulphate of ammonia. Where the compound containing the guano was worked into the ground to a depth of several inches a gain of 58.5 per cent, equivalent to a net profit of $29.60 per acre, was obtained, and where the fertilizer was not worked into the ground an increase of 42.5 per cent, representing a net profit of .$20.75. was secured. In the sixth and seventh experiments, conducted in conjunction with the experiment just described, two special nitrogen fertilizing tests were under- taken on a field scale. Sulphate of ammonia at $72 per ton was applied at the rate of 75 and 100 lbs. per acre, and nitrate of soda at $55 per ton at the rate of 100 and 150 lbs. per acre. The applications were made at the same time when the plants were a little more than half grown. The sulphate of ammonia from the 75 and 100 lbs. applications showed increases of 80 and 85 per cent, or net profits of $35.15 and $36.50 per acre, respectively. The larger application barely paid for the extra cost, as compared with the use of 75 lbs. per acre. The 100 lbs. application of niti'ate of soda produced a gain of 21 per cent, or a net profit of $12 per acre. These results between the two forms of nitrogen are in practical agreement with those secured in the pot experiments. The results of culture experiments with reference to age of seedlings at time of transplanting and to broadcasting, drilling, and transplanting are presented in the following tables: The yield of Japan seed rice (No. 153), as influenced by age of seedlings at time of transplanting. a 4) Age of seed- lings at time of transplanting. Date of trans- planting. Date of flower- ing. Date of maturity and har- vest. Yield from three 100 square feet cuttings. Relative yields, experi- ment 1 taken as 100. Calculated yields per acre. Value of paddy Paddy. Straw. Paddy. Straw. per acre." 1 2 3 4 5 20 days old 25 days old 30 days old 35 days old 20 days old (fertilized).. Mar. 22 Mar. 27 Apr. 1 Apr. 6 Mar. 22 May 8 ....do... May 6 May 5 May 9 June 10 ....do... ....do... ....do... ....do... Lbs. 29.00 25.50 22. 25 13.25 32.50 Lbs. 27.75 24.50 22.50 18.00 48.00 100 87. 93 76.72 45.69 112.07 Lbs. 4,205 3,697 3,126 •1,921 4,713 Lbs. 4, 024 3,553 3,263 2,610 6,960 Dollars. 105. 12i •92.42i 78.15 48.02i 117. 82i "At $2.50 per 100 pounds. FIELD CROPS. 141 Relative yields from broadcasted, drilled, and transi)lanted Japan seed rice (No. 153.) Date of Method of culture. germina- tion. Date of flowering. Date of maturity and harvest. Height plants. Average num- ber of fruiting culms per plant. Pri- mary. Sec ondary. 1 ! Seed broadcasted, harrowed in 1 to 2 May 1-5 do June 6 ....do... Inches. 2S-24 25-28 » 32-34 20-22 2-3 2-3 6-8 2-4 1-2 2 Seed drilled in 1 to 2 inches deep (rows 12 inches apart) and flooded do 1-2 «3 a4 Seedlings 20 days old at transplanting . Mar. 2 Seedlings 35 days old at transplanting do . . . May 8-10 May 3-5 June 10 ....do... 1-3 1-2 B Method of culture. Yield from three 100 square foot cuttings. Calculated yields per acre. Value of a. •y. Paddy. Straw. Paddy. Straw. paddy per acre. '> 1 Seed broadcasted, harrowed in 1 to 2 Inches deep, and flooded Lbs. 12.25 13.50 29.00 13.25 Lbs. 17.95 15.50 27. 75 18.00 Lbs. 1,776 1,958 4,205 1,921 Lbs. 2,501 2,393 4,024 2,610 Dollars. 44.40 2 Seed drilled in 1 to 2 inches deep (rows 48. 95 as Seedlings 20 days old at transplanting. . Seedlings 35 days old at transplanting. . 105. 12i 48.02i " Taken from preceding table. ".Vt .?2.50 per 100 pounds. Topography of the sugars and nonsugars in the sugar-beet root, J. Urban {Ztschr. Zuckerindus. Bohmen, 32 {1901), No. 1, pp. 11-2.',, figs. 2).— Differeut parts of the beet root were found to vary not only in sugar content and in crude ash but also in the composition of the pure ash. The organic and inorganic nonsugars increasetl from the lower toward the upper portion of the root, but the rate of increase was not the same for all substances. In the fresh material, the smallest quantity of potassium oxid was found in the middle portion, while phosphoric acid was about equally distributed throughout the root. The ash from the lower part contained the largest quantities of potassium oxid and phosphoric acid, but these substances decreased toward the crown. Sodium oxid. lime, and chlorin decreased from the crown toward the tip. A study of the concentric parts of the beet showed that the sugar content is highest and the nonsugars are lowest in the middle portion, that the inner portion contains less sugar, and that the lowest percentage of sugar is found in the youngest layer next the skin. Sodium o.xid and chlorin were lowest and calcium oxid, potassium oxid. and phosphoric acid were highest, in the outer Iiortion. Plant food requirements of seed beets, mother beets, and cuttings, K. Andrlik, J. Urban, and \'. Stankk iZtsvlir. Zuckerindus. Bolniien, 32 (1901), \o. 1, pp. 1-11, figs. 2). — The composition of seed beets in the early stages of growth, at the time their stems develop, during blossoming and seed formation, and at maturity was determined, and the contents of the different elements at these various stages are recorded and discussed. The results of analyses are given in the table on the following page. 142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Composition of seed hccts in different stages of develoiuiicnt duriiuj the second year of groioth. Root: Mar. 27 May 29 June 15 July 6 July 31 Aug. 15 Leaves and fruit May 29 June 15 July (■) July 31 Aug. 15 Stems: June 15 Julv6 July 31 Aug. 15 Seed: Aug. lo ... Average Dry weight. matter. Gms. Per ct. 358 25.67 348 16.82 •140 16.45 452 14.77 473 15.25 47(i 14.79 500 9.79 538 13.01 803 17.87 830 27.72 m 89.34 425 17.50 463 23.68 461 25. 62 153 96.65 188 86.56 Reducing p„,,to. Sugar. sub- ^"^'"^ stances. Per ct. 18.25 9.20 6.90 5.60 4.80 4.80 .23 .34 .45 .17 .23 1.60 .71 .32 .75 .65 Per ct. 0.21 .15 .17 .22 .23 .32 .70 .55 .43 .90 .05 Per ct. 2.23 1.99 2.21 1.96 2.21 2.14 .«7 1.11 1.57 3.58 5.94 2.86 4.97 5.13 18. 25 12.84 Total Albumi- nitrogen. noids. Per ct. Per ct. 0.197 0.730 .147 .500 .185 .530 .156 .440 .164 .680 .174 .610 .395 1.970 .609 3. 110 .610 2.960 .696 3.530 1.771 8.660 .291 1.220 .252 1.190 .254 1.300 1.198 5.450 1.865 9.230 Ash. Per ct. 0. 502 .688 .951 1. 1.56 1. 189 1.208 1. 654 2.068 2. 212 2. 821 13.094 1.827 1.761 2.333 8.356 4.616 An experiment in Swedish turnip culture, F. W. Card (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 265-273, pis. 10). — The results of this experiment indicated that the turnip grows best on a garden soil which is sandy rather than silty or claj^ey. Lime was not beneficial except on a humus soil. Commercial fertilizers increased the tops more than the growth of the roots. Potash was the most advantageous Ingredient and when combined with phosphoric acid gave better results than any other combination of commercial fertilizers. The use of sul- phate of ammonia gave but a slight increase in yield, and the use of nitrate of soda and dried blood gave no beneficial results. Barnyard manure gave an excellent total yield, but scab was more prevalent than where commercial fer- tilizers were used. Ashes showed no increase in root growth but apparently increased the growth of the tops about 50 j)er cent. A moderately dry soil gave better yields than a very wet one. Lime was beneficial when applied with the commercial fertilizers. HOETICULTURE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. (iKOROKSON, K. W. Dk Abmoni), F. E. Rader, and C. W. H. Heideman (Alaska ^tas. Ritt. V.)07. pp. 21-2'), •U-.'il, '/7-4.9, 50-53, 7.'/-87. figs. 3). — Notes are given on the varieties of fruits, ornamentals, and vegetables being tested at the 8itka Station, fruits and vege- tables at the Rampart Station, and vegetables at the Copper Center Station. More than 12,000 fruit trees and shrubs, as well as a large amount of seed, were sent to various parts of the Territory, and the results secured with some of these lots are given in letters from several of the stations' cooperators. At the Sitka Station, where the work with fruit is more advanced, the Hyslop and Yellow Transparent apples bloomed during the ]iast season, but bore no fruit. These \arieties. together with the Whitney crab and the Peerless, give considerable promise. Other varieties are doing poorly. It appears certain that only the so-called sunmier varieties can mature in Alaska, since in the interior the season is too short, and in the coast region the summers are too cool to mature fall and winter apples. The experiments also indicate that dwarf trees are likely to succeed best. Of the four varieties of cherries growing, the Early Richmond and English Morello are the best. Currants, gooseberries, and raspberries do well in Alaska. The Cuthbert raspberry has done particularly well iu the coast region. The HORTTCTTLTURE. 143 Downing and Houghton gooseberries have been fairly successful at the Sitka Station, but the Whitesiuith. a large English variety, excels theiu all. Crosses of cultivated varieties of rasi)berries and strawberries with native varieties are being tested. A native black gooseberry and several native currants have been brought under cultivation. Trees and plants suffered considerable damage from upheaval during the winter of 1906-7. Report of the horticulturist, J. E. Higgins (Hawaii Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 52-60. /,/v. .?». — The chief work of the year consisted in experiments in the shipping of troi»lcal fruits, already noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 338). The orchard area has been increased by about 4 or 5 acres. In addition to avocados and mangoes, the newer orchard plantings include oranges, pomelos, lemons, papaias, sweet sop (Anona squamosa), sour sop (A. muricata), cheri- moya (A. cherimolia), Kafir plum (Harpephyllum caffnnn), Spondius lutea, guaA'a (Psidium guajava), and the star apple (ChrysophyUum cainito). About 1 acre has been planted to mulberries for experiments in the production of food for silkworms. Brief descriptive notes are given of the star apple, the fruit of the Anona group, the carambola (Averrhoa carambola), which is a Chinese fruit furnishing a drink similar to lemonade, and Carica qucrcifolia, which species of Carica is said to be much richer in papaine, or "vegetable pepsin," than the papaia. The cultivation of roselle was continued and experiments conducted in the manufacture of jam and jelly. The receipts used are here given. There appears to be nothing gained in planting roselle seed earlier than February in the region of Honolulu. Seed planted before this date produced plants which bore pre- maturely Init did not produce the main crop earlier than plants which were started later. Although the roselle does not require the richest soil, correspond- ingly l»etter results are secured on good soils. In the experiments conducted at the station the yield averaged from 6,000 to 7,000 lbs. per acre. The Natal i)ineapple being tested at the station fruited during the year and is believed to l>e identical with the Queen. This variety, while not adapted for canning, is of fine quality and may prove of A'alue in marliets where a small fruit is demanded. Report of the South Haven Substation for 1906, L. R. Taft and F. A. WiLKKN { MiiJiif/an ^ta. .Spec. Bui. J/O, pp. 3-.i7). — This is the regular annual report of the South Haven Substation, consisting chiefly of brief cultural and descriptive notes on the varieties of strawberries, gooseberries, currants, rasp- berries, blackberries, cherries, peaches, plums, grapes, pears, apples, crab apples, quinces, and nuts being tested, in connection with which lists are given of cherries, plums, grapes, pears, and apples recommended for planting. The attempt to grow the English walnut has met with failure thus far. The pecan has made a vigorous growth, but has not yet fruited. The Japanese walnut (Juf/Ians sieboldiana) bore a small crop containing many undersized nuts. The trees appear to be failing. Both the Kentish Cob and the Cosford Thin Shell filV)erts are thrifty growers, but are not productive enough for com- mercial ])urposes, although desirable for home use. The chestnuts, of which I'aragon is considered the best variety, are the most promising, although the Japanese varieties have failed to fruit. A test was made between paper and wooden boxes as carriers of strawberries, gooseberries, and currants. The wooden box was found to be superior in pick- ing and packing the fruit and was the one desired by the trade, as the paper boxes were not considered firm enough to stand rough handling. There is little difference in the cost, but the ])aper box is more attractive. It is suggested 144 EXPERTMKNT STATION RECORD. that it may ho nsod for a special Iradc wiiiTe care is tal^en in handliuf,' the fruit. > In addition to comparative tests of the various remedies for the San Jose scale, wliicli liavc been jjreviously reported (E. S. It., 19, p. 56), cooperative experiments in si)rayin}i for the second hrood of codlinji moth were carried on. The i)lats were injured l>y tlie freeze of October 10, thus destroying the chance of gettinj: accurate results, but tlie evidence secured indicates tliat tlie si)rayinfj should 1)0 done by Auj,'ust 1. It is recommended that in orchards infested with the codlins moth the trees should be sjirayod with arsenate of lead either the latter part of ,Tuly or early in August. With varieties subject to the attack of ai)plo scab the addition of Bordeaux mixture is advised. [Beport on horticultural crops of the Upper Peninsula Substation for the years 1905 and 1906], L. M. (iioisMAR {Miclii best sweet jiotatoes relative to yit'ld were the Polo, Fullerton Yellow Yam, and I'.razllian. In I'.HKi on a one-half acre plat of sweet potatoes, the total cost, inclusive of hauling the crop and growing the sets in the cold frame, was .$40.07. 'i'lie total yield was 1(»,.S(»!) lbs., which were sold for $15n..3r.. Partial data are given on similar work with sweet potatoes and chillies for 1907. Report of the horticultural division, F. W. Card (Rhode Island *S7«. Rpt. 1907, pp. 21 1-21 'i, 220-265, pis. 7). — The results for the year are given of various cultural and l)reeding experiments, including further data on the market garden rotation and lawn experiiiients (E. S. R., 18, p. 112.5). A large number of crosses have been made between different varieties of raspberries and blackberries during the past years. Some general notes are given on a few of these which are considered promising. The breeding of beans with a view of increasing their frost-resistant innver was continued and the results to date are given. To determine what progress has been made in increasing the hardiness of the lieans, seed of the same varie- ties included in the work was obtained from a seedsman in 1907 and i)lantod with them. From the data obtained the conclusion is reached that this is not a iiromisiiig line of jiiant breeding. Further observations are given on the C(mdition of the various plats in the lawn ex])eriments in which the effects of fertilizers leaving an acid residue and those leaving an alkaline residue are being compared with fertilizers having :i neutral effect on the soil. Seven different grasses and grass mixtures wore used in this comparison. On other plats different ])roportions and combinations of fertilizers are being tested, together with si)ecial grass mixtures offei'od by seedsmen. In the market garden rotation experiment, in which the value of stable manure is being compared with chemicals combined with cover crops, potatoes and early cabbage were used for the early crops, which were followed by beets and HORTICULTURE, 145 carrots on the ground occupied by early cabbage and by turnips and cabbage on the ground first occupied by potatoes. A detailed account is given of the work together with the results secured. Taking the crops as a whole, the yields from chemicals supi)lemented by cover crops were equal to those obtained from stable manure. The potatoes were the only crop which gave a slightly larger yield from stable manure. Similar work was continued with onions, spinach, and lettuce in 11XI7. The season was cold and backward, however, and only the spinach germinated promptly. The spinach grew decidedly quicker on the chemical plats, as may be expected in a cool season unfavorable for the action of the soil organisms in the stable manure. A test was made of different methods of planting muskmelons with the par- ticular object of seeing whether it was possible to grow a crop in spite of the melon blight. The ground was plowed early in May and lime applied and har- rowed in at the rate of 1 ton per acre. The experimental plat was divided into 3 sections. In the first 2 sections stable manure was placed in the partly filled furrows, which were then ridged up, and in section 3 the manure was placed in the bottom of the furrow, after which the soil was leveled oft". Seeds were sown on parts of each section and the remainder was planted with potted plants. The tabular results show that the largest melons were obtained from the trans- l^lanted plants, and that a larger proportion were obtained somewhat earlier. A better yield was also obtained from the section in which the manure was placed in the bottom of the furrow and covered, leaving the ground level, than from the sections in which the melons were grown on ridges. The number and average diameter of mature and green melons found on each section at .the end of the season are given. Taking equal length of row, the yield showed 637 melons from transplanted plants and 799 from seed plants. The transplanted plants, however, were set 2 ft. apart in the row, while the seedling plants were nuich closer. Blight aijpeared upon the melons about the end of August and the vines were given 4 successive sprayings a week apart with Bordeaux mixture. Compared with the behavior of melon plants elsewhere the same season, spraying appeared to hold the blight somewhat in check. Detiiiled notes were made on the strawberries in fruit during the season. Descriptions and scales of points are given for a few of the most promising seedlings. Very few of the named varieties gave satisfactory yields. The Gowen Seedling and Latest were the best. An attempt has been made for several years to improve the production of strawberries by selecting and breeding from the most productive parents. A summary is given of the results since 1899. The results have not been satis- factory, however. " The difficulties which have appeared have seemed to more than offset the possible advantage which might accrue by always selecting the most productive parents." To determine if possible the influence of using scions procured from bearing trees of known quality and productiveness, a number of Northern Spy trees were i)lanted in the spring of 1898 and top grafted in the following year with selected scions of Rhode Island Greening. Comparisons will be made when the trees come into fruiting with ordinary nursery grown trees. Other tests with apples are also being conducted to determine the influence of stock upon scion, and a summary is given of the work to date. Records are given of the blooming periods of several varieties of apples, pears, peaches, and plums in the station orchard for the years 1904, 1905, and 1907, together with brief notes upon a few varieties of peaches which have fruited on the college grounds. Notes are also given on several miscellaneous breeding experiments with fruits. 146 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Observations weiv made in the uutuuiu of JliOG uu tlie college vineyard posts, which were variously treated in 1903 with a view of adding to their durability (E. S. II., 10, p. nO). The posts treated with carbolineum were making the best showing. In some cases the outside surface was still quite firm. Charred posts and those treated with coal tar ranked next in their condition and were equally well preserved. Very little difference could be detected in the treat- ments with pine tar, lime, or copperas and lime. The outer wood ring was more or less decayed in all cases and in the untreated posts was entirely gone. No difference was noted between the posts set with the top end down and those with the bottom end down. Northern Spy trees were planted in 1898 with a view of testing the influence of methods of pruning at planting time upon the subsequent growth. The trees planted included 2-year whips, 2-year branched trees trimmed to a whip when set, 2-year trees with branches cut back one-half and the leader untouched, 2-year trees untrimmed, and trees with the roots untrimmed, cut back half, and cut back by the Stringfellow method, leaving only a mere stump. In the 3 latter lots the branches were cut back about one-half, leaving the leader untouched. Trees were also planted by the Stringfellow method with the roots cut back to a mere stump 1 or 2 in. long, and the tops cut back to a stub about 1 ft. long. Very little difference has resulted from the different methods of treatment, except in the case of the untrimmed trees cut back to whips when set, in which the tendency has been to develop a tall, leggy growth with small tops. The trees which were not trimmed at all when planted are in good shape, and the results seem to indicate that in the moist Rhode Island climate no more trinuning is desirable for apple trees at planting time than is necessary to enable the tree to start into growth well. The cultivation and handling of goldenseal, Alice Henkel and G. F. Klugh (U. »S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 6, pp. 19, figs. 7). — ^A revision of Bureau of Plant Industry Bulletin 51, pt. 6 (E. S. R., 16, p. 747), dealing with the identification and geographical distribution of goldenseal, the conditions under which it grows, the collection and preparation of the root, the cultural requirements, and the yield of roots. The question of supply and demand and the ]K)ssil)i]ities of goldenseal as a cultivated crop are also discussed. An analysis of roots grown for 6 successive seasons by the Department showed a hydrastin content of 2.98 per cent, whereas the Pharmacopoeia calls for only 2.50 per cent. Cultivation appears to influence the hydrastin content princi- pally in the development of a normal high percentage of healthy well-nourished roots. Marketing the muskmelon, J. W. Lloyd {Illinois Sta. Bui. 12-'i, pp. 295-322, figs. i.J). — The results are here given of studies conducted by the station for several years relative to the marketing of muskmelons. Consideration is briefly given to the market demands with reference to types of melons and packages, together with a detailed account of the most approved method of handling the crop, including i)icking, grading, packing, construction of packing sheds, and the organization of the working force. The various methods of selling the crop are also discussed. Notes on Brassica crosses, A. W. Sutton (Ganl. Chron., 3. ser., J/S (1908), No. 1100, pp. 58, 59, figs. 9). — Extracts fi'om a paper on this subject read before the Linnean Society. January, 190S, with illustrations and descriptions of various ci'osses made. The author conuuenced a series of experiments in 1900 to detei'mine to what extent different members of the Brassica family could be seeded close to one another without danger of crossing. Various forms of B. oleracea were grown side by side and many nondescript hybrids were secured, the majority of which HORTICULTURE. 147 were discarded as of no practical value. A few, including a Brussels sprout with cabbage bead, a curled leaf thousand-beaded kale, and a thousand-beaded kale with large tender leaf stalks are being perpetuted. Subsequent attempts to cross various types of B. olcracca with different forms of rape, swede^ and turnip (B. iiapin^, B. campcstrifi, and B. rapa, respectively) by artificial pollination and under closely controlled conditions lead the author to conclude that B. oleracca (cabbage type) will not cross outside of its own class. In cases where the hybrids produced seed, they split up in the second generation into forms resembling the types first cross-fertilized and other inter- mediate forms. The rapes, swedes, and turnips crossed with each other and produced hybrids, many of which failed to produce seed, hence were not perpetuated. The deduc- tion is made that as it seems impossible to perpetuate hybrid forms between white and yellow swedes, white and yellow turnips, white turnips and swedes, yellow turnips and swedes, or vice versa, it is probable that these types do not owe their existence to a common wild form. How new fruits can be made by crossing, S. W. Fletcher {Gard. Mag. [New York], 7 (1908), No. 3, pp. U2-1J,6, figs. 13).— In this popular article the author aims to present the opinions relative to crossing and the exact methods of practice adopted by the majority of the leading plant breeders in this coun- try. Although the article deals with the crossing of orchard fruits, many of the methods described are considered applicable in the crossing of other plants. Horticultural districts of the State, G. A. Marshall et al. {Ann. Rpt. Nebr. Hort. Soc, 38 {1901), pp. 20-3.1,, map i).— The Nebraska State Horticultural Society recently divided the State into 19 horticultural districts. A map is given showing these districts, together with a revised list of orchard and small fruits and ornamentals recommended for planting in each. Pall and early winter injuries to orchard trees and shrubbery by freezing, A. I). Sklbv {Ohio Sta. Bui. 19.1. pp. 129-1 Ji8, fif/ft. 9). — Numerous examples of injury to orchard trees and ornamentals from freezing llnring the fall and winter of 1900-7 were found over the whole State, with the exception of the lake shore district where little damage was done. This bulletin contains a discussion, together with results of studies made relative to the nature and extent of the injury. The trees and shrubs seriously injured included the apple, .Japanese plum, sour cherry, peach, raspberry, weigela, privet, English walnut, and arborvit;e. The losses were most conspicuous with apple orchards 5 years old or under, and varied considerably with different varieties. In the northern section of the State the Baldwin and in the southern section the Rome Beauty and the Hub- liardston suffered sevei'ely, the injury in some cases amounting to 90 per cent or more of the young trees. The principal damage is attributed to the October freeze of 1907, which was preceded by a long spell in which the temperature and moisture conditions were above the normal, thus favoring a vigorous growth late in the season. Some damage was also done by warm midwinter weather together with low minimum temjieratures. No evidence was secured to show llie advantage of one method of orchard practice over another as a means of wai'ding off such winter injury. The loss, however, is regarded as unusual both in time of its occurrence and in the severity with which certain types of trees were injured. The heavy losses with standard commercial varieties suggest the possibility of growing these sorts on hardier stocks. It is believed that secondary effects tipon apple trees injured by freezing may be observed for several years, and observations are to be made along this line. Second contribution to the experimental study of the forcing of grafted American grape stocks, A. Dra{io {ticcondo (Jontribtiio Hperimvntair alio Studio 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. della Forzatura Dcgll Iniirsti ili Mli Amcricane. Rome, J908, pp. 12, figs. 20). — All account is given of the work coiKlucted in tbe propagation and grafting of cuttings of Anicrican grapo stoclcs at the experiment gronnds of the Royal Agri- cultural Institute during the season 1!)0T. The various phases considered include tlie stori-ng of sloclcs and scions, treatment of the wood previous to graft- ing, storing of grafted vines jn-evious to forcing, description of the grafting oiieration, methods of stratification, forcing, planting, and suhsequent treatment. The tropical plants of commercial importance, E. dk Wildeman (Les Planter Troitk-alcH tie Grande Ciiltiin: Hjii.sscIs, IHOS, rol. /, iip. VIlI+390, pis. 22, figx. 6'.J). — This is the tirst volume of a second edition of this work (E. S. R.. 14, p. S70). now I'evised and enlarged to two volumes. In the jiresent volume consideration is given to the hotany, regions of culture, statistics, preparation, and in some cases the composition of coffee, cacao, vanilla, cola, and hananas. In the opening chapter a brief description is given of the flora of tropical Africa, together with biographical notes on the different botanists who have contributed to the knowledge of the vegetation of the Congo Free State. Volume 2 is to deal with the rubber-producing plants of tropical Africa. The date sugar palm (Phoenix sylvestris), N. N. Banerjei (Dept. Agr. lidigiil. (jiiart. Jour.. I {1908), Xo. .i, pp. 161-164). — A brief account is given of the methods of cultivating and tapping the date sugar palm in Bengal. According to the data here given, the total yield of date sugar for the ])rovince is about 15.6 per cent of its total yield of cane sugar. Ether and the germination of seeds, J. Taubenhaus (Cornell Countryman, .'} (1908), No. 6, p. 201, fig. 1). — Tabulated results are given of an experiment conducted to determine the effect of ether on the germination of old and new seeds. The iJi'ocess of etherization was similar to that used by the author in his w-ork with bulbs (E. S. R., IS, ]». 938). The seeds tested included tomato, turnii), cucumber, muskmelon, asparagus, cabbage, and wheat. The conclusion is» reached that the ether treatment appears to put new life into old seeds, since, while about half of the old seeds sown germinated when etherized, only about one-third of the check seeds of the same kind started. Etherization appeared to hasten the germination of all the seeds tested. Seed- lings from etherized seeds were stronger than those from untreated seeds. The experiment was conducted both in a medium temiierature house and in a hot- house with a temi)erature of 75° F. As no results were secured in the medium house it is concluded that a hot-house temperature is necessary for this process. A handbook for planning and planting home grounds, W. H. Mannino ( \(>rth Killerica, Mass., 1907, pp. 7//). — This handbook is issued by the Talbot Mills for the use of its tenants, with a view of creating an interest in the improvement of their premises. In addition to brief practical suggestions relat- ing to the planning and planting of home grounds, a catalogue is given of both wild and garden flowers, shrubs, vines, trees, fruits, and vegetables, including Iheir commcm and botanical names, and brief notes on their characteristics. A classified list for ready reference is also given showing herbs, siirubs, trees, and annuals adapted for varying light, soil and moisture conditions, differences in height, climbing, creeping. ;ind thorny plants, and plants with edible fruits. An index is also given of the conuiion names of wild jtlants. together with localities in which they may be found growing in Billerica. Laws of Massachusetts relating to public shade trees (Woodland and Road- side, 6 (1908), yo. 8, pp. 89-9')). — The text is given of all the laws relating to shade and ornamental trees, and especially highway trees, which were in force up to January 1, 1908. This sui)plements a pamphlet on laws relating to Massachusetts forest lands jjreviously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 545). FORESTRY. 149 FORESTRY. Forest economy, G. Huffel (Economic Forenticre, Paris, 190Jf, vol. 1, pp. IX + J,W: l<)0.-,. vol. >, PI,. XIIl+.'iS'i: VMH. vol. S. irp. VIII+SIO, flgs. 1.5')). — In this work the author has aimed to bring together both the historical and |(resent information from various sources pertaining to the different ijhases of forest economy. Each volume consists of a series of detached studies. Vohime 1 deals at length with forest products, influences, ownership, legisla- tion, policy, history, and statistics. The first study in volume 2 is a treatise on dendrometry. Succeeding studies deal with the role of man, natural agencies, and forest capital in the develoinneut of forests, the relations between (•ai)ital and revenue, forest estimates and valuations, with a concluding cliai)ter on usufruct and its relations to foi'estry. The third volume deals with various l)hases of forest management, including the history and development of dif- ferent systems of management and methods now in use. Although the work deals primarily with French forestry conditions, much of the subject-matter is of interest to foresters in general. State forestry development. F. W. Rank (Proc. Sor. Prom. Af/r. »^V'/., 28 (1907), pp. 129-13')). — In this paper the author discusses the Massachusetts forest policy, witli the view of demonstrating what it is hoi>ed will lu'ove a jiractical State forestry development. Contribution to the forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine (Bcitr, Forsl.stdtisi. EJ.^nss-IjOthringni, 1906, A'o. 25, pp. 121). — Statistical data are given for the forest year 1906 relative to operations in the state, dorfiain, and jiublic forests of Alsace-Lorraine. The data deal with forest areas, yields in timlier and ininor i»roducts, yields from various species, sylvicultural and improvement oi)erations, exitenses, returns, etc. Summarized comparative data are also given for the i)eriod from ISTO to 190(». Forestry in the provinces of Malaga, Grenada, Jaen, and Cordova (Hul. Menx.Off. RcnKcig. Agr. [/'a/f.s], 7 (190H), Ao. /. pp. 26-30).— \ brief account by the French consul at Malaga of forest conditions in the above provinces, including their constitution, range, kinds of wood, utilization, returns, and commerce. Annual progress report on forest administration in the lower provinces of Bengal for the year 1905-6, W. H. Lovegrove (Rpt. Forest Admin. Bengal, l!lll.'t-6, pp. ')■')). — This is the customary progress report of the various forest oi>erations for the year 10().5-('>, including alterations in areas, forest surveys, jtrotection, etc., construction of working plans, sylvicultural operations, and exploitation, together with a financial statement for the year. The important features of the report are presented in tabular form. Fire conservancy in Burma, F. B. Bryant {Indian Forester, 33 (1901), No. 12, pp. .'>31-.549, ;>/.s'. .'/). — In this paper the author presents considerable tabu- lated data to show that the long continued iirotection of forests from fire although improving the soil, has tended to cause the younger tree growtli to decrease, owing to the heavy growth of bamboos which thrive under fire .jiro- tcction and kill out young teak and other valuable light-demanding species. A classification is given of the teak forests in Burma, and it is suggested that lire conservancy be abandoned in those forests which are overrun with bamboos until young teak growth is established. Economic thinning of white pine, A. F. Hawes (Forestry Quart., 5 (1901), Xo. .'i, pp. .36H-.112). — The author gives a statement of results secured from improvement thinnings recently made in an S-acre white pine woodlet in Con- necticut. The woodlot is described, and tabulated data are given showing the nature of the stand on representative surveys. The trees were about 50 years 150 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. t>l(l and avoracoil 292 to tbe acre, alive and dead, whereas the average number of trees per acre in a New England white jilne grove of this age is estimated at 4(i(t. In the inipi-ovemeni Iliinnlngs made, ni.soo ft. of Inmiter and V>~) ft)rds of wood were removed, which netted the owners .$3r)4..55, or .$44.32 per acre. From the data given it ajipears that after cnlting. about 200 trees iter acre were left standing. Condition of cut-over long'leaf pine lands in Mississippi, .J. S. Holsiks and .T. H. FosTKR ( r. .S. Dcpf. Af/r.. Forest Hciv. Virc. ly.l, mt. . 2, pp. 19.'i, figs. 32, map j.). — A botanical, scientiflc, and economic study of the karite tree iBHtyrospcrmuw, parkii), the argan tree (Argania slderoj-gloii), and other less known African trees of the sapotaceous family possessing fatt.v seeds. The work consists of extracts from numerous contributions on this subject, together with the scientific observations and botanical investigations of the authors. Special attention is given to the karite, which abounds in Central Africa. The fruit of this tree yields a butter-like substance which is eaten extensively by the natives and also imported to Europe in considerable quantities under the name of shea-butter and used in the manufacture of soap. Although the coagu- lated gum is nearly identical in its appearance with gutta-percha, the conclu- sion is reached that it is of uo economic value as a substitute. The argan, 152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. which appears to grow only in Morocco, fnrnishes an oil similar to olive oil and the wood of the tree is very hard and dnrahli>. The text is accompanied with a map showinji the jxeof^rapliic distribution of karite, together with numerous illustrations of the flower i)arts, fruit, cross- sections of seeds, etc.. of the different trees described. Teak wood, M. BOsgen, C C. IIosskus and W. Busse {Tropciipflanzcr, Bel- li cftc, S il'JOT), No. 5, pp. 3'i3-399, flf/s. 11, dgms. 2, map 1). — This is a series of three papers on teak wood, as follows: The properties and production of Java teak or Djati, by M. Biisgen, an account of the exploitation of teak wood in Siam, by C. C. Hosseus, and an account of teak reforestation in the African colonies, by W. Russe. Growing' wattle bark, K. II. ^Millwahd (/>r//7// ('(>nsuUir and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.^, 1908, No. 3087, pp. //-6"). — A brief accoinit is given of the wattle bark industry in South Africa, including methods of culture, preparation for market, yields, etc. Willow culture in Holland, E. IIesseling {Vcrslag. en Meded. Dir. Landb. Dept. Lamlh.. Xijv. en Handel, 1901, No. 6, pp. 37-92, figs. 7).— An account of willow culture in Holland, including general data relative to the impoi'tance and extent of the industry, climate, soil, and varieties, together with a description of the extensive and intensive methods of growing 1-year and 3 and 4-year shoots, planting on sandy bottoms, insect pests, and fungus diseases attacking willow wood and their remedies, raw products, and industries. Several appendixes deal with an account of basket-making and the weaving schools in Austria by E. D. Van Dissel, numerous statistics and graphical dia- grams relative to areas devoted to willow culture, yields, prices, etc., and a bibliography on the subject of willow culture. An effective screen for nurseries, E. J. Zavitz (Forestry Quart., 5 (1907), No. Jf, p. 367. pi. 1). — An illustrated description is given of a simple and cheap form of screen used for shade in evergreen seedling work in the government nurseries at the Ontario Agricultural College. This screen is made in a fence picket machine out of 4 ft. lath woven with (i strands of wire. As compared with the old method of nailing lath on frame these screens are much more easy to handle and are considerably cheaper. The cultivation of Ficus elastica, (\ Bald [Cakiitta, 1906, pp. 32, pis. .J). — This pamphlet is compiled from various periodicals and publications on rubber culture, with a view to assembling in compact form the present information on the plantation culture of Firiis elastica. Successive chapters deal with natural conditions, suitable lands, and methods of propagation, planting, culture, and tapping. Some of the methods of cultTire here recommended are said to be based upon the author's jiersonal experience. Hevea guyanensis in Surinam, W. A. Van Asbeck {liixprctie Landb. Wesl- Indie, Bui. 9, pp. 1-27). — A brief account of the exploitation of this species of rubber, including its botany, tabulated data on tapping experiments with the *' V " cut, herring-bone, and spiral methods, and the preparation of the rubber for market. A new [ rubber-producing J forest species of Tonquin. I'. Eberhardt (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. .sr/., W (1907). No. 65, pp. ■')76-58.j. figs. -'/). — A botanical description is given, together with notes on the habitat, methods of exploitation, and production of latex and rubber of a rubber-producing tree occurring in the mountain region of Tonquin and locally known as Teo-Nong. An analysis of the latex gave 67.6 per cent rubber. It is believed that this species, under mod- ern methods of exploitation, may become of great importance. Recent observations on the rubber-producing tree of Tonquin (Teo-Nong), P. Eberhabdt and Block (Bui. Econ, Indo-Chine, n. ser., 10 (1907), No. 67, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 153 pp. 798-803, figs. 13). — A further botanical study, with illustrations of the floral organs, is given of the rubber-producing tree described by the author and noted above. The tree is said to belong to the ulniaceous family and to be a nevs^ species of the genera Streblus de Loureiro. Recent analyses made of the rubber of this tree show a rubber content of 71.61 per cent. The results are also given of the analyses made of the rubber from the creeper Bousigonia toiikincnsi!<. showing the content of rubber to be 77.34 per cent. DISEASES OF PLANTS. A contribution to the biology of wood-destroying' fungi, Caroline Rum- r.OLD (Xatiirw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw.. 6 ilVOS), Xo. 2, pp. 81-lJfO, pi. /, figs. 25). — A contribution is given to the life history of a number of wood- destroying fungi, the studies including species of Merulins, Polyporus, Ujedalea, Coniophora, Agaricus, Lenzites, and Schizophyllum. Pure cultures have been made of the various species, and their growth, characteristics, fruiting bodies, reaction to substratum, etc., are described. Parasitism of Melampyrum pratense, L. Gautier (Rev. Gen. Bot., 20 (1908), Xo. 230, pp. 67-8-}, figs. 21). — A study has been made of M. pratense, which is a semiparasitic plant that is quite specialized in its parasitism. Its preference is for the roots of forest trees, especially the beech, the roots of which are well furnished with mycorrhiza. The germination of the seed and method of attack were studied at con- siderable length. The author found that the parasitic state was quickly assumed, the haustoria appearing on the rootlets even before the reserve material in the seed had been used up or the cotyledons had fallen. The truly nonparasitic phase of the life of this plant is very short, although not entirely wanting. On the existence of Myxomonas betae, .1. Trzebinski {Zt.Hchr. Pflanzcnkronk., n (1907), 'no. 6, pp. 321-33Jf).—A critical review is given of the work and conclusions of Brzezinski, in which it is claimed that M. betw is the cause of a number of diseases of the sugar beet, among them a root rot of the seedlings, a dry rot of the leaves, and a hypertrophied condition of the roots. The author claims that his studies, made under carefully controlled conditions, have failed to substantiate the conclusions of Brzezinski, and that the reputed new organism does not differ in any way from Pseudocommis vitis of Debray. A study of Aspergillus flavus, D. Brocq-Rousseu (Rev. Gen. Bot., 20 (1908), \o. 231, pp. 102-110, pi. t). — In continuation of his studies on the alteration of cereals by various molds (B. S. R., 19, p. 47), the author reports tinding A. flavus very common on grains, especially on maize. A study was made of this fungus, and its character of growth in various media is described, as are also its morphological and biological characters. The author found that the fungus varied considerably in its coloration, that it had the power of digesting albuminoid materials, that it secreted amylase, and that it had pathogenic properties. The pathogenic properties of the fungus are to be described in detail in a future publication. Distorted barley heads, D. von Hegyi (Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 17 (1907), No. 6, pp. 33.'i-337, figs. 2). — Descriptions ai"e given of distorted heads of barley in which the awns were twisted and matted together and the heads did not fully emerge from the leaf sheath. Two forms of this disease are recognized, one caused by Siphonophora cerealis, the other by Helminthosporium gramineum. Dry rot of com, T. J. Burrill and J. T. Barrett (Illinois Sta. Circ. 117, pp. 3). — According to the authors, dry rot of corn is responsible for losses which in 154 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the aggregate are very large. The most common form of dry rot disease is that caused by the fungus Diplodia may (lis. Ears infected with this fungus shrivel, darken in color, and become light in weight. The kernels are also shriveled, very brittle, and loosely attached to the cob. The fungus penetrates all portions of the ear, producing many dark brown spores, which servo to propagate it. There are several other forms of dry rot which are more or less important, some of which at least are due to species of Fusarium. In the case of the Diplodia disease, and probably the others, the fungus per- petuates itself over winter on old diseased ears and old stalks. It is recom- mended that all diseased ears be collected and burned, and that where fields are infected to any considerable extent the stalks be deeply plowed under or burned. If tlie first suggestion is adopted and the second followed wherever necessity demands it, according to the authors, serious losses will ))e practically prevented. Diseases of the peach, E. Foex {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 20 {1008), Nos. 5, pp. IS.ff-l.'tl, pi. 1; 0, pp. 167-170). — Descriptions are given of some of the diseases to which the peach and allied plants are subject, with sug- gestions for their control. Among those described are gummosis, peach leaf curl, a disease caused by Asterula beyerinclcii, peach powdery mildew, and peach rust. A spot disease of potatoes, N. H. Swellengkebel (Arch. N^erland. Sci. Exact, vt Xdt., 2. scr., 13 (1008), No. 1-2, pp. 151-108, pis. 8).— A disease of potatoes is described in which the tubers when cut exhibit brownish spots arranged in a circle, corresponding to the distribution of the fibrovascular bundles. About the discolored areas a layer of cork cells is formed. Later the tissues break down, and often cavities are formed within the tubers. When the tubers are fully developed there is no further spread of the cork areas if the potatoes are kept in dry, well-aired places. No fungi were found associated with the diseased spots when subjected to microscopical examination, but on cultures 3 bacteria were obtained from the diseased tissues: BueUJiis incgathci'mm. B. vulgatns, and B. mescntericus. In addition Bacterium pwitctatum was isolated from the cavities. These bacteria are common soil organisms that appear under certain conditions to be able to attack the tissues of the potato. Inoculations with them produced pronounced cork formations, and in some instances there developed a dry form of rot, in others a wet rot. The different manifestations exhibited by this disease have led to its being confused with other diseases, and the author claims that this accounts for its infrequent mention. lie states that the cavities in the tubers are caused either by Acrostalagiiiiis cinnaharinus or Bacterium pmictatum. In the latter case it often results in a wet rot of the tubers. As precautionary measures for preventing this disease it is recommended that the soil should be well limed, that planting should not be done on infested soils, and that the tubers should not be cut before planting. In order to pre- vent the destruction of the tubers in the storehouse, they should be kept in cool, dry places and not in pits. A Fusarium disease of potatoes, O. Appel {K. Biol. Anst. Land. u. Forstw. Flughl. 42, pp. 4> Mill. Bl. K. Prenss. Verwalt. Landw. Domdnen u. Forsten, Jf (1908), No. 2, pp. 51-55, figs. 2). — A description is given of a Fusarium disease of potatoes, the most striking characteristic of which is the rolling of the leaf- lets. These roll in toward their midribs and assume a yellowish color. When the attack is late in the season or not very severe but little loss in the crop will be found, but at other times the tubers are so reduced in size that the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 155 yield is very materially dimiuished. Diseased tubers show discoloration when cut across, and all such should be rejected in planting. The disease is not a new one, but it has only lately become prominent. A leaf spot disease of sisal in German East Africa, K. Braun (Bcr. Land u. Forsiic. Dciitsch-Ostafriku, J (UJOS), No. ',, pp. 1-',S-166, pi. i).— In 1905 a peculiar spotting of sisal leaves was reported, and in 1906 the author visited a number of plantations and found the spotting more or less common in all localities. The trouble seems to be due to high temperature and weather conditions, no plant or animal parasite being found to be associated with it. It appears that under certain conditions the sun burns the tissues of the leaves, and that later sunken, discolored areas appear, due to the destruction of the underlying tissues. All leaves do not seem to be equally subject to the spotting, those standing most nearly vertical being less injured than the spreading ones. The author was able by artificial means to produce the spotting without any action of the sun. As would be expected from the nature of the cause, the underside of the leaves is less subject to injury than the upper. The smuts of sorghum, E, M. Freeman and H. J. C. Umberger ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 8, pp. 9). — A description is given of the sorghum smuts, 2 forms of which are recognized, the grain, or kernel, smut {Sphace- lotltcca sorghi) and the head smut iS. reiliana). The grain, or kernel,* smut is easily distinguished by the fact that only the individual kernels, or grains, are affected, while the head retains its usual form and nearly its usual appearance. The head smut is quite different in appearance. The whole head just as it emerges from the upper leaf is converted into a single large smut mass, covered by a whitish or grayish membrane, which soon bursts and sets the spores free. In this smut all trace of the individual grain is lost, and the smut mass resembles somewhat that of a smut mass on corn. Of the 2 forms of smut, only the kernel smut is at present widely distributed, and experiments have shown that this can be readily controlled by treating the seed either with formaldehyde or hot water. Copper sulphate has also given satisfactory results, but is not to be preferred to either of the other treatments. The head smut at present is known to occur in abundance only in a restricted area in the Panhandle region of Texas, and the only recommendation that can i)e made at the present time is to keep it away from the farm and the com- munity. In order to do this, care must be exercised to obtain seed from regions where the head smut does not exist. So far as now known, milo maize has not been reported as subject to either disease, and it may probably be safely grown without treatment. The field treatment of tobacco root rot, L. J. Briggs (U. 8, Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 7, pp. 8 ) . — During the past few years a root rot of tobacco, due to Thiclavia basicola, has been reported from the tobacco districts of Kentucky, Connecticut, Ohio, and Wisconsin (E. S. R., 16, p. S86; 18, p. 1139). The root rot has been successfully checked in the seed bed by the use of for- malin and through steam sterilization, but neither of these means is practicable for its control under field conditions. The author carried on some prelimi- nary experiments with fertilizers which seemed to indicate that tobacco is nuich more severely injured by the fungus in the fields where the soil has l)een made alkaline by the long-continued use of large amounts of lime, ashes, and fertilizers containing carbonate of potash. P.y field and greenhouse exi)eriments it was found that the alkaline condi- tion of the soil favored the development of the root rot, and as a remedy it 57401— No. 2—08 5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. is suggested that no lime be used on diseased fields, but that potash be applied iu the form of sulphate of potash or double manure salts. Phosphoric acid in the form of acid phosphate or dissolved bone may be used to correct the alka- linity of the soil. Where other land is available for tobacco, diseased fields should be rotated with some other crop. Investig-ations on the susceptibility of various varieties of wheat to smut, (). KiiuiiNEU { Fiihliiufs Landir. Zlnsiderable injury. The destruction of the infested crop is recom- mended for controlling this pest. Attention is also called to the unusually seri- ous outbreaks of the melon fly and fleas. The life history and habits of the melon fly are described together with recommendations for the control of this pest. In cases of bad infestations of fleas it has sometimes become necessary to mow the lawn close, burn the refuse, clean out and destroy refuse from under 160 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. infosted bouses, treat dogs regularly for fleas, and apply insecticides such as bubach, hot soap suds in dwelling bouses, etc. The iutroduction of top minnow for the control of mosquitoes was success- fully accomplished and these fish seem to be serving as an efficient aid in the control of mosquitoes. Apicultural work of the station included a study of Hawaiian honeys and the problem of largely increasing the production of wax. The latter under favorable circumstances is a nuicb more profitable crop thau honey. F<)ul brood has not yet been introduced into Hawaii, lieconunendations were made in regard to the encouragement of silk culture by allowing the labor- ing population on plantations to have small areas for mulberries and sericul- tural work. Additions made to the list of injurious insects thus far reported from Hawaii are presented as are also the accessions of books and periodicals relating to Hawaiian entomology. Report of the entomologist, H. Tryon {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock [Qiivcnshind], 1906-1, pp. 7S-S1). — During the year observations were made on the insect pests of sugar cane, corn, cotton, alfalfa, citrus and other fruits, and garden vegetables. A brief report is also made on cattle ticks and on the movement for the protection of native birds. Report of government entomologist, 1906, H. C. Pratt iA[/r. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 6 (1907), No. 9, pp. 303-308). — Notes are given on the habits and life history of Nonagria inferens and Leptocorisa acuta which caused injury to rice and also on some unidentified insects which seriously defoliated cocoanut trees. Indian insect pests, H. M. Lefeoy (Calcutta: Govt., 1906, pp. XI I +318, figs. SG.'i). — The present volume on the insects of India is written not so much as a treatise for the scientific entomologist as for the farmer. The chief insect pests with which the Indian farmer has to contend are described and notes are given on their life history and habits. Most of these pests are illustrated. The volume contains a general account of insect anatomy and their habits, insecti- cides, and special sections on the more important insect pests of cotton, rice, wheat, sugar cane, corn, leguminous crops, miscellaneous garden crops, and fruits, and the insects affecting cattle. In an appendix to the volume informa- tion is furnished rfgarding the cost, preparation, and application of insecticides. The life history of the carpenter ant, J. L. Priceb (Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lah. ^Yoods Holl, 1.', (1908), Xo. 3, pp. ^77-2 17, figs. 6).— The author made a study of two varieties of Cumponotus hercvlancus. Particular attention was given to the life history of the colony, polymorphism observed in individuals, division of labor, the food, relations to light and color, and the instincts of the insect. It is suggested that some of the injuries to wood which have been attributed to this ant are not due primarily to the ant, but rather to other insects which first produced the burrows in the wood in which the ants subse- quently came to live. An automatic trap for night-flying moths, J. Friedrich (CentN. Gcsani. Forstir., S.'i (1908), Xo. 1, pp. l-'i, figs. 3). — In connection with illustrations an apparatus is described for the capture of night-flying moths. The apparatus consists essentially of a revolving drum moved by clockwork and illuminated by means of a lamp on the inside. The moths attracted by the light rest upon the drum and are brushed off into a receptacle during the revolution of the drum. The author reports that tests thus far made with this machine indicate that it is very eft'ective. The control of snout beetles on beets, B. Wahl and K. Philp (Wiener Laitdw. 7Ag., 58 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 3, .'/, figs. 2). — A brief account is presented of the life history and habits of Cleonus punctiventris and C. sulcirostris. In ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 161 combating these pests good results are reported from the use of a solution con- taining arsenic, blue vitriol, and lime, and from the application of a 2 per cent solution of barium chlorid. A proprietary remedy containing arsenic was also found to be efficient. The harlequin cabbage bug-, F. H. Chittenden ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 103, pp. 10, jig. 1). — The life history and habits of this uisect were care- fully studied for the purpose of presenting an economic account of the subject and as a basis for suggesting means of control. The harlequin cabbage bug is quite free from the attack of natural enemies, but an egg parasite {Trissolcus 'Diiirganiia') is quite effective. Among artificial methods of control the author suggests clean cultural methods, the use of trap crops and hand methods. Kerosense emulsion and other chemical methods have not proved satisfactory. The insect enem^ies of the boll weevil, W. D. Hunter, W. Newell, and \V. D. Pierce {Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 20, pp. 7, figs. 3). — Attention is called to the importance of natural enemies in the control of the cotton boll weevil. Par- ticular mention is made of Solenopsis geminata and parasitic insects. The anatomy and development of galls of Isosoma on Agropyron repens and A. junceum, W. and J. Van Lekuwen-Reynvaan {Murcvllia. 6 (1007), Xo. ^-'f, PP- 08-101, pi. 1, figs. 36). — Particular attention is given to the life history and formation of galls of Isosoma gvaminicola. Notes are also gi\en on /. agro- pyri, I. Ivyalipenne, and other unidentified species of the genus which form galls on grasses. Papers on Coccidae or scale insects. The National collection of Coccidae, C. L. Marlatt {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bill. 16, tech. scr., pt. 1, pp. 10).— Much interest has been taken in accumulating a thorough and representative collection of Coccidae ever since the establishment of a Federal entomological service. Brief notes are given on the contributions made to this collection by various workers in this and other countries. At present the collection includes 1.072 species of Coccidfe. A programme has been worked out for the systematic description of scale insects and a number of convenient devices have been prepared for use in the preservation and study of these insects. Aspidiotus ostreaeformis, R. S. MacDougall (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], IJf (1908), No. 10, pp. 61Jf-616). — The insect is described in its various stages and notes are given on its life history. It is recommended that all infested trees before being planted should be fumigated with hydrocyanic-acid gas and that infestations which may occur later should be treated with resin wash. San Jose scale in Oklahoma, J. F. Nicholson (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 67-88, figs. 12). — This pest has been found by the author at 9 localities in the State but is largely confined to city fruit trees. Notes are given as to its life history, natural enemies and other means of control, together with extracts from the State law relative to nursery inspection, and an account of spraying experiments at Mulhall to determine the efficiency of the lime-sulphur wash in Oklahoma and to compare it with that of whitewash. The whitewash proved to have no value as a scab destroyer. Excellent results were secured from the lime-sulphur wash. For summer treatment spraying with whale oil soap solution is recommended. Apple orchard pests in Kentucky, H. Garman (Kentucky Sta. Bui. 133, pp. 1-'i-62, pis. 13). — Detailed descriptive and economic notes are given on a variety of apple insects in Kentucky including apple-leaf miner, apple-leaf skeletonizer, apple-leaf crumpler, codling moth, apple-leaf roller, cankerworm, tent cater- pillar, fall webworm, tussock moth, bagworm, woolly aphis, San Jose scale, api)le-leaf hopper, periodical cicada, etc. The codling moth in 1907, A. L. Melander and R. E. Trumble ( Washington 8ta. Bui. 86, pp. 3-17, figs. 5). — Experiments carried on in 1907 at Walla Walla 162 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ami AVenatcliee are ivi)orto(l in eoiillnualioii of previDUs work (E. S. R., 10, p. nnn). A (Inst spray of Paris greon and linio 1 •.20 iirovod inferior to arsenate of lead and is believed to be unreliable in an excessively wormy orchard. In some cases from 20 to 40 per cent of wormy apples were found after its use, and on other trees completely free from worms there was a large proportion of badly distorted apples, the amount of distortion being directly proportional to the amount of dust api»lied, and no distortion being apparent on adjacent llrpiid sprayed trees. Spraying with arsenate of lead with gasoline power sprayers at ISO to 200 lbs. pi-essure and with extension rods fitted with Bordeaux nozzles set at an angle of about 4.5° gave in seriously infested orchards 1)0 per cent of clean fruit. A test of different brands of arsenate of lead confirmed earlier conclusions that " success depends not so much on a correct formula, nor, with the exception of the first spraying, on the exact timing of the sprayings, but altogether on the manner in which the spraying is done." Thoi'ough spraying with arsenate of lead 1 : 50 at high pressure, begun when about 85 i)ei' cent of the petals have fallen, with a coarse spray with bent nozzle, followed by a second spraying in one week. Is recommended. Spraying' for the codling' moth, A. L. Melander (WasJiiiigfon Sta. Popular Bui. 5, pp. 7, flg. /). — Popular directions based on the above and earlier publica- tions of the station are given with special reference to spraying materials and spraying outfits, and the time, manner, and rationale of spraying. Annihilating' the codling moth, A. L. Melander (Ent. News, 19 (1908), No. 1, pp. 11-13). — A brief historical outline is given of the improvements which have been made in the methods for combating the codling moth. In the recent tests at the Washington Station, 98 per cent of the codling moths have been destroyed by spraying alone. The author believes that the best method of operation is to spray only once for the early brood. Arsenate of lead is the best insecticide and should be applied abundantly in a coarse spray with a power sprayer. Spraying for codling worm, H. A. Gossard (Ohio Sta. Bui. 191, pp. 103-125, pi. 1, figs. 23). — The experiments reported were conducted chiefly to determine whether the drenching sprays advocated for the Western States could be profit- ably used in the eastern sections. The economic value of soap and other materials added to the spray as " stickers," the number and time of applica- tions, and the selection of arsenicals were also studied. An orchard of about 325 trees near Amherst was used, the trees averaging 20 ft. or more in height. When arsenate of lead was compared with Paris green for a first application the proportions of sound fruit were respectively 96.39 and 96.72 per cent, but the results are not deemed conclusive. Substituting 1 qt. sodium arsenite solution for li lbs. arsenate of lead in the solution gave as good results and considerably reduced the cost. No marked advantage was obtained from the use of soap, and it is not believed that the addition of soap or other stickers to lead arsenate solution is profitable for apples. Slightly more sound apples were obtained by the use of straight spraying rods than by crooked rods, but the latter are considered to promote economy of materials and to be a mechanical convenience. Practically no difference in results was noted from the use of coarse and fine nozzles, but as the former required about 50 per cent more materials their use is not recommended. The average of picked sound fruit at harvest on all sprayed ti-ees of which records were kept was over 95 per cent, while the same average for the un- sprayed trees was less than 58 per cent. " The net profit from spraying an average sized tree from 12 to 20 years old throughout one season at a total ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 163 cost of from 30 to 50 cts. is from $3 to $7 or more, when apples are worth $1 I)er bushel." Eighth report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Duke of Bedford and S. U. Pickering (WoMirn Ewpt. Fruit Farm Rpt., 8 {1908), pp. IV +129 + XLI). — This report is occupied with a study of insecticides and fungicides ;nul the results of their application in the eradication of a few insect and fungus pests. After a thorough study of Bordeaux mixture the conclusion is reached that the chirf aim in making this mixture should be to reduce the lime to the lowest possible proportions consistent with the precipitation of all of the copper. In accordance with this principle recommendations are made regarding the prep- aration of Bordeaux mixture. For preparing 100 gal. of the mixture, it is recommended that 6 lbs., 6^ oz. of copper sulphate be dissolved in 2 or 3 gal. of water. A quantity of lime not less than 2 or 3 lbs. is to be slaked in 120 gal. of soft water, after which the lime and water are to be stirred 2 or 3 times and allowed to settle until the solution becomes quite clear. Then 86 gal. of clear limewater are to be taken for mixture with the copper-sulphate solution and the whole mixture is brought up to the required 100 gal. by the addition of a sufficient quantity of water. The mixture thus prepared contains 1 oz. of copper sulphate in each 134 oz. In the use of arsenate of lead it was found that a certain amount of scorch- ing of the leaves occurred in some varieties of apples, however carefully the insecticide was applied. The efficiency of this insecticide, however, is very satisfactory. Calcium arsenate was used as a substitute for lead arsenate and gave results almost equal in efficiency and at smaller expense. In the preparation of emulsions considerable objections have been made to the use of soaps. In most cases even where soft soaps are used the addition of caustic soda changes soft soap into a hard soap which is only sparingly soluble and is consequently thrown out of solution as a flocculent solid. It became desirable, therefore, to select an emulsifying agent which would not be affe^'ted by caustic soda. For this purpose the basic sulphates of iron and copper are perhaps the best reagents to be used. Excellent results were obtained from such emulsions. For a caustic winter wash of this sort the authors recommend a formula calling for 5 lb. iron sulphate, i lb. lime, 2 lbs. caustic soda, 5 pts. kerosene, and water to make 10 gal. In controlling the oyster-shell bark-louse, it was found possible to destroy the eggs by the use of a 2.5 per cent solution of caustic soda. Moss and lichens were readily removed from trees by a 2 per cent solution of the same substance. Brief notes are also given on experiments with apple psylla, caterpillars, aphis, and leaf spot. It is maintained that all insecticides and fungicides exercise some harmful effect upon the tree and for this reason it is believed that two or three thorough applications are better and less liable to cause harm than re]>eated applications of less strength. Spraying apple trees, H. Garman (Kentucky Sta. But. 133, pp. 3-13). — An exi)eriment was conducted for the purpose of comparing the value of Paris green and arsenate of lead and the effectiveness of spraying when trees are in full bloom and after the petals have fallen. The experiment was made on an orchard of about 25 acres and involved the use of various combinations of arsenate of lead. Paris green, lime and Bordeaux mixture. The average injury frcmi codling moth on trees sprayed with arsenate of lead was one-fourth as great as on trees treated with Paris green and lime, and the injury to trees sprayed with arsenate of lead when in full bloom was nearly four times as great as that to trees sprayed after the petals had fallen. With 164 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Paris green and lime the injury was 17.5 per cent when sprayed in full bloom and 10.17 per cent when sprayed after the petals had fallen. The results obtained in spraying with Bordeaux mixture for the control of codling moth, bitter rot and apple scab were somewhat disappointing. No con- clusive evidence was obtained of serious injury to apples from the use of Bordeaux mixture. It is suggested that the apparent injury to Ben Davis apples may be due to spring frosts. Insecticides and fungicides for use in the apple orchard, II. Garman (Ken- luck ij St (I. Bid. LJ.i, lip. GU-71). — Formulas are given for the preparation of arsenate of lead, Paris green, kerosene emulsion, miscible oils, Bordeaux mixture, Bordeaux dust, and lime-sulphur-salt wash. Principles underlying the preparation of insecticides, Mansiee (Bui. 8oc. Agr. France, //O (1908), Jan. 15, pp. 86-93). — The success to be obtained in spraj'ing various insecticides upon plants depends in part upon the physical properties of the insecticide solution. The author presents in a tabular form data regarding the number of drops in 5 cc. of various liquids. Data are also given on the solubility of various substances as insecticides. Gratifying results were obtained from the use of two soap mixtures containing 30 gm. of soap and 50 gm. of oil of tar or 10 gm. of formaldehyde per 10 liters of water. The cranberry insects of Wisconsin, C. B. Hardenberg ( Wii^consin Sta. Bui. 159, pp. 3-23, lils. 2). — Life histories are presented of blackhead cranberry worm, yellowhead cranberry worm, cranberry tip worm, false yellowhead vine worm, oblique banded roller, Ar chips georgianaf, yellow cranberry looper, Physofitegania pustiilaria, Diastictis sulfuraria, D. in^eptata, cranberry fruit worm, and cranberry weevil. Treatment of grape roots for phylloxera, H. Faes (Chron. Agr. Vaud, 20 (1907), Nos. 20, pp. J,67-.'i70; 21, jrp. .'tS3-Jf85; 22, pp. -',99-510'; 23, pp. 533- 5JfO). — ^An elaborate review is given of the methods employed in various coun- tries in combating phylloxera. A large variety of remedies was tried by the author in controlling this pest, including lysol, lysoform, and various mixtures of soap and sulphocarbonate of potash. The best results were obtained by a mixture containing 1 per cent soap and 3 per cent of sulphocarbonate of potash, the roots being immersed in the mixture for 12 hours. A 2 per cent solution of lysol is also found to be very effective. A revision of the Ixodoidea, or ticks, of the United States, X. Banks ( XJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bill. 15, tech. ser., pp. 61, pis. 10). — The great economic importance of ticks sis pests of live stock and as carriers of infectious diseases has created a demand for a systematic account of ticks by means of which a species may be easily identified. This task has been accomplished by the author. A description is given of each species known to occur in the United States and references are made to the economic importance, distribution, and hosts of each species. Analytical tables are given for the identification of genera and species and a bibliography of the subject is appended to the bulletin. The influence of frost on tick life, F. A. A'erney (Natal Agr. Jour, and Mln. Ree.. 10 (1907), Xo. 12,. pp. 1550-1552). — Advantage was taken of residence in a locality subject to changes of temperature for studying the influence of tem- perature uiK)n the life and fertility of ticks. It appears that as a rule ticks are killed by a succession of heavy fi'osts but not by single frosts of even great severity. Frosts of less than 10° appear to have little effect upon the life of ticks. The high bench lands of Natal appear to be naturally free from East coast fever and the disease gradually dies out after it has been introduced. The reason for this natural immunity to the disease is apparently to be sought in the destruction of the ticks by frost. POODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 165 Influence of high temperatures on the eggs of the silkworm, E. Quajat (Influoiza dcllc altc Tcmijcrniiirv sul Seme Bachi. Turin, 1907, pp. J/S). — In a series of observations under carefully controlled conditions it was shown that the indigenous race of silkworms was capable of enduring a temperature of 42° C. for from 6 to 13 hours. The eggs of the Japanese race are somewhat injured by subjection to a very high temperature but ma}% however, endure a temperature of 50° C. for 30 minutes. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Some of the present-day problems of biological chemistry, R. H. Chitten- den (Science, n. ser., 21 {1008), Xo. 685, pp. 2'tl-2-5Jf). — The structure of proteids, enzyms and their relation to biological problems, and other important biological questions are discussed in this paper presented before the Biological Section of the American Chemical Society at Chicago. .January. 1908. The occurrence of nitrates in vegetable foods, in cured meats and elsewhere, AY. D. Richardson {Jour. Ainer. Chetn. Soc., 29 {1907), No. 12, pp. 1757-1767). — The results are reported of the examination of a large number of samples of animal and vegetable foods. " Nitrates are of general occurrence in plants in all stages of growth, and particularly in the early stages. In the mature parts of plants, such as ripe seeds and fruits, only small quantities of nitrates are found. In some cases potable quantities of nitrates remain in the mature plant — instance ripe beets and turnips. The amounts of nitrates found in vegetables are of the same order but rather more in manj^ instances than those found in cvu'ed meats." In the author's opinion, a diet wholly or largely of fresh vegetables would supply more nitrates than would a mixed diet consisting in part of cured meats. On certain imported meat foods of questionable wholesomeness, G. S. Buchanan {Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.] Med. Dept., Rpts. Insp. Foods, 1908, No. 3, pp. 17). — The materials discussed in this report are imported boneless scrap meat, imported pork, and tripe, tongues, and kidneys heavily dosed with preservatives. Methods for regulating the importation and trade in such goods are suggested. The amount of preservatives found in tripe, tongues, and kidneys was very high and. as the author points out, only a portion is removed in preparation for the table. On inquiries with regard to the wholesomeness of tripe of home and for- eign origin, A. W. J. MacFadden {Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], Med. Dept., Rpts. Insp. Foods, 1908, No. 4, pp. 12). — A discussion of data noted above from another source. Meat clubs, D. H. Doane {Breeder's Gaz., 53 {1908), No. 5, pp. 232, 233). — A cooperative system of slaughtering and distributing meat is outlined, which, according to the author, has been tried with satisfactory results in i-ural regions where it is usually difficult to obtain a satisfactory supply of fresh meat, par- ticularly during the warm season. General statistics of the meat consumed and imported, 1902—1906, J. Betancourt (Sec. Hacienda [Cuba] Estad. Gen. Consumo f Import. Ganado. 1902-1906, pp. XI +66, pi. 1).—K summary of statistical data. Powdered eggs, T. H. Norton (Daily Consular and, Trade Rpts [U. S.], 1907, No. 3055, pp. 7, 8). — A brief note on an Australian process for evaporating eggs. When dried, the eggs are coarsely powderei"" and it is said will keep for a long period in an ordinary package if stored in a dry place. Concerning crab extract, IV, D. Ackermann and F. Kutscher (Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 1.', (1907), No. 11, pp. 6,97-69i).— Betain, pyridin- 166 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. metliji-oblorid, a new base for which the name " crangitin " is proposed, and neosin were identified in this study of crab extract. For earlier work see a previous note (10. S. K., 10, ]>. ;>."(S). The proteolytic enzyms of certain vegetable food stuffs, H, Arox and P. Klp:mpin {Bioclicm. Ztsrhi:, 9 (/.908), No. 1-2, pp. 163-18^).— In accord with the results of other investigators, the occurrence of proteolytic enzyms in oats, barley, and vetch was demonstrated. The ferment present in oats can be iso- lated in the form of a glycerin extract and is more active in acid than in alkaline or neutral solution. Its action is rapid. It was found to induce cleav- age in milk proteid and a number of plant proteids very readily, as well as in oat proteid, but this was not the case with other animal proteids, egg albumin being not at all affected and serum albumin affected only after cooking. The possible influence of these plant ferments in animal feeding and in human nutrition is discussed. As the authors point out, the ferments in cereals would usually be destroyed by cooking, but the possibility of a favorable effect from the ferments in raw fruits is spoken of. Milling' of wheats, J. C. Bkunnich {Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agv. and Stock [Queens- laii. 3. pp. 33-o8). — Food and its preparation are discussed in this article, wbich is designed to meet the needs of rural schools and is included in the agricultural educational series, issued in connection with the college extension work of the Kansas State Agricultural College. The Rising Sun Household Cookery Book, La Mont and Weedon {Honolulu, 1907, pp. 285). — Directions are given in Japanese and English for the pi-epara- tion of meat, fish, vegetables, desserts, etc., the volume being especially designed for the use of those employing Japanese cooks. The kitchen manual, 1907, Jennie D. Rees {Memphis, Tcnn., 1907, pp. 372). — An indexed collection of receipts for cooking meat, fish, vegetables, desserts, etc. How to cook cowpeas, G. W. Carxeh {Alabama Tuskegcc Sta. Bui. 13. pp. 12). — A revised edition of an earlier bulletin on this subject (E. S. R., 15, p. 795). Saving the wild plum crop, G. W. Carver (Alabama Tuslcegee Sta. Bui. 12, pp. S). — Believing that tlie wild plum crop if generally utilized would be valu- able for domestic and commercial purposes the author has collected a large number of receii)ts for making jams, preserves and similar products from wild T)lums and for their use in various dishes. The possibilities of improving wild plums by cultivation are also pointed out. Measuring food values, A. Wilson {IUus. London Neivs [Anier. Ed.], Jt2 {1908), No. 1084, P- 23i, figs. 5, dgm. 1).—A brief discussion of the Atwater- Rosa-Benedict respiration calorimeter (E. S. R., 18, p. 1151) and the energetics of nutrition. Metabolism experiments with 32 children 3 to 6 years old, E. Muller {Biochem. Ztschr., 5 (1907). No. 2-.',, pp. lJi3-303, tables 18).— lu the metabolism experiments rei)orted special attention was paid to determinations of energy value. According to the author's conclusions, children 3 to 6 years old on an average required 87 calories per day or 16.7 calories per square decimeter of surface area. The average coefficient of digestibility of fat was found to be 94.4 per cent and the amount resorbed per kilogram of body weight 3.26 gm. as compared with a consumption of 3.45 gm. In the author's opinion, the results do not furnish final data regai'ding iiitro-' gen values, as the possibility of diminishing nitrogen when nitrogen-free ma- terial is present in abundance was not studied. The food consumed by the children studied furnished on an average 0.55 gm. nitrogen per day per kilogram of body weight, of which 0.04 gm. was retained. Minimum protein requirement, J. Forster {Munchen. Med. Wchnschr., 5.'i {1907), No. Jf9, pp. 2Jfl2-2>ilJt). — In a paper presented at the Fourteenth Inter- national Congress of Hygiene and Demography, Berlin, 1907, the author dis- cusses protein requirement. In his opinion, the commonly accepted protein 170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. standards should not be lowered. He believes that protein in generous amounts is required on iiccount of the mineral matter which is bound up with it and on account of the stimulating and similar specific bodies which are formed from protein by cleavage and are essential to body well-being and resistance to dis- ease. Furthermore, he believes that the whole question of proteid metabolism is not yet suHiciently understood to warrant final deductions. A contribution to the study of calcium metabolism, S. W. Patterson (Blo- Chem. Jour., S (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 39-5'/). — In experiments in which rabbits were fed on oatmeal and coi-n meal, a diet which leads to calcium starvation, the ratio of calcium in the blood to total ash in the blood remained much the same as in a normal animal. The ratio of calcium to total mineral matter in the bones was, however, not constant and showed fairly wide fluctuations even in the normal animal. As the author points out, it has been frequently shown that bones lose calcium when the animal is placed on a diet poor in this con- stituent. The results which he obtained, however, tend to show " that the bones can lose calcium relatively to the other salts, that is, by a selective autolysis and not by an autolysis of bone in mass." The results of experiments in which he was himself the subject showed that calcium can be readily stored during nitrogen retention. " More interesting, however, are the experiments with rectal feeding, where calcium was stored despite a continuous drainage of nitrogen from the body. In the latter case, as the proteid absorbed from the food was insufficient, the muscles and glands must have been diminishing in bulk, and yet calcium was retained. This fact rather i)oints to the bones as the seat, in this case, of calcium storage." On a fixed diet the renal excretion of calcium varied only slightly, the variations being parallel with the total amounts of urine excreted. Studies of the importance of calcium salts for the growing body, H, Aeon and R. Sebaueb (Biochem. Ztschr., 8 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-28, pi. 1, dgms. 2). — According to the authors' conclusions, the calcium requii'ement of young and growing animals is equivalent to at least 1.2 per cent of the gains in body weight. Judging by the results of the experiments, which were made with small animals (rabbits and dogs), a deficiency of food calcium does not affect body weight or growth in general provided the deficiency is not too great. The ill effects of such a deficiency are confined almost exclusively to the skeletal system and resemble clinically and anatomically the pathological con- ditions noted in rickets. Chemical analyses showed that such bones had normal weight but contained a larger proportion of water and less dry matter than normal bones and that the dry matter was deficient in mineral constitu- ents. It was apparent, therefore, that deficiency in food calcium caused the formation of bones with an excess of water and with organic material insufficiently calcified. The influence of surrounding temperature on carbon dioxid output in sub- jects at rest without clothing, J. Ignatius, L. Lund, and O. Warri (SkaHd. Arch. Physiol., 20 (1908), No. 3-J,, pp. 2;?fj;-232 ) .—According to the investiga- tions reported with subjects at rest without clothing, combustion in the body showed a tendency to diminish when the surrounding temperature was moderately high, 31 to 32° C, but the decrease was neither vei'y large nor very marked. The minimum carbon dioxid output was noted at a certain temperature, 26.1 to 29.4°, and increased when the temperature of the surrounding air was lower or higher. Concerning the role of powdered meat, P. Lassabliere (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 67/ (1908), No. '/, pp. 180-182). — Experiments are reported in con- tinuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. .3.58), and the author concludes that powdered meat acts as a digestive stimulant, though he believes it is valueless ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 171 :is a iiiitrleiit and sonietiuu s daii^^eroiis. Tho experiments were made wltli dogs. The biolog-ical significance of lecithin, I, W. Glikin (Biochcin. Ztschr., 7 (1907), Xo. 3. pp. .2S6-.298). — A comparison of new-born mammals (dogs, rabbits, and cats) witli birds featberless wben newly liatcbed showed that there were close resemblances and indicated that helplessness at birth implies a high lecithin content. The role of osmotic pressure in the phenomena of animal life, J. Demoor ET AL. (Mem. Acad. Roy. Belg., 2. ser., 2 (1907), pp. 112; ahs. in Biochem. CentU., 7 (1908), No. 1, pp. 8, 9). — In the Investigations reported salt solutions of dif- ferent concentration were passed through different organs and the changes in volume and rate of passage were noted. The special apparatus used in these experiments is described. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Experiments on the digestibility of prickly pear by cattle, R. F. Hare (f. X. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. Animal Indus. Bui. 106, pp. SS, pi. 1. fig. 1). — Using steers as subjects, tive experiments were made to determine the digestibility of prickly pear of different sorts alone and fed with alfalfa and cotton-seed meal in comparison with alfalfa hay alone. The income and outgo of nitrogen was also studied. According to the author's conclusions — "The average digestibility of the nutrients of prickly pear as determined in the first experiment where Opuntia lindheimeri was used were : Dry matter, U5.8G per cent ; ash, 33.G8 per cent ; protein, 57.47 per cent ; fat, 68.38 per cent ; crude fiber, 41.32 per cent ; nitrogen-free extract, 81.78 per cent. "In the second experiment where the variety O. Icevis? was used the coeffi- cients of digestion were: I>ry matter, 63.96 per cent; ash, 35.81 per cent; pro- tein. 40.87 per cent; fat, 69.02 per cent; crude fiber, 53.99 per cent; nitrogen-free extract 78.95 per cent. " In general these results would perhaps show a somewhat low coefficient for protein, a decidedly low coefficient for ash, but a very high coefficient for the nitrogen-free extract. The total digestible nutrients are about equal to those of immature green corn fodder. " Our experiments seem to show that when prickly pear is fed with cured fodders or grains the digestibility of both is increased. For this reason prickly pear has a greater food value than is shown by Its analysis and digestion coefficients. " The nutritive ratio, i. e., the ratio of proteids to carbohydrates, is very wide for this feed, and in feeding it to all classes of animals, for whatever purpose, much better results should be obtained when it is fed with some substance of a high protein content. " While the digestibility of the ash was apparently small, as noted above, yet the large amount of ash contained in these plants caused more ash to be assimi- lated from a ration equivalent to 15 lbs. of dry matter than is ordinarily assimi- lated from an equal ration of alfalfa, which has a higher coefficient of digestion for its ash. " The steers seldom drank water when fed prickly pear alone. In fact, in feeding a ration of 100 lbs. of this feed per day the animals obtained from the feed over 8 gal. of water, which is more than was usually drunk by them when fed cured fodders alone. " While no digestion experiments were made with any of the cacti other than prickly pear, the digestion coefficients of the latter could probably be safely 57401— Xo. 2—08 6 172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. used for all other members of this faiuily, since their eoiiiposltion and other characteristics are similar." Concerning the composition and digestibility of hay from sewage meadows, J, YoLHARi) {Landir. Vers. Stal., 68 (1908), .\o. /-2, pi). 11-18). — Using sheep as subjects, the digestibility of early-cut and late-cut hay from sewage meadows was studied. The author calculated that the early-cut hay had a starch value of 30.5 and the late-cut hay of 29.1. The composition of hay from sewage meadows and the question of feed- ing calcium phosphate, 1*. Ehrenberg (Landw. Vers. Stat., 68 (1!)08), No. 1-2. pp. 19-38). — The author reports results of a number of investigations which he has carried on and summarizes the work of other investigators. Accordinj: to his analyses, the sewage meadow hay under consideration regularly contained more protein and albumin than ordinary meadow hay from a similar locality. The sewage meadow hay was richer in phosphoric acid and contained on an average less calcium. The desirability of feeding lime instead of calcium phosphate with sewage meadow hay is discussed but, in the author's opinion, can not be definitely decided on the basis of evidence now available. German potato flakes, J. E. Kehl (Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.1, 1908, No. 3122, pp. 5, 6). — The manufacture of flakes from the surplus potato crop and the commercial importance of such products are considered, and rations containing potato flakes are suggested suitable for calves, cows, pigs, and horses. " Nsa-Sana " seeds from southern Nigeria (Bui. Imp. Inst., 5 (1907), No. 4, pp. 369. 370). — Oil was expressed experimentally from Nsa-Sana seeds (Ricino- dcndron nfricduum) and the specific gravity and other constants determined. The oil is similar to t'ung oil (Chinese wood oil), which is of importance com- mercially. It is stated that the cake remaining after the expression of the oil would have a feeding value approximating that of decorticated cotton-seed cake, but as there are indications of the presence of an alkaloid, it would be necessary to study the material thoroughly before it could be recommended for such a purpose. It could, however, be utilized as a fertilizer, since it is rich in nitrogen. Dried grape marc as a feed for farm animals, Semichon (Soc. Aliment. Rationn. Befail, Compte Rendu 12. Cong.. 1907, pp. l.'/.'f-1.50). — A paper with discussion on the feeding value of grape marc. Experiments on the composition and digestibility of some by-products from ethereal oil manufacture, F. Honcamp and T. Katayama (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 67 (1907), No. 1-2. pp. 105-128; Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 55 (1907), No. 36, pp. 953-955). — Studies of the composition and digestibility of the materials remaining when oil is made from a.iowan (Carum ajowan), celery seed, and coriander seed. The digestion experiments were made with sheep. In general, only about 50 per cent of the protein was assimilated. Composition of Hawaiian feeding stuffs, Alice R. Thompson (Haivaii Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 63-66). — Analyses are reported of sorghum, sorghum silage, com cut for the silo, corn silage, millet roots, hilo grass, Rhodes grass, pili grass, para grass, side oats grama, and other grasses, wheat hay, rice straw, alfalfa., cowpea forage, cassava refuse from starch making, taro waste, Tacca pin- natiflda, ti root, beets, algeroba beans, algeroba bean meal, Spanish needles., pakana (Mclilotus offlcinalis). rape, and annual ilima (Sida sp.). Feeding stuff inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett (Maine Sta. Bui. 156, pp. 157-202). — Under the provisions of the State law upward of 500 sam- ples of feeding stuffs were examined, including cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed feed, linseed meal, gluten feed, distillers' grains, brewers' grains and malt sprouts, miscellaneous reenforced feeds, molasses and sugar feeds, corn, barley ¥ ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 173 and oat feed, corn and oat feeds, Iiominy feeds, rice feed, poultry feeds, wlieat offals, and beef scraps. According to the author, in general the cotton-seed meal samples were of good quality. As regards cotton-seed feed, " one pound of choice cotton-seed meal is equal to 2 lbs. of cotton-seed feed." In general the distillers' grains were somewhat below their guaranty in protein. In connection with the study of gluten meals and feeds the goods and feeds were examined for the presence of foreign coloring matters and for the pro- portion of acid present, the results being compared with those obtained with corn meal. "All the samples, including the corn meals, exhibited traces of •sulphuric acid, but those glutens which gave the highest percentages of total acidity usually seemed to carry more sulphuric acid than the others. The greater part of the acid present in excess, however, was hydrochloric, which varied considerably in the different samples, the variations for the most part agreeing quite closely with the variations in total acidity." In 8 samples coal tar color was detected, in G none was found, while the remainder were not examined for such materials. The feeding stuii's were also examined for the presence of weed seeds and germination tests were made. The nitrogenous feeds were with 2 exceptions free from weed seeds. Such seeds were quite generally found in varying amounts in the miscellaneous reenforced feeds and poultry feeds and in the majority of the wheat offals, though usually weed seeds were reported as few in number in this class of goods. " The most flagrant offenders carrying live weed seeds are the molasses or sugar feeds." Relieving that mold growth might have interfered with germination in the trials which were undertaken, this point was further studied, mold being hindered by treating the seeds with a dilute solution of formaldehyde. It was found " that a number of the brands of feeds which showed no germination in the first test did, imder more favorable conditions, sprout numbers of the weed seeds which they contained." The general question of the introduction of weed seeds into feeding stuff's, both whole grains and other feeds, is discussed with reference to State legislation on this matter and the bearing of a decision of the U. S. Board of Food and Drug Inspection on this subject is pointed out. Commercial feeding stuffs, T. L. Calvert {Off. Rpt. Sec. Ohio Bd. Agr. on Com. Feed St^iffs, 1907, pp. 26). — -Under the provisions of the State law analyses were made by H. A. Weber of 126 brands of dried distillers' grains, cotton-seed meal, gluten feed, malt sprouts, hominy feed, commercial mixed feeds, including' those containing molasses, ground flax flalies, condimental feeds, meat meal, and poultry feeds. Licensed concentrated feeding stuffs, F. W. Woll and G. A. Olson ( Wifieon- sin Sta. Bui. 163, pp. 19-31). — A list is given of the concentrated commercial feeding stuffs which have been registered by manufacturers for the calendar year ending December 31, 1908. Experiments on the digestion of different quantities of feed by swine, T. Katayama {Landw. Vers. Stat., 68 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. i-iO).— The experi- ments reported show, in the author's opinion, that the quantity of feed taken did not materially affect the digestibility of the different constituents of the ration. Studies of the nitrogen, phosphorus, and sulphur iii organic combination in vegetable products, A. Stutz?:r (Biochem. Ztschr., 7 (1908), ^o. .'i-6, pp. Jt11-.'t87). — Rye, oats, cocoanut cake, cotton-seed meal, hay, and other vegetable materials were examined and in connection with the work natural and artificial digestion experiments were also made. The view that phosphorus occurs prin- cipally in organic forms in plants and especially in the seeds was confirmed 174 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and extended. Sulphur also was found to occur chiefly in organic forms, as has been pointed out bj^ other observers. The vegetable material insoluble in acid gastric juice contained nitrogen, phosphorus, and suli)hur in organic compounds, but no definite relation between Ihesc elements or between any two of them could be noted in the different vegetable products studied. In feeding experiments with sheep, it was found that feces contained a larger amount of organic ph()si)horus and sulphur than was to be expected from the iharacter of the rations (hay with and without oats). Metabolic products were present in the feces containing the insoluble phosphorus and suliihur compounds, which were also insoluble in acid gastric juice. According to the author, the nature of the organic sulphur compounds is not known, particularly those which occiir in plants and are insoluble in acid gastric juice and also the insoluble organic sulphur compounds i^emaining in the feces. Elimination of phosphorus by Herbivora, A. Gouin and P. Andouakd (Coinpt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], (I't (1908), No. 3, pp. 133-135).— The authors studied the effect of different rations on the excretion of phosphorus by Herbiv- ora with special reference to the observed fact that with young animals the urine contains practically all the phosphates excreted, while such is not the case with older animals. The action of fresh cola nuts on muscular work, J. Chevalier and Alquier iCompt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 1J,6 (1908), No. 2, pp. 86-88).— Experiments with 2 horses showed that more work was performed on a ration with than without fresh cola nuts. A loss in body weight and increased bod.v temperature were noted during the cola nut period and the authors conclude that the extra work is performed at the expense of body material. Cola nuts are regarded as a stimulant and their use is not considered desirable except when forced work is necessary. The influence of sexual function on metabolism, F. Tangl (Landiv. Jahrh. 37 (1908) No. 1, pp. Ji5-50). — In the studies reported, when a stallion covered a mare the quantity of urine was not increased nor was the renal excretion of nitrogen or phosphorus. This showed, according to the author, that the meta- bolism of protein and of phosphorus yielding bodies is not materially increased, and so he concludes that it is not necessary to provide stallions with a ration especially rich in phosphorus. The.efEects of environment and nutrition upon fertility, F. H. A. Marshall (8ci. Prog. Ticentieth Cent., 2 (1908), No. 7, pp. 369-377).— The effect of feed on productivity and character of the young and related questions are discussed and data bearing on this subject summarized. According to the author, the largest percentage of lambs w^as obtained, in tests which he quotes, from flocks kept on grass during the greater part of the year, but artificially stimulated by feeding the ewes for a time turnips, oats, dried grain, maize, or other similar feed. The data summarized fully confirm the conclusion " that stimulation of the generative organs of sheep by a system of special feeding at the beginning of the breeding season results in an increased crop of lambs at the following lambing season. The twins appear almost invariably to have been born early during lambing, thus showing that the reproductive activity of the ewes is usually greatest at the beginning of the breeding season." Experiments in calf feeding, A. Gouin and P. Andouard (8oc. Aliment. Rationn. BHail, Comptc Rendu 11. Cong., 1907, pp. 11-28, 127-130).— A paper with discussion summarizing the authors' experiments in which rations with and without skim milk were used in calf feeding and potassium phosphates, rock phosphate, sweetbread, thyroid, protylin, and powdered bone were added to" the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. -175 rations. The digestibility was determined, as well as gains in weight. The results reported emphasize the authors' general conclusion regarding the high efficiency of bone phosphate in calf feeding. That lime is no less necessary than phosphoric acid is also pointed out. For earlier work see previous notes (E. S. R., 10, p. 294; 19, p. 468). Skim milk for raising and fattening calves, L. Maxpeaux {Soc. Aliment, lintloim. Bctail, Comijtc Rendu 11. Cong., 1907, pp. 1-10, 126, 127, dgms. 2).— A l)aper with discussion. According to the author, 2 calves fed for 84 days on pan- skimmed milk gained on an average 0.945 kg. per head per day as compared with 0.S92 kg. in the case of similar calves fed the separator-skimmed milk. In a comparison of pasteurized with raw sweet milk, it was found that the average daily gain of 2 calves in 112 days on the former was 0.888 kg. per head and on the latter 0.844 kg. In a similar comparison of skim milk and sour milk the average gains were respectively 0.843 kg. and 0.776 kg. When denatured sugar was used to supplement skim milk in calf feeding the average daily gain in 85 to 112 days was 0.964 kg. per head as compared with 0.867 kg. hi a similar test in which starch was used. Denatured sugar and a decoction of flaxseed were also compared as supple- ments for skim milk. In 153 days the average daily gain of the 2 calves on the former was 0.250 kg. and on the latter it was 0.225 kg. As the author points out, the 20 per cent of feeding cake used for denaturing the sugar added to its nutritive value. Forty to 45 gm. of sugar per liter of skim milk is advisable. Large quantities cause scouring. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. 171). Feeding experiments with, diastasolin, Reichert (Alolk. Ztg., 22 {,1908), No. .'/, pp. 77, 78). — In an article quoted from Konigsbcrger Land- und Forstwirt- sfhaftliclic Zcitiiiig, the author reports satisfactory results from the use of potato starch inverted with diastasolin as a feeding stuff for calves. Calf feeding, E. V. Strebel {Wiirttemh. WclinU. Laiidw., 1908, No. 5, pp. 87-92). — On the basis of extended experience at Hohenheim. feeding and wean- ing, cost of rations, and gains in weight of calves up to 2 years old are discussed. Animal production in Argentina, S. Baldassarre {La Zootecnia neJV Ar- gentina. Naples, 1906, pp. X-\-236, pi. 1, figs. 58). — A general discussion of breeds, feeding, care, and management, slaughtering and marketing, and of dairying in Argentina. Cattle raising, E. Hnos {Estae. Agi: Expt. Ciudad Judrez, Chihuahua, Bol. 9, pp. -'/7, pis. 7). — The importance of cattle raising, the conditions which affect the local cattle-raising industry, and general topics of breeding, care, and management are discussed. Cattle, French and foreign, P. Diffloth {Raees Bovines. France — Etranger. Paris, 1908, pp. Ji26; rev. in Nature [London], 77 {1908), No. 1998, p. 5.39).— French and other cattle are described in this volume which is included in the spries Encyclopedie agricole. Zootechnie. The improvement of Egyptian rattle, T. P. Goodchild {Yearbook Khediv. Agr. Noc. Cairo, 1906, pp. /;. /-/.J7, pis. 6). — The author believes that the im- l)rovement in Egyptian cattle, which is very essential, can be best secured by selection and that crossing with other sorts of cattle would not give satisfactory results. Management of cattle under local conditions, the utilization of Egyptian feeding stuffs, and other matters are considered. Live and dead weight of Egyptian animals, J. S. J. McCall {Yearbook Khediv. Agr. Soe. Cairo, 1906, pp. 191-199). — To secure data on which to cal- culate the carcass value of the different kinds and breeds of animals slaugh- 176 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. teied for market in Egypt, the live and dressed weijiht of cattle and buffalo of different ages and of camels and sheep of different breeds were determined. According to European standards, the author points out that the dressed weight of fat steers should equal 58 per cent of the live weight and animals dressing 50 per cent are considered lean and unfit for killing. " If we consider Egyptian animals by this standard we find that very few of the cattle reach it, although many of the sheep exceed 50 per cent." The article also contains information regarding the prices and use of meat in p]gypt and related topics. According to the author, buffalo veal is in great de- maud and is the most expensive meat sold in Cairo. Camels, particularly Syrian or Shami. camels, are slaughtered to some extent and the flesh sold to the poorer people. On an average the dressed weight of Syrian camels is 58 per cent of the live weight. Sugar for fattening sheep, L. Malpeaux (Jour. Agr. [Paris], ^3 {1908), I. No. 21.',G. lip. 1.2-1.5. clgm. 1; ahs. in Illits. Landw. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 4, p. 22, cigm. 1). — In a test covering 84 days the average daily gain per head on a ration containing sugar was 202 gm. as compared with 127 gm. per day on a ration without it. When slaughtered the flesh of the sugar-fed sheep was found to be of most excellent quality. On account of its value as an appetizer and also as a source of nutritive material, the author concludes that denatured sugar is a valuable feeding stuff. An attem.pt to acclimatize sheep at Kelantan (Bill. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 10 (1907), No. 67, pp. 815-819). — In general, this attempt to acclimatize sheep in Indo-China has been successful. The report gives some data on the feeding stuffs used, gains in weight, number of lambs born, etc. Rations for fattening hogs, ^Y. T. ^McDonald and J. S. Malone (Oklahoma Sta. Bid. 80, pp. 89-96). — Meat meal in larger and smaller amounts, cotton- seed meal, alfalfa hay and cowpea hay as suppleiffents to corn meal were com- pared with corn meal alone in a test made with 6 uniform lots of 5 pigs each. The cotton-seed meal ration, which consisted of -1 parts of corn meal to 1 of cotton-seed meal, was alternated every 2 weeks with corn meal alone. In the 56 days of the test the smallest total gain, 173 lbs. per lot, was noted with the corn meal ration, and the greatest gain, 484 lbs., on com meal and meat meal 7 : 1. On corn meal and meat meal 11 : 1 it was 473 lbs. On the other rations it ranged from 245 lbs. on corn meal and cotton-seed meal 4 : 1 to about 285 lbs. on corn meal and alfalfa hay. ad libitum. The feed eaten per pound of gain ranged from 4.37 lbs. on corn meal and meat meal 11 : 1 to 8.01 lbs. on corn meal alone, and the cost of a pound of gain from 4.73 cts. on corn meal and meat meal 11 : 1 to 8.01 cts. on corn meal alone. Stock food for pigs, J. W. Wilson and H, G. Skinner (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 105, pp. 300-317, figs. 9). — In the first of the two series of tests reported, which included two years, five commercial stock feeds with ground corn and barley were fed in comparison with ground corn and barley, 1 to 1. The feeding period in the first year covered 02 days and in the second 63 days, and the lots included from 8 to 10 pigs. In every case the pigs had access to rape pasture. On the check ration the average daily gain per pig for the two years was 1.1 lbs., the feed required per pound of gain, 5.19 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain 4 cts. On the ration including stock feeds the daily gain ranged from 1.17 lbs. per head to 1.34 lbs., the grain eaten per pound of gain from 4.54 to 4.86 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain from 4.16 to 4.58 cts. In the second series of tests, corn meal was compared with corn meal and a commercial stock feed, and with corn meal and a home-made stock feed, using three lots of 8 pigs each fed for 61 days. All the lots had the run of blue grass pasture in addition to the grain or grain and stock feed. The total gain was 514 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 177 lbs. on corn meal alone, 483 lbs. on corn meal and commercial stock feed, and 551 lbs. on corn meal and home-made stock feed. The feed required per pound of gain in the three cases was 4.91, 5.49, and 5.11 lbs., and the cost of a pound of gain, 3.85, 4.G9, and 4.4 cts. " From the above table it will be seen that it required more pounds of feed for 100 lbs. of gain in this experiment, than it did for the average of the lots in the previous experiment. This can be accounted for from the fact that the rape pasture furnished a more succulent feed than did the blue grass pasture." " From the data presented in this bulletin the reader must draw his own con- clusions as to the value of any of the stock foods tried." The home-made stock feed, according to the authors was made up as follows : " Gentian, 2 lbs., cost $0.50 ; ginger, 1 lb., cost $0.40 ; sodium bicarbonate, 1 lb., cost $0.10 ; fenugreek, 0.5 lb., cost $0.10. " Purchase these materials at a drug store and have them mixed into fine powders. Then mix with 5 lbs. of common salt and 25 lbs, of shorts. This compound will cost about ii cts. per pound. For the pig mix 1 lb. with every 48 lbs. of grain. " This furnishes a comparatively cheap stock food, but even this preparation did not make as cheap a gain as when no stock food was fed." The composition of the stock feeds used was determined by J. H. Shepard, whose report is included in the bulletin. They were found to consist of such drugs as salt, capsicum, ginger, charcoal, fenugreek, sulphur, etc., with such materials as bran, ground bark, mill refuse, and oil meal. Some suggestions to farmers who kill their own hogs on the farm or plan- tation, C. ScHULER {Ann. Rpt. Agr. and Indus. Statis. Bd. Agr. and Immigr. [L«.], 1901, pp. o, 6). — Directions for the home-curing of ham and other pork products are given. Notes on horse feeding^ E. Vital {Allg. Brau. u. Hopfcn Ztg., J/S (1908), No. .'i-'i, pp. .'i')3-Ji55) . — This summary and discussion of horse-feeding problems provides a bibliography of recent woi'k on the subject. Feeding tests with bran-niolasses for horses, L. Pape {Dent. Landw, Presse, 35 (1908), No. 10, PI). 95, 96). — On the basis of experience, the author believes that brau-molasses is a satisfactory feeding stuff for horses. The feeding of the pure blood horse, L. Grandeau (Paris, 1907, pp. 8, fig. 1; reprinted from Compt. Rend. Cong. Hippiquc, 1901). — In a paper presented at the Horse Breeding Congress at Paris, June, 1907, the author discusses the value of dried and ground skim milk as a feeding stuff for horses and gives an account of a horse which was raised on this material supplemented by hay. When about 2 years old 7 kg. of the milk powder was fed per day. At this time the horse weighed some 445 kg. According to the author, he was well developed and in splendid condition. In a discussion which followed the paper the author states that the Algerians feed their horses exclusively on sheep milk, giving them some 30 liters per day. The use of dried skim milk for feeding a pure blood horse, Baron Peeks (Soc. Aliment. Rationn. Betail, Compte Rendu 11. Cong., 1907, pp. 130-133).— A general discussion of the value of dried skim milk in horse feeding, the author citing the work on this subject noted above. Proceedings of the Horse Breeding Congress, Paris, 1907, J. M. de La- GORSSE (Compt. Rend. Cong. Hippique, 1907, pp. 160, fig. 1). — The proceedings, list of members, and other general data are included in this report of the meeting of the Horse Breeders' Association, Paris, June 21 and 22, 1907. Among the reports presented were The Actual Situation and Production of Horses in France, by Viseur ; Exportation of French Horses, by Le Geutil, etc. 178 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A paper on the feeding of a pure blood Iiorse witli skim niillv i)o\vder is noted above. The grade stallion situation in Wisconsin, A. S. Alexander ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 138, PI). 3-35, JUjs. 12, mai) 1). — ^YitlI a desire of improving eixsting conditions, the author discusses the number and character of stallions liept in Wisconsin, pointing out the bad qualities of many of them and malving numerous suggestions for betterment. According to the author, there are in the State 1,974 stallions licensed as grades, while there are but 1,286 pure-bred stallions in service. Of those licensed as grades, moreover, 13G were pronounced by their owners as of unknown breeding and 31 were certified to as of mixed breeding. As regards breeds, 43 per cent of the pure-breds were Percherons and 30 per cent trotters. Safety for new-laid eggs {Illiis. London News [Amer. Ed.], 42 (1908), No. 1088, p. 376). — A homemade nest is described having a false bottom made of 2 inclined boards with a space between them. These are covered witli straw as is also the bottom of the box underneath the opening. The new-laid egg slides down the incline and falls into the lower receptacle where it can not be pecked or broken by the fowls. If a nest egg is used, it may be fastened to the side of the nest or to the false bottom. The marketing of poultry {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], IJ, (1908), No. 11, pp. 641-651). — A summary of data and discussion of market requirements for chickens, ducks, geese, and turkeys in different English markets. It is stated that the demand for high-class poultry in Great Britain has increased very greatly within recent years. National standard squab book, E. C. Rice (Boston, 1908, pp. 232, pi. 1, figs. 77/). — Pigeon houses, nest bowls and nests, water and feed, laying and hatching, killing and cooling, the markets, pigeon diseases, and other questions are dis- cussed in this volume, which is designed as a handbook of squab raising. Breeding for squabs, F. A. Sotter (DotighissviUc, Pa., 1908, pp. 75, pis. IJf). — Breeding, feeding, care, and management, diseases, and other matters of impor- tance in squab raising are discussed and a number of receipts are given for cooking squabs. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AG ROTECHNY. Sources of bacteria in milk, W. M. Esten and C. J. Mason (Connecticut Storrs 8ta. Bill. 51, pp. 65-109, figs. 8, dgm. 1). — The significance of kinds rather than of numbers of bacteria in milk is especially emphasized and the dif- ferent kinds of bacteria that get into milk are classified in groups. These are also tabulated with respect to the source from which they arise, the latter classificatiou depending largely upon the results of investigations discussed by the authors, the purpose of which was to discover the sources of bacteria and means of eliminating them by practical methods from the milk. According to the authors the cow is the chief source of the bacteria that get into the milk. These come from the interoir of the udder and from the sur- face of the cow's body. AVith regard to the udder organisms it is stated that •' the flora of bacteria in the normal healthy udder is a rather small one, aver- aging from 2 to 8 varieties in each udder. The udder is composed of 4 divisions, each separate from the other 3 divisions. There may be one or more dift'ereut kinds of organisms in each quarter. The number of varieties that come from the udders of a number of cows is a large one. In a herd of about 25 cows there were found to be over 50 varieties of bacteria. Fifty-five per cent of these had no visible effect on sterile milk when inoculated as a pure culture. Thirty-eight per cent turned milk slightly acid, and 7 per cent turned milk to DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 179 an alkaline reaction. The micrococci varieties which grow in groups of 4 pre- dominated to the extent of 95 per cent. One variety of micrococci seemed to be dominant and was present in frequency of occurrence 22 times in comparison to other varieties which were present 9, 8, 7, 3, 3, and 2 times, respectively. " The most abundant source of bacteria that get into milk is the surface of the cow. Some fall on the cow with the dust that settles into the hair. Others accumulate from contamination with cow feces. Organisms from this source are the most serious and most objectionable."' A gram of the powder obtained by currying the cow was found to contain 207,000,000 organisms. As to hay as a source of bacteria 28 tests, continuing weekly from October 17 to May 28, were made of the number of bacteria per gram of a haj^ including timothy, red top, rowen, semiswail, and swamp hay, taken from all parts of the hay loft. The average number of bacteria per gram for all these tests was 16,800,000. '■ In order to compare the numbers of organisms on hay and on grass from early spring to time of cutting, tests were made of the numbers on grass in the dif- ferent stiiges of development. The sources of grass were pasture land, semi- fertile fields, very fertile fields, and near buildings. Clover and rye were inci- dentally included. The average number of bacteria per gram for all samples was 1.5,000,000, a number nearly the same as that found in cured hay." To ascertain the kinds of bacteria that get into milk from hay " twenty-five of the most abundant kinds were picked out and analyzed. Ten of these, or 40 per cent, were spore-forming bacteria; 18, or 72 per cent, Avere liquefiers (decay and decomposition bacteria) ; 22, or 88 per cent, were rod-shaped bacteria, and 12 per cent were cocci or spherical bacteria ; IS, or 72 per cent, were motile capable of swimming around in milk and getting into all parts of it, causing nuK'h more rapid changes than those that are motionless." According to the authors, the bacteria found on grass are mostly from soil contamination. To determine whether these grow on the surface of plants " the first spring growth of grass on April 18 was clipped off with sterile shears and a gram was plated for numbers. There were found 455,000 per gram. Over this spot was placed a bell jar, to keep out all contaminations. On the thirtieth of April a gram of grass was taken from under the bell jar and plated for numbers. The number of bacteria now was only 114 per gram, showing that the bacteria on grass are largely bacteria from some other source. If they do multiply on grass it is at a very slow rate. There was no evidence of Bacteiium lactic acidi present on this sample of grass." Grain feeds were found to be liberally stocked with organisms. The ex- aminations made show that the percentage of acid organisms is more than twice as large, while that of liquefying organisms is only half as large, as that for hay. The agency of flies as a source of bacteria was indicated by tests showing that from 414 flies an average of about 1,250,000 bacteria for each fly was obtained. The relation of the prevalence of flies to an increase in intestinal diseases is discussed. The number of bacteria that could be washed from the hands of a milker who had * been working around the farm previous to milking was found to be 45,000,000 before the hands were washed. Bacterial growth and chemical chang'es in milk kept at low temperatures, Mary E. Pennington (Jour. Biol. Chem., J, (1908), Ao. 4-5, pp. 3o3-39S; abs. in Hcicnce, n. scr., 27 (1908), No. 687, p. 331).— lu milk kept at a temperature of — 0.55° C. there was a steady inci'ease in the number of organisms for 5 or 6 weeks. Acid formers were in lower proportion and liquefying organisms in higher proportion than is commonly found. Certain species were especially resistant to cold and frequently were predominating or almost in pure culture at 180 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the end of the expei'iment. The casein of the milk in cold storage was rapidly digested until more than 50 per cent of it was changed to soluble compounds. The milk of cows afflicted with foot-and-mouth disease, G. Cornalba {Agr. Mod., J J, (I90S), No. 8, 1)1). 103, 10-',; Indus. Latt. e Zootec, 6 {1908), No. 8, i)p. 83, 8Jf). — A brief summary of information, showing that the quantity of milk given diminishes somewhat according to the gravity of the infection, ranging from a loss of one-third to that of the total amount of milk. The chemical com- position Is not noticeably altered, but the physical characteristics are somewhat ditforcnt from those of normal milk. The milk should not be used for food. Tests of daily cows, 1906-7, F. W. Woll and R. T. Harris ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. mo. 1)1). 3-39, pi. 1, figs. 16).— The tests previously referred to (E. S. R., 20, p. 77 ) are here reported in more detail, and photographs of a considerable num- ber of the cows included in the tests are reproduced. The Kirkee civil dairy, F. Fletcher (Dept. Agr. Bombay, Ann. Rpt. Expt. Work Poona Agr. Sta. 1906-1, pp. 20-33).— The objects of the dairy are stated and the records of the yields and financial returns by several groups of cows and buffaloes of different breeds are given. The problem of the poor cow, W. J. Frazer {Illinois Sta. Circ. 114, PP' 8, figs. 3). — The records of different cows in the same herd are compared in such a way as to show the wide differences commonly found in productive capacity, the purpose being to interest dairymen in the testing of their cows and increase their profits by weeding out the poor ones. Why and how to test dairy cows, W. J. Fraser {Illinois Sta. Circ. 115, pp. 12, figs. //). — The improvement accomplished by weighing and testing milk and by other progressive methods in conducting a dairy is described and illustrated by concrete example, and explicit information is given regarding the weighing and testing of milk for the purpose of determining good and poor cows. Milk supply of Kentucky — Louisville, R. M. Allen {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 134, pp. 15-323, pis. 20, dgin. 1 ) . — The results of the inspection of a large number of Kentucky dairies supplying milk to Louisville are reported. The introduction to the bulletin comments upon the conditions that were found and the efforts that were made for improvement. Some discussion is also given of tuberculosis in dairy animals, certified milk, and the significance of the score card as a factor in the improvement of market milk. Dairy practice at Kenai Station, P. H. Ross {Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1901, pp. 62-13). — An account is given of the establishment of a dairy herd at the sta- tion and of the methods followed in dairy work, including details regarding the care of the cows and calves, a description of the dairy equipment employed for butter making and for cheese making, and a discussion of dairy practice. The natural advantages of the region for dairying are briefly set forth. The origin of the turnip taste of butter, H. Weigmann {Landiv. Jahrb., 31 {1908), No. 2, pp. 261-309). — The milk from cows fed on turnips has a peculiar odor and taste. Apparently some volatile product from the turnips gets into the body fluids of the cow and thus affects the milk. This fault may be corrected by warming or aerating the milk. But besides this, certain organisms, as coli bacteria, Actinomyces odorifer, Penicilliutn brevicaule, and lactic-acid bacteria, which are found in the feces of cows fed on beets or turnips, also produce the turnip flavor and aroma in butter made from milk or cream in which they are present. The turnip taste of butter may be due to both of these causes together. Butter may have the turnip flavor and aroma, however, even when no turnips are fed, as coli bacteria causing the taste are found also on oats, barley, comi, rape, and other feeding stuffs. Pasteurizing the milk, with subsequent aei'ation, is recommended as a means of preventing the development of the turnip flavor in butter. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 181 Rusty cans and their effect upon milk for cheeseniaking, G. A, Olson {Wisconsi)i Sta. Bui. 162, pp. 3-12, figs. 2). — The author has previously shown (E. S. R., 20, p. SO), that various metals have considerable effect upon the action of rennet. In the experiments reported in the present publication the effect of iron rust on rennet action is shown. " Milk was placed in iron dishes and rusty tin pans and was allowed to stand for definite periods of time. The required time for the coagulation of 50 cc. of such milk with a standard solution of 1 cc. of a 1 per cent commercial rennet extract at a temperature ranging from 87 to 88° F., was then observed. Milks kept in glass beakers were run as controls under similar conditions. The time was noted at the moment the milk just thickened." In these tests " it required from 1 to 16.5 minutes longer for the same milk kept in the rusty pan to coagulate than in case of the milk kept in the glass beaker." The acidity of the control milk was always higher than that.kept in the rusty cans, but the difference was not great enough to account for the differences in retardation. " Milk which had been allowed to stand in iron dishes for several hours had a peculiar bluish grey color, indicating the presence of iron in solution. In sev- eral instances the amount of iron dissolved in the milk was determined as iron oxid. The maximum quantities of iron dissolved in the milk ranged from 1 to I5 lbs. for every 1,000 lbs. of milk." The significance of this is shown by con- sideration of the conditions of the cans in which milk is brought to the cheese factory, and these conditions in America are contrasted with those prevalent in certain sections of Europe. Varieties of cheese, C. F. Doane and H. W. Lawson ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. 105, pp. 5-72). — This publication comprises a compilation of descriptions and analyses of those varieties of domestic and foreign cheese about which published information could be found by the authors. A list of publica- tions giving the original sources of analytical data is included. Investigation of commercial rennet preparations, A. Burr and F. M. Ber- BERiCH {^V he III. Ztg., 32 (1908), Xo. 25, pp. 313, 31-)). — The chemical composition of a number of samples of liquid and powdered rennet preparations is reported and the data are briefly discussed. The position of the oleomargarine industry in Sweden, A. Larson (K. Lancltbr. Akad. Ilaitdl. och Tidslcr., 47 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 21-29).— The statistics of the industry during the last 20 years are given and discussed. The manufacture of oleomargarine in Sweden has gradually increased from 6,000 kg. in 1886 to 14,34.3,608 kg. in 1906. At the same time the imports decreased from 813,621 kg. in 1885 to 6,296 kg. in 1900, the exports increased from 6,667 kg. to 658,642 kg., and the domestic consumption increased from 806,954 to 13,691,262 kg. The average price obtained for the year has ranged from 72 ore (19.5 cts.) in 1897 to 113 ore (30.5 cts.) in 1902, the mean price for the period given being 91.8 ore (34.8 cts.) per kilo. The manufacture of starch from sweet potatoes, C. C. McDonnell (South Carolina St a. Bui. 136, pp. 7-50, pi. 1, figs. 11). — The investigations described were undertaken to determine how much starch could be recovered commei'- cially from sweet potatoes and to test the quality of the starch thus obtained for different uses to which starch is put. The discussion includes nn account of the method of culture, analyses of the sweet potato, the process of manufac- turing starch therefrom and other data. The results are reported of investiga- tions of two years on the manufacture of starch from sweet potatoes and of tests of the starch for commercial purposes in laundry work and in the cotton textile industries. In the author's opinion " it is practically settled that the starch produced from sweet potatoes is of a high grade and suitable for use in many operations 182 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. where a high-grade starch is required. In all of the tests we have had made not a single adverse report has been received." The pitting or pulping- of olives, R. Marcille {Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie, J't (1908), iV'o.s-. 6, pp. I'i6-150; 7, pp. 161-168).— It is stated that i-enioving the pits from the pulp of olives before pressing somewhat improves the quality of the oil, but the increased financial return for such improvement does not pay tor the actual cost of the operation. Vegetable butter, G. Cornalba (Coltiratore, 5.'i (1908), No. 16, pp. //87- .^90). — Vegetable fat known as karite, obtained from BarMa hutlrracea, and which is used to some extent as an adulterant in butter, is discussed. The con- stants given are saponification number 175, iodin number 19, and Ileichert- Meissl number 2.6. (See also a note on p. 151 of this issue.) Extraction of beeswax, F. C. Alford (Colorado 8ta. Bui. 129, pp. 3-lJf). — The results of experiments on various methods of extracting beeswax are reported, solar extractors in which the heat of the sun is utilized for melting the wax, three kinds of steam extractors and those employing pressure under water at a temperature sufficiently high to melt the wax, being compared. The latter method was employed using water alone, and also with the addition of diluted sulphuric acid. Heating with diluted sulphuric acid and pressing under water gave the highest results, the steam extractors giving the next best results and the solar extract- ors the lowest. The results obtained by the use of the steam extractors were increased somewhat by using artificial heat in connection therewith. In con- clusion the author states : " From the results of these experiments and my own experience in handling bees and rendering wax I believe that it is best for the average bee keeper to have a large solar wax extractor, heated by some artificial heat, by means of which most of the wax in the lighter colored combs, cappings, and burr combs may be easily rendered. The dark combs may also be treated in this manner and the slumgum stored in barrels until the bee keeper has time to treat it with dilute sulphuric acid and press under water. This method is quick and efficient. If the wax has to be refined it can be done by heating, while inclosed in a canton flannel sack, with a solution containing 5 per cent of hydrogen peroxid and 2 to 5 per cent of sulphuric acid. Both of these chem- icals can be bought at the ordinary drug store. The common kind, commercial, should be used." Technology of fats and oils, G. Hefter (Technologie der Fette und 6le. Berlin, 1908, pp. IX+97-'i, jjIs, 19, figs. 155). — The second volume of a handbook on the production and preparation of fats, oils, and waxes of plant and animal origin. A rather extensive discussion is included of the history, source, raw materials, preparation, characteristics, uses, and commercial and agricultural importance of these products. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Therapeutic technique, W. Schlampp (Therapetitische Technilc. Stuttgart, 1901, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 31Jf, figs. 88).— In the first volume of this work (E. S. R., 17, p. 1111), a discussion was given of the therapeutic methods applicable to the skin of domestic animals. In the present volume a discussion is given of the therapy of the alimentary tract. The subject matter is classified according to the part of the alimentary tract to which the various medicines are to be applied. The methods discussed by the author include washes and applications by means of a brush to the mouth and pharynx and the various means of giving medicines by way of the mouth. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 Veterinary hygiene, S. J. Bonansea (Papers and Rpts. Atner. Pub. Health Assoc, S2 (J90(j), pt. 1, pp. 320-324). — Attention is called to the many animal diseases which may be transmitted to man through the agency of milk or other animal products, or by direct contagion. In protecting man against these sources of disease the author recommends the establishment of international laws of veterinary sanitary police and that all countries should take special steps in tbe strict enforcement of milk and meat inspection and in supervising the tn'tlic in animals. Annual report of the State board of live stock commissioners of Ohio, T. L. Calvert and P. Fischer (Ann. Rpt. Bd. Live Stock Comrs. Ohio, 6 (1907), pp. J/S, figs. IS). — During the year under report, attention was given chiefly to glanders, sbeep scab, and the control of shipments of southern cattle. In addi- tion to this work, 32 dairy herds were tested for tubei'culosis. In a total of 911 cows, 33 per cent proved to be tuberculous. It is known that a large number of animals are privately tested and at present there is no means of ascertaining what is done with cattle found to be tuberculous in these tests. The situation with regard to glanders in Ohio is improving. Attention is called to the great economic importance of this disease in horse-raising localites. Special statements were given regarding the prevalence and distribution of anthrax, actinomycosis, venereal disease in horses, foot rot, glanders, hog cholera, nodular disease in sheep, rabies, mange, tuberculosis, etc. Annual report of the civil veterinary department, Bengal, and of the Bengal veterinary college, 1906-7, E. A. Gait (Ami. Rpt. Civ. Yet. Dept. and liviigal Vet. Col., 1906-7, pp. IJf). — A summary statement is made regarding instruction at the Bengal veterinary college, the work of the bacteriological laboratory, and other veterinary investigations. A collection is being made of the biting flies of Bengal, particularly species of Tabanus, Stomoxys, Lyperosia, and Hippobosca. During the year under report, considerable demonstration work was carried out in the treatment of glanders, rinderpest, hemorrhagic septicemia, and other diseases. An attempt is also being made to improve the quality of native cattle and horses. Annual report of the imperial bacteriologist, 1906-7 (Calcutta: Govt., 1907, pp. 27). — It is stated that rinderpest serum preserved during two hot seasons lost about GO per cent of its protective power. Serum prepared during an unusually cold winter was much weaker than ordinary serum. The elephant has been shown to be immune to rinderpest. A test was made of atoxyl in treating horses, mules, and rats for trypa- nosomiasis. In the Plains region 8 gm. of atoxyl per 400 lbs. of body weight caused only slight symptoms of colic in mules, while at greater altitudes the same quantity of atoxyl sometimes produced fatal results within 85 hours. Extensive tables are given showing the amount of rinderpest serum, mallein, and other iireparations made and distrilmted during the year. Morphological changes in the spleen after infection in animals passively immunized, A. Jarotzky (Arch. Path. Anat. u. Physiol. [Virchow}, 191 (1008), No. 1, pp. 112-13.5). — In the experiments reported in this paper white mice were chosen as the experimental animals and the bacillus of swine erysipelas as the pathogenic organism. The mice received a hypodermic injection of 0.3 cc. serum and culture to which 0.4 cc. physiological salt solution had been added. A parallel series of mice was inoculated with the culture of the bacillus of swine erysipelas without having been treated with serum. In studying the l)athological changes in the spleen, microscopic sections were made through the whole structure of this organ. In mice inoculated with the bacillus of swine erysipelas and not treated with serum the cortical layer of the spleen was hyperemic and showed a large number of cells in division and also 184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. giant cells. In addition to these changes the author observed many acidophile granulations and horse-shoe-like free nuclei. In mice which have been previously treated with serum essentially the same changes were observed but in nnich less marked form. The latency of tetanus spores in the animal organism, M. Canfoka {Centbl. Bakt. [ctc.\, J. Abt., Orig., .',5 {1!)07), No. 6, pp. .'i'J5-501). — If an infection with tetanus is produced in the animal organism, tetanus cultures may be obtained from the blood after death. This demonstrates that the tetanus bacillus may become widely distributed throughout the organism. If tetanus cultures are heated to a temperature of 70 to 7.5° C. to destroy the toxin and vegetative form of the bacillus and then inoculated subcutaneously, the spores become distributed throughout the organism and may be found in the blood within a few hours. During the first 10 to 1.3 days they are found in the blood circu- lation, after which they may occur in the liver, spleen, kidneys, bone marrow, lymphatic glands, etc., where they persist in a latent state. In the later stage the blood is sterile. The spores may create an infection by coming in contact with a wound produced after inoculation. Apparently the spores are not excreted by the kidneys but are destroyed by the animal organism. The relation of the mouse typhoid bacillus to the system of typhoid coli bacilli, 1*. LoTzEK {Vher die stcUidiy dcs inausvtuphusbaciUus im system ti/pJiiis- coU. Iiiuiig. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1907, pp. 33). — From the experience of the author and other investigators, it appears necessary to observe considerable care in the use of cultures of mouse typhoid bacilli for the purpose of eradi- cating these animals. In Japan and elsewhere serious consequences have resulted to human beings from the careless use of cultures of mouse typhoid bacilli. In one instance 120 persons were affected and in another 30 suffered a fatal infection from these bacilli. The observations of the author indicate a very close relationship between the bacillus of mouse typhoid, the paratyphoid bacillus, and the bacillus of meat poisoning. The pathogenic effects of human viruses, L. Cobbett (Roy. C'^-m. Tubercu- losis, ticcond Interim Rpt.. 2 (1907), pt. 2, App., pp. VII + 1217, pis. 26).— Sys- tematic experiments were carried on with tubercle virus obtained from 03 human patients. During the progress of the experimental work the virus was tested on cattle, rabbits, guinea pigs, goats, pigs, apes, monkeys, dogs, cats, rats, mice, and fowls. The history of each strain of virus is given in detail and the clin- ical lesions produced in the various experimental animals are elaborately presented. The illustrations used in this connection are of striking excellence. The methods of infection employed included both injection and feeding. In the majority of cases injections were made both with emulsions of tubercu- losis tissue and with cultures. The emulsions were made as a rule from human tuberculous lesions, but when such material was not available in sufficient quantity, guinea pigs were first injected and emulsions were prepared from their tuberculous tissue. Careful estimates were made of the number of tubercle bacilli contained in the doses of emulsion. As a result of the long continued experiments reported by the author, it seems necessary to differentiate quite sharply between two classes of human tubei'cle bacilli, one of which in doses of the usual size produces rapidly fatal generalized tuberculosis in calves and various other animals, while the other class of virus causes only localized or minute lesions even when injected in large doses. The more virulent type of tubercle bacilli was found capable of producing generalized tuberculosis in cattle, goats, pigs, monkeys, chimpanzee, rabbits, guinea pigs, and dogs. Cats appeared to be somewhat more resistant and no infection was caused by inoculation of fowls. VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 185 The pathogenic effects of bovine viruses, A. S. Griffith {Roy. Com. Tuber- culosis, Second Jiitcrhn Rpt., 1 {1901), pt. 2, App., pp. Ill, pis. 17). — Since 1903, the author has carried on continuous observations in the study of the biology and patliogenic relations of tubercle bacilli of bovine origin. An elab- orate system of technique was devised for the estimation of the number of tubercle bacilli present in cultures. In arriving at an estimate of average re- sults along this line, 1,39 counts were made. The calculation is admittedly imperfect but indicates clearly that the great majority of culture inoculations are ricber in tubercle bacilli than inoculations with even the largest doses of tissue emulsions. It is estimated that each cubic millimeter of the culture contains from 4,000,000,000 to 5,000,000,000 tubercle bacilli. In the experimental work carried on by the author, bovine tubercle I)acilli were inoculated into cattle, goats, pigs, apes, monkeys, dogs, cats, rabbits,, guinea pigs, etc. Inoculation was accomplished by the intravenous, intraper- itoneal, intramammary, and subcutaneous methods and also by feeding. The purpose of the feeding experiments with bovine tubercle bacilli was to ascertain the relative susceptibility of different species of animals to this mode of infec- tion and to study the distribution of tuberculosis lesions thus produced. In these experiments, .318 animals belonging to 15 distinct species were used. The majority of the animals were fed single doses of tubercle bacilli either in the form of a culture or in tuberculous milk. Some of the experimental animals were fed at intervals for varying periods with tuberculous milk. It appears that in cases where animals are fed a single dose of tubercle bacilli there may be many individual factors which greatly influence the result. For example a catarrh of the mucous membrane of the intestines may protect the animal from infection by liastening the expulsion of the intestinal contents. Tubercle bacilli are readily absorbed from the alimentary canal of pigs but much less rapidly in the case of guinea pigs. Individual susceptibility exer- cises an important influence on the result. The chimpanzee, baboon, rhesus monkey, lemur, rabbit, and guinea pig are highly susceptible to the action of bovine tubercle bacilli, and infection from however small a dose is almost inva- riably followed by progressive tuberculosis. In the pig, goat, calf, cat, and dog, on the other hand, with the possible exception of the young pig, tuberculosis produced by feeding may be limited to the glands along the alimentary tract, particularly if the dose of tubercle bacilli is small. In young pigs tuberculosis is usually of a progressive type. Adult swine are, however, somewhat more resistant. The infection of the organism with general tuberculosis of the lungs from the subcutaneous connective tissue, blood, and alimentary tract, A. D. Pawlowsky {Ztschr. Tuberkulose, 12 {190S), Xo. 1, pp. 31-'i5). — The author's experiments have been carried on since 1903 and have consisted largely in feed- ing guinea pigs human tubercle bacilli in milk. The guinea pigs were then killed after a lapse of 1 to 3 or more weeks and carefully examined to determine the extent and distribution of tuberculous infection. The experiments show that tuberculosis in the early stages is confined almost entirely to the lymphatic glands while the stomach and intestines are unaffected. The tubercle bacilli pass through the walls of the alimentary tract without causing any lesions in it and remain for some time in the mesenteric glands. From these points they may be carried through the lymphatic system and after a period of from 6 to 8 weeks may appear in the lungs. Morphological variation in the tubercle bacillus, S. Arloing ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Parisl, 11,6 {1908), No. 3, pp. 100-10',, figs. 3).— Under artificial con- ditions obtained by modification of the nutrient media, temperature, etc., it was 186 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKl). found possible to cause mori)bological t-liauges in tubercle bacilli obtained frou" different sources. Thus the giant branched and club-slmi)ed forms were found ^lot to be characteristic alone of the tubercle bacillus obtained from birds These forms are found not only iu old cultui*es of mammalian tubercle bacilli but may be observed in fresh cultures subjected to the intiuence of an elevatioi. of temperature or of the pressure of 2i atmospheres. The author considers that his work has thrown in question the boundary lines which have been proposed between the forms of tul)ercle bacilli observed in niiui. animals, and birds. Tubercle bacilli in the meat and apparently healthy lymphatic glands of tuberculous animals, J. Y. Swikkstra {Komntcn in dem Fleische und in inakroskopischcn gcsundcn Lymi)hdiuscn von tuberkulosen Ticren Tuberkel- baziUen vorf Inaug. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1906, pp. 76).— In testing the meat and macroscopically normal glands of tuberculous animals for the presence of tuber- cle bacilli, positive results were obtained in a number of cases both in cattle and hogs. On the basis of these experiments the author recommends that the meat of tuberculous animals should be sterilized in all cases showing a high degree of emaciation, extensive soft foci, fresh infection of the blood, or localization of the tuberculous process in the bones. Ophthalmo-reaction to tuberculin, H. Vallee (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. {Paris], IJfG (lOOS), Ao. S, pp. L'fG-L'fS). — In experiments with this method of diagnosing tuberculosis the author obtained satisfactory results. The position is taken that by means of the ophthalmo-reaction a rapid test is furnished which will assist greatly in detecting frauds which are attempted in the sale of breeding animals. The influence of cerebral traumatisni on the reaction of the normal guinea pig to tuberculin, A. Slatineano and D. Danielopol {Vumpt. Rend. Soc. BixA. [Paris], 6't ( 1908), Xo. 2, pp. 89, 90). — The direct injection of tuberculin into the cerebrum of guinea pigs produces an elevation of temperature to the extent of 1.5 to 2.5° C. within 1 or 2 hours. Experiments in i)roducing slight injuries in the cerebrum indicate that guinea pigs thus treated are highly susceptible to the action of tul>erculin applied subcutaneously if the injection is made not less than 6 days after the traumatism. Immunity toward tuberculosis, S. I. Metalnikoff ( i/c7i. -8'ci. Biol. [St. Petersb.l 13 {1901), No. 2, pp. 169-206). — The experiments of the author with the bee moth have shown that this insect is naturally immune to tuberculosis of warm-blooded animals. Human and bovine tubercle bacilli inoculated into Jbee moths are quickly surrounded and destroyed by the leucocytes. When bee moths are inoculated with tubercle bacilli from fish the bacilli are x-apidly isurrounded by the leucocytes but later they begin to multiply inside of the leucocytes and finally escape into the body fluids causing the death of the bee moths within 3 or 4 days. On the basis of these observations a number of immunization experiments were made chiefly with guinea pigs. It appears necessary in producing im- munity to tuberculosis to induce in the blood serum the power of disintegrat- ing the waxy membrane of tubercle bacilli. This may be accomplished to some extent at least by injecting animals with wax obtained from tubercle bacilli after freeing it from other substances. This material possesses immunizing power. A plan for eradicating animal tuberculosis, P>. Rogers ( Manhattan, Kans., [1907], pp. 16). — In this pamphlet the author presents a statement of the man- ner in which tuberculosis is ordinarily transmitted from animal to animal and from animal to man. Pai-ticular attention is given to the extensive infection of hogs with tuberculosis as shown by recent statistics from meat inspection. Tuberculosis of swine is apparently due to the ingestion of the tuberculous VETERINARY MEDICINE. 187 (Products of cattle and other animals. It is maintained that the great majority of cases of tuberculous animals are at present produced on not more than 6 per cent of the farms of the country. If animals sent to slaughterhouses were jso tagged as to show their origin in all cases, it would be a simple matter to /locate these centers of tuberculous infection and apply suitable means for the complete eradication of tuberculosis. The dissemination and control of tuberculosis as illustrated in the bovine species, V. A. Moore (Proc. Ann. Conf. San it. Off. N. Y., 7 {1907), pp. J-'/--'/9).— A historical review is given of the development of knowledge concerning tuber- culosis. Tabular data are presented showing the present status and prevalence of the disease in various parts of New York. Particular attention is devoted to a consideration of the methods of Bang and von Behring in the control of the disease. Von Behring's method is considered as still in the experimental stage. The method has failed in many instances and the duration of immunity is not yet determined with sutticient accuracy. The diag'nosis of blackleg, Warringsholz {Berlin. TicrdrztJ. Wchnschr., 1908, No. 4, pp. 65, 66). — As a rule, diagnosis in the case of blackleg is an easy matter. Occasionally, however, some difficulty is experienced. In a study of the pathological anatomy of blackleg the author found small gray foci in the cortical layer of the kidneys. These structures were sometimes isolated and sometimes in groups. In the center of each structure a minute quantity of gas is accumulated. Blood clots were found in the heart in every case of blackleg. Bacillus pyog-enes bovis and B. pyogenes suis in relation to chronic inflam- mation of the lungs of cattle, H. C. L. E. Berger {VcrgJcichcmlc untcrsuchun- grn iihrr den BaciUiis pyogenes hovis und den BaeiUns pyogenes suis mit heziehung dersellten zu den chronischen hingenentziindungen des rindes. Inaug. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1907, pp. 8.{, figs. 5). — According to extensive investigations of the author in cultivating and testing the pathogenic properties of BaeiUiis pyogenes bovis and B. pyogenes suis, it appears that these organisms commonly occur in chronic cases of broncho-pneumonia of cattle, either alone or associ- ated with other bacteria. B. pyogenes is capable of producing both suppurative and metastatic broncho-pneumonia in cattle. The lesions thus produced may lead to a mistaken diagnosis of tuberculosis, in fact the author claims that cattle in which the lungs are infected with B. pyogenes may react to tuberculin. The occurrence and frequency of streptococcic m.aminitis in cows, G. RtJHM {Wehnsehr. Tierheilk. u. Yiehzucht, 52 {190S), Nos. 7, pp. 125-130; 8, pp. I.'i7-152). — It was found possible to detect by the examination of milk the pres- ence of streptococcic mammitis before the disease was apparent from palpation of the udder or from the ordinary methods adopted in milk inspection. The method used by the author in the detection of the disease was that proposed by Crommsdorff for the determination of leucocytes in milk. Tick fever in cattle, C. J. Pound {Queensland Agr. Jour., 20 {1908), No. 1, pp. 26-35, pis. 2). — Detailed directions are given covering the technique of pre- ventive inoculation of cattle in the control of Texas fever and East Coast fever. Sheep dips, O. Qttibell {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 26 {1907), No. 2.',, pp. 1266-1268). — The basis for the present article on sheep dips is the experience of the sheep raisers in the English colonies, particularly Australia and New Zealand, with various kinds of dips in the eradication of scab. It was found that the lime-sulphur dip is an undoubted cure for scab, although it sometimes fails to cure other parasites of sheep. Australian and New Zea- land governments, however, finally came to the conclusion that the low price of their wool was to be ascribed to the use of lime and sulphur. Accordingly the 57401— No. 2—08 7 188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. slieei) raisers gave up the use of liuic and suli)liur in favor of arsenical and carbolic dips. Arsenical dips when properly prepared are claimed to he very efficient scab remedies and also act as a stimulant to the wool. In the arsenical dips at pres- ent used care is exercised to prevent any astringent or caustic i)roperties. It is held that the good effect of arsenical dips upon the quality of the fleece is proved by the high prices which are i)aid for wool from sheep treated in this manner. Carbolic dips are also effective, but the action of the dip does not persist as long as is the case with arsenical dips. Bacillus pseudotuberculosis in hogs, Seres and Guillaume (Rev. Gen. M6d. Yet., 11 {li)OS), A'o. 1^3, [)[}. 121-131). — Bacillus pseudotuhcreuJosifi is known to have a wide distribution and to cause more or less serious disease in liorses, cattle, sheep, and various laboratory animals. According to the authors, how- ever, it has not previously been reported in hogs. A number of cases have been observed by them in abattoirs, but the symptoms of the disease during life have not been studied. In one case it was reported that a hog had symptoms similar to those of rachitis. The characteristic lesions of B. pseudot uhcrculosis were observed in various parts of the body, and cultures were obtained which I'epro- duced the disease in guinea pigs. The hygiene and internal diseases of the horse, L. Morisot {U Hygiene et les Maladies interne du Cheval. Paris, 1907, pp. .'il2, figs. Ifi)). — The present treatise on the hygiene and diseases of the horse is written from the standpoint of the practitioner, especially the army veterinarian in the field service. The volume includes an account of the general principles of hygiene as applied to the horse and of tlie common diseases to which the horse is subject, these being arranged under the organs or parts affected. Special chapters are also devoted to contagious diseases and to the problem of disinfection. Seborrheic eczema in horses, H. Bang {Maanedskr. Dyrlceger, 19 (1907), \o. S, pp. 303-317). — The literature relating to this form of eczema is critically reviewed. The author made a careful study of one case in which the disease was found to consist in a pathological inflammation of the oil glands of the skin. The sweat glands were not affected. In some of the diseased oil glands a leucocytosis was ol)served, but it is believed that this condition was secondary. Ophthalmo-reaction in glanders, A. Wladimiroff (Berlin. Tlcriirztl. Wchnschr., 1908, No. 3, pp. 50-52). — As a result of his experience in this method of testing for glanders, the author comes to the conclusion that in large herds of horses the ophthalmo-reaction furnishes a means of quickly eliminating the animals which are beyond suspicion. It is held that all animals which do not leact may be considered as healthy and do not require a subcutaneous injection of mallein. A considerable expense is thus saved and the work of eradicating glanders from a herd of horses is rendered more easy. Hepatic hemorrhage as a result of amyloid degeneration in horses, E. NoYER (i'ber Lcberblutungen infnlge Aniylolddegencratlon helm Pfcrd. Innug. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1907, pp. 47). — The literature relating to this subject is critic- ally discussed in connection with bibliographical, references. The author had opportunity to follow the clinical history of 8 cases of amyloid degeneration of the liver. These cases all occurred in horses which were used for the prepara- tion of diphtheria antitoxin and the disease appears to be connected with this process. The length of time required for the development of experimental amyloid degeneration has not thus far been determined. The etiology of fowl plague, S. Prowazek (Mlinehen. Med. Wchnschr., 55 (1908), No. .}, pp. 165, 166, figs. 2). — According to the investigations of a number of authors the virus of fowl plague must be considered as ultramicroscopic. It VETERINAKY MEDICINE. 189 is lai-gely thrown out of tlie blood by subjection to vigorous centrifugalizatiou. After this treatment the virus is found associated with the corpuscular elements of the blood. The virus of fowl plague obtained from the brain is not destroyed by saponin during an exposure of ] hour. Apparently the virus has the power (>f passing through the finest filters. In most cases, minute corpuscles were to be observed which may be the organism of the disease. Coli-septiceniia in fowls as a disease which occurs during transportation, L. CLAtssEN {Ubcr KoUbaktcficnscptih-diiiic hci Hiilincrn aJs Trans poftkrank- heit. Inauff. Diss. Univ. Bern, 1907, pp. SO, pi. 1). — The coil bacteria which are frequently found in the intestines of healtliy fowls may become so modified by unfavorable conditions which occur during transportation as to produce a seri- ous form of septicemia. The virulence of these organisms may be artificially increased by several inoculations of canary birds. The mortality from this form of septicemia is not greater than 50 per cent. The disease may be trans- mitted by inoculation or by feeding, and the incubation period is about 12 hours. Infectious inflammation of the air sacs in geese, G. Bugge {Ztschr. Infek- tionskrank. u. Hi/g. Haiistierr, J (]QOS), Xn. 5, pp. JflO-J/SO, fig. 1). — An outbreak of an apparently new disease among geese was observed by the author and a study was made of the origin and etiology of the disease. It was apparently introduced with geese imported from Russia. Affected bii'ds show a condition of emaciation. The air sacs, particularly those in the body cavity, are of a yellow- ish color and upon the inner surface whitish yellow masses of exudative origin are to be observed. Similar conditions are noted upon the serous covering of the liver, spleen, intestines, and kidneys. In some cases the outer covering of the stomach is likewise affected. In the blood of diseased birds, bacteria were found and i)ure cultures were made. The organism in question produces no effect in hens when injected into them and this test may be used as a means of arriving at a differential diagnosis between fowl cholera and infectious inflam matlou of the air sacs. The latter disease appears to be confined strictly to geese, as ducks and jngeons, as well as common fowls, proved to be refractory. No satisfactory method of treatment or prevention has been devised. The penetration of toxins from parasitic worms into the body of the host, Weinherc; K'oiiijit. Rend. .S'or. Bioi. [I'aris]. 6', (190S). Xo. 1, pp. ;^J-27 ) .—Ac- cording to the author sclerostomum, esophagostomum, and other parasites may secrete substances which become absorbed by the host and constitute a part of the toxic symptoms observed in cases of infestation by the parasites in question. Feeding stuffs poisonous or injurious for animals, R. Dumont (Prog. Agr. ct Tit. {Ed. 1'Est), 28 (1901). Nos. .',8, pp. 658-661: 50, pp. 722-726; 51, pp. 756- 760; 52, pp. 778-781). — Attention is given to a brief consideration of species of Euphorbia, wild mustard, and various other wild plants, including rhododen- dron, aco!iite, and digitalis which have been found to be poisonous to stock. ileution is made of the poisonous effects sometimes produced by cultivated plants such as sorghum, lupines, potatoes, tobacco, and various species of beans. The author also discusses briefly the unfavorable results which may follow the use of cotton-seed meal, fern'euted molasses, and other commercial feeding stufts. The effect of digitalis and its glucosids upon various ruminants, A. Salvis- BERd (I'chrr die ivirkung von digitaiis und digifaiisglijkosidcn aiif den orgnnis- miis rerschiedener iriederkauer. Inaiig. Diss. TJniv. Bern, 1907, pp. .'(6). — The author's experiments were carried out on sheep, goats, and cattle. In these exiieriiHonts it was found that the leaves of digitalis could be given to ruminants without producing any apparent effect. Cows received doses which would be fatal for horses without giving any reaction whateA'er. The conclusion is 190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. veaclied that the active prineiiiles of (ligraphy is appended. [Papers relating- to rural economics] (Rpt. Brit. Assoe. Adv. ScL, 1907, pp. 507-603). — Summaries of papers on the following subjects read at the annual meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Leicester, July 31 to August 7, 1907, are reported : Small occnp!/in(j oicnerships, J. Collings (pp. 597-599). — This is a plea for the establishment cf the British laud system on the basis of occupying owner- ship. To facilitate the scheme proposed the author advocates (1) a better system of rural education and (2) the establishment of cooperation among cultivators for both buying and selling. The creation of a class of small owners it is believed would solve the grave social problems of the unemployed, hous- ing, and widespread destitution, and " to pledge the national credit for the purpose of carrying it out would be in accordance with the principles of a sound national and political economy." Tlic importance of the distinction beticecn (1) subsistence farminr/ and (2) producino for a market in connection, with small holdinys, W . Cunningham (pp. 599, GOO). — As compared with large farming it is believed the sn}all holder who tries to make a living from his land without other source of income is liable to fail. But, if allotments and small holdings can be combined with opportunities of wage-earning, so that the land is used to provide a portion at least of the means of subsistence, it would tend to improve greatly the material welfare of the artisan class. Some notes on tlie small holdings of Worcestershire, Kirkaldy (pp. (iOO, 001). — A brief sketch of the history and methods of working of small holdings in this county which was the pioneer in the movement in England. The re- sults show the value of a committee of practical men to foster the movement, to train the small holder, and to apply the principles of cooperation. The ques- tion of assessment requires thorough revision. Agricultural cooperation in Great Britain. R. A. Yerburgh (pp. GOl-603). — Noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. 587). Small holding's in Hampshire, J. C. Newsham (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 U908), Xo. 2, pp. S3-9.'i). — This article sets foi'th the opportunities the county of Hampshire, England, affords to the small holder as regards labor, soil, and markets, gives the economic returns of various tyi)es of holdings, and shows that failures occurred " among those who possessed limited capital and a still fc RURAL ECONOMICS. 191 more limited knowledge of agriculture, with little or no idea of how to manage the holding." In view of the government's recent efforts to encourage the increase of small holdings, the author maintains that " the success or failure of additional small holdings in this county will depend to a great extent on the' system of cooperation adopted. If an enlightened cooperative movement could be fos- tered and made a success, there is no doubt that many districts, where produce can not under present conditions be satisfactorily marketed, would become flourishing and prosperous, to the advantage not only of the occupier and the county, but also of the nation as a whole." The English peasantry and the enclosure of common fields, G. Slatkr {Lon- don. I'.xn, 1)1). \1 H -\-3,n, pis. O). — This boolc gives a history of common lield enclosure in England, with iiarticular reference to the effects of the movement upon agricultural production, increase of rent, rural depopulation, industrial development, increase of pauperism, national resources, etc. Some reflections upon the reassignment of small farms, A. IIaeymaeckers {Ann. Gcmbloiu; 18 {1D08), No. 6, pp. 3 6t -31 2). —This article describes how the present system of small farms owned by the peasant classes in Belgium consists generally of a number of small, noncontiguou.s pieces, and shows how this system in many ways interferes with the effectiveness of agriculture and the welfare of the landowners. The author outlines by means of statistics and discussion derived from the experience of Denmark the economic and social advantages which would accrue to the peasantry as a result of a reassignment of land under government supervision of a single allotment as nearly equal as possible in extent, fertility, and market facilities to the present numerous small parcels. The law of April 10, 1908, relating to small holdings and cheap houses {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 15 {1908), No. 17, pp. 530, 531).— Thin is the text of the law which provides for the advancement by the French government of a sum not to exceed 100,000,000 francs for the purpose of enabling the poorer classes of peasants to acquire land, to inq)rove their dwellings or to construct new ones, and to increase the size of their holdings, and for the management of the property in case of the decease of the owner. The funds are advanced at 2 per cent interest to local credit societies, through which the peasants are to transact business, and the societies are prohibited from charging borrowers more than 4 per cent interest. The holdings of agricultural laborers, F. Convert {Rev. Vit., 29 {1908), No. I.'i9, PI). .'liil-'ilO). — This article briefly reviews the efforts of various countries to enable agricultural laborers to become property owners and discusses the law noted above. The author believes the law will enable the poore:- classes of l»easants to improve the social and economic welfare of their families by in- creasing their incomes and will greatly encourage the rural population to remain on the land. The opportunity of acquiring property afforded the agricultural laborer, P. Antoine {Jour. Agr, Prat., n. sen, 15 {1908), No. 17,, pp. 528, 529).— An article similar to the above. Mutual agricultural credit, P. Decharme {Semaine Agr. [Pfwis], 27 {1908), No. 1399, p. 85). — This is a review of the development of mutual agricultural credit banks in France, with a discussion of the aims and results of the move- ment. The mutual credit societies at the beginning of 1908 numbered about 2,000, had 100,000 members, and had advanced in loans to poor peasants during the past 7 years no less than $40,000,000, at interest from 3* to 4 per cent. The author maintains that there were 83,000 rural communes in France which had Jiot yet put the plan of mutual credit into operatiou. 192 lEXPEKIMEKT STATION RECORD. Mutual credit and agricultural improvement, F. Viugili (liol. Quiitd. Soc. Agr. Ital, 13 {1908), Ao. 9-10, pp. 333-3JfS).— The author gives a brief review of the origin and development of mutual agricultural credit in Italy and dis- cusses its effects upou mortgage iudei)tedness, statistics of whicli by provinces, square miles of territory, and per capita are presented. The efforts of the govei'ument l)y legal enactments to imju'ove agricultural conditions by assisting the small farmer to secure credit and to give mutual credit a more economic efficacy and judicial flexibility are also discussed. Agricultural credit, de Eza (Cronica del Curso Breve dc Cuestlones Soeiales Cehhrudu en Madrid, 1906. Madrid, 1907, pp. i62-2i 7). —This is a course of three lectures delivered in Madrid in 1!)06. The article discusses the character and nature of agricultural credit, describes the development of the Schulze- Delitzsch, Raiffeisen, and other mutual credit banks, and gives a brief account of the legal status and present development of agricultural credit in Spain, Agricultural labor, Hitchins {Jour. Dept. Agr. WeM. Aust., 16 {1908). No. 3, pp. 219-221). — Tlie scarcity of farm labor in Western Australia and the efforts of the government labor bureau to supply the demand are discussed. " The demand at present for experienced farm hands is greater than the supply at wages ranging from 2us. to 30s. per weeli and lieep." The increasing settle- ment of the country is creating a steady and assured demand for country workers, and work on farms is believed to offer a partial solution of the problem of the unemployed in I'erth and other cities of the province. Crop Reporter ( f /. ti. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 10 {1908), No. 8, pp. 57-6-'i). — The usual statistics and notes on the condition, values, and prices of principal crops in the Tnited States and Europe are reported, including a tabulated statement of the exports from the United States of farm and forest products during the years ended June 30, 1907 and 1908. [Agricultural statistics of the Netherlands] {Jaarc. Konink. Nederhmden, Rijk Europa 1906, pp. lJi8-162). — Statistical data for 1908 compared with pre- ceding years of acreage and yields of crops, extent of laud cultivated by pro- ]U'ietors and tenants, number and size of farms, live stock, agricultural machinery, etc., are reported. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The next step in agricultural education, E. Davenport ( Urhana, III., 1907, pp. 22). — This is primarily an argument against special agricultural high schools and in favor of teaching agriculture in existing high schools. The writer argues that separate schools can never be so good, that they will tend strongly to peasantize farmers, prevent the natural flow of individuals from one profes- sion into another, reiiuire students to board and room away from home, and injure the development of existing high schools, and that it is unnecessary to found separate schools in order that agriculture shall be well taught. He believes that agriculture should be given a large and important place in existing high schools, and that as rapidly as sentiment in favor of such teaching crystallizes, the schools will prepare to meet the demand. The township high schools of Ohio, A. B. Graham {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio mate Uirir.]. 3 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 20, figs. 2-',, dgms. 2, map 1).— The author gives a historical sketch of the development of township higli schools in the State, with data concerning tuition, classes of high schools, courses of study, equipment, cost of buildings and supplies, and bequests to some of the high schools. Instruction in practical agriculture upon the university farm at Davis (California) {California Sta. Circ. 37, pp. 12). — This is an announcement of AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 193 farmers' short courses for 190S as follows: Dairy manufacture, 8 weeks; irriga- tion, soils, forage crops, and cereals, 3 weeks ; poultry husbandry, S days ; animal industry and veterinary science, 4 weeks, and horticulture and viti- culture, 3 weeks. Southern agriculture, F. S. Earle (New York, 1908, pp. VII +297, pis. 10, figs. 3G). — Under part 1 this book considers climate, soil, cultivation, plant growth, insects and diseases of plants, marketing, and farm management, and under part 2 it gives cultural directions for the chief southern agricultural crops, including discussions on forestry and domestic animals. The book does not confine itself to the agriculture of the Southern States but also treats of tropical and subtropical crops, including fiber plants, coffee, cacao, rubber, nuts, and fruits. Agriculture for Southern schools, J. F. Duggar (New York, 1908, pp. 355, figs. 188). — This is an elementary text-book of agriculture which deals with general principles underlying the subject, but uses largely the materials of Southern agriculture for purposes of illustration and study. Beginning with the plant in flower, the process of pollination, propagation from seeds, and the relations of moisture and plant food to plant growth, the text recurs to the propagation of plants by means of buds, following this with lessons on the improvement of i>lants, the formation of soil, the relation of the crop to the soil, moisture in the soil, and soil management, including such topics as cultivation, terracing, draining, deterioration and improvement, the use of barn- yard manure and commercial fertilizers, and the rotation of crops. The re- maining chapters deal in logical order with field and garden crops, the flower garden, forest trees, orchard fruits, plant diseases, insect friends and enemies (with an entire chapter on the cotton-boll weevil, one on insects and health, and one on the honeybee), animal husbandry (horses, cattle, sheep, swine, and poultry), the feeding of animals, tlie production of milk and butter, farm implements and machinery, roads, and the principal soils and crops of Alabama. Formulas and tabular matter are arranged in an appendix. Elements of agriculture, W. C. Welborn [yew York, 1908, pp. XVI+329, pi. 1, figs. 109). — This is a text-book of elementary agriculture prepared especially for use in the public schools of the South and West. It deals first with the plant and its environment, then with the botany of field crops, propagation, seed selection, and methods of growing crops and maintaining fertility. Special crops are then taken up, like cotton, corn, rice, sweet potatoes, legumes, orchard crops, and truck crops, followed by the feeding of animals, the making of a ration, animal diseases, animal husbandry, raising horses and mules, cattle, sheep, goats, poultry, and bees, and dairying. An appendix contains a botanical classification of important economic fam- ilies of plants, a chapter on the treatment of plant diseases with formulas for different spray solutions, a list of harmful insects and remedies, score cards for judging live stock, stock diseases and remedies, and a glossary. Agriculture in the elementary schools, M. J. Abbey (State Normal School, MayviUv, N. Dak., Quart. Buh, 5 (1908), No. J,, pp. J,8).— This is an outline course in agriculture for the public schools, beginning with the first grade and extending through the high school. It may be put into the hands of pupils liut is more properly a teacher's guide. It is divided into 3 sections, the first dealing with suggestions to the teacher, the second with outlines for the first 6 grades, and the third with outlines for the grammar grades and the high school. In the first 4 grades the work is arranged by years and classified under such headings as plants, animals, weather, machinery, soil and farm problems. In the fifth and sixth grades the more definite study of plants is taken up, together with conditions necessary for plant growth, and this is 194 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. followed in the jrrainniar srados and the hif?h school with studios of the soil, the :ituiosi)here, seeds, plant production (wheat, corn, grasses, llax, weeds, horti- culture, and plant breeding;), farm animals, hii-ds and insects, the school garden, and reference books. Bural school agriculture, C. W. Davis ( New York, 1907, pp. 267, fii/.s. 7 '/ ) .— 'J^his is a series of 142 exercises in agriculture prepared for the use of students of agriculture who expect to become teachers, and for those in rural districts who expect to continue to live on the farm. The exercises are fully illustrated, classitied, and arranged in logical sequence. The first group of exercises ;s intended to familiarize pupils with conditions of matter and changes in matter, and with the meaning of such terms as condensation, absori)tion, evaporation, assimilation, resi)iration, solutions, etc. The i-emaining exercises are arranged in groups relating to i)lants, soils and fei'tilizers, corn, wheat and oats, cotton, feeds and feeding, milk, fruits, home grounds, insects, and spraying. A glossary contains definitions of the principal scientific terms, and an appendix contains score cards and tables of values of fertilizers, feeds, weights, etc. How agriculture can be taught in our schools, C. Mankenberg (School Ed., 27 (1908), No. .'/, pp. .'/G, .)iis, Fruwirth 229 Period of plant food assimilation and dry matter production in bush bean, Fest. 229 Clover growing on loess and till soils of southern Iowa, Stevenson and Watson. 230 The flax plant; its cultivation for seed and fiber, Saunders 231 Millet, WilUams 231 The deterioration of Red Texas oats in Kansas, Roberts and Freeman 231 Canadian field pea, Atkinson 231 Cooperative potato experiments for 1908, Green and Goddard 231 Rice book 232 The importance of sodium to the sugar beet, Andrlik and Urban 232 Proteid substance produced in the sugar beet during the first year, Andrh'k 232 Further studies on sugar-beet plants more than one year old, Strohmer et al.. 232 Annual sugar beets, Deutsch 233 Growing sugar-beet seed in South Dakota, Shepard 233 Seedling canes and manurial experiments, D'Albuquerque and Bovell 233 Growing tobacco under shade on the east coast of Sumatra, Hunger 234 The art of seed selection and breeding, Shamel 234 Improvement of grasses and other forage crops, Galloway 235 Improvement of cereals, Perkins and Spafford 235 Modifications in cereal crops induced by changes in their environment, Lyon. 235 The germination of vegetable seeds. Brown and Goss 235 Effect of animal digestion and fermentation on vitality of seeds, Oswald 236 HORTICULTURE. Manuring and fertilizing truck crops. Close and White 236 Truck farming in the Atlantic Coast States, Corbett 237 Chile culture, Garcia 237 [Variety tests, at Wisley, 1906-7] 237 Report of experimental fields in South Holland for 1907, Claassen et al 237 Experimental fruit stations of the Province of Quebec, Dupuis et al 237 Miscellaneous greenhouse notes. Close, White, and Ballard 238 New work of the Bureau of Plant Industry, Galloway 239 New hybrid fruits, Hansen 239 Promising new fruits, Taylor 239 A study of the volume-increment on fruits, Riviere 239 IV CONTENTS. Page. The orchards of Maine, Hitchings 240 Survey and ontlook of the fruit interests of the State 240 The status of tlie American lemon industry, Powell 240 Strawberries for New Hampshire, Hall - 240 A study of the quality and production of several red grapes, Faes and Porchet. 241 The sugar and acidity in the Chasselas Dore grape, Riviere and Bailhache 241 Forcing plants with electricity, Bos 241 Roses; their history, development, and cultivation, Pemberton 241 The bibliography of the chrysanthemum, Payne 241 Yard and garden, Baker 242 FORESTRY. Report of board of directors of American Forestry Association for 1907 242 Report of the forestry branch, July 1, 1906, to June 20, 1907, Dalrymple-Hay. 242 The causes of timber lines on mountains, Shaw 242 Cutting timl)er on tiie National Forests and providing for a future supply, Zon. 242 Chestnut oak in the S(juthern Appalachians, Foster and Ashe 243 Forest and ornamental trees on grounds of A. and M. College of Texas, Ness. 243 The physical characteristics of the hardwoods of Australia, Julius 243 The use of wooden poles for overhead power transmission, Wade 244 Treating wood refractory to treatment and also subject to decay, AUerton 244 Preservation of wood against decay, Henry 245 The Ceara rubber tree in Hawaii, Smith and Bradford 245 The rubber plant of southern Europe, Mattel and Van den Kerckhove 246 Hints on the cultivation of Para rubber, Bartlett 246 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on some plant diseases, Savastano 246 Fasciations of known causation, Hus 246 Experiments in combating plant diseases, Ravn and Madsen-Mygdal 246 Texas root rot of cotton: Field experiments in 1907, Shear and Miles 246 Hollow potatoes, Massee - 247 On the existence of Muxomonas beta;, Von Faber 247 The distribution and control of cucurbit mildew, Kock and Kornauth 247 Infecti( jn experiments with cucurbit mildew. Reed 247 The cross-inoculation of fruit trees and shrubs with crown-gall, Hedgcock 248 A new cherry disease, Salmon 248 Recent studies of the olive-tubercle organism, Smith 249 Trials relating to gooseberry mildew, and its eradication, Lind and Ravn 249 Notes on the treatment of mildew, Degrully 249 The black rot of the grape and its control, Reddick and Wilson 249 A disease of chestnut trees, Sangier 250 The possibility of control of walnut blight bv use of immune varieties, Ram- sey .- --...-- 250 Diseases of ornamental trees, Metcalf 250 Rose mildew, Prillieux 250 Fungicides, insecticides, and spraying directions, Stone and Fernald 250 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The game resources of Alaska, Osgood 251 Destruction of wolves and coyotes, Bailey 251 The rabbit as a farm and orchard pest, Lantz 251 Rabbits and the western flora, Peacock '. 251 Destruction of the cotton boll weevil by birds in winter, Howell 251 Food habits of wood pigeons, Winton 251 Does it pay the farmer to protect birds? Henshaw 252 An account of the Biological Survey, Henshaw 252 Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Stiles and Hassal .... 252 Sixth report of State entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, Phillips. 252 Proceedings of twentieth meeting of Association of Economic Entomologists. . 252 Thirty-eighth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario 253 Some factors influencing insect development, Hennings _ 254 Increased weight of pupae in atmosphere with high carbon dioxid, Von Linden 254 Some critical observations on the European species of Chermes, Burdon 254 Intercortic;al scale formation and the development of Diaspis fallax, Morstatt. 254 The biology of plant lice, Mordwilko — 254 CONTENTS. V Page. The interrelations of ants and plant lice, Mordwilko 254 Polymorphism of ants, with abnormalities due to parasitism, Wheeler 254 The fungus-growing ants of North A merica, Wheeler 254 Wild bees, wasps, and ants, Saunders 254 The book of garden pests, Pearson 255 Practical remedies for insect pests, Lef roy 255 Insects injurious to seeds, Bargagli 255 The frit fly 255 The coo ling moth or apple worm, Quaintance 255 The woolly aphis of the pear tree, Passy 255 The scale insects of citrus trees, Howard 255 The San Jose scale, Surface 255 Spraying experiments for 1907, Henderson 256 Spraying in an off year, Denny 256 Lime sulphur for use against San Jose scale, Phillips 256 Dipping nursery stock in lime-sulphur wash, Parrott, Hodgkiss, and Schoene. 256 The currant bud mite and the hazel bud mite, Macdougall 256 Mosquito blight of tea, Hutchinson 256 Thrips on cocoa, Ballou 257 On the structural characters of three species of Coccidse, Newstead 257 Notable depredations by forest insects, Hojikins 257 Using various species of trees as trap trees for bark beetles, Sedlaczek 257 Insects injurious to loco weeds, Chittenden 257 The value of insect parasitism to the American farmer, Webster . 257 Fruit fly parasites. Baker 258 Anatomy, biology, and pathogenicity of Ixodes reduvius, Vorontzov 258 The tsetse fly in India, Lefroy 258 Apiculture, Chavez 258 Bee diseases in Massachusetts, Gates 258 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Changes taking place in chickens in cold storage, Pennington 258 The grades of wheat in the Manitoba inspection division, crop of 1907 259 The chemistry of strength of wheat flour, II, Wood 260 Report on the manufacture and sale of song-than and ho-tieu, Sandre 261 Hawaiian honeys 261 Concerning coffee, Gorter 262 Preparation of vinegar in relation to sale of food and drugs acts, Hamill 262 Fruit juice statistics, 1907, Bomer 262 Concerning fruit juices for the year 1907, Behre, Grosse and Thimme 262 Fruit statistics for the year 1907, Baier and Hasse 263 Concerning fruit juices and marmalades for the year 1907, Fischer and Alpers •263 Fruit juice statistics for the year 1907, Sch warz and Weber 263 Concentrated fruit juice, Rohrig 263 Hungarian fruit juices, Halmi 263 The detail of the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act, Bigelow 263 The nutrition of man, Chittenden 263 Food and diet in the United States, Langworthy 264 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Chemical studies of growth, I. The inverting enzyms of alimentary tract, Mendel and Mitchell 265 Enzyms involved in purin metabolism in the embryo, Mendel and Mitchell. . 265 The occurence of glycogen in the embryo jiig, Mendel and Leavenworth 266 Transformation of glycogen by enzyms of embryonic tissues, Mendel and Saiki 266 The autolysis of embryonic tissues, Mendel and Leavenworth 267 Purin, pentose, and cholesterol content of the egg, Mendel and Leavenworth. 267 The catalase of animal euibryonic tissues, Mendel and Leavenworth 267 The occurence of lipase in embryonic animal tissues, Mendel and Leavenworth 267 Notes on the composition of embryonic tissues, Mendel and Leavenworth 267 The effect of drinking and salting food upon body weight, Farkas 268 Digestion experiments, Fraps 268 Silage for fattening cattle, Carmichael 270 Feeding experiments with molasses, Weiser and Zaitschek 270 The nutritive value of different sorts of screenings, Tangl and Weiser 271 VI CONTENTS. Page. Concerning blood meal, Zaitschek 271 Kansas concentrated fee08), Xo. 1-2, Pl>. ,iUS-.^,iO, /if/. J). — A study of motliods. The keeping power of Fehling's solution, and the volumetric process of determining reducing sugars with it, F. Watts and H. A. Temi'anv (Jour. Soc. Clicm. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 5, pp. /.'^/-/.'«).— A study of methods with special reference to the analysis of muscovado sugar. Identification of 5-fructose in the presence of other natural sugar, J. PiEKAERTs {liul. Assoc. CMm. Sua: et Distill., 25 {1908), No. 9, pp. 830-8-'i8) .— According to the author's investigations, by the use of alkaline cupric salt solu- tions in the manner prescribed it is possible to determine whether or not 5-fi-uctose is present. The detection of artificial and natural honey, J. Fiehe {Einc Reaktion zur Erkcnnuiig und Uiiterschciduiuj von Kunsthonigen und Naturhonigen. 1908, Mar.; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 8, pp. 492, /i93). — The author's method for the detection of artificial honey depends upon the fact that invert sugar gives a characteristic color reaction with resorcin and concentrated hydrochloric acid. The analysis of waste molasses, H. Johnson {Hawaii. Planters' Mo., 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 22-21). — The apparent purity of molasses was found to range from 33.2 to 36.6 and the true purity from 43.1 to 4.5.2. " In other words, one is able to obtain nearly any desired purity simply by choice of the clarify- ing reagent and the amount used in analysis. Evidently, therefore, in order that the results of the analysis of molasses have even a comparative value, it is necessary that all determinations be conducted under exactly the same con- ditions. The dilution of the molasses should be the same, the same clarifying reagent should be used, and as far as possible the quantity of reagent used should be the same. For control work, the true value of the molasses should be determined by Clerget's method of double polarization, and the total solids by drying." Analysis of flour (Rev. Gen. Agron., n. ser., 3 (1908), No. 2, pp. 82-84).— A summary of data regarding French official methods of analysis. The decomposition of lecithin-phosphoric acid when alimentary pastes are stored, II. Matthes and O. Hubnek (Chcni. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 16, p. 186).— The work of other investigators is summarized and some determinations are reported. The authors conclude that since the breaking down of the lecithin- phosphoric acid is apparently influenced by conditions which can not be con- trolled, data dependent upon the determination of this constituent should be used with caution in judging of the number of eggs which have been used in the preparation of such foods. Changes in the extractives in the determination of wine extract, T. Roett- gen (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 5, pp. 251-262).— On the basis of analytical data the author discusses the determinations of wine extractives with refei-ence to the German pure food law. The identification of blueberry juice in fully fermented red wine, W. Plahl (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 {1908), No. 5, pp. 262- 269). — The author recommends making the wine slightly alkaline and evaporat- ing to half its volume before lead acetate is added to precipitate the coloring matter. Determining extract in vinegar, K. Windisch and P. Schmidt (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl, 15 {1908), No. 5, pp. 269-212).— A study of methods, METEOROLOGY WATER. 211 Detection of boric acid in foods, C. Mannich and H. Priess (Chem. Zty., S.i (1908), No. 25, pp. SL'i, 315, fig. 1). — An improved method of using the flame test for the detection of boric acid is described. Further observations on the inhibiting effect of fluorids on the action of lipase, together with, a method for the detection of fluorids in food products, S. Ambkrg and A. S. Loevenhart [Jour. Biol. Chem., // (1908), No. 2-3, pp. I.'i9-16-'i). — Fluorids, it was found, powerfully inhibit the action of lipase and, according to the authors, this property " furnishes an interesting biochemical test for the presence of fluorids in food products and will doubtless prove of considerable value in the work of food inspection." The quantitative estimation of benzoic acid in catsup, C. H. LaWall and H. A. Bradsiiaw (Anicr. Jour. I'lianii., 80 (190S), No. .',, pp. lit, i72).— The principle on which the method is based is the use of sodium chlorid and hydro- chloric acid to prevent emulsification. The benzoic acid is separated by extrac- tion with chloroform. The use of the microscope in the detection of food adulteration, B. J. Howard ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1901, pp. 379-384, P^s. '/ ) .—As the author points out, tlie microscope may be used as an important aid in the detection of food adulteration. Its use in the analysis of starch products, spices, coffee and chocolate preparations, jellies and jams, cream, edible fats and honeys, is dis- cussed, the text being supplemented by reproductions of micro-photographs. " Though only a few of the more obvious forms of adulteration have been discussed, for the field has as yet been only [lartly explored, they may serve to illustrate how the microscope comes to the aid of the cliemist when he endeavors to detect fraud in foods and food products." Determining aldehydes with the spectroscope, P. Bruylants (Acad. Roy. Belg., Bid. CI. Sci., 1907, No. 11, pp. 955-977). — The principal subject taken up is the determination of citral in lemon extract. On a modification of the Schultze-Tiemann apparatus, M. Jacque (Atti 6. Cong. Intrniaz. Chim. Appi.. 1 (1906), pp. 26't-266, fig. 1). — A conveniently mounted apparatus somewhat larger than usual is described. On the general application of the Christomanos carbon dioxid apparatus, A. C. Christomanos (Atti 6. Cong. Internas. Chim. Appl., 1 (1906), pp. 56, 57). — The use of this apparatus for the determination of urea is briefly explained. Report of the chemical division, R. E. Rose (Fla. Quart. Bui. Drpt. Agr.. 18 (1908), No. 1, pp. 152). — This report includes the result of inspection of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, foods, and drugs during the year 1907, with the laws Iiroviding for this work and the rules and regulations adopted under the laws. It is stated that inspection tags covering 124,600 tons of fertilizers and cotton- seed meal and 49,536 tons of commercial feeding stuffs were sold during the year. This represents an increase of 27,600 tons of fertilizers and cotton-seed meal and a decrease of 3,640 tons of feeding stuffs. The inspection yielded a total revenue of $43,535. METEOROLOGY— WATER. A search for fluctuations in the sun's thermal radiation through their influence on terrestrial temperature, ,S. Newcomb (Trans. Amer. Phil. Soc, n. ■so:, 21 (1908), No. 5. pp. 309-387; abs. in Amer. Jour. Sci., //. ser., 26 (1908), No. 151, p. 93). — The conclusions drawn from a thorough review of this sub- ject are essentially negative in character, "although the observations made by Laugley and later at the Astrophysical Observatory at Washington have seemed 212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to indicate a different resnlt." The antlior shows " tliat a carefnl study of the annual dei)artures of temperature over many regions in ecjuatorial and middle latitudes, indicates a Huetuation correspondinsi with the period of solar spots. The maximum fluctuation, however, for tropical regions is only 0.13° C, or, in other words, the amplitude of the change is 0.26° C, less than one-half degree Fahrenheit. The corresponding fluctuation of the sun's radiation is, hence, concluded to be 0.2 of 1 per cent on each side of the mean. In addition, there is some inconclusive evidence of changes having a period of about six years, which may be plausibly attributed to changes in solar radiation. Apart from these fhanges the evidence at hand indicates that solar radiation is sub- .lect to no change producing a measurable effect upon terrestrial temperature; the magnetic, electric, and radio-active emanations may be left out of account, as their thermal effect is inappreciable. The ordinary terrestrial phenomena of temperatui-e, rainfall, and winds are thus uninfluenced by changes in the sun's radiation. That wide changes of temperature may occur, as those noted in 1903, when the temperature in Russia and Siberia, for example, was more than 20° F. above the normal, is interesting, but it is argued that these fluctua- tions can not be attributed to changes in the radiation from the sun, because they do not extend to regions (i. e., the equatorial) where such changes would have their greatest effect." Anticyclones as aids to long-distance forecasts, H. E. Rawson (Quart. Jour. Roy. Met. Soc. [London], 33 {1901), No. 1J,J,, pp. 309, 310).— This is a brief sum- mary of a paper recently read before the South African Association for the Advancement of Science which dealt with the progressive seasonal movements of the permanent anticyclones within the high-iiressure belt of the Eastern Hemisphere. It is stated that " the cyclic movement of the belt will introduce varying periodicities into the weather of places which are situated differently with respect to the belt, and to the positions occupied in successive years by the systems moving to and fro within it." Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Observ., 1 (1908), pt. 3, pp. 134-206, figs. 16, eharts .'/).— This number contains the following articles: The Luminous Particle a Strong Magnet, and the Consequent Pressure Shift of Spectral Lines, by W. J. Humphreys ; Note on the Difference Between Anode and Cathode Arc-spectra, by W. J. Humphreys; Temperature Inversions at the Mount Weather Observatory (illus.), by A. J. Henry ; The Change of Phase Due to the Passage of Electric Waves Through Thin Plates and the Index of Refraction of Water for Such Waves, with Appli- cations to the Optics of Thin Films and Prisms. Part II (illus.), by W. K. Blair; and Upper Air Temperatures for January, February, and March (illus.), by W. R. Blair. The weather of Scotland in 1907, A. Watt {Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 20 {1908), pp. 330-3.'/0).— " This report consists of (1) a general description of the weather over Scotland from month to month; (2) a selection of rainfall returns, in which each county of Scotland is represented by one or more stations." The year was unfavorable from an agricultural standpoint. The total rain- fall was about normal, but its distribution was unfavorable, excessive rains occurring in May, June, August, and October in several districts. Low temper- atures and absence of sunshine prevailed almost continuously from May to August. Meteorology, P. Bonamk {Sla. Agron. Mauritius Bui. 16, pp. 1-15). — Obser- vations on atmospheric pressure, tempei-ature, precipitation, humidity, and evaporation in Mauritius during 1906 and 1907 are summarized. SOILS- — FERTILIZERS. 213 Meteorological report for the year ended March. 31, 1907 (Rhodesian Agr. Jour., // (I'JIJT), No. 6, pp. 6().i-60S). — This report gives the observations made duriug the year by 9 barometric, 9 thermometric, and 32 rainfall stations in Rhodesia. Map-studies of rainfall, H. R. Mill {Quart. Jour. Roy. Met, Soc. [London], SIf (1908), No. 1J,6, pp. 65-86, pi. 1, figs. 10; abs. in Nature [London], 77 (1908), No. 1995, p. 286). — :The object of this paper is to explain briefly how rainfall maps may be nsed in the study of the normal annual rainfall of the British Isles in relation to the general configuration of the land, and of the relation of the rainfall of individual years, months, and even showers to the normal. The practical applications of the results of such studies are also indicated. In this connection emi)hasis is laid upon the vast national importance of ac- curate knowledge of the rainfall as related to the flow of streams and the rapidly increasing diversion of the water of streams for irrigation and industrial pur- poses. It is stated that " the increasing strenuousness of the struggle for the posses- sion of large water supplies is producing in England, and especially in Wales, a great amount of local jealousy and strife, for the boundaries of parishes and counties coincides but rarely with water-partings, and the argument has been brought forward again and again that the rainfall of one county should not be diverted for the use of the inhabitants of another. The feeling is intensified when the boundary to be crossed is that of a historical division of national impdr- tance, like the boundary between England and Wales, but the map study of rain- fall can do something to suggest the lines on which such disputes should be settled. . . . " Care for the water supply of the country, coming as it does from the air that kuows no bounds across the land, is by no means a parochial, but in the fullest sense a national matter, and should be dealt with in the interests of the nation as a whole, the units of subdivision, when such are required, being the natural units of river basins." Hygienic water supplies for farms, B. M. Bolton (V. S. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1907, pp\ .i99-.'i08, pi. 1, fl'gs. //). — This article discusses the importance and requiremeuts of a sanitary water supply, sources of water supply, sources of pollution, purification of water in the soil, protection from pollution, abun- dance of supply, and convenience. It is stated in conclusion " that it is not usually a difficult matter to comply with all the requirements of a sanitary water supply on the farm. It requires only ordinary intelligence in selection of the site and subsequent management, besides a certain expenditure of time aud money necessary for the construction of devices for protection and convenience." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Relations between climate and terrestrial deposits, J. Barbell (Jour. Geol., 16 (1908), Nos. 2, pp. 159-190; 3, pp. 255-295; //, pp. 363-384) .—This is a series of " studies for students," and consists of a general introduction aud chapters on (1) relations of sediments to regions of erosion, (2) relation of sediments to regions of deposition, aud (3) relations of climate to stream transportation. The term terrestrial deposits as used in this article is confined to fluvial and pluvial deposits rather than glacial, lacustrin, and eolian deposits. The specific topics dealt with are character of rocks supplying sediment; relations of rainfall, temperature, and topography to erosion ; separation of topographic and climatic factors and of tectonic and climatic oscillations; influence of nature of surface of deposition; climatic influences in regions of 214 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. deposition, inclucling effects of constantly rainy, intermittently rainy, semiarid, and arid climates, and the climatic significance of color ; effects of stream transportation; relations of stable climates to transportation; and effects of varying climates upon transportiition. It is shown quite clearly in this discussion that climate is a controlling factor in determining not only quantity but physical and chemical nature of terres- trial deposits, and that the intiuence of this factor is exerted not only in the weathering of rocks and the original formation of the sediments, but in their transportation and deposition. It is stated that " varying powers of erosion and transportation giving rise to varying quality and quantity of sediment are seen to be the most delicate stratigraphic indicators of climatic fluctuations. On the other hand the chem- ical and organic conditions accompanying the deposition of the sediment upon the delta plain are more secure indicators of the stable and average climatic conditions under which the formation as a whole was made." The fertility of some colonial soils, as influenced by geolog'ical conditions, C. F. JuRiTz (Seixiratc from Trans. 80. African Phil. Soc, 18 (1907), pt. 1, pp. 7-30). — This is substantially a revised and extended reprint of an article which has already been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 15). The loss of water from soil during dry weather, J. W. Leather (ilein. Dept. Agr. India, Chem. Ser., 1 (1908), No. 6, pp. 75-116, pis. 5, fig. i).— Determinations of the water content to a depth of 9 ft. in fallow soil with loose surface are recorded in this paper. Samples of the soil were examined at stated intervals from March, 1906, to May, 1907. The more important conclusions drawn from the investigations are that during a dry period water moves upward toward the surface from a limited depth only, the maximum depth in the Pusa soil experimented with being slightly over 3 ft. during the whole period of observation. Water is lost from the soil at a rate dependent upon the amount present. That is, it follows the " compound interest law." Therefore, the I'ate of loss is much greater imme- diately after rain than subsequently. " The water-retaining power of a soil after drainage has ceased is closely related to the total surface possessed by the solid particles, and it is probable that from a determination of the latter the water-holding capacity of soils may be ascertained." The upland moor as a water distributor, K. Gangnus and P. Rosenstand- WoLDiKE (Mitt. Liv-Estldnd. Bur. Landeskult., Jahrb. 1906-7, pp. -'i2-5Jf, 67- 76). — These articles discuss mainly the question whether the water conditions in upland moors are to any considerable extent influenced or controlled by excessive condensation of dew by the moor mosses. Report on irrigation dry farming and soil moisture investigations, E. Nel- son (Idaho 8ia. Rpt. 1907, pp. 2S-.'i6). — This is a report of investigations made during 1907 on the Boise-Payette reclamation project at Caldwell, Idaho, in cooperation with this Office. The investigations included studies of the duty of water on wheat, potatoes, and alfalfa, using pumped water. Moisture determinations were made to determine the effect of the different irrigations on the moisture content of the soil and losses by evaporation. These show that " the soil has a maximum moisture capacity of o2.S4 per cent of the dry weight. Twenty-four hours after irrigation it rarely contained as much as 28 per cent in the first foot. The extent to which it may dry out ranged from 3.9 to 7.3 per cent in the first foot. In the second and third foot there was rarely as little as 8.7 per cent. At planting time the soil contained an average of about 7.95 per cent of available water or a total of 3.82 in. in 3 ft. of soil. The tests indicate that this is very close to the average amount of available water that the soil may contain. In a SOILS FERTILIZERS. 215 few instances the tests show as high an average as 8.7 per cent. In the first foot it ranged as high as 16 per cent, while in the third foot it was qnite often a negligible quantity." Humus in New Hampshire soils, F. W. Morse (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 191-203, figs. 3). — The importance of the functions performed by humus in the soil and methods of maintaining and increasing tlie humus content are discussed, and determinations of the humus content of samples of soils from the station farm and from other places in the State are reported. The percentages of humus found in typical soils of the station farm were: Sandy loam 1.81; clay loam (upper slopes) 2.1 to 2..57, averaging 2.31; clay loam (lower slopes) 2.81 to .3.09, averaging 2.93 ; and clay 3..33 to 5.37, averaging 4.5. *' Besides these samples of our farm soils, a few lots which were received from time to time from other farms were also analyzed for humus, with the following results : Four loams contained from 2.12 per cent to 2.65 per cent, with an average of 2.32 per cent ; two sandy loams contained 1.52 per cent and 1.57 per cent, respectively, and one dark loam contained 3.3 'per cent." These results show that " there is a fair average proportion of humus in the soils of this State, and they ai'e by no means worn out when compared with the soils of localities noted for fertility." Comparisons of the humus in cropped and fallow plats on the station farm show that "continuously tilling the soil on the one hand, or cropping it with haj- for a long term of years on the other hand, are unsuitable methods for handling our soils, since the former way destroys humus rapidly, while the latter does not maintain it at the highest point." It is estimated from the analyses reported that the average loss of humus to a depth of 12 in. in a clay soil which had been frequently tilled amounted to 28,000 lbs. per acre, and in a loam soil similarly treated 22,000 lbs. per acre annually. On the other hand there were " found in three samples of old grass land on the clay soil, which had been cropped with hay for more than 20 years, per- centages of humus ranging from 2.95 to 3.69 and averaging 3.27, while the average of immediately adjoining fields, which had been under tillage for 2 years, reseeded and cropped with hay for 3 or 4 years, was 4.5 per cent. The average difference in humus between these two classes of grass laud on the same soil was 1.23 per cent, which, calculated for an acre to the depth of 6 in., would be 18,450 lbs., or over 9 tons per acre. " The new fields had of course received a dressing of manure at seeding time, but the difference in humus would be equivalent to organic matter in over 35 tons of manure per acre, which is more than is ever applied in the practice of the farm. Therefore a considerable part ef the gain must have come from the decay of the turf, roots, and stubble turned under by the plow. " It is apparent that the marked decrease in the yield of hay after 3 or 4 years' cropping is due in part to the decrease in humus and its accompanying fertilizing constituents." The conclusion therefore seems warranted that " a rotation of crops by com- l)ining periodical rests from tillage, with additions of sod and stubble to the soil, favors the production of humus and promotes its increase." Soil deterioration and soil humus, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and C. Cutler (Vcnnont Sta. Bui. 135, pp. l-'i2-m). — In this article an attempt is made to cover causes and remedies with particular reference to the humus content of soil, its benefits, maintenance, and increase. "The depletion of the soil humus supply is apt to be a fundamental cause of lowered crop yields. The one-crop system, fallowing, shortage of manure, no green manuring ; the nonuse of legumes or grasses in the rotation ; deforesta- 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion, fires, the continued use of commercial fertilizers ; all these tend unduly to lower the humus content. This complex organic soil ingredient supplies nitro- gen and available mineral plant food, augments the water storage capacity, promotes its warmth, betters its texture and permeability, and aids micro- organic growth. Seriously to lessen its content in the soil is to lower the crop- producing power of the individual farm and to impair national resources. Its lack may be diagnosed by careful observation, but it is particularly apt to be deficient in the more open and porous soils. The supply is best augmented by adequate crop rotation, using legumes and grass as renovating crops, by the free use of farm manures or by the practice of green manuring." A short list of references to articles on the subject is given. What the chemist has found in Pennsylvania soils, and the relation of chemistry to agriculture, W. Freak (Penn, Dept. Agr. Bui. 157, pp. 77-94)- — • This article discusses briefiy the origin and general characteristics of the rep- resentative soils of Pennsylvania, reports analyses of a number of typical soils of the State, and explains in some detail the fertilizer requirements of the soils as determined by a series of cooperative fertilizer experiments with farmers in different parts of the State. The three main types of soils considered are sedentary, alluvial, and glacial or drift soils. As measured by solubility in both strong acid and in 1 per cent citric acid, the soils are as a rule abundantly supplied with potash. A number of them, however, are deficient in phosphoric acid. A number of the soil sam- ples examined were from limestone regions and therefore abundantly supplied with lime; others were deficient in this constituent. The relative merits of different methods of determining the fertilizer require- ments of soils are briefly discussed. On soils derived from carboniferous limestone, A. Gregoire {BuI. iS'oc. Chim. Belg., 22 (1908), No. 2, pp. 93-104; Bui. Inst. Chim. et Bad. OemUoux, 1908, No. 75, pp. 99-108; abs. in Chem. ZentU., 1908, I, No. 17, p. 1642).— A peculiar unproductive soil of the region of Condroz is described and analyses are reported. This soil, which is locally known as " Flin," is a compact ocher- ous clay containing a large amount of calcium silicate, limonite, and calcareous fossils and also a high percentage of magnesia. Thp peculiar character of the soil is believed to be due to decalcification of carbonifei'ous limestone, resulting in a lack of fiocculation of the clay produced, and not to an excess of magnesia. In view of the fact that the restoration of the lime would be a difficult opera- tion, the author recommends that the soils can best be utilized and improved by putting them down in grass and liming at frequent intervals. Where crop yields are curtailed by lack of phosphoric acid and lime in the soil, A. Agee (I'oin. Dept. Agr. Bui. 157, pp. 94-102). — This article calls atten- tion to the fact that while limestone soils are usually fertile soils, abundantly supplied with both lime and i)hos])horic acid, there are cases in which such .soils are benefited by the application of lime and phosphates. The more general use of ground limestone and of fine ground raw phosphate is recommended, par- ticularly in connection with the growth of leguminous crops. A contribution to knowledge of the composition of buntersandstein soils, R. HoBNBERGER (ZtscJir. Foist u. Jdgdw., 40 {1908), No. 2, pp. 94-102; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 37 (1908), No. 9, pp. 577-579).— Detailed chemical studies of typical soils of this kind are reported. Some representative soils, H. Ingle (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 6 (1908), No. 22, pp. 238-243). — Chemical analyses of several samples from each of three dis- tricts of the Transvaal are reported, with brief discussions of their fertilizer requirements. Analysis of grain soils [of Cape of Good Hope], C. F. Juritz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), No. 2, irp. 228-230).— Mechanical and chemical SOILS FERTILIZERS. 217 analyses of two typical virgin loam soils from the most productive grain-growing region of the province are reported. The soils contain about the same amount of phosphoric acid (0.04 to 0.05 per cent) found in the ordinary soils of the region, but are much above the average in the amount of lime (0.1 to 0.6 per cent) and potash (0.6 to 0.9 per cent). The mechanical analyses are compared with such analyses nkoping and Flahnlt. See also a previous note (E. S. It., 10, p. 124). Calcium cyanamid (nitrogen lime or lime nitrogen) as a fertilizer, H. IMMENDORFF aud K. Kempski {Calciumcyanamid {Stickstoffkalk Oder Kalk- stickstoff) al.s Diingemittel. Stuttgart, 1907, pp. 123; rev. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 {1908), No. 10, p. 304; Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Osterr., 11 {1908), No. 2, pp 149, 150). — This is a review of previous investigations and of the pi-esent status of knowledge on this subject. Chapters are devoted to consideration of (1) the nitrogen question in general, and the history of inves- tigations relating to the utilization of atmospheric nitrogen through the agency of root tubercles and by oxidation processes; (2) the development of carbid methods; (3) various processes which have been developed for the preparation of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime and the technical application of these processes in different places; (4) a review of information relating to the chem- ical and bacteriological characteristics and ti'ansformation in the soil of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, and of the agricultural use of cyanamid including a consideration of the possible poisonous propei'ties of cyanamid and their influence upon vegetable and animal life; and (5) an elaborate compilation of the results of fertilizer experiments with different crops and soils in various countries. Some of the more important facts i-elating to the use of calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer brought out in this discussion are as follows: The material is not suited to acid humus soils nor to light sandy soils of acid reaction. It is SOILS FERTILIZERS. 221 an effective fertilizer ou all other soils, particularly on fine clay soils of high absorptive povi'er and rich in lime, especially when such soils are regularly treated with stable manure. Under favorable conditions the cyanamid is con- sidered to be equal to ammonium sulphate in fertilizing efficiency when used at rates of 133.6 to 267.2 lbs. (2G.7 to 53.4 lbs. of nitrogen) per acre. It should be applied 2 to 8 days before seeding and well mixed with the soil immediately after application. It should never be applied as a top-dressing and should not be mixed with superphosphates, but may be mixed with potash salts and Thomas slag. The material should be kept dry in storage, otherwise there will be decomposition and loss of nitrogen. If applied with a drill some device should be used which will prevent scattering by the wind. If applied by hand the material should be mixed with double its weight of moist soil. Results of experiments with calcium cyanamid on horticultural crops and on wheat, K. de Polo {A.soc. ^'«/. Propayada, Circ. Trbncat. J/S, 1908, pp. 151- 159). — The results of a number of experiments made during 1905-6, mainly in Italy, are summarized. Calcium, nitrate and calcium cyanamid, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 15 (1908), A'o. S, pp. 229-231). — The more important practical informa- tion regarding the value and use of these materials as fertilizers is summarized and a brief account is given of tests of the calcium nitrate on potatoes and wheat during the season of 1906-7. The nitrate gave favorable results in both cases. A danger in the use of nitrogenous fertilizers in the cultivation of grain, D. Cavazza and L. Zerbini (Ann. Uffic. Prov. Agr. Bologna, IS (1906), pp. 91-103). — From the experiments reported the authors conclude that nitrog- enous fertilizers, especially the soluble forms, should be used with caution, otherwise there may be great waste. On the potash fertilizing of tropical and subtropical plants, P. Vageler [TropcHpfldnzcr, 12 (190S), A'O. 2, pp. 69-83). — This article reviews various investigations which have been made on the potash requirements of tropical and subtropical soils and crops, including a number of references to work by experiment stations of the southern United States. The crops which receive attention include barley, wheat, rice, sugar cane, sweet potatoes, oil plants, tobacco, coffee, cacao, tea, cotton, sisal, and cocoanuts. The general conclusion reached is that soils of tropical and subtropical regions are frequently deficient in potash and that good results generally fol- low the use of potash fertilizers on the crops ordinarily grown in such regions. The best forms and methods of use and the profitableness of potash fertiliz- ing depend upon varying conditions which have not yet been thoroughly investigated. Potash fertilizers, D. Cavazza (Ann. Uffic. Prov. Agr. Bologna, 13 (1906), pp. 150-159). — Experiments are reported which indicate that on certain clay soils potash fertilizers are not needed. The farming of light soils with special reference to the use of potash salts, KiTziNGER (Jahrb. Dent. LandiD. GescU., 22 (1907), Ao. J,, pp. 741-752). — This is a popular statement of practical experience in improving light sandy soils, by proper rotations and methods of fertilizing, particularly with legumes and potash salts as proposed by Schultz-Lupitz. The solvent action of soil bacteria upon the insoluble phosphates of raw hone meal and natural raw rock phosphate, W. G. Sackett, A. J. Patten, and C. W. Brown (Michigan Sta. Spec. Bui. J/S, pp. 3-30). — This is a preliminary rei)ort covering 2 years' work and over 500 determinations, the purpose of which was " to demonstrate quantitatively, if possible, the extent to which the 222 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tricalciuui i)liosphate of raw hone meal aud the insoluble phosphate of natural raw rock phosphate are made soluble by soil bacteria rather than to attempt any explanation of the processes involved." It was found that many soil organisms, not specific acid producers, as, for example, BuciUus sabtilis, B. vnjcoidcs, B. protcus vulgaris, and B. coli coni^ munis, as well as several agar cultures from garden soil, were capable of dissolving the phosphate of bone and to a less extent that of mineral i)h()s- phate. The authors are therefore of the opinion that acid is not the sole solvent in this process, although an important one, as shown by the greatly increased solvent action in cultures of the acid-producing organisms, B. acidi lactici an(J " mother of vinegar," in milk aud fermented wort. The carbon dioxid liberated by the organisms also appear to be an important factor in dissolving the phosphates. The investigations show further that the character of the culture solution has an important bearing upon the solvent action. With the nonacid-producing organisms the greatest solvent effect in case of bone meal was obtained in a culture solution made up of sodium chlorid, potassium sulphate, and ferrous sulphate, with asparagin as the source of nitrogeu. Organisms grown in an agar medium containing also magnesium and ammonium sulphates exerted no solvent action on either calcium carbonate, dicalcium or tricalcium phosphate, bone meal, or mineral phosphate. When, however, sugar was added, the phosphates were attacked, as also when meat extract was added, although the action in this case was much reduced. The solvent action of soil bacteria upon the insoluble phosphates of raw bone meal and natural raw rock phosphate, W. G. Sackett, A. J. Patten, and C. W. Brown (Centbl. Balct. [etc.}, 2. Abt., 20 (1908), No. 21-23, pp. 68S-70.i; abs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 9^ (1908), No. o.)!, II, p. 415). — See abstract above. On the action of agricultural phosphate, O. Bottcher (Dcut. Landw. I'rcsse, 35 {1908), No. 23, pp. 253, 25Jf). — Pot and field experiments by the author to test the fertilizing value of this material, which is a fine ground raw phosphate, are reviewed, the general conclusion being that this material can not replace superphosphate as an efficient phosphatic fertilizer and in gen- eral confirming the view expressed in the resolution adopted by the Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations of the German Empire at its Dresden meet- ing to the effect that raw phosphates can not be profitably used on any except acid soils and that their use on other soils is not to be recommended. Fertilizer experiments with Thomas slag, L. Jozek (Atti 6. Cong. Intcrnas. Chim. Appl., Jf (1906), pp. ^O-'i-lfOl). — In experiments with beets no increase in yield was observed when Thomas slag was used alone. There was, however, a considerable increase when nitrate of soda and sulphate of potash were used with the slag. In the case of barley the addition of the nitrate or sulphate did not materially increase the yield produced by Thomas slag alone. Results of cooperative experiments with fertilizers in swamp soils, R. Harcourt (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 29 (1901), pp. .'i8-51). — A number of such experiments in different parts of the Province of Ontario are reported, the general conclusion being that in the majority of cases lime gave decidedly beneficial results and that potash and phosphoric acid may be profitably used on many of the soils. The action of lime on the bacterial life in soils, A'ogel (IUus. Landw. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 21, p. 185; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 (1908), No. 15, pp. 2119, 2120).— This is a brief summary of results of some of the more recent investigations regarding the beneficial influence of lime on nitrification, putrefaction, and nitrogen fixation in the soil. The general conclusions ax"e that the activities of all soil micro-organisms are promoted by lime and that this explains the SOILS FERTILIZERS. 223 value of lime as a plant food. The iniuimuui lime requirements of Azotobacter in the soil is estimated to be 0.1 jter cent. The action of various combinations of manganese and particularly of a manganiferous mineral used as a fertilizer for plants, N. Strampelli (Atti 6. Cong. Internal. Cliini. Api)h, '/ (1906), pp. L'i-17). — Plat tests with grain are reported in which manganese carbonate, sulphate, and dioxid, and a manganese ore were used in combination with other fertilizing materials. An increase of yield due to addition of the manganese compounds was observed in all cases, the greatest increase resulting from the use of the sulphate. The use and increasing' production of sulphate of ammonia, T. Collot (Jnio: Agr. Prat., n. ser., 15 {1908), No. 10, pp. 301-30',) .—Tlia total production of sulphate of ammonia for the whole world in 1907 is placed at 84.5.000 metric tons, valued at $50,700,000. Of this amount England produced 301,000 tons and the United States 36,000 tons. The production in Germany has increased fi'om 55,000 tons in 1896 to 287,000 tons in 1907. France produced during the year 53,000 tons and consumed 72,900 tons. The value of sulphate of ammonia as a fertilizer for various crops, particu- larly cereals, beets, and potatoes, is discussed, and the importance of increasing the production of this material as a by-product of coke making and by distilla- tion of peat is pointed out. The utilization of the nitrogen of the air in Germany, Kempski {Naturiv. Wchnsclir., 23 (1908), No. 12, pp. 180, 186). — This note refers to the processes now in actual use and the manufacturing plants in operation in Germany and other European countries for the preparation of nitrogenous compounds from the nitrogen of the air. The processes mentioned are those of Birkeland and Kyde for the preparation of lime nitrate and of Frank and Caro and of Pol- zeuius for the preparation of calcium cyanamid. The plants referred to are those of Piano d'Orta in Italy, Westeregeln, near Stassfurt, in Germany, with an output of about 4,400 tons of nitrogen lime per year, and Briihl, near Cologne, with an output of about 11,000 tons per year. The technical application of Ostn-ald's process for the conversion o'f the nitrogen of nitrogen lime into ammonia is also noted. On the utilization of atmospheric nitrogen by means of calcium and barium, A. Piccinini {Atti 6. Cong. Internaz. Chim. AppL, 3 {1906), pp. 215- 226). — The history and chemistry of fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by elec- trical means, especially the calcium cynamid process, is reviewed and a bibli- ography of 23 references to investigations on the subject is given. The action of certain fertilizers on calcium cyanamid, G. Fascetti {Atti 6. Cong. Interna^. Cliini. AppJ., J, {1906), pp. 372-378).— A study of the effects of mixing superphosphates, slag, and mineral phosphates in varying proportions with calcium cyanamid is reported. On the chlorin content of kainit, J. C. de Ruijter de Wildt {Cultura, 20 {1908), No. 235, pp. 155-160). — The percentages of potash and chlorin in 59 samples of commercial kainit are reported. The percentages of lime, magnesia, and sulphuric acid are also given for some of the samples. The chlorin varied from 28 to 50.8 per cent, the potash from 10.8 to 17.1 per cent. As a rule the potash increased with the chlorin content. Investigations on the composition of Peruvian guano and its value as a fertilizer, J. G. Maschhaupt ( Verstag. Landbomvk. Onderzoek. Rijksland- houtrproefstat., 1908, No. 3, pp. 5-21). — This article contains information regard- ing the origin, formation, and character of the guano deposits, as well as recent analyses and a discussion of the fertilizing value of the guano. 224 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The utilization of locusts as fertilizer, P. Lavenir {An. Soc. Rural Argen- tina, .'/l (1907), No. 53-5Ji, pp. 119-181). — Analyses of the whole insect and of its different parts are reported. The dried and ground material (whole insects) was found to contain 9.86 per cent of moisture, 9.94 per cent of fat soluble in benzin, 9.71 per cent of nitrogen and 1.24 per cent of phosphoric acid. The analyses thus indicate a high fertilizing value for the material. Mineral fertilizer, J. A. Wendel {Milwaukee, Wis., 1908, pp. 2.'/). — This pam- phlet is practically an abridgment of a book published several years ago under the title Bread from Stones, and advocates the exclusive use of finely ground rocks as a means of maintaining soil fertility. On the absorptive capacity of peat litter when under high pressure, I. LuGNER and H. vox Feilitzen {^vciiska Mos.skulturfor. Tidskr., 22 {1908), No. 1, pp. 36-41, figs. 3). — Experiments conducted by the authors showed that peat litter with a high absorptive power is able to retain larger quantities of liquids than a poor grade of litter, even if subjected to pressures of 0.8 to 1.6 lbs. per square inch, corresponding to the pressure to which litter is subjected in a manure pile up to a depth of 1 meter. Fertilizer trade in Hawaii, A. MARQUi:s {Engrais, 23 {1908), No. 9, p. 209). — It is reported that fertilizers to the value of $698,241 were imported into Hawaii from the United States during the year 1906-7. This represents 80 to 8.') per cent of the total amount used. Commercial fertilizers; a quarter century of fertilizer inspection, J. L. Hills, C. H. Joxes, and C. Cutler {Vermont Sta. Bui. 135, pp. 59-141, dgms. 10). — The results of analyses of 130 brands of fertilizers, representing the out- put of 11 companies, are reported and discussed in this bulletin. A survey of 25 years' fertilizer inspection in Vermont is also given: "A fertilizer control has been conducted in Vermont since 1882. Before the system was inaugurated fertilizers contained no potash, were very irregular and uncertain in composi- tion, were costly, and fraud was rife. To-day the trade is systematized, brands are relatively uniform year after year, and seriously deficient fertilizers are uncommon." The quality of the fertilizers examined during the past year was on the whole good. Mixing chemical fertilizers on the farm, F. W. IMorse {Neio Hampsliire Sta. Circ. 1, pp. .'/). — It is maintained in this article that "mixing chemical fertilizers is a simple mechanical process and can be done by any farmer," and fox'mulas and methods are given. AGRICULTURAL BOTAJTI. The relation of plant societies to evaporation, E. N. Transeaxj {Bot. Gaz., 45 {1908), No. 4, pp. 217-231, figs. 9). — A study was made at about one dozen stations on Long Island, X. Y., by means of the porous-cup vaporimeter tested and recommended by the Desert Botanical Laboratory at Tucson, Ariz., to deter- mine the relation between evaporation in the soil and the plants occupying any given locality. It was found that the porous-cup vaporimeter is well adapted 'to the study of habitat conditions. Unlike many forms of instruments, it fur- nishes data that can be directly related to the plant activity. Comparative readings can be obtained from different habitats by standardizing the instru- ments at the beginning of the experiments. Does phosphorus play a part in the production of chlorophyll? J. Stoklasa, V. Brdlik, and J. Just {Bcr. Dent. Bot. Gesell., 26a {1908), No. 1, pp. 69-78).— The former conclusions of one of the authors on the physiological importance of phosphorus in the fox-mation of chlorophyll (E. S. R., 8, p. 108) having been questioned, the previous experiments, in which leaves were extracted with ben- AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 225 zol and tlie percentage of phosphorus in the extract estimated as magnesium phosphate, have been repeated. The principal experiments were made with Acer psciidoplatanus, but the results were confirmed by analysis of 18 other plants. All showed an important phosphorus content in the ash. The authors reassert the previous statement that phosphorus plays an important role in the production of chloroiihyll. Lactic and alcoholic fermentation in plant tissues, J. Stoklasa {Atti 6. Cong. Jnternaz. Chim. Appl, 3 (1906), pp. 885-890) .—The author gives a brief account of studies on intramolecular respiration of beet roots, potato tubers, beans, cucumbers, cherries, wheat, and barley, in which a lactic and alcoholic fermentation was found to take place. This fermentation, it is claimed, is due to an enzymic action, bacteria having nothing to do with it. The effect of light on germination, W. I\inzel (Ber. Dcut. Bot. GescIL, 26a (1908). Xo. 2, pp. 105-1 lo, (U/iiis. //). — A study was made to determine the effect of light and darkness, as well as of various colored lights, uiion the germination -of seeds of a number of species of plants. In the case of Veronica seeds 100 per cent germinated under clear light and under yellow light in 30 days, while germination was retarded under orange, red, blue, and green light, in some cases less than 50 per cent germinating in 2 months. Similar investigations were conducted with the seeds of Poa, Nicotiana, Drosera, Allium, Veratrum, and other plants. The stimulating action on germination of mixtures of colloidal solutions, H. MiCHEELS and P. DeHeen (Acad. Roy. Bclff., Bui. CI. Sci.. 1907, Xo. 12, pp. 1027, 1028). — In continuation of previous work on the action of colloidal solu- tions in stimulating germination (E. S. R., 18, p. 624), I'esults are given of investigations carried on with colloidal solutions of platinum and of mag- nesium and a mixture of equal parts of the two. The solutions were found to exercise a stimulating effect on the germination of wheat, and the combined !5ohition increased the iiercentage of germination very materially. The ascent of water in trees, A. J. Ewart (Phil. Trans. Roy. Sac. London, Ser. B, 199 (1908), Ao. 258, pp. 3 'i 1-392, pi. 1, figs. 7).— In continuation of pre- vious investigations into the physics of water flow through wood (E. S. R.. 17, p. 958), the author has carried on experiments on the ascent of water, measuring it in maple and poplar trees, wistaria, and other plants. The author states that all his experiments tend to show that the continuous ascent of water is only possible in living wood, the power of conduction being rapidly lost on death, without any mechanical blocking of the vessels being necessarily responsible for the change. Fi-om this he concludes that the living cells in tall trees continually restore the conditions for the ascent of water wherever these are affected by the excessive emptying of the vessels, and decrease the resistance to flow as far as possible by maintaining continu- ous water columns in at least parts of the wood. So long as these are present, a pumping action on the part of the tree becomes necessary only in those trees having a height of over 20 to 50 meters. Suspended columns of water can not be maintained for any length of time in the vessels of tall trees without the aid of the living cells of the wood. The energy required to pump water upward in the tallest trees is said to represent only a small fraction of that produced by the daily photosynthetic assimilation, and it is this feeble character and diffuseness of the pumping action which renders it so difficult to demonstrate. Experiments on the suction and exudation of trees at different levels and upon the influence of the entry of air and water under pressure showed that no continuous suspended water columns or high internal tensions existed in 5977S— No. 3—08 3 226 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tlio c-oiulucting I'leineiUs of the iiiai»lt' nnd popltir trees during tliolr active traiisi)iratioii. Tlie same was shown i)y direct uieasuremeuts of tbe pressure iu vessels of wistaria. Tliis fact, coupled with the high total resistance to flow, shows that this resistance is overcome locally from point to point, and not by any enormous tension from above or pressure from below, neither of which exists nor could be maintained to a sufficient extent to carry on the elevation of water in a tall tree. The apparent differences of osmotic pressure previously observed between' leaves at the base and apex of a tall tree it is claimed are not evidences of the existence of any greater osmotic suction at the higher level, but are the result of the different ages and sizes of the cells and the different conditions to which they have been exposed. Observations regarding the constancy of mutants and questions regard- ing the origin of disease resistance in plants, H. L, Bolley (Amer. Nat., Jt2 (J 908), No. 495, pp. 111-183). — This is a paper read before the American Breeders' Association at its meeting in January, 1908, in which the author gives his views regarding the constancy of a number of mutating forms of plants, and also outlines the i-esults of his investigations on the resistance to disease of various plants with which he has been experimenting. The author, in summarizing his results, asserts "(1) that mutants may be so insignificant and numerous as to be unrecognizable and thus fall directly into the class called by DeVries 'fluctuating variations;' or (2) that they may be induced in a mixture of a great number of varieties of a species at one and the same time because of the same environmental causes; or (3) that, in some cases, 'fluctuating variations' are of such nature and worth as to allow results to be obtained in mass breeding of as great importance as any that may be hoped to be obtained by looking for a single mutating type." In regard to disease resistance the author, while not ready to affirm definitely his position in the matter, believes tliat the resistance is physiological rather than structural. The correlation of flower and fruit structure in Carica papaya, P. J. Wester {Bid. Torrcij Hot. Club, 35 {1908), Xo. 3. pp. J ',1-1. ',6. fifjs. 2).— A study has been made of the papaya {C. pupiiya) to determine whether the develop- ment and formation of the fruit might be correlated with the structure of the flower. In this study notes were taken on a number of flowers on the same tree.' The plant is normally dioecious, but rarely produces perfect flowers. In most instances the bisexual flower buds were bagged with small paper sacks, the sack remaining until the flower had faded and the ovary was beginning to develop. There was found to l)e a distinct correlation between the formation and size of the fruit and the flower characters. Where the ovary was small and slender, with rays in the stigma nearly aborted, the fruits grew comparatively small, cylindrical, almost solid, with exceedingly small seed cavity containing few seeds; while where the pistil was normal, or nearly so. the fruit grew large, more or less angular, with the apical end distended, and the cavitj' containing a large number of seeds. The author thinks the form with small slender ovaries to be preferable, as it yields a fruit that is much more easily packed. Under the usual methods of propagation a large production of seedlings is not considered profitable, and an attemi)t to originate a variety of papaya would probably necessitate hand polli- nation, inbreeding, and rigid selection for several generations. The nectaries of cotton, F. J. Tylek ( f '. S. Dcpt. .[(jr.. Bur. Plant IikIk.s, BhJ. 131, pp. .'fo-o.'i, pi. 1). — A study has been made of the nectaries occurring FIELD CROPS. 227 Oil the leaves and involucral bracts of cotton to determiue whetlier they can be used as diagnostic characters for the chissitication of species of Gossypium. Symbiosis in fern prothallia, D. H. Campbell (Amer. Xat., ^2 (1908), No. 495. pp. 154-165, pgx. 3). — Attention is called to the fact that the anthor reported in 1895 the presence of an endophytic fungus in the prothallium of Botnjcliiiim rirgiiiiamiin. Studies have since been made of a number of other species of ferns that sht)w conclusively that an endophytic fungus is normally present in the green prothallia of several additional species, and it is highly probable that further research will show similar fungus endophytes in other ferns. FIELD CROPS. Dry farming- in Idaho, E. Nelson ihlaho Sta. Bui. 62, pp. 3-Ji2, figs. 2, mnp 1). — Experiments were carried on near Caldwell by tlie station in coopera- tion with this Ottice to determine the best methods of cultivation for different dry-laud crops. These experiments were begun in October, 1906, and as the work in 1907 was largely preliminary only few references to results obtained are made. The bulletin treats of dry farming in a general way, giving its history, discussing climatic and soil conditions in regions where dry farming is practiced or is feasible, and describing the advantages of different methods followed in producing crops under dry-land conditions. The monthly precipi- tation at 46 different points in the State for recent years is given in a table. At Caldwell the yearly precipitation is 10.32 in. It is stated that the surface soil in the Snake River plains will hold per cubic foot I8.6.5 lbs. of moisture in the form of capillary water, or 22.46 per cent of the dry weight of the soil. The author observed that a certain deep clay loam had become moist to the depth of only 18 in. during winter. When tested in April it contained 4.85 in. of water in the first 3 ft. of soil, but in the latter iiart of August it contained only 2.32 in., and this entirely hygroscopic iiKiisture. The rainfall during the period had been 4.53 in., thus making a total of 7.06 in. evai)orated in 3 months. The tests were made on unbroken ground. Ou summer fallow plats at Caldwell, wliich had been disked and harrowed early, the moisture content in June after plowing and establishing a dry mulch was 7.03 in. in 3 ft. of soil, while late in September it was still 6.55 in., showing a loss (if only 0.48 in. The moisture content on new land plowed in spring and cropped ill 1907 was 16.63 per cent, 19.20 per cent, and 17.04 per cent for the first, second, and third foot, respectively, at planting time, and 5.98 per cent, 10.88 per cent, and 13.17 per cent for the first, second, and third foot, respectively, at harvest time. The different varieties enumerated as adapted to southern Idaho dry-laud conditions are as follows: Winter wheat, Turkey Red, Forty-fold, Gold Coin, Lofthouse, Jones Fife, Odessa, and Canada Hybrid ; spring wheat, Kubanka, P.luestem, Little Club, Red Chaff, Jenkins, Early Wilbur, and Sonora ; oat.s, Si.xty Day, Kherson, Big Four, and P>lack American ; barley. Beardless and Smooth PInlless: potatoes, Early Ohio, Early Acme, Six Week.s, and Early Eureka. Rye, enimer, Polisli wlieat, alfalfa, field peas. Dwarf milo maize, white durra, flint corn, and bronie grass are also successfully grown. On the plains about 15 bu. of wheat per acre niay.be grown by dry-farming methods. It is estimated that the cost of producing wheat in Idaho, not includ- ing thrashing and marketing, is $3 per acre when the work is performed by the farmer, and .$5..30 per acre when the work is contracted. Dry-land farming- in the Great Plains area, E. C. Chilcott iV. ^. Dcpt. Agr. Ycdrhool: l!l07. iip. //.■;/- '/6'8. flf/x. 2). — This article discusses the Great Plains area as a field for investigation, considers the climate of the region and 228 . EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. its ert'ecl upon soil coiulitioiis. mid describes c-ooiterati\ e \vorlc of tliis Depart- ment undertaken witli Htate exiierinient stations. Outlines anil plans of exjierinients in soil preparation and crop rotation are presented. Tlie object of these experiments is to determine a system of cultiva- tion which will best conserve the soil moisture for the uses of the growing crop. Nine rotations planned are designed for the conservation of humus in the soil, and nine 3-year rotations are designed to give an opportunity for comi)aring the several rotations considered as units and also for comparing the several crops grown in different rotations under different systems of soil preparation and following dift"erent crops. Notes on dry farming', W. M. Jakdine [U. »S'. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. riant Iiulufi. Circ. 10, lip. 6). — These notes include a brief review of dry-laud agricultures in Montana, Utah, and Colorado. lu the Yellowstone Valley of Montana at an altitude of 2,500 to o,000 ft., with an average annual precipitation of 13 to 15 in., yields of 58 bu..of Turkey Ked wheat, 2 tons of alfalfa, 250 bu. of potatoes, and 60 bu. of oats per acre are recorded. The two principal varieties of wheat grown are Turkey Red winter wheat and Kubanka durum spring wheat. The winter wheat is re- ported as yielding 10 to 20 bu. more per acre than the best spring wheat known. Observations made on plowing with gasoline traction engines are reported. In the Bear River Valley of northern Utah and the Malad Valley of southern Idaho, regions with an annual rainfall of less than 13 in. and with an average of less than 5 in. during the growing season, the author found that a yield of 15 bu. of wheat per acre is secured with only an occasional rotation of the crops or summer fallow. Orchard management on a dry farm near Denver, Colo., is briefly described. In addition to orchard croi)s, currants, alfalfa, corn, wheat, and potatoes are also produced. The alfalfa is reported as yielding annually from li to 24 tons of liay per acre, while in 1907 Turkey Red wheat yielded over 40 bu. per acre. The same season 40 bu. of corn per acre were produced on sod land plowed 9 in. deep. In discussing the cultivation of this farm, the advantage of using the moldboard plow instead of the disk plow in dry-land farming is pointed out. Cropping systems for stock farms, W. J. Spillman ( U. S. Dept. .tgr. Year- hook 1907, pp. 3S5-398). — In treating tills sul)ject the author gives examples of simple and complex rotations and outlines cropping systems for special types of stock farms, including a Mrginia horse farm, a northern dairy farm, a dairy farm in a middle latitude, and a hog farm in a region a little south of middle latitude. Results of cooperative experiments in agriculture, C. A. Zavitz iAini. lipt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 29 {1901), pp. l-'f-32). — A report and discussion of the work in 1907 is presented. The number of tests made of each crop, the leading variety, and its average yield were as follows: Oats, 102 tests, Imi)orted No. 534, yield 37.44 bu. ; Six- rowed barley, 42 tests, No. 21, 30.98 bu. ; Two-rowed barley, 3 tests, Fi'ench Cheva- lier, 23.88 bu. ; Hulless barley, 6 tests. Black Hulless. 18.92 bu. ; Spring wlieat, 13 tests, Wild Goose, 20.05 bu. ; emmer and spelt, 5 test.s. common enimer, 44.20 bu. ; Winter wheat, 8 tests. Imperial Amber, 22.17 bu. ; AVinter rye. 2 tests, .Alammoth, 26.43 bu. ; field peas, 42 tests. Early Britain, 20..53 bu. ; field beans. 12 tests, New Prize Winner, 20.59 bu. : corn for grain, 12 tests, Genesee Valley, .33.21 bu. ; crop mixtures, 4 tests, Daubeney oats, 34 lbs. and Mandscheuri barley, 48 lbs. per acre, 1,340 lbs. of grain ; mangels, 10 tests. Ferry Yellow Leviathan, .36.77 tons; sugar beets, 8 tests, Bruce Giant White Feeding, 25.43 tons; swedes, 4 tests, Carter Invicta, 32.18 tons; fall turnii)S and kohl-nibi, 3 tests, Redtop White Globe fall turnip, 29..55 tons; carrots and parsnips. 2 FIELD CEOPS. 229 tests, Bruce Mammotli Iiiteruiediate Smooth White carrot, 20.60 tous; millet, 3 tests, Japanese common, 10.44 tons; grass i)eas and vetches, 1 test, hairy vetches, 9.20 tous; potatoes, late varieties, 8!J tests. Empire State, 157.78 bu., jnedium varieties, 108 tests, Burpee Extra Early, 151.18 bu., early varieties, 217 tests, Extra Early Eureka, 149.58 bu. Cooperative fertilizer tests with a number of these crops are also described and reported. [Effects of manures on old land hay], D. A. Gilchrist (Armstrong CoL, Xeiccusti<-ui)Oii-Tyne, Agr. Dept. Bui. 7, pp. 33). — Cooperative fertilizer experi- ments were carried on in the counties of Cumberland, Durham, and Northum- berland, and the results are here reported, together with suggestions for the manuring of old land hay and pasture. It is concluded from the results secured that on heavy soils phosphatic manures alone are as a rule most profitable for old land, while on the lighter soils potash should be added to the phosphatic manure. Nitrogenous manures either alone or in combination did not appear profitable. On heavy soils phosphatic manures favored the development of leguminous i)lants, while on the lighter classes of soils a potash manure was also required to produce this effect. Basic slag was the most effective source of phosphorus, especially on heavy soils. Although bone meal gave good results, it was slower in its action than basic slag. The botanical history and classification of alfalfa, C. S. Scofield (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 131, pp. 11-19, figs. 2).— This article dis- cusses the origin of the alfalfa plant and Its common names, its early scientific name, the confusion of generic names, the type of the genus Medicago as well as that of the genus Medica, and the seed characters of alfalfa and related genera. An analytical key to the genera is also given. In summarizing the article the author states that alfalfa was brought into Greece by the Persians about 490 B. C, and that it was known to the Greeks and Romans as " Medike " and " Herba Medica " on account of its supposed Median origin. It is thought probable that the name lucernjs derived from the name of the valley of the Luzerne river in northern Italy. The name alfalfa is derived from the Arabian " alfacfacah," meaning the best kind of fodder. The prevalent botanical name, Mcdicago sativa, is considered as being improi)erly used because the name Medicago belongs to another plant not congeneric with alfalfa and generally known as Trigonclla radiata. It is stated that the correct botanical name of alfalfa is Medica sativa. Alopecurus agrestis, C. Fruwikth (Arh. Deut. Landiv. Gesell., 1908, No. 136, pp. 20, pis. 6, figs. 2). — The botanical characters of this grass are described and its growth, distribution, prevention, requirements, and uses are discussed. The period of plant food assimilation and dry matter production in the bush bean under different fertilizer and weather conditions, F. Fest (Jour. Landw., 56 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. l-'p', fig. 1, dgms. 6). — The results of the experi- ments here reported showed that when phosphoric acid was supplied in excess the potash content was influenced only in the first half of the vegetative period and no other plant food elements were affected. An inadequate supply of potash decreased the percentage of potash and increased the percentage of lime. During the early period of growth a lack of potash increased the per- centage of nitrogen, but seemed to have no important effect on the phosphoric acid content. A lack of nitrogen manifested itself during early growth through a decrease in the nitrogen and potash content and an increase in the lime con- tent, while the phosphoric acid content was not modified to any important extent. The percentage content of lime was inversely proportional to the per- centage potash content of the plant. 230 EXPEKTMENT STATION RECORD. A heavy application of phosphoric acid on the plat receiving a complete fertilizer increased the absolute quantities of dry matter and plant food in the fii'st half of the vegetative period and decreased the same toward the close of the growing period. The lack of potash resulted in a marked tlecrease in the absolute quantities of dry matter, nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and especially in potash. The quantities of lime, on the other hand, were increased during early growth when there was a lack of lime in the soil, but during the ripening period a reduction took place and the quantity of lime in the crop on this i)lat was smaller at this time than in the plants on the plat receiving the complete fertilizer. An insufficient supply of nitrogen depressed in nearly all cases the absolute quantities of dry matter, nitrogen, lime, potash, and phosphoric acid. In studying the influence of weather conditions it was found that the weather had a modifying effect on dry matter production and also to a certain degree on the use the plant made of nitrogen. No definite results with reference to potash, lime, and phosphoric acid in this connection are reported. The results further indicate that in the early stages of growth, before the root nodules have become active, a small application of nitrogen in a readily soluble form would be very beneficial. Lime and phosphoric acid are needed during the early stage and especially when the plant blooms and forms its fruit. Potash is needed during the entire period of growth. It is stated that the bush bean is adapted to the use of plant food supplied in barnyard manure and that it is capable of using phosphoric acid given in slowly soluble form. Clover growing' on the loess and till soils of southern Iowa, W. H. Steven- son and E. B. Watson (loira t in v\w culture in the coast counties of Texas and Louisiana. In addi- tion to a general discussion of tlie subject, the location of a number of rice canals and rice mills is given. The importance of sodium to the sugar beet, K. Andrlik and J. Urban iZtscJn: Zuckcrindns. Buhmcn, 32 (WOS), No. J,, pp. 20S-2 16). —The results of experiments are presented in tables and briefly discussed. It \v:is observed that the greater the quantity of potas^i and nitrogen as com- pared with the quantity of sodium in the soil, all substances acting simultane- ously, tlie higher the sugar content of the beet. When the quantity of sodium was increased with reference to the other two substances the sugar content was reduced. During the early development of the plant larger quantities of sodium than of potash were present, but after 106 days of growth the quantities of the two substances were about equal, while later and until harvest the quantity of potash continued to increase and was higher than the quantity of sodium. It is stated that in general the more sodium taken up by the beet plant the lower was the sugar content of its root. The quantity of proteid substance produced in the sugar beet during the first year of its growth, K. Andrlik (ZtscJir. Zuckerindus. Bohmcn, 32 {1908), No. 5, pp. 255-262). — The investigations reported show that the beet plant pro- duced per hectare in dry years fi'om 420 to 700 kg. of proteid substance, the average being 610 leg., and in years with sufficient rainfall from 050 to 900 kg., or an average of 790 kg. Heavy applications of a nitrogenous fertilizer in- creased the production of proteids to from SOO to 900 kg., and an application of 1,000 to 1,100 kg. per hectare of nitrate of soda showed a proteid jiroduction of 900 to 1,040 kg. per hectare. A heavy yield of beets contained from 70 to 74 per cent of the proteids in the leaves, and a lower yield only from 50 to 60 per cent. In general all conditions tending to increase the yield of leaves favored a high production of proteid substances. To obtain a high yield of proteids requires heavy applications of nitrogenous fertilizers. No relation was apparent between the quantity of total proteid substance produced and the sugar content of the root. In these experiments the propor- tion of sugar varied from 4.1 to 13.2 parts to 1 pai't of proteid substances. Further studies on sugar-beet plants more than one year old, F. Steohmer, H. Briem, and A. Stift [Mitt. Chem. Tech. I^ers. Stat. Cent. Ver. Riihenz. Indus. Osterr.-XJngar., No. 19.), pp. 15). — The investigations indicated that the cane- sugar content of the sugar beet in its Second or third year, when it is desired that further" growth shall be made, must not fall below 5 per cent, but that while a definite quantity of sugar in the beet is necessary to induce growth for further seed production the yield of seed is in no way connected with the sugar content, but is rather the result of the number and the life energy of the healthy cells of the root. The changes in the composition of the root during growth were along the same line, whether the beet was 1 or 2 years old. The 1-year-okI mother beets produced much larger quantities of dry matter than was secured from the 2-year-old mother beets. .It was further observed that the quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the roots of 1 and 2 year old mother beets were insufficient for the production of new organic substance, and that for this pur- pose applications of these plant-food elements must be made. Both kinds of beets require larger quantities of nitrogen than of potash, and of potash larger quantities than of phosphoric acid. The quantity of plant food required to pro- duce 100 gm. of additional dry matter in the beet was practically the same for 1 and 2 year old mother beets. FIELD CROPS. 233 Annual sugar beets, M. Deutsch (.1/// 6. Cong. Internas. Chim. A[)itl., 3 {1906), pti- 591-601). — A paper and disenssiou are presented ou the subject of seed production in sugar beets during the first year of their growth. After reviewing experiments along this line, together wTth his own experi- ences, the author concludes that the beet is a biennial when conditions do not prevent it. It becomes an annual after a cessation, of growth caused b.v cold weather, a prolonged drought, or other unfavorable conditions which may escape our observations. Vigorous plants not only resist this tendency of pro- ducing seed the first year better than weaker individuals, but they also are less likely to be attacked by the different beet diseases. The author attributes the phenomenon in a general way to the individuality of the beet, stating that the vigorous plants are resistant while feeble plants are not, and that seed production during the first year is regarded as lack of vigor in the individual. Growing sugar-beet seed in South Dakota, J. H. Shepard {South Dakota Sta. Bah 106, pp. 320-31/9, figs. 8). — Experiments in growing sugar-beet seed in cooperation with this Department are reported. Cultural and climatic notes are given, the selection of mother beets is described, and the station work with sugar beets in previous years is briefly reviewed. Owing to a late spring the beets were planted from May 11 to 17, cultivation was given from June 1 to August 13, and thinning was done from July 2 to S. The first killing frost on September 27 did little damage to the best varieties, but some of the tenderer sorts and some of the stock beets showed the effect of frost very plainly. The beets were harvested October 14 to 23. No sugar beet with les& than 14 per cent of sugar was saved. The data given in tables show that the best strain was Kleinwanzleben Pioneer, which ranged in sugar content in the beet from 14.2 to 24.8 per cent, with an average of 17.9 per cent. Of the 30 beets analyzed of this variety 13 contained over 18 per cent. Seedling canes and manurial experiments at Barbados 1905—1907, J. P. d'Albuquerque and J. R. Bovell {Imp. Dept. Agr. West. Indies Pamphlet 1/9, pp. 119). — The manurial experiments were carried on at Dodds botanic station and at five sugar estates situated in typical parts of the island. Five of the stations were ou black soils and one on red. The weather conditions were not very favorable and in many instances the average weight of canes per acre was small, especially among the rattoon canes. The root disease was also prevalent and was probably the cause of many of the low yields of canes among the rattoons. This season ou the estates selected variety B 3696 gave the best results on the black soils, with a yield of 2,045 lbs. of sucrose per acre in excess of that given by White Transparent, the standard variety, while B 208 stood next with an increase of 1,494 lbs. These yields represent increased values of $29.61 and $21.63 per acre, respectively. B 147 came third and showed an increased value of $13.34 per acre. On the red soils as plants and rattoons B 1566 again gave the best results, producing 8,394 lbs. of sucrose per acre as plants and 6,645 lbs. as rattoons against 6,006 lbs. per acre from White Transparent as plants and 5,736 lbs. as rattoons, representing a total gain of $47.73. B 3635, D 95, B 1753, B 376, and B 1529 gave good results on black soils, and D 95, B 376, and B 208 on red soils. The average results of the best varieties for the last 4 years show that on black soils B 3696, B 1753, B 1529, and B 147 gave the best returns as plants, the increases per acre being valued at $34.52, $31.71, $16.18, and $11.64, respect- ively, as compared with White Transparent. Taking plants and rattoons to- gether, B 208 pi'oduced on an average 5,542 lbs. of sucrose per acre as against 5,197 lbs. by White Transparent. On red soils as plant canes B 3405 gave the 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. best results, and B 3412, li 33!)0, B 1500, B 208, B 1529, and B 370 gave returns far in excess of those of White Transparent. Talvin^ plants and rattoons together, B 370, D 95, and B 208 gave increased values per acre of .$10.84, $10.59, and $8.13, respectively, as compared with the standard variety. As in previous years the feililizer experiments showed that large and profit- able increases are obtained by the addition of commercial fertilizers supplying nitrogen to the ordinary application of barnyard manure, and that ordinary applications of barnyard manure together with commercial fertilizers gave better results than large quantities of barnyard manure without commercial fertilizers. The use of phosphatic and potassic manures resulted in considerable variation of yield, but in some instances notable increases were obtained. In 1905, 4,874 seedling canes were planted and of these 118 varieties were selected for replanting at the close of 1907. At the end of 1906, 219 seedlings were obtained, which are now under observation. Five canes produced by artificial hybridization are under experimental cultivation. Experiments in growing tobacco under shade on the east coast of Sumatra, F. W. T. Hunger (Mcded. Dcpt. Landh. [Jara], 1901, Xo. 3, pp. 112, pis. 5).— The shade culture of tobacco in the United States is reviewed, statistics on the importation of Sumatra tobacco into the United States are given, and the results of shade culture experiments in Deli in 1903 are reported. In these experi- ments it was observed that the leaves of all the different types were much lighter in weight when grown under shade than when grown in the open, that shade culture increased the proportion of the higher grade of leaf and also produced a tobacco much lighter in color than that obtained in the check test, and that the length of the leaves produced in the open was more satisfactory than that of the shade-grown leaves. When the leaves of the tobacco in the check experiments were taken from the plants at noon no light colored tobacco was produced. Harvesting the shade-grown leaves at noon resulted in the same color of the tobacco as harvest- ing the open-grown leaves in the morning. These results are considered a^ affirming the conclusion of Mohr, that under ordinary conditions taking the leaves from the plants in the morning gives a larger percentage of high-grade material than harvesting at noon. The meteorological observations made in connection with this work are dis- cussed, and the data relating to sunshine, air and soil temperatures, rainfall, and relative humidity are recorded in tables. The average air temperature dur- ing the day under the tents was higher and the maximum temperature was lower than in the open. The minimum temperature recorded nights was higher under the tent and the temperature of the covered soil was at all times lower than on the check plats. The relative humidity of the air under the tents was higher than in the open, but the rainfall reaching the covered soil was much less than the rainfall on the unprotected plats. The prophylaxis of shade growing against mosaic disease of tobacco is dis- cussed, and it is believed that shade growing reduces the pi'evalence of this malady. In a general discussion of the results, the author points out that shade grow- ing increases the cost of production 100 per cent under the conditions under which these experiments were made. The art of seed selection and breeding, A. D. Shamel (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. 221-236, pis. 5). — This article treats of the art of seed selec- tion and breeding as the practical application of methods of breeding to the production of improved varieties of plants for commercial agricultural pur- poses, and the science of breeding as meaning the work of the investigator in determining by means of experiments the principles relating to the different FIELD CROPS. 235 l)robleius of breeding. Fields of worlv for the breeder's art are pointed out and ('xaniples of results secured are cited. The work of tobacco breeding in the ( ((luiectieut Valley (E. S. R., 18, p. 1042) and of securing by selection a hardj^ \ariety of hairy vetch for that region is noted. A brief description of the origin of Whelchel dent corn is given to illustrate the use of crossing in secur- ing an improved variety. The character and qualifications of the plant breeder and his method of work are discussed, and as illustrations the history of Reid Yellow Dent corn, Triumph cotton, and White Burley tobacco is briefly presented. Improvement of grasses and other f orag'e crops, B. T. Galloway ( U. 8. ]> healthy yearling calves were fed seeds from a large number of common weeds, and in the germination test in the greenhouse after the seeds had passed through the animals the conditions usually existing when top-dressing with fresh manure, plowing under fresh manure, and pasturing cattle on fields is practiced were approximated. Of the seeds in the manure used as a top- dressing 12.8 per cent, of those in the manure turned under 2.3 per cent, and of those in the manure left as it is found in pastures 3.1 i^er cent grew. The seeds giving the greatest germination were those of crab grass, Jamestown weed, rag- weed, and horse nettle. HORTICULTURE. Manuring and fertilizing truck crops, C. P. Close and T. H. White {Mary- land Sta. Bui. 126, pp. 219-2Jt2, figs. Jf). — This bulletin contains the results of several manuring and fertilizing experiments with truck crops in which it was sought to bring out the relative values of stable manure and commercial fer- tilizer, plowing under commercial fertilizer as compared with using it as a top- dressing harrowed into the soil just before planting the crop, heavy and light applications of commercial fertilizers and of fresh and rotted stable manures, rotted manure turned and unturned while in the compost heap, commercial fertilizers derived entirely from mineral sources and those derived entirely from animal and vegetable sources, and the use of stable manure as compared with commercial fertilizer for sweet potatoes. The tests were conducted on four series of plats. Series D was started in 1899, and series A, B, and C in 1902, 1903, and 1904, respectively. The manures and commercial fertilizers were used in connection with green crops turned under. As near as possible, the same amount of actual plant food was sup- plied in the chemical fertilizer as was found in the stable manure. A detailed account is given of the work conducted on each series. The results which are tabulated and discussed under their separate headings, are briefly sum- marized as follows: " Stable manures always increased the yields, but valued at $2 per ton did not give as much profit as commercial fertilizer. HORTICULTURE. 237 '• Fresh manure si)re:ul in winter did not .iiive as much increase as the same amount rotted and plowed down at same date in the spring. " Turning the manure while rotting was better than leaving it without being turned. " Commercial fertilizers plowed under in the spring invariably gave larger yields than when sowed on the surface .iust before planting in the summer. " About 750 lbs. of commercial fertilizers seemed to be more profitable than three times that amount. " Continuous crops of sweet potatoes on same land does, not appear to be bad 1 tract ice. " The quality of the ci'ops, cabbage and potatoes especially, grown upon the check plats, was of very poor grade. " The soil on plats heavily dressed with mineral fertilizers does not seem to have been changed or injured any more than where the organic fertilizers were applied. " The seasons through which this work has been followed have all been very moist and some were quite wet." In the work with sweet potatoes, commercial fertilizer gave the best results for the first three years. The results as a whole, however, appear to favor the use of a combination of stable manure and commercial fertilizer. The smaller quantity of stable manure (5 tons per acre) produced almost as lai'ge a crop and gave much greater profits than larger applications of manure. Truck farming in the Atlantic Coast States, !>. C. Corbett ( U. 8. Dci)f. Agr. Yrarbnok 1907, pp. Jf25-43Ji, pis. 3). — The writer points out that the development and extension of truck farming in the Atlantic Coast States has been coincident with the development of transportation facilities throughout that section and briefly discusses the essential differences existing between the methods of grow- ing certain standard crops in various portions of the area. The crops dis- cussed include lettuce, cucumbers, cabbage, potatoes, celery, onions, beans, asparagus, tomatoes, and peas. Chile culture, F. Garcia {New Mexico Sta. Bid. 67, pp. .',-32, figs. /()).— This bulletin contains popular instructions for growing and harvesting chile, includ- ing notes on diseases and insect pests. Tabular data are also given on the fol- lowing chile experiments conducted at the station : Ridge v. level culture with field-sown seed, field-sown seed v. transplanted plants from seed started in cold frames ; yield and cost of production of green and red chile, and the effects of sodium nitrate upon the yield. The results, however, are considered only tentative as the investigations have not been conducted long enough to i'.rrive at definite conclusions. [Variety tests at Wisley, 1906-7] {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London'], 33 [1908), No. 1, pp. 184-315). — Cultural and descriptive notes are given of a large number of varieties of asters, cannas, dahlias, tulips, melons, strawberries, French beans, kales, onions, potatoes, tomatoes, and miscellaneous flowers grown at Wisley during the seasons of 1906 and 1907, together with brief notes on tests of fertilizers, insecticides, implements, etc. Report of the g-overnment horticultural experimental fields in South Hol- land for 1907, C. H. Claassen et al. {Verslag RijkstuinJ)ouwproefvel(leii Zuid-IIolland, 1907, pp. 156). — This pamphlet embraces the reports from over l.')0 cooperative cultural, variety, fertilizer, and spraying experiments with a large variety of fruits and vegetables conducted at various localities in South Holland in 1907. imder the direction of the professor of horticulture at Boskoop. Experimental fruit stations of the Province of Quebec, A. Dupuis et al. (Rpt. Min. Agr. Prov. Quebec, 1907, pp. 139-167). — Brief reports on orchard and small fruits being grown at nine fruit testing stations in Quebec. A variety 238 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. list of fniils wliicli n'sist llic rliiiintt' jiiid yield fiotxl cTdps, based ti.u the reports of tlie pouiological society of the rroviuce of Quebec aiid of the horticultural societies, aud on the tests of the fruit stations, is also given. Miscellaneous greenhouse notes, C. P. Close, T. H. White, and W. 11. Ballakd (Mui-jilaiid Hta. Bui. Lil, pp. 2.'i3-J63, pgn. //). — The results are given of greenhouse investigations which have been conducted during the past 8 years. In continuation of previous work with fertilizers in solution on chrysanthe- uuinis (E. S. K., 14, p. 3.S), in which cow urine supplemented with phosphates gave good results, tests for 5 years were made of chemical fertilizers in solution containing approximately the amounts of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash found in the urine; muriate of potash, nitrate of soda, and dis- solved South Carolina rock being the principal chemical combination used. The urine was used in conjunction with dissolved South Carolina rock. The chem- icals gave as good results as, and in some cases slightly better results than, the cow urine. A sheep manure solution was also tried for 3 seasons which appears to have given better results than either of the other mixtures. Lettuce followed the chrysanthemum crop in each case, and the residual fertilizers gave results similar in general to those obtained with the chrysanthemums. Rye and cowpeas, both alone and combined, and crimson clover were tried as soil formers for greenhouse purposes, the soils on which these were grown being compared with the usual sod and manure compost and white clover sod soil. The test was continued for 5 years, lettuce following chrysanthemums each year, and showed in general that the source of the soil is not a very im- portant consideration for these crops if the soil is properly supplemented with manure or fertilizer. The rye plat soil gave uniformly poorer results than the other cover crop soils tried. From the data secured for several years it also appears that soils enriched with well-rotted manure do not need heavy dressings of phosphate. Although the necessity of removing greenhouse soils every year or so to avoid disease germs does not appear to be borne out by the work conducted at the sta- tion, where one crop of chrysanthemums and two crops of lettuce a year were grown on the same soil for 8 years, it is suggested that the grower who renews his soil annually will probably take the safest course. In a comparison of soil used year after year and of soil annually renewed conducted with carna- tions for .5 years, the plants on the new soil gave 2 flowers per plant more than those on the continuously used soil. In an experiment to test the stimulating effect of nitrogen in different forms and amounts, the majority of the plats showed negative results for the 2 sea- sons tried. On the plats receiving per acre 300 lbs. of nitrate of soda aud 500 lbs. of dried blood, respectively, there were more blooms than on the check plat. Dried blood used alone gave the longest stems, while the check plat had the largest flowers. Tests made relative to the effects of fertilizers upon the stiffness of carnation stems clearly indicate that the use of phosphoric acid gives the stiffest stems, and that potash ranks next. Nitrogen in the form of dried blood gave very weak stems. The plat on which a complete fertilizer was used, however, gave a considerably larger number of flowers per plant and longer stems than any of the other plats, the size of the flowers being as large as the average and larger than those on the phosphoric acid plat. In a 5 years' test to determine the best time of planting carnations, it appears that of plantings made on .July 1, August 1, and Sepember 1, the September Itlanting gave a considerably larger number of blooms per plant. The number of blooms decreased the earlier the planting was made, but the early plantings gave the largest blooms and the longest stems. HORTICULTURE. 239 The results of tests made of subirriyatiou r. surface watering for lettuce ami carnations indicate that any benefit derived from subirrigation does not warrant the extra expense of construction. From the data secured there ap- pears to be no marked difference between tomatoes, carnations, and lettuce grown in solid beds and those grown in benches. Several ordinary garden varieties of tomatoes were compared with the IjOril- lard, a commonly used forcing variety. All of the varieties succeeded about equally well imder glass, but with some varieties the fruit was too large for the winter trade. Tests were made for 4 seasons of different planting distances for tomatoes. A good average distance apart to set the plants appears to be 1 by 2 ft. Progress in some of the new work [with vegetables and flowers] of the Bureau of Plant Industry, B. T. Galloway (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1901, pp. 139-lJi5, pis. 3). — A brief statement of the progress being made in the de- velopment of new lettuces and tomatoes for growing under glass and rust- resistant asparagus, and of improvements in lily culture, together with a de- scription of a new summer-blooming dahlia, a hybrid form developed by G. W. Oliver and which has been named the Cosmos. New hybrid fruits, N. E. Hansen {South Dakota Sta. Bill. 108, pp. 3-16, figs. 8). — In this bulletin, a continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 16, pp. 369, 370), brief notes are given on several hybrids resulting from crosses of the native sand cheirj' (Prtiniis bcsseyi) and the native plum {P. amcricana) with choicer fruits, including hybrids of the sand cherry with the following plums: Chinese Apricot, Japanese, Sultan, Gold, Bartlett, Climax, native, Persian Pur- ple-leaved, and Pennock Hybrid; the Gold and Red June plums with the sand cherry ; and the sand cherry with the peach and the European sweet chexTy and apricot. Hybrids are also reported of reciprocal crosses between the na- tive and European plum; Pniiius simoni with the native plum, and the native plum with the .lapanese plum and Chinese Apricot plum. Cuts are given of some of these hybrids, of which the more important are the Hanska and Tokeya, ci'osses of the native plum with the Chinese Apricot plum and of the native sand cherry with the Chinese Apricot plum, respectively. The improvement of the native sand cherry by selection from many thousand seedlings is still in progress, and the fourth generation is about to fruit. Sev- eral of the third generation, which are an inch in diameter and of good quality, have been sent out for preliminary trial. Only one has been named, the Sioux. The breeding work thus far shows that the native sand chen-y amalgamates readily in hybridizing with other species, and that excellent results may be hoped for, especially with hybrids of the .lapanese plums. It has been demon- strated that it is possible to secure fruits combining the hardiness of native stone fruits and. at the same time approaching the size and quality of the choice cultivated stone fruits from Europe and Asia. Promising new fruits, W. A. Taylor (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. 30.5-320. pis. 8). — Historical notes and descriptions with colored illusti'ations are given for several recently introduced or little known fruits and nuts that are considered worthy of testing in various sections of the country, including the Delicious and Ensee apples, Lambert cherry, Miller and Ruby persimmons. King orange, Sandersha mango, and Wolford, President, Sovereign, Kincaid, iind Mantura pecans. A study on the volume-increment of fruits, G. Riviere {Jour. Sac. Nat. Hort. France, -',. ser., 8 {1907), Dec. pp. 7'/ 7-750). —Tabulated data are given, together with the conclusions reached, relative to a study made by the author in conjunction with (J. Bailhache on the increase in volume through the grow- ing season of the fruit of several varieties of early, medium, and late season 240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pears. The measnremeiit!< were taken by entirely snhnierjiinj; the fruit in a special vase filled to the brim with water, the water thus displaced being caught and measured in a graduated glass. It is concluded from this study that with pears the volume accretion of the fruit is very irregular and differs greatly among different varieties. The late maturing fruits show a maximum growth development during the periods directly ])receding the harvest. Summer pears show the greatest increase in growth during the middle of their season. With autumn fruits the greatest increase was made frtmi a month to G weeks before the harvest with some varieties to just previous to the harvest with others. The orchards of Maine, E. F. Hitchings (Bui. [Maine] Dept. Agr., 7 (1908), No. 1, pp. 39, pis. 2, figs. 6). — Owing to the severe injury to the orchards in some sections of Maine during the winter of 1906-7, the author was called upon to make an investigation relative to the extent and causes of this damage. The present bulletin contains a report of this investigation, together with suggestions for the cultivation and care of fruit, including methods of controlling insect pests and fungus diseases. In all, 950 orchards were inspected with a total of 443,184 trees, of which number 24,613 were killed outright, and it is estimated that about the same number were injured more or less severely. The orchards investigated included all conditions of location, culture, etc., but where the loss was heavy the conditions were found to be the same. The ground was but slightly frozen, a covering of snow prevented further freezing, and the cells in the cambium layer were destroyed by the sap or moisture being withdrawn quickly by a sudden freeze after the warm weather. Survey and outlook of the fruit interests of the State ( Wyo. Bd. Hort. ^pcc. Btil., 1 {1007), Xo. 1, pp. 32, pi. 1, figs. 12). — This bulletin contains a gen- eral survey of horticultural operations in Wyoming during 1907, including con- sideration of the operation of the horticultural law, the establishment of home nurseries, nursery and orchard inspection work, the record of the organization of the State horticultural society, and addresses on the future of horticulture in the State of Wyoming by J. M. Carey and on wind-breaks by W. W. Wolfe. The text is accompanied with illustrations of different varieties of apples grown in the State. The status of the American lemon industry, G. H. Powell ( JJ. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook J 907, pp. 3.'i3-360, ;;/.S'. 5, figfi. 2). — An account of lemon culture in California relative to its history and present development, methods of cultui'e, protection against frost, insect and fungus troubles, and the cost of maintaining a lemon grove. The various phases of handling the crop are also discussed, including picking, washing, coloring, curing and storing. Tabular data are given showing the imports of lemons in the United States for the fiscal years 1900 to 1907 and shipments of lemons from southern California from 1897 to 1907. The annual import of lemons, mostly from Sicily, is given as about 150,000,000 lbs. The annual production in California approximates 100,000,000 lbs. As a result of the recent progress in the industry the demand for the best brands of California lemons is greater than the present supply. Strawberries for New Hampshire, H. F. Hall {New llamp.^hirc Sta. Bui. 137, pp. 159-188, figs. 32).— This bulletin was prepared for the benefit of the amateur as well as the commercial grower. Part one deals with the various cultural phases, including selection and preparation of soil, fertilizing, planting, varieties, cultivation, training, irrigating, mulching, harvesting, selling, renewal of old beds, and the estimated cost of production. Part two consists of descrip- tive notes, with illustrations in many cases, of varieties tested on the college grounds. HORTICULTURE. 241 The tabular results are given of a test made to determine the relative value between thick and thin spacing. Plants standing 6 ins. apart in wide matted rows gave the greatest average yield of number one berries. A 2* ft. wide matted row with alleys 18 to 20 ins. is believed to be the best method for com- mercial growers to adopt. A study on the quality and production of several red varieties of grapes, II. Faes and F. Forchet (Cliroii. Agr. Vaud, 21 {1008), Xo. 6, pp. 131-139).— Tabulated data relative to a test of several varieties of red and white grapes are reported for the years 1902, 1905, 1906, and 1907, circumstances preventing the collection of similar data for 1903 and 1904. The data show the average fruit production and sugar content in grams per plant, as well as the average percentage of sugar and acid in the must of each variety. The different varieties are discussed and one red variety, the Limberger, is especially recommended for the region of Vaud on account of its great resistance to rot and its satis- factory sugar content. A study relative to the accumulation of sug'ar and the decrease of acidity in the fruit of Chasselas Dore grape, G. Riviere and G. Bailhache {Jour. Soc. Xat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 9 (1908), Feb., pp. 125-127).— In continuation of previous investigations by the authors (E. S. R., 19, p. 844), the progres- sive accumulation of sugar and the decrease of acidity in the berries from their formation to the period of maturity was traced with fruit growing on both ringed and unringed shoots. Two bunches of grapes. were grown to a shoot, and analyses were made on August 5 and 10, September 5 and 19, and October 10 and 22. The effect of riuging the shoots was noticeable in the early stages of growth by both the greater increase in sugar content and decrease in acidity. Forcing plants with, electricity, H. Bos (Umschau, 12 (1908), No. 12, pp. 228-232. figs. 3). — An account, including a description of the apparatus used and the results obtained, is given of experiments conducted by the author in forcing flowering shrubs and bulbs with electricity. The operation consisted in passing a weak current through the plants. In most cases the bulbs were seri- ously damaged by this operation, no positive results being secured. With some of the shrubs a weak current passing through the plant appeared to shorten the resting period of the plant and force it into bloom. In some cases this de- velopment appeared to take place in those branches through which the current did not directly flow. The experiments are not considered extensive enough to warrant any definite conclusion as to the value of this method of forcing plants. Roses; their history, development, and cultivation, J. H. Pemberton (Loit- don and New York, 1908, pp. XXIV+336, pis. 11, figs. 32).— In part 1 of this popular work consideration is given to the botany of the rose and to descrip- tions, including notes on the history and development of British wild roses, wild roses of other countries, and summer and autumn flowering roses. Fart 2 is devoted to rose cultivation, including the soil and its treatment, manures, planting, pruning, budding, and methods of propagation, together with chap- ters on the culture of roses for exhibition purposes, exhibiting, judging, grow- ing roses under glass, and insect pests and fungus diseases. A descriptive list is given of selected roses recommended for cultivation, together with the method of pruning each type. The bibliography of the chrysanthemum, C. H. Payne {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 8 {1901), Dec, pp. 738-7.^7).— This bibliography is believed to be the most complete on this subject, and includes over 140 general treatises and society publications of various countries, dealing with the hi.story, culture, and classification of the chrysanthemum. 59778— No. 3—08 4 242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Yard and garden, T. li.vKKi! { India imixilia, I ml., [IDOS], pp. J/IS, pi. 1, figs, l^li). — This iHtpular work is offered as a book of praetical information for the amateur gardener in city, town, or suburb. Consideration is given to the planning and treatment of the home grounds, the use and culture of vines, an- nuals, perennials, bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, shrubs, and trees, varie- ties recommended for different purposes, seasons, and methods of treatment, soil and fertilizers, insects and diseases, and the indoor winter window garden. An appendix contains planting tables of bulbous plants and annuals for various purposes, together with diagrams illustrating different forms of planting. FORESTRY. Report of board of directors of the American Forestry Association for the year 1907 iForcstry and Irriy., 1.'^ (I'JUS), Ao. 3, pp. lo-J-162, figs. 2). — This report, presented at the last annual meeting of the association, contains a sum- mary of the work of the association for the year, together with an outline of the forest situation and of forestry work in the various States. The advance- ment in educational work in forestry at different universities and schools is also reviewed, together with instances of increased interest in tree planting and forest conservation on the part of cities, business concerns, and individuals. Report of the forestry branch for the period July 1, 1906, to June 30, 1907, R. Dalrymple-Hay (Rpt. Forestry Branch A". 8. Wales, 1907, pp. 25, i)ls, 6). — This report deals with various forestry operations for the year ending June 30, 1907, including alterations in areas, administrative and sylvicultural work, revenues, exi)enditures, imports and exports of timber, inspection of timber for export, and general notes on the timber industry. In a series of appendixes several subjects dealing with forestry in New South Wales are discussed, including forest conservation, the forest survey, a de- scription of state forestry as existing at present, timber supplies of New South Wales and their relation to public works, timber legislation, and the annual report of the government botanist on forestry work for the year. Illustrations are also given of several species of eucalypts. The causes of timber lines on mountains, C. H. Shaw (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 27 (1908), Xo. 687, pp. 339, 3)0). — The author describes observations on the timber lines of the White Mountains, Adirondacks, and Selkirk Mountains. In the last-named case it is held that snow, acting as a mechanical agency, plays an important part, either by the direct breaking of the trees under the weight of the snow, or by rendering the small trees and lower branches par- ticularly liable to fungus attacks on account of the late-lying, wet beds of snow. The author states that when the timber line is restricted by winds, the trees are limited in height and grow thickly in level-topped associations. The upper outposts of the forest are in local depressions or sheltered spots. On the other hand, when the struggle of the trees for existence is with the snow, the forest as altitude increases is resolved into groups of trees. These become more sepa- rated and the upper groups occupy ridges and local ele\ations. The trees in- jured by the snow possess the spire form, with flourishing upper shoots, but the lower branches and foliage are dying or dead, broken by snow, and attacked by fungi. Cutting timber on the National Forests and providing for a future supply, R. ZoN (f/. »S. Dept. Ayr. Yearbook 1907, pp. 277-288, pis. 3).— The author dis- cusses the Government policy of dealing with the timber land on the public domain during three periods as follows: (1) Prior to the act of Congress of June 4, 1S97, which gave the Secretary of the Interior authority to sell timber FORESTRY. 243 from the forest reserves; (2) from 18!J7 to the transfer of these forest reserves to the Forest Service of the Department of Agriculture on February 1, 1905; (3) from 1005 to the present time since the transfer of these forests to the Forest Service. The influence of each of these periods on the condition of the cut-over land and on the kind of forest that such land will produce is discussed and the measures by which the Forest Service aims to establish reproduction on these cut-over areas are briefly stated. Chestnut oak in the southern Appalachians, H. D. Fostf;r and W. W. Ashe {V. N. Dcpt. Ayr., Forest Scrv. Circ. 135, pp. 5-23). — This circular deals with the botanical and commercial distribution of the chestnut oak, the extent and character of the present stand, the wood and its uses, sylvical characteristics and requirements, reproduction, susceptibility to Injuries and management. The chestuut oak grows In rocky exposed situations where white oak and other more valuable hardwoods will not thrive, hence aside from its timber value, it is considered important as a protective covering on the steeper slopes. Owing to its sprouting ability and comparatively rapid sprouting growth, it is advised that the chestnut oak be grown as a coppice forest, particularly for the pr(iducti<)n of ties. Notes on forest and ornamental trees on the grounds of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Texas, II. Ness (Texas Sta. Bui. 105, pp. 3-1 'i, pis. 10). — The station has grown in its arboi'etum and on the campus a large num- ber of trees, representing several genera, of which the principal are ash, birch, beech, box elder, eatalpa, chestuut, China tree, elm, hackberry, Japan varnish tree, locust, linden, magnolia, maple, mulberry, poplar, sycamore, sweet gum, willow, walnut, arbor vit:e, red cedar, cypress, and pine. Notes are given on the behavior of these various trees under the soil and climatic conditions of that region, together with some general observations on tree growth, trans- planting oaks and conifers, and subsequent care. The greater number of the fast-growing soft-wooded trees, which confine their roots almost exclusively to the surface soil, proved to be failures. Such trees make a continuous, rapid growth under moist conditions in the spring, but this growth is checked by a few weeks of drought before the newly formed tissues have become sufficiently hardened to withstand the strong transpiration, and as a result the leaves fall off prematurely and the extremities of the shoots die in August and September. The hardwood deciduous trees and many of the conifers, which have an intermittent growth, appear to Ite well adapted to endure in regions with an irregular supply of moisture. The physical characteristics of the hardwoods of Australia, G. A. .Julius [Perth: Govt., 1907, pp. 6, pJs. 21). — This report, supplementary to the report of some 16,000 tests of Western Australian timber made in 1906 (E. S. R., 19, p. 42), gives results of some 8,800 tests of Eastern Australian hardwoods. The tests were made for cross-bending, end and cross compression and hardness at both 12 per cent moisture and when green, and of direct strength in tension and shearing, being conducted upon the same machinery and in the same manner as those of the previous year. Plates are given representing graphically the strength of the various timbers at all degrees of seasoning, together with com- parative data of all the tests conducted during 1905, 1906, and 1907, thus in- cluding practically all the commercial hardwoods of Australasia. In regard to the strength of the hardwoods as compared at 12 per cent moisture, the first 9 species in order of their strength were Yate, Ironbark, Salmon Gum, Tuart, Wandoo, Morrell, York Gum, Grey Box, and Karri. It is pointed out that all of these are native to Western Australia except Ironbark^ and Grey Box, which were obtained from New South Wales. 244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The use of wooden poles for overhead power transmission, C. Wade (Jour. Inst. Elect. Engin. [London}, 39 (1901), Ao. ISo, pi). SOJ,-Sr)S, pis. 3, figs. 22).— lu this paper, read before the Institution of Electrical Engineers in May, 1907, an account, together with the discussion which followed, is given of experinients dealing with the strengtli, breaking load, wind pressure, deflection, etc., on singh; poles and double A-shaped poles. The tests were conducted by the author assisted by Professor Goodman of Leeds University. The methods of i)roceilure are described and illustrated and the tabulated results, together witli the method of reducing them, are given in an appendix by Professor Goodman. Tlie discussion which followed is also reported. In general the results showed the superiority of an A-shaped pole over a single pole for high-tension work, both as regards economy and strength, the "A" pole being shown to be at least four and one-half times as strong as a single pole. The usual breaking point of a single pole when tested to destruction was about 5 ft. above ground level or about 10 ft. from the butt. Hence, the diame- ter of the pole at this point is the most important dimension to consider in esti- mating for certain loads. The weakest point of an "A" pole is at the top, where the stress due to windage and weight takes place. The member of the pole which is under tension tends to elongate and force itself away from the member in compression. Tests made of ditferent methods of constructing "A" poles are also described. In "A" poles spread to different widths at the bottom, the spread which gives strength combined with cheapness of erection was found to be about 4 ft. on a 32 ft. pole or a taper of about one-eighth. One advantage of wooden poles in general, as shown by the test, is their great flexibility and recuperative power after severe deflections from the perpendicu- lar caused by abnormal stresses. Some single poles which were projected free for a length of 35 ft. were deflected under pressure from 13 to 15 ft. before breaking, and when released showed a very small permanent set. Judging from the data secured in these experiments, it is believed that the factor of safety usually required in high-tension work can be greatly reduced. Treating' wood that is refractory to treatment and also subject to decay, D. Allkrton i Engin. Xcivs, 59 (190S), Xo. 8, p. 1S2). — An abstract of a paper read at the amiual meeting of the United States Wood Preservers" Association at Kansas City in January, 1908, and dealing with creosoting experiments with Douglas fir recently conducted for the purpose of deriving a method to secure the maximum penetration of creosote with a specified amount of preservative to the cubic foot. • Three methods were tried in preparing the timber for injection, viz, steam- ing the timber with dry steam and afterwards applying a vacuum, repeating this method at short intervals, and boiling the timber in creosote. In each case with green timber the excess of water was removed with difficulty, the fiber was injured, and not over 7 lbs. of creosote could be injected to the cubic foot, whereas 10 lbs. per cubic foot is the specified amount for piling. The fiber was also injured when seasoned timber was treated and the same difficulty experi- enced in injecting the oil. A method was finally adopted in which seasoned fir is placed in a sealed retort and steam turned into the coil, the creosote being introduced at a temperature of 170° F. A temperature of 175 to 180° is maintained about an hour, when pressure is started gradually in order to allow the injected oil to fill the ex- panding and heated cells. P>y gradually increasing the pressure this oil is forced still farther in by the increased pressure of the oil behind. When piling FORESTRY. 245 was treated in this manner a penetration of from 2 to 4i in. was securel in from 12 to 14 hours. With green fir the open tank method was used, but otherwise the preliminary treatment was the same as for seasoned fir. After 12 hours of pressure, however, the oil was drawn off and the wood and retort cooled for 12 hours, when pressure was again applied for a period of 12 hours. It is found that the most oil is injected in the first 12 hours, but that the great- est penetration takes place in the second 12 hours. The average penetration w'as from 1 to 2 in. Both processes are said to require skilled help in order to pro- duce satisfactory results. Preservation of wood against decay from soil, fung'us diseases, and insects, E. Henry {Preservation des Bois contre la Pourriiure par Ic Sol, les Champi- gnons et Ics Insectes. Paris and Nancy, 1907, pp. 96, pis. JO). — Noted from another source (B. S. It., 19, p. 441), The Ceara rubber tree in Hawaii, J. G. Smith and Q. Q. Bradford {Hawaii Sta. Bui. 16, pp. 7-30, pis. .'/). — An account of the Ceara rubber tree {Manihot glaziovii) with special reference to its culture in Hawaii. The tree is discussed relative to its habit of growth, root system, latex system, and seed. Suggestions are given for Its culture including seed bed and planting practices, cultivation and subsequent treatment, harvesting and preparing the rubber for market, in which special attention is paid to methods of tapping the tree and coagulat- ing the latex. The bulletin also contains the results of one year's experiments in tapping rubber trees together with a discussion of the future of plantation rubber and notes, by D. L. A^an Dine, on the insect enemies of the Ceara rubber in Hawaii. The tapping experiments were conducte. 6", /*/>. 177-17!!. fi develo{)iuent of the disease, but from tbe good results obtained, it seeuis probable tbat when the bladv rot is prevalent to a moderate degree, sp.raying will eomitletely control it. A demonstration experiment for tbe control of black ro^ was carried on in another region in I'.IOT, in which 4 treatments of Bordeiiux mixture and 1 of aunnoniacal copper carbonate were applied to the grapevines. From the treated rows 1,.S22 lbs. of grapes were gathered, 97 per cent of which were of commer- cial grade, while from the unsprayed rows 606 lbs. of grapes were secured, 93 per cent of which were marketable. On account of the belief that bagging grapes secures considerable protection from rot, a limited experiment was carried on in 2 different vineyards, with results which were decidedly unfavorable to the practice of bagging. In conclusion, the antliors recommend the collection and destruction of all the old mummified grapes, thorough cultivation, the growth of cover crops sown early in July, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture at such intervals as the weather requires. A disease of chestnut trees, H. Sangieb {Bui. Soc. Xat. Agr. France, 68 (1908), No. 2, pp. 92, 93). — A brief note is given on a disease of chestnut trees in Portugal that is said to be due to a lack of nitrification in the soil. When this is corrected by drainage and the addition of lime about the trees, the vigor of the trees is restored and the diseased condition disappears. The drainage and application of lime about the trees should be done during their resting period. The possibility of the control of walnut blig-ht by the use of immune vari- eties, H. J. IlAMSEY {Pacific Rural Press, 7J (I'JOS), Ao.s-. J.'/, pp. 212, 213; 15, pp. 228, 229 ) . — Attention is called to the fact that among the walnut orchards of California there are frequently to be found individuals that are moi*e or less resistant to the walnut blight. Some of these have vex*y superior qualities, and the author recommends that they be rapidly propagated by grafting upon resist- ant stock. A method of grafting that has proveil very successful is described. Diseases of ornamental trees, H. Metcalf ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. .'i83-'i9.'i. pis. 3, fig. 1). — A popular account is given of some of the more com- mon diseases to which shade and ornamental trees are subject, with suggestions as to possible moans for combating or controlling them. The diseases are grouped into 2 categories, those due to unfavorable surroundings, such as starvation, lack of aeration, gas poisoning, drying and freezing, smoke, dust, etc., and those due to parasitic fungi. As most of the fungi gain entrance through wounds, atten- tion should be paid to these and cut or injured surfaces protected as much as possible. Eose mildew, E. Prillieux {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 68 {1908), No. 2, p. 9'i). — The author calls attention to the rose mildew {Sphcerotheca pannosa), which is said to be particularly troublesome to the Bengal and hybrid roses. For combating this disease it is recommended that the shoots sliowiug the perithecia of the fungus should be cut off during winter and burned and the remaining portions of the plant sprayed with lysol or concentrated solutions of iron sulphate or copper sulphate. Pung'icides, insecticides, and spraying directions, G. E. Stone and H. T. Fernald {Massachusetts Sta. Bid. 123, pp. 3-32). — Formulas are given for the preparation of fungicides and insecticides, with directions for their use in the prevention and control of fungus and insect pests. The authors give specific directions for the treatment of greenhouse, field, and garden plants for the control of their principal enemies. A brief note is given in conclusion on the treatment of weeds on lawns, tennis courts, walks, etc. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 251 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The game resources of Alaska, W. PL Osdooii ( U. .S'. Dcpt. Afjr. Yearhook I'JOl, vi). .'/WM^'~^ P'*'- -> inaits J). — Among Alaska's game animals are some of the largest and finest in the world, as the giant moose and the huge brown bears. It.s game resources compare favorably with the western part of the United States in early days and at the present time is one of the most important game regions in the world. So far no species have been exterminated, but the traffic in wild game already is a matter of serious moment and difficult to regulate. The several Iclnds of game resident in Alaska are considered, and a description of their uumlter, habits, and recent history, and of the nature of the country is given. Three maps are given showing the distribution of moose, deer, caribou, mountain goats, and mountain sheep In Alaska. Destruction of wolves ajid coyotes, V. Bailey {U. 8. Dept. Ag7\, Bur. Biol. Surrey Circ. 63, pp. 11, fig. 1). — According to supervisors' reports of the Forest Service, here summarized, there were killed in or near National forests in 1907 1,723 wolves and 2.3,208 coyotes. Notes are given as to the dates of breeding and number of pups per litter in AVyoming, New Mexico, ^Michigan, Wisconsin, Minnesota, and Ark:in.sas. It is reported that elk have been found to protect stock in pastures from dogs and wolves, and it is suggested that this may be- come an important use for elk. Directions for destroying wolves are repub- lished, with slight change, from Circular 55 of the Biological Survey previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 51). The rabbit as a farm and orchard pest, D. E. Lantz ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1!>07. pp. 329-3.'i2, pis. 2. fig. 1). — A general account is given of the dis- tribution of rabbits in the I'nited States, their protective powers, breeding and feeding habits. The damage they inflict on field crops, gardens, trees, nurseries, and forest plantings is considered. Means of repression, including natural enemies, hunting, drives, trapping, and poisoning, and the protection of crops and trees by rabbit-proof fences and other means are discussed. Babbits and the western flora, R. AV. Peacock (Agr. Gaz. N. S. ^yales, 19 (1008). Xo. 1, pp. .'/d-'iS, fig^- 2). — The flora of the western grazing regions of New South Wales has been greatly influenced by the ravages of rabbits. Not only are grasses and small shrubs attacked but even trees up to a diameter of 7 in. are said to have been felled and leaves, branches, and trunks devoured by hungry rabbits. Destruction of the cotton boll weevil by birds in winter, A. H. Howell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 6.'i, pp. 5, map 1). — A continuation of the investigation conducted by the Biological Survey (E. S. R., 19, p. 551), on the food habits of birds in relation to their destruction of the boll weevil. Collections were made of l>ir;ls found in and about cotton fields in centi-al and northwestern Louisiana during January and February, 1908. Six hundred sjiecimens, rei»resenting 50 species, were secured, of which 20 species and 81 individuals, or 33.5 jter cent, were found to have eaten boll weevils. It was found that more birds were feeding upon the weevils and that many more weevils were being destroyed by them than in any of the more western locali- ties where birds have been collected at a corresponding season. A record is given of the birds examined which had eaten boll weevils with brief notes on the status of the more important winter birds. The relatively greater ini- l>ortance of weevil destruction in winter is mentioned and emphasis is placed upon the need for rigid protection of each and every species of bird known to feed upon the ]iest. Food habits of wood pigeons, W. E. Winton {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, I'f {I'JOti), Ao. 11, p. 6S(i). — Observations were made on the food habits of wood 252 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. pigeons during vviuter and spring. These birds were found to feed largely upon oak galls, the seeds of turnips and rape, wild berries, and the succulent roots of Potcntilla anserina exjjosed in plowing fields infested with this weed. Does it pay the farmer to protect birds? H. W. Henshaw ( U. 8. Dept. Agr. Ycarhool- 1907, pp. IG5-178, pis. 7/). — The insectivorous and vegetarian birds and their food habits are discussed by the writer, and their importance as d(>stroyers of insects is emphasized. Directions for the protection of birds from man, and means of attracting them to the farm and of protecting crops from their attacks are given. An account of the Biological Survey of the Department of Agriculture, H. W. Henshaw (Nat. Gcogi: Mag., 19 {1908), No. 2, pp. 79-llS, figs. .i8).—A popular account is presented of the relation of birds and other animals to agri- culture, with particular i-eference to the work of the Biological Survey of this Department and its study of the agricultural relations of birds and mammals. The author also mentions the establishment of game preserves and the means of guarding against the Importation of dangerous animals. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. IlAssAL {U. .S'. Drpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiim. Indus. Bui. 39, pis. 20, pp. 1. ',93-1. 57. 't; 21, pp. 1575-1624). — A continuation of the index catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, part 20, containing the names of authors from Js'aab to Nystrom and part 21, names from Obenaus to Ozzard. Sixth report of the state entomologist and plant pathologist of Virginia, J. L. Phillips (Rept. Va. State Eiit. and Plant Path., 6 (1906-7). pp. 99, pis. 3). — In this report a general account is given of the work of the entomologist during 1900-7 with particular reference to nursery and orchard inspection. Methods of treatment are suggested for nursery stock, together with brief statements of the requirements of various States regarding the shipment of nursery stock. A detailed report is made of the work of orchard inspection in the various counties of the State. Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Eco- nomic Entomologists (Jour, Econ. Ent., 1 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-76).— At the twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists held in Chicago, Decemljer 27 and 28, 1907, a number of papers were rend, the more important of which are noted in the following paragraphs. President H. A. Morgan in his annual address discussed The Relation of the Economic Entomologist to Agriculture (pp. 11-15). Particular attention was given to the recognition of the importance of economic entomology in the work of the land-grant colleges, and in the recent State and Federal operations in controlling the insect pests of the Southern States. The relation between Cultivation and Susceptibility to Insect Attack was considered by J. B. Smith (pp. 15, 10). It is stated that as a rule vigorous sappy growth is more generally infested and injured by scale insects than slow hardy growth and that trees in well cultivated orchards and highly fer- tilized are more suscei)tible to attack than trees in sod or under cultural neg- lect. It has also been observed that infestation of young trees is of more serious consequence than that of older trees and that trees which have been persistently ti'eated for years without success often clean themselves of scale after being abandoned and thereafter remain pi-actically free. Observations on the Biology and Food Habits of the Cecidomyiidfe were given by E. P. Felt (pp. 18-21). The author gave biological notes on a num- ber of gall insects on various wild species of plants. W. Newell discussed the habits and economic importance of Iridomynnex humilis (pp. 21-34). This ant, commonly known as the New Orleans ant, has proved to be one of the most serious household pests wherever it has become ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 ••stabliPhed. It also attacks the predaceous ant wliicli feeds upon the boll weevil. The New Orleans uut feeds upon meat, lard, honey, sugars, cakes, and nejirly all the food pr^oducts, and uinltiplies to such an extent that great tiilticulty is exi»erienced in preventing its injuries. The insect is described ill all its stages. \V. A. Hooker called attention to habits and methods of study of ticks (l)p. 34-51), discussing such matters as host relationship, adaptations as factors in this relationshi)), geographical distribution, and life history of ticks and methods used in breeding ticks. He also gave A Review of the Present Knowledge of the Role of Ticks m the Transmissiou of Disease (pp. 65-76), in which the literature of this subject is briefly discussed in connection with a bibliography and tables are presented showing the zoological position of para- sites transmitted by ticks and also the classification of ticks. W. D. Hunter announced A Tentative Law on the Incubation of the Eggs of the Cattle Tick (pp. 51-55). It appears that the total effective temperature required for hatching the eggs of the cattle ticks varied from 840 to 1510° F. In about one-half of the tick-infested area eggs deposited after the middle of September do not hatch until spring. The Relation of Temperature to the Hibernation of Insects is considered by E. D. Sanderson (pp. 56-65). The thermal-constant for insects is defined as " that accumulation of the mean daily temperature above the critical point of the species which will cause it to emerge from hibernation or to transform from any given stage." The observations reported by the author were made on tent cater])illar, brown-tail moth, and codling moth. Thirty-eighth annual report of the Entomological Society of Ontario {Ann. liyt. Ent..Soc. Ontario, 38 (1907), pp. 136, pis. 4, figs. //7).— At the forty-fourth annual meeting of the society held in Guelph, October 31 and NovembeV 1, 1907, a number of papers were read the more important of which are noted below. President J. Fletcher in his annual address (pp. 9-15) called attention to some of the tangible results which have been accomplished by economic entomology and discussed the liberality of the United States in providing funds for ento- mological research. A conference was held on fruit-tree insects (pp. 1.5-22) at which a number of pests were considered including fruit-tree bark beetle, codling moth, oyster- shell bark-louse, terrapin scale, San Jose scale, and woolly aphis. Brief reports were made on the insects of the year by C. H. Young (pp. 22-27) ; on The Gipsy and Brown-Tail ]Moths in Massachusetts, by A. H. Kirkliuid (pp. 27-31) ; on nocturnal insects, by T. W. Fyles (pp. 31-34) ; and on the collection and rearing of dragon flies, by E. M. Walker (pp. 43-50). T. I). Jarvis presented A Preliminary List of the Scale Insects of Ontario- (pp. 50-72), in which remedies are suggested for the more important species of scale insects. The preparation of lime-sulphur wash was discussed by L. Caesar (pp. 72-82). The minimum strength of this wash is considered to be 20 lbs. lime and 15 lbs. sulphur per 40 gals, of water. It is recommended that the mixture be boiled vigorously for 1 hour. It is an effective wash not only against scale insects and plant lice but is also of value in the control of peach-leaf curl, gooseberry mildew, plum rot, and pear scab. Among the other papers presented at this meeting the following maj^ be mentioned : An Fnusual Outbreak of Halisidota Caterpillars, by A. Gibson (pp. 82-85) ; Insect Galls of Ontario, by T. D. Jarvis (pp. 85-94) ; Injurious Insects in Ontario in 1907, and An Outbreak of the Variegated Cutworm, by C. J. S. Bethune (pp. 9.5- 102) ; and Entomological Record for 1907, by J. Fletcher and A. Gibson (PP, 113, 114). 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Some factors influencing' insect development, (.'. IIknningh {Biol. CcnIhL, 21 (1907), pj). 32'i-337, pi. 1). — The experiments reported in this paper were carried out chiefly on Tom lens typagrdpliiin. It was found that the deposition of the eggs could l)e delayed at least 2 days by lowering the temperature 3 or 4° C, or by increasing the moisture content of the area. The same modi- fication of these factors also prolonged the period of egg laying sometimes to the extent of 5 days. Similarly the larval and pupal stages were considerably elongated by increasing the moisture content or reducing the temperature. Increase in the weight of pupae kept in an atmosphere with a high con- tent of carbon dioxid. Countess von Lindkn (Sitzber. Katiirliist. Vcr. Prcii.ss;. Rhclidandc it. Westfalois, 1007, I, pt. A, pp. l-ll). — Pupfe of a number of species of lepidoptera were kept in an atmosphere containing 5 per cent or mox-e of carbon dioxid. By means of careful weighings and gas analyses, it was determined that the pupse absorb carbon dioxid from the atmosphere and utilize it directly in the formation of carbohydrates, thus increasing their weight. Some critical observations on the European species of the genus Chermes, E. R. BuRDON {.Jour. Econ. Biol., 2 (1908), No. 7/. pp. 119-1J,8, pis. 2).— The author gives a detailed account of the various developmental forms observed in 10 species of this genus. In discussing material for the identification of species he takes up the characters furnished by the insects themselves and also the characters furnished by the galls produced by the insects. Intercortical scale formation and the development of Diaspis fallax, H. MoRSTATT (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AU., 20 {1907), No. J,-5, pp. 150-153).— According to the author's observations the scale of the female of Diaspis faUa.r and certain other scale insects of this group is partly composed of the extreme outer layer of cork tissue of the host plants upon which the scales are found. The biology of plant lice, A. Mordwilko (Biol. CeiithL, 27 (1907), pp. 529-550; 561-575; 77/7-767; 769-816, figs. 25).— The author discusses the whole cycle of the biology of plant lice with particular reference to heterogony, especially as observed in plant lice and in the alternation of generations which characterizes a large number of species of this group. The interrelations of ants and plant lice, A. Mordwilko (Biol. Centbl., 27 (1907), pp. 212-22.',; 233-252, figs. .5).— An elaborate description is given of the mutual relations between various species of ants and the plant lice which they attend. Particular attention is given by the author to a discussion of the theories for explaining the origin of this relation and its economic significance. The polymorphism of ants, V7ith an account of some singular abnor- malities due to parasitism, W. M. Wheelkr (Bui. Ainer. Mits. Nat. Hist., 23 (1907), pp. 1-93, pis. 6).— Detailed observations were made on Orascma viridis and a si)ecies of ]Mermis as parasites in ant colonies and on the effects pro- duced upon the ants by these parasites. A large portion of the paper is occupied with a general discussion of the origin of parasitism of ants as related to the polymorphism observed in this group of insects. The fungus-growing ants of North America, W. M. Wheeler (Bui. Amcr. Mils. Nat. Hist., 23 (1907), pp. 669-807, pis. .5).— Detailed descriptions are given of a number of species of Atta and other genera of this family of ants which are distinguished by their habit of cultivating fungi for food. The theories which have been proposed for explaining the origin of this habit are critically discussed by the author. Wild bees, wasps, and ants, E. Saunders (London, [1907], pp. Xlll+l.'/h pis. .',, figs. 28). — The pnrjmse of this volume is to present in a simple form an account of the wild species of bees, wasps, ants, and other related hymenoptera ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 255 belonging to the group Aculeata of wliich about 400 species are Icnowu in Great Britain. Tlie author discusses the habits and life history of a number of these insects, particularly solitary bees, digger wasps, solitary wasps, social wasps, buuiblcbpes. and ants. The book of garden pests, li. H. Pearson {London, 190S, pp. XIII+21.'t, pis. 17, figs. 51). — In. the present volume the author attempts to cover the subject of insect pests and fungus diseases affecting garden plants in Great Britain, but not including the pests of forest trees, shrubs, and field crops. Special chap- ters are devoted to insecticides, fungicides, and the pests of tuberous plants, fruit-trees, vegetables, etc. Practical remedies for insect pests, H. M. Lefroy {Agr. Jour. India, 2 (1007), No. J/, pp. 356-363). — There are a number of important insect pests in India requiring the application of the best modern sanitary methods for their control. It is practically impossible, however, to apply these methods at present for the reason that most of the natives do not ai)preciate the necessity of them. Fortunately a number of simple methods are known for certain pests and these may be applied Avith good results if the cooperation of a considerable neighbor- hood is secui'ed. The stem borer of cotton may be held in check by removing and burning withered plants. Similarly with another cotton pest known as the dusky bug, successful treatment is found in removing the affected bolls. Insects injurious to seeds, P. Bargagli {Agr. Colon. [Italy], 1 {1907), No. 2, pp. I.'f3-l.'i8, pis. 2). — Brief l)iological notes are given on grain weevils and other insects injurious to wheat, barley, corn, Kafir corn, flat pea, chick-pea, etc. Particular attention is given to the life history of CaryoJjorus pallidits. The frit fly {Schiveiz. Samcii Untersuch: u. Versuchsanst. Zurich Flughl., 1008, No. 3, pp. 2, figs. 2). — In the region of Zurich the frit fly is considered the most important insect enemy of oats. Brief notes are given on the life history of the pest. It may be controlled by early sowing, deep seeding, the liberal use of fertilizers, fall plowing, and the selection of slender stemmed varieties of oats. The codling moth or apple worm, A. L. Quaintance {U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. Ji35--'i50, pis. -'/). — An estimated shrinkage in the value of the apple crop of approximately .$12,000,000 annually, and an additional sum of not less than $3,000,000 or $4,000,000 for expenses incurred in its control, is charged to tlie presence of this insect in the apple orchards of the country. The char- acter of the injury, and the life history and habits of the pest, with variations in the number of generations are given. Its natural enemies, artificial methods of control, and benefits obtained therefrom are described. The woolly aphis of the pear tree, P. Passy {Rev. Hort. [Paris], 80 {1908), No. .'/, pp. 82, 83, fig. 1). — A brief description is given of the injury caused by woolly aphis to pear trees. The best results in destroying this pest have been obtained from the use of insecticides containing some alcohol, the alcohol being of advantage by intensifying the penetration of the insecticide into the body of the aphis. The scale insects of citrus trees, C. W. Howard {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 6 {1908), No. 22, pp. 265-277, i)ls. 3, figs. 2). — Descriptive and biological notes are given on a number of scale insects affecting oranges and other citrus trees in the Transvaal. Particular mention is made of Chri/soniplialus aonidum, Lcpido- saphes becJdi, L. glovcrii, Icerya piirchasi, orange aphis, and orange psylla. In suggesting remedies for these pests the author presents formulas for the prepa- ration of resin wash, castor-oil emulsion, soap wash, and kei'osene emulsion. The San Jose scale, H. A. Surface {Zool. Bui. Penn. Dept. Agr., 5 {1908), No. 9. pp. 267-296). — It is projiosed to establish a number of demonstration orchards in the fruit-growing regions of I'ennsylvania for the purpose of apply- ing standard remedies for San Jose scale for the benefit of orchardists who may 256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. wish to observe modern methods in tliis work. A statement is given of the plan under which this worlc will ho carried ont. Notes are also given on nursery inspection and on connnercial and homemade insecticides. S'praying' experiments for 1907, I.. F. Henderson (Idaho Sta. Bui. 61, pp. 3-Jo). — The author liiids that scalecide at the strength of 1:15 kills San Jos4 scale as well as any si)ray, hut that it is not effective when used 1:20. Salt added to lime-sulphur sprays was found to be of no value, and large amounts of suliihur added do not api)ear to increase the effectiveness of the spray. A late fall and an early spring application for the scale is recommended. Spraying at the time of flowering with Bordeaux mixture injures the fruit, causing a russet appearance at the time of picking. A dust spray gave as good results for codling moth as liquid spray, and the weaker sprays of arsenate of lead gave as good results as the stronger. The author considers salt essential to the effi- ciency of the Niagara, Rex, and IMper s])rays for peach leaf-curl. Spraying- in an off year, F. E. Denny (Bui. Nebr. State Hort. Soc, No. 16, pp. 7). — As some doubt is often entertained regarding the profitableness of sprajdng, especially in the seasons when insect pests and fungus diseases are not particularly in evidence, the economic aspect of spraying was carefully studied by the author, especially during 1906-7. The combination of Paris green or lead arsenate and Bordeaux mixture was used in protecting apple, trees against codling moth and apple scab. It was found that the average gain ])er tree due to spraying was $2.13, or about $S5 per acre. Lime-sulphur for use ag-ainst San Jose scale, J. L. Phillips (Va. Crop Pest Coin. Circ. 5, n. set:, pp. 12, figs. 10). — The formula recommended for lime- sulphur wash calls for 15 lbs. each of lime and sulphur per 50 gal. of water, the mixture to be boiled for 40 minutes and then strained. Directions are given for the preparation of cooking appliances and for the application of the wash. Dipping of nursery stock in the lime-sulphur wash, P. J. Parrott, H. E. HoDGKiss, and AY. J. Sciioene (Xcw York State Sta. Bui. 302, pp. 115-202, pis. 2). — Experiments were made to determine the A'alue of lime-sulphur wash as a dip in disinfecting nursery stock for such pests as the San Jose scale, woolly aphis, and other destructive insects. Tests were made of the standard lime- sulphur wash at temperatures of 60°, 100°, 120°, and 212° F. The stock used consisted of Bartlett pears, Ben Davis and Mann apples, Satsuma plums, and Fitzgerald peaches. The time period of the immersion varied from instantane- ous up to 10 minutes. The results of these experiments indicate that dipping nursery trees in the standard lime-sulphur wash for the purpose of destroying the San Jose scale is a doubtful practice. Nurserymen are advised to continue the use of fumiga- tion with hydrocyanic-acid gas. The currant bud mite and the hazel bud mite, R. S. Macdougall (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, I4 (1908), No. 11, pp. 676-679).— Both Eriophyes ribis and E. avellanw live in the buds of their host plants, causing them to swell greatly. These siiecies have sometimes been confused, and the author therefore presents in parallel columns their distinguishing characteristics. Most species of this genus feed ujion only one species of plant or in a few instances upon more than one species of the same genus. Mosquito blight of tea, C. M. Hutchinson (Planters' Chron., 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 21, 22). — During the year 1907 the mosquito blight was unusually sever© in tea plantations. It had previously been shown that kerosene emulsion is an effective remedy against this insect, but that it is too expensive. Experiments were therefore undertaken to devise an equally effective but cheaper remedy. This purpose was achieved in a simple soap mixture containing 1 lb. of soap ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY- — ENTOMOLOGY. 257 per 20 gal. of water. This uilxture uiay be ajjplied at the rate of 300 gal. per acre at a cost of less than one-half that of the application of the kerosene emulsion. Thrips on cocoa, H. A. B.\llou {Bid. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, 6 {1908), 'So. 1, in). 8-11). — A brief account is given of the nature of the injury by thrips to the leaves and pods of cacao. Directions are given for the preparation and applica- tion of rosin wash, kerosene emulsion, and rosin and whale-oil soap compounds. On the structural characters of three species of Coccidae affecting cocoa, rubber, and other plants in Western Africa, R. Newstead {-lour. Econ. Bio}., 2 {1908), No. Ji, pp. l-'i9-157, figs. 3). — The species discussed by the author include Stictococcus sjo.stcdti, Pulvinaria jacksonii, and Pahcococcus theobromce, the last two being described as new species. Notable depredations by forest insects, A. D. Hopkins ( U. S. Dept. Agr. YrariooJc 1907, pp. 1. '{9-164). — A history is given of the depredations in Europe and America by the defoliating and bark-boring insects. For Europe, the "nonne" moth {Liparis monacha), pine spinner {Dendroli- tnus piiii), gipsy moth {Porthetria dispar), false caterpillars, and the eight- tooth pine bark beetle (Tomicus typographtis) are mentioned and attention is called to the danger of their introduction into this counry. An account follows of the depredations in America by the larch worm, pine butterfly {yeophasia menapia), gipsy moth, spruce-destroying beetle {Dendroctonus piceaperda), Englemann spruce beetle, Black Hills beetle {D. ponderosw), western pine beetle {D. hrevicornis) , destructive pine beetle {D. frontalis), hickory bark- borer {Scolytus quadrispinosus), and locust borer {Cyllene roMniw). It is stated that nearly all gi-eut invasions by forest insects in Europe and this country have been more or less of a periodical nature, which is ex- plained as due to various natural causes that operate only after the gi-eatest damage has been done. Most of the bark beetles can be kept under complete control with little or no expense by proper adjustments in forest management and lumbering operations. Experiments in using' various species of trees as trap trees for bark beetles, W. Sedlaczek {Centbl. Gesam. Forstic, 3Jf {1908), No. 2, pp. ^J-7.i ) .— The trees used in these experiments included silver fir, larch, Norway spruce, and Austrian pine. Reasonably satisfactory results in attracting bark beetles were obtaine. 267-277, pis. 2). — The experiments reported were made in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. 457). The author studied especially the influence of variations in acidity and the amount of soluble salts in flours upon baking quality and the general effect of acids and salt solutions upon the character of gluten. It was found that gluten immersed in distilled water would retain its coherence for some time, probably until bacterial changes occurred, or if the water were frequently changed, until all acids and salts had been removed. In dilute acid solutions, however, gluten began to disintegrate and lose its coherence, while strong acid solutions pro- duced coherence. Common salt added to the solutions tended to maintain the coherence of the gluten, and this relation was studied with different proportions of several salts. The experiments reported, according to the author, " show quite clearly that the physical properties of gluten are entirely altered by changing its surround- p FOODS HUMAN NUTRTTTON, 261 ings." In general, " the properties of gluten depend on tlie nature and concen- tration of acid and salts in the solution with which it is in contact, and the con- nection hetween the i)roperties of gluten and tlie concentration of acid and salts is a peculiar one which would not be made evident by comparison of analytical figures with bakers' marks. . . . " The properties of gluten which vary with concentration of acid and salt are coherence, elasticity, and water content, and it is suggested that these prop- erties have an imiiortant bearing on the shape of the loaf, and that a knowledge of the acidity and soluble salt content of a flour gives a clue to the factor of strength which decides whether the flo.ur will make a good-shaped loaf. " Finally, it is suggested that the method of investigation adopted may be expected to throw light on all problems depending on the manipulation of pro- teids, cheese making being especially meutionetl." Report on the manufacture and sale of vermicelli, called song-than and ho-tieu, Sandre (BuJ. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 10 (lOO'i), yo. 67, pp. 805-808, figs. i5).— These 2 sorts of vermicelli are made by natives in Indo-China, the first from green beans (Phaseolus radintus), white beans {Doliclios albus), and rice, and the second from manioc. The processes followed are briefly described. Hawaiian honeys {Hawaii Sta. Bui. 11, pp. 7-21, pi. 1). — The bulletin is made up of two articles. (1) The source and characteristics vf Haicaiian honeys, hij D. L. Van Dine (pp. 7-12). — In connection with a study of apiculture in Hawaii the author has studied the source and characteristics of Hawaiian honeys. It is pointed out that Hawaiian honeys are of two distinct types: A floral honey "which compares very favorably with the official definition of honey and is derived mainly from the flowers of algeroba, and a houeydew product very decidedly abnormal in its chemical composition." Between these two types, and par- taking of some of the characteristics of each, are natural honeys that are the result of some of the bees in a hive visiting flowers where floral nectar is gath- ered and others visiting sugar cane where honeydew is collected, the character of the product being determined by the relative proportion of the nectar and honeydew gathered and stored. " So long as there is an abundance of flowers, the honey produced will be wholly of the first type, but as the supply of floral nectar decreases the bees visit the cane fields, where they collect honeydew, and when there is a dearth of flowers honeydew alone is collected. This condi- tion results in natural combinations of the two types, which show every grada- tion from the pure floral product to that derived wholly from honeydew." .\s the author points out. algeroba honey does not depart from the require- ments of the official standard except in its high ash content (0.44 per cent). "Algeroba honey is nearly water white in color and solidifies soon after ex- traction. Its delicate flavor recommends the product for table use. " Honeydew honey is noncrystalline and usually of a very dark color. The aroma is very similar to that of molasses and the taste insipid. The product is abnormally high in ash, the amount ranging from 1 to 2 per cent, and it has a de<-ided right-handed polarization. " On account of its wide variation, Hawaiian honey can not be sold on sample. Polarization is necessary to determine whether or not the product is optically right or left handed. " The algeroba and other natural honeys produced in Hawaii which polarize to the left essentially come within the standard definition of honey, since they nieet all the requirements, with tlie exception of the ash content. The honeydew honey and other natural Hawaiian honeys which polarize to the right should be designated by a modifying term, such as is included in the phrase ' honej-dew 202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. honey.' Such honey may further be described as a natural product containing no added ghicose or other added sugars. It is a i)r<)duct gathered and stored by the honeybee and as such is unadulterated. " The present official definition of honey is based on examinations of types of well-known floral honeys and represents honey sold and usetl for table con- sumption. For this trade, color and aroma are all-important. On the other hand, more than 50 per cent of the honey produced in the United States is used in the baking and confectionery trade. For this trade, color and aroma are of less importance. The value of honey for baking inirposes depends on its baking and boiling properties. Honey is used in bakestuffs and candies for the reason that it imparts a texture and degree of moisture that other sugars will not give. Buyers assert that Hawaiian honeydew honey has better baking and boiling properties than the higher grade algeroba honey, and one local company received from one-half cent to 1 cent more per pound for their honeydew honey than they did for the algeroba product of the 1906 crop." (2) Chemical composition of Hawaiian honeys, by Alice R. Thompson (pp. 13-21).^ — Analyses are reported of 49 Hawaiian honeys of known origin which were collected by the station entomologist, and were of two types, namely, floral honeys and honeydew products, and natural mixtures of the two types. The methods followed are described. Concerning' coffee, K. Gorter (BuJ. Dept. Agr. Indes Neerland., 1907, No. 1.',, P2). 62; Liehig's Ann. Chem., 358 (IDOS), No. 3, pp. 327-3.'i8; 359 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 2n-2Jf.'t). — Extended chemical studies of coffee leil the author to conclude that its chief constituent is the caft'eiu potassium salt of chlorogenic acid, a dibasic acid with a melting point of 20G° to 207°, By means of its salts and cleavage products the character of this acid was studied and a structural formula is proposed. A pectin body was found in coffee beans which gave mucic acid on oxidation with nitric acid and galactose and pentose when hydro- lyzed. A new acid was isolated from coffee in crystalline form, having the formula C^HmOis and a melting point of 255°, for which the name " coffalic acid " is proposed. On cleavage with acid and alkali it gave isovaleric acid. An oxidase was identified in Liberian coffee beans which produced color with the potassium caffein salt of chlorogenic acid. The caft'etanic acid of earlier investigators is not a distinct chemical compound, according to the author, but a mixture of chlorogenic acid, coffalic acid, and other substances. On the preparation and sale of vinegar, in relation to the administration of the sale of food and drugs acts, J. M. Hamill (Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], Med. Dept., Rpts. Insp. Foods, 1908, No. 5, pp. 28). — On the basis of personal observation and data collec-ted from a variety of sources, the author discusses the manufacture of malt and other brewed vinegars, distilled vinegar, wine, spirit, and other vinegars, artificial vinegars, and concentrated and fortified vinegars, the possible vinegar impurities, and related questions with special reference to the food and drugs acts of Great Britain. An appendix by A. Harden contains a summaiy of the results of the examina- tion of vinegar by public analysts and a compilation of legislation regarding vinegar in the United States, Italy, and certain of the British dominions. Fruit juice statistics, 1907, A. Bomee (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nah?: n. Genuss- mtl., 15 (1908), No. 3, pp. 129, 130).— A summary of data reported in the fol- lowing studies. Concerning fruit juices for the year 1907, A. Behre, F. Grosse, and K. Thimme (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 3, pp. 131- 139). — The authors expressed and examined a number of samples of different sorts of fruit juices. FOODS HUMAN NUTEITION. 263 Concerning- the composition of fruits and berries and the value of chemical analyses in judging marmalade, together with fruit statistics for the year 1907, E. Baier and I\ Hasse (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Geniissmtl., Jn (n)OS), No. 3, pp. IJfO-l-'fS). — The analyses of fruit and fruit juices reported were made with a view to securing data for the use of food chemists. Concerning fruit juices and marmalades for the year 1907, K.- Fischer and K. Alpers (Ztsclir. Uiifcrxiicli. Xdlir. ii. (lonissmtl.. I.', ilDOS), No. 3, pp. Ii'i-I'i7). — A number of analyses of fruit juices and marmalades are reported, which were midertaken to secure data for judging of the quality of fruit products. Fruit juice statistics for the year 1907, F. Schwarz and O. Weber (Ztschr. rnlcrauch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 {1908), No. 3, pp. J//7, i-'/S). — Analyses are reitorted of 14 samples of raspberry juice. Concentrated fruit juice, A. Rohrig (Ztschr. Unicrsuch. Nahr. u. GniussmtL, 15 (1908), No. 3, j)p. I'i8-152). — Analyses are reported of fruit juices made by a special process in which the aromatic principles are extracted with chloro- form, the remaining juice concentrated, and the aromatic principles again added after freeing from chloroform. Hungarian fruit juices, J. Halmi (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 3, pp. 153-160). — A large number of analyses are reported and discussed. The detail of the enforcement of the Food and Drugs Act, W. D. Bigelow (r. .s'. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook J907, pp. 321-328). — This paper discusses the admin- istration and application of the Federal Food and Drugs Act of June 30, 1900. The enforcement of the law naturally proceeds along two lines, namely, the inspection of imported foods and drugs, and the inspection of domestic products. Such questious as invoices and certification, procedure, prosecution, and seizure and confiscation of illegal goods are considered. " While it is plainly the purpose of the majority of the manufacturers and dealers to comply with the law, and the character of the foods and drugs on the American market has been greatly improved since its enactment, the prosecu- tion of those who seek to evade it will doubtless cau.se still further improve- ment." The nutrition of man, R. H. Chittenden (New York, 1907, pp. XII+32t, figs. 29). — In this volume "the attempt has been made to give a systematic account of our knowledge regarding some of the more important processes of nutrition, with special reference to the needs of the body for food." In his dis- cnssions the author has incorporated the results of observations and experi- ments carried on during recent years by himself and his associates, and sum- marized and discussed this and other data, with special reference to modern physiological views. The subjects treated include foods and their digestion, absorption, assimilation and the processes of metabolism, the balance of nutri- tion, the source of energy of muscular work, with some theories of proteld metabolism, dietary habits and true food requirements, further experiments and observations bearing on true food requirements, the effect of low proteid diet on high proteid animals, and practical applications of the theories and deductions presented. The autlwtr upholds the position advanced in earlier writings (E. S. R., 16, p. 08.5) that the protein intake may be materially less than the usual dietary standards require, and in his discussion of this qnestion he quotes the results of a numl)er of experiments with dogs on what lie considers a low proteid diet in which the subjects maintained nitrogen equilibrium and body weight, or in some cases made slight gains. For instance, one of the dogs lived for ten 2fi4 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. months " with perfect comfort and in good condition on an average daily intake of 0.20 gm. of nitrogen per liilogram of body weight, and with an average fuel value of 70.3 calories per kilogram," while another animal as shown by a twelve months' test required 0.31 to 0.33 gm. nitrogen per kilogram of body weight. For a third dog under observation for nine months " proteid consumption equal- ing 0.30 gm. of nitrogen per kilogram with a total fuel value in the day's food of 66 to 70 calories per kilogram, was clearly quite sufficient to main+ain nitrogen equilibrium and body weight." Data for 3 other dogs are also quoted. In gen- eral, the diet contained only small amounts of animal food. According to the author's observations, the digestion of fat under these circumstances was normal. In general, the author concludes that " the nutrition of man, if it is to be car- ried out by the individual in a manner adapted to obtaining the best results, involves an intelligent appreciation of the needs of the body under different con- ditions of life, and a willingness to accept and put in practice the principles that scientific research has brought to light, even though such principles stand opposed to old-time traditions and customs. The master words which promise help in the carrying out of an intelligent plan of living are moderation and simplicity; moderation in the amount of food consumed daily, simplicity in the character of the dietary, in harmony with the old saying that man eats to live and not lives to eat. In so doing there is promise of health, strength, and longevity, with increased efficiency, as the reward of obedience to Nature's laws." Food and diet in the United States, C. F. Langworthy (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1907, pp. 361-378). — Popular ideas regarding diet, the object of diet- ary studies, methods of interpreting results of such investigations and similar questions are discussed with special reference to the dietary work which has been carried on in the United States. A brief summary is given of the results of American and other dietary studies, and it is pointed out that in the inter- pretation of results of such studies age, sex, muscular work, and similar factors must be taken into account. The dietary standards suggested for man in full vigor at moderate muscular work follow : Dietary standard for man in full rigor at moderate muscular worTc. Food as purchased Food eaten Food digested Grams. 115 105 95 Energy. Calories. 3,800 3,500 3,200 Estimations of the amount of mineral matter required per man per day are also given, the values quoted being deduced from a summary of available data. Estimated amount of mineral matter required per man per day. Phosphoric acid (PoO?,) Sulphuric acid (SO3) . . . Potassium oxid Sodium oxid 3^ 2-3.5 2-3 4-6 'Calcium oxid Magnesium oxid. Iron 0.7 -1.0 .3 -0.6 . 006-0. 012 Chlorin 6 The differences between so-called dietary standards and physiological require- ments are discussed as well as the adequacy of the American diet, kind of food eaten in American homes, and similar questions. ANIMAL PRODUCTIOX. 265 '•An extended survey of the literature of food supply and the food habits of many races makes it plain that in no country is there a greater variety of readily accessible foods of good quality than in the United States and in none is there a more general use of a wide range of articles. Thanks to our varied climate, our ready means of transportation, and our facilities for marketing and handling food products, the contributions of any given locality are readily accessible in other regions. Skill in selecting from this great variety of food products and in the preparation of foods after they are purchased is essential if out of our abundance a diet is to be secured which is best suited to the needs of the American ijeople. The dietary studies herein summarizetl and other similar reliable data seem to show that the people of the T'nited States as a whole are adequately nourished as compared with other races. The acknowl- edged energy and achievement of the American people, together with their gen- eral good health and physical well being, certainly indicate that we have in the main used our food resources advantageously." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Chemical studies on growth. I, The inverting enzyms of the alimentary tract, especially in the embryo, L. P.. Mendel and P. H. Mitchell (Amcr. Jour. riiysioL, 20 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 81-96). — The conclusions drawn from the authors" Investigations with pigs, dogs, and chickens follow : " The early appearance of inverting enzyms in the intestine of the embryo corresponds with the relatively early specialization, and histological develop- ment of the portion of the alimentary tract here investigated. The alimentary Itroteolytic euzjms, like the sj^ecial glands which elaborate them, come into evidence at a comparatively late period. Maltase is the most universally dis- tributed of all inverting enzyms. In the embryo pig maltase and lactase are found in the intestine, while sucrase is missing. After birth all three enzyms are present. In the full-grown pig lactase is not regularly found in all por- tions of the small intestine. In the newly born puppy all the enzyms are found. ■■ In birds other conditions prevail. Lactase is not found at any period ; su- crase, on the other hand, is uniformly present in the newly hatchetl chick and the adult hen. One might be inclined toward a teleological explanation for the absence of lactase fi"om the intestine of uonmammalian animals, and similarly for the absence of sucrase fi'om the embryos of the pig. sheep, and cattle. Such considerations apply with less force, however, to the subseciuent formation of sucrase, or its embryonic occurrence in birds. For the px*eseut, the statistics of the occurrence of the alimentary inverting enzyms must await a more ade- quate interpretation with respect to their functional significance. At any rate, it is safe to conclude tha.t the alimentary tract of the young mammal is, as a rule, even more adequately equipped to digest and utilize the sugar of the milk than are the adults of the same species." Chemical studies on growth, II, The enzyms involved in purin metab- olism in the embryo, L. P>. Mendel and P, H. Mitchell {Ainer. Jour. PJu/sioI., 20 (UiijJS), Xo. 1, pp. 97-116). — The authors summarize the results of their investigations as follows : " The nucleic acid of the liver of the embryo pig probably contains only two purin complexes — adenin and guanin. " The liver is capable of undergoing autolytic changes at an early age. Nucle- ases are present which liberate puriu bases from the nucleic acid complexes. 266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "The liver of the embryo i)ly coutaius adeuase, even in Its early stage of de- velopment, but no guanase. In this respect it shows the s])ecific character of the liver of the adult animal. " An extract of embryo viscera, other than the liver, readily gives indication of the presence of guanase at an early age. " The unlike distribution of these two enzym reactions under comparable con- ditions of experiment give further evidence in favor of the existence of two distinct and specific deamidizing enzyms. " It has not been possible to demonstrate the formation of uric acid from preformed or added puriu bases (adeuiu or hypoxauthiu) by extracts of em- bryonic tissues. The preliminary oxidative transformation of hypoxanthiu to xanthin is likewise doubtful. Xantho-oxidase is not present in the em- bryo visceral organs of the pig; it is found, however, in the livers of the full- grown and suckling animals of the same species. The latter readily form uric acid from purins under suitable conditions. " The uricolytic enzym has not been found in extracts of embryo pig tissues under conditions in which it is readily identified in the adult organs. The enzym appears either shortly before or after birth. These observations speak in favor of the specific uricolytic power of tissue extracts, and indicate that the destruction of uric acid in such solutions is not solely due to the alkalin re- action, etc., of the digesting medium. " The tardy appearance of the oxidative and katabolic enzyms concerned in the transformation of the purins is suggestive as a characteristic of growing, synthetic organisms." Chemical studies on growth. Ill, The occurrence of g'lycogen in the embryo pig, L. B. ]\[endel and C. S. Leavenworth (Anier. Jour. Physiol., 20 {iy08), No. 1, PI). 117-126). — Quotations from the authors' summary of their paper follow : "The . . . experiments [reported] can not be interpreted as giving evidence that a large glycogen content is a characteristic of embryonic structures or developing tissues ; for the tissues, examined by adequate methods, show no unusual richness in this carbohydrate. The distribution is not markedly differ- ent from what pertains in the adult animal, except that the liver does not assume its glycogen-storing function early, at least in the pig. This conclusion seems as reasonable, in the absence of direct contradictory evidence, as to attribiite the uniformly noted poverty in hepatic glycogen entirely to the defi- cient nutrition of the maternal animal, . . . The metabolism of glycogen in the embryo is doubtless comparable with its role in the nutrition of the adult ; and it seems unnecessary to postulate any special formative property to account for its presence. Glycogen may thus be regarded simply as a store of nutrient energy rather than as a peculiar mark of histogenesis." Chemical studies on growth. IV, The transformation of glycogen by the enzyms of embryonic tissues, L. B. Mendel and T. Saiki {A))ier. Jour. Physiol., 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 6J1-G8). — Liver muscle and blood from pig em- bryos and liver from adult pigs were studied. The developing muscle tissue, which contains glycogen during embryonic life, gave evidence during the early stages of this period of a relatively greater glycogen-digesting power than that of liver tissue, which is free from glycogen. " The principal feature to be emphasized in the present experiments is the variable equipment of amylolytic enzyms in the embryonic tissues and its cor- relation with developmental changes. The embryo liver, which is early free from glycogen, only gradually acquires its characteristic digestive capacity, the amylolytic efficiency increasing with gi-owth." AKIMAL PRODUCTIOK. 267 Chemical studies on growth. V, The autolysis of embryonic tissues, L. B, Mendel and C. S. Leavenworth {Amrr. Jour. Physiol., 21 (1908). No. /, pp. 69-76). — Using tissues from pigs and pig embryos, a number of studies were made. " The equipment for autolytic tissue disintegration is present early in the embryo, even if it is held in check by the normal environment and reaction of the animal cells. . . . With the contention of certain investigators that these enzyms play no part in metabolism during life we are not at present concerned." Chemical studies on growth. VI, Changes in the purin, pentose, and cholesterol content of the developing egg, L. B. Mendel and C. S. Leaven- worth (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21 {1908), No. 1, pp. 77-8-}). — Both hens' and ducks' eggs wei'e used in the investigation undertaken to study the question of purin synthesis in developing eggs. It was found that purin increased during incubation, but not materially after hatching, in tests in which chicks were fed for 2 weeks on a practically purin-free diet of bread crumbs. Determinations of the guanin, adenin, and hypoxanthin gave " further evi- dence of the progressive synthesis of purins taking place during the growth of the embryo, and they show that, as in the adult and embryo organs already examined, guanin and adenin are the predominating bases involved." The proportion of pentoses was also found to increase during the incubation period, while the total ether extract and cholesterol diminished. The studies of fat constituents gave " no evidence of a synthesis of cholesterol in the processes incidental to the development of the chick. On the contrary, the cholesterol apiiears to disappear in p>H't in company with the rest of the lipoid yoke substances which act here as sources of energy in growth," Karlier work has been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 660). Chemical studies on growth. VII, The catalase of animal embryonic tissues, L. B. Mendel and C. S. Leavenworth {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21 {1908), No. 1, pp. 85-9^). — As in earlier studies of growth, material was obtained from embryonic and adult pigs. The experimental data show the early presence of the catalytic power in embryonic tissues, though considerable variations in the catalytic power of different organs were noted. Chemical studies on growth. VIII, The occurrence of lipase in embryonic animal tissues, L. B. Mendel and C. S. Leavenworth {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21 {1908), No. 1, pp. 95-98). — The results obtained in the studies of material from embryonic and adult pigs "gives evidence of the early presence of 1 lipase in the liver and intestine of the embryo; but the activity of the extracts of these tissues is decidedly less pronounced than that of the comparable material from the full-grown animal." Chemical studies on growth. IX, Notes on the composition of embryonic muscular and nervous tissues, L. B. Mendel and C. S. Leavenworth {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21 {1908), No. 1, pp. 99-104). — According to the authors, the analytical data presented give further evidence of the comparatively high water content of embryonic tissues. " Creatin is present in the embryonic muscle, the content being considerably lower than in full-grown animals. "Among the purin bases obtainable from embryonic muscular structures, adenin and guanin preponderate as in other organs. Hypoxanthin is found free in the tissue, as in adult life. " Lactic acid can be separated from embryonic muscular tissue, but in ex- ceedingly small amount. " The distribution of lipoids in the embryonic brain resembles that in ' gray ' matter. Cholesterol is present at the earliest periods, while cerebrins are entirely absent." The materials studied were dliliiiiu'd from <'n)bryonic and adult pigs. 268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The effect of drinking and salting food upon body weight and the water content of the organs, K. Farkas {Landw. Jahrh., 31 (1908), No. 1, pi). .J/- 105). — The author's experiments were made with sheep, were numerous, and were carried out under a variety of conditions. The total body weight before and after slaughtering, the weight of blood, organs, etc., hourly variations iu weight after tbe water was taken, and other questions were considered. According to the conclusions reached, when sheep drank so much water that the body weight was increased 8 to 10 per cent it did not after 2 to 5 hours surpass the normal weight by more than 1 per cent. When a normal amount of water was taken the increase in weight was never more than 1 per cent and usually not more than 0.5 per cent. The effects Qf overdrinking were not noticeable after .5 hours. If a sheep was given a large amount of salt and was then allowed to drink an excessive amount of water the body weight would be no more than 2.5 to 4.3 per cent greater than in the case of a sheep given no feed or water for 12 hours and not more than 1 per cent greater than that of a sheep given a normal amount of feed and water before slaughtering. These facts are of importance to the buyer, as, if a sheep is sold 10 or 12 hours after salting and watering, an appreciable part of the weight paid for is water contained in the body and not flesh. The analytical data reported led to the conclusion that simple overdrinking without salt did not affect the water content of the organs even if it was con- tinued for a long time. On the other hand, overdrinking when much salt was taken increased the water content of the lungs and heart and the fatty tissues more or less, and probably the weight of the muscles. In the author's opinion, the digestive disturbances, loss of appetite, etc., noted when cattle are fed very succulent or wet feed is not so much due to the excessive water content as to the considerable amount of salt which is com- monly supplied also. Digestion experiments, G. S. Fraps {Texas 8ta. Bui. No. IO4, pp. 53).— The digestibility of Katir corn, milo maize and molasses, with a basal ration of cot- ton-seed meal and hulls, was studied with steers as subjects. In addition to the usual constituents the digestibility of the sugars, starches, and pentosans was determined, as was also the fertilizer value of the manure. The average coeflicient of digestibility of the basal ration and the feeds especially studied is shown in the following table : Arcrngc coefflcictif of digest ihilit 11 of feediiifi stuffs — Experiment^ -iritli steers. Kind of feed. Protein. Fat. Nitrogen free extract. Crude fiber. Asli. Per cent. 52.5 63.9 65.9 56.7 Per cent. 94.6 78.1 90.2 Per cent. 66.5 85.4 84.5 104.6 Per cent. 51.2 Per cent. 43.2 68.5 104.4 The following table shows the values which were obtained for the digestibility of the crude fiber, the nitrogen-free extract, and the constituents of the nitrogen- free extract in the different materials studied: ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 269 Coefficients of (lif/cstibility of »i1rogcn-free extract and crude fiber. Steer used. Length period. Coefficients of digestibility. Kind of feed. Sugar. Starch. Pento- sans. Residue of nitro- gen-free extract. Total nitrogen- free extract. Crude fiber. C!otton-seed hulls and meals: Period 1 So. 1 2 2 3 2 3 3 2 3 3 Days. 3 6 8 8 9 3 8 8 4 8 Per cent. 95.4 92.0 95.7 96.4 86.2 78.3 86.2 116.3 103.3 93.7 Per cent. 29.8 12.3 28.0 23.6 98.0 96.6 97.4 99.8 99.7 99.6 Per cent. 86.5 71.9 82.9 83.4 Per cent. 54.0 53.1 49.2 54.0 (") (") (") (■') (a) (°) Per cent. 69.0 64.5 65.2 67.2 82.4 85.2 81.3 85.9 83.2 8.3.1 Percent. 54.6 Do Period 4 Do Kafir corn: Period 2 44.9 52.1 54.1 Do Do Milo maize: Do Do " The quantity of residue digested was less than the quantity digested from the basal ration. The author studied the material removed by cold- water from the feces in three of his experimental periods and found that something over 3 per cent was soluble, " of which approximately one-third was ash, something over one- fhird was protein, and less than one-third nonprotein organic matter. About 10 per cent of the total protein, 20 per cent of the total ash, and 3 per cent of the nitrogen-free extract were soluble in water. " While the above facts are of some interest it was not considered of im- portance to pursue the investigation further." The author's summary and conclusions follow : " The ration of cotton-seed meal and hulls fed in this experiment was digested to a mucli greater extent than the calculated digestion from average figures. " The nutrients of the grain of Kafir corn and milo maize are somewhat less digestible than the corresponding nutrients in Indian corn. " Indian corn has about 10 per cent greater value for feeding than Kafir corn or milo maize. " The nitrogen-free extract of molasses is highly digestible. "The productive value of different classes of feeds as measured by the fat produced, is not in proportion to their digestible constituents. " Increase in crude fiber in a feed means a decrease in productive value. " Sugars are digested 92 to 100 per cent, even when the reducing materials in the excrement are considered to be sugars. " The apparent starch of cotton-seed hulls, which can not be true starch, though dissolved by diastase, has a low digestibility. " The starch of Kafir corn and milo maize is almost completely digested. "Although the nitrogen-free extract of milo maize and Kafir corn is com- posed almost entirely of starch, the nitrogen-free extract was digested to a much less extent than the starch. This difference is probably due to a depression of digestibility of the nitrogen-free extract of the meal and hulls. It appears possible that the nitrogen-free extract of starchy feeds is digested to a greater extent than is shown by digestion coefficients. "It appears possible that crude fiber undergoes changes within the animal which render it soluble in acid or alkali and therefore a portion of the nitrogen- free extract. 270 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Forty per cent of the pliosphoric acid, 25 per cent of the potash, ami 4S per cent of the nitrojj;en, being 42 per cent of the fertilizing value of the feeding stuff, were excreted in the solid excrement. "About 53 per cent of the total fertilizer value of these feeding stuffs passes into the iirine. " In feeding a ton of cotton-seed meal having a fertilizer valuation of $2;).50 to fattening animals, that portion of its fei'tility which passes into the solid excrement has a valuation of about $12.40, and that which passes into the lu-ine of about .$15."' Silage for fattening' cattle, B. E. Carmichael (Ohio Sta. Bill. 193, pp. l.'i'.)- 166). — ^A test of the relative merits of corn silage and corn stover was carried on with live lots of seven each and one lot of six steers. On full feed the three lots fed silage received 25 lbs. per head per day, with 17 lbs. of corn and 2.5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, and the dry-fed lots received 20 lbs. of shelled corn and 2.5 lbs. of cotton-seed meal. The steers were given all the dry coarse fodder they would eat up clean, corn stover being used in the early part of the test and hay of different sorts later. In the 140 days of the test the average daily gain of tile steers on silage was 2.333 lbs. and on dry feed 2.313 lbs., the cost of a pound of gain being 9.04 cts. and 10.21 cts., respectively. Data are recorded regarding the shrinkage in shipment and the manure pro- duction of the lots. From two to four pigs followed each lot of cattle, the average gain of those folhiwing the silage-fed steers being 1.027 lbs. per head and of those following the dry-fed steers 1.1S7 lbs. Some of the lots were fed one-third of a pound of tankage per day per pig. The average daily gain in these cases was 1.406 lbs. "The results of this experiment indicate that silage may be used to good advantage in the fattening of cattle, when stover and hay are high in price. . . . " No difference in the finish of the two sets of cattle was apparent. This was shown by the fact that, although when the cattle were at market one pen con- tained only silage-fed cattle and another only dry-fed cattle, a buyer of wide experience, without knowing how the cattle had been fed, purchased both lots at the same price. Other expert cattlemen failed to note any difference between the two lots of cattle. " It is not to be expected that silage alone or silage and other rough feed will produce a high finish in a short feeding period, since not enough grain is present in the silage for this purpose. Less shelled corn was required, however, by the steers that received silage than by the ones that received only dry feed." " High-priced feeds do not always prevent fair profits from being secured from feeding operations. Besides, the valuable by-product, manure, remains for use on the farm." The results are not regarded as final and the experiments will be continued. Feeding experiments with molasses, S. Wkiser and A. Zaitschek {Landw. Jahrl)., 37 (1908), Xo. /, pp. 130~l.'i9). — In experiments with steers, the authors conclude that satisfactory results were obtained when 7.64 to 8 kg. of molasses per 1,000 kg. live weight was fed as an addition to a basal ration of 4 kg. alfalfa hay, 2 kg. meadow hay, 3 kg. wheat chaff, and 5 kg. of clover or alfalfa seed screenings. The digestibility of the ration was studied. In tests with horses. 2.3 kg. molasses fed in addition to 3.25 kg. maize, 3.2 kg. clover, and hay ad libitum gave very satisfactory results. The authors state that the animals remained in the best of condition and left nothing to be desired with respect to work performed. They did not sweat nuich even in the hot summer months. Four kg. of molasses per 1,000 kg. live weight was also well tolerated. When 5 to 5.5 kg. was fed for a long time no disturbance ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 271 iu health or in ability to work was noted, but such large amounts of molasses rendered the feed sticliy and therefore the animals did not learn to eat the feed so readily or like it so well. Concerning the nutritive value of different sorts of screenings, F. Tangl and S. Weiser {Landic. Jahrh.. 37 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 106-129).— The authors stiidieil the botanical composition of screenings from clover, alfalfa, and flax seed, and the digestibility of such material by farm animals. As larger co- efficients of digestibility were obtained with steers than with sheep or pigs, the authors conclude that the sort of screenings studied can be more satis- factorily fed to the steers than to the other animals. Concerning blood meal, A. Zaitschek {Landw. Jahrh., 31 (1908), No. 1, pp. 172-180). — From the experimental data reported the author concludes that pigs digested the crude fiber and nitrogen-free material of maize fed with blood meal less well than is the case when maize is fed alone. From the summary of data, however, he concludes that blood meal may be profitably used in fattening pigs on account of the relative cheapness of the protein which it supplies. Kansas concentrated feeding stuffs law (Kansas Sta. [Pamphlet], 1908, pp. 17). — The text of the Kansas feeding stuffs law is quoted, the objects, scope and application of the law, the inspection tax, registration of feeding stuffs, analyses of samples and rulings under the law are discussed. The application of the law to condimental or medicinal stock foods is also considered. The range problem in New Mexico, E. O. Wooton (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 66, pp. 3--'i6, pis. 10). — Physical features of New Mexico range lands, the financial value of such areas and their possibilities, are discussed, with sug- gestions for rational range management. Of the total area of the Territory, which is about 78,500,000 acres, " more than 90 per cent [is] now valuable for stock raising only and will probably always remain so." The distribution of the main grass societies on the range is shown, those of most importance being the blue grama, black grama, Colorado blue stem, Arizona fescue, water grass, and stilt grass societies. Weeds of different sorts are characteristic of particular kinds of overstocked ranges and a number of poisonous plants are present. The present carrying capacity for the Territory is estimated as approxi- mately 35 acres per head of cattle per year. The financial value of the range is estimated at from 2.5 to 5 cts. per acre per year, about the prices ordinarily paid. As the range is now run down and not so productive as it might be, or even as it once was, the author recommends that public grazing lands be placed under official control, preferably in his judgment under a cabinet officer and "a system of permits or leases be established under rules adapted to each separate region and governed by the conditions obtaining in the region. The fees should be large enough to support the staff necessary to carry the plan into effect. Some of the objections to this plan are considered. Points which must be covered by the regulations are submitted. These are largely based upon the experience of others." Poultry work at the Maine Station, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Bui. 157, pp. 203-218). — The poultry investigations now under way at the station are de- scribed, the plans for future work are outlined and the principal lines of work which have been followed in the past discussed and some of the results obtained pointed out, particularly those which pertain to the use of curtain-front houses, dry mash feeding, crate fattening, methods of rearing chickens, and the collec- tion of egg records and their use in breeding up laying strains. In the discussion of the breeding experiments and the conclusions which may be drawn from the annual egg records it is pointed out that the amount of 272 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. variation in regard to egg yield is practically the same at the end as at the beginning of the work, namely from 0 to approximately 250 eggs i^er hen i)er year. " That is to say, after 9 years of selection with respect to egg production the birds breed no truer to a definite type of egg production than they did at the beginning. It will be i-ecognized by every stock breeder that this is an im- portant fact to be taken into consideration in passing opinion on the value of the method of breeding poultry which was tried in the experiment." When the average egg yield is considered year by year there is no evidence of any increase in the egg pi'oduction of the individual, that is, by selective breed- ing the average egg production has not been increased, and as a whole the results show " that the quality of high productiveness can not be regarded as any more a fixed characteristic of the station's strain of Barred Plymouth Rocks now than it was at the beginning of the experiment." The author points out that the records show no special change in the proportion of hens with very low egg yield to high producers in the flock, there being relatively few of the low egg producers at any time. Attention is called to the fact that the con- clusions now presented differ somewhat from those presented earlier, oAving to the fact that some sources of error have been found in the summaries previously published. " The practical conclusion to be drawn from the results of this breeding experiment seems to the authors to be clear. It is that the improvement of a strain of hens in egg-producing ability by selective breeding is not so simple a matter as it has been supposed to be. Nothing could be simpler than breeding from high producers to get high producers. But if this method of breeding totally fails to get high producers — in other words, if the daughters prove not to be like the mothers in egg production — it can not fail to excite wonder as to whether the simplicity of the method is not its chief (possibly its only) recom- mendation. Anyone who makes a thorough, first-hand study of an extensive selection experiment carried out, as was this one, by the so-called German method without testing of the centgener power of the Individual organisms, can not fail to be impressed, we believe, with the fact that the improvement of a race by selective breeding is a vastly more complicated matter than it is assumed to be by those who maintain that one need only to breed from the best to insure improvement. The supposed ' facts ' of heredity on which the practical stock breeder (working for utility points) operates are in very lai'ge part inferences rather than facts. What is needed more than anything else for the advancement of the stock-breeding industry in all its phases is an accumu- lation of definite knowledge of the fundamental principles of the hereditary process. All breeding oiierations must be based on the laws of inheritance in organisms. The jn-actical stock breeder is able to work out the applications of these laws for himself. What he most needs is broader and deeper knowledge of the laws themselves. This knowledge must come from thoroughgoing, purely scientific investigations." Poultry keeping for eg-g production, W. P. Brooks (Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 122, pp. 3-6.'i, figs. 9). — In this bulletin, which is designed as a guide to poultry keeping for egg production, houses for growing birds and for laying stock, ques- tions of breeds, incubation, and brooding, and the general management and feed- ing of both chickens and laying stock are discussed. On the basis of personal experience and experiments made at the station and elsewhere, a summary is also presented of the 13 years' poultry experiments at the station, from which the following conclusions are drawn : The regular use of condition powder is unlikely to increase the egg product and is unnecessary as a means of insuring health. Cabbages given in modera- tion are superior to cut clover roweu as winter food for egg x)roduction, but if DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 273 the amount given is large, the flavor of the eggs is injuriously affected. The number of eggs produced is not affected by the presence of the male, but the average weight of the egg is increased. " Concentrated vegetable foods such as soy bean meal, linseetl meal, gluten meals, etc., should not be used to rephice all or even a very l^rge part of animal foods, such as meat or animal meals, beef scraps, cut bone, ainl tu^tit. etc. The dry prepjired animal foods such as beef scraps and animal or meat meal.s if of good quality are cheaper and safer feeds than cut fresl' meat and bone ard can be so used as to produce an equal egg yield. " Feeding the mash in the morning, with care not to give too large a quiuui y, is pi-eferable to feeding it at night. The differences in egg yield on the two systems are small, but giving the mash at night especially in winter must mean empty crops and gizzards long before morning. " Corn may safely be largely used in rations for laying hens, but its use requires unusual cai"e not to overfeed for best results, and it must be sup- plemented by a liberal proportion of animal food. With such care and so sup- plemented, the use chiefly of corn, whole or cracked, and corn meal rather than much wheat and wheat or corn by-products is attended with the following advantages : Lower food cost both per day and per egg, rather more eggs, higher average weight of fowls and better market quality when dressed and an earlier and better molt. " Buckwheat in any large in-oportion is a less desirable food for laying fowls than corn . . . Under otherwise similar conditions the less |liard tough] flber in the ration, the better will be the egg pi'oduct. Oats, barley, buckwheat and by-products containing the husks of these grains should be sparingly used." The relative live weig'ht of the organs in chickens, A. Zaitschek {Landw, Jahrb., 37 (1908), No. 1, pi). 150-171). — No regular differences in weight were noted in the organs of chickens grouped according to the amount of gains made. The percentage amount of blood, however, was noticeably lower in the case of chickens which had been most quickly, that is, most satisfactorily fattened. In general, the author concludes from the large number of weighings which were made, that the gain in weight is proportionally distributed among the several organs regardless of the method of fattening. In the case of 131 Hungarian chickens, the average dressed weight was 79 per cent of the live weight. DAIRYFARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. Conditions affecting' the -proportions of fat and proteins in cow's milk, L. L. Van Slyke {Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Sac, SO {190S), No. 7, pp. 1166-1186).— The summary of this article as presented by the author is chiefly as follows: The deductions presented are based upon: (1) 300 analyses of the mixed milk of numerous herds, obtained at cheese factories such as are common in the dairy regions of New York State; (2) 650 analyses of milk of 50 separate herds of cows, covering a period of about six months; and (3) several thousand analyses of milk of individual cows, representing seven different breeds of cows. (American Holderness, Ayrshire, Devon, Guernsey, Holstein Friesian, Jer- sey, Shorthorn), covering several lactation periods for each individual, and an aggregate of about 100 periods of lactation. General range of variation in the percentage of fat and proteins in tnillc. — (1) In single milkings of individual cows, the fat varied from 2.25 to 9 per cent, the total proteins from 2.19 to 8.5G per cent, the casein from 1.59 to 4.49 per cent, and the albumin from 0.31 to 5.32 per cent. The highest percentages are found in case of cows far along in lactation. (2) In the case of individ- 59778— No. 3—08 6 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, ual herds of cows, such as are coruiuon in dairy regious of New York State, the fat varied froui 2.90 to 5.50 per ceut, the total proteins from 2.31 to 3.71 per cent, the casein from 1.70 to 3.02 per cent, and the albumin from 0.41 to 0.97 per cent. (3) In the case of milk consisting of a mixture of the milk of many different herds of cows, the fat varied from 3.04 to 4.60 per cent, total proteins from 2.53 to 3.76 per ceut, casein from 1.93 to 3 per cent, and albumin from 0.47 to 0.88 per ceut. Conditions affecting variations of fat and proteins in milk. — The following conditions are considered as of special prominence: (1) Individuality, (2) breed, (3) stage of lactation, (4) food, (5) season, (6) time and manner of milking, including fractional milkiugs, milk from different quarters of udder, and relative order of milking a quarter of udder. Conditions affecting the relation of fat to total proteins and to casein in milk. — (1) The breeds studied fall into two general groups; in one case, the ratio of fat to proteins is relatively high (Guei'nsey and Jersey) ; iu the other, relatively lower. Individuals of the same breed may vary considerably in this respect. (2) The ratio of fat to proteins is very uniform through the lactation period until about the ninth month, when the total i)roteins increase quite rap- Idly in relation to fat. The ratio of fat to casein is very uniform throughout the entire period of lactation, there being a slight increase of casein iu relation to fat about the ninth month, (3) Variations in composition of milk due to man- ner of milking affect the fat more or less extensively but the proteins very little. Conditions affecting the relation of casein to albumin. — Albumin in milk varies quite widely in relation to casein. The relation varies (1) with different breetls, (2) with different individuals of the same breed, (3) with time and manner of milking, (4) the relation is quite uniform during the first eight or nine mouths of lactation, after which the albumin increases relatively more than the casein. Methods of calculating casein and total proteins in normal milk. — In the case of herd milk containing 3 to 4.50 per cent of fat, the following formula for cal- culating the amount of casein has been found to give, in most cases, quite satis- factory results : (F-3) X 0.4 + 2.1 = percentage of casein in milk (F equals number repre- senting percentage of fat in milk). Total proteins in milk can be roughly estimated by the following modification of the preceding foi-mula : (P''-3) X 0.4 + 2.8 = percentage of proteins in milk. The relation of fat and casein in milk to yield of cheese. — In milk of avei'age composition (3,6 to 3,8 per cent of fat) the yield of fresh cheese from 100 lbs. of milk may be ascertained by multiplying the number representing the per- centage of fat in milk by 2.7. The yield of cheese may be calculated more closely for milks containing fat below 3.6 or above 3.8 per cent, wheu the per- centage of both fat and of casein in milk is known, as follows: (Casein X 2.5) -\- (Fat X 1.1) = pounds of fresh cheese made from 100 lbs. of milk. The relation of fat and casein in milk to composition and quality of cheese. — Cheese made from milk in which fat is high relative to casein is superior in quality to cheese made from milk in which fat is low relative to casein. Skim- milk cheese, whole-milk cheese and cream cheese owe their difference in quality to the difference in relation of fat to casein in milk. The relation of fat to jiroteins in milk as a basis for detecting skimmed milk and skimmed-milk cheese. — In the case of herd milk as commonly found iu New York State, the milk is open to the suspicion of being skimmed when the per- centage of fat is less than that of proteins. Cheese of the Cheddar type which DAIRY FARMING- — DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 275 contains more than 1 part of proteins for 1.2 parts of fat is made from skimmed milli. The reducing properties of milk, P. Sommerfeld (Hyg. ZenthL, Jf (1908), No. 1, pp. 1, 2). — From tests with tlie use of a 0.5 per cent solution of neutral red in sterile water the author concludes that the reducing properties of milk are not due to preformed reducing ferments but are of bacterial nature. Bacteria in milk, L. A. Rogers ( [/. )S'. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. 179-196, figs. 6). — Bacteria in milk, milk flavors, souring of milk, sweet curdling and digestion, bitter milk, stringy or ropy milk, disease-producing bacteria in milk, care and handling of milk, and related questions are discussed in this general summary of micro-organisms in relation to milk. " While bacteria are in no way essential to milk, they may be considered as normally present in milk, cream, ice cream, butter, and cheese. They may even occur in milk or its products in very large uHmbers without making it an unsafe food or in any way decreasing its food value. " Bacteria known to produce disease are seldom isolated from or counted in milk, iind bacteriological counts should be taken merely as an indication of the way in which milk has been collectef both scientific experiments and practical experience. The technical manufacture of chemically pvire levulose, S. Steix (Internot. Sugar .Jour., 10 (1908). Xo. 113, pp. 218-221). — The author points out the possibility of producing levulose on a commercial scale from inulin. As a source of the latter substance he suggests the use of either dahlia bulbs, which contain 10 to 12 per cent, or chicory root, which contains 6 to 11 per cent, either of which can be produced on a large scale. According to his calcula- tions the levulose could be made from them and sold at a profit at 12 cts. a pound. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Proceeding's of the American Veterinary Medical Association (Proc. Amer. Vet. lied. Assoc, 4'f {1901), pp. 563, figs. 7-5). — A general acount of the forty- fourth annual convention of the association at Kansas City has already been given together with abstracts of the papers read at the meetings (E. S. R.. ir>. pp. 198-200). The following notes refer to articles not read at the meetings or matters not considered in the previous abstract. M. E, Knowles describes the symptoms and occurrence of infectious lip and leg ulceration of sheep (pp. 41f>-424). This disease is quite widely distributed in Montana, occurring on high prairies far away from swampy areas. .Sheep of all ages are susceptible. In some cases 60 per cent of the herd has become infected. The chief symptom is necrosis of the tissue about the hoof and I'lxtn the lips. If neglected these lesions may become serious. The disease is apparently due to the necrosis bacillus. Ordinarily all cases ultimately recover 'in the spring, particularly if well fed and cared for. L. E. Willyoung drew attention to the importance of preventive medicine in army veterinary work (pp. 42.5-429). The army veterinarian is in a position to apply preventive measures very effectively and under the strictest disci- pline. Some of the general orders for the r^ulations of army veterinarians, however, are not based on scientific principles. An account of the F1-ench-Canadian breed of horses was presented by J. A. Couture (pp. 467^71). The history of the development of this breed of horses is briefly outlined and a statement is given of its distinguishing characteristics. A complete list is given by L. E. Baker of the pathological exhibit prepared by the inspectors of the Bureau of Animal Industry for demonstration pur- poses. A number of papers were also presented on the educational phases of veterinary medicine. G. H. Roberts made a plea for more cordial intercol- legiate relations between the different veterinary schools (pp. 493-501). W. L. Williams gave an outline discussion of subjects which should be taken as preparatory work for veterinary medicine (pp. .502-.516). Report and recommendations regarding veterinary colleges in the United States ( r. .S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 133, pp. 13). — A report is given by a committee of five veterinarians appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture for the purpose of obtaining information regarding the course of instruction now VETERINARY MEDICIXE. 279 offered at the various veterinaiy colleges iu this country and Canada. Nineteen veterinary colleges were inspected. Recommendations are made as to the ma- triculation examination and course of instruction necessaiy to qualify graduates for admission to the civil service examination for the position of veterinarj- inspector in the Bureau of Animal Industry. Proceedings of the zootechnic council, G. Gobio (Ann. Agr. [Italy], 1901, So. .2o3. ,111. 'f'h'f)' — -^ complete account is given of the proceedings of the coimcil appointed by the King of Italy for the improvement of domesticated animals iu that country. At the various meetings of this council discussions were held regarding the methods of improving cattle, sheep, and the other domesticated animals of Italy. The practice of immunization, O. Schbeibeb (Dciit. Tirriirztl. Wchnschr., Jo (lyOU), \o. ^9, pp. 6S9-S91). — With the discovery of the possibility of im- munization by means of blood serum a great amount of interest was awakened on this subject and numerous experiments have been carrial on by various investigators. Preliminary results announced in the treatment of animal dis- eases by means of blood serum have frequently led to disappointment. The author calls attention to the necessity of further work, particularly in the study of the antagonistic action between the sera of different animals. The theory of serum activity, O. Bail and E. Hoke {Arch. Hyg., 6-J (1908), .Vo. Ji, pp. SlS-Ji26). — The purpose of the investigations which are reported in this paper and which were continued for a period of 2 years was to determine the nature and the action of serum on bacteria. The authors come to the con- clusion that the precipitating and bacteriolytic action of serum are one and the same, for the reason that both of these proi)eities are lost by heat. Ordinary sera retain their precipitating power at slightly higher temperatures than their bacteriolytic power. The difference, however, is simply one of degree. Both of these properties are destroyed by treating the serum with cultures of living vibrio or with extracts from cultures of cholera vibrio. Is acquired immunity inherited? D. Konbadi {Centhl. Bait, [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig.. 46 (1908), Xos. 1. pp. 41-4S; 2, pp. 139-148). — The author tested the possibility of hereditary immimity in dogs which were vaccinated for rabies. It was found that both the mother and the developing young became immune simultaneously, but that the immunity in the young animals after birth persisted for a longer time than in the mother. The vaccine is in such cases probably transmitted to the young through the placenta rather than through the milk after birth. When the mother dog was immimized some time before becoming pregnant some of the young showed an immunity to rabies while others did not. The prevention and eradication of stock diseases in South Africa, A. Theileb (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 6 {1908), Xo. .22, pp. 217-233. pi. J). — A his- torical statement is given regarding the introduction of animal plagues into South Africa. The first to appear in epizootic form were contagious pleuro- pneumonia, rinderpest. Texas fever, and East Coast fever. These are still the most important diseases among cattle. Glanders is widely prevalent among horses and mules. Animal industry in South Africa is particularly atBicted with diseases due to animal parasites. In the eradication of piroplasmoses it is possible to proceed either by way of destroying the ticks which carry these diseases or by immunization of all susceptible animals. The destruction of ticks is of no avail unless the work is organizeil on an extensive plan in which all stockmen affected cooperate. Carbolic acid in the treatment of bacterial diseases, J. W. Pollock {Tet. Rec, 20 {1908), Xo. 1023, pp. 611, 612). — Satisfactory results are reported from the internal use of carbolic acid in cases of tetanus, septicemia, contagious abortion, cattle plague, and septic conditions of the stomach in cattle and dogs. 280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Spore formation and other biological processes of the anthrax bacillus, V. RuziCKA (Arch. Hysj., 6'/ (1908), No. 3, pp. 219-29.',, pis. 3).— As a result of an extended study of the minute anatomy and staining reactions of the anthrax bacilUis the author comes to the conclusion that this bacillus coi'responds to a naked nucleus as compared with the usual structure of a protozoan organism. The action of anthrax serum, A. Ascoli (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., Ji6 (1908), No. 2, pp. n8-J88, pis. 2). — The physiological action of anthrax serum can not be explained by the hypotheses which have been proposed for explaining the effect of other vaccinating sera. The active substance of anthrax serum Is apparently derived from amboceptors and the serum itself does not hasten the destruction of anthrax bacilli either in vitro or in the living animal. In the experiments reported by the author a constant parallelism was found between the protective and bactericidal action of the serum. Combating anthrax and blackleg by protective vaccination, Waeringsholz (Berlin. Tierdztl. Wchnschr., 1908, No. 6, lyp. 93-95).— The general applica- tion of methods of vaccination in the control of anthrax and blackleg is not recommended except in localities where these diseases are known to prevail extensively. The results of vaccination thus far reported are very satisfactory. The value of the Straus symptom in the diagnosis of glanders, Lie;naux (Ann. Med. Y^t., 51 (1908), No. 2, pp. 65-69). — In a number of cases reported by the author great difficulty was experienced in reaching a rapid diagnosis of glanders. The pus that comes from suspected cases does not always produce infection in guinea pigs and the reaction from mallein is not always decisive. The Straus reaction is considered as of great importance. On some nonspecific reactions of mallein, H. J. Sudmersen and A. T. Glenny (Jour. Hyff. [Cambridge], 8 (1908), No. 1, pp. 14-36, charts 8). — A series of experiments was carried on to detei'mine whether other bacterial products in- jected hypodermically into immune horses may cause local reactions similar to those which follow the administration of mallein. The bacterial products used in these experiments included tuberculin and filtrates or toxins from coli bacillus, typhoid bacillus, Bacillus enteritidis, streptococci, staphylococci, diph- theria bacillus, proteus, lactic-acid bacilli, etc. It was found that bacterial products from these sources act similarly to mallein in giving large local reactions in certain immune horses. There appeared to be no connection be- tween the reaction and the interval of time since the last injection received by the horse in the course of immunization. Opportunity was had to test the effect of repeated doses of mallein. In this experiment the conclusion was reached that a glanderous horse may be injected with mallein within a few days after the first injection and still give a reaction, even when the dose is not incre^ased in size. Healthy horses may give increas- ing reactions upon repeating the dose at short intervals from 4 to 5 times, but the reactions resemble those obtained in immune horses rather than those upon glanderous animals. No temperature reaction was obtained in either glander- ous or healthy horses after the second dose of mallein. The authors find that many horses immunized against other bacteria or bac- terial products may give a large local reaction to mallein, but that this reaction is not associated with a rise in temperature, and disappears more rapidly than in a typical mallein reaction. Barium, a cause of the loco-weed disease, A. C. Crawford ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 129, pp. 9-87). — An account is given of the distribution of the loco weeds, symptoms of the disease, and an extended historical sketch of loco investigation with references to the literature. It is stated that condi- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281 tions analogous to those met with in locoed animals occur in other portions of the world, especially Australia. Experiments with rabbits and sheep were carried on. It was found that the main symptoms described in stock on the range can be reproduced in rabbits by feeding extracts from the loco plants Astragalus DwUissinuis and Aragallus lanibcrti. Inorganic constituents, especially barium, are held to be responsible for this action, at least in the plants collected at Hugo, Colo., though it is sug- gested that in other portions of the country other poisonous principles may yet be found. Barium acetate was fed to rabbits, the results indicating that small doses of barium salts may be administered to rabbits without apparent effect, but that suddenly acute symptoms set in analogous to what is reported on the range. " Loco ])lants grown on certain soils are inactive pharmacologically and con- tain no barium. In drying certain loco plants the barium apparently is rendered insoluble so that it is not extracted by water, but can usually be extracted by digestion with the digestive ferments. The barium to be harmful must be in such a form as to be dissolved out by digestion. "In. deciding whether plants are poisonous it is desirable not merely to test the aqueous or alcoholic extract, but also the extracts obtained by digesting these plants with the ferments which occur in the gastro-intestinal tract. '• It is important that the ash of plants, especially those grown on unculti- vated soil, as on our unirrigated plains, be examined for various metals, using methods similar to those by which rocks are now analyzed in the laboratory of the United States Geological Survey. " It is desirable to study various obscure chronic conditions, such as lathyrism, with a view to determine the inorganic con.stituents of lathyrus and other families of plants." At present it seems best to rely on preventive measures rather than on anti- dotal treatment. The diagnosis of rabies, Anna W. Williams (Amcr. Jour. Pub. Hug., 18 (1908), Ao. i, pp. 10-1')). — The smear method for the diagnosis of rabies was used in 487 cases, of which 260 were obtained from the street and 227 were ex- perimental. Of the 260 street cases 185 showed typical Negri bodies. In the laboratorj' work carried on by the author no brains were virulent in Avhich Negri bodies could not be discovered. Other investigators, however, have re- ported the determination of virulence in nerve material not showing Negri bodies and it therefore appears to be still necessary to make animal inocula- tions in order to be sure of the diagnosis. The histological diagnosis of rabies, V. Babes [Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], G-'f (1908), No. 6, pp. 284-286). — In 'diagnosing rabies in dead dogs the author prefers to examine the medulla rather than the hippocampus, for the reason that the former is more easily dissected out. Rabid lesions are more easily recognized than Negri corpuscles and the author prefers to depend upon the former in making a rapid diagnosis of the disease." Penetration of the toxin and antitoxin of tetanus through the mucous membrane of the large intestine, M. Breton, G. Petit, and H. Vincent {Compt. lieiiil. tioc. Biol. [Paris], (I'f (1908), No. .',, pp. 160-163).— It was found that tetanus toxin is so modified or destroyed in large part by the bacterial floi-a of the rectum that only a minute quantity passes through the mucous membrane of this organ. On the other hand, the antitoxin of tetanus readily penetrates through the mucous membrane of the large intestine. It is also maintained that the intestinal juices are decidedly antitoxic in their effect upon tetanus toxin. 282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations on the development of trypanosonies in tsetse flies and other diptera, E. A. Minchin (Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. [Lomlon], n. ser., 52 (1908), No. 206, pp. 159-260, pis. 6, figs. 2).— In the experiments reported by the author attention was given particularly to the natural transmission of sleeping sickness. The only point of interest to the veterinarian concerns the development of trypanosonies in tsetse flies. The trypanosonies were found to begin but not to complete their developmental cycle in the tsetse fly or other biting insets. It is suggested that the life cycles of different trypanosomes may not all follow the same course. Baleri, a trypanosomiasis afEecting- animals along' the Nile, G. Bouffard (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 22 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-25). — Baleri is a trypanosomiasis which affects horses, asses, and dogs, and is due to infection with Trypanosoma pccaudi. It is widely distributed along the bend of the Nile. Since this disease is transmitted by tsetse flies the question arises whether it is possible to exterminate these insects. Glossina palpalts in the region in question occurs only along those parts of the river where the banlvs are abundantly overgi'own with vegetation and brush.. While the removal of this material would be a serious undertaliing it is regarded as practicable. Studies on tuberculosis (Arch. Path. Anat. n. Physiol. [Virchow], 190 (1907), Beiheft, pp. 5-'iJi, pis. 29, flgs. 3). — Immunization of warm-blooded animals against tiiberculosis by means of the tubercle bacilli of cold-blooded animals is discussed upon a historical and experimental basis, by J. Orth and Lydia Rabinowitsch (pp. 1-58). It was found that injections of tubercle bacilli from cold-blooded animals were not always harmless to warm-blooded animals and that the immunity thus produced was of little value. A more or less generalized infection took place in some cases, the development of the disease being slow. H. Beitzke gives a report on experiments and observations in the infection of man with bovine tuberculosis. In an examination of 25 generalized cases of tuberculosis in children, 2, or 8 per cent, were found to be due to the bovine tubercle bacillus. There appear to be a number of transition stages in tubercle bacilli lying on the border line of one or the other of the two main types or between the characteristics of these types. Such atypical human tubercle bacilli may be transformed into typical bovine tubercle bacilli by inoculation into cattle. E. Klebs discusses in detail the problem of immunization against tuberculosis (pp. 134-195). In attempts to produce immunity in experimental animals by inoculation with tubercle bacilli of low virulence it was found that the weak infection thus produced might entirely disappear, together with all trace of tubercle bacilli. Similar results, however, may ultimately come about from natural infection, for it is occasionally observed that experimental animals inoculated by inhalation of tubercle bacilli ultimately become entirely free from tuberculosis by healing of tuberculous lesions through the natural resisting powers of the animal body. Some beneficial results are also reported from the use of a product called tubercle-soziu, which is said to contain the active principles of the tubercle bacillus without any toxin. Spontaneous tuberculosis in monkeys was studied by Lydia Rabinowitsch (pp. 19(5-245). Experiments were made with a considerable variety of apes, using human tubercle bacilli. In nearly all cases the human tubercle bacilli produced typical tuberculous lesions of a generalized character. M. Koch and Lydia Rabinowitsch give an extended report on their studies of the relationship between avian and mammalian tuberculosis (pp. 246-541). In the course of this study the authors came to the conclusion that mammalian and avian tubercle bacilli are not distinct species but are varieties of a single species adapted to the two groups of the animal kingdom. Avian tuberculosis in general VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283 is cliaracterized by lesions of tlie abdominal viscera. Infection ordinarily takes place by means of the alimentary tract and the lesions are notable for the extraordinary nnniber of bacteria which they contain. Quite serious and exten- siA-e infections were produced in guinea pigs, rabbits, mice, and even in cattle and goats by means of inoculation with avian tubercle bacilli. The present status of the question regarding the relationship between human and animal tuberculosis, Dammann (Dciit. Ticrdrztl. Wchnschr., Pj (1908), No. 6, pp. 17-82). — The two fairly distinct types of tubercle bacilli which have been commonly referred to as bovine and human have been more and more connected in recent years by the finding of a number of intermediate forms which can not be readily classified with either type. The results of recent inves- tigations are unfavorable to the assumption of specific difference between these types. The chemical constitution and biological properties of the protoplasm of the tubercle bacillus, J. Auclair and L. Paris {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], JJf6 (/.0(9S), No. 6, pp. 301-303).— Ot the substances thus far obtained from the tubercle bacillus, tuberculin exercises a general effect, while the fat substance of the bacillus is local in its effects. By means of fractional extrac- tion the authors isolated a form of casein which is believed to be the chief cause of the formation of the tubei'cle in the jirogress of tuberculosis. Intestinal tuberculosis in calves kept in infected stables, A. Ceradini and A. FiORENTiNi {CentW. Bald, [etc.], 1. AM., Oiiy., 46 (1908), No. 2, pp. lOff- 108). — The purpose of the expei'iments reported in this paper was to determine the susceptibility of young calves to tuberculous infection in stables which were known to be infected with this disease. It was found that tuberculosis in suck- ing calves occurs only exceptionally. In adult cattle the disease appears more frequently as a result of exposure in infected stables. The mesenteric glands of adult cattle may contain virulent tubercle bacilli without showing visilile altera- tions. These glands are very effective in catching tubercle l>acilli raid other organisms, ])articularly those of infectious pneumoenteritis in calves. Clinical diagnosis of tuberculosis of the peritoneum and abdominal lymph glands by means of rectal examination, Storch {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., JH08, No. 8, pp. IJfl-lJfS). — Attention is called to the fact that serious cases of tuberculosis of the peritoneum may exist without showing recognizable external symptoms. The author has tested the value of rectal examination in such cases and finds it possible to palpate the tuberculous lesions upon the peritoneum or the tuberculous lymph glands and thus to reach a diagnosis. Tuberculosis in dairy cows, with special reference to the udder and the tuberculin test, A. Wilson {Vet. Rec, 20 {1908), No. 1024, pp. 591-596).— A general account is presented of the nature of tuberculin, the temperature reac- tions observed in making the tuberculin test, and the importance of this test in putting into practice any scheme for the eradication of tuberculosis. Statistics were collected and are presented in a summarized form regarding the source of tubercle bacilli in milk and the percentage of tuberculous udders in cows. The absorption of tuberculin by the rectum, A. Calmette and M. Breton {Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 6', {1908), No. J,, pp. 163-165).— In tubercu- lous rabbits and guinea pigs it was found that intrarectal injection of tuberculin produced the same effects as subcutaneous injection. In healthy rabbits and guinea pigs a single intrarectal injection of large doses or of repeated small doses of tuberculin produces a gradual intoxication which nearly always ends fatally. Tuberculin, H. E. Reeser {Gcntbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Al)t., Orig., 1,6 {1908), Nos. 1, pp. 56-67; 2, pp. 149-167). — In most cases a reaction may be obtained from an injection of tuberculin made only a few days after a previous injection. The 284: EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. close need not be increased in order to obtain the reaction. The reaction to the second dose of tuberculin, however, is not constant and the reason for the irreg- ularity observed in such cases is not well understood. As a rule, the second reaction appears more promiitly than the tirst and is somewhat less intense. With regard to the temperature reaction from tuberculin it appears impos- sible to fix a minimum under which we may know with certaintj' that tuber- culosis does not exist. In general a temperature of at least 40° C. in animals which showed a maximum of 39.5° C. before injection may be relied upon as indicating the presence of tuberculosis. Ophthalmo-tuberculin reaction in cattle, E. F. McCampbell and D. S. White (Jour. Expt. Med., 10 (1908), ^'o. 2, pp. 232-237).— Tests of the ophthal- mo-tuberculin reaction carried out by the authors on cattle indicate that this method is of some value for diagnostic purposes. A characteristic conjunctivitis appears within 6 or 8 hours in tuberculous animals, disappearing after 48 hours. The reaction is more pronounced in cattle which have not been recently tested with tuberculin, but is only slightly reduced in intensity as a result of a previous subcutaneous injection. Administration of the tuberculin test by stable helpers, A, Van Leeuwen (Tijdschr. Veeartsenijk., 35 (1908), No. 5, pp. 269-276).— In the opinion of the author the ordinary attendants about cattle barns are not capable of giving the tuberculin test in a satisfactory way. It is recommended that the test be applied only by qualified veterinarians. Dangers from the use of tuberculous animal products. Treatment of tuberculosis with strychnin, V. Galtier (Jour. MM. Vet. et Zootech., 58 (1907), Dee., pp. 705-712). — Feeding experiments with the meat of tuberculous animals indicated that this material ordinarily does not contain tubercle bacilli. It is recommended, however, that such meat should always be sterilized by thoi'ough cooking before being used as human food. Sf)mewhat beneficial effects were observed in experimental tuberculosis as a result of treatment with arsenic or iodid of sodium combined with strychnin or by the use of strychnin alone. Strychnin appeared to increase the resistance of the animal to tuberculosis, to prevent to some degree the generalization of the disease, and to lead to a more hasty healing of lesions. Chronic pseudotuberculosis in Norway, H. Horne (Norsk Vet. Tidsskr., 20 (1908), No. 3, pp. 72-77, fig. 1). — Pseudotuberculous enteritis, or Johne's dis- ease, occurs quite frequently in Norway. The lesions produced in the alimentary tract are described. The author believes that this disease has not been shown to be identical with tuberculosis. Protective vaccination of cattle against hemoglobinuria, Bugge (Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnsehr., 1908, No. 6, pp. 95, 96). — Among 138 cattle vaccinated against hemoglobinuria, 7 subsequently became affected with the disease and 2 died. It is believed that the vaccine used in these cases was somewhat too virulent. The suggestion is therefore made that in future experiments along this line a vaccine be used of lower virulence or in smaller doses. Bacilliform piroplasmosis of cattle in Algeria, H. SouLifi and G. Roio (Compt. Rend. Aead. ,Sei. [Pari.s], 1J,6 (1908), No. J,, pp. 192, 193).— A piroplas- mosis occurs in Algeria under two or three forms, the symptoms of which forms are described by the authors. It is not certain whether the bacilliform piroplas- mosis thus identified is an atypical form of Texas fever or a distinct disease. Post-partum paralysis of cows, A. Zehl (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnsehr., 1908, No. 7, pp. 117-121). — Not all cases in which cows are unable to rise after parturition are to be classified as parturient paresis. The symptoms, however, are strikingly similar in most respects and cases of either disease are readily cured by infusion of air into the udder. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285 Cattle quarantine law in Nebraska, G. W. Hervey (Twentieth Cent. Fanner, 1908, Xo. 376, pp. 6, 7). — Cattle mauge has persisted in western Nebraska for more than 15 years and ranchmen have, for some time, made regular dippings of stock for curative and preventive purposes. The present cattle quarantine law of Nebraska is considered defective, for though it appears to be quite rigid there is no adequate provision for enforcing its various features. For this reason, Federal aid is believed to be required in the control of cattle mange. Construction of cattle dips, P. Cowley (Agr. Gaz. X. 8. Wales, 18 (1907), No. 9, pp. 756-761, pi. 1). — Detailed directions are given for the construction of dipping vats of brick and concrete. Cement draining yards and settling tanks are also included in the specifications. Bovine bilharziosis in France, G. Marotel {Bnl. Soc. Cent. Med. Vet., 85 (1908), No. -i, pp. 119-122, figs. 2). — The occurrence of Schistosomuni hontfordi is reported in cattle in France. A detailed description is given of the anatomy of this worm. Schistosomuni bovis and the alterations produced by it, G. Bertolini (Clin. Vet. [Milan], .S'c.:^. 8ci.. 31 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-6J,, pis. 3).—Sehistosomum bovi.^ in the cattle examined by the author occurs in about 9 per cent of cases. The adult parasites are found in largest numbers in the portal circulation, especially in the ramifications of this system in the liver. The location of the parasites, however, varies greatly in different cases. Eggs are laid chiefly in the small intestines but also to some extent in the large intestines. In the small intestines the effect of parasitism include catarrhal enteritis and the forma- tion of nodules under the mucous membrane. Sheep scab, E. L. Moore (Soittli Dakota Sta. Bui. 107, pp. 355-382, figs. .}). — This bulletin gives an account of the forms and symptoms of the disease, the biology of the mites producing it, manner of transmission, remedies, and Federal and State regulations to prevent the spread of scabies in sheep. The use of communal funds in organizing a system of vaccination against swine erysipelas, Bartels (Dent. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 16 (1908), No. 7, pp. 93, 9-'t). — The authors bad occasion to test the feasibility of using district com- munal funds for defraying the expense of vaccination for swine erysipelas. It is recommended that where this plan is adopted, vaccination should not be carried out in communities in which swine erysipelas rarely occurs but only in the permanently infected localities. Hog cholera, Carre, E. Leclainche, and H. Vallee {Rei\ Gen. Med. V6t,, 11 {1908), No. 125, pp. 2Jfl-2-'i6). — A study of hog cholera in France has convinced the authors that the disease in that country as in the United States, England, and Germany is due to a filterable virus and not to the hog-cholera bacillus. The possibility of utilizing the horse for the production of an immune serum against hog cholera, W. Koops (Berlin. Tierdrztl. WehnseJir., 1908, No. 7, p. 117). — Difficulties were experienced in obtaining- an immune serum against hog cholera from hogs and resort was therefore had to the horse for this purpose. It was soon found, however, that the resistance of the horse could not be raised sufficiently high for the reason that these animals soon showed a supersensitiveness to hog serum. In order to avoid this trouble a method of precipitation was devised by means of which the red blood corpuscles and pro- tein are exti-acted from the blood before using the material for the hyperim- munization of horses. Further experiments will l)e required before it is known how effective a serum can be obtained from horses thus treated. The horse; its treatment in health and disease, J. W. Axe (London [1907], vol. 9, pp. X+J,13-610, pis. 12, figs. 7/7). —In this volume the author continues the discussion of warranty of soundness of condition of horses at the time of 286 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. sale. The general principlos of h, a net pi in of .'is, and had conducted a busi- ness exceeding £2,000,000 during the year. Of tliis number tlie cooperative creameries and branclies lunnbered .'MO and the mutual credit societies 240. An uplifting negro cooperative society, II. L. Smith {World's Work, 16 (IHOS), \<). ,j, PI'. lO'iihl-lU'iHH). — This is an account of the development of the Farmers' Improvement Society of Texas from 1890 to 1907, and of the economic and social improvement brought about among negro farmers by means of this cooperative organization which was fostered by the author. Fi'om a state of general poverty among farmers due to the prevailing ci-edit system, the society has established a class of negro farmers who are self-reliant, progressive, and property owners. The returns to October, 1907, are as follows: Number of groups 475, with 9,256 members; acres owned by members 71,439, valued at $1,071,585; value of live stock owned by members .$275,000; and value of im- provements made during the year ended October, 1907, $58,148. Jews as farmers (Amer. Cult., 70 (1908), No. 28, p. 2). — It is estimated that about 5,000 Jews are engaged in agriculture in the United States, and the farm colonies started in many parts of the country, particularly in New Jersey, are briefly described. The Jewish Agricultural Society of New York received 1,345 applications in 1907 from Jews wishing to engage in agriculture and since its organization has assisted 764 farmers in 19 States with loans aggregating nearly $500,000. About one-fourth of this amount has already been repaid, and the farmers assisted now own property with a valuation of about $1,250,000. Agricultural colonies in Palestine (Economist, 66 (1908), No. 3380, pp. 1189, 1190). — This article describes the revival of agriculture in Palestine, largely by Jewish colonists from Russia and Roumania, who have adopted mod- ern implements and methods of culture. The crops raised are oranges, olives, almonds, grapes, and cereal crops, the bulk of which is exported, chiefly to England. The internal colonization of Prussia and its application to the agrarian problem in Mexico, H. J. Ludewig (BoJ. Sec. Fomcnto \Mc.rico], 7 (190S), No. 6, pp. 7-83, map 1). — This bulletin discusses the causes of rural depopulation which took place in Prussia during the last part of the nineteenth century, gives the results of the work of the colonization commission in the establishment of small farms which in 20 years amounted to 18,870, with houses accommodating 75,500 occupants, and points out in what ways such a commission would be help- ful to native and immigrant farm laborers in IMexico. [The relation of the government to agriculture in Russia], Torne (Bui. Mens. Off. Rcnseiff. Agr. [Paris], 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 592-60 t).^The author describes the methods of securing and publishing agricultural statistics in Rus- aia, the govenmient measures for encouraging the exportation of agricultural products and assisting the industry as a whole, the territorial, administrative, and communal organization of the rural population, 'and the establishment of schools for the teaching of agricultui-e. The assistance rendered by the government to the agricultural population con- sists in aiding colonists by advancing money, seed, instruments, lumber, and other forms of capital, in encouraging the peasants to become landowners, and in so redividing and reassigning the communal lands as to assign to each peas- ant a single piece of land equal in extent to the many separate parcels formerly held by individuals or families under the old connnunal system of land tenure. State aid to agriculture in foreign and colonial countries, W. E. Bear (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. ser., 20 (1908), pp. 1-36). — The amount of money expended by various governments for different lines of work relating to agriculture are tabulated and discussed. AGRICULTUEAL EDUCATION, 291 Some computed returns of farms in Switzerland (Landw. Ztschr. Rhein- provim. 9 {1908), Xo. 2'/, pp. 329, 330). — This article is summarized from a re- port by Dr. E. Laur on the returns from 916 difterent-size farms in Switzer- land for the years 1901-1906, inclusive. The statistics are believed to indicate that intensive rather than extensive farming gives the better returns. A judi- cious combination of different branches of farming, with about 50 per cent of the land, labor, and capital devoted to dairying, is believed to offer the best prospects to farmers in Switzerland. Agriculture in Siam, Dilock (Die Laiulicirtschaft in Siani. Leipsic, 1908, pp. 215). — This book describes the conditions of agriculture in Siam and is a contribution to the economic historj' of the kingdom from the agricultural point of view. Traffic on Chesapeake Bay and Tennessee River, F. Andrews {U. 8. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1901, pp. 289-30 J/). — This article discusses the advantages and disadvantages of water transportation of agricultural products, the Chesapeake Bay and Tennessee River traffic being taken as typical of the methods of handling crops. The amount and kind of crops shipped, and the freight rates for water transportation as compared with rates on railroads competing in these regions, are discussed. Freight rates by water transportation are shown to be very much lower than railroad rates, but certain kinds of truck and fruit crops are better and more quickly handled by the railroads. The possibility of improv- ing the methods of loading and unloading agricultural freight carried by steam- boats, the need of longer and more regular seasons of navigation, and the im- portance of making the channels of rivers more navigable for the regular move- ment of farm produce are particularly emphasized. Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 10 (1908), No. V, pp. 65-72 ) . — Notes are given on the crop conditions in the United States and foreign countries, with statistics of the farm values and prices of agricultural products and the principal groups of farm and forest products imported into the United States during the years ended June 30, 1907 and 1908. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Education [agricultural] (Encj/elopcrdia of Agrleulture. Edinburgh and London, 1908, vol. 2, pp. 9-18). — Contains a rather full discussion of agricultural education in the British Islands, beginning with the first attempt to institute systematic instruction in the theory and science of agriculture in 1790, when a chair of agriculture was established in the Universits' of Edinburgh. In Ire- land the first state-supported school of agriculture was established in 1838, and in England the first agricultural college was founded at Cirencester in 1845. The development and present status of agricultural education in England, Ire- land, and Scotland, and the part taken by state and local governments in this educational work are described. The New York State Agricultural College at Ovid, N. Y., and higher agricultural education, D. Willers (Yariek, X. Y., 1907, pp. 27, pi. 1) . — A historical paper containing data concerning the act of the New York State legis- lature incorporating the New York State Agricultural College, which was first located at Fayette in Seneca County, and later at Ovid, and subsequent acts relating to Cornell University and the funds derived from the several acts of Congress in aid of agricultural education. It appears that the New York State Agricultural College at Ovid was opened for the reception of students December 5, 1860, when a class of 27 young men 292 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. entered the institution, and was t-losed in tlie spring of 1802. Dr. William H. Brewer was ai)i)olnted professor of agricultural chemistry, but resigned before the college was o]iened. Training courses for teachers of agriculture, D. J. Crosby ( U. .S'. Dcpf. Agr. Ycarhook J901', pp. 207-220). — The results are set forth of an inquiry conducted by this Office concerning courses for teachers of agriculture, in agricultural col- leges. State normal schools, privately endowed colleges and schools, and county normal training schools in the United States, together with a discussion of the essentials of training for teachers of agriculture and lines of future develop- ment in this work. Course in cereal foods and their preparation for movable schools of agri- culture, Margaket J. Mitchell {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office E.rpt. Stas. Bui. 200, pp. ] I-7S). — This bulletin contains a syllabus of a course of 1.5 lectures covering quite fully the use, preparation and nutritive value of cereal foods. The sub- jects of the lectures are as follows : The composition of vegetable foods ; com- position of the body and the uses of food compounds in the body ; digestion, assimilation, excretion; a study of starch; cereals used as breakfast foods; cer- eals which are used as vegetables ; bread ; yeast and molds ; a study of wheat flour ; a study of rye, corn, buckwheat, and other flours ; changes produced in the constituents of bread ; cost of bread, causes of imperfections, fancy breads ; bread raised by other agents than yeast; cooking in deep fat: and dough raised with eggs, and icing for cake. Each lecture is accompanied by suggestions for practical work and exi)eriments. An appendix contains references to literature and a list of apparatus and materials needed. Agriculture, industries, and home economics in our public schools, W. M. Hays (Chicago, 190S, pp. 37, figs. 37). — An address delivered before the depart- ment of superintendence of the National Education Association, in Washington, D. C, February 25, 1908. The paper is profusely illustrated with half-tones, maps, and diagrams showing features of industrial education in secondary schools, the distribution of land-grant colleges and State normal schools, schemes for districting States for secondary agricultural schools, and plans of school buildings and grounds. A course of study in agriculture for the public schools; what it should be and how to teach it, B. Youngblood (Okla. School Herald, 16 {1908), No. 4, pp. 17, 18). — This deals more especially with suggestions for practice work and excursions. The "Weather Bureau and the public schools, J. R. Weeks ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1907, pp. 267-276, figs. 3). — The author describes some features of public school instruction relating to the weather, particularly in the elementally schools of Xew York State, discusses the purpose and value of the study of meteorology in schools, and describes simple homemade instruments used in making observations. The school and its grounds, D. A. Clark {Fruit-Grower, 19 {1908), No. 5, pp. 16, 17, figs. 2, dgin. 1). — A discussion of the educational and esthetic value of trees, shrubs, and flowers in the vicinity of the schoolhouse, with suggestions for laying out and planting school grounds. The school garden, II, O. W. Caldwell ( [East. III. State] Normal School Bui. 20, pp. 35, 2)ls. 10). — This is a progress report on school gardens begun at the Eastern Illinois State Normal School in 1902, with an interpretation of the value of school gardens in the scheme of instruction. The author speaks of the way the garden is conducted, taking the individual garden and individual ownership as the basis and discussing somewhat the advantages of this plan. He also discusses such matters as keeping up the interest in garden work in MISCELLANEOUS. 293 the summer, the garden as a center of natural history work, and the garden as a means for studying agriculture and' forestry and bringing about a better organization of the nature-study and natural-liistory work. Home nature-study course, Anna B. Comstock and J. W. Spencer {Home Naturc-Stttily Course [ContcU Univ., titatc CoJ. Agi:], n. ser., 4 (1908), No. 4, pp. 28, figs. 11). — Suggestions for the work of third-year pupils as outlined in the Syllabus of Nature Study and Agriculture issued by the New York State Education Department. Lessons are given on the trillium plant and its habits, the eggs of frogs and toads, tadpoles, a tadpole aquarium, the toad and its habits, the frog, the tree frog, how to make an aquarium, the strawberry plant, and its flowers, fruits, diseases and insect enemies, and blackbirds and their habits. Agriculture: Its fundamental principles, A. M. Soule and E. H, L. Turpin (Atlanta, Kkhmond, and Dallas, PJOl, pp. S20, pis. J/, figs. 219). — This text-book of elementary agriculture is intended for use in the public schools. It deals successively with the soil, its formation and physical characteristics, the plant in its life cycle, soil improvement, and field, orchard, and garden crops and their enemies and friends. One chapter is devoted to domestic animals, includ- ing cattle, horses, sheep, goats, hogs, poultry, and bees, and another to raiscel- laneous topics, such as trees, farm tools, good roads, the help of science, and school gardens. An appendix contains formulas for fertilizers and spraying mixtures, tables of feed and feeding standards, and lists of Farmers' Bulletins and agricultural experiment stations. MISCELLANEOUS. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1907 (U. 8. Dept. Agr. Year- hook 1907, pp. 798, pis. 65, figs. 56). — The Yearbook for 1907 contains a report of the Secretary on the work of the Department during the year, a brief account by J. A. Arnold of the life and work of the late James Wallace Pinchot, 26 other special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, and an appendix consisting of an agricultural directory, a review of weather and crop conditions, the principal injurious insects and plant diseases of the year, progress in food and drug in- spection and in forestry, soil areas surveyed and mapped, improvements in farm practice, game protection, bounty laws in force and road laws enacted in 1907, and agricultural statistics. Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1907 (Idaho 8ta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 46, i)ls. 2). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, a report of the director, and departmental reports, of which that on dry farming and soil moisture investigations is noted on page 214 of this issue. Fourteenth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1907 (Montana Sta. Bpt. 1907, pp. 155-185). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, a report of the director on the work of the station during the year, lists of station publications, exchanges, donations, and loans, and a meteorological summary of air and soil temperatures, precipitation, wind velocity and direction, sunshine, cloudiness, and frost during 1907. Encyclopaedia of agriculture, edited by C. E. Green and D. Young (Edin- hurgh and -London, 1908, vol. 2, pp. VII+536, pis. 11, figs. 101). — This is the sec- ond volume of the general encyclopedia of agriculture and contains articles on topics arranged alphabetically from Drills to Joint-ill. An article on agricul- tural education is abstracted on p. 291 of this issue. NOTES. Arkansas University and Station. — W. G. Ylncenheller has resigned as dean and director and C. F. Adams, entomologist, has been appointed acting dean and director. Colorado College and Station. — C. W. Gaj', professor of animal husbandry in the Veterinary College of the University of Pennsylvania, has been appointed agriculturist, vice W. L. Carlyle. Alvin Keyser, in charge of soils work at the Nebraska University and Station, has been appointed agronomist, vice W. H. Oliu, Connecticut Storrs Station. — F, R. Thompson, cheese maker in the cooperative experiments with the Dairy Division of this Department, has resigned to en- gage in commercial work, and has been succeeded by Clinton Grant. Florida University. — A free correspondence course in agriculture for teachers has been inaugurated, beginning November 1. This course is offered as a re- sult of the recent announcement of the State superintendent of public instruc- tion that in June, 1909, applicants for first and second grade certificates will be required to pass examinations in agriculture. Up to October 27, 70 teachers had enrolled for this course, and applic-ations were coming in at the rate of from 15 to 25 a day. Georgia College and Station. — J. M, Johnson, professor of agriculture in the college, has accepted the associate editorship of The Cotton Journal, Dr. T. H. McHatton has resigned as horticulturist of the station to become adjunct pro- fessor in charge of the horticultural department in the college and has been succeeded by H. P. Stuckey, who h;is been teacher of elementary agriculture in the Winthrop (S. C.) Normal and Industrial College. C. A. McLendon, a 1908 graduate of Clemson College, has been appointed botanist in the station and J. C. Temple, of the North Carolina College and Station, bacteriologist. Beginning January 1, 1909, the station is to undertake dairy extension work in cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department, with J. H. McClaiu in charge. Illinois University and Station. — As a part of the extension work of the College of Agricultui'e summer courses in agriculture were offered at the Chau- tauqua assemblies at Streator, Lovington, and Greenfield. A special tent was provided for the exhibition of illustrative material and as an assembly place for farmers and their families. Lectures were given daily and there were frequent demonstrations and trips of observation to nearby farms. At Lovington a woman's course was also offered by the department of household science, tents being erected and furnished as a series of model rooms. New courses are announced in fioricultui'e and in concrete construction for agricultural purposes. According to a note in Science, James T. Barrett has resigned as assistant in botany in the station to accept a fellowship in botany at Cornell L'niversity. Purdue University. — The second annual fruit show to be held at the uni- versity during the week of the farmers' short course, January 11-16, is reported to be arousing great interest among fruit growers of the State. 294 NOTES. 295 Iowa College and Station. — M. Mortensen. wbo has served as instructor during the short courses iu dairying for several years, has been appointed acting head of the dairy department, and H. 0. Horneman has been appointed extension worker in dairying. Louisiana University and Stations. — According to a note in Demeter, the university has been organized into six colleges, among which are a college of agriculture and the Audubon Sugar School. The agricultural courses have been rearranged to provide additional eleetives and greater opportunity for speciali- zation. There has also been added a two-year pi-eparatory school of agriculture with A. F. Kidder as principal. B. F. Hochenedel has resigned as assistant chemist in the Sugar Station to engage in commercial work. Michigan Station. — A grant to the bacteriological laboratory of $1,500 has been made from state funds for the purpose of manufacturing hog-cholera serum according to the method suggested by the Bureau of Animal Industy of this Department. About SO liters of serum have been manufactured and 1,819 ani- mals, representing 33 herds, have been treated with a subsequent mortality of about 12 per cent. A charge of 1 ct. per cubic centimeter for virus and 2 cts. per cubic centimeter for serum is made, which covers the cost of production other than that of buildings and permanent equipment. Mississippi Station. — J. A. McLean, of the Iowa College and Station, has accepted the position of animal husbandman. Nebraska University and Station. — INIartin Nelson has resigned as adjunct professor of field crops in the university and assistant in field crops in the sta- tion to accept the position of agriculturist in the Arkansas University and Station. W. W. Burr has been appointed assistant in soils and crops at the North Platte Substation in connection with the cooperative work with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Cornell University and Station. — The Avork of the College of Agriculture in rural economy, hitherto under the immediate direction of the dean as professor of rural economics, has been formally organized as a separate department in charge of G. N. Lauman, who has relinquished his secretaryship to the faculty./ A biological station has been erected in the marshes at the head of Cayuga Lake with water gardens and other facilities for the study of problems in limnology. The research work now under way in this department deals chiefly with the study and development of the forage food of fishes as the beginning of an effort to develop water agriculture. C. S. Wilson has been appointed assistant professor of pomology, thereby bringing about a further differentiation of the horticultural department, and C. A. Rogers has been appointed assistant professor of poultry husbandry. Other recent appointments include the following : As instructors, E. S. Guthrie, of Ohio State University, in butter making, Milton Pratt Jones, in extension teaching, and George E. Burnap iu rural art; as assistants in the College of Agriculture, Lewis J. Cross in agricultural chemistry in its relation to agri- culture, Leonard Haseman in entomology, and M. M. McCool and M. F. Barrus iu plant pathology ; as research assistant, Scott H. Perky in rural economy ; as fellow in agriculture, Arthur W. Gilbert in plant breeding; and as assistants in the station, Fred J. Pritchard, Harry H. Love, and Eugene P. Humbert in plant breeding, and J. O. Morgan and Harold J. Conn in soil investigations. North Carolina College and Station. — Dr. W. A. Syme has been promoted to the assistant professorship of chemistry in the college, and Hubert Hill has been appointed instructor in chemistry. J. K. Plummer has been appointed assistant chemist in the station. 296 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. North Carolina State Station. — Hon. Samuel L. Patterson, as State Commis- sioner of Agriculture chairman of the board of control of the station, and a former member of the governiuR board of the North Carolina College and College Station, died Septonihci' 14, aged HS years. North Dakota College and Station. — In succession to F. J. Seaver and J. C. McDowell, whose resignations have been previouslj' noted, Herbert F. Berg- man, of the Kansas College and Station, has been appointetl assistant botanist and R. C. Doneghue, of the ^Missouri Tniversitj' and Station, assistant agi-ono- mist. Dr. H. P. Bassett, assistant chemist, has resigned to engage in commer- cial work, H, A. Wood, assistant chemist, died October .3. A severe hailstorm occurred August 29, and although most of the crops on the college and station grounds had been harvested much damage resulted. A substation has been established at Langdou, where a quarter section of land has been donated for the purpose by the citizens of Cavalier County. Building ojierations are under way, and it is hoped to begin experimental work . in the spring of 1909. Texas College. — The college cooperated with the Dairy Division of this Department in an extensive dairy exhibit at the recent State fair which attracted much attention. A complete model creamery equipped with separators, pasteurizers, starter cans, ripening vats, churns, and other machinery was in operation daily for the manufacture of butter and ice cream. A class of students from the college gave practical demonstrations in butter making and milk testing, and also competed for prizes in butter making and the judging of dairy cattle. Vermont University. — Under the provisions of the Nelson amendment a department of teaching has been established, the work of recent years in the form of educational conferences and a summer school in elementary agriculture having prepared the way for this larger development. A course of lectures coupled with practical work is being given with an enrollment of over 100 students, and a summer school for teachers is announced for next summer to include courses in domestic science, manual training, and elementary agri- culture. Dr. L. R. Jones, professor of botany, has been appointed dean of the new department and it is expected to provide additional teaching force in 1909. Washington College and Station. — W. T. McDonald, whose resignation from the Oklahoma College and Station has been previously noted, has been ap- pointed assistant professor of animal husbandry in the college and assistant animal husbandman in the station. George Severance, professor of agronomy, has been appointed acting head of the department of agriculture in the college, and Director Thatcher acting superintendent of farmers' institutes. Oscar M. Olson, formerly connected with farmers' institute work in Minnesota, has been appointed instructor in farmers' institutes. West Virginia Station. — N. J. Giddings, of the Vermont Station, has been appointed bacteriologist, and Arthur L. Dacy assistant horticulturist. Wisconsin University and Station. — The new animal husbandry building and judging pavilion is well under way, and is expected to be ready for use about February 1, 1909. The cost is estimated at about $7.5,000. Registration in the College of Agriculture at the beginning of the current academic year showed an increase of 63 per cent. Arrangements have been made to conduct systematic demonstration work at the farm of the State Insane Asylum at Viroqua. It is planned to extend the work to the farms of other State institutions, with a view to providing object lessons for near-by farmers, as well as establishing distributing centers for impi'oved seeds and other material sent out from the college and station. The NOTES. 297 work is to be under the general supervision of C. P. Norgard, wlio has recently been elected assistant agronomist. Other recent additions to the college and station staff include J. C. Marquis, editor, C. S. Hean, librarian, and the following assistants : W. A. Brannon, fertilizer and feed inspection ; B. W. Hammer, agricultural bacteriology ; R. R. Marshall and H. L. Walster, soils; and H. Steenbock, agricultural chemistry. President C. R. Van Hise recently received the degree of LL. D. from "Williams College. Wyoming Station. — Alkali investigations have been taken up by the station with reference to the removal of the injurious alkali salts from the farm recently acquired, combined with a study of the underlying principles of alkali poisoning. F. S. Burrage has been appointed secretary to the board of trus- tees, vice Dr. Grace Raymond Hebard, who retains the secretaryship of the station council. Experimental Work in Forestry.— It is announced that the Forest Service of this Department is to establish experimental forests in typical forest regions of the West for the investigation of forest problems. A tract already set aside at Flagstaff, Ariz., in the Coconino National Forest is to be devoted to a study of the reproduction of western yellow pine, which is not now making a satisfactory second growth. A comprehensive study of the use and effect of wind-breaks and shelter belts is also contemplated, this to be in part in cooi)eratiou with the State experiment stations. Commission on Country Life. — President Roosevelt has appointed two ad- ditional members of the commission, Chas. S. Barrett of Union City, Ga., presi- dent of the Farmers' Educational and Cooperative Union of America, and Wm. ' A. Beard of Sacramento, Cal. Dr. E. W. Allen of this Office is acting as executive secretary of the commission. Farmers' National Congress. — The 1908 session of this body was especially noteworthy as the first to be held at an agricultural college, the meetings taking place at the University of Wisconsin, September 24-30. Over eleven hundred delegates and visitors were in attendance, the largest number ever registered. Among the speakers were Hons. W. H. Taft, W. J. Bryan, and J. J. Hill. Presi- dent C. R. Van Hise, of the university, gave au address on The Conservation of the National Resources, and there were numerous demonstrations and lectures by Dean Russell, Professors Moore, Humphrey, and Alexander, and other mem- bers of the faculty. Among the resolutions adopted by the congress may be noted those endorsing the work of the agricultural colleges and urging the State legislatures to supply adequate financial support, favoring the movement for the conservation of the national resources, and approving the provisions of the Davis bill for the development of secondary agricultural education. Conservation League of America. — The Conservation League of America has recently been organized with President Roosevelt as honorary president, and Hons. W. H. Taft and W. J. Bryan as honorary vice-presidents, and Walter L. Fisher as president. The league has chosen for its statement of principles the declaration adopted by the Conference of Governors, convened by the President May 13-15. Its purpose is announced to be " the bringing into closer relation and more intelligent cooperation the unofficial associations which have a common interest in the broader aspects of the conservation movement." American Association for the Advancement of Science. — At the invitation of the Johns Hopkins University, the sixtieth meeting of this association will be held in Baltimore, from December 2s, 1908, to January 2, 1909. In addition to the usual section programmes a symposium on public health will be held 298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. December 31, in conjunction with the American Health League, and on Jan- uary 1, under the general auspices of the association and the American Society of Naturalists there will be a celebration of the one hundredth anniversary of the birth uf Charles Darwin and of the fiftieth anniversary of the publication of the first edition of the Origin of Species. The affiliated societies of the association which have thus far indicated thoir intention to meet during convocation week include the American Society of Naturalists, American Mathematical Society, Association of American Geog- raphers, Geological Society of America, Association of Economic Entomologists, American Nature-Study Society, Association of American Anatomists, American Chemical Society, American Society of Vertebrate Paleontologists, American Society of Zoologists, American Physical Society, American Psychological So- ciety, American Physiological Society, American Philosophical Association, Southern Society for Philosophy and Psychology, American Anthropological Association, Entomological Society of America, American Folk-Lore Society, American Federation of Teachers of the Mathematical and the Natural Sciences, American Society of Biological Chemists, Sullivant Moss Society, P>otanieal Society of America, Society of American P.acteriologists, and Wild Flower Preservation Society of America. First International Congress of Agricultural Associations and Vital Sta- tistics.— The Office is in receipt of an announcement and a preliminary programme of this assembly, to be held at Brussels, Belgium, in September, .1910. The congress is to be divided into 10 sections for the consideration of topics relating to the economic and social organizations of farmers and farm laborers; societies for animal and plant prodiiction ; associations for the manufacture, purchase, exportation, sale, and consumption of farm products; mutual agricultural credit and insurance societies; vital statistics and sanitation in rural districts; the promotion of the welfare of agricultural laborers; the transportation of agricultural products ; measures for the improvement of country life in general ; and organizations dealing with agricultural education, agricultural expo- sitions, etc. Those interested in the objects of this congress may obtain more complete information by communicating with P. De Vuyst, 22 avenue des Germains, Brussels, Belgium. Agriculture at the British Association. — At the meeting of the British Asso- ciation for the Advancement of Science, held in Dublin, September 2-9, the subsection of agriculture was reestablished after a lapse of several years, becoming a branch of the section of economics. Sir Horace Plunkett served as president and in his address called attention to the marked disparity accorded to urban and rural life by those engaged in the application of science to the advancement of mankind, and advocated a more adequate recognition of agriculture by the association. He summarized the three-fold character of the construction work needed in rural life as embodying better farming, better business, and better living. The sciences were deemed most valuable to each of these three divisions, the natural sciences, especially to the first, economic science to the second and third, and educational science to all three; in other words, for rural reconstruction, research, economic investi- gations, and education were necessary. Sir Oliver Lodge and J. H. Priestley presented an account of some experi- ments which are being made on a large scale near Worcester, England, on the effects of a high-tension electrical discharge over a growing crop. J. R. Campbell, of the Irish Department of Agriculture, explained the educational work of that department, and Dr. Carroll Dunham of Harvard University, discussed the systems of agricultural education prevailing in this country. NOTES. 299 The second day of the association was devoted to numerous papers and dis- cussions on plant and animal breeding. On the final day economic phases were again discussed. Several papers dealing especially with small holdings were presented, together with papers of more general scope by Dr. Graham Brooks on the moral effects of cooperation upon the workers, and Dr. Moritz Bonn, of Munich, on the status of the Irish tenant, and statistical papers by J. Wilson and W. G. Adams. Smith's Agricultural School and Northampton School of Technology. — This institution has been opened to students, and at the close of the first week the enrollment was 114, of whom 30 were girls in the household economics course, SO boys in the agricultural course, and 54 boys in the mechanic arts course. The agricultural course for the first year includes soils and plant life, physical geography, elementary science, practical arithmetic, bookkeeping, freehand drawing, English, algebra, American history, civil government, and mechanical work ; for the second year, animal husbandry, botany, farm chemistry, farm physics, plane geometry, English, general history, and mechanical work. The course in mechanic arts during the first 2 years is the same as that of the agricultural course except that chemistry, mechanical drawing, and shop prac- tice take the place of soils, plant life, and animal husbandry, and the household economics course differs from the agricultural course only in offering sewing or cookery in place of soils, plant life, and animal husbandry. Applicants for admission to this school who are graduates of rural schools, or who have passed the ninth grade in other schools, and are 14 years of age or older, may be admitted without examination. Secondary School Agriculture. — The North Adams High School, North Adams, Mich., has added an agricultural course to its curriculum, in charge of R. C. Carr, a graduate of the Michigan Agricultural College. A nearby field is available for practical and experimental work. A new agricultural high school has been established at Montague, Mass., with J. R. Parker, a 1908 graduate of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, as teacher of agriculture. Adam Phillips, a graduate of the New York State College of Agriculture, has been elected principal of the Farragut School, Concord, Tenn., and will give considerable attention to the development of the agricultural featui'es of instruc- tion. Thorntown, Ind., is a village of 2,000 inhabitants, having a high-school enrollment of 85 pupils. Nearly 60 per cent of these come from the surround- ing farms and about 60 per cent are boys. All third-year pupils take agricul- ture as a required subject, 5 hours a week for text-book work and about 2 I>eriods a week for laboratory work and field exercises. Agriculture in the Elementary Schools of England. — According to a recent note in The Journal of the Board of Agriculture, instruction in rural subjects in public elementary schools of England is fostered by a system of special grants, and it appears from the report of the board of education for 1906-7 that considerable progress is being made in the teaching of gardening, fruit culture, and dairy work. Gardening is taught in every English county except two, and the number of schools which applied for grants in 1906-7 was over 900, as compared with 371 earning grants in 1903-4. The increase is almost entirely confined to coimties in which a horticultural lecturer has been ap- pointed, a part of whose duties it is to organize and supervise school gardening and to train teachers to teach it. Fi-uit culture is coming to be one of the im- portant features of school gardening, and bee keeping is sometimes associated with it. 800 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dairying has been reintroduced into tlie code as a special subject for which grants may be given. It is loolced upon as a subject especially valuable for girls, not only as an important branch of domestic work, but also as a means of education and as a practical means of giving instruction in the principles of hygiene. - Agricultural Education in Scotland. — A lecturer on agriculture and rural economy has been appointed in the United College of St. Salvator and St. Leonard of St. Andrews University, the oldest university in Scotland. A course of 50 lectures on the principles of agriculture will be given during the 1908-9 session. The course has been arranged to meet the requirements of candidates for the national diploma in agriculture, and will consist of illustrated lectures supplemented by demonstrations in the field, practical work in the laboratory, and in excursions to some of the best farms in the neighborhood. A German Trade High School. — The Trade High School opened in Mannheim on May 1, 190S, is the first of such technical institutions for southern Germany. It is under the direction of the minister of justice and public instruction of the Duchy of Baden, and has for its object the provision of instruction in political economy, sociology, and agricultural science as they are related to trade and manufacturing industries. The course consists of 4 semesters of 6 months each, the hours of instruction being mostly in the evening, as the school is intended to provide an education for those who can not devote their whole time thereto. The subjects taught are as follows: (1) Production and trade — hunting, hunting laws, and fur trade, inland and sea fisheries and trade in fishery products, forestry and lumber trade, stock raising, meat, dairy products, trade in stock, wool, hides, leather, farm and grain production, grain trade, agricultural by-products and distilling, plantations and sugar and cotton trade; (2) mining and metal industries; (3) international economy and colonial politics; (4) banks and banking; (5) science of finance; (6) life insurance; (7) protection of laborers. Special lectures will be given on State and private railway systems, the economic workings of railways and railway traffic, fundamental principles of political economy, securities, exchange and settlement of accounts, etc. Miscellaneous. — Dr. Eric A. Nobbs, agricultural assistant to the Cape Govern- ment, has been appointed director of agriculture in Rhodesia. The death is noted on June 3 of Dr. J. Hazard, agronomist at the Royal Agricultural Experiment Station at M(ickern. A brief description of the equipment and work of the Menominee County School of Agriculture, Menominee, Mich., is given in the 'Northwestern Farmer for October. Farm Life (London) of August 1 contains a brief description of the location, equipment, and course of study of the Dookie Agricultural College, Dookie, Victoria, Australia. A recent number of Wiener Landicirtschaftliche Zeitiing gives an illustrated account of the machinery-testing station of the Agricultural High School of Vienna. The New Brunswick legislature has established a commission consisting of the commissioner of agriculture and two others to investigate agricultural immigration and colonization conditions and possibilities of the province. An intercollegiate stock-judging contest held at the American Royal Live Stock Show at Kansas City, Mo., was won by the Kansas College, with the Iowa College second and the Missouri University third. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable- Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agrotechny, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — R. D. Milner. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and R. D. Milner. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agi'icultui'al Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. 4. Editorial notes: rage. Ideals in agricultural research 301 Recent work in agricultural science 307 Notes 395 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agriciltural chemistry. On the determination of phosphoric acid, Milone 307 Standardization of uranium solution for determining phosphoric acid, Repiton . 307 The determination of potash by the platinum chlorid method, De Vries 307 On the volumetric determination of potassium as the cobalti-nitrite, Drushel. . 307 Volumetric method for carbonic and other acids in air, Henriet and Bouyssy. 308 Detection of small quantities of carbon monoxid in air, Ogier and Kohn-Abrest. 308 A new method of enumerating bacteria in air, Winslow 308 Determination of nitric acid in water, Griinhut 308 Observations on hardness in water and its removal, Basch 308 Lead in drinking water, and methods of determination, Woudstra 308 Siichting's improved method of determining acidity of soils, Van Schermbeek. 308 Siichting's improved method of determining acidity, Tacke and Siichting 309 Estimation of sugar by the Allihn or Meissl method, Schaumann. 309 The volumetric determination of reducing sugars. Ling et al 309 tiuantitative estimation of glycogen by means of inversion with acids, Grebe. . 309 Methods for preparing lecithin and other phosphatids from seed, Schulze 309 Observations on the stability of lecithin. Long 309 On the oxidation of olive oil, Gill 309 Note on honey analysis, Schaffer 309 Honey, Reinsch 309 Estimation of ash content and Lej^ reaction in honey analysis, Utz 309 Judging marmalades, Hiirtel 309 Sampling and judging ground white pepper, Spaeth 309 A new pepper adulterant, Petkoff 310 Lead in cream of tartar, tartaric acid, and citric acid, Tatlock and Thomson . . 310 The copper content of cocoa shells, Tisza 310 The detection of cocoa shell in cocoa goods, Devin and Strunk 310 The chemical standardization of cider and perry, Durham 310 Legislation of different countries regarding sulphuring of wine, Mastbaum 310 The detection of formic acid in foods. Woodman and Burwell i 310 The quantitative estimation of rice hulls in feeding stuffs, Schroder 310 I II CONTENTS. Page. Regarding the methods of investigatioiiH of butter and other fats, ( irimiuer. . . 310 Detection of cocoanut oil in butter by means of tlie "silver value," Barthel... 311 Notes regarding cacao butter, 8trube and Sohne 311 Digestion and distillation a])paratas for nitrogen determination, JakoV) 311 The determination of nitrogen according to Dumas, Leeman 311 Flask for fat determination, Dubois 311 Keport on progress in agricultural chemistry during the last year, Stutzcr 311 Annual re])ort for 1907 of the consulting chemist, Voelcker 311 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Wireless telegraphy and meteorological information 311 Application of wireless telegraphy to storm warnings, Bigourdan 311 The development of meteorological observations in Africa 311 Weather observations in cultural and fertilizer experiments, Grohmann 311 Temperature conditions of the earth, Hottinger 312 Monthly Weather Review 312 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Lindblad . 312 Meteorology, Christensen and Edmiston 312 Meteorological statistics, Stupart 313 How much rain does the earth receive annually? 313 The damage done by cyclones 313 On hail protection appliances, VioUe 313 The underground waters of Cape Colony, Juritz 313 Chemical analyses of water from dew ponds. Skinner 313 The drinking water supply of cities from a chemical standpoint, Hempel 313 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Soil surveys in the United States 314 Cartography of southwestern Louisiana, Harris 314 Results of analyses of soils, Villaseiior 314 Soil analysis 314 Manuring of Rhodesian soils 314 Contribution to the study of the Amur region, Shchusev 314 Tea soils of Black Sea coast, China and Japan, Zemyatchenskii and Adamov. 314 Contribution to the study of soils, De Sornay 314 The productiveness of the soil : Geological and climatological factors, Gregoire. 314 Oroclimatic basis of classification of soils, Vysotski 314 Investigations on processes of weathering. Glinka .1 314 The nature of clay soils according to old and recent investigations, Atterberg. 315 On the eolian origin of the soil salts, Pivovarov 315 Denudation of the steppe, Ivchenko 315 Humus, McMurtrie 316 On changes of availability of nitrogen in soils, II, Loew and Aso 316 The enrichment of soil in nitrogen by bacteria and its significance, Stoklasa. . 316 The biology of root tubercle bacteria of leguminous plants, Fuhrmann 316 Accumulation of green manure nitrogen in light sandy soils. Von Seelhorst. . . 316 On observation of the continuous growth of peas on the same soil, Suzuki 316 Maximum productiveness of soils in pots, Gedroiz 317 Need of fertilizing by Russian soils according to vegetation method, Gedroiz . 317 Available phosphoric acid in chernozem soils, Kudashev 317 Washing of soils and methods of prevention, Mosier 31 7 The Bremen moor culture station, Tacke 317 Examinations of manure on Danish farms, Kristensen and Hansen 318 Experiments with liijuid manure especially as to storage, Kristensen 318 Manure statistics, Ringelmann 319 Experiments with new nitrogenous fertilizers, Yon Feilitzen 319 Results of trials with nitrogenous fertilizers, 1907, Soderbaum 319 Tests of new nitrogenous fertilizers on potatoes and turnips in 1907, Bauwens. 320 Efficacy of calcium cyanamid Namba and Kanomata 320 Fertilizer experiments with phosphates on Finnish moor land, Rindell 320 Experiments with high and low percentage Thomas slag, Schweickert 320 Value of refuse lime on moor soils, Von Feilitzen 320 Gypsum as a manure, Takeuchi 320 Why are poor sandy soils often easily injured by liming? Yokoyama 321 On the depression of growth by large doses of lime, Kanomata 321 On the absorption of varying amounts of lime and magnesia by plants, Takeuchi . 321 CONTENTS. Ill On the agronomical equivalent of artificial magnesium carbonate, Kanamori.. 321 Top-dressing with magnesium sulphate, 8irker 321 ]\Ianganese compounds as fertilizers for maize, Sutherst and Ingle 322 Do manganese salts stimulate plant growth? Rhodin 322 Modern niter beds 322 Crude ammonia, Sevegrand 322 On the manufacture and application of peat litter, Rautakoski 322 The extraction of potash from feldspathic rock, Cushman and Hubl)ard 322 The commercial fertilizer industry, Stange 322 The development of the superphosphate industry in Italy, Maizieres 322 Lime and its relation to agriculture, Wicken 323 Vegetable ash as a manure, Guerrero 323 Fertilizer and oil, Marsh and Cobb 323 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Trowbridge 323 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Stackhouse and Hardin 323 Comments upon the State fertilizer law, Knisely 323 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the department of botanical research, MacDougal 323 Physiological constant for germinating stage of cress, Waugh and Pomeroy 324 The transpiration current in plants, Janse 324 The chemical nature of root secretions, Stoklasa and Ernest 325 The structure of root tubercles in leguminous and other plants, Bottomley 325 Assimilation of atmospheric nitrogen by Lol'mm temuleniuvi, Hannig 325 Heredity in plants and animals, Wood and Punnett 325 A critical review of the known cases of bud variation, Cramer 325 Suggestions concerning certain bud variations, East 325 Variation in peas, Waugh and Pomeroy 325 Cray's new manual of botany, Robinson and Fernald 326 Handbook of flower pollination, Knuth, trans, by Davis 326 FIELD CROPS. A lesson in intensive farming, Forbes 326 Report of the agriculturist, Brooks, Fulton, and Gaskill 327 Seeding mowings, Brooks 327 [Early Amber sorghum and alfalfa] , Lindsey 327 Observations on nurse crops for alfalfa, Clark , . 328 Disk-harrowing alfalfa, Forbes 328 Alfalfa, Shaw 328 Dodder in alfalfa seed, Stewart and French 328 Culture tests with varieties of barley in 1905 and 1906, Boonstra 328 Irrigation of barley, Nowell 329 Contributions to the biochemistry of barley, Ford and Guthrie 329 Cotton culture, Veauvy and Coste 330 Some conditions influencing cotton production, Newman 330 The nitrogen content of Egyptian cotton, Schindler 331 The cultivation of potatoes, Soule and Vanatter 331 The skin of different potato varieties, Kreitz 332 Influence of cross- and self-fertilization on sugar in sugar beet, Andrli'k et al. . 333 The essential mineral constituents of the sugar cane, Murakami 333 Cultivation of the sugar cane in Peru 333 Virginia tobacco experiments, Mathewson, Anderson, and Cocke 333 Results of seed investigations for 1907, Pammel and King 334 Pure seed investigations, Gregory 335 Seed work. Stone ^ 335 Development of plant breeding in Denmark, Sweden, and Probstei, Holtmeier. 335 HORTICULTURE. Experiments in drug plant cultivation. Hood 335 The Montreal market muskmelon industry, Stuart 335 Tomato notes, Munson 336 Moisture and decay loss of Hubbard squash in storage, Stuart 336 Fruit list for 1908 336 Orchard survey of Wasco County, Lewis and Allen 336 Feeding the orcrhard. Waters 336 Tillage c. sod-mulch, Hedrick 337 IV CONTENTS. Page. Notes on the propagation of apples, Waugh 337 Sugar anrooks 339 Through the vineyards of the Spanish Peninsula, Toirier 339 Seasonal influence in carnation crossing relative to seed i)roduction, Stuart . . . 339 FORESTRY. Georgia's forest resources, Harper 339 Report on an examination of certain swamp lands belonging to the State, Aslie. 339 Suggestions for arbor day planting, Thornber • 340 The trees of Great Britain and Ireland, Elwes and Henry 340 Report on the forests of Kenia, Hutchins 340 Edible trees and shrubs, Peacock 340 List of jungle products used by the poor during the famine, 1896-97, Innes 340 Growth of pines rrom native and northern seed in the Eberswalde, Dengler.. 340 Breaking tests with twenty-one Surinam woods, Plasschaert and Ligtenberg. . 341 Transverse tests of jarrah made at Sydney Technical College, Nangle 341 The relation of forests to stream control, Pinchot 341 The sources of fumes in Saxony and their influence upon forestry, Schroter . . 341 Popular bulletins of the Swedish Forestry Association 342 A summary of the results of forest administration in Saxony for the year 1906. 342 Report on Norwegian forestry, 1906, Saxlund 342 Annual of streams and forests for 1908 342 Review of forest administi-ation in British India for 1905-6, Eardley-Wilmot . 342 Report on forest administration in Ajmer-]\Ierwara for 1906-7, Prasad 342 Progress report on forest administration in Coorg for 1906-7, McCarthy 343 Administration report of forest department of ]\Iadras presidency, 1906-7 343 Progress report on forest administration in the Punjab for 1906-7, Fisher 343 Forest administration in the United Provinces 1906-7, I^ovegrove and Jackson. 343 Progress report of the Imperial Forest Research Institute for 1906-7 343 Forest service in Indo-China, Capus 343 Note on experimental rubber cultivation in the Bombay presidency, Gammie. 343 Cultivation of rubber plants on the Malay Peninsula, Carle 343 On the extraction of rubber from dried rubber plants, Alexander and Bing 343 DISEASES OF PL.^NTS. Report of the botanists, Stone and Chapman 344 The occurrence of plant diseases in 1907, Giddings 345 Report of the vegetable pathol(>gist, jMcAlpine 345 Rusts of cereals and other plants, Olive 345 Cotton wilt in the Central Provinces, Evans 345 The presence in Germany of Pseudoperonospora cuben.vs fveriensis, Ewert 346 Leaf spot disease of eggplants, Voglino 346 Potato spraying experiments, Jones and Giddings - 346 A new tomato disease, Giissow 346 Experiments on the control of gooseberry mildew, Vasilev 347 Fruit tree diseases and fungicides, Rolfs : 347 Notes on a cherry disease in Western Germany, Ewert 347 Preliminary report on dust spraying experiments in Georgia, Chase 347 The cocoanut stem disease, Patch 347 The biology of Poh/stlctus versicolor, Bayliss 348 The chestnut canker, INIurrill 348 The bleeding and yellowing of poplars, Blankinship 348 The damping off of coniferous seedlings, Jones 349 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— EXTOMOLOGY. Deer farming in the United States, Lantz 349 Silver fox farming, Osgood 350 A study of the food habits of birds, Leisewitz 350 Bird preservation. Spraying, Surface 350 Report of the entomologists, C. H. and H. T. Fernald and Summers 350 Insects of 1907, Pettit 350 Fifth annual report of the State entomologist of Montana, Cooley 351 CONTENTS. V Page. Report on injurious insects observed in midland counties during 1907, Collinge . 351 New species of Diaspine scale insects, Marlatt 351 The scale insects of Argentina, Autran 352 Scale insects from Amani, Lindinger 352 Remedies for the San Jose scale and directions for their use, Parrott 352 The Argentine ant in California, Woodworth 352 The mound-building prairie ant, Headlee and Dean 352 The gipsy moth in Connecticut, Britton 352 Phulotiarlus abdeus, Schulz 353 The insect pests of cardoon, Lesne 353 The frit fly 353 Spraying apple orchards for insects and fungi, Pickett 353 Demonstration spraying for bitter rot and codling moth, Faurot 353 Suggestions for the control of the codling moth, Thornber 353 An olive pest, Navarro 353 Insects and diseases of the orange. Cook and Home 353 Combating Tortrix arnbi(/ueUa and Eudemis botrana, Dewitz 354 Experiments in combating the grape-berry moth, Capus and Feytaud 324 Zeuzera pyrina on cork oak iu Algeria, Lesne 354 The Douglas spruce cone moth, ('ooley 354 Pebrine and related Microsporidia, Lutz and Splendore 354 Fixation and multiplication of trypanosomes in proboscis of tsetse fly, Roubaud . 354 The use of arseuicals, Degrully 355 The choice of arsenicals for insecticide purposes, Grosjean 355 Fungicides, insecticides, and spray calendar, Favor 355 Spray calendar, Conradi 355 Fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas 355 The queen of honey bees. A case of atavism, Den loU 355 Apiculture, Iches 355 Bee keeping in North Carolina, Sherman, Jr 355 Bee keeping in Ontario 356 Bee diseases in Massachusetts, Gates 356 A new method of controlling flaccidity of silkworms, Gasparini 356 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The amount of extractive material in dark and light meat, Adler 356 Commercial cuts of meat on the block 357 The native oysters of the west coast, Stearns 357 Milling qualities of wheat, Stewart and Greaves 357 The baking quality and the bleaching of flour, Hoffmann 358 Bread used by peasants, Griiner 358 Breakfast foods, Frear 358 Examination of a new preparation, " ice cream powder," Ferrari-Lelli 358 The proteins of rice, Rosenheim and Kajiura 358 Comparison of potatoes and rice, Shipman 359 The uses and comjDosition of tamarind seeds, Hooper 359 The staff tree as a former food supply of starving Indians, Dillingham 359 Strained honey, McGill 359 Sophistication of honey, Zimmermann 359 New preserved fruit products, Halmi 359 The composition of fresh avocado fruit, Pairault 359 Dried bananas from Queensland 360 Enzyms in relation to the ripening of fruit, Tallarico 360 Vitis opaca and its enlarged rootstock, Baker and Smith 360 Examination of an oil-yielding fruit from Kamerun, Brieger and Krause 360 Concerning the oil content of different olive samjiles, Passerini 360 Examination of fruit juices, Sunde 360 Concerning barberry juice, Schulze 360 Concerning orange juice, Stiiber 360 Studies of organic phosphorus compounds in wine, Funaro and Rastelli 360 Composition of wine from Urbino, Agrestini 360 Bilberry wine, Donselt 360 Kafir beer. Chapman and Baker 360 The manufacture of cocoa with definite fat content, Bohme 360 The aroma of black tea, Katayama 361 Gulasch extract, Schulze 361 Economical preservation of food, Garrett 361 VI CONTENTS. Page. Preserving wild mushrooms, Pernot 361 Different methods of preserving meat, Razous and Nouriss^ 361 The fireless cooker, Witt 361 Effect of benzoic acid and benzoates upon digestion and health, Wiley 361 Preservatives in food and the effect thereof on the public health, Wiley 362 [Food and dairy laws] 362 Food of a large city. Sources and average food supply of Paris, Payen 363 Food and fare in Italy, Yates 363 Diet and hygiene in Korea, Wells 363 Composition and energy value of food of the soldier, Pembry and Parker 363 [Nutritive value and copt of food served in a student boarding club], Hunt. . . 363 A day's ration with student valuations, Dickinson 363 The provision of meals for school children, Crowley 363 Lessons in practical hj'giene for use in schools, Ravenhill 363 The elements of the chemical physiology of digestion, Schmidt-Nielsen 364 Progress in proteid chemistry, Abderhalden 364 Protein synthesis in the animal body, Henriques 364 Influence of au excess of fat in the diet on metabolism, Biernacki 364 Cotton-seed oil taken in food and injected, Lendrich 364 Carbohydrate metabolism, McGuigan 364 Sugar in the ration during military maneuvers, Joly 365 Cleavage in metabolism, Piitter 365 The constitution of carnitin, Krimberg 365 Creatin and creatinin, Mellanliy 365 Studies of the cholesterin group, Menozzi 365 Body temperature and periodicity, Osborne 365 Work under pressure and in great heat, Haldane 366 ANIMAL PRODUCTION'. Inspection of feeding stuffs 366 Feed stuffs, Rose 366 Execution of the [Massachusetts] feed law, Lindsey 366 German meadows and the estimation of the value of meadow hay, Naumann. 367 The composition and digestiljility of hay from sewage meadows 367 The native fodder plants of New South Wales, Maiden 367 Ensiled beet pulp and its by-products, Giele 367 Buckwheat feed, Woll 367 Nutritive value of nonproteid nitrogenous constituents of hay, Kellner 367 Value of glutaminic acid and aspartic acid as nutrients, Andrlik and Velich. . . 367 Fat formation from protein and methods of estimating fat, Bogdanow 367 Studies of the digestibility of dried potatoes, Kellner et al 368 Digestion experiments, II, Knight, Hepner, and McConnell 368 A feeding experiment with hay, turnips, and cut straw for sheep, Siiland 368 Fertility in Scottish sheep, Marshall 369 Carakul sheep, Meuleman 369 Carakul sheep and their possible use in sandy regions of Germany, Kiihn 369 Raising and fattening calves on skim milk, Dornic and Daire 369 Beef production, II, III, Skinner and Cochel 369 Fifty years among Shorthorns, Bruce 369 Congo cattle, Meuleman 369 Inverted starch in pig feeding, Sevenster 369 Supplements to corn for fattening hogs in dry lot, Skinner and Cochel 369 Hog feeding, Quick and S()encer 370 Paddock feeding of pigs, Sawer 371 Fattening pigs, Brandt 371 Standardizing breed characteristics, Spillman 371 Breeds of horses, DifHoth 371 The horses of the British Empire, edited by Trafford et al , 371 Types and breeds of horses in the Russian Empire, edited by Goulkevich 371 Horse feeding with saccharin substances 371 The use of bonnets for horses, D' Anchald 371 Market classes of mules and breeding them 372 Animal food for chickens, Houssay 372 Poultry experiments, Brooks, Fulton, and Gaskill 372 The poultry export trade, Hart 372 Poultry culture, Graham 372 Practical poultry houses and fixtures. Hunter 372 Scaliness and unopened feathers in the ostrich, Duerden 372 CONTENTS. VII Page. Farmer's cyclopedia of live stock, Wilcox and Smith 372 Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1907, Appel 373 Pastoral industry 373 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. A test of soiling crops for dairy cows, jVIairs and Putney 373 Cooperative dairy investigations, Flint and Dorman 373 Milk production. I, Herd improvement. II, Feeding, Hopper 374 Cows V. cows, Fraser 374 Improving dairy conditions, Trueman 374 Keconstruction of dairy barns 374 Amy 1 alcohol in testing [cream], Eckles and Wayman 374 The Babcock test, Liverance 374 The cost of testing pure-bred cows, Lindsey 374 Standard for Babcock glassware, Holland 374 Supervision of the milk supply 374 Fourth International Dairy Congress, 1909 374 The National Creamery Buttermakers' Association, 1908 375 The chemical composition of milk, Lindsey 375 The effect of food upon the composition of milk and butter fat, and upon the consistency or body of butter, Lindsey 376 Bacillus easel £ and Mt/coderma thonl in manufacture of Grana cheese, Fascetti. 377 Olmiitzer cheese, Pavelka 377 Cheese making in Cuba, Mayo and Filing 377 Mannitic fermentation in apple and pear cider, Truelle 377 Honey vinegar, Vinson 377 Vinegar from whey, Marre 378 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Progress in study of pathogenfc micro-organisms, Von Baumgarten and Tangl. 378 The poisonous effects of blood of different species, Lefmann 378 Immunization against calf dysentery, swine plague, etc.,Bugge 378 Injurious fodder and poisonous plants, Giissow 378 Report of the veterinarian, Nelson 379 Report for 1907 of the principal of the royal veterinary college, McFadyean.. 379 The standardization of tetanus antitoxin, Rosenau and Anderson 379 The cause of milk sickness or trembles, Jordan and Harris 379 Properties of trypanosomes resistant to atoxyl and sera, JNIesnil and Brimont. 380 The relation between human and bovine tuberculosis, Eber 380 Points of entrance of tuberculosis, Railliet 380 Mode of infection and immunity in tuberculosis, Klebs 380 Hematogenous tuberculosis, INIorpurgo 381 The occurrence of latent tubercle bacilli in the lymphatic glands, Joest 381 Eradication of tuberculosis, Ni ven 381 Contagious abortion in cattle, Wilson 381 Retention of the afterbirth in cattle, Pomayer 381 Hook-worm disease of cattle, Conradi and Barnett 382 Milk fever: Its prevention and successful treatment 382 Notes on the cattle tick and tick fever of cattle, Dinwiddle 382 Tick eradication in Arkansas in 1907, Lenton 383 The cattle tick, Lewis 383 Cattle dipping. Power 383 A specific lung disease of calves, Bevan 383 Scab: Its nature, cause, symptoms, and treatment, Hutcheon 384 Anemia and pa«teurelloses, Lignieres 384 Swine erysipelas, Holth 384 Occurrence of tlie bacilli of swine erysipelas in the gall bladder of hogs, Pitt.. 384 A germ-free extract for the prevention of swine plague, Pfeil 384 The poisoning of hogs by kitchen swill, Fresenius 384 The horse: Ailments and accidents, Barton 385 Cutaneous and conjunctival reaction in glanders, Dietrich 385 Mallein reaction, M iessner 385 Intratracheal injection of iodin for joint ill in foals, Lothian 385 Preliminary report on the so-called cerebro-spinal meningitis of horses. Milks. 385 A new method of vaccination against strangles, Baruchello 385 Statistical data on dog distemper, Wirth 386 Vni CONTENTS. Page. Report of the veterinarian, Paige 386 Fatal septicemia in young; cliickens or white diarrhea, Rettger and Harvey. . . 386 Spirochetosis of fowls in i^outhern Rhodesia, Be van 386 RURAL ENGINEERING. Practical irrigation : Its value and cost, Bowie, Jr 387 Administration of irrigatitm services in Egypt and the Sudan ior 1906 387 Experiments in irrigation, Gerlach and Kriiger 387 Measurement of water, Tannatt and Kneale 388 Preliminary tests of sugar-house machinery, Kerr 388 Applications of electricity to agriculture, Hermenegildo Gorria 389 The equi])ment of farms and country houses with electricity, Bates 389 RURAL ECONOMICS. The mistakes of farm management as determined by bookkeeping 389 Piecework in agriculture, Stieger .389 What influence has piecework upon the agricultural labor problem? Romer. 389 The Belgian migratory laborer, Ryziger 389 Second congress of mutual credit and agricultural cooperative societies, Lesourd . 390 Mutual agricultural insurance societies in 1908 390 Report on cooperative societies in the Punjab for 1907, Wilberforce 390 International agricultural institute, Griscom J$ 390 The modern state and agriculture, Gomes Carmo 390 America's amazing agricultural advance 390 The American farmer feeding the world, Hays 390 Agricultural development of northwest provinces of Canada, Godfrey 391 Agriculture in Denmark, Tisserand 391 Notes on agriculture in South Australia, Summers 391 [Agricultural statistics of Australia], Knibbs 391 Agriculture in Japan, Sharp 391 Crop Reporter 391 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agriculture the basis of education, Cook 391 The mission of the Christian college. Reed 392 Development of agricultural education, Brown 392 The agricultural college and its relationship to national education, Wickson. . 392 What has been done for popular education in agriculture, Balcomb 392 Agriculture in normal schools, Balcomb 392 On the training of persons to teach agriculture in the public schools, Bailey. . 392 Work of National Government in extending agricultural education, Crosby 392 Report of committee on industrial education in schools for rural communities. . 392 Agricultural instruction for soldiers, Maier-Bode 393 School gardens, Yercier 393 Farm bacteriology. Palmer 393 Hints for eastern Oregon farmers, Withycombe et al 393 MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of jNIassachusetts Station, 1907 393 Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1907 393 Nineteenth Annual Report of Tennessee Station, 1906 394 Seventeenth Annual Report of Utah Station, 1906 394 Twentieth Annual Report of Vermont Station, 1907 394 Abstract Twentieth Report, 1906-7 394 Thirteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1903 394 Fourteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1904 394 Fifteenth Annual Report of Washington Station, 1905 394 [Index of Volume IV of Arizona Station publications], Hayes 1^4 Experiment Station Work, XVLII 394 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station: 3ul. 57, June 20, 1908 , 326, 328, 340, 353, 377, 381 Index Bui. , 1902-1905 394 Arkansas Station: Bui. 101, 1908 382,383 California Station: Circ. 38, Aug. , 1908 352 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 52, June, 1908 372 Bui. 53, June, 1908 374 Georcria Station: Bui. 80, July, 1908 373 Illinois Station; Circ. 118, Apr., 1908 374 Circ. 119, Mav, 1908 317 Circ. 120, May, 1908 353 Indiana Station: Bui. 126, June, 1908 369 Circ. 11, Dec, 1907 374 Circ. 12, Mav, 1908 369 Circ. 13, June, 1908 374 Circ. 14, July, 1908 369 Iowa Station: Bui. 99, June, 1908 334, 335 Kansas Station: Bui. 154, Apr., 1908 352 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 106, July, 1908 . . 385 Bui. 107, 1908 .388 Geological Survey Bui. 6,1907 . 314 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 124, July, 1908 356 Met. Buls. 235-236, July-Aug., 1908 312 Circ. 15, July, 1908 374 Circ. 16, July, 1908 327 Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 . . 324, 325, 327, 335, 337, 339, 344, 350, 366, 372, 374, 375, 386, 393 Michigan Station: Bui. 251, Mar., 1908 .350 Circ. 1, June, 1908 .328 Circ. 2, June, 1908 374 Missouri Station: Bui. 80, June, 1908 323 Circ. Inform. 22 336 Circ. Inform. 23, Apr., 1906.. 355 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 15, Dec, 1906 353 Bui. 16, Mar., 1907 347 Montana Station: Bui. 70, Feb., 1908 354 Bui. 71, Feb., 1908 351 Bui. 72, Feb., 1908 388 New York State Station: Bui. 303, July, 1908 366 Circ 8, Jan. 20, 1907 328 Circ. 9, Jan. 15, 1908 352 Stations in the United States — Continued. Oklahoma Station: I'age. Circ. Inform. 11, June, 190S.. 383 Oregon Station: Bui. 97, Jan., 1908 323 Bui. 98, Jan., 1908 ,361 Bui. 99, Mar. , 1908 .3.36 Circ. Bui. 2, 1908 393 Pennsylvania Station: An. Ept. 1907 312, .3.39, 373, .393 South Carolina: Bui. 137, May, 1908 382 Bui. 138, June, 1908 323 Bui. 1.39, June, 1908 .382 Bui. 140, June, 1908 330 South Dakota Station: Bui. 109, June, 1908 345 Tennessee Station: Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1906 .394 Texas Station: Circ 10,1907 355 Utah Station: Bui. 103, Apr., 1908 357 Seventeenth An. Rpt. 1906 . . . 394 Vermont Station: Bui. 136, June, 1908 394 Bui. 137, Julv, 1908 394 Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 335, 336, 339, 345, 346, 349, 394 Virginia Station: Bui. 174, Aug., 1907 331 Bui. 175, Jan., 1908 3.S3 Bui. 176, July, 1908 370 Washington Station: Thirteenth An. Rpt. 1903 .394 Fourteenth An. Rpt. 1904 394 Fifteenth An. Rpt. 1905 379,394 West Virginia Station : Bui. 117, June 1 , 1908 .336 Wvoming Station: " Bui. 77, Mav, 1908 329 Bui. 78, June, 1908 368 U. S. Department of Agricidtvre. Farmers' Bui. 328 350 Farmers' Bui. 329 .394 Farmers' Bui. 330 349 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ 39 361 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 16, pt. 2 (tech. ser.) (15 cents) 351 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 10, No. 10, Oct., 1908 391 Weather Bureau: Monthlv Weather Review, vol. 36, Nos. 5-6, May-June, 1908, (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 312 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. December, 1908. Xo. 4. The proceedings of the recent convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations at Wash- ington developed remarkable clearness of conception as to the ideals which should obtain in agricultural research and the ways and means by which these ideals may be attained. The formulation of such ideals as a basis for the administration and work of our agricultural experiment stations was most definitely made in the reports of the Commission on Agricultural Research and the standing committee on station organization and policy. The Commission on Agricultural Research, which was appointed under resolution of the 1906 convention of the association, consisted of David Starr Jordan, Stanford University, California, chairman; '\^^litman Howard Jordan, of Geneva, X. Y. (elected as secretary) ; Henry Prentiss Armsby, State College, Pennsylvania ; Giiford Pinchot, Washington, D. C. ; and Carroll Davidson Wright, Clark College, Worcester, Mass. The commission was instructed "to inquire into and report to the association the organization and policy that in the opinion of the commission should prevail in the expenditure of public moneys provided for scientific experimentation and research in the interests of agriculture, to the end that such funds shall be applied in the most economical, efficient, and worthy manner to the production of results of permanent value." It will be observed that the instructions are specific as to the scope and purpose of the inquiry, and limits it to matters pertaining to " scientific experimentation and research " having as an object " the production of results of permanent value," The commission, therefore, was not concerned with general admin- istrative and educational questions, except in so far as they afi'ected scientific investigation and related to the training of men to under- take such investigation. In fact, the report makes very clear the importance of differentiating as fully as practicable between scien- tific research and teaching, promotion, and propaganda work. That portion of the report of the commission which relates more particularly to the research work of the experiment stations points out that : 301 302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. '•(1) The devolopnu'iit of research effort has not been symmetrical and logical. Adeciuatoly trained men have not been provided in sufficient nuinbers to expend in the way of capable investigation the entire amounts of national and state appropriations that have been applied to agricultural research. This is one of the reasons why the more difficult agricultural problems have so largely remained untouched. . . . "(2) Many persons nominally holding research positions have been investigators only in name, for their time and energy have been absorbed by other duties. . . . "(3) The jDcrsistent and widespread promotion of popular educa- tion and of public good will has unquestionably had a profound, and not always immediately healthful, influence on the extent and character of . . . agricultural research. . . . "(J:) The urgent and natural call for results that would produce an immediate and favorable reaction upon the public mind has not only brought about an era of the diffusion, rather than of the acquisition, of knowledge, but has. quite generally, led to the study of problems admitting of prompt conclusions, more particularly problems of a business character directly related to financial benefit, rather than those that are fundamental. . . . " (5) As one result of the close association of scientific inquiry and popular education a true conception of real and efficient research has not been fully maintained in the minds of all those engaged in the work of agricultural investigation. The effect of such a situation upon the progress of agricultural knowledge is obvious." Among the recommendations which in the judgment of the com- mission "should guide in the promotion, organization, and prosecu- tion of research in agricidture "' and Avhich are regarded '"" as essential to bringing about the conditions that all friends of agricultural prog- ress desire to see established, " are the following : "(l)Eveiy effort should be made to promote the training of com- petent investigators in agriculture both in the agricultural, and, so far as practicable, in the nonagricultural, colleges and universities, and their training should be as broad and severe as for any other field of research. "(2) The progress of agricultural knowledge now demands that agricultural research agencies shall deal as largely as possible with fundamental problems, confining attention to such as can be ade- quately studied with the means available. "(3) The work of research in agriculture should be differentiated as fully as practicable, both in the form of organization and in the relations of the individual investigator, from executive work, routine teaching, promotion, and propaganda, and should be under the imme- EDITORIAL. 303 diate direction of an executive trained in the methods of science who should not be hampered by other duties of an entirely unlike character. ""{■i) The investigator should be free from all coercion whatever. In reaching his conclusions he should be equally free from the pre- scription of received opinion and the temptation to exploit his results for the purpose of obtaining future support. . . . •'(5) Any research agency charged with a single main line of investigation should be so organized that it may employ within itself all necessary processes in any branch of science. The cooperation of any or all of the departments of an experiment station on a single problem, when necessary, should be a fundamental requirement." In the discussion that folloAved the presentation of the report there was a frank acknowledgment of the present difficulty of attaining such ideals, but it was also made clear that American investigators in agricultural science have made great progress in the clear com- prehension of the conditions, organization, and means necessary to their attainment. A long step in advance has been made if sub- stantial agreement can be reached as to ideals even though condi- tions may be such that in many cases progress toward their full realization must necessarily be slow. On this point Dr. W. H. Jordan expressed himself as follows : " It seems to me that the thing for this association to do is to establish its standards in accordance with its best judgment. These standards need not be binding upon any institution, but they may be worked on as rapidly as possible. The adoption of such standards would not mean any reflection upon any institution that is unable, because of circumstances, to entirely conform to the ideal." The formulation of such ideals and the announcement of a purpose to work toward them as rapidly as is practicable inider the circum- stances prevailing in each particular case will in itself have a far- reaching influence in securing for agricultural research in this country and for those engaged in it the scientific standing and recog- nition they should have and in increasing the scientific efficiency as well as the practical usefulness of agricultural research b}^ laying for it broad and enduring foundations. The report of the standing committee of the association on station organization and policy dealt with several of the matters discussed in the commission's report, but in a somewhat more specific way. Like those of previous years, it was to a large extent based upon the consensus of opinion of station men as to the most practicable means of securing the highest efficiency in station work. The report jDoints out certain defects of administrative organization which still prevail to some extent, and defines the functions of admin- istration as related to research, as follows: 304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " (a) To help to deterniiiic in advance whether the proposed re- search is profitable and alt()o:ether advisable from the standpoint of the iniblic, whose representative for the time being the administrative officer must be. " (b) To assist in determining what lines of experimentation are calculated to throw profitable light upon the prol)lem. " (c) To help determine whether the work is best carried on by one individual representing a single line of inquir}^ or by two or more working in conjunction, and if the latter, to secure in advance a com|)lete understanding as to mutual duties, rights, and responsibil- ities. Upon all these points the judgment and the point of view of the administrative officer is not only likely to be broader l)ut certain to be freer from personal bias than is that of the professional in- vestigator. "(d) The experiment once decided upon, however, and funds pro- vided, administration is over until results are due, Avhen it begins again and does not cease till reports are published and circulated. The less administration during the progress of the work the better for all interests, and if the need of it becomes clear, it is the best of evidence that administration Avas remiss at the outset. Your com- mittee can not too strongly point out the necessity of the entire free- dom as to methods of investigation on the part of the staff worker who has been employed because of his expert knowledge of the matter and methods of work in a highly specialized field." The ideal thus presented by the committee is " administrative effi- ciency and sympathetic helpfulness without interference," requiring " for administrative officers men not onl}^ of good business methods and large outlook, but also Avith the highest obtainable training along some important line of science as related to agriculture." The committee favors an organization " strong enough to recognize the interests of the whole station as above those of any department or separate interest and strong enough to enable the entire influence of the Avhole body to be exerted in any desired direction on short notice." As regards lack of permanency and continuity of work and result- ing decreased efficiency, the conunittee enumerates a numl^er of causes, but is of the opinion "that the interference of teaching and extension work, and the paying of poor salaries, are among the prominent causes of unsatisfactory Avork and of frequent change." The committee " reaffirms the reconunendation of last year to the effect that there should be concentration on a fcAV lines of research, and further reconnnends that there be close adherence to thoroughly con- sidered, definite, and Avell-planned projects; that every effort be made to retain experienced and well-trained men; that an associate be appointed in each important department aa^io shall be capable at any time of taking up the Avork of the chief ; that the finances of the EDITORIAL. 305 stations be so administered as to insure the supply of all suitable facil- ities for work ; and that the integrity of long-established experimental fields should be maintained." In its inquiries regarding the relation of inspection work to other forms of station activity the committee finds that " the consensus of opinion leans toward an ideal station established for the purpose of resetirch work, where little or no inspection work should impose a burden on the station ; but that special conditions arise in many of the States making it of advantage to both the station and the State for the former to undertake such work," The committee recommends that " where it seems best that the sta- tion should undertake to do inspection work (1) special funds should be provided to cover fully all expenses of such work; (2) where any considerable amount of inspection work is to be done, a separate divi- sion or department of the station be organized for carrying on the work; (3) with the exception of the administrative officers, the work be done by an independent force, paid wholly from the special funds appropriated for inspection ; (4) special laboratories for carrying out the anah^tical work in connection Avith inspection work be provided." With regard to the relation of station men to instruction, the com- mittee finds that " the opinion is almost unanimous that research work conduces to effective teaching, so long as it does not become so engross- ing as to cause the teacher to neglect his classes." The committee therefore recommends " as an ideal policy, to be adopted as rapidly as the conditions of the various stations will per- mit, that those charged with research be completely freed from all responsibility for routine class-room teaching; and that as a step in this direction the teaching required of the investigator be limited to a maximum of three hours per week during one semester annually, to be given along the line of his specialty." The recommendations of the committee will thus be seen to emphasize particularly the necessity, from the standpoint of scien- tific research in agriculture, for the sharp differentiation of such research work from educational propaganda and police duties and give full recognition to the fact that to secure a high order of this research work, the station organization and policy must be such that the investigator for at least the greater part of his time is free to devote undivided thought and efl'ort to the work of investigation. Practicall3\ the greatest difficulty in attaining the ideals set forth in these reports grows out of the fact that in many cases our stations as organized under state laws are composite institutions. They are required to carry on control work, demonstrations, farmers' institutes, and the general diffusion of agricultural information. There will, therefore, be need of more or less reorganization of the stations, as 306 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. more exclusivelj^ research institutions. The opportunity for this is now afforded by the growing recognition of extension work as a legitimate function of the agricultural colleges. As soon as the extension departments of the colleges are efficientl}^ organized and provided with adequate funds it should be comparatively easj- to transfer to them a considerable share of the business now performed by the stations. As far as the federal funds given to the stations are concerned, it will be the effort of this Department to confine work under the Hatch Act more strickly than ever before to experimental work of a substantial kind, and no longer to permit expenditures from that fund for farmers' institute work, extension teaching, or the prepara- tion of compilations. The Adams fund will, of course, be restricted to " original research." RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On the determination of phosphoric acid, U. Milone (Atti. 6. Cong. Inter- nas. Chim. AppL, 1 (1006), pp. 63, 6^).— A comparison of the methods of Bon- gartz, Leconte and Piucus (modified Neubauer), and Sonneuschein is reported, the results indicating that the method of Bongartz « is quick and reliable. This method is based on that of Thomson,* in which phosphoric acid is determined by titration first with normal sulphuric acid using methyl orange as an indi- cator, and then after boiling and cooling with the same acid using phenol- phthalein as an indicator. Standardization of uranium solution for determining phosphoric acid, F. Repiton iilonit. ScL, -',. scr., 21 (1907), II, Xo. 792, pp. 815, 816; abs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1908, I, No.'S, p. 295; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9// (1908), No. 5)7, //, p. .'i28). — In applying the uranium method to the determination of phos- phoric acid in calcium phosphate it is advisable to standardize the uranium solution with a solution of calcium phosphate containing an accurately known amount of phosphoric anhydrid. For the accurate determination of the phos- phoric anhydrid the author recommends the iron method in which phosphoric acid is precipitated by a solution of ferric nitrate of known strength and the excess of iron precipitated by boiling with ammonium acetate. The combined weight of the two precipitates less the amount or iron oxid used equals the weight of phosphoric anhydrid. The determination of potash by the platinum chlorid method, H. J. F. de Vries (Chem. WcekbL, .', (1907), pp. 231-242; 333-3^3; Ji55-462; 5 (1908), pp. 176-184; 261-269; abs. in Chem. Zentbl, 1908, I, No. 17, p. 1647; Jour. Chem. Soe. [London], 94 (1908), No. 508, II, p. 534)- — In this article the author re- views the various investigations which bear upon the causes of error in this method of determining potash and gives his own views as to the best means of avoiding them. He concludes that the best results with both pure potassium chlorid and mix- tures of potassium chlorid with either sodium chlorid or magnesium chlorid, or both, are obtained with the use of 96 per cent alcohol. With both SO per cent and 96 per cent alcohol much better results were obtained by employing the empirical factor 0.3056 than by using the theoretical factor 0.3071 based upon the latest international atomic weights. The wide variation in results, some- times amounting to as much as 4 per cent, can not, however, be explained by the kind of alcohol used or the method of calculation, but is due primarily to the presence of sulphuric acid. In the presence of sulphuric acid 96 per cent alcohol gives uniformly too high results and 80 per cent alcohol to low. On the volumetric determination of potassium as the cobalti-nitrite, W. A. Drushel (Chem. News, 97 (1908), No. 2520, pp. 124-126; abs. in Science, n. sen, 28 (1908), No. 711, p. 219).— See a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. 808). a Arch. Pharm., 3. ser., 22 (1884), p. 846. *Chem. News, 47 (1883), p. 186. 61717— No. 4—08 2 307 308 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOliD. A volumetric naethod for the simultaneous determination of carbon dioxid and other acids in the air, H. IIenriet and M. Bouyssy (Campt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [I'ari.sl. L',6 (I'JO^), A o. 21, iip. IJOO, 1101; ubs. ht licr. Hci. [Paris], 5. set:, D iW08), Xo. 23, p. 131; Chein. Zcntbl., 1908, II, No. 2, p. I<)6).—V,y thoroughly washing the current of air in a soda solution of known strength the carbon dioxid and other acids are absorbed and may be determined by titration with acetic acid, using phenolphthaleiu as indicator, then adding barium chlorid and titrating a second time, as is done in the determination of free soda in the conunercial product. The detection of small quantities of carbon monoxid in the air, J. Ogiek and E. Kohn-Abrkst {Ann. CItiin. AnaJyt., 13 (1908), Nos. 5, pp. 160-113, fig. 1; 6, pp. 218-22-'i, figs. 2). — The appai'atus and procedure for methods based upon the absorption of carbon monoxid in blood and the spectroscopic examination of the blood after the fixation of the oxid are described in some detail in this article. The author believes that such methods are of great value and that the reactions observed are such as are produced by carbon monoxid alone and not by any hydrocarbon gas. A new method of enumerating bacteria in air, C. E. A. Winslow (Science, n. set:, 28 (1908), No. 105, pp. 28-31, figs. 2).— The method described is a moditication of that used by Hesse, in which the bacteria are collected by slowly aspirating air through a long roll-tube, the walls of which are covered with melted gelatin. The modification consists mainly in an increase in the size of the culture vessel relative to the sample of air. This is accomplished by drawing the air in succession through two lA liter bottles, on the bottom of each of which is a layer of nutrient gelatin. Tests are reported which indicate that the method " seems to offer a more accurate procedure for bacterial examination of air than any yet available," although it is not so convenient as the sand filter method commonly used. Determination of nitric acid in water, L. Geunhut (Ztsclit: Analijt. Chem., Jfl (1908), No. 5, pp. 32'i-321). — This is a review of a number of recent contri- butions to the subject, namely, those of li. Woy (E. S. It., 14, p. 328), A. Miiller (E. S. R., 15, p. 3.3G), P. Drawe (E. S. R., 18, p. 7), II. Noll, H. Grosse-Bohle (E. S. R., 15, p. 851), and A. F. Dokuchayev (E. S. R., 15, p. 10.-)2). Observations on hardness in water and its removal, E. E. Basch (Ztsclit: Offcntl. Chetn., IJ, (1908), No. 7, pp. 12 ',-1 33 ).^This is a discussion of the value for technical purposes of various methods of determining and removing hard- ness in water, especially the method proposed by Hundeshagen (E. S. R., 10, p. 80!) ). Lead in drinking water, its harmfulness and methods of determination, H. W. WouDSTRA (Chem. Weekhl.. .J (1908), Nos. 12, pp. 185-20J,; 13. pp. 207-216). — The literature of investigations on the poisonous properties of lead in water is reviewed and gravimetric and volumetric methods of determination are described. Stichting's improved method of determining the acidity of soils, A. J. Van Schermbeek (Jour. Frakt. Chetn., n. set:, 77 (1908), No. 10-11, pp. .',89-.'i91; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chetn. Indus., 21 (1908), No. 11, p. 581; Jout: Chetn. Soc. [London], 9.', (1908), No. 550, II, pp. 7^3, 7.).'/).— The author criticises Siichting's modification of Tacke's method (E. S. R., 19, p. 1009), asserting that the modified method does not determine the amount of acid in the soil but that which accumulates in a mixture of finely divided soil and calcium carbonate stirred up with a considerable amount of water and allowed to stand for several hours. If the mixture is not sterilized considerable acid may be formed by the decomposition of the organic matter. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 309 Siichting's improved method of determining acidity in soils, B. Tacke and H. Suchting {Jour. Pmkt. Chcm., n. scr., 78 (1908), No. 15-16, pp. 139-1. 'i2). — This is a defense of the method against the above criticisms of A. J. Van Schermbeck. Estimation of sugar by the Allihn or Meissl method, H. Schaumann (Ztschr. Anal lit. Chcm., -J7 (1908), No. '/, pp. 235-237, fig. 1 ) .—Apparatus is described which, according to the author, greatly facilitates the determination of sugar by the Allihn or Meissl method. The improvement consists in drawing into the filter tube, by means of suction, the solution containing the cuprous oxid instead of pouring it in. The volumetric determination of reducing sugars, A. K. Ling et al. {An- alyst, 33 {1908), No. 386, pp. 160-173). — A critical examination of methods. The paper is followed by a discussion. For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. R., 17, p. 3.S5). Critical studies of quantitative estimation of glycogen by means of in- version with acids, W. Grebe {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiycr], 121 ( 1908), No. 11-12, pp. 00-'i-63o). — A critical study of methods. Methods for preparing lecithin and other phosphatids from seed, E. ScHULZE {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 55 (1908), No. 3-.'i, pp. 338-351).— In this discussion of methods data are reported regarding the phosphatids of wheat embryo and a number of other seeds. Observations on the stability of lecithin, J. H. Long (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 30 {1908), No. 5, pp. 881-895). — That emulsions of egg and brain lecithin are comparatively stable with respect to temperature is the conclusion drawn from the author's investigations. The characteristics of such lecithin emulsions were studied. On the oxidation of olive oil, A. H. Giht, {Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 30 (1908), No. 5, pp. 874-876). — In connection with a study of so-called wool oil employed in the manufacture of " tops," i. e., wool roving or wool which has been partially spun, the oxidation of olive oil under different conditions was studied. In harmony with earlier work, the author concludes that " except when spread out in a finely divided condition as upon cotton, olive oil changes but little on exposure to the air or heat." Note on honey analysis, F. Schaffer {Ztschr. Uutcrsuch. Nahr. u. Gc- nussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 10, pp. 60.'f-606). — Analyses of honey made from Conif- erjB are reported and discussed with reference to honey standards. Honey, A. Reinsch {Bcr. Chcm. Untcrsuch. Amt. Altona, 1907, pp. 25-29; ahs. in Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Gcnmsmtl., 15 {1908), No. 8, p. 1/93). — Four samples of pure honey showed an ash content of 0.06 to 0.17 per cent, the sample with the lowest ash content being a mixture of clover and linden honey. In the author's opinion, the minimum value for the ash content required under the German pure-food law should be changed from 0.1 per cent to 0.0.5 per cent. Has the estimation of the ash content and the Ley reaction value in honey analysis? L'tz {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Ccnussmth, 15 {1908), No. 10, pp. 607-609). — A controversial article. Judging marmalades, F. Hartel {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 8, pp. J{62-.'i72). — Recipes for a number of sorts of marmalade are given and the questions of definitions, the use of starch sirup, artificial col- oring matters, etc.. with reference to marmalade making, and the determining of its character with respect to the requirements of pure-food laws are discussed. Sampling and judging ground white pepper, E. Spaeth (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 8. pp. .'/7'i-//,S7/). — According to the results of the author's investigations, 4 per cent mineral matter and 7.5 per cent crude 310 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. fiber are satisfactory standard values for judging of the quality of ground pep- per. The idea that the perisperm of the unripe black pepper has a higher con- tent of crude fiber than the ripe white peppercorn is, according to the author, erroneous. The best method for the detection of the addition of hulls, in his judgment, is the determination of the crude fil)er content. A new pepper adulterant, X. Petkoff {Zlschr. Offcntl. Chcm., IJf {J908), No. 7, p. 133). — The autlior found that powdered graphite was used for coloring black pepper. It was apparently mixed with some sort of gum solution. The ash content of such peppers was high, ranging from 12 to 12.6 per cent. The alkalinity, on the other hand, was about normal, ranging from 50 to 51 per cent. Lead in cream of tartar, tartaric acid, and citric acid, R, R. Tatlock and R. T. Thomson (Annlysf, 33 (1908), No. 386, pp. 173-178).— The authors state that in their experience the average amount of lead found in cream of tartar has been 0.005 per cent, in tartaric acid 0.0005 to 0.012 per cent, and practically the same amount in citric acid. The paper, which is followed by a discussion, also takes up the question of analytical methods. The copper content of cocoa shells, E. Tisza (Schiceiz. Wchnschr. Chem. u. Pharm., 45 {1907), p. 526; ahs. in Hyg. ZentU., 4 (1908), No. 1, p. 16).— Copper was determined by the electrolytic method, the highest amount found being 0.01 i)er cent. In half the samples no copper was found and the author believes that when it occurs in minute quantities it is naturally present. The detection of cocoa shell in cocoa goods, G. Devin and H. Strunk (ApotJi. Zig., 23 {1908), No. 33, p. 302). — The authors discuss their analyses with reference to the detection of cocoa shell and conclude that removing the hexoses before determining the pentosans is to be recommended. The addi- tion of 10 per cent cocoa shell can be detected by determining the amount of silicic acid in the ash. The chemical standardization of foods and drinks, with special reference to cider and perry, H. E. Durham {Jour. Roy. Inst. Pub. Health, 16 {1908), No. 5, pp. 287-295). — French and German laws are discussed with special refer- ence to cider and i)erry in Great Britain, and analytical work is reported which has to do with the amount of alcohol, ash, and other constituents, and the relation of these constituents to standards. The legislation of different countries regarding the sulphuring of wine, H. Mastbaum {Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1908), No. 3.',, pp. J,27, .J28).— A summary of legal data. The detection of formic acid in foods, A. G. Woodman and A. L. Bxjrwell {Tcchnol. Quart., 21 {1908), No. 1, pp. 1-3). — In the method outlined the formic acid is converted into calcium formate, which is subjected to dry dis- tillation and treated with standard fuchsin-aldehyde, the resulting color being compared with a standard color. From their own experience, which is briefly summarized, the authors consider that the method is very delicate. The quantitative estimation of rice hulls in feeding stuffs, F. Schroder {Arh. K. asndhtsamt., 28 {1908), p. 213; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 {1908), No. 30, Repcrt.. p. 200). — The presence of rice hulls, according to the author, may be detected with a microscope. The method for estimating the quantity present depends upon the proportion of silicic acid and the ratio of this material in the feeding stuffs to the amount normally present in rice hulls. Regarding the methods of investigations of butter and other fats, Grimmer {Milch Ztg., 37 {1908), Xos. 11, pp. 121-132; 12, pp. 133-l-','i; 13, PP- 487, 488). — By the use of the method of Wijsman and Reijst in examination of and chemical con.stants of butter commonly considered are summarizetl. METEOKOLOGY WATER. 311 Detection of cocoanut oil in butter by means of the " silver value," C. Barthel (Ztschr. I'ntrr.such. Xahr. u. GcnussintJ., 15 (190S), Xo. 8, 2)p. /i87, JiSS). — By the use of the method of Wijsmau aud Reijst in examination of pure butters aud mixtures of butter and cocoanut oil the author at first ob- tained results which gave indication that the method could be used for detect- ing the presence of cocoanut oil in butter, but in later experiments with pure butters the method appeared to be unreliable. Butter produced by cows fed on sour beet roots yielded a second " silver value " that was appreciably higher than the first. Notes reg'arding' cacao butter, F. Strube and D. Sohne (Ztschr. Offentl. Clicm., I'l ilOOS), Xo. .'i, PI). 67-70). — The author reports certain chemical and physical data obtained in the examination of cacao butter from different sources. He found that dilferent methods of separation of the cacao butter had no appreciable effect upon the constants of the substance. For the detection of foreign fats employed in the adulteration of cacao butter the author recom- mends the method of Cohn. Digestion and distillation apparatus for nitrogen determination, G. Jakob {Gervuin Patent Xo. S0-'i.2U2; Ztschr. I'licni. ApiHirutenk.. 3 (190S), No. 5, pp. 122, 123, fig. 1 ) . — A convenient and compact device for digestion and distillation in the same set of flasks is described. Tbe determination of nitrogen according to Dumas, H. Leeman (Cliem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. .'il, p. 496, fig. 1; abs. in Analyst, 33 (1908), No. 388, pp. 296, 297). — A device for controlling the flow of carbon dioxid through the com- bustion tube is described. Flask for fat detei-mination, W. L. Dubois (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 30 (1908), No. 5, pp. 797, 798, figs. 2). — A flask for use in fat extraction is de- scribed, which, according to the author, may be readily cleaned. Report on the most important progress in agricultural chemistry during the last year, A. Stutzer (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 38, pp. 466-468). ^The most important scientific contributions to the assimilation of plant food through the roots of plants, fertilizers, and animal nutrition are briefly I'eferred to. Annual report for 1907 of the consulting chemist, J. A. Voelcker (Jour, Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 68 (1907), pp. 210-220) .—Analyses of a number of feeding stuffs and of fertilizers and miscellaneous materials are reported. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Wireless telegraphy and meteorological information (Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 17. p. 527). — This is a brief statement regarding the extent to which wireless telegraphy has been used in Great Britain and the United States for the dissemination of meteorological information. The application of wireless telegraphy to the improvement of storm warn- ings, G. BiGOXJKDAN (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sei. [Paris], 146 (1908), No. 17, pp. 885-887; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 19, p. 603).— The advan- tage of a knowledge of the meteorological conditions at sea which can be attained by means of wireless telegraphy is pointed out. The development of meteorological observations in Africa (Rev. Sci. [I'aris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 19, p. 594). — This is a brief account of progress made in establishing systematic meteorological observations in different parts of Africa. Weather observations in connection with cultural and fertilizer experi- ments, Grohmann (Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 57 (1908), No. 8, pp. 290-298).— The value and importance of such observations are pointed out. 312 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Temperature conditions of the earth, M. IIottinger ((IsikIIiIs. Jii(/rn., 31 {{DOS), Ao. .I'l. I)/). .n'j-.iH). jiij><. ,'/). — This nrtifle discusses the relation of alti- tude, latilude, depth in tlie soil, and other couditions on temperature, i)articu- larly in its hearing on habitahleness. Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), ^os. 5, pp. 125- 160, fiijs. I), charts 7; 6, pp. 161-196, figs. //, charts 6). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteoro- logical tables and charts for the months of May and June, 190S, recent papers bearing on meteorology and seismology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. .5. — Weather Influences Preceding the Evacuation of P>oston, Mass. (illus.), by W. N. Lacy ; The Work of Prof. Carl Stcirnu'r on Birkeland's Theory of the Aurora P>orealis, by J. A. Anderson; The Warm Stratum in the Atmosphere, by A. L. Kotch; Tornadoes in Louisiana, April 24, 1908 (illus.), by I. M. Cline; Tornadoes in Mississippi, April 24, 1908, by W. S. Belden ; Tornadoes in Alabama, April 24 and 30, 190S (illus.), by F. P. Chaffee; Tornado at Dora and Bergens, Ala., April 24, 1908 (illus.), by W. F. Lehman; Observations of a Tornado near Fort Worth, Tex., by D. S. Landis ; Tornadoes in Minnesota on May 24, 1908 ; Severe I^ocal Storm in Florida ; A Hurricane in the West Indies in March, 1908, by J. T. Quin ; Tornado at Pekin, 111., March 27, 1908, by D. A. Seeley; Windstorm at Peoria, 111., May 5, 1908, by D. A. Seeley ; Ice Condi- tions on the Great Lakes, Winter of 1907-8, by N. B. Conger ; Early Meteorol- ogy at Harvard College, by B. ]M. A'arney; The Meteor of October 5, 1907, Over New Jersey and Pennsylvania, by H. A. Peck ; Some Meteorological Uses of the Polariscope, by L. Bell (E. S. R., 20, p. 13) ; Ice Movements and Cur- rents in Bering Strait; An Elementary Method of Deriving the Deflecting Force Due to the Earth's Rotation (illus.), by T. Okada ; aud biographical note on William M. Husson. No. G. — A Graduate School of Meteorology; Progressive Climatic Variations on the Isthmus of Panama (illus.), by H.L.Abbot; Severe Windstorms in Ohio, June 19, 1908 (illus.), by J. W. Smith; Severe Windstorm in South Dakota, by S. W. Glenn; Tides of the Solid Earth, Observed by Doctor Hecker (illus.), by R. L. Faris ; Some Climatic Influences in American History, by W. N. Lacy; Damage by Frost at Middlebranch, Ohio (illus.); The Climate of Spokane, Wash., by C. Stewart ; The Climate of the Canadian Yukon ; The Study of English [for Meteorologists] : The Smithsonian Meteorological Tables; National Conservation Commission ; Where and How Can Our Observers Pursue the Study of Modern Science? Weather Bureau jNIen as University Students, by J. K. Hooper: and An Annotated Bibliography of Evaporation, by Mrs. G. J. Livingston. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. C. Linublad (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 235, 236, pp. Jf each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July and August, 1908. The data are briefly discussed In general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorology, F. W. Christensen and H. D. Edmiston {Pennsi/lrania Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 28-39, 175-198) .—The observations here recorded are of the same character as those reported in previous years (E. S. R., 19, p. 814). Monthly summaries of observations are given in the body of the report and the detailed record in an appendix. The summary for 1906 is as follows: METEOROLOGY WATER. Suininanj of mctcorologivul ohscrvationn, lOOG. 313 Barometer (inches): Mean Temperature (° F.): Mean Highest Lowest Greatest daily range Least daily range Mean daily relative humidity (per cent) Rainfall (inches) Number of days on which 0.01 in. or more of rain fell Mean percentage of cloudiness Number of days on which cloudiness averaged 80 per cent or more. Last frost in spring First frost in fall 1906. 30.049. 49.5 90 (June 9 and 30). —8 (Feb. 6) 38 (Oct. 13) 3 (Oct. 23) 83.6 34.15 141 5.4 125 Growing season (Apr.-Sept.). 90 (June 9 and 30). 23 (Apr. 1). 37 (Apr. 26). T9.1. 18.99. 64. 5.2. 48. May 29. Nov. 2. Meteorological statistics, II. F. Stupart (Irrigation in the Provinces of Alberta and ^askatcheivan, 1906 and 1907. Ottawa: Dept. Int., 1908, pp. 5, 6, 28-38). — Observatious on rainfall and temperature at Calgary, Chaplin, Swift Current, Medicine Hat, and Macleod are given for 1906 and previous years, in some cases as far l)aclv as 1S83. How much rain does the earth receive annually? (Rev. Sei. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), Xo. 22, pp. 688, 689). — This article briefly summarizes tlie various estimates which have been made on tliis point. The average total annual rain- fall of the earth is placed at 4(ir),000 cu. km., of which 112,000 cu. km. falls on land and 353,000 cu. km. on sea. The damag-e done by cyclones (Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 19, p. 59.'f). — Statistics of persons killed and buildings destroyed by the principal cyclones from 1722 to 1900 are reported. On hail protection appliances, J. Violle (Rev. Sri. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 11, pp. 3'i6, 3Ji7). — Experiments with explosives discharged from captive balloons are reported, but it is thought that the experiments were too few in number to give conclusive results. It is believed that more extensive and systematic experiments should be made. The underground waters of Cape Colony, C. F, Juritz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), Nos. 5, pp. 6J.',-6'.}7; 6', pp. 1. ',9-771; 33 (1908), No. 1, pp. 83-98). — A large number of analyses are reported and the character of the waters is discussed. Chemical analyses of water from dew ponds, S. Skinner (Nature [London], 78 (1908), No. 2011, p. 30). — Determinations of calcium carbonate and chlorin in samples of water from dew ponds in limestone regions as compared with similar determinations in water from a spring near one of the ponds are re- ported to show that the water of the ponds is low in calcium carbonate, thus indicating that the ponds "are simply water butts in which rain water is stored." The influence of the proximity of the sea is shown by a considerable increase in the proportion of chlorin in the water. The drinking water supply of cities frora a chemical standpoint, W. Hk.mpel (Umschau, 12 (1908), No. 27, pp. 523-527). — The great importance of a suitable supply of drinking water for cities is pointed out. The author be- lieves that the best results can be obtained by supplying soft water for laundry purposes, steam engines, etc., and hard water derived from deep iniderground sources for drinking purposes. He condemns the use of surface waters for drinking jmrposes. 314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil surveys in the United States {Jour. Bd. Agr. {London], 15 (1908), No. 1, pp. .}cS, .'i<)). — The progress, cliurncter, and uses of the soil surveys of the Bureau of Soils of this Deparluient are l)riefly described, and the need in Great Britain of more systematic work of this kind than has heretofore been under- taken is pointed out. Cartography of southwestern Louisiana with special reference to the Jennings sheet, G. D. Hareis (Geol. Survey La. Bui. 6, pp. 3-2Ji, maps 2). — This is one of the series of reports of the Geological Survey of Louisiana which has been carried on for several years under the direction of the State experi- ment stations. A map showing 5-foot contours of a poi'tion of Calcasieu and Acadia I'arishes, which it is believed will be of much service in rice culture and canal and levee construction, is given. Results of analyses of soils, F. F. Villasenor {Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cien. ''Antonio Alzate," 26 {1901), Nos. .',, pp. 109-llJ/; 5, pp. 159-170).— ^iotes on the general character and physical and chemical analyses of a number of samples of cultivated soils from different parts of jNIexico are reported in tliis article. Soil analysis {Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 4 {1907), No. 6, pp. 596-6W). ^Chemical and mechauical analyses of 6 samples of soils from the Gwelo district of Rho- desia are reported. Manuring of Rhodesian soils (Rhodesian Agr. Jour., 4 {1907), No. 6, pp. 541-552). — Analyses of a number of samples of Rhodesian soils are reported, with suggestions as to their fertilizer requirements. The analyses show that as a rule the soils are somewhat deficient in lime and phosphoric acid. Contribution to the study of the Amur region, S. V. Shchusev {Poch- vovyedyenie [Pedologie], 1906, pp. 81-89; aJ)S. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 8 {1907), No. 5, p. 548). Tea soils of the Black Sea coast of the Caucasus and of some districts of China and Japan, Zemyatchenskii and Adamov {Selsk. Klioz. Shorn. Udyel. Vyed., 1 {1905), pp. 147-224; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 8 (1907), No. 5, pp. 534, 535). Contribution to the study of soils, r. de Sornay {Sta. Agron. Mauritius Bui. 17, 1908, pp. 79). — The sampling and physical and chemical analysis of soils are discussed with special reference to the applicability and importance of such methods of examination in the case of Mauritius soils. The methods of analysis adopted and used in some preliminary study of the soils of Mauritius are described. The character of these soils as compared with soils of similar islands on which sugar cane is grown is also discussed. It is shown that while the soils of Mauritius are as a rule quite rich in fertilizing materials, they pro- duce less sugar than, for example, those of Hawaii. This is attributed to the fact that the soils have not been thoroughly studied and the use of fertilizers systematically undertaken. The productiveness of the soil: Geological and climatological factors, A. Gregoire {Ann. Gemhloux, 18 {1908), No. 4, pp. 225-241, figs. 2).— This is the fourth of a series of articles discussing in a broad way the factors of soil fer- tility (E. S. R., 20, p. 216). The general conclusion reached in the present dis- cussion is that the study of climatic and geologic factors is of great importance in agrology. They give valuable indications of the phenomena occurring in the soil and furnish a guide for the preparation of agronomic charts, i. e., for the comparative study of soils. Oroclimatic basis of classification of soils, G. N. A'ysotski {Pochvovyedy- enie [PMologie], 1906, pp. 1-18; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 8 {1907), 5, pp. 586-538). SOILS FERTILIZERS. 315 Investigations on processes of weathering, K. D. Glinka (Trav. Soc. Imp. Nat. *S7. Pctcrsb., Sect. Gcnl. et Miii., Sj (1906), No. 5, pp. 1-118; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landu:'\, 8 (1907), No. 5, pp. 5.'f6, 5.'/7). — This treatise contains a detailed review of the literature of the subject and original investigations, most of whicli have already been published by the author (E. S. R., 19, p. 315). In the last part of this treatise he discusses the subject of types of weather- ing, holding that in the future it will be possible to establish the types of weathering according to the chemical processes taking place in a given case. He indicates as the chief agents of weathering, carbonated water, weak salt solutions, humic acids and akali liuuiates, and alkali carbonates, the partici- pation of these or other agents depending mainly on the climatic conditions of the locality. The chief climatic factor is moisture, hence he suggests a possible soil classification based upon the degree of moisture as follows: (1) Soils with optimum humidity — laterites, red earths; (2) soils with medium humidity — • podzols, forest soils; (3) soils with moderate humidity — chernozems, regurs; (4) soils with insufficient humidity — brown, gray, lamellar-columnar soils of semideserts; (5) soils with excessive humidity — marshy, semimarshy; (6) soils with temporarily excessive humidity — alkali lands. On the nature of clay soils according to old and recent investigations, A. Atterberg (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Jf6 (1907), No. 6, pp. 385- 424; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chcm., 37 (1908), No. 9, pp. 579, 580).— This is a critical study of different systems of classification of clays, and of our present knowledge of their nature and characteristics, with an account of the author's views based on original investigations. The subject is discussed under the following headings: The external characteristics of clay soils; their classifica- tion : is kaolin a characteristic component of clays ; the absorption phenomena ; zeolitic substances as components of clay ; the properties of the colloidal substances ; on the nature of the colloids ; are clay substances actual colloids ; the composition of the decomposition silicates soluble in hydrochloric acid in northern clays; the Russian black soils and North American soils; and com- position of the difficultly soluble decomposition silicates; and the inert com- ponents of clay soils. The author is of the opinion that kaolin is not a characteristic component of clays. What has previously been taken for kaolin in northern clays is appar- ently composed of fine mica particles. The most characteristic ingredients of clays appear to be particles of the fineness of the colloids, while the zeolitic colloids are the most important component of clays, agriculturally speaking, as they are of other types of soils. The zeolites and other components soluble in hydrochloric acid ("decomposition silicates") differ greatly in composition according to the course of the decomposition processes under different climatic conditions, the end products being either mixtures of kaolin, aluminum hy- droxid, and iron oxid, or zeolite-like double silicates of aluminum and iron oxids, with a high content of monoxids, besides gravel and sand. In the north- ern clays kaolin and aluminum hydroxid appear to play only a minor part or no part, but where kaolin and bauxite occur in quantities in the older formations they may also be expected in the sedimentary clays. On the eolian origin of the soil salts, J. J. Pivovarov (Poclirovyedyeme [PMologie^, 1906, pp. 67-80; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 8 (1907), No. 5, pp. 5//7, 548). — The article gives a survey of the literature of the subject in connection with the hypothesis of Vysotski concern- ing the foi-mation of alkali lands. 316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Denudation of the steppe, A. Ivchknko (Ezhcyh. Ghcol. Min. Rossil, 1005, PI). :il(')-i'iO ; I'.tUi), ])]>. 135-197 ; ahs. in Z/inr. Oimitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. JaukIiv. I, (S { 1907), No. 5, p. 550). — Contains among other things a very detailed classification of alkali lands. Humus, It. McMuRTRiE iAinvr. Fert., ,-AS (1908), Xo. .',, pp. 5-//).— This is a summary of information i-egarding the composition and functions of humus in the soil. On changes of availability of nitrogen in soils, II, O. Loew and K. Aso (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 567-574; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9 J, {1908), No. 5-',9, II, p. 621).— In an earlier article on this subject (E. S. R., 19, p. 119) attention was called to "the existence of bacteriolytic enzyms which probably play a role in the soils when the nitrogen of bacteria is rendered available for the roots." This article reports culture experiments with Bacillus pyocyaneus, B. my- coides, B. megatherium, B. suhtilis, B. fluorescens liquefacicns, and Proteus vulgaris to determine whether these common soil bacteria produce bacteriolytic enzyms. The results showed that the organisms under suitable conditions produce bacteriolytic enzyms which gradually render new bacterial growth difficult. " Since this may happen also in the soil, some explanation can be furnished for the fact that bacterial life does not increase infinitely in organic- ally manured soils." Other investigations bearing on this subject are briefly reviewed. The enrichment of soil in nitrogen by bacteria and its significance for plant nutrition, J. Stoklasa (Deut. Lundw. Presse, 35 (1908), Nos. 25, pp. 27//, 275; 26, pp. 286, 287; 27, pp. 297, 2.98).— This is a review of an article by Koch and others (E. S. R., 20, p. 17), with a brief account of the author's recent experiments with different organisms on oats, beets, and potatoes, the results of which confirm his former conclusions. In soils inoculated with Azotobacter chroococeum, adequately supplied with mannite or grape sugar and lime the number of organisms was increased and both the yield and quality of the crops were imi)roved. The biology of root tubercle bacteria of leguminous plants in the light of recent investigation, F. Fuhkmann {Mitt. Nat uric. Ver. Steiermark, 1907, pp. 3 ',-.36; abs. Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 {1908), No. 18-20, p. 618).— The article briefly reviews the more important contributions to this subject. It is stated that the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by the root-tubercle organisms begins when the bacteroids have reached a stage when they are colored brown-red by addition of tincture of iodin. This occurs only when the organisms are feeding almost exclusively upon carbohydrates and the available nitrogen compounds have been almost completely exhausted. The question of whether the process of assimilation is the result of symbiosis or parasitism is also discussed. Experiments on the accumulation of green manure nitrogen in light sandy soils, C. von Seelhorst {Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 23 {1908), No. 10, pp. 83-89). — The results here reported confirm those of earlier experiments (E. S. R., IS, p. 538) in showing as a rule a decided decline in soil nitrogen from green manured soil as a result of growth of crops and loss in di-ainage. On observation of the continuous growth of peas on the same soil, S. Suzuki {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {1908), No. 5, pp. 575-577).— The results of four years' continuous culture of peas grown in pots on humus loam soil unfertilized and fertilized in various ways are reported. These show that no trace of soil " weariness " or " sickness " appeared when the soil was liberally fertilized. The author therefore is inclined to accept the view that soil sickness may in some cases be due simply to deficiency of available plant food. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 317 Maximum productiveness of soils in pots, K. K. Gedroiz {Trudui »sV7.s7.'. KJkiz, Khhn. Lalt. St. I'etcrh., J/ {1905), pp. 102-112; abs. in Zhiir. Opiiita. Aaron.. [Rk.s.s. Jour. Expt. Landio.], 8 (1907), No. 5, p. 583). — Experiments made in vegetation pots with oats and mustard on 13 soils of different character showed that the maximum productiveness of the soils, i. e., the yield when fully pro- vided with nutritive substances, was not alike under like conditions and varied for oats and mustard. Need of fertilizing by Russian soils of various localities according to the vegetation method, K. K. Gedroiz {Trudui Selsk. Klioz. KJtii)). Lab. St. Pcterb., .'i {1905), pp. l-6Jt; abs. hi Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. E-rpt. Landic.'], 8 {1901), No. 5, pp. 582, 583). — Results are given of investigation, by the vegetation method, of the need of 22 soils for fertilizers, with chemical analyses of the soils. From indirect indications obtained in these investigations and from theoretical considerations the author concludes that this method is altogether inapplicable to the determination of the need of soils for nitrogenous fertilizers and that its suitability in the case of other fertlizers is more than doubtful. Available phosphoric acid in chernozem soils, A. S. Kudashev {Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jmir. Expt. Landic], 8 {1901), No. 5, pp. 481-510, fig. 1; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 31 {1908), No. 8, pp. 505-501).— The object of this investigation was to find out whether extraction with oxalic acid is suitable for the determination of the phosphoric acid available to plants. The investigations included (1) vegetation experiments with oats, using all fertilizers except phos- phoric acid, and (2) treating the soils with 0.5 per cent solution of oxalic acid and estimating the phosphoric acid in the exti'act. Experiments were made with 49 soils from the various governments of the chernozem region of European Russia. Tlie extraction was made by treating 200 gm. of soil during 3 hours with SOO cc. of 0.5 per cent solution of oxalic acid, shaking repeatedly, and then allowing to settle for 1 hour after the addition of 4 gm. of potassium chlorid. Although the experiments, as the author states, were not carried out under favorable conditions, they seem to strongly indicate (1) that in soils of the same type the yields of oats, wlien phosphoric acid is in the minimum, incx'ease nearly proportionately to the quantity of phosphoric acid extracted by 0.5 per cent solution of oxalic acid, and consequently this phosphoric acid is approxi- mately proportional to the phosphoric acid assimilated by oats, and (2) that in soils of different types, e. g., in the eastern soils (richer in clay and humus) and the western soils (more sandy) of the chernozem region the phosphoric acid extracted by a 0.5 per cent solution of oxalic acid multiplied by the loss on ignition (which is approximately proportional to the amount of clay, humus, and carbon dioxid in a soil) is approximately equal or proportional to the phosphoric acid assimilated from the soil. Washing of soils and methods of prevention, J. G. Mosier {Illinois Sta. Circ. 119, pp. 16, fig. 1). — This circular briefly discusses the relation of rain- fall and run-off to surface washing, and explains that the washing produced by the run-off is of two kinds, slieet washing or general surface washing and gullying. Four methods of preventing sheet washing are explained, namely, the growing of cover crops, increasing the organic matter in the soil, tillage, and terracing and hillside ditching. Various methods of preventing and checking gullying are also described. The Bremen moor culture station, B. Tacke {Illus. Landtv. Ztg., 28 {1908), No. I'l, pp. 112-115, figs. 1). — This article describes the methods employed and reviews the progress made by the Bremen moor station in reclaiming moor lands. 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Examinations of barnyard manure and liquid manure on Danish farms, R. K. Kkistknskn and F. IIanskn (Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantcavl, IJf {1907), pp. 5J5-570, ]Uj!f. 3). — Experiments were conducted on G different farms for the purpose of studying the accuracy of methods of sampling manure heaps. Three or four sami)les weva taken at each i)lace and analyzed for nitrogen, dry matter, and ash. The samples were taken by cutting at least G square holes in the manure pile l)y means of a hay knife, and uniting the colunnis of manure thus obtained, making a sample of about 50 lbs. weight, which was then worked over thoroughly and about 3 lbs. taken for analysis. Prior to drying the samples in the laboratory, tartaric-acid solution was added to prevent loss of volatile nitrogen compounds. When the manure was sampled as hauled out, a forkful of each load was placed in a tightly covered box, and from the lot of about 600 lbs. of manure a 3-lb. sample was secured for analysis. This method of sampling gave very satisfactory results, especially where the ma- nure was of a rather uniform composition, agreeing within 0.05 per cent for nitrogen and within 1 to 2 per cent for dry matter. Greater variations occurred in the ash, owing to frequent admixtures of foreign inorganic materials like dirt from roots, yard sweepings, etc. The influence of the feed on the nitrogen content of the liquid manure was studied in a series of experiments. Samples of cow urine from 45 different Danish farms were examined and their composition studied with reference to the influence of the system of feeding practiced. The influence of heavy or light feeding of oil cakes, concentrates, straw, or roots could not be traced to any marked degree in the nitrogen content of the urine. On the other hand the urine obtained on heavy feeding of hay contained on the average T).498 per cent of nitrogen against 0.429 per cent in that from light hay feeding (averages for 23 and 22 farms, respectively). The differences in the case of the other feeds mentioned were within a few hundredths of 1 per cent when a heavy or a light system of feeding of a particular feed was practiced. The manner of covering liquid-manure tanks was found of great importance with regard to the losses of nitrogen, cow urine kept in carefully covered tanks containing on the average 0.615 per cent of nitrogen while that from poorly covered tanks contained only 0.285 per cent. The maximum in samples from carefully covered tanks was 0.836 per cent and the minimum from poorly cov- ered tanks 0.169 per cent. A relatively high specific gravity with a low nitro- gen content shows that ammonia has been lost by evaporation. .,. Determinations of potash in liquid manure in 18 different cisterns showed variations in this constituent of from 0.50 to 1.24 per cent, the average being 0.79 per cent, with an average production of urine per cow of 39.4 cu. ft. Similar determinations of phosphoric acid showed variations in the case of four cisterns of from 0.006 to 0.008 per cent, average 0.007 per cent. Com- plete statistical data as to the methods of construction and covering of the cisterns, production of liquid manure, method of feeding, etc., with the anal- yses of the contents of the cisterns on 70 different farms, are given at the close of the report. Experiments with liquid manure, especially as to loss of nitrogen during storage, R.-K. Kristensen (Tidsskr. Lundhi: PlanteuvL 7'/ {1907), pp. 276-291, figs. 7). — The experiments were conducted during 1906-7 largely according to the plan followed during the prec-ediug year (E. S. R., 19, p. 218). The con- tent of nitrogen and of ammonia was highest in the lowest portion of the liquid- manure tank in these trials as in the tests of the preceding year, there being a gradual increase from 0.197 per cent of nitrogen and $.172 per cent of ammonia at 8.5 ft. from the bottom of the cistern, to 0.609 and 0.545 per cent of nitrogen and ammonia, respectively, 0.5 ft. from the bottom, while the SOILS FEETILIZEES. 319 specific gravity of the liquid manure ranged from 1.0143 to 1.0229 at the two depths given. Experiments on the storage of liquid manure in a round cistern 9.5 ft. deep and 17 ft. wide were conducted during a period of S months. The nitrogen content of the liquid during this period decreased from 0.447 to 0.350 per cent, a loss of 21.7 per cent. At the same time the specific gravity of the liquid went down from 1.02G3 to 1.0241 (8.4 per cent). The loss in nitrogen is largely explained by the fact that there was an opening 3 in. wide and 6 in. long in the cover of the cistern, through which the pump projected. Manure statistics, M. Ringelmann {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., IJf (1907), Nos. J/S, pp. 696-699; -JJ), pp. 71S-723). — This article gives detailed data regarding the manure produced by animals of different kinds with varying feed, litter, etc., as well as the weight per unit volume of manure managed in different ways. Experiments with new nitrogenous fertilizers, H. von Feilitzen (Svenska Mosskultitrfor. Tidskr., 22 (1908), No. 2, pp. 91-105, figs. J).— The experiments were made with two kinds of "Norway nitrate" (calcium nitrate from Notod- den, Norway, containing 11.59 and 12.53 per cent of nitrogen respectively), and calcium cyanamid manufactured by three different processes, viz., tho.se of Frank and Caro, Polzeuius, and Carlson, these fertilizers containing, respec- tively, 18.76, 10.19, and 16.69 per cent of nitrogen. For the sake of comparison, experiments were also conducted with sodium nitrate or ammonium sulphate in the different series. Seven series of trials were conducted. The calcium nitrate produced a somewhat higher increase in yield of pota- toes and oats on a peaty soil than the corresponding amount of nitrogen in sodium nitrate. The results of the last three years' trials with this fertilizer by the author have thus agreed in showing that it is fully as effective as sodium nitrate for peaty soils low in nitrogen, as well as for other soils. The calcium cyanamid applied on sandy soils for potatoes, on a good peaty soil for timothy or potatoes, and for sanded white-moor soil, as a top-di"essing on grass- land, had a fertilizing effect of 60 to SO per cent of that obtained with corre- sponding amounts of nitrogen in sodium nitrate. The two German cyanamids produced similar results, while the Swedish product in two series of trials was found to possess a somewhat lower fertilizer effect than the two other cyanamids. Results of trials with nitrogenous fertilizers, 1907, H. G. Soderbaum (K. Landthr. Akad. Hand], och Tidskr., .',7 {1908), Xo. 1-2, pp. lO-i-llO, fig. 1).— Experiments were made with the following nitrogenous fertilizers : Calcium cyanamid, manufactured according to the Frank, Folzenius, and Carlson proc- esses, sodium or calcium nitrate, and ammonium sulphate. The effect of the fertilizers for oats grown in sandy soil in glass cylinders of about 500 sq. cm. surface, holding about 25 kg. of soil) was studied, the fertilizers being added in the proportions of 0.25, 0.50, and 0.75 gm. of nitrogen per cylinder, with similar quantities of other fertilizing ingredients in' all cases. The results of the trials were remarkable in showing calcium nitrate decid- edly inferior in its action to sodium nitrate, especially in the case of the heavi- est applications, with ammonium sulphate much more effective than this fer- tilizer. No marked differences were observed in the case of the low and the medium applications of nitrogen for the three kinds of calcium cyanamid, these being all inferior in their action to sodium nitrate in the former case, and superior to it in the latter case. In the cylinders with the heaviest appli- cation of nitrogen, the Carlson cyanamid produced nearly as high results as ammonium sulphate, with the Polzenius cyanamid 12 per cent better than sodium nitrate, and Frank's cyanamid 12 per cent below. The abnormal climatic conditions of the season of 1907 are doubtless largely responsible for the 320 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. results obtained. The average teiupei-ature througliout tlie growing period was 2 to 3° C. below normal, and the vegetation period of the crop HI days, against 88 days in ]!)()(!, S!) days in 1905, and 101 in 1904, Tests of the new nitrogenous fertilizers on potatoes and turnips in 1907, L. Bauwkns (■Jour. Soc. Cent. A(ii: licUj., ')■', ( lUOS). Xos. J. ;>/>. KiU-lLi; 6. pp. 101-19S). — These tests, which were made on sandy and clay soil, show that sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda were about equally effective, with possi- bly a slight difference in favor of the sulphate, which is attribted to the un- usually favorable season. Calcium cyanamid and basic lime nitrate, although giving good results, were not quite as effective as the nitrate of soda and sul- phate of annnonia. On the efficacy of calcium cyanamid under different manuring conditions, I. Namba and C. Kanomata {BuJ. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 63l-63.'i, pJ. 1; ubs. in Jour. Chcm. Hoc. [London], it', (IDOS), No. 5Ji9, 11, p. 623). — In pot experiments with oats, onions, and Brassica cliinensis it was observed that lime nitrogen gave better results when used in connection with superphosphates than when used with neutral phosphate. It, however, does not depress the availability of bone dust, its action in this respect being similar to that of ammonium sulphate rather than to that of sodium nitrate. Fertilizer experiments ■with phosphates on Finnish moor land, A. Kindell {Finska Mosxkull urfor. Arshok, 1906-7, No. 3, pp. 1S2-I91). — Experiments were conducted during ]!K)o-190G for the study of the effect of different phosphates — • bone meal, Thomas slag, and Algiers phosphate — for oats and hay with and without liming. The relative value of the three phosphates for the growing of these crops on moor soils was as follows, for 50 and 100 kg. of phosphoric acid, respectively (Thomas slag=100) : Bone meal 118.1 and 111.7, Algiers phosphate 49.7 and 67.4. Simultaneous applications of lime hardly changed the effect of the Thomas slag, while it decreased greatly the effect of the bone meal, and especially that of the Algiers phosphate. Comparative fertilizer experiments with high-percentage and low-per- centage Thomas slag, Schweickert {Landiv. Ztsclir. Hlicinprovinz, 9 (1908), Xos. 11, pp. Vt6-l-'i8; 12, pp. 161-163). — A series of experiments on meadows and with rye and oats are reported. The slags were used with and without the addition of lime. The general result was that the high-grade slag was as a rule more profitable than the low-grade. On the value of refuse lime from sulphate-cellulose factories as an amend- ment on moor soils low in lime, II. von Feimtzen (!ika Mosskulturfiir. Tidskr., 22 (1908), No. 1, pp. Ji2-.'i8, figs. 2). — Pot experiments with red clover gave results indicating that this material can fully replace slaked lime on peaty soils low in lime if added in air-dry condition. Gypsum as a manure, T. Takeuchi (BuI. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 583-597). — Pot experiments with peas, beans, oats, rice, and spinach in which gypsum was used in connection with ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, lime nitrogen, potassium sulphate, and different forms of phos- phoric acid are reported. It was observed that as a rule gypsum decreased the yield when used in connection with acidic fertilizers and increased the yield when used with alkaline fertilizers. Gypsum therefore appears to be a valuable addition to fertilizers containing sodium nitrate or other substances which produce an alkaline reaction in the soil. If, however, acidic fertilizers such as superphos- phate and ammonium sulphate are used gyi)suni is likely to decrease the yield. It was also found in these experiments that gypsum exerts a favorable influ- ence in overcoming the injurious effect on plants of an excess of magnesia in the soil. In case of spinach it was observed that applications of carbonate of SOILS FERTILIZERS. 321 lime were injurious wliile tlie liypsuui \v;is beuetieial provided the reaction of soil and of fertilizer was not acid. Why are poor sandy soils often easily injured by linaing? H. Yokoyama {Bui. Vol. Agi:, Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (IDOS), No. 5, pp. 615-617; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], O.'f (190S), Xo. 5)9, II, p. 621). — From pot experiments with oats the conclusion is drawn that the injurious effect of liming on poor sandy soils is due to the fact that an improper ratio of lime to magnesia is thus produced in such soils. It is recommended that in order to avoid such an unfavorable ratio these soils should be limed only with dolomitic limestone. On the depression of growth by large doses of lime, C. Kanomata {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {190S), Xo. 5, pp. 599-607, pi. i),— The results of pot experiments with A'arying amounts of lime on a number of different crops are summarized as follows: "When the amount of lime is increased in undue proportion to the amount of magnesia present, the yield of oats is considerably depressed. In sand culture, there was a decrease of 39 per cent of the weight of shoots before flowering time, when the amounts of limestone and magnesite differed so much that the ratio of lime to magnesia w^as changed from 1 : 1 to 100 : 1. •• In soil culture the decrease was 48 per cent some time after the flowering, when that ratio was changed from 1 : 1 to 10: 1. " Corresponding observations were made with upland rice, barley, buckwheat, mustard, and onion. If by proper increase of magnesia in the overlimed sand again the ratio 1 : 1 is produced, there is again a considerable increase of yield. " These experiments form an analogy to those of Maki and Tanaka who regenerated the overlimed soil by application of magnesium sulphate [E. S. R., 18, p. 14]. " It is certainlj' not the absolute amount of magnesite or of limestone which comes in consideration but the ratio of lime to magnesia which determines — ceteris paribus — the height of the harvest." On the absorption of varying amounts of lime and mag'nesia by plants, T. Takextchi {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {1908), No. 5, pp. 579-581).— This article reports briefly the results of experiments made to determine the effect of varying ratios of lime and magnesia in the soil, upon the ratios of these elements in leaves, roots, and seeds of oats. It was found that an increase of lime in the soil from 0.6 to 5 per cent re- sulted in a relative increase of lime from 1 to 2.1 in the roots and from 1 to 1.7 in the leaves. With a ratio of 1.2 parts of lime to 1 of magnesia the roots absorbed twice as much lime as magnesia, while the leaves contained 2..5 times as much lime as magnesia. By changing this ratio in tlie soil to 10 : 1 the ratio in the roots increased to only 1.7 : 1 and in the leaf to 1.5 : 1. This small in- crease, however, was accompanied by a considerable reduction in the develop- ment of the plant. On the agronomical equivalent of artificial magnesium carbonate, S. Kanamori {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ.. 7 {WOS), Xo. 5. pp. 609-612. pi. 1). — From pot experiments with barley and oats the conclusion is drawn that applications of 0.1 to 0.(> gm. of magnesium carbonate are agronomically equivalent to 5 gm. of magnesite. A further increase of the magnesium car- bonate, however, decreases the yield. Top-dressing with magnesium sulphate, J. N. Sirker {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Unir., 7 (1008), Xo. 5. pp. 613, 61Ji). — Pot experiments with barley are reported which show that top-dressing with 10 kg. per hectare (8.9 lbs. per acre) of magnesium sulphate increased the yield HI per cent on soil containing an excessive proportion of lime to magnesia. 322 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Manganese compounds as fertilizers for maize, W. F. Sutheest and H. Ingle {Truii.svual Ayr. Jour., 6" U'JOS), So. 2S, j)p. Jf37, J,38, pi. J).— This article briefly reviews investigations on tliis subject in Japan and Holland (E. S. R., 16, p. 43; 18, p. 434; 19, p. 523), and reports the results of pot experiments made by the authors with manganese chlorid, black oxid of manganese (pyrolu- site), and m;mgaiu'se sulphate. All of the manganese compounds increased the yield, the most marked results beiug obtained with the pyrolusite. The benefit derived from the use of the manganese salts is attributed to their stimulating effect. Do manganese salts stimulate plant growth? S. Rhodin {E. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Jf7 iJ908), No. 1-2, pp. 30-33).— The author gives a brief discussion of earlier work done with regard to a possible stimulating effect of manganese salts on plant life, and describes experiments conducted by himself during the period 1902 to 1906. The results of these experiments were negative. Modern niter beds (Nature [London], 77 (1908), No. 2005, pp. 513, 51.',).— This article discusses briefly the economic possibilities of the process 'proposed by Miintz and Laine (E. S. R., 19, p. 524). Crude ammonia, Sevegrand (Rev. Vit., 29 (1908), No. 77/6, pp. 380-385). — This article summarizes information regarding the value and use of this mate- rial as a fertilizer, weed destroyer, and insecticide. Of the three uses named the most important is as a fertilizer on account of the low price of nitrogen in the material. On the manufacture and application of peat litter, A. E. Rautakoski (Fiiiska Mos-skultiirfor. Arsltok, 1006-7, Xo. 3, pp. 192-207). — A general account. The extraction of potash from feldspathic rock, A. S. Cushman and P. Hubbard (Jour. Avier. Cltetii. .S'oc, 30 (1908), No. 5, pp. 779-797, figs. 7). — This paper presents the results of a continuation of investigations which have already been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 717; 19, p. 322), and deals especially with more exact studies of the influence of the fineness of grinding on the elec- trolytic decomposition of the feldspars. The results are summarized as follows : "(1) Fine grinding of feldspar renders the potash partly available under the action of water. The addition of certain substances, such as ammonium salts, lime, and gypsum, increases this effect. "(2) It is possible to completely extract potash by an electrolytic method either with or without the addition of hydrofluoric acid, but it is probable that this method could not be used commercially on account of its cost. "(3) The effect of fineness of grinding has been studied and data given show- ing the relation of surface area to rate of decomposition. "(4), It is shown that there are numerous fusion methods which could be used successfully if the cost were not too high. The attack on the silicates by means of potash or its compounds yields some interesting reaction products which might possibly be made use of. "(5) The attack with hydrofluoric acid is suggested as a possible method that deserves further study." The commercial fertilizer industry, Stance (Vrtljschr. Bayer. Landiv. Rat., 12 (1907), No. 4, PP- 503-518). — Statistics of production and consumption of fertilizer materials of different kinds in the German Empire are briefly sum- marized. The development of the superphosphate industry in Italy, MaiziI:res (EngraiH. 23 (1908), No. 1.',, pp. 32.',-325).— It is stated that the amounts of phosphates imported by Italy in 1907 for the manufacture of superphosphates were 338,000 metric tons from Africa and 02,000 tons from America. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 323 Lime and its relation to agriculture, P. G. Wicken (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., IG (1008), Xo. 2, pp. 130-134). — This article briefly describes metliods of bnrniug lime, different forms of lime, and methods of application adapted to conditions in Western Australia. Vegetable ash as a manure, W. Guerrero (Chcm. Trade Jour., Jf2 {1908), 'So. 1090, p. 350). — Attention is called to the beneficial effect of applications of ashes both as a direct source of plant food and as a means of rendering other fertilizing materials more available. The extensive use of ashes on the Conti- nent of Europe is, illustrated bj^ the fact that 22,000 to 24,000 tons of ashes are used per annum in the olive industry alone. Fertilizer and oil, M. C. Marsh and J. N. Cobb ( U. 8. Dept. Com. and Labor, Bur. Fisheries Doc. 632, p. 55). — This is a brief note included in a report on the lisheries of Alaska in 1907, giving statistics of production of fish fertilizer and oil in that Territory. It is stated that there is only one fertilizer plant now in operation in Alaska. This is located at Killisnoo. The amount of fertilizer prepared during 1907 at this factory was " 502 tons from herring, valued at $17,020, and 88 tons from salmon, valued at $2,980 ; while the oil extracted amounted to 80,877 g;il. from herring, valued at $16,175, and 14,123 gal. from salmon, valued at $2,825." Inspection of commercial fertilizers, P. F. Trowbridge {Missouri Sta. Bui. 80, pp. 3-l.'i). — This bulletin gives the results of inspection of fertilizers in Missouri during the spring of 1908. Analyses of 69 samples are reported. At- tention is called to the fact that a large number of fertilizers failed to meet the guaranty of the manufacturers. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, II. M. vStackiiouse and M. B. Hardin {South Carolina Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 3-.'iO). — This is a report in the usual form of the results of the inspection of 744 samples of fertilizers collected during the season of 1907-8. Comments upon the State fertilizer law, A. L. Knisely {Oregon Sta. Bui. 97, pp. 3-11). — This law took effect June 1, 1907. It requires that all fertilizing materials (except land plaster and lime) selling for more than $5 per ton shall be sold under guarantied analysis, that the source of the fertilizing ingredients must be plainly stated on each package or lot, and that certificates must be filed with the experiment station, the director of which is empowered to enforce the law. Violations of the law are punishable by confiscation of the goods. A license fee of $20 for each brand is required. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Report of the department of botanical research, D. T. MacDottgal {Car- negie Inst. Washington Year Book, 6 {1907), pp. 57-68, pis. 3, fig. 1). — ^A sum- mary is given of the investigations carried on at the botanical research labo- ratory near Tucson, Ariz., an outline of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 726). Among the leading investigations are studies of the advance and resession of vegetation in the depressed basins of the Colorado Eiver and the inductive influence of physical factors on vegetation. In the Colorado Delta a number of stations have been located where the advance and recession of plants will be studied. This region has been subject to recent overflow, and a sample of the water taken June .3 showed on analysis that it contained 364.8 parts soluble solids in 100,000. The proportions of sodium, chloriu, and sulphates are high, and the restoration of plant covering must be preceded by leaching and capillary action. Exact observations on the changes in the soil and vegetation are expected to offer evidence of value bear- ing on the distributional movements of plants, 61717— No. 4—08 3 324 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In the investigations on tlie influence of pliysical factors on vegetation 4 -stations have l)een located, one at the Desert Laboratory, a second on a small UTigateil farm, a third at an elevation of G,K)0 feet, and the fourth an alpine station at 8,000 feet. At these different stations observations are being carried on in which measurements are made of the factors which go to make up the climate of a region. It has been determined by the methods pursued that a meadow received 7S,S36 hour-degree units of heat in a year, while the floor of a hemlock forest near by received but 68,596 hour-degree units, indicating a season practically 11 days shorter than that in the meadow. In the application of this method to plants having a resting season the exposure is calculated from the time of ])lanting the seeds until their maturity or until the attainment of some stage of development. A number of correlated problems are under observation, some of which will be reported upon in the publications of the institution. A new form of automatic rain meter is figured and described. The physiological constant for the germinating' stage of cress, F. A. Waugh and C. S. Pomeroy (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 71-80, dgms. 3). — A study was made of the germination of cress to determine the physiological constant or the amount of heat required for the germination of the see. — Variety, fertilizer, and selection tests are rei)orted. In 1906 the leading varieties and their yields per acre were as follows: Burbauk 262.08 bu., Early Rose 258.53 bu., and Beauty of Hebron 243.36 bu. 332 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. .Of these yields 230, 227.91, and 224.1G bu., respectively, were marketable. Of the very early varieties Bliss Trinmph and Crown Jewel gave the best yields. In 1D07, when the season was unfavorable, the best yielding varieties were Burbank vrith 132.5 bu., Early Rose with 112.91 bu., and Crown Jewel with 108.33 bu. of marketable potatoes. The average for both years showed Burbank in the lead with 1S1.25 bu., followed by Early Rose with 170.41 bu., Beauty of Hebron with 15G.24 bu.. Crown Jewel with 151.24 bu., and Gold Coin with 146.04 bu. Of the very early varieties Bliss Triumph led in yield with an average for the 2 years of 97.91 bu. The influence of the time of digging was studied in 1906, when the crop was dug SO, 93, and 100 days after planting. The results showed that a delay of 21 days in the time of digging made an increase of 136.25 bu. per acre in the case of Beauty of Hebron, 126.25 bu. in the case of Burbank, and 118.75 bu. in the case of Early Rose. On land where cowpeas had been plowed under and barnyard manure applied at the rate of 15 tons per acre an increase of 51.67 bu. was obtained. Barnyard manure and sulphate of potash at the rate of 100 lbs. gave an increase of 63.34 bu., while sulphate of potash alone at the rate of 100 lbs. gave an inci'ease of 20 bu., high-grade acid phosphate at the rate of 300 lbs. an increase of 25.42 bu., and the sulphate of potash and acid phosphate combined an increase of 29.66 bu. per acre. A complete fertilizer gave an increase of 10.84 bu. in one instance and of 39.59 bu. in another. The best results were secured on the plats on which cowpeas were plowed under. On the other plats the crop followed spring oats and it was observed that these i)lats receiving barnyard manure produced a larger yield than where commercial fertilizers alone were used. This is considered evidence that the humus added through manure enabled the soil to retain moisture to better advantage. Work in the improvement of the potato crop was undertaken in 1906 and 1907, and the results obtained showed clearly that some strains are from two to three times as prolific as others, and they indicate that both yield and quality of potatoes may be materially improved by selection. On the basis of the yielding power of the progeny of No. 29 a planting of 25 bu. per aci-e of this variety would equal 275.75 bu. per acre. Many potatoes produced only about 5 lbs. of tubers from each pound of seed planted and on this basis would yield only 125 bu. per acre. In connection with these tests it was observed that where the seed potato was cut into 2 pieces the number of marketable potatoes varied from 3 to 7 for each set planted, where cut into 3 pieces from 1.33 to 5.66, and where it was cut into 4 ineces from 2.50 to 7.25 potatoes. The skin of different potato varieties and the influence of soil condi- tions, moisture, and fertilization upon the same, W. Keeitz (Arb. E. Biol. Aitst. Land u. Forstw., 6 (1908), ^^o. 1, pp. 2-21, pis. 2, figs. JO).— The results of different investigations on the potato and its diseases are reviewed, and the ex- amination of different varieties grown on the experimental field of the Im- perial Biological Institute of Dahlem is noted. In 1905, 23 different varieties were grown and measurements of the thickness of the skin and the cork cells were made and the form and size of the parenchyma cells and cell layers were studied. It was found that the thickness of the potato skin is most readily determined by Tisou's method. The skin thickness of individual varieties was not constant, but was apparently influenced by the location of the plant and climatic condi- tions. I'nder otherwise similar conditions a dry season produced a thinner skin than a season with adequate rainfall. Changing the locality of the plant also caused the skin thickness to vary, but when the varieties were brought back to the same kind of soil the differences in this particular soon disappeared. FIELD CROPS. 333 It is stated that when a variety is grown for a considerable time on the same soil special strains with regard to skin thickness are developed, and when these are then grown on a different kind of soil this character is more or less last- ing. Kainit, common salt, and nitrate of soda exerted an unfavorable influ- ence, and superphosphate a favorable influence on the development of the skin. The stone cells occurring in many varieties are not regarded as indicating a high degree of maturity, but as a variety characteristic pointing to the origin of the strain from a variety containing these cells or as being the result of hy- bridization. In order that thick-skinned potato varieties may be secured it is recommended that the seed be obtained from those localities in which varieties with thick skin have been grown for a considerable length of time. It was ob- served that on soils which produced thin-skinned potatoes the use of phosphoric acid as a fertilizer increased the resistance of the skin. In addition to the absolute thickness of the skin in determining its resistant quality, the arrange- ment of the cork cell layers is also of importance. The influence of cross- and self-fertilization on the sugar content in the sugar beet, K. Andrlik, V. Bartos, and J. Urban {ZtscJir. Zuckerindus. BoJimen, 32 (1908), No. 7, pp. 373-3S7). — In a series of experiments here re- ported the influence of cross-fertilization on the sugar content of the progeny was observed in numerous cases. The progeny of self-fertilized plants showed in part a tendency to degenerate, many individuals having yellow and red spots. The progeny of self-fertilized rich beets was lower in weight than the progeny from self-fertilized beets low in sugar. The beets resulting from cross-fertiliza- tion stood in average weight about halfway between the beets derived from rich and poor mother beets. The essential mineral constituents of the sugar cane, T. Murakami (In- ternat. Sugar Jour., 10 ( 1908), No. 112, pp. 172-175). — A chemical study of sugar cane is reported. The relative results indicate that the nitrogen content decreases and the total ash increases as the cane grows. Phosphoric acid and potash appeared to de- crease per 100 parts of ash but were always constant per 100 parts of cane. Tlie ratio of soda to potash was found to be constant. The only ingredients that increased were oxid of iron, alumina, sulphuric acid, and perhaps silica. A cer- tain ratio was observed between lime and magnesia, but this varied slightly as the cane matured. The ratio between phosphoric acid and potash is determined as 1 : 20, which does not change during the growth of the plant. The results further indicate that a maximum crop and a maximum sugar con- tent are obtained on a rich soil in which the essential ingredients are distributed in an available form. It is recommended that lime be applied with nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and iwtash in order to maintain the proper ratio between lime and magnesia. Cultivation of the sugar cane in Peru {Intcniat. Sugar Jour., 10 (1908), A'o. 112, pp. 177-185). — This article is a translation of a treatise on sugar cane culture in Peru by F. T. Sedgwick. Virginia tobacco experiments, E. H. Mathewson, B. G. Anderson, and R. P. Cocke (Virginia Sta. Bui. 175, pp. I.'i5-171, figs. 9). — These experiments are carried on cooperatively by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department and the Virginia Experiment Station. An earlier report on this work has already been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 335). The bulletin outlines a crop I'otation for the dark tobacco belt of the State and reports the results obtained in an unfinished rotation. The succession of crops suggested is based upon tobacco as the leading crop, being followed by wheat, which in turn gives place to gx'ass. After the grass crop corn is grown, 334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. wlik-b is followed by cowpeas. This may be made a 5 or 6 year rotation by leaving the land in grass either 1 or 2 years. As described in the previous abstract the tobacco grown received different quantities of fertilizers. In 1906, wheat after a highly fertilized crop of tobacco yielded 21 bu. to the acre, while after the tobacco fertilized with 400 lbs. of 3-8-3 fertilizer it yielded 8 bu. In 1907 the yield of wheat after a heavy fer- tilized crop of tobacco was 29 bu. per acre, and after a poorly fertilized crop only 12 bu. No fertilizer was apiilied to the wheat except that the fields were limed for the benefit of the succeeding grass crop. In 1900 the wheat stubble was disked during the simimer and a heavy seeding of grass sown September 3. One part of the field received a mixture of timothy, redtop, and clover, and another clover alone. April .5 a top-dressing of 300 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre was applied just before a i-ain. Where the nitrate was used on the clover the yield of field-cured hay was 2.8 tons, and where it was not used 2.09 tons per acre. The increase in yield failed to pay for the nitrate ai)plied per acre by $1.61. The mixed grasses receiving nitrate gave a yield of 5.06 tons per acre of first-class hay, while where the nitrate was not used the yield was only 3.3 tons. The hay was sold for $13 yier ton, so that the gain from the use of the nitrate was $22.88 per acre, the cost of the nitrate being $8. The successful points with grass in the dark tobacco district, as indicated by this work, are a fine mellow seed bed 2 or 3 in. deep, a heavy seeding of mixed grasses, and a liberal top-dressing with nitrate of soda in the spring. The corn and the cowpeas have not yet been grown, but from 40 to 60 bu^ per acre of coi-n and 1 ton or more of cowpea hay are expected. Notes are given on the home growing of tobacco seed, and the improvement of tobacco by seed selection and breeding. Results of seed investigations for 1907, Ij. II. Pammel and Charlotte M. King (loica Sta. Bah 99, pp. 71-91, figs. 22 ).^The results of analyses of seed samples sent in by farmers and others, and also of some purchased in the open market in 1907, are reported. Of 134 samples of red clover examined the average purity was 96.6 per cent and the average vitality, grown in sand, 86 per cent. Medium I'ed clover showed an average germination of 86.6 per cent in 41 samjiles examined, and 28 samples showed a purity of 99 per cent or more. In 14 samples of mam- moth clover tested the average germination was 88.5 per cent. Ten samples had a purity of 99 per cent or more and 14 of 97 per cent or more. Five samples of white clover were all above 98 per cent in purity, with an average germination of 76.6 per cent. Alsike clover in 40 samples received contained impurities of 1.14 per cent on the average. The average vitality of all sam- ples was 81.6 per cent. One sample had a vitality of 95 per cent, 5 of about 75 per cent, while some ran as low as 22 per cent. The average vitality of 44 samples of alfalfa seed was 69.2 per cent and the average purity 91.1 per cent. The different samples ranged from 90 to 38 per cent in vitality. The impurities found in 44 samples of timothy were not very pronounced except in a few cases. The purity in 34 samples was 99 per cent or more and the average of all samples was 98.9 per cent: The purity of 21 out of 24 samples of flax ranged from 96 to 100 per cent. The average vitality in sand was only 66 per cent, but in the incubator the avei'age rose to 98 per cent. The pei'centage of purity in 28 samples of millet was 95 per cent or more. In 3 samples it ranged from 85 to about 95 per cent, and in 2 samples it was under 85 per cent. The purity of 7 samples of blue grass was 99.7 per cent, with an average germination of only 17 per cent. The percentage of germination in the best HORTICULTURE. 335 sample was 70 per cent, while in the other 6 samples it was below 45 per cent. One sample of reiltop examined had a pnrity of 99.S per cent, and 3 samples of B ramus inermis had an average pnrity of 99.7 per cent and an average germina- tion of 73 per cent. A list of weeds reported as introduced with clover seed is jiresented and brief directions for removing noxious weed seeds from agricultural seeds are given. The results of purity aiid germination tests witli seeds of garden and field crops by the station and other experiment and seed control stations are given in tables and brietiy discussed. Pure seed investig'ations, C V. Gregory (loica Sfa, Bui. 90, popular ed., pp. S-l.'i, figs. 22). — This is a popular edition of the bulletin noted above. Seed work, G. E. Stone (Massachusetts Sta. Rpt. 1907, JW- 122, 123). — During the year 359 samples of seeds were tested and separated, as compared with 231 in 1906. The average germination of onion seed for 1907 was 86 per cent, as compared with 79 per cent the year before. White pine seed had a germination of 59 per cent. Only 4 i)er cent was discarded from the best tobacco seed, as compared with 33 per cent for the poorest sample. From the best onion seed 1.6 per cent was discarded and from the poorest sample 43.3 per cent. The development and organization of plant breeding' in Denmark, Sweden, and Probstei, Holtaxeier (Laiuhc. Jalirb., 37 (1908), Xo. 2. pp. 311-3S0). — ■ This article discusses the history, progress, and present status of plant breed- ing, especially that of field crops, in Denmark, Sweden, and the locality known as Probstei and situated in the eastern portion of Holsteiu in Germany, in the vicinity of Kiel. The area of Probstei is limited to only a few s«]uare miles, but seed growing has been carried on for so long a time and such good seed is produced that the locality has become very well known. The methods employed by prominent plant breeders are described and the particular varieties origi- nated are mentioned. A bibliography of 24 references is given. HORTICULTURE. Experiments in drug plant cultivation, S. C. IIood CScnnont Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 371-386). — An account with the results to date is given of experi- ments, conducted jointly by the Vermont Experiment Station and this Depart- ment during the seasons of 1903 to 1906, in the cultivation of several drug plants, including yellow dock, burdock, poppies, Seneca snakeroot, summer savory, digitalis, belladonna, sage, and several common herbs. The results show that root drugs such as burdock and yellow dock can be profitably grown in Vermont providing the land is low priced. It was demon- strated that Seneca snakeroot can be successfully grown under cultivation. Belladonna fails to mature in the short season, and sage, digitalis, and lovage will not survive the winter even though they make a good growth the first season. The culture of such herbs as catnip, thyme, lobelia, pennyroyal, and of seed such as caraway, fennel, and coriander, is not likely to prove profitable. Although the cultivation of poppies for the capsules and seed is not considered promising for Vermont, it is believed that they may be successfully cultivated in the future for the direct production of morphin. Further work is to be done along this line. From fertilizer experiments and variety tests made, it appears that the production of strong healthy plants is more important for the morphin content than the use of large amounts of any particular chemical. The Montreal market muskmelon industry, W. Stuart {Tcrmont Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 358-366). — An account, leased on the personal investigations of the author, is given of the muskmelon industry on the island of Montreal. The phases considered include cultural methods, size and types of melons, seed 336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. saving, and stylo of package. With a Aiow of ascertaining the possibilities of growing Montreal nniskuielons in A'ennont, experimental plantings were made at the station .ind by a cooperative grower in 19UT. The work was nnsuecess- ful from a commercial standpoint, but considerable information was secured which it is believed will lead to success in future work. Tomato notes, W. M. INIxjnson {West Virginia Sta. Bui. 117, pi). 251-262, pix. 2). — Popular notes treating of the history of the tomato, the development of modern forms, breeding new varieties, field culture, toniiito growing in winter, and financial returns. The notes are based principally on observations made and data secured by tlie author iu previous experiment station work. Moisture and decay loss of Hubbard squash in storage, W. Stuart ( Ver- mont Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 367-369). — With a view to determining the amount of loss in storing Hubbard squash till midwintei-, a ton, weighed as taken from the field, was stored on October 3 in a dry and medium warm room where the temperature was between 50° and 60° F. Moisture determinations were made at different intervals during the winter. At the time of the final observations on February 3, 4 months from the har- vest, the sound squash weighed 1,4S8 lbs., the total moisture loss was 20.8 per cent, and the loss from decay 4.8 per cent. When the squash were put in storage, they were w^holesaling at a cent per pound. At the conclusion of the exi^eriment the 1,488 lbs. of squash were sold for $53, an average of over $0,031 l^er pound, the net gain by storage being $33 per ton. Although prices received that season were exceptional, it is concluded that squash properly grown and handled may be held in storage till midwinter or later with a reasonable assurance that the moisture and decay loss will be amply covered by the increased price received. Brief suggestions are given indicating conditions insuring minimum loss iu storage. Fruit list for 1908 {Proc. N. J. Hort. Soc, 33 (1908), pp. iS3-iSS).— This list, revised by the executive committee of the New Jersey State Horticultural Society, shows the orchard and small fruits that are most satisfactory to growers for market and home use in the northern, central, and southern sections of the State. Orchard survey of Wasco County, C. 1. Lewis and R. W. Allen {Oregon Sta. Bui. 99, pp. 3-56, figs. 13). — The station conducted orchard surveys in AYasco and Jackson counties in 1907, and the data secured in Wasco County, which comprises the fruit-growing districts known as Hood River, Mosier, and The Dalles, are given in the present bulletin. The survey included every place having at least 4 acres iu fruits. The phases reported on include climate and soil, elevation, general aspect, kinds and varieties of fruits, number and age of trees, planting distances, irrigation, drainage, cultivation, fertilizers, pruning, harvesting, packing, yield, selling price and cost of production, past and present condition of orchards, fungus diseases, and insect pests. Apples, strawberries, pears, i)eaches, and cherries are grown in the Hood River district, although the first two fruits are the more generally grown. At The Dalles, the important fruits are peaches, cherries, and prunes, while grapes, apples, and pears ai'e grown to some extent. At IMosier, apples and prunes are the leading kinds of fruit. The total orchard acreage of Wasco County was 7,598.7 acres, in addition to which there were 802.9 acres of strawberries and 100 acres of grapes. Feeding the orchard, H. J. Waters (Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 22, pp. 32, pis. 3). — A popular discussion based upon work conducted at the different ex- periment stations, with deductions and suggestions relative to fertilizing orchards in Missouri. HORTICULTUEE. 337 Tillage v. sod-mulch, U. P. Hedrick {West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc, 53 (190S), pp. 20-32). — The New York State Station is conducting two experiments to determine whether an apple orchard will thrive and fruit better under tillage or in sod with the grass used as a mulch. This paper contains an account of one of these experiments, together with the results secured during the seasons from 1904 to 1007, inclusive. Introductory discussions are given of the objects of tillage and the philosophy of the sod-mulch. In this experiment, which is to be conducted for a period of 10 years, the tilled plat was plowed in the spring and cultivated from 4 to 6 times, cultivation ending about August 1, when a cover croi* of barley, oats, or clover was sown. On the sod-mulch plats the grass was cut once or twice during the season and allowed to lie where cut and decay into a mulch. The results for the 4 years show an average yield per acre on the sod plats of 66.G bbls., and of 91.3 bbls. on the tillage plats. The average expense per acre for the 4-year period was $15.78 for the sod and $22.18 for the tillage. Although no measurements were taken of the leaf area, inspection of the orchard showed that there were more and larger leaves on the tilled plat and the foliage was a darker and richer green. The mulched trees dropped their foliage about a week or 10 days earlier and the new wood produced was less than half that produced on the tilled trees and was less satisfactory in color. The size of the fruit averaged considerably larger on the tilled plats, while the number of fruits under both forms of culture appeared to be about the same. The mulched plats produced much more highly colored fruits, although the difference was not sufh- cient to bring any higher price in the general market. The fruit from mulched trees ripened from 1 to 2 weeks earlier than that from the tilled trees, and the difference in color was much less when the season was sutticiently mild to allow the fruit on the tilled plats to remain on the trees several days after that on mulched plats was picked. The relative keeping qualities of the fruit from both plats was tested under the direction of G. H. Powell of this Department, who reported that the differ- ence in the two methods of culture in this respect appeared to be more important with early maturing varieties such as Wealthy, Alexander, and Fameuse than with the slow ripening later varieties. With the early varieties the fruit from the sod land usually kept better than fruit picked from the tilled land at the same time, although there was practically no difference with well-colored fruit. No difference was noted with reference to the eating quality of the fruit from the two plats. The causes of the differences noted with the two systems are further discussed. Notes on the propag'ation of apples, F. A. Waugh iMassachiisetts Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 61-G-'f, figs. 3). — The station has conducted experiments on the propa- gation of fruit trees for several years with the two principal objects of deter- mining the effects of stock on scion and the practical merits of different methods of propagation with special reference to the production of dwarf fruit trees. Three stocks were used, the Standard, Doucin and Paradise. Data are given showing the differences in growth of the Baldwin grafted on these three stocks and the variations are further indicated by diagi-ams. The average height and ratio of height to diameter was greatest where the Standard stock was used and least with the Paradise stock. These differences held with other varieties, including the Wealthy, Mcintosh, Greening, etc., and agree with the common belief regarding the influences of the different stocks tested. A study relative to the progressive increase of sugar and the correspond- ing decrease in acidity in the fruits of pears from the time of their forma- tion to their maturity, G. Riviere and G. Bailhache {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, Jf. ser., 9 {1908), May, pp. 28Jt-28y). — In a previous investigation 338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (E. S. K., 20, p. 241) the iiutliors found that hi the Chasselas Doiv grape the sugar content increases and the acid content decreases progressively from the time of setting to the maturity of the berries. A similar investigation was con- ducted with 6 varieties of pears, the results of which are here tabulated and discussed. A portion of the fruit was bagged during the growing period and the remainder grew iniprotected. The sugar content was found to increase without hiterrnption l)oth in the bagged and unbagged fruit. The total sugar content of the pears grown in bags is somewhat higher than those grown without protection, the excess amount- ing in the case of the Passe-Crassane variety to 19 gm. per 1,000 parts of pulp. The investigation appears to demonstrate the value of growing table pears in paper bags to increase their sugar content. Bagging the fruit does not appear either to hasten or retard maturity. The acidity was found to decrease both with the bagged and unbagged fruit as the fruit approached maturity, although the bagged fruit showed a higher acid content at maturity than the fruit grown without protection. In all cases the density of the pears was found to decrease progressively throughout the period of development, api>roaching the density of water at maturity. The density a]ipears to diminish in proportion to the in- crease in volume, and does not appear to differ materially in the bagged and unbagged fruit. Manurial experiments with limes, R. H. A. A. Nicholls and F. Watts {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, S (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 73-76).— This is an abstract of the authors' report on experimental plats in Dominica started in 190.3 to determine the fertilizer requirements of lime trees. There were 5 plats included in the experiment, tlie control plat receiving no fertilizer. Tlie I'esults thus far indicate that the use of nitrogen and i)otash together increases the yield of fruit. The nse of nitrogen alone improved tlie foliage but did not increase the yield. Xo conclusions have been deduced tlius far relative to the use of phosphoric acid. It is recommended in a general way that where limes are to be manured both nitrogen and potash, and probably phosphoric acid, should be employed and that care should be taken to maintain the supply of humus in the soil either by the use of pen manures or of green mulches. Cacao manurial plots [in Dominica] F. Watts {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 8 (1908), No. 2, pp. 53-11). — A further report is given of the fertilizer experiments which have been conducted at the Dominica Botanic Station since 1900 (E. S. R., IS, p. 549), together with the results of fertilizer experiments conducted in several country districts. As indicated by the yields for the past 5 years at the station, all of the ferti- lized plats have produced greater yields than the plat receiving no fertilizer. With phosphate and potash combined the annual yield of dry cured cacao was increased by 219 lbs. per acre, with dried blood by 187 lbs., and with a complete fertilizer consisting of phosphate, potash, and dried blood by 374 lbs. The mulched plat showed the greatest gain, with an increased yield of 402 lbs., and was also in the lead relative to the general health and growth of the trees and the soil texture. This plat is well covered by trees planted at the rate of 108 per acre, whereas the plat receiving no fertilizer required 178 trees per acre. The complete fertilizer plat was next in general health and condition as well as in yield. The results of the experiments in the country districts show the value of the phosphatic and nitrogenous fertilizers, but there appears to be little need of potash. As a general result of these experiments planters are recommended to manure their cacao trees, giving preference to organic manures such e adopted according to the circumstances of each vineyard. In some vineyards T. piUcriana is also an important grape pest. The remedies which have been tested by the author include the use of sticky shingles for catching the moths, lantern traps, destruction of the eggs with contact insecticides, the use of arsenical poisons for caterpillars, the destruc- tion of pupae with contact insecticides and with boiling water, removal of the loose bark from the trunlvs of grapevines, etc. Insecticide methods applied in winter are not so likely to give satisfactory results as similar work in sunmier. Experiments in combating the grape-berry moth, J. Capus and Feytaud {Rev. Vit., 29 (1908), Nos. l.',!, pp. 231-23.',; l',2, pp. 257-259; 7.'/3, pp. 285- 290). — The author experimented with various solutions of arsenic, nicotine, and barium chlorid in controlling grape-berry moth. On the whole the arsen- ical preparations and barium chlorid gave better results than nicotine or other contact insecticides. Among the arsenicals preference is given to arsenate of lead, but barium chlorid, used in solutions of 2, 4, or 6 per cent, gave perhaps the most satisfactory results. Zeuzera pyrina on cork oak in Algeria, P. Lesne (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.'i6 {1908), A'o. 9, pp. ■'i93--'i96) .- — Z. pyrina is reported as causing great damage to cork oaks in certain parts of Algeria. The galleries produced by this insect in the trunks of the trees are of rather simple form and it appeal's possible to destroy the larvae by injecting bisulphid of carbon into the burrows. The Douglas spruce cone moth, R. A. Cooley (Montana Sta. BuL 70, pp. 125-130, pi. 1). — The author's attention was first called to the work of the cone moth (Ciidia psciidotsugana) in the spring of 1900, when thousands of the moths were observed flying about a Douglas spruce or red fir (Pscudotsuga mucronata). Observations have since been continued and studies of the life history which have been made are here reported. This insect is so widespread in the portion of the State in which observa- tions were made that it is very unusual to find an uninfected tree. It is esti- mated that under 5 per cent of the seeds escape injury. No other parts of the trees and only this species appear to be attacked. Tlie eggs are deposited on the young cones during the last week of June. Upon emerging the larvae enter the cone. Feeding is completed by the time the cone is fully hardened. The adult larva which is about f in. in length resembles that of the codling moth in general appearance and motions. The winter is passed in the pupal stage, the greater number of moths emerging during the montli of June. Pebrine and related Microsporidia, A. LuTz and A. Splendoke ( Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., .'16 (1908), Xo. J,, pp. 311-315, figs. 13).— In a continued study of the genus Nosema, the autliors found that a number of species of this genus live in various arthropods, worms, and fish. In addition to the species which causes pebrine in silkworms a description is given of a number of new species of this genus. Fixation and multiplication of pathogenic trypanosomes in the proboscis of the tsetse fly, E. Roubaud (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l-'i6 (1908), No. 8, pp. 1/23-425). — A study of the biological relations of trypanosomes in the proboscis of tsetse flies indicated that these parasites are able to fix themselves to the walls of the proboscis by means of their flagella and to multiply to a ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355 considerable extent in this situation. TIais phenomenon was observed not only in the trypanosome of sleeping sickness but also in the trypauosomes of various animal diseases. The use of arsenicals, L. Degrully (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 2f) (1908), No. 10, pp. 2SS-293) .—During the past few years many objections have been raised against the use of arsenicals on the ground that injurious effects might be produced in man and animals from eating plants treated with these insecticides. This idea has become so firmly rooted in the minds of some investigators that dealers have been prevailed upon to refuse to sell arsenical poisons. In the author's opinion the danger from arsenicals has been greatly exaggerated. Attention is called to the satisfactory results obtained in spraying various plants with arsenicals for the destruction of leaf-eating caterpillars. The choice of arsenicals for insecticide purposes, H. Grosjean (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 29 (1908), No. 11, pp. 325-328) .—The insoluble arsenical salts are considered quite superior to those which are more readily soluble. In the opinion of the author these salts may be applied to nearly all kinds of vegetables and fruits in their early stages of growth without danger to the plants or to human beings who may consume the treated plants. Fungicides, insecticides, and spray calendar, E. H. Favor (Missouri Stn. Circ. Inform. 23, pp. 3-19, figs. 5). — Directions for the preparation and applica- tion of fungicides and insecticides are given in this circular. Spray calendar, A. F. Conrade (Texas Sta. Circ. 10, folio). — Formulre of various insecticides and fungicides have been prepared for ready reference in the form of a calendar, together with general directions for their use. Funiig'ation with hydrocyanic-acid g-as (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 18S, p. 3). — In fumigating commercial stock it is recommended that one /)art of potassium cyanid and Ih parts of suli)huric acid be taken for each 3i parts of water. The quantity of potassium cyanid per 100 cu. ft. of space to be fumigated maj' be varied somewhat, depending upon the nature and hardiness of the plants. The queen of honey bees. A case of atavism, R. Demoll (Biol. CentbL, 28 (1908), No. 8, pp. 271-278, figs. 2).— A theoretical consideration of the differ- ent forms of individuals observed in a swarm of bees has convinced the author that there are only two original forms of individuals, the drone and the queen, while the workers are more highly specialized individuals based upon the orig- inal queen type. An examination of the anatomical structures of the queen as compared with those of the worker bee indicates quite clearly that the queen is the older type phylogenetically and that the worker is anatomically con- structed on the same plan with a specialized development as the result of the division of labor in the colony. Apiculture, L. Iches (An, Hoe. Rural Argentina, ^2 (1908), No. 55, pp. 20-36, figs. 16). — A general account is presented of the business aspects of api- culture with particular reference to the relationship of this industry to agricul- ture in general. A statement is given showing the expenses which would be incurred in establishing an apiary of the average size. A list is presented of the more important honey-producing plants. Bee keeping' in North Carolina, F. Sherman, Jr. (Bui. N. C. Dept. Agr., 2.9 (1908), No. 1, pp. 27, figs. 5). — Reports received from 3G0 bee keepers in the State, owning more than 10,400 colonies of bees, indicate that nearly all sections of the State are well adapted to bee keeping. Thus far bee keepers have given too little attention to the style of hive and to the breed of bees. It is recommended that black and hybrid bees be replaced by Italians, and the 61717— No. 4—08—5 356 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. old i)lank hives by modorn ones. The three most important bee plants in the State are sourwood, tulip tree, and clover. Bee keeping' in Ontario {Ontario Dept. Ayr. Bui. 166, pp. «).— This report has been compiled from the answers to questions sent out in a circular to the bee keepers of the province. Of the answers received only 10 per cent reported that the industry was carried on at all extensively. Losses of the past 2 years were noted as having made a material change, few large apiaries being left, while many smaller ones were wipetl out entirely. It is concluded that this will tend to keep up prices for the better quality of honey, and keepers are advised to give the work special attention. " Very little disease was reported. While the percentage of dysentery seems high, in every case the correspondent stated that the attack was slight, gen- erally occurring in only 1 or 2 hives in an apiary. Of the instances where foul brood was reported, in only 2 cases was the attack a severe one. European foul brood has appeared in the vicinity of Trenton in rather a vii'uleut form, and has caused heavy losses in two apiaries." As a result of work by C inspectors appointed in the spring a decrease in foul brood has been noted. A large territory in which little is known of the preva- lence of this disease is to be inspected. A large number of the reports received from apiarists having 100 or more colonies are given. Bee diseases in Massachusetts, B. N. Gatks {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 124, pp. 3-12, map 1). — This is a reprint of Bulletin 75, part 3, of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 25S). A new method of controlling flaccidity of silkworms, P. Gaspakini ( Colti- vatorc, 5'i {IDOS), No. 11, pp. 327-32.9).— The best results thus far obtained in controlling flaccidity in silkworms have followed the use of a mixture of chloriu, formaldehyde, sulphur, corrosive sublimate, and phenol for fumigating infected apparatus. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The amount of extractive material in dark and light meat, M. Adler {Berlin. Klin, ^ychnschr., 45 {WOS), No. S, pp. 393-396). ~V sing analytical methods which he believes are more accurate, the author studied the amount and- character of the nitrogen in red and white meat and discusses his results in comparison with those of earlier investigators. (See E. S. R., 13, p. 478.) The following table summarizes the principal results : Amount and character of nitrogen in meat and fish. Kind of food. Beef, raw Beef, roasted Beef, boiled Veal, raw Veal, roasted Veal, boiled Pork, very lean, raw Pork, very lean, boiled Total nitrogen. P. ct. 3.52 3.60 3.87 Extract- ive nitro- gen. P.ct. 0. 4599 .4290 .4200 .3700 .0630 .0570 .4500 Nitrogen of organic P. ct. 0.129 .031 .014 .025 .015 Kind of food. Chicken (leg), roasted Ham, lean, lightly smoked, tioiled . Ham, well smoked, raw Carp, raw Carp, boiled Cod, boiled Total nitrogen. P. ct. 4.97 Extract- ive nitro- gen. P. ct. 0.1100 . 1500 .5100 .3120 .0690 .3200 Nitrogen of organic bases. P. ct. 0.034 According to the author's results, beef and veal showed differences in the amount of extractive nitrogen present which justified the classification into FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 357 red and white meat. In the case of white meats, boiling removes more extract- ive nitrogen than roasting. The results obtained are discussed with special reference to invalid dietetics. Commercial cuts of meat on the block {Breeder's Gaz., 53 (1908), No. 11, pp. 599, 600, figs. //). — The system of cutting meat followed in the Chicago market is described and a large number of photographs of market cuts re- produced. The native oysters of the west coast, R. E. C. Stearns (Nat. Gcogr. Mag., 19 (1908), No. 3, pp. 22//-2^^ti).— Statistical and other data regarding the oysters and oyster beds on the Pacific Coast of the United States. Milling qualities of wheat, II. Stewart and J. E. Greaves ( Utah 8ta. Bui. 103, pp. 2^3-276, figs. 2). — Using 21 samples of Utah wheats grown under irri- gated conditions and 70 samples grown under arid conditions, the milling quali- ties and character of locally grown wheats were studied, including both the common bread varieties and durum wheats. The average weight of 100 kernels of the common bread variety tested was 3.0417 gm. and of 100 kernels of durum wheat 3.7258 gm. The wheats were ground in an experimental mill, the bread variety yielding on an average 53.21 per cent flour, 35.11 per cent bran, and 10.91 per cent shorts, and the durum varieties, 50.23 per cent flour, 31.97 per cent bran, and 17.27 per cent shorts. The durum wheats on an average contained 8.89 per cent water and the bread varieties, 8.46 per cent. The average protein contents were respectively 18.82 per cent and 18.44 per cent, using the factor 6.25, or 17.14 per cent and 16.76 per cent, respectively, if the factor 5.7 is used. The water and protein content of the flour, bran, and shorts of the diffwent kinds of wheat are reported. The propor- tion of wet gluten, dry gluten, the ratio of wet to dry gluten, the gliadin con- tent, the glutenin content, the proportion of protein in the form of gliadin, the acidity, and the ash content of the different samples of flour were also studied. According to the authors' summary, the Utah wheats are chai'acterized by a low water content and a protein content much above the average. The percent- age of protein in wheat grown on irrigated lands was lower than that of wheat grown on arid farms. The Gold Coin wheat showed the lowest protein content of any variety studied. " The theory that the heavier weight per 100 kernels the greater the yield of flour obtained does not receive any support from our work. The statement that spring varieties of wheat have a higher percentage of protein is confirmed by our results. " The protein content of the common bread varieties is nearly equal to that of the durum varieties, the difference being only 0.5 per cent. The durum wheats are heavier, kernel for kernel, than the bread varieties. " There are noticeable variations in the yield, milling, and chemical character- istics of the same varieties of wheat grown on the various arid farms of the State. The moist and dry gluten content of Utah wheats is very high. The bran and shorts produced from the common bread varieties of wheat are fully as nutritious as the bran and shorts produced from the hard varieties of wheat. " If the gluten content determines the value of durum wheats for the making of macaroni, the common bread varieties grown in Utah should be just as val- uable for this purpose. " The gliadin content of durum wheats is slightly higher than that of the soft varieties. " No single variety now possesses, combined, the desired characteristics of yield, protein content, flour yield, weight per bushel, and the most desirable mill- ing qualities. However, sufficient evidence is presented to indicate those varie- 358 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ties which it will be most profitable to use for selection in order to obtain the desired results." The baking quality and the bleaching of flour, J. F. Hoffmann ( Wchnschr. Bran., 25 (1908), No. 7, pp. 108-110, fig. 1). — According to the author's con- elusions, the physiological condition of the proteids, which influences in large measure the germinating power and bread-making quality of grain, is depend- ent upon the weather conditions under which the grain ripens. The baking quality can be improved either by drying the grain or by the addition of malt flour. Bleaching with chemical reagents, the author considers, does not per- manently improve baking quality. Bread used by peasants, E. GRiJNER {Agr. Mod., IJf {1908), No. 6, pp. 11, 72). — Data are given regarding a bread made of corn meal and wheat, which the author considers more satisfactory than the corn bread which is so com- monly eaten in many regions in Italy. Breakfast foods, W. Feear {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 162, pp. JfO). — The general characteristics and chemical composition were determined of a number of sam- ples of cereal breakfast foods and pancake flours on sale in Pennsylvania. The results obtained " show clearly that the materials used in preparing the cereal breakfast foods are wholesome grains or some of their more valuable products, and that the addition of bran, corncob, cornstalk, etc., sometimes said to be used as adulterants, is purely imaginary. Furthermore, the sam- ples exhibited a good condition of dryness, but many were wormy when received. In general, they exhibited no evidence of the use of bleaching agents, except in the case of a few pancake flours. " The test for tonic materials, such as strychnin, and also for morphiu, were negative. On the other hand, the net weights contained in the packages were most variable. The representations concerning the chemical composition and nutritive value of the preparations were often very highly misleading, and sometimes utterly reckless. " The cost of these foods was low if they are regarded as confections to please the taste, but very high if they be treated as substitutes for the ordinary domestic cereal products." Examination of a new preparation, " ice cream powder," F. Feeeari- Lelli (Arch. Farmacol. Sper. e Sci. Aff., 7 (1908), No. 1, jrp. i-^.— The lee cream powder examined, according to the author, contained oat and wheat starch and Mars yellow. The proteins of rice, O. Rosenheim and S. Kajiuea (Jour. Physiol., 36 (1908), No. 6, pp. LIV, LV). — In a preliminary communication the authors report studies of proteins of rice, the work being undertaken to determine whether the presence or absence of certain proteins or their cleavage products might possibly have any relation to the apparent fact that a diet mainly of rice is a predisposing factor in the causation of beriberi. Rice globulin, rice albumin, and a protein for which the name " oryzeuin " is proposed were the bodies identified, the last-named representing the bulk of the rice proteins. It is insoluble in water, salt solutions, and dilute alcohol, but is soluble in dilute alkali (0.2 per cent potassium hydroxid) and is isolated by means of this sol- vent. When dried it is in the form of a white powder and gives all the usual protein color reactions. " The absence of any protein soluble in alcohol is a characteristic feature of rice. . . . This fact obviously explains the vmsuitability of rice for bread making, for both an alcohol-soluble protein (gliadin) and an alcohol-insoluble protein (glutenin) appear to be necessary for the formation of gluten, the essen- tial constituent of dough. All our attempts to obtain gluten from rice have up to the present been unsuccessful. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 359 It is said that the addition of barley to a rice diet prevents the occurrence of beriberi. This cereal and some others contain gliadins and are characterized by high percentages of glutaminic acid among their cleavage products. The authors propose to study the questions suggested by these facts with reference to beriberi. Comparison of potatoes and rice, Louise Shipman (III. Agr., 12 {1908), No. 5, pp. I'i9, 150. fig. 1). — Data are summarized regarding the nutrients, energy value, and cost of equivalent amounts of raw and cooked potatoes and rice. According to the author, rice takes up about 5 times its weight of water when cooked. The uses and composition of tamarind seeds, D. Hooper (Agr. Ledger, 1907, No. 2 (Veg. Prod. Ser., No. 101), pp. 13-16, fig. i).— Tamarind seeds, it is stated, are universally eaten by the poorer people of India during times of scarcity and famine and are occasionally eaten at other times. Seeds with and without the outer hull were analyzed and a study of the fat of tamarind seeds was also made. The amount of fat present is small. The principal con- stituents are protein and carbohydrates, the proportions present in the kernel without the brown covering being 18.06 and 62.88 per cent, respectively. " There is a decided difference in the composition of the shelled and un- shelled seeds. The shells contain the undesirable constituents, namely, the tannin matter and fiber, and the kernels represent a nutritious food, white in appearance and with no disagreeable odor and taste." The stafE tree (Celastrus scandens) as a former food supply of starving' Indians, F. T. Dillingham (Amer. Nat., ^1 (1907), pp. 391-393; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 (190S), No. 5, p. 677/). — The food value of this product is attributed to the presence of mannan. Strained honey, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. [Canada], Bill. 1^5, pp. 29). — Of 253 samples of so-called strained honey collected throughout the Dominion of Canada, 219 samples were genuine, 31 of them showing a high water content. Of the remaining samples 4 were doubtful, 16 apparently adul- terated, and 14 sold as compound. According to the author, " the highest amount of water found in any of these samples is 31.4 per cent. . . . The ash of honey is due almost entirely to the accidental occurrence of dust, which sticks to the nectar, or other saccharin fluid, gathered by the bees. It is usually a mere trace, but exceptional instances are on record when it has reached 0.3 per cent." In the author's opinion, a high ash content in honey is due to carelessness in handling with consequent access of dust, and he does not believe that the ash content is valuable for detecting adulterated honey. Various other questions connected with honey and honey adulteration are briefly considered. Sophistication of honey, J. Zimmermann (Honigfdlschiingen vnd Honig- fUlscher [1908], pp. 80; rev. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. l.'t, p. 165).— A dis- cussion of the importance of pure food laws with reference to the honey industry and related topics. New preserved fruit products, J, Halmi (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 5, pp. 277-280). — Hungarian products are described, including so-called plum bread, plum jelly, plum flour, and similar products made from apricots and apples. The composition of fresh avocado fruit, E. A. Patratjlt (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 25 (1908), No. 8, pp. 777, 778 ) .—According to the analytical data presented, the edible portion of the avocado has the following percentage composition: Water 82.1, protein 1.2, fat 8.7, sugar 2.9, cellulose and undeter- mined material 4.6, and ash 0.5 per cent. Starch and tannin were not present. 360 EXPEKTMENT STATION RECORD. 'I'lic f:it, it is sfalod, is a s^eon aromatic oil with an odor recalling that of lanrel oil, which soliilities at 15° C. The sugar present was not completely identified. It reecial hygiene and gives a series of illustrative experiments for each branch taken np. Food constituents, action of cooking on food, beverages, and tests for the quality of food stuffs are among the subjects included. The elements of the chemical physiology of digestion, S. Schmidt-Nielsen (Elctncnicrna af MatsmaltniiicjCHfi Kcmisha Fi/siologi IJpsala, 1907, pp. 13). — A syllabus of lectures delivered at the summer course at Upsala University, 1907. Progress in proteid chemistry with special reference to biological prob- lems, E. Abderhalden {Naturw. Wchnschr., 23 (1908), No. 8, pp. 113-121, fig. 1). — A summary of results of recent investigations in proteid chemistry with special reference to the structure of the proteid molecule, the synthesis of pro- teids from amino acids, the food value of different proteids as dependent upon their structure, the importance of ferments in body processes, and related questions. Protein synthesis in the animal body, V. Henriques (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 5-'t (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 406-Jf22). — The experiments reported, the author believes, show that with albumin cleavage products as the sole source of nitro- gen it is possible not only to maintain body weight but also to make substan- tial gains in nitrogen. Cleavage products obtained by the action of trypsin and erepsin retain this property even if heated on a water bath for 0 hours with 20 per cent sulphuric acid at a temperature of boiling water. When heated for 17 hours, the products no longer suffice to maintain nitrogen equi- librium. Apparently this had some connection with the ability to give the tryptophan reaction, as this was plainly noticeable with the cleavage products with which nitrogen equilibrium could be maintained and was absent when nitrogen equilibrium was not possible. The experiments reported were made with small animals. Experiments on the influence of an excess of fat in the diet on the diges- tive tract and on metabolism, E. Biernacki {Reprinted from Poln. Arch. Biol. u. Med. Wins., 3 {1901), pp. 212-313; Zentbl. Oesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffwechsels, n. ser., 2 {1901), No. 11, pp. 7/0 /-//i//).— The chief effect noted from an excess of fat in the diet was a lowering of the oxidation of protein, which was manifested as a decrease in the amount of urea excreted and an increase in the urine constituents called amido acids. An excess of sugar also caused a lowering of the urea coefficient but starch did not have this effect. The experiments rei)orted were made with dogs. Cotton-seed oil taken in food and injected, K. Lendrich {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. NaJir. u. Genussmtl., 15 {1908), No. 6, pp. 326-33J,) .—In experiments with rab- bits it was found that only a limited amount of cotton-seed oil constituents appeared in the body fat though the feeding was continued for a long time. "When the cotton-seed oil was injected into the digestive tract phytosterin was rapidly resorbed but not the other constituents. Carbohydrate metabolism, H. McGuigan {Science, n. ser., 21 {1908), No. 689, pp. 1(29, 430). — The author studied carbohydrate metabolism by means of perfusion experiments with surviving tissue. According to his results, both dextrose and levulose are directly attacked by living tissues and the amount diminished. '* If there be a conversion of either into glycogen it takes place in the muscle as it is oxidized, which is highly improbable. " Maltose is not used directly by the muscle. There is some loss of sugar, but if we assume that the dextrose in the blood is utili^d in preference to maltose, no reduction of the quantity of maltose takes place. If we grant that both are used equally there could be at most only a slight reduction of the maltose. . . . " Investigation of the other sugars has not been concluded." FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 365 Sugar in the ration during- military maneuvers, Joly (Arch. Med. et Pharm. Mil., .',9 {1901), p. 2J,1; ahs. in Ilyg. ZenthJ., 3 {1908), No. 21, pp. 674, 675).— For o weeks GO to 165 gni. of sugar replaced half of the meat ration of 2 companies of French soldiers. The sugar was taken readily in wine, water, or coffee and no digestive disturbances were noted. Five soldiers for 3 days took a larger amount of sugar, namely, 300 gm., in the place of the entire meat ration. In the author's opinion, the men were in better physical condition and had more en- durance than on their ordinary ration. Cleavag-e in metabolism, Pxjtter {Med. Naturic. Arch., vol. 1, No. 1, p. 61; o?AS. in Zcnthl. Physiol., 21 {1908), No. 2 J,, pp. 815, S/6).— According to the author's deductions, the oxidation processes play a smaller part and aujBrobic cleavage processes a much greater part in metabolism in the animal body than is ordinarily supposed. Concerning the extractives of muscular tissue. IX, The constitution of carnitin, R. Krimberg {Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 53 {1907), No. 6, pp. 51 4- 525). — According to the author, carnitin is a 7-trimethyl-oxy-butyro-betain. For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. R., IS, p. 9G0). Creatin and creatinin, E. Mellanby {Jour. Physiol., 36 {1908), No. 6, pp. 447— '(87, figs. 3). — Methods of estimation, the stability of creatin in muscles, the effect of glycocyamin feeding on the creatin in chickens' muscle, the effects of creatin and creatinin on the percentage of creatin in muscles, and other ques- tions were considered in connection with the investigations reported. According to the author's conclusions, the muscle plays a small part in the formation of creatinin, while the liver is intimately connected with the produc- tion of creatin and the excretion of creatinin. He believes that muscle creatin is formed from creatinin, the principal reasons for this opinion being that " the feeding experiments on young chickens yield some slight evidence that food creatinin can be changed to creatin and stored. In no physiological experiment in this research has creatin ever been changed to creatinin. Creatinin is not excreted by chickens until about a week after hatching, i. e., not until the muscles are saturated with creatin. . . . " The change from creatinin to creatin is from every point of view more likely than the change from creatin to creatinin. From a chemical considera- tion it is more probable that the ring formation of creatinin comes direct from a tissue breakdown, and that this ring is then hydrated to a creatin chain by muscle, rather than that the creatin chain is dehydx'ated to form the creatinin ring. " From a physiological point of view it can not be thought that tissues would make an innocuous neutral substance like creatin into a strongly basic sub- stance like creatinin. Such a change would be contrary to all that is known of the changes undergone by chemical substances in the organism." Studies of the cholesterin group, A. Menozzi {Atti. R. Accad. Lineei, Rend. CI. ^ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 {1908), I, No. 3, pp. .9^-9// ) .—Chemical studies of cholesterin from hens' eggs led to the conclusion that it is identical with the cholesterin of bile. Body temperature and periodicity, W. A. Osborne {Jour. Physiol., 36 (1908), No. 6, pp. XXXIX-XLI).—The body temperature records kept on a journey from Melbourne to London, which the author presents, tend to prove, in his opinion, that the time of evening maximum takes place with regard to local time and not the time of the starting point. " They do not, however, dis- prove the existence of body periodicity nor prove that the evening maximum is determined solely by the hours of sleep, the activities of the day and the diur- nal variations of light and heat, for a true periodicity might have beeu present 366 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. but adjusted to the now conditions owinj; to the very firadual manner these were introduced." Work underpressure and in great heat, J. S. Haldane (Sci. Prog. Ticentieth Cent., 2 (JDOS), No. 7, pp. 378-398, figs. //). — The author summarizes aud dis- cusses the results of his own investigations and other data resjardinj; atmos- pheric moisture, heat, atmospheric pressure, and other conditions with special reference to their effect ou muscular work. ANIMAL PEODTJCTION. Inspection of feeding stuffs {Ncio York mate Bta. Bill. 303, pp. 203-25.'t).— Of 297 samples of -"-otton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feed, corn bran, dried distillers' grains, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, hominy feed, barley and oat by-products, beet-sugar wastes, meat meals and other animal products, poultry foods, and other feeding stuffs analyzed, 28 were materially below gnarauty, which is 41 less than the number found a year ago. Tables of analyses are given. " With reference to the proprietary feeds, not only have the percentages of protein, fat, and fiber been determined, but these mixtures have been studied with reference to the ingredients from which they were compounded. This was done by a microscopic examination of 38 brands. " Nearly all of these compounded feeds contain either oat hulls greatly in excess of what belong to the ground oats present, or ground corncobs. " The molasses feeds . . . nearly all contained a great variety of weed seeds, some of which are noxious weeds such as mustard, charlock, wild carrot, and English plantain (narrow-leaved plantain, buckhorn). Germination tests show that in several cases these seeds have uot lost the power of germination." It is stated that these weed seeds have an unknown nutritive value and that many pass through the animals undigested, thus becoming a menace not only to the land but also to the productiveness of the animals which receive a smaller quantity of digestible nutrients than has been assumed by the feeder who buys these feeding stuffs for pure sound grains. Twelve gluten feeds examined for acids and artificial coloring matter were found to have a total acidity equivalent to from 0.09 to 0.91 per cent hydro- chloric acid. Sulphuric acid was present only in traces, except in one sample which showed 0.18 per cent of SO3. The acidity was much higher in the 7 samples found ai-tificially colored and it is suggested that the acids may be added to fix the coloring matter. reed stuffs, R. E. Rose (Fla. Quart. Bui. Dept. Agr., 18 {1908), No. 1, pp. 17-21, 36-39, 96-121).— According to the results of 223 analyses, "the general average of all the commercial feed sold in the State was slightly above the guaranty." The valuation of feeding stuffs and related questions are spoken of. The materials examined included bran, middlings, shorts, mill feefl, ship stuff, ground ear corn, hominy feed, cotton-seed meal, cotton-seed hulls, gluten feed, cocoanut meal, commercial or proprietary feeds, sugar or molasses feeds, beet pulp, commercial poultry feeds. Natal grass hay, and Japanese Kudzoo vine hay. The composition of Natal grass hay was as follows : Protein 7.45, fat 1.80, nitrogen-free extract 39.23, crude fiber 36.75, aud ash 5.02 per cent, and of Japanese Kudzoo vine hay — protein 10.59, fat 1.68, nitrogen -free extract 32.81, crude fiber 40.09, and ash 8.83 per cent. Execution of the [Massachusetts] feed law, J. B. Lindsey (Massachusetts Sta. Ri)t. 1907, pp. 90, 91). — The chief result of inspection was the discovery ANIMAL PRODUCTIOlSr. 367 of numeroui? lots of inferior cotton-seed meal due in part to heavy rainfalls in the autumn of 1906, when large quantities of cotton seed were damaged. One new feed was found, known as flax feed, and consisting substantially of one-third imperfectly developed flax seed and two-thirds of a variety of ground weed seeds. It has an extremely bitter taste and cows ate it rather grudgingly when fed by itself, though consuming it readily when mixed with other grains. German meadows and the estimation of the value of meadow hay, A Naumann (Ztsehr. InfckUonskraiik. u. Hyg. Haustiere, 4 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 50-101, pis. 2, figs. 0). — A discussion of typical meadow lands and other grass ai'eas found in different countries, a classification of the meadow areas of Germany, and a summary of classified data regarding the botanical distribu- tion, chemical composition, and other characteristics of grasses and other plants found on such areas. Micro-organisms which occur on meadow plants and hay are described and illustrated and the question of poisonous plants found in meadows is also taken up. The composition and digestibility of hay from sewage meadows (Agr. Mod., l-'t (1908), Mo. l-'i, pp. 18-'i, 185). — Analytical and other data are sum- marized and discussed. The native fodder plants of New South Wales, J. H. Maiden (Off. Year- book N. S. Wales, 1905-6, pp. 75.'t-759). — A description of grasses, saltbushes, and other fodder plants native to New South Wales with some notes on their use and palatabllity. Ensiled beet pulp and its by-products, J. Giele (Jour. Soc. Cent. Agr. Bclg., 55 (IDOS), No. .'/, j)p. 110-112). — Analytical and other data regarding the com- position of ensiled beet pulp are reported and discussed. Buckwheat feed, F. W. Woll {Hoard's Dairyman, 39 (1908), No. 10, p. 300). — This discussion of buckwheat feeds of different kinds quotes analyses made at the Wisconsin Experiment Station. Experiments on the nutritive value of nonproteid nitrogenous constitu- ents of hay, O. Kellnek (Jour. Laiidw., 56 (1908), No. 1, pp. -'/9-52). — A critical discussion. The value of glutaniinic acid and aspartic acid as nutrients, K. Andelik and K. Velich {Ztsehr. Zuckerindus. Bohmen, 32 {1908), No. 6, pp. 313-3Ji2).-- In the experiments with sheep which are reported 96 to 98 per cent of both glu- tamiuic acid and aspartic acid, taken as sodium salts, were resorbed. The urine did not contain any appreciable quantity of these acids, nor of simpler amino acids. Rath acids were retained in the body, the proportion of aspartic acid thus retained being the greater. The resorbed material was in part used for the formation of protein and in part as a source of energy. When glutaminic acid was taken only 4.3 per cent of the food protein was resorbed as compared with 54 per cent in the case of the aspartic acid ration and 49 per cent with the normal ration. Eat formation from protein and methods of estimating fat, E. A. Bog- DANow {Jour. Landw., 56 {1908), No. 1, pp. 53-87). — According to the author's experience, it is possible to find pigs, though the proportion is small, capable of taking large quantities of protein without disturbing general good health, and with such animals the utilization of casein and meat meal containing little fat was studied. It was found that a ration very rich in protein induced only small gains in fat even when the feed was eaten in quantity with a good appetite. The author considers it probable, however, that fat was formed from protein under such conditions though the quantity was not large. He calls attention to the fact that this is in accord with the view that at least certain proteins contain pre- 368 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. formed carbohydrates and tliat glycogen formation from protein has been noted by other observers. His method of fat estimation depends upon double extrac- tion and subsequent determination of the fatty acids, a method which, in his opinion, gives particularlj' satisfactory results in studies of fat formation in the body. Studies of the digestibility of dried potatoes, O. Kellner et al. (Landiv. ^'cl•s. Stat., 68 (WOS), Xo. 1-2, pp. 3!)-()0). — In experiments with pigs the aver- age coefiicients of digestibility of 6 sorts of dried potatoes were as follows: Organic matter 91.3, protein 58.8, nitrogen-free extract 94.5, and crude fiber 73.2 per cent. In experiments with sheep the average values were organic matter SG.5, protein 31.9, nitrogen-free extract 94.4, and crude fiber 16.1 per cent. Digestion experiments, II, H. G. Knight, F. E. Hefner, and T. F. McCon- NELL {W Homing Sta. Bui. 78, pp. S-J/-'/, figs. .J). — A continuation of previous work (E. S. R., IS, p. 262). Native hay, oat straw, pea hay, and sweet clover, and alfalfa from different cuttings were fed to sheep. The digestion coeffi- cients found in this and the previous work were as follows: DigestibUity of native hay, oat straiv, pea hay, sweet clover hay, and alfalfa hay. Dry matter. Protein. Nitro- gen-free extract. Crude fiber. Ash. Native hay (wire grass) Native hay ( wheat grasses) . . Oat straw Pea hay Sweet clover hay Alfalfa hay (first cutting) Alfalfa hay (second cutting) Per rent. 53.27 63.64 54.83 67.10 60.88 61.95 64.25 Per cent. Per cent. 38.76 57.12 25. 72 78.24 75.46 77.56 79.55 54.19 47.04 49.97 49. 55 30.94 38.46 44.75 Per cent. 54. 31 66.46 .57. 21 79.27 72. 04 73.29 75.60 Per cent. 58.30 67.49 54.13 50. 73 33.63 46.04 46.12 Per cent. 33.81 38.90 48.79 33.39 65.79 47.04 55.33 The western sedges (Carex) and rushes (Juncus), grown for hay throughout the irrigated regions of the Laramie Plains, were found to be nutritious, although the eastern species are supposed to have little value for stock. Oat sti'aw is deemed more nutritious than eastern workers have found it to be. Canadian pea hay is believed to be one of the most important hays for fattening lambs. White sweet clover {Melilotus alba), one of the few alkali-resisting plants, has a peculiar taste which stock do not seem to relish, but if cut early, placed in the stack and salted, it is quite palatable. The forage plants which composed the native hay (wire grass), arranged in the order of their predominance, were as follows: Juncus balticus (Baltic rush), J. longistylis (long-style rush), Dcsehampsia cwspitosa (tufted hair grass), Carex nebraskensis (Nebraska sedge). Astragalus bodini (Bodiu vetch), Triglochin i)alustris and T. maritima (weeds), Agropyron occidcntale (western wheat grass), and small amounts of many others. The first 6 species comprised fully 90 per cent of the whole. The forage plants in the native hay in which wheat grasses predominate included Agropyron sp. (species of wheat grasses), Deschampsia excspitosa, PucdnelUa airoides (alkali meadow grass), Juncus balticus, J. longistylis, Eleocharis paJustris (spike rush), and small amounts of several others. About 75 per cent of the whole consisted of the true grasses, mainly wheat grasses, the balance being rushes and sedges. A feeding experiment with hay, turnips, and cut straw for sheep, J. Saland {Ber. Norges Landbr. Iloiskoles Virks., 1S06-7, pp. 225-2-'f0). — A test ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 369 with 3 ewes and their 5 lambs sliowing that turnips may malve a profitable sheep feed under the agricultural conditions of eastern Norway. Fertility in Scottish sheep, F. H. A. Marshall (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 20 (IfiOS), pp. 139-1.51). — A series of statistics based upon inquiries made by sheep breeders was compiled by the author for the purpose of showing some of the principles involved in determining fertility in sheep. The percentage of lambs per 100 ewes and the percentage of barren ewes in various flocks of different breeds and kept under diffei'ent conditions are show^n in tabular form. It was found that certain changes of weatlier during the breed- ing season may have an unfavorable effect upon the percentage of lambs and that the practice of flushing ewes almost invariably has the effect of increasing the percentage of twin lambs and triplets. Considerable evidence was obtained to show tliat a high fertility is ordinarily hereditary. Caracul sheep, E. Meuleman (Le Motif on Karakul. Brussels, 1908, pp. 20, figs. S). — An account of raising Persian, caracul, and similar sheep which yield the fur known as Persian lamb, broadtail, astrakhan, etc. The author believes that raising such sheep might be advantageously carried on in parts of Belgium. Caracul sheep and their possible use in the sandy regions of Germany, J. KtJHN (IIIKS. Landio. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 2J,, pp. 213, 21), figs. .J).— The author does not believe that caracul sheep would be suited to German condi- tions, as they apparently require their usual environment in order to produce lambs with the cliaracteristic pelts. Raising and fattening calves on skim milk with and without supplement- ary feeds, P. DoRKic and P. Daire (Indus. Lait. [Paris], 33 (1908), No. 10, pp. 183— ISl). — Barley flour, rice flour, and linseed oil were used as supple- ments to skim milk and in the tests which are briefly cited the calves gained from 0.6 to 1 kg. per head per day. The addition of oil to the ration did not materially improve the quality of meat nor influence the gains in weight. Beef production. II, Methods of beef production in Indiana. Ill, Factors influencing the value and cost of feeders, J. H. Skinner and W. A. Cochel {Indiana Sta. Circs. 12, pp. 32; l-i, pp. 23, figs. 22). — Circular 12 is a summary of replies received from 929 successful feeders of Indiana to a list of 100 ques- tions submitted relative to the extent of the business of feeding cattle, the equipment used, and the methods of feeding in vogue. Circular 14 discusses the conformation, quality and breeding, age, condition and weight of steers, market conditions, and other factors influencing the value and cost of feeders. Fifty years among Shorthorns, R. Bruce (London, 1907, pp. 21.'i, pis. 21).— On the basis of personal knowledge the author describes a very large number of notable Shorthorn animals of Great Britain. Congo cattle, E. Meuleman (Le Detail du Congo, Brussels, 1907, pp. 23, figs. 13). — A summary of data on the zebras and the cattle in the Congo. The advantages of introducing improved breeds of cattle and related questions are considered. Inverted starch in pig feeding, S. S. Sevenster (Milch Ztg., 37 (1908), No. 8, p. 88). — A brief note on the use of diastasoliu for inverting starch. The use of smaller amounts than usual of the ferment is to be preferred, according to the author's experience. Supplements to corn for fattening hogs in dry lot, J. H. Skinner and W, A. CociiEL (Indiana Sta. Bui. 126, pp. 11(3-159). — Tankage, linseed meal, and soy- bean meal were compared as supplements to corn meal for fattening hogs. The tests were conducted at different seasons of the year with hogs of various ages and conditions of finish. The results are shown in the following table : 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Comi)(iris())i of tdnkdffc, linseed meal, and mji beans as supplements to corn for fattening hoys. Ratio of supplementary ration to basal ration (corn meal)." Number of days fed. Number of pigs. Daily gain per head. Amount of feed per pound gain. Cost per pound gain. Experiment 1: Period 1 — Lot 1 Lot 2 Period 2— Lot : Lot 2 Experiment 2: Period 1 — Lot 1 Lot 2 Period 2— Lot 1 Lot 2 Experiment 3: Lot 1 Lot2 ICxperiment 4: Lot 1 Lot2 Experiment 5: Lotl Lot 2 Experiment 6: Lot 1 Lot 2 Summary of experi- ments 1, 2, 3, and 4. Summary of experi- ments 5 and 6. Tankage 1:10 Linseed meal 2: 10. Tankage 1:10 Linseed meal 2: 10. Tankage 1:16 Linseed meal 1:8. Tankage 1:32 Linseed meal 1:16 . Tankage 1:20 Linseed meal 1:10. Tankage 1:15 Linseed meal 1:8 Linseed ideal 1:6.. Soy-beau meal 1:5. Linseed meal 1:8.. Soy-bean meal 1: 7. /Tankage t Linseed meal /Linseed meal \Soy-bean meal PouikIs. 1.57 1.48 1.60 1.36 1.65 1.42 1.12 1.20 1.53 L38 1.83 1.75 1.23 1.33 1.75 1,82 1.61 1.49 1.48 1..56 Pounds. 3. .58 3.82 4.33 4.68 3.76 3.86 4.00 3.79 3.75 4.22 3.83 3.75 3.82 3.46 3.75 3. 68 3.78 3.60 Cents. 3.68 3.89 4.35 4.68 3.62 3.76 3.73 3.54 3.57 4.02 3.70 3.62 3.82 3.46 3.62 3.59 3.82 3.96 3.71 3. .55 " In the flrsst period of the first experiment 5 parts of middlings were added to the ration. It is concluded that the tests with soy-bean meal indicate that it is possible to grow in Indiana a feed which is equal in value to linseed meal as a supple- ment to corn for fattening growing hogs in a dry lot. Corn should be the basis of all rations for fattening hogs, but a larger proportion may be used with tankage than when linseed meal is used as a supplement. With tankage the hogs consumed more feed, made a more rapid gain, and were better finished than when linseed meal was used. Soy-bean meal proved to l)e a more efficient supplement than linseed meal both as regards the rate and cost of gain. Hog feeding, W. J. Quick and A. P. Spencer (Virginia Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 3-14, figs. 2). — In 70-day tests with 4 lots of 5 Berkshire hogs, 5 months of age, skim milk was compared with blood meal as a supplement to corn, and well- seasoned, hard, and flinty corn was compared with new corn coming directly from the shock. With a basal ration of skim milk and middlings, the lot receiv- ing new corn made an average daily gain of 1.47 lbs. per day at a cost of 5.99 cts. per pound of gain, whereas the lot receiving old corn made an average daily gain of 1.5 lbs. at a cost of 5.6 cts. per pound of gain. With blood meal and middlings for a basal ration, the average daily gain of the lot receiving new corn was 1.37 lbs. at a cost of 5.9 cts. per pound, whereas the lot receiving old corn made a daily gain of 1.4 lbs., costing 5.7 cts. per pound of gain. Analy- ses of the feeds are given. " The profit made during the entire experiment differs less than one dollar. From this data we concluded that blood meal and skimmed milk have a similar feeding value when fed on the basis of an equal number of pounds of protein, and as supplements to either old or new corn." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 371 Paddock feeding of pigs, E, R. Sawer {Natal Agr. Jour, and Min. Rec, 10 (1907), No. 7, pp. 701, 702). — Peanuts, sweet potatoes, beans, and arrow- root were compared as pasturage for pigs at the Winkel Spruit Experiment Farm, the pasturage being supplemented by small amounts of other feed. The total gain made by 12 pigs on peanuts was 69.7 lbs. per week and on sweet potatoes 101.5 lbs. The experimental periods covered from 2 to 3 weeks. Fattening" pigs, Brandt (Dent. Landio. Presse, 35 (1908), No. 6, pp. 55, 56). — In an article quoted from Uannoversclic Land- und Forstwirthscliaftliche Zcitung data are summarized regarding the feeding of pigs in accordance with theoretical requirements. Standardizing breed characteristics, W. J. Spillman (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. /S'c/., 28 (1907), pp. 115-121, figs. 3). — Attention is devoted to the recur- rence of black specimens among pure-bred Hampshire swine. Since a distinct white band is required in this breed, various attempts have been made to eliminate the tendency to produce black specimens. From a consideration of the inheritance of Mendelian characters it is believed that the desired result may best be brought about by testing all male breeding animals. If a male when bred to a recessive female produces any young showing recessive characters, he should be discarded. The same result may be brought about by discarding all male and female Hampshire hogs which show the recessive character of white feet. If this course is adopted, it will be unnecessary to use black breed- ing animals to eliminate the white feet. Breeds of horses, P. Diffloth (Races ChevaUnes. Paris, 1908, pp. Tin-\- .'t67; rev. in Nature [London], 77 (1908), No. 1998, p. 339).— K classification and discussion of breeds of horses, together with statistics of the number of horses in the world and short chapters on the ass and mule. Data are also presented regarding the government efforts in France to encourage horse breed- ing. This volume is included in the series Encyclopedie Agricole. The horses of the British Empire, edited by H. F. de Trafford et al. (London, 1907, vols. 1, pp. riII+286, pis. 18, figs. 203; 2, pp. VIII+2.',5, pis. 10, figs. 551). — The origin and history of domestic horses and the principal breeds of horses, particularly those of importance in the British Empire, are discussed and a large amount of data on horses and horse breeding is summarized. The chapters are contributed by different authors and the work is very fully illustrated. Types and breeds of horses in the Russian Empire, edited by N. A. GouLKEViCH ([1907], pp. IV+30, pis. 68). — By means of illustrations and text the author describes the principal types of Russian horses. The text of the volume appears in Russian, English, German, and French. Horse feeding with saccharin substances (Sugar Beet, 29 (1908), No. ^, pp. 295, 296). — Experiments carried on by Latschenberger and S. Polansky at the Vienna Veterinary School are summarized. When lump sugar was fed to 2 horses, the maximum amount being 4 kg. per day for a horse weighing 475 kg., the animals remained in a satisfactory condition, gained somewhat in weight, and did not drink excessive amounts of water. The basal ration con- sisted of 3.6 kg. of oats and 4.5 kg. of hay. Tests were also summarized in which peat molasses was fed in addition to oats and hay, a kilogram per head per day giving very satisfactory results. The use of bonnets for horses, B. d'Anchald (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 67 (1907), No. 10, pp. 880-883; ahs. in Rev. Gen. Agron., 17 (1908), No. 2, pp. 76, 77). — Studies of body temperatures of horses with and without bonnets showed the animals were cooler without them. The author considers that bonnets are neither necessary nor desirable. 61717— No. 4—08 6 372 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Market classes of mules and breeding them (Breeder's Gaz., 53 {1908), No. 10, ijp. 5.i'), 5,i(i fiijs. 2). — This general discussion is based on tlie experience of a practical nuilo raiser. Animal food for chickens, F. Houssay (Arch. Zool. Expt. et Q6n., Jf. ser., G (1907), pih 131-332, fi(js. J,7 ; al)s. in Rev. Gdn. Agron., 17 (1908), No. 2, pp. 81, 82). — Experiments which included 6 successive generations of chickens were made in which exclusively animal and vegetable rations were compared. It was found that during the period of growth the chickens fed the animal food developed very rapidly. Under favorable conditions certain parts of the body, for instance, the epidermis of the foot, made vigorous growth and after several generations a tendency to produce feathered feet was noticeable. The fat of chickens fed animal food was the more firm, but the egg production was smaller and abnormal eggs, for instance, infertile or double-yolketl eggs were more commonly produced. As a practical deduction, the author concludes that chickens may receive animal food with profit during the period of growth but that it is not babitually needed afterwards. Poultry experiments, W. P. Brooks, E. S. Fulton, and E. F. Gaskill (Massacliusctts Stu. Rpt. 1907, pp. 57-59). — The practical conclusions here reported have for the most part been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 272). The poultry export trade, A. Hart (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 6 (1908), No. 1, pp. Jf9-53, figs. 3). — In the feeding test briefly summarized in connection with a discussion of the importance of properly fattened birds for export trade and related questions, it was found that extra gains in weight cost about 7 cts. per pound with chickens and about 5 cts. with ducklings. Some suggestions are made regarding poultry feeding and some results obtained by other investigators are summarized. Poultry culture, C. K. Graham (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 52, pp. 115- 134, fiff^- -4)- — A revised and enlarged edition of Bulletin 36 of the station (E. S. R., 17, p. 388). Notes regarding methods of preparing poultry for market have been added. A hook used to hold birds for plucking is figured and described. Practical poultry houses and fixtures, A. F. Hunter (Syracuse, N. Y., 1907, pp. 96, 1)1. 1, figs. 66). — Poultry houses and poultry house construction, nests, feed, hoppers, and other similar topics ai*e discussed, the descriptions be- ing supplemented by illustrations and plans. Experiments with ostriches. V. Scaliness and unopened feathers in the ostrich, J. E. Duerden (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), No. 3, pp. 355-359, fig. 1). — Marked scaliness of the skin and nonremoval of the outer feather sheath, which is normally done by preening, are regarded as indications of poor health, a condition likely to interfere with the production of well-grown feathers free from defects. The remedy for the trouble is the general improve- ment of the health of the ostriches, particularly by attention to the feed. Farmer's cyclopedia of live stock, E. Y. Wilcox and C. B. Smith (New York and London, 1908, pp. Z+77/.5, pis. 6, figs. Jf50). — In encyclopedic form the authors have summarized information on the history, anatomy and physioiogy, and breeding of domestic animals, principles of stock feeding, diseases of ani- mals, business aspects of stock farming, animal products, and the different kinds and groups of farm animals. The authors state it has been their endeavor " to present all the important facts in their logical bearing on each problem of animal production. The selec- tion of material has been made from the viewpoint of its value to the practical stock raiser in solving the almost innumerable specific problems which he finds. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 373 " The basis of this volume Is to be sought in the bulletins and reports of the agricultural experiment stations, Federal and State departments of agriculture, live-stock periodicals, other publications of this and foreign countries, and in our own personal experience. The book, therefore, embodies those experiment- ally established facts and principles of animal husbandry which at present are our most reliable guides to profitable practice. "American stock raisers are in a position to produce economically the finest of animal products of all sorts. The recent meat inspection law has enabled the Bureau of Animal Industry to devise and put in operation the most efficient system of meat inspection known to the world. This book is designed to en- coui'age the stockman to do his part in increasing the national resources." Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1907, A. Appel ( M(clkcritid., 21 (1908), No. 3, pp. .'i3-58). — A discussion of the conditions of the industry during 1907. Pastoral industry {Off. Yearbook N. 8. Wales, WO.5-6, pp. 373--'f01, 2}ls. 2). — Statistics of the sheep and other farm animals in New South Wales and their value, the meat export trade, and related topics. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. A test of soiling crops for dairy cows, T. L. Maiks and F. S. Putney (Pennsi/lvaniu Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 73-85). — Further feeding tests of soiling crops (E. S. R., 19, p. 877) were made, leguminous plants being used as far as pos- sible. The crops tested during the year were alfalfa, clover and timothy, field corn, cowpeas, rye, field peas and oats, Kafir corn and cowpeas. The saccharin soi'ghums fed in former years were abandoned in favor of Kafir corn, which seemed to be more palatable and furnished a better support for the cowpeas with which it was planted. Tables are given showing the yields of green forage, air-dry matter and protein, the length of time required for maturity, and the amounts fed per cow daily. During the 3 years that alfalfa has been grown it has yielded an average of 1,328 lbs. of protein per acre. During the periods that alfalfa was fed there was a decrease in milk fiow, although there was an increase in digestible pro- tein fed. The greatest proportion of increase in the milk flow was noted when dry matter and green forage were increased but the protein diminished. " It can not be said that milk production depends upon the quantity of any one of the three — protein, dry matter, and green forage. The amount fed does not seem to bear any definite relation to the amount refused. An attempt was made to feed the cows according to their appetite, and except in the case of rj'e and of corn the amount refused was so small as to be of little importance." Cooperative dairy investigations, P. N. Flint and J. E. Doeman (Georgia Sta. Bui. 80, pp. 11,3-172, figs. 13).— K report of the records of four herds as obtained on dairy farms of the State in cooperative work with the Dairy Divi- sion of this Department. " The best cow produced in 1 year 9,257 lbs. of milk and 544.39 lbs. of butter. The poorest cow produced in 1 year 1,589 lbs. of milk and 88.02 lbs. of butter. " The best herd produced an average of 4,873 lbs. of milk and 319.02 lbs. of butter per cow. The poorest herd produced an average of 3,G53 lbs. of milk and 221..3G lbs. of butter per cow. The average production of all herds recorded was 4,385 lbs. of milk and 276.03 lbs. of butter per cow. " The cost of producing a pound of butter varied from 10.07 cts. in the case of herd D to 15.3 cts. in the case of herd C. The cost of producing 100 lbs. of milk varied from 65.9 cts. in case of herd D to 94.2 cts. in the case of hered C. The average value of the product of the herds was $889.77, cost of feed $35.88, and profit $53.89." 374 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Milk Production. I, Herd improveinent. II, Feeding, H. A. Hopper {Iiidiiina ts'e\v Zealand and tlie Transvaal. Secretary Wilson, of this Department, made a brief address, in wliicli be described the sending out by the Department of demonstrators in different lines of farm practice, stating that " my experience in the Iowa Agricultural College of six years, my experience in the Department of Agriculture of twelve years has brought nie back around again to the cap- sheaf of agriculture — the sending out of people to lecture to the farmers." The Commission on Country Life was in attendance at one of the sessions, and Chairman L. H. Bailey, of the commission, explained its object and invited suggestions for the betterment of country conditions. By invitation, the asso- ciation attended as a body a meeting of the National Grange, which was then in session in Washington. The annual presidential address, made by Dr. Tait Butler, in discussing the ways in which the institutes had been of service, affirmed that " the carrying of agricultural knowledge to the adult farmer and the instruction of the adult members of his family in household economy is naturally and vuiquestionably the true and legitimate field which should be chiefly if not exclusively culti- vated by the farmers' institutes." The speaker strongly advocated increased Federal appropriations for the dissemination of agricultural information in this way. He also declared it to be "the duty of the farmers' institutes to give their aid and moral support to every institution, organization, and force that has for its object the upbuilding of a better agricultural civilization," and commended the women's institutes as a means to this end. An address was also made by Dr. James W. Robertson, president of Mac- Donald College, on The MacDonald Movement for the Improvement of Rural Conditions in Canada, in which attention was directed to the immediate need for teachers of agriculture for the rural schools. President Robertson explained in some detail the method employed in Canada for supplying this need tlirough the education of teachers in MacDonald College. The reports of the standing committees showed that the institutes were rap- idly developing, particularly in the direction of movable schools of agriculture, and of boys', girls', and women's institutes. The committee on movable schools reported that these schools were held during the year in 10 States and 5 Canadian provinces. In the opinion of the committee, '* wherever movable schools have been held they have met with favor, and it seems that the time is now ripe for the very general adoption of this form of extension teaching." The committee on boys' and girls' institutes called attention to the remarkable growth of this form of extension work, but expressed a belief that the first work of the institute in behalf of the boy and the girl is to be done with the parents. Among the new features developed during the year was the " farm encampment," where the boys live in tents and are taught in classes in such subjects as corn and live-stock judging, seed identification and tile draining. At one of these encampments a tented school of household sciente for girls was introduced, which proved a most interesting feature. Women's institutes were strongly indorsed by the committee on that subject as having demonstrated, in localities where they have been long established, their great practical value in the refinement of farm homes and in the better- ment of rural conditions in general. ' The subjects in the general programme were mainly directed toward defining the status of the farmers' institute in its relation to other forms of agricultural education. Dean Davenport discussing the agricultural college. Director Burnett the experiment station, F. H. Hall the normal school, F. L. Stevens the agri- cultural high school, A. B. Graham the rural public schools, President .J. H. Con- nell the agricultural journals, and Alva Agee the agricultural fair associations. 400 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The piipers and discussions in the main were to the effect that the farmers' institute occupies the position of field ajjent for agricultural education, that it provides a most effective channel for carrying agricultural information directly to the farmer who is unable to leave his occupation to go to school, and that it should broaden its worlv until it embraces other more advanced forms of exten- sion work, and extend its efforts until all rural people have opportunity to enjoy its benefits. The general progress of the farmers' institute movement in the United States was shown by the reports presented by the various State directors and by the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Department. The latter report showed the number of sessions held by the regular institutes in 43 States and Territories to have been 14,059, with an attendance at regular and special institutes of 2,215,690. The appropriations to institutes in 46 States and Territories were $320,564, and the total number of institute lecturers in the employ of the State directors in 47 States and Territories was 1,118. In four of the provinces of Canada— Alberta, Quebec, Saskatchewan, and Ontario — the number of half-day sessions was 7,266, with a total attendance of 321,963. A remarkable development of institutes for women in Canada was shown by the report of the Province of Ontario, where 3,978 sessions were held with 93,951 in attendance. A resolution was adopted indorsing the work already done in foi'warding the Interests of farmers' institutes by this Department through the Farmers' Institute Specialist, and requesting the executive committee of this association TO confer as soon as practicable with the Seci'etary of Agriculture and with this Office relative to the needs of this work, and to urge upon Congress the appropriation of a sum sufficient to enable the Department adequately to develop it. The officers elected for the ensuing year were : President, J. L. Ellsworth, Boston, Mass.; vice-president, G. A. Putnam, Toronto, Ontario; secretary- treasurer, John Hamilton, Washington, D. C. ; executive committee, the presi- dent and the secretary ex-officio ; A. M. Soule, Athens, Ga. ; H. T. French, Moscow, Idaho; F. H. Hall, Aurora, 111. First International Congress for the Repression of Adulteration of Alimentary and Pharmaceutical Products. — This congress was held in Geneva, September 8-12, 1908. About 400 delegates were in attendance, 250 from France and the remainder representing 28 other nations. The chief business of the congress was the formulating of definitions of food and drug products fof adoption as an international "codex alimentarius." The second congress will be held in Paris in 1909. Miscellaneous. — Wm. Fawcett, Director of Public Gardens and Plantations, Ja- maica, has retired. Botanhchcs Cnitralhlatt of August 11, 1908, records the death of Dr. F. Noll, ]irofessor of botany at the University of Halle, at the age of 50 years. Sir Daniel Morris retired from the post of Imperial Commissioner of Agri- culture for the West Indies, November 30. Philippe de A'ilmorin, the present head of the seed firm, Yilmorin, Andrieux et Cie., and well known among horticulturists and plant breeders of this country, has been nominated as Chevalier of the Legion of Honor of France. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural I3otany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Zootechny and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Agrotechuy, Dairy Farming, and Dairying — R. D. Milner. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H, Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and R. D. Milner. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — E. V. Wilcox, Ph. D. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. 5. Editorial notes: Page. The principal function of the Association of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations 401 Affiliation of associations devoted to agi'icultural science 402 The place of extension work in the association 402 Educational aspects of the National Corn Exposition 403 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1908 406 Recent work in agricultural science 417 Notes • 492 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Determination of sodium and potassium in silicates, Thomsen 417 Determination of {)otash in soils, Ronnet 417 Volumetric method for phosphoric acid in superphosphates, Kohn 418 The volumetric determination of phosphoric acid in superphosphates, Moeller. . 418 The titration of phosphoric acid in superphosphate solutions, Kohn and Schucht 418 The systematic investigation of drinking waters, Romijn 418 Determination of combined carbonic acid in water. Lunge 418 The determination of combined carbon dioxid in water, Noll 418 Examination of eggs with colored shells, Borchmann 418 The formic acid content of honey, Farnsteiner 418 Methods for analysis of maple products and detection of adulterants, Bryan. . . 419 Amount of soluble silicic acid in cocoa beans, Matthes and Rohdich 419 Plant fats and fat mixtures used in chocolate manufacture, Sachs 419 Comparative tests of different methods of measuring fat in milk, Dehaye 419 A milk constant as a basis of judgment, Cornalba 419 Study of recent methods of analysis of butter, Jean 419 The nonsaponifying constituents of cocoa butter, Matthes and Ackermann 419 Refractometric analysis of cognac, Frank 420 Examination of feces for nitrogen of metabolic products, Stutzer et al 420 The analysis of coal-tar creosote and cresylic acid sheep dips, Chapin 420 The analysis of turpentine by fractional distillation with steam, Geer 420 The examination of turpentine and turpentine substitutes, Coste 420 Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry 421 Repr Tt on progress in industrial inorganic chemistry, Holbling and Preiss 421 I n CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY — WATER. Page. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory, xVbbot and Fowle, Jr 421 Solar heat received by the surface of the soil, Loisel 422 Origin of ozone and variations in carbon dioxid of air, Henriet and Bouyssy. . . 422 Meteorological observations at Storrs for the years 1905 and 190G, Esten 422 Meteorological summary for 1906, Patton 422 The weather during the agricultural year, 1906-7, Brodie 422 Climatology 423 Present trend of investigation on underground waters, Kemj) 423 A study of the waters of Rio Verde, Urbina 423 Water supply for villages, Phelps 423 The broad irrigation sewage farm at Fresno, California 423 Elementa of water bacteriology, Prescott and Winslow 423 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The production of active nitrogen in the soil, Fraps 424 Absorption by soils, Patton and Waggaman 426 Seven years' soil investigation in southern Illinois, Hopkins et al 428 The maintenance of fertility 428 Plans and summary tables of experiments at Wooster on soil fertility 428 Farmyard manure, Hall 428 Contributiontoknowledgeof microflora of barnyard manure, Lohnisand Kuntzc. 428 Green manuring experiments, Zimmermann 428 The nitrogen question, Gregoire 428 Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers, Schreiber 428 Investigations on sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as fertilizers, Blobel. 429 Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia, Damseaux 429 On sulphate of ammonia containing free sulphuric acid, Lemmermann 429 The effect of the new nitrogenous fertilizers on hemp, Stohr 429 Comparative experiments with nitrogen lime and nitrate of soda, Kuhnert 429 Nitrogen fertilizers, Stutzer 429 On the influence of sterilization on the solubility of lime nitrogen, Kappen 429 The behavior of lime nitrogen in storage. Von Feilitzen 430 Experiments with calcium cyanamid, 1907 430 The fertilizing action of calcium cyanamid, De Grazia 430 The manufacture of calcium cyanamid, Kershaw 430 The actual state of the nitrate of lime industry in Norway 430 Phosphates, McMurtrie 430 Tunisian phosphates, Bertainchand 430 [Phosphate deposits in Tahiti] 430 Increased production of phosphate rock in 1907 430 Potash in granitic soils, Del Campo 431 On the utilization of leucite, Manuelli 431 The industrial treatment of leucite and leucitic materials, Gallo 431 The potash industry : - - - 431 [Fertilizers in connection with the beet-sugar industry] 431 Fertilizer experiments with sulphur water, Miiller and Stormer 431 Fertilizer analyses. Patten, Jodidi, and CoUingwood 431 Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1907, Kilgore : 431 Analyses of fertilizers — spring season, 1908, Kilgore 431 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 431 Commercial fertilizers and poisonous insecticides in 1907-8, Fraps 432 Standard fertilizers, 1908, McGill 432 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Mushrooms, edible and otherwise. Hard 432 The yeast fungi. Kohl 432 Acclimatization of plants, MacMillan 432 Effect of partial removal of roots and leaves on development of flowe.-s, Shiga. 432 Rapid transformation of starch into sucrose during ripening of fruits, Geerligs. 433 Hydrolytic and catalytic ferments acting during the ripening of fruit, Tallarico. 434 Transitory presence of hydrogen cyanid in ferns, Greshoff 434 On the effects of certain poisonous gases on plants, Osterhout 434 International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany 435 CONTENTS. Ill FIELD CROPS. Page. The rotation of crops, Hays et al 435 Report of the work at the Holly Springs Station for 1907, Ames 436 The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1907, Headley and Hastings. 436 Change of vegetation on the south Texas prairies, Cook 437 Dry-land agriculture 437 Dry-land grains, Jardine 437 Alfalfa 437 Winter bur clover, \Yelborn 439 Cotton experiments, 1907, Perkins 439 Danger in judging cotton varieties by lint percentages, Cook 439 Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1907 441 Sugar beets in Virginia, EUett 441 Varieties of cane, with special reference to nomenclature, Deerr and Eckart. . 442 Cooperative wheat variety work 442 HORTICULTURE. Handbook of fruit culture, Gaucher 442 On the virgin fertility of fruit trees, Glatz 442 The grape in the various stages of maturity, Kelhofer, trans, by Zardetli 443 On some experience in hybridizing grapes, Grimaldi 443 Viticultural notes, Blin 443 Influence of grafting on quality of wines in Anjou, Marquis de Dreux-Breze. . 443 Bearing hybrids (grapes) and their wines in 1907, Pee-Laby 443 Statistics on grape and olive products for the year 1907 444 Observations on the various forms of fig {Ficus carica), Leclerc du Sablon 444 Observations on change of sex in Carica papaya, lorns 444 Cacao preparation, and fermentation of coffee and tobacco, Schulle 445 The unheated greenhouse, Davidson 445 FORESTRY. North American trees, Britton and Shafer 446 Wayside and woodland trees. Step 446 The conifers and other gymnosperms, Neger 446 Observations on the species grown by the Section of Streams and Forests, Albert. 446 The manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), Albert 446 The red gum (Eucalyptus resinifera), Albert 447 The Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), Albert 4i7 Shelter planting, with special reference to the Acacia and Eucalyptus, Barrett. 447 Type and variability in the annual wood increment of Acer rubrum, Dachnowski . 447 Preliminary note on development of sal in volume and money value, Caccia. 447 Native and planted timber of Iowa, Baker 447 Cooperative forestry work, Green and Secrest 448 National forests with related projects and data ■ 448 Report of the departmental committee on Irish forestry, Gill et al 448 Departmental committee on Irish forestry 448 Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1906-7, Singh et al. 448 Report of forest circles in Bombay Presidency, including Sind, 1906-7 449 Reports of the forest administration in Burma for the year 1906-7 449 The preservative treatment of loblolly pine cross-arms, Sherfesee 449 Exports and imports of forest products: 1907, Pierson 449 Turpentine and rosin 449 Investigation of Manihot rubber, Schellmann 449 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Seed treatment for the smuts of winter barlev, Heald 450 Cotton wilt, Orton ". 450 The potato rot, Gandara 450 Spongospora solani, or corky scab, Johnson 450 A disease of sea-kale, Salmon 451 Some tomato fruit rots during 1907, Pool 451 A root rot of grapes due to Pestalozzia ii ricola, Wolf 451 Arsenif-al poisoning of fruit trees, Ileadden 452 The Fusicladium disease of the pear and apple, Lounsbury 452 IV CONTENTS. I'age. Notes on some diseases of apple trees, Frillieiix 453 A new form of Sjihwropsis on apples, Walker 453 Studies on the genus Gymnosporangium, Kern 453 A disease of cloves. Ridley 453 Report on cocoanut palm disease in Travancore, Butler 454 A disease of rubber trees in Puak, Smith 454 The effects of O'idium quercinum on different species of oak, Bureau 454 The timber rot fungus ( Merulius Jarhrymans), Mez 454 The mold of maple sirup, Ileald and Pool 454 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The Alaska game law and regulations of the Department of Agriculture, 1908. . 455 OfTicials concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1908, Palmer 455 The use of bacteria in destroying rats, Xylander 455 Exterminating field mice with barium carbonate, Hiltner and Korff 455 The dissociation of specific characters in hydrids between certain birds, Ghigi. 455 Wild birds, useful and injurious, Archibald 456 Some common birds of Oregon, Finley 456 The locust plague in Hortobagy in 1907, and birds, Schenk 456 A report on Trox suberosus, Iches 456 The destruction of Mdolonlha vulgaris, Vivien 456 A record of results from rearings and dissections of Tachinidse, Townsend 456 The formation of the colonies of parasitic ants, Viehmeyer 457 Annual report for 1907 of the zoologist, Warburton 457 Insects of the year 1907, Macdougall 457 [Notes on economic zoology], Rorig, Borner, and Moritz 457 Report of committee on entomology, Gossard 458 Some insect enemies of garden crops. Smith 458 The weeviling of maize in W'est Africa, Newstead 458 Sugar-cane borer, Ferreyros 458 The tobacco stem borer, Lefroy 458 The larvae of the cabbage butterfly, Paoli 458 Plutella cruci/crarum, Quanjer 458 The blackberry leaf-miner, Houghton 458 A new enemy of the strawberry in Germany, Morstatt 459 Use of arsenical compounds in the treatment of vineyards, Bertin-Sans and Ros. 459 Combating the olive fly, Berlese 459 The cocoanut beetle in Batticaloa, Ceylon, Green 459 The more important insects affecting Ohio shade trees, Houser 459 Forest injuries from insects, Hanff 459 Injury to Abies nohilis by Chermes piceae bouvieri, Molz 459 Some coleoptera affecting the honey locust, Houghton 459 Note on the lac insect, its life history, propagation, and collection, Stebbing. . 460 The life history of house flies, Griffith 460 The bot fly (Gastrophilus cqui), Froggatt 460 The role of arthropods in the dissemination of diseases, Galli-Valerio 460 Sericultural experiments, Basu Bahadur 460 Silk culture and the silk industry in Turkey, Shavrov 460 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Food of man studies, Merrill i 461 Some unusual Japanese food products, Loew 461 New Zealand boned beef, Wright 461 Brown spots on beef, Klein 462 The cuts of a hog carcase, Dinsmore 462 Chemical composition of fish with reference to growth and environment, Reuss. 462 Digestibility of milk products, Bruynoghe 462 Lard, McGill 462 Meat extract and similar preparations, Bigelow and Cook 462 Observation on army bread, Bischoff 463 Influence of yeast improvers on bread fermentation, Vandevelde and Masson . 463 Honey, McGill 463 The fig, Doggett 463 Nuts and their uses as food, Jaffa 464 Olive oil and its adulteration, Blavia 464 CONTENTS. V Pago. On the chemical composition of some Australian wines, Blunno and Musso 464 Organic phosphorus in wine, Soave 464 Lemon extract, Bryan 464 Salicylic acid for preserving fruit juices, Dafert and Haas 464 Influence on digestion and health of benzoic acid and benzoates, Wiley 464 The social condition of working-class families in Dublin 464 Dietetics in tuberculosis: Principles and economics, Bardswell and Chapman. 464 An explanation of the specific dynamic effect of protein, Lusk 464 Effect of gastric and intestinal enzyms on vegetable protein, Stutzer and Merres. 465 Action of gastric andintestinal enzyms onvegetable protein, Stutzer andMerres. 465 The utilization of different amid bodies by Garni vora, Voltz and Yakuwa 465 The direct utilization of the common sugars by the tissues, McGuigan 465 Studies of diastase, Wohlgemuth . ._ 465 Experiments with children as to mineral metabolism, Cronheim and Miiller. . . 465 Metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in fasting, Wellmann. . . . 465 The utilization by the growing animal of calcium, Aron and Frese : . . . . 466 Observations on the rectal temperature after muscular exercise, Flack 466 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The composition of green maize and of the silage therefrom, Annett and Russell . 466 The chemical changes taking place during the ensilage of maize, Russell 466 Analyses of a mixture of red clover and timothy, Gregoire and Carpiaux 467 On the composition of rice straw, Takeuchi 467 Fodders and their nutrient values, Juritz 467 Examination of feeding stuffs, Aumann 467 Examination of feeding stuffs, Immendorff 467 J'eeding stuff analyses, Haselhoff 467 New feeding stuffs, De Paula Nogueira 467 The digestibility of dried beet pulp, Baeck 468 The use of olive marc for cattle feeding, Guyader 468 Patent horsebread, Morgan 468 Beer yeast as a feeding stuff. Pott 468 Notes from the chemical laboratories, Ingle 468 Concerning spoiled peanut cake, Gregoire, Hendrick, and Carpiaux 468 Do ptomaines and toxins occur in animal meal? Haefcke 468 [Sex and birth weight of calves]. Beach 468 Calf raising, Jonas 468 Whole milk compared with skim milk in calf feeding, Fingerling 468 Feeding of the Angus steer Andy, Boss 469 Study of draft oxen in Tunis, Barrion and Gagey ' 469 A djmamometer for experiments with steers, Gagey 469 The milk secretion of pigs and the feeding of young pigs, Ostertag et al 469 Forage crops for hogs in Kansas and Oklahoma, Quinn 469 Potatoes supplemented by protein for pig feeding, Miinzinger 469 Different quantities of skim milk with supplementary feeds for pigs, Klein 470 Construction of pig-sty buildings. Brooks 470 Feeding work horses. A comparison of corn and oats, Carmichael 470 Saving com fodder as horse feed 470 The metacarpus of carriage and draft horses, Wolter 470 Horses — breeding to color, Gilbey 470 Feeding exi^eriments with chickens, cockerels, and turkeys, Bolte 470 Metabolism of matter and energy during incubation, Tangl and Von Mituch. . . 471 The assimilation of phosphorus and calcium by the chicken embryo, Carpiaux . 472 Carbon dioxid under sitting hens, Edmond 472 Incubation experiments, Dryden 472 Appliance and methods for pedigree poultry breeding, Pearl and Surface 473 chicks: Hatching and rearing, Nourse et al 473 Egg money: How to increase it, Nourse et al 473 Experiments with ostriches, Duerden 473 Egg-laying records of ostriches, Duerden 474 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Experiments in feeding dairy cows, Moore 474 Silage V. hulls and meal, Risser and Welch 475 Modem feeding standards for milch cows, Hansson 475 Kep(jrt of dairy test associations in Norway, 1906-7, Funder 475 VI CONTENTS. Page. Milk and butter yields of heifers compared with mature cows, Beach 475 Milk from different breeds 476 Cattle of the Oldeuburger Wesermarsch, Cornelius 476 Dairying in France, England, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, and Holland, Reitz . 476 Establishment and management of the dairy farm, Kelkar 476 Dairying in the Argentine, Maclnnes 476 Report of Alnarp Dairy Institute and Agricultural School, 1907 476 Handling and marketing of milk and cream, Michels 476 The i)reservation of milk, Eberlein 477 On the changes occurring in milk on heating, Jensen 477 Investigations on milk serum, Landolf 477 "Cieddu," Samarani 477 The tubercle bacillus content of milk and milk products sold in Leipzig, Eber. . 477 New cream bottle for Babcock test, Mitchell 477 Theoretical interpretation of law of Crismer regarding acidity of butter, Gesaro. 477 Renovated butter, Loock 477 Report of the Finnish butter exhibits, 1906, Bredenberg and Sandberg 477 Report of the Swedish butter exhibits, 1907. 478 Report of the cheese experiment station at Lodi, Besana 478 Chemical study of the ripening of soft cheese, Sanfelici 478 On paraffining of cheese and convenient appliances for same, Rosengren 478 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report of the veterinary department, 1906-7, Stordy 478 Piroplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and rinderpest, Meuleman 478 Complication of rinderpest with piroplasmosis, Kowalewsky 479 The blood of animals affected with experimental trypanosomiases, Yakimoff . . 479 The biology of the pathogenic organism of hemorrhagic septicemia, Ostertag. . 479 Lecithinophilous property of tubercle bacillus and tuberculin, Calmette et al. 479 The etiology of tuberculosis, Ravenel _. _. 479 Cutaneous and conjunctival tuberculin reaction in cattle, Reinecke 480 Report on tuberculosis of domesticated animals 480 Dresden method of vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, Klimmer 480 Abortion, Beach 480 Diagnosis of chronic mammitis in cows by method of Trommsdorff, Martel. . 481 Aphthous pseudostomatitis of cows, Lienaux 481 Texas fever, Lewis 481 Poisonous symptoms after feeding peanut meal 481 The bacillus of Preisz-Xocard in ovine pathology, Carre and Bigoteau 481 Gangrenous mammitis in sheep, Pfeiler 481 Certain eye diseases among horses, Okholm 482 Immunization against glanders, Marxer 482 Loco weed poisoning in horses, Peters and Sturdevant 482 A protozoan observed in cases of epizootic lymphangitis in mules, Ducloux . . . 482 Inspection of pork for \TTulent bacilli of swine erysipelas, Schuh 483 A spirochete occurring in blood of chickens in northern India, Montgomery. 483 Streptococcic diseases of fowls, GreA^e 483 Infectious leukemia in ducks, Pound 483 A plague affecting canary birds, Z wick 483 Local eosinophilia in cases of infections with animal parasites, Folger 484 Notes on some parasites in Burma, Evans and Rennie 484 RURAL ENGINEERING. Installation of an experimental drainage system, Robertson and Stewart 484 Irrigation and drainage. Brown 485 Geometrical measuring plate 485 Tests of gasoline-operated farm motors 485 Plowing by the direct system with motor power, Thallmayer 485 Beet diggers, Fischer 486 Farm implements in Germany, Dennis 486 Strength test of harness leather, Chatbum 486 Lighting country homes by private electric plants, Amrine 486 CONTENTS. VII RURAL ECONOMICS. Page. The State and the farmer, Bailey 486 Agricultural legislation, Rudloff 486 Farm leading system in New York State 487 The subdivision of farms in France, Grandeau 487 The exchange and reassignment of land, Grandeau 487 The fluctuations in value of agricultural land in France since 1851, Saulnier. . 487 The fluctuations in value of agricultural land in France, ZoUa 487 The firm labor problem 488 The white immigrant as a plantation laborer, Behan 488 Rural mutual association, Sarazin 488 The agricultural cooperative congress at Piacenza, Ottavi 488 Agricultural mutual credit banks in 1907 488 Agricultural credit banks 488 Agricultural credit societies 488 The new development in agricultural cooperation, Plunkett 488 Credit bank for the encouragement of irrigation works and agriculture 488 Crop Reporter 489 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report of Committee on Industrial Education in Rural Communities 489 Farmers' Institute Report, Miller _. 489 Instruction in practical agriculture at the University farm, Davis, California .... 489 Manual of agriculture for the common schools of Illinois, Barto 489 Plan for presentation of agriculture for use of teachers, Morgan and Main 489 Quantitative analysis for students of agriculture, Lincoln and Walton, Jr 489 Dry-land farming: Drought-resistant crops and soil culture. Ten Eyck 490 Demonstration problems for Farmers' Institute members, and others 490 The poultiy industry, Wilson and Lamb 490 Nature-study, Holtz 490 Our useful birds, Hine 490 The story of corn, Breen 490 MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1907 491 Twenty-first Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1908 491 Twenty-first Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1907 491 Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1907 491 Summarj^ of experiment station work 491 How the experiment station can be of service to the farmers of Virginia 491 Press bulletins 491 Accessions to the Department Library, January-September, 1908 491 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. California Station: Circ. 39, Aug., 1908 489 Colorado Station: Bui. 131, July, 1908 452 Connecticut Storrs Station : Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1907. 422,468, 472, 475, 476, 480, 491 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 26, 1908 442 Illinois Station: Circ. 121, July, 1908 486 Circ. 122, Sept., 1908 428 Kansas Station: Bui. 155, June, 1908 437 Maine Station: Bui. 158, June, 1908 461 Bui. 159, July, 1908 473 Maryland Station: Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1908... 491 Michigan Station: Bui. 252, Aug., 1908 431 Minnesota Station: Bui. 109, June, 1908 435 Bui. 110, July, 1908 484 Mississippi Station: Bui. 110, Jan., 1908 436 Bui. Ill, Jan., 1908 474 Bui. 112, Apr., 1908 475 Bui. 113, June, 1908 439 Nebraska Station: Twenty-first An. Rpt., 1907. 450, 451, _ 453, 454, 482, 486, 491 North Carolina Station: Bui. 197, May, 1908 458 Bui. 198, June, 1908 476 Ohio Station: Bui. 184, June, 1907 428 Bui. 185, July, 1907 422,491 Bui. 194, June, 1908 459 Bui. 195, June, 1908 470 Circ. 82, July 1, 1908 448 Circ. 83, July 1, 1908 428 Circ. 84, Aug. 7, 1908 442 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 81, June, 1908 481 Circ. of Inform. 12 491 Oregon Station : Bui. 100, Aug., 1908 472 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. Page. Rhode Island Station: Bui. 126, Jan., 1908 470 Texas Station : Bui. 100, July, 1908 424 Bui. 107, July, 1908 432 Bui. 108, Aug., 1908 439 Virginia Station : Circ. 1 441 Circ. 2, July, 1908 491 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 331 469 Farmers' Bui. 332 464 Farmers' Bui. 333 450 Report 86 441 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 107 (10 cents) 420 Bureau of Biological Survey : Cii'c. 65 455 Circ. 66 455 Biu-eau of Chemistry : Bui. 84, pt. 4 (25 cents) 464 Bui. 114 (10 cents) 462 Circ. 40 419 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 12, pt. 6 (tech. ser.) (5 cents) 456 Forest Sei'vice: Cii-c. 151 429 Circ. 152 420 Circ. 153 449 Circ. 154 447 Map, July 1, 1908 448 Bureau of Plant Industry : Bui. 130 (10 cents).'. 437 Circ. 11 439 Circ. 12 437 Circ. 13 436 Circ. 14 437 Bureau of Soils: Bui. 52 (15 cents) 426 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. X, No. 11, Nov., 1908 489 Library : Bui. 67 (10 cents) 491 Bui. 68 (10 cents) 491 Bui. 69 (10 cents) 491 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, ex- cept those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The I>rice of Experiment Station Record is $1.50 per volume, or 15 cents per number. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. January, 1901). No. .5. The recent convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, of which a brief account is given in the present number of the Record . brought out very clearly the growing tendency to confine the functions of this association to mat- ters relative to the more general problems connected with the organi- zation and management of the institutions represented in the association. The great growth of these institutions and the ex- pansion of the scope and variety of the educational and research enterprises under their control have greatly complicated their organi- zation and brought to their managers many problems which in de- tail at least are ditferent from those of other educational and scien- tific institutions. It is therefore very important that these institu- tions shall have a common meeting ground where the general principles governing the solution of these newer problems of educa- tion and research may be thoroughly discussed Avith a view to the establishment of standards, the differentiation of the local and com- mon characteristics of the problems, and the elucidation of the various difficulties in the light of experience from many sources. As a delegate body, consisting chiefly of the presidents of colleges and directors of experiment stations, the association is especially qualified for work in this field. This has further been facilitated by the changes in the organization of the association which has limited the number of sections and committed so much important work to stand- ing committees. Recent experience has indicated the desirability of carrying the plan involved in this organization further toward its logical conclusion. It has become clearer that papers of a technical character dealing with the methods and results of special researches are out of place in such an association. Care should therefore be taken in arranging the programmes so to word the questions to be discussed that the presentation of such technical matters will clearly be out of order. It also seems desirable further to restrict the number of matters to be brought forward at any one meeting. Considering the wide territory covered by the institutions and the consequent difference in point of view on many questions, it is very desirable that there should be opportunity for full discussion so that the con- 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. elusions reached -will really represent the best judgment of the association. It is also very desirable that the members of the associa- tion should be able to give their undivided time and attention to the questions before the association at any one meeting. There has of late been great activity in the organization of societies of agricultural specialists in various lines for the discussion of the problems in agricultural science relating to these specialties. This movement has progressed so far that naturally a desire has arisen for the affiliation of these organizations in order that provision may be made to promote their general interests and to permit the general discussion of matters in which all or several of them have a common interest. In the discussion of plans for affiliation one fundamental distinction needs to be kept ever in mind. Societies for the discussion of technical and scientific matters do well as a rule to reduce the amount of their administrative business to a minimum. Such busi- ness is apt to interfere with strict attention to the more important problems for which these societies are organized. Their times of meeting and their programmes should, therefore, be arranged so that their members can give undivided attention for the time being to the technical and scientific problems before them. It seems probable that the various societies representing branches of agricultural science can profitably arrange some plan of affiliation. It is much more doubtful whether the center of such affiliation should be the Associa- tion of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. This association is so far devoted to the discussion of administrative questions that it has little in common with the scientific societies, and any close affiliation of the two kinds of organizations might easily l^rove disadvantageous to both. At any rate discussion of affiliation should recognize the difference of function dividing administrative and scientific organizations. The growing importance of extension work in agriculture was em- phasized at the recent convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. Evidently the rapid expansion of this work is bringing new problems to the agricultural colleges and stations. The complicated structure of these institutions and the somewhat confused legislation under which many of them are organized will make the task of properly organizing and adminis- tering extension work a delicate and difficult one. There is therefore great need of careful study of the problems involved in such work, and particularly of its relation to the research and inside educational work. Without doubt the association will do well to make a thorough study of this matter. Its action at the recent convention was timely, and it is to be hoped that much attention will be given to the study of this question at the various institutions prior to the next meeting EDITORIAL. 403 of the association, when much discussion of extension problems may be expected. The growing sentiment in favor of better utilization of all avail- able agencies for promoting agricultural education was strongly emphasized in the prominence given to strictly educational features at the Second National Corn Exj)osition, held at Omaha, December 9-19, which is enthusiastically declared by an agricultural journal to have been '"• the most elaborate demonstration of farm products ever held in this country." Nearly ten thousand different exhibits relating more particularly to the production and utilization of farm crops and representing twent3^-eight States, scattered from Connecti- cut to "Washington, and from Minnesota to Texas, besides entries from Hawaii. Canada. Mexico, England, and Argentina, filled to overflow- ing the two hundred and fifty thousand square feet of floor space of the large auditorium and the special structures erected for the occa- sion. The prizes offered in the various contests aggregated in value over fifty thousand dollars. It is estimated that the total attendance was one hundred thousand, an average of ten thousand each day. The magnitude of the exposition was alone such as to bring prominently to public notice the important position of American agriculture, but, as expressed by another farm journal, the exposition " was far more than a mere display of specimens. It was a short course of study." The more popular and spectacular features, to- gether with those more directly for business purposes, were by no means disregarded, but a notable circumstance was the unusual atten- tion devoted to educational phases, thereby making the exjjosition an educational agency, especially in the realm of farm crops, such as the International Live Stock Exposition has become in the field of ani- mal production. Although in name this was the second national corn exposition, the first having been held in Chicago, in October, 1907, the Omaha show was the first to be developed to so elaborate a degree. Like its prede- cessor, it was in name an exposition of corn, and maize and its products easilj^ predominated, but the term was broadly interpreted to include other cereals, grasses, an alfalfa palace, special exhibits of the work of the agi'icultural colleges and experiment stations, a large exhibit of farm machinery, a model kitchen, a students' judging contest, and many other features of interest and value. A complete distillery plant for the production of denatured alcohol was in opera- tion, under the auspices of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Depart- ment. Over half of the entries were in what was known as the Junior Industrial Section. This consisted of exhibits from young people, and included displays of articles made from corn and other grains 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. by the pupils of both rural and city schools, and samples of the corn grown by boys" corn clubs and similar organizations, as avoII as b}^ individuals. Many of these entries were extremely suggestive as in- dicative that appeal is being made with success to the farmer of the future as Avell as of the present. The educational value of the corn exhibit was much enhanced by an ingenious arrangement through which the racks were so con- structed as to make it possible to see every ear entered. Significant, indeed, was the very evident improvement in quality' which has Ijeen brought about during the past few years. Hundreds of entries of large, Avell-matured, uniform sam2)les, of rich color and high i)ropor- tion of kernel to cob, met the eye in bewildering profusion and ren- dered extremely difficult the rating of the samples by the judges. In the wheat section there was not only an exhibit of improved types and strains, but the judging of the various samples themselves was also supplemented by milling and baking tests, thereby acquainting the grower in a practical way with the requirements and point of view of the miller and the consumer. The object lessons from the exhibits were explained and empha- sized anew by a large corps of lecturers and demonstrators. The speakers included men prominent in state and national affairs, a long list of scientists from this Department and the agricultural colleges and experiment stations, and many experts engaged in various com- mercial jDhases of the industries. Xot infrequentlv the audience taxed the capacity of the two lecture halls which were available. A special feature was a two-day session of the Commission on Country Life, in which farmers, agricultural editors, professional and busi- ness men and many others participated. The third day of the exposition was set aside by the management as Agricultural College Day, and special trains brought several hun- dreds of students from the nearby States for the occasion. But to a large degree the name might well have been applied to each and every day of the exposition, so prominent was the influence of these institu- tions and so apparent the confidence and esteem with which their work was regarded. In the main auditorium a prominent section was reserved for their special exhibits, twelve institutions presenting illustrative material with reference to their Avork both in general and Avith particular reference to those phases relating to crop im- provement. Thus, Illinois showed that the protein content of corn could be increased by selection ; Ohio that wheat must be improved by selection and not by the fanning mill ; Indiana compared the re- sults of continuous cropping with rotation in wheat growing; and Wisconsin showed how through the State Experiment Association improved seed has been distributed in the State. The Iowa and EDITORIAL. 405 Nebraska exhibits were especially elaborate, the former giving prom- inence to cultural methods and the latter to feeding problems and cereal diseases and insect pests. A novel and instructive feature for women was what was known as the Model Kitchen. This was in reality a school of domestic science, and was under the management of the head of the domestic science department of the Iowa College, assisted by teachers of home economics from the Illinois and Missouri universities and elsewhere. Here a ten-day course was given to a class of young women number- ing sixty, with daily demonstrations and lectures which were open to the general public. For the farmers and experts in embryo — the students in the agri- cultural colleges — a special incentive was offered in the form of a judging contest. In this, teams from the Iowa and Kansas colleges and the Missouri University struggled in a keen but good-natured competition, finally won by the Iowa College, for the possession of prizes aggregating several thousand dollars in value. Among these were the grand sweepstakes trophy — a silver cup valued at fifteen hundred dollars and presented under the auspices of the Mexican Government to stimulate interest in corn judging — and a thousand- dollar trophy offered b}^ the "Western Grain Dealers' Association for the judging of oats. The contests involved the grading of selected and commercial samples of the different grains, and also a statement of the reasons for the judgments made ; and there were public lectures by representatives of boards of trade and grain exchanges as to the methods of grading, buying, and selling. Thus the opportunities open to the students were much extended, and the}^ gained both ex- perience and training of a sort to stimulate and develop subsequent work in the class room. A national exposition of this sort, if closely held to the educational purpose, presents very considerable possibilities in that field. Like most of the other foiTQS of extension work, it is still in the experi- mental stage and now possesses the temporary advantage of novelty, which must soon to some extent be lost. Much of the instruction it imparts is admittedly more or less superficial in degree and ephemeral in effect, needing subsequent and continued stimulation through other channels to effect its greatest and most lasting value. As a means of arousing interest, however, of pointing out in a practical way the need of individual improvement, and in revealing the opportunities which scientific effort is developing, it ma}^ easily become a factor well worthy of consideration in the work of popularizing the results of agricultural research. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1908. The twenty-second annual convention of the association, held at Washington November 18-20. 1908. was characterized by good at- tendance and by an unusually interesting programme of papers, ad- dresses, reports, and discussions. Over 200 delegates and visitors representing 48 States and Territories were in attendance. Among the visitors in attendance to whom the privileges of the floor were granted were F. B. Smith, Director of the Department of Agriculture of the Transvaal, Pretoria, South Africa ; G. C. Creelman and C. A. Zavitz, of the Ontario Agricultural College, Guelph, Ontario, Can- ada ; J. W. Eobertson, of McDonald College, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Province of Quebec, Canada ; Edwin Hall, Secretary Auckland Agri- cultural Association, Auckland, New Zealand; and M. C. Rankin, Acting Commissioner of Agriculture of Kentucky. The large attend- ance was due in part to the fact that a number of other agricultural organizations, including Farmers' Institute Workers, National Asso- ciation of State Universities, Society for the Promotion of Agricul- tural Science, American Society of Agronomy, and National Grange, were in session, and that the Country Life Commission held several hearings in Washington at the same time. GENERAL SESSIONS. The general sessions were presided over by President J. L. Snyder, Avho, in his presidential address, discussed Agriculture and Democ- racy, laying emphasis especially upon the relation of agriculture to other productive industries and the dependence of other industries upon agriculture. He pointed out that agriculture fosters a spirit of true democracy and developes character and provides conditions which are the true measure of the greatness of a nation. The growing needs of the future must be met by increased production by lands already under cultivation, not by increase of productive area. With the present rate of increase of population every State in the Union must practically double production within 50 years. Our democracy de- pends upon thus increasing production. Provisions for the main- tenance of agencies for promoting agricultural production are there- fore contributions to democracy, and this does not concern the farmer alone but every citizen of the Commonwealth. The scope and activi- ties of educational agencies such as the agricultural colleges and the Department of Agriculture should be enlarged to meet the needs indi- 406 CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 407 cated. It is not only incumbent upon the agricultural college to enlarge its own courses in various ways, but to take the leadership in securing improved rural education and better economic conditions in general. For example, production is increasing faster than trans- portation, therefore the improvement of the navigable waterways is of vital importance, and in this as in the conservation of the natural resources of the nation the agricultural colleges may profita- bly take an active part and must train more men for the greater de- mands of the future. In accordance with suggestions contained in this address a com- mittee consisting of J. L. Snyder, chairman, C. R. Van Hise, and R. ^y. Silvester w^as appointed to represent the association in its coopera- tive relations with the National Conservation Commission. The report of the executive committee, presented by its chairman, II. C. White, briefly reviewed the w^ork of the committee during the year, calling attention particularly to the appearance of the com- mittee before committees of Congress in regard .to matters affecting the association and this Office, and to conferences with the President of the Carnegie Foundation for the Advancement of Teaching, with a view to the admission of the land-grant colleges to the benefits of the foundation. Progress in bringing about a better understanding on this point was reported. At the invitation of the committee Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, president of the foundation, addressed the asso- ciation, explaining frankly and fulW the conditions under which the benefits of the foundation may be secured. By formal resolution the association expressed its profound appreciation of the great value to higher education of Mr. Carnegie's act in admitting tax-supported, State-controlled institutions to the benefits of the foundation, and its sense of gratitude for the benefits thus conferred upon American • teachers. The resolution also conveyed " to the trustees of the foun- dation, and especially to its honored president, Dr. Henry S. Pritchett, its grateful acknowledgment of their sympathetic and helpful con- sideration of the land-grant colleges." Dr. H. C. White was re- quested to continue efforts to secure general recognition of the land- grant colleges by the foundation. The report of the committee on graduate study dealt mainly Avith the Graduate School of Agriculture, the last session of wdiich was held at Cornell University in July, 1908. The need of still more gen- eral support of this school on the part of the institutions represented in the association was especially emphasized. It was stated that " it is evident that the meaning of the school is becoming better appre- ciated by the colleges of agriculture. "Wliile the registration in the three successive schools has regularly increased and there is every reason to expect this increase to continue, yet it is the judgment of the committee that many of the institutions owe it to the cause of educa- 408 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. tion to take more active and appreciative interest in the Graduate School of Agriculture. This school is setting standards and develop- ing ideals. These standards should be propagated everywhere. They are capable of greatly increasing the effectiveness of education b}?^ means of agriculture, and of extending its application. The com- mittee thinks that every land-grant institution must accept the responsibility of furtliering this enterprise. Moreover, it is also con- vinced that no land-grant institution can now expect to do the best work in education unless at least some of its staff actively participate in these graduate schools; and the administration of the institution must also officialh^ recognize the type of work for which the graduate school stands. If for no other reason, the colleges should feel the obligation of cooperating in these schools for the purpose of increas- ing the supply of available teachers of agriculture. " In short, the committee feels that the graduate school idea is now established, and far beyond the experimental stage. All the land- grant colleges must now recognize it.'' Attention was also called to the injury which may result to the school b}^ the holding of any considerable number of meetings of other organizations during the period of its sessions, a tendency toward which was apparent at the last session. The report of the dean of the school, A. C. True, showed that the last session of the school was very successful in point of attendance, breadth and in- terest of programme, and general results. An editorial account of the school has alread}' appeared in the Record (E. S. R., 19, p. 1101), Cordial invitations were received to hold the next school at St. Anthony Park, Minn., and Ames, Iowa. An important feature of the proceedings was an address by Major- General J. Franklin Bell, Chief of Staff, U. S. Army, on Military Instruction in the Land-grant Colleges, emphasizing the importance of utilizing military instruction at these colleges as fully as possible as an aid in preparing for national defense. On the invitation of General Bell, the members of the convention took lunch at the War College and inspected the work of this institution. The thanks of the association Avere tendered General Bell, and the executive com- mittee was instructed, if practicable, so to arrange the programme of the next meeting of the association " as to give one session in con- ference with the War College in relation to military instruction in the land-grant colleges, as suggested and requested by General Bell." Commissioner E. E. Brown, of the U. S. Bureau of Education, addressed the convention briefly on the importance of enlarging the scope of the activities of the National Government with relation to agricultural education and of more perfect coordination of such in- struction with the general work of education. He emphasized the importance of considering agricultural education as an essential CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 409 part of our general educational system. The desirability of enlarg- ing the work of the Bureau of Education in its relation to the land- grant colleges was urged and the need of a central office for the pro- motion of various forms of vocational education was pointed out. On invitation of the association, T, C. Atkeson, representing the National Grange, addressed the convention, discussing rural condi- tions in general and the relation of the work of the association and Ihe Grange to the improvement of these conditions. A committee of three, consisting of J. L. Snyder, D, W. Working, and H, T. French, was appointed to visit the Grange, then in session in Wash- ington, A. C, True of this Office submitted a brief report for the special committee on history of agriculture, reporting progress in collect- ing data on this subject and asking the cooperation of the agricul- tural colleges. The chief feature of the report of the bibliographer, A. C. True, was a statement by the Superintendent of Documents, W. L. Post, on the volume and character, and his methods of handling, cata- loguing, and distributing government documents. The unfortunate confusion and lack of permanency as regards designated depositories for such documents was explained. Sale, at moderate prices, rather than gratuitous distribution of government documents, except to libraries, institutions of learning, and collaborators, was advocated. " We want all the libraries, colleges, and schools to understand that we stand ready to assist them in procuring either the information contained or the public document itself; that our services to them are entirely free and willingly bestowed, as are also the books when in stock; and that their interest in our methods and their friendly co- operation are what we need in order to continue to develop our plan of a clearing house for government publications, and a bureau of information regarding their contents," The standing committee on instruction in agriculture reported progre:^;s of its subcommittee on domestic economy and gave an out- line of a course in rural engineering prepared by another subcom- mittee. The report of the standing committee on extension work made the follow ing recommendations, which Avere approved by the association : (1) "That each institution represented in this association organize as soon as possible a definite scheme of extension work in agriculture;" (2) " that the association favor increased appropriations for the United States Department of Agriculture for the purpose of making investigations into all phases of the work of disseminating agricul- tural information, and of assisting the States in every practicable way to organize the work inider the best auspices;" (3) " we strongly urgQ 05023— No. 5—09 2 410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. that specific authorit}^ be granted by the association to this standing committee on extension work to make a study of this sul3Ject, and to report on it at a future meeting of the association." The recom- mendation that the association organize a section to be knoAvn as the section on extension work was indefinitely postponed, but C. F. Curtiss gave notice of a proposed amendment to the constitution, to lie over and be discussed and acted upon at the next convention, permitting the organization of such a section. The recommendations of the com- mittee " that the association place itself on record in favor of a mod- erate Federal appropriation to be made to the land-grant colleges for the purpose of carrying on extension work in agriculture, under a plan which requires the States also to make appropriations for the work,-' and " that the association request Congress to extend the franking privilege to bona fide extension publications issued by the land-grant colleges," were referred to the section on college work and administration for approval as required by the constitution, but no action was reported by that section at this meeting. The report of the standing committee on station organization and policy made important suggestions and recommendations regarding (1) the relation between the work of research and that of administra- tion in experiment station policy, (2) permanence and continuity as prime essentials in station w'ork, (3) inspection work in relation to other lines of station activity, and (4) relation of the working staff of the station to instruction in the college. The essential features of these recommendations have already been discussed editorially in the Record (E. S. R., 20, p. 303) and will not be further considered here. Assistant Secretary Hays explained a system of project records which has been used with success in this Department and in several of the experiment stations. He thought that some such system as this might be made a useful means of adjusting administrative rela- tions between different institutions and of securing better and more uniform methods, and might ultimateh' become, if generally adopted, something of a clearing house for administrative work. A feature of the proceedings of great interest and importance was the report of the Commission on Agricultural Research appointed at the 190G convention of the association '' to inquire into and report to the association the organization and policy that in the opinion of the commission should prevail in the expenditure of public moneys pro- vided for scientific experimentation and research in the interests of agriculture, to the end that such funds shall be applied in the most economical, efficient, and worthy manner to the production of results of permanent value." David Starr Jordan, Stanford ITniversity, California, as chairman, submitted a carefully prepared report em- bodying (1) a statement of present conditions affecting the efficiency of agricultural research, taking this term to mean " the scientific CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 411 investigation of unsolved problems that have a direct or indirect rela- tion to agricultural practices or conditions," and not " academic or popular instruction or agricultural propaganda;'' and (2) a series of recommendations which in the opinion of the commission '' should guide in the promotion, organization and prosecution of research in agriculture." These recommendations, as far as they directly affect the work of the experiment stations, have already been reviewed editorially in the Eecord (E. S. R., 20, p. 301). The executive committee was instructed to wait upon the Secretary of Agriculture and confer with him regarding the suggestion of the commission that an advisory board consisting of members appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture and by the association be formed to consider the mutual interests of the Department and the stations as Avell as agricultural investigation in general. In accordance with a resolution of the association, a committee consisting of L. H. Bailey, H. C. AMiite, C. R. Van Hise, T. F. Hunt, and L. G. Carpenter, Avas appointed to wait upon the President elect of the United States with reference to the future relations of the in- stitutions represented in the association with this Department. The high appreciation in which the services of Secretary AYilson as administratiA-e head of the United States Department of Agri- culture are held by the association Avas expressed in the following- resolution adopted by the couATution : " That aa'c extend to Secretary "Wilson the highest praise for his remarkable services as leader in the development of public efforts to improve the conditions of the American farmer and to place research and education in their rela- tion to the farm, the farmer's home, and to our country life generally on a high plane and extend their influence A^ery broadly among the masses of our agricultural people.'' In accordance Avith a suggestion contained in the report of the chairman of the executiA'e committee and a resolution introduced by K. L. Rutterfield, of Massachusetts, the executive committee Avas instructed to take into consideration the matter of preparing for proper commemoration in 1912 of the fiftieth anniversary of the passage of the first ]\Iorrill Act and the fundamental hiAA^ of the Department of Agriculture and the tAAxnty-fifth annlA^ersary of the passage of the Hatch Act. The A^ery general and actiA'e interest in the matter of affiliating various organizations dealing with agricultural science, AAdiich has been evidenced by the recent efforts of a number of these organizations to agree upon a satisfactory plan of affiliation, AA'as indorsed by the association in the folloAving resolution : "' That this association heartily approves of the proposed affiliation of the various existing societies and associations organized for the consideration of subjects relating to ajfi'icultural science Avith a vieAA- of brino-ino- all such efforts into 412 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. greater hanuony and efficiency/' The appointment of a committee of three to confer with the representatives of other orjjanizations with regard to the fornnilation of a plan of affiliation was authorized. The committee appointed in accordance with this anthorization con- sists of H. J. Waters, chairman, T. F. Hunt, and H. J. Wheeler. The executive committee was instructed to give attention to the bill before Congress providing for the establishment of engineering experiment stations. The officers chosen for the ensuing year were : President, M. A. Scovell, of Kentuckj^ ; vice-presidents, W. J. Kerr, of Oregon ; C. E. Thorne, of Ohio; H. T. French, of Idaho; W. D. Gibbs, of Xew Hampshire ; and A. B. Storms, of low^a ; secretary and treasurer, J. L. Hills, of Vermont; bibliographer, A. C. True, of this Office; execu- tive committee, W. O. Thompson, of Ohio, chairman ; J. L. Snyder, of Michigan; W. E. Stone, of Indiana ; W. H. Jordan, of New York; and C. F. Curtiss, of Iowa. P. H. Mell, of South Carolina, was chosen chairman of the section on college w^ork and administrati(m : W. J. Kerr, of Oregon, secre- tary. In the section on experiment station work, P. H. Eolfs, of Florida, was chosen chairman; E. J. Wickson, of California, vice- chairman ; and F. B. Linfield, of Montana, secretary. The vacancies in the committees occurring through the expiration of terms were filled by the following appointments: Committee on instruction in agriculture, A. C. True, of this Office, and T. F. Hunt, of Pennsylvania ; committee on graduate study, H. P. Armsby, of Pennsylvania, and Howard Edw^ards, of Rhode Island; committee on extension work, K. L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts, and C. R. Van Hise, of Wisconsin ; committee on experiment station organiza- tion and policj^, E. Davenport, of Illinois, and C. D. Woods, of Maine. Cordial invitations Avere received to hold the next convention of the association at Denver, Colorado, and Portland, Oregon. SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION. Four topics, educational policy, the value of general culture in technical courses, administrative methods, and military discipline, were considered in the college section. One of the most interesting and valuable discussions of the meet- ing was that opened by Andrew^ Sledd with a paper on Rural v. Ur- ban Conditions in the Determination of Educational Policy. Presi- dent Sledcl maintained that educational policy should be adapted to meet the specialized needs of different communities. He believes that the first object of an education is to raise standards of living on a purely physical basis. In rural communities, therefore, instruction in agriculture should be provided for first of all. But education should also give to life a satisfvin.«" content. For the farmer it is CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 413 desirable not only that the physical standard of living be raised but also that he be given training which will give him poise and content- ment. The farmer should be a patriotic, high-thinking man, yet con- tented with life on the farm. To be this he must have opportunity for gaining a livelihood and also for society, recreation, and mental activity. This opportunity nuist come largely through a multiplica- tion of educational centers. As against the establishment of one large, strong university or college in a State, democratic policy Avould favor a number of good smaller schools distributed over the State. In any school system President Sledd believes that moderate spe- cialization should begin early, but full specialization should not be reached till after the close of the college course. In the high schools the curve of specialization for the student who does not expect to go to college should rise sharply until it covers two-thirds of the course, but for the student who looks forward to a college course it should rise more slowly and cover at the end only about one-third of the course. In discussing this paper H. C. "WTiite called attention to the fact that in this country communal environment is not fixed and argued from this that the matter of first importance in education is to provide the fundamentals in character building and mental development. He would also prefer one good institution of learning to ten less good. ^y. O. Thompson believed that education which is not utilitarian has no excuse for being — is not education, and called attention to some of the diiRculties of providing proper instruction in rural schools, chief among which is that of securing competent teachers. In the absence of C. C. Thach the discussion of The Value of Gen- eral Culture in Technical Courses in the Land-grant Colleges was opened informally by G. E. Fellows, Avho argued that culture may be obtained from any subject which is so thoroughly taught as to make students efficient. Pie would introduce into the college course only so much of cultural studies as will fit graduates to associate with others and present their ideas effectively. J. K. Patterson argued strongly against cutting loose from traditions concerning the cultural value of classical studies. A paper on Administrative Methods in American Colleges was pre- sented by P. H. Mell, Avho outlined briefly four forms of college ad- ministration: (1) That form in which the whole college community takes part in government but which is applicable only to conditions in EuroiDe, (2) government by trustees, (3) government by faculty, and (4) presidential government. He did not believe that the trus- tees should enter actively into the details of college administration but should manage the larger affairs of the college, provide and look after its finances, and fill vacancies, subject to the recommendation of the president. Government by faculty he considered too slow and 414 EXPERIMENT i^TATTOX PtECORD. (•iiiiil)ersoiiio for luodeni odiR'ational institutions and ho thorefore favored presidential i. in Chcm. Zenlbh, 1908. II, No. 5, p. -'i-'i'i ; Chem. Abs., 2 {1908), No. 18, p. 2529).— The author questions the accuracy of the Kohn method described above. On the titration of phosphoric acid in superphosphate solutions, S. Kohn and L. Schucht {Chem. Ztg., 32 ( 1908), No. 61, pp. 718, 719; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 {1908),' No. 20, p. 2767). — In this article Kohn briefly discusses the contribu- tions of Schucht and Liftman to this subject and replies to criticisms of his method referred to above. The weaknesses of Kohn's method are commented upon by Schucht. The systematic investigation of drinking waters, G. Romijn {Pharm. Weelxbh, Jj5 {1908), No. 15, pp. J,02-Jil2, fig. i).— The apparatus and procedure adapted to the systematic determination of chlorin, sulphuric acid, carbon dioxid, alkaline earths, nitrates, permanganate consumption, calcium and mag- nesium ions, and alkali ions are described. Determination of combined carbonic acid in water, G. Lunge {Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 21 {1908), No. 18, p. 833; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 {1908), No. U,, p. 19-'i2). — The error of 33 per cent in temporary hardness reported by Noll in his tests of Lunge's method is attributed to the presence of a large amount of iron in the water. The author maintains that in ordinary waters containing small amounts of iron there is no appreciable error in the determination of temporary hardness. The determination of combined carbon dioxid in water, H. Noll {Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 21 {1908), No. 27, pp. lJf55, 11,56).— A reply to the above state- ment of Lunge, maintaining that even with waters containing comparatively small amounts of iron the results by Lunge's method are too high. Examination of eggs with colored shells, K. Rorchmann {Ztschr. Fleisch ii. Milehhyg., 18 {1908), No. 6, pp. 1 82-18 '{).— The data reported have to do with the examination of wild birds' eggs marketed for food purposes. According to the author, water gave better results than salt solution in judging eggs by their specific gravity. The formic acid content of honey, K. Farnsteiner {Ztschr. Untersvch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 {1908), No. 10, pp. 598-60.',). —The studies reported of the acid content of honey led to the conclusion that if formic acid is pi*eseut it exists only in minute quantities, and the author recommends that for the AGETCULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 4l9 jtrt'seiit free ncid in honey be designated uialic acid, and that the acidity be expressed in cnliic centimeters of normal allvali solntion per 100 gm. honey. Methods for the analysis of maple products and the detection of adul- terants, together with the interpretation of the results obtained, A. II. Bryan (U. S. Dci)t. Ayr., Bur. Chcm. Circ. 'lO, pp. 13). — This compilation of methods of analysis of maiile products has I)een prepared for tlie convenience of food analysts. The use and interpretation of analytical results in the detection of adulteration are discussed. Amount of soluble silicic acid in cocoa beans, H. Matthes and O. Rohdicii iZtschr. Offcntl. Chem., I4 {1!)08), No. 9, pp. 166-169). — In the determinations reported the silicic acid content of different sorts of cocoa was found to vary considerably and the authors do not believe that quality can be judged by this constituent. Plant fats and fat mixtures used in chocolate manufacture in the place of cocoa butter, O. Sachs {Chcm. Err. Fctt 11. Ilarz Indus., 15 (1908), Nos. 1. pp. 9, 10; 2 pp. 30-ii3). — The physical constants and other characteristics of differ- ent fats used in place of cocoa butter in chocolate manufacture are described and other data summarized with a view to the detection of such substitution. Comparative tests of different methods of measuring fat in milk, E. Dehaye (Indus. Lait. [Parish, 33 (1908), Xo. 2.2, pp. J, 2 5-.'i 31). —In the studies reported the author obtained larger results from chemical methods, such as the Adams method of fat extraction, than from the mechanical-chemical methods, such as the Gerber acid or salt method. In the case of fresh milk, or slightly acid homogenized milk, or milk partly skimmed, the results by the Adams method were slightly smaller than those l»y the Rose-Uottlieb method. In the author's opinion the latter method is to be preferred for exact determinations. A milk constant as a basis of judgment, G. Cornalba (Indus. Lait. [Paris], 33 (1908), No. 26, pp. Ji95-'i99).— In the data presented the soluble matter in milk has a fairly constant value, ranging from a minimum of 5.04 to a maxi- mum of 6.44 per cent, while the insoluble matter in the same samples ranged from 5.05 to 8.58 per cent. In the author's opinion such a constant value offers tlie surest and most precise means of judging of the purity of milk, especially with respect to the addition of water. Study of recent methods of analysis of butter, M. F. Jean (Indus. Lait. [Paris], 33 (1908), No. 22, pp. Ji31-.'i3.'i). — Some methods recently proposed for detecting adulteration of butter were tested by use of pure butter alone and mixed with animal and vegetable fats. Sevei'al revealed adulteration when the latter equaled 10 per cent, but they failed to give positive evidence when it was not over 5 per cent. The method of Robin (E. S. R.. 18, p. 709) is mentioned as of considerable value. Regarding' the nonsaponifying constituents of cocoa butter and their detection in mixture with butter, II. INIattiies and E. Ackermann (Bcr. Dent. Chcm. Gesell., J,l (1908), No. 10, pp. 2000, 2fl0/).— This is a preliminary notice of investigations on a method of detecting the presence of cocoa fat in butter, depending on the facts stated by the authors that cocoa butter contains a phyto- sterin which gives customary color reactions but combines with 2 molecules of l»romid and forms an acetattetrabroniid, whereas butter does not form the latter oomi)onnd. According to the method described, 1 kg. of cocoa butter upon repeated sai)onification and solution in ether yields 1.25 gm. of crude phytosterin with a melting point of 135 to 140° and 0.25 gm. of volatile constituents. The acetilized crude phytosterin (melting point 126 to 128°) is bromidized in ether and glacial acetic acid. Upon standing, thin plates with a melting point of 180 to 183° separate. From the filtrate after evaporation and recrystallization of 420 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, alcohol there is obtained a microcrystalline aggregate with melting jtoint 1S2 to 135°, which is the melting i)oint of phytosterinacetatdibromid. Befractometric analysis of cognac, A. Frank (Ztschr. Off cut I. (Jfiem.. J.'f (WOS), A'o, 10, 1)1). I8-J-J9.'i). — The author describes a method of determining the alcohol and exti-act content t)f cognac from data for specific gravity and refrac- tion, and gives a table showing the percentage of volume of alcohol correspond- ing to these values. He concludes that the refractometer method is to be recommended on the grounds of accuracy and simplicity. Examination of feces for nitrogen of metabolic products, A. Stutzee, E. Mkrrks, and L. Seidler (Biochem. Ztschr., n (1908), No. 3-.}, pp. 310-311).— According to the reported data, sheep, goat, and rabl)it feces may be preserved for analysis with carbon di'^nlithid in the proportion of 1 ce. to 100 gm. feces. Fairly satisfactory results are also obtained when the feces are spread out and dried at ordinary room temperature. The dry material is extracted for 12 hours with specially prepared gastric juice and hydrochloric acid and the nitro- gen determined in the undissolved residue and in the original material. The difference between these values gives the nitrogen of metabolic products. The analysis of coal-tar creosote and cresylic acid sheep dips, R. M. Ciiapin V. /S'. Dcpt. Ag)\. Bur. Aniiual Iiidii.'^. Bid. 107. pp. 7-3'), Jig. I). — This paper deals with methods of determining the various constituents of dips prepared from coal-tar derivatives. The commercial methods in use while rapid were found untrustworthy, undecomposed rosin being distilled along with the hydro- carbon and phenols even at 200° C. The scientific method requires many extrac- tions and re-extractions and under certain conditions is also unreliable. In the method devised by the Bureau hydrocarbons are estimated by difference, water, soda, and pyridin bases, phenols, rosin acids, and other ingredients being de- termined by fairly simi)le volumetric processes. Result of tests made by the Bureau are reported. " Methods exactly parallel to the methods employed in the analysis of dips may be applied to the valuation of creosote oil and cresylic acid which are to be used in making dips. . . . " The agreement between the analysis of a dip made from analyzed materials with its calculated composition indicates that it is actually possible for a manu- facturer to place on the market a dip of practically unvarying composition." The analysis of turpentine by fractional distillation with steam, W. C. Geeb {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Scrv. Circ. 152, pp. 5-29, figs. 17). — A descrip- tion of important changes in methods previously employed (E. S. R., 19, p. 682). By means of a new form of still-head, which is described, fractionations by dephlegmation are readily obtained. By using steam distillation the tem- perature can also be more easily regulated. Results of the application of this method to 4 turpentines of different kinds are shown in graphical form. The color, odor, and maximum boiling tempera- ture of all fi'actions were noted and specific gravity and index of refraction were determined. " By introducing the principle of dephlegmation the separation of the con- stituents is made much more complete. . . . " The low temperature at which the distillation is carried out reduces the danger of alteration of the sample during the analysis. " The distillation is similar to certain technical distilling processes which have been found to give excellent results in practice and suggests the possible results of applying such methods to the refining of turpentines." The examination of turpentine and turpentine substitutes, J. H. Coste {Analyst, 33 (.1908), No. 387, pp. 2 1 9-23 -i).— The author reports a study of METEOROLOGY WATER. 421 luethods of examination of turpentine and describes processes which, while not novel, have been found useful in aiding the investigator to form an opinion as to the nature and quality of turpentine examined. Proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry (Atti 6. Coiuf. Internaz. Chim. Apph, 1906. Fo/.s. /, pp. XV +{1,13^+1 52, pis. 8. figs. lOS, maps 2; 2, pp. XI+9J,9, pis. 16, figs. 70; 3, pp. XII+919, figs. 19; .',, pp. Xn+697, figs. 2.5; 5, pp. XV+Sl',. figs. 13; 6, pp. X/Z+.537, figs. 60; 7, pp. .I-T+i^/2. figs. 3). — A full report of the proceedings of the Sixth International Congress of Applied Chemistry at Rome, April 26 to March 3, 1906, with papers presented, discussions, and reports of committees. Of special interest are the proceedings of the sections of organic chemistry and allied industries, fermentation and starches, wine making, agricultural chemistry, medical, pharmaceutical, and food chemistry, and the reports of the international committee on the analysis of commercial fertilizers and feed- ing stuffs, and the committee for the unification of methods for the analysis of food products. Several of the papers have been noted (E. S. R., 20, pp. 207. 20S, 211, 218, 210, 222, 22.3, 22.5, .307. 3S4, and 4.'")6. Report on progress in industrial inorganic chemistry, V. Holbling and J. Preiss (Chcm. Indus. [Berlin], 31 {1908), Wos. 2, pp. 57-66; 3, pp. 83-96; J,, pp. ]20-13Jf ) . — The feature of this article of greatest agricultural importance is the rather complete review of literature relating to the oxidation of atmospheric nitrogen and to ammonia and ammonium salts. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Annals of the Astrophysical Observatory of the Smithsonian Institution, C. G. Abhot and F. E. Fowle, Jr. {Ann. Astrophijs. Ohscrv. Sniitltsn. Inst, 2 (WOS), pp. XI+2-'i5. pis. 29, fig. 1). — This volume reports "a continuation of the work on the relations of the sun to climate and life upon the earth " begun by Secretary Langley in " the hope that careful study of the radiation of the sun might eventually lead to the discovery of means of forecasting climatic con- ditions for some time in advance. It is believed that the present volume will aid materially to show how far that hope may be justified, for it contains care- ful and comparable measurements of the solar radiation, extending over several years. These indicate that the sun's radiation alters in its intensity from time to time, and that these alterations are sufficient to affect the temperature of the earth very appreciably. . . . " From a comparison, extending over thirty years, of the temperatures of 47 stations well distributed over the land surface of the earth, it appears possible that changes of solar radiation do produce, not infrequently, well-marked and lecognizable changes of temperature over the continental areas of the world. Such changes of temperature would be predictable if accurate measurements of the solar radiation were systematically continued at a few favorable stations." The introductory part of the report gives annals of the Astrophysical Observa- tory 1900-1907. Part I deals with determination of the intensity of the solar radiation outside the earth's atmosphere, otherwise termed " the solar constant of radiation," including chapters on methods of determining the " solar constant of radiation," apparatus for " solar-constant " determinations, sample observa- tions and computation of solar radiation outside the atmosphere, investigation of sources of error in the determination of the " solar constant," results of meas- urements of the intensity of solar radiation, applications of solar radiation measurements, and the causes of disagreement between the " solar-constant " determinations of different observers; Part II with radiation and terrestrial temperature, including chapters on the effect of the atmosphere on the direct 422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. beaui of the sun, the reflectiug power of clouds, indirect solar radiation, income and outfio of beat from the earth and the dependence of its temperature thereon, and variations of solar radiation and their effects on the temperature of the earth: and Tart III with the radiation of diff(>rent parts of the sun's disk, in- cluding chapters of the phenomenon of varyinjj: hrijihtness of the solar disk and possible explanations of it, arrangements for observing the distribution of radia- tion over the sun's disk, and results of observations of the brightness of the solar disk. Solar heat received by the surface of the soil, J. Loisel (Bid. Sac: Astron. France, n)OS, May, pp. 229-232, figs. 2; ahs. in Nature [London], 7'.s' (in08). No. 2012, p. 66). — This article discusses the relationships between the activity of various solar pLienomena and the amount of heat received at the earth's surface. The discussion is based upon observations made at Montpellier during the period 1883 to 1901. " Plotting the actinometric results obtained at Montpellier, to- gether with the frequency curves for sun spots, facuhe, and prominences. Doctor Loisel shows that they are distinctly analogous, but the terrestrial variation is an inversion of the solar variations." On the origin of atmospheric ozone and the causes of variations in the carbon dioxid of the air, H. Henriet and M. Rouyssy {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris'], lJi6 {190S), No. 19, pp. 977, 978). — This is a summary of results of extensive investigations which have been reported in other journals. The investigations led to the conclusion that the ozone of the air results from the action of ultra-violet rays of the sun on the oxygen of the upper atmosphere, and is brought to the lower layers of the air by the winds and rains. When the air is very calm and clear a certain amount of ozone Is formed in the lower layers of the air by the action of the sun's rays. All variations of the carbon dioxid below the normal are due to the upper air, the carbon dioxid thus varying inversely as the ozone. Variations above the normal are due to local causes such as respiration of men and animals in large cities, fires, exhalations from soils, and the like. Meteorological observations at Storrs for the years 1905 and 1906, W. M. EsTEN (Connecticut l^^torrs ^ta. Itpt. 1907, pp. 163-179). — This is a record of ob- servations on temperature and precipitation during each month of 1905 and 1906 at Storrs, the rainfall during the six months ended October 31, 1905, and for the same period in 1906, at 20 places in Connecticut, a suumiary of rainfall for the six months ended October 31 for 20 places in Connecticut during the IT years 1SS9-1905, the monthly mean temperature and monthly precipitation for 18 .vears (18SS-1905), and dates of last and first killing frosts for IS years. Meteorological summary for 1906, C. A. Patton (Ohio Sta. Bui. 185, pp. 295-310). — This suumiary includes as usual notes on the weather of each month and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at Woos- ter, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind, etc., and for comparison, similar data for 19 previous years (1888-1906) at the sta- tion and for 24 years (1883-1906) in other parts of the State. The mean temperature for the year at the station was 50.7° F. ; for the State 51.6°; the highest temperature at the station 92°, June 29: for the State 101°, August 21 ; the lowest temperature at the station —14, February 7 ; for the State —23°, February 6. The annual rainfall at the station was 42.8 in., for the State 36.87 in. The number of rainy days at the station was 142, for the State 124. The prevailing direction of the wind was south at the station and southwest for the State. The weather during the agricviltural year, 1906-7, F. J. Brouie (Jour. Roy. Ayr. Sloe. Enylnnd. 68 (1907). pp. .?S'.0-2.06').— Data are given for rainfall, tem- perature, and sunshine at various points in the United Kingdom during 1906-7 METEOROLOGY— WATER. 423 as coiuparetl with previous years, and the general seasonal conditions are dis- cussed. The meteorological conditions of the year are reported as on the whole favorable from an agricultural standpoint. Climatolog'y (Bui. Off. Etat IncUpend. Congo, 2-'t (IDOS), No. 5, Sup., pp. 167-190. (Ic/iiis. ft, DIG I) J). — The mean annual and monthly rainfall and number of rainy days as observed during a number of years at various places in the Congo Free State are shown in diagrams and the distribution of rainfall during each month is shown on colored maps. Present trend of investig-ation on underground waters, J. F. Kemp (Abs. hi Science, n. ser., 28 (1908), No. 715, p. 352). — This is an abstract of a paper pre- sented before the New York Academy of Sciences in which the author states that " within a few years there has been a marked change of views upon the sources, distribution, and extent of underground waters. . . . Now a very large number of geologists have come to regard the underground water as limited to a comparatively shallow zone; to refer uprising heated waters from deeper zones to magmatic sources in cooling and consolidating bodies of igneous rock ; and to attribute some part of the underground waters to the same place of origin. In the interpretation of ore bodies magmatic waters have been found to be much more reasonable agents of deposition, in many cases, than are the meteoric." The author presents figures from which he concludes " that meteoric sources and underground amounts have been much overestimated." A study of the waters of Rio Verde from the standpoint of potability and agricultural value, ^I. P. I>.I!INa {Estac. Agr. E.rpt. Rio Vcnlc, t^aii Luis Potosi, Bol. 2, pp. 63, pis. 9). — Detailed examinations of a number of samples are reported and discussed from the standpoint of suitability for drinking pur- poses and for use in irrigation. The waters are not as a rule suitable for drinking purposes. They are generally very clear, but contain considerable amounts of soluble salts. For these I'easons little benefit is derived by the soil from use of the waters in warping, and soils receiving liberal applications of the water should be well drained to prevent accumulation of alkali. Water supply for villag'es, W. Puixps {Jour. Bd. Agr. \ London]. 15 (1908). No. 5, pp. 350-355). — The importance of giving more attention to providing an adefiuate, wholesome, and cheap water supply for rural towns and villages is pointed out. The number of dairy cows kept in a given locality is suggested as a basis for estimating the amount of water required. A comparison is made of the consumption and cost of water with and Avithout the use of meters. It was found in many cases that where the meter system was not in use 10 to 20 gal. of water per head of stock was used. With the meter system, however, the amount was greatly reduced. The broad irrigation sewage farm at Fresno, California (Engin. Rcc. 58 ( 1908), No. 8, pp. 207, 208, figs. 3). — This is a brief account of a sewage disposal Iilant consisting of a septic tank and a tract of 812 acres of land suitable for broad irrigation, which has been in quite satisfactory operation at Fresno, California, since December 28, 1907. The plant disposes of the sewage of a population of .30,000. Elements of water bacteriology, with special reference to sanitary water analysis, S. C. Prkscott and C. E. A. Winslow {New York and London, 1908, 2. cd., pp. XII +258, fig. 1). — It is stated that the aim of the author in prepar- ing this new edition was " to include the results of the work of the last four years whicli bear on the practical investigation of sanitary questions connected with water suiJi)ly." Considerable additions have been made to the treatment of the in-oblems of self-puriflcation, the description of methods for the isolation of the typhoid bacillus, the treatment of the interpretation of the colon test, an account of the newer presumptive tests for BaciUus coll, and the discussion of 424 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the sit;nitifaiu'e of intestiiuil bacteria other than /{. coli. "A new chapter has been hitroduced on the bacteriology of sewage and sewage effluents, in recogni- tion of the growing importance of this branch of the subject." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The production of active nitrogen in the soil, (J. S. Fraps (Texas Stu. Bui. 106, pp. -f/Sl, figs. 5). — This bulletin reports the results of laboi*atory studies of the rate of animonification and nitrification in different kinds of Texas soils under varying conditions of basicity, acidity, fertilization, and moisture, as well as of pot experiments to determine the relation of the rate of production of active nitrogen to plant growth. The sum of ammonia and nitrates is considered active nitrogen. The method of procedure in the laboratory studies was in general as follows : " Five hundred gm. of air-dry soil, which had been sifted through a 3 mm. sieve, was mixed with 20 gm. of fresh garden earth, an amount of nitrogenous substance containing 0.3 gm. nitrogen, and water equal to one-third of the satu- ration capacity of the soil. The nitrogenous substance and the garden earth were first mixed together, then these were incorporated w^ith the dry soil, the water added, and the whole mixed thoroughly until the mass was uniform. "The mixture was then placed in 500 cc. precipitating jars, shaking it down by tapping gently against a wooden block. A test tube, with a small perforation in the end, was inserted to a depth of about 1 in., and the jar, with its con- tents, was weighed and placed iu a water bath kept as nearly as possible at 35° C. . . . " Every Monday, Wednesday, and Friday each jar was placed on a coarse balance and water added slowly through the test tube until its original weight was restored. This method of supplying the water retains the surface of the soil in an open, porous condition. "After 4 weeks the contents of the jar were mixed thoroughly. One hundred gm. were placed in a funnel on a perforated porcelain disc, and washed with water until the volume of the filtrate was about 100 cc. Nitrates were then determined in the filtrate by the Tiemann-Schulze method and calculated to the original, air-dry weight of the mixture. " For the ammonia determination, an amount equal to 200 gm. of the dry soil was placed in a flask with dilute hydrochloric acid (1:25) in quantity sufficient to make 500 cc. with the water already present in the sample. The mixture of soil and acid was shaken thoroughly, filtered after standing over night, and 250 cc. of the filtrate distilled with magnesia. The ammonia was caught in standard acid and the solution titrated back with ammonia. Correc- tion was made for the ammonia in the reagents. Both nitric and ammonical nitrogen were corrected from the quantity present in the original soil. . . . " The saturation capacity of the soil was estimated as follows : Fifty gm. soil are placed in a I5 in. carbon filter on a perforated porcelain plate, weighed, and water added until the soil is saturated. After the soil has drained 15 min- utes, protected from evaporation, the apparatus is weighed again. The gain in weight is the saturation capacity, and is expressed in percentage of the original soil." Basicity of the soils was determined by three methods as follows : "(1) Ten gm. of soil were digested with 100 cc. fifth-normal nitric acid for 12 hours, and 10 cc. of the filtrate was titrated with caustic soda and phenol- phthalein. Since salts of iron and aluminum are acid to this indicator and the corresponding hydroxids are precipitated during the titration, this method does SOILS FERTILIZERS. 425 not include the basicity due to bases of iron and aluminum. The basicity meas- ured is due to carbonate and easily decomposed silicates of lime, magnesia, and the alkalis. "(2) Fifty gm. of soil were digested with 100 cc. tentli-normal nitric acid for one-balf bour. and 20 cc. of tbe filtrate titrated with caustic soda and methyl orange. "(3) After the titration in (2) phenolphthalein was added and the titration continued until the solution became slightly colored. The difference between methods (2) and (3) consists in the fact that (2) includes basicity due to iron and aluminum in addition to lime, magnesia, and alkalis, while (3) includes only lime, magnesia, and alkalis." In connection with the pot experiments the method of procedure was as follows : '■ Five hundred gm, of the soil were placed in a 500 cc. precipitating jar and 100 cc. of water poured on the surface of the soil. A test tube perforated at the bottom reached to the bottom of each jar. The soil was thus ventilated at the bottom, as in the pot experiments. The jars were kept in a dark cupboard at the room temperature and did not receive any further addition of water dur- ing the period of experiment. At the end of the time they were weighed, mixed thoroughly, and portions taken for analysis. . . . The results of the analysis were calculated to the original weight of the soil. " Vegetation experiments were made on the same soil in galvanized iron pots 8 in. in diameter and 8 in. deep with a 1-in. side tube (Wagner pot). The pot was ventilated from the bottom, a layer of gravel was first introduced, and 5 kg. of soil were weighed into each pot. Each pot received 2.5 gm. acid phos- phate and 1 gm. potassium sulphate. The corn planted was grown for various periods in the different soils. The period of growth was the same, how- ever, as the length of time during which the soil was allowed to nitrify in the jars. The effect on plant growth of other additions to the soil was studied at the same time. Most of the tests with nitrogen were made in duplicate. "At the end of about 9 weeks the corn was harvested, dried, and subjected to analysis." It was found in these experiments that soils vary considerably in ability to produce nitrates, but to a much less extent in their capacity to produce active nitrogen. Whjle an excess of water may entirely prevent nitrification, it re- tarded the production of active nitrogen to a much less extent. " No relation conld be observed between the increased production of nitrates due to calcium carbonate, and the acidity or basicity of the soils estimated by the methods described, though the greatest increase was effected on the most acid soil. "Although the addition of carbonate of lime increased the pi'oduction of nitrates in most of the soils, the production of active nitrogen was affected thereby only to a slight extent. " Magnesium carbonate was less favorable to nitrification in the soil tested than calcium carbonate. " Nitrification was much greater in a limed acid soil than in the unlimed acid soil. " Phosphoric acid and potash had little effect upon the production of active nitrogen, thongh in some cases nitrification was affected considerably. " The formation of ammonia begins rapidly, and a large proportion of the change takes place the first week, under Texas conditions. Nitrification began the second week and reached its maximum in the third. 65623— No. 5—09 3 426 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "At the end of 50 days, under very favorable conditions, a large portion of the active nitrogen produced from cotton-seed meal was still in the form of ammonia. "While the rank of nitrogenous fertilizers measured by the nitrates formed varies according to the nature of the soil, the relative production of active nitrogen is much less variable and depends upon the nature of the material. This offers a method for comparing the values of different nitrogenous fertil- izers. ... In most cases a greater quantity of nitrogen was taken up by the plants than would be produced in the jars, due to more favorable conditions in the pots for the transformation of nitrogen to active forms. " Nitrogen content of the crop, as a rule, increased with the active nitrogen produced in the soil. "All soils yielding less than 7 parts per million of nitric nitrogen, or 9 parts of active nitrogen in the jars, were highly deficient in the pot tests. In no case was the crop larger than 8 gm., and the addition of nitrates increased the crop four-fold or more. " Soils yielding 7 to 22 parts per million of nitric nitrogen, or 9 to 27 parts of active nitrogen, appear to be deficient in nitrogen. " Of nine soils yielding 27 parts per million of active nitrogen in the jars, four ai)i)eared to supply sufiieient nitrogen to the crop, two responded slightly to nitrates, while three resiionded considerably. "The soils containing 0.02 per cent nitrogen were very deficient in nitrogen and produced the smallest quantities of active nitrogen. On an average, the production of active nitrogen increased with the nitrogen content of the soil, though the results with individual soils were irregular. " Six soils containing an average of 0.12 per cent total nitrogen contained an average of 59 parts per million of active nitrogen, this being 5 per cent of the total. Six soils, with an average nitrogen content of 0.8 per cent, and five with an average of 0.026 per cent, contained 21 and 7 parts per million of active nitrogen, being 2.5 and 2.7 per cent of the total. The nitrogen of soils contain- ing high percentages appears to be more available than that containing low percentages. " The production of active nitrogen in the soil can probably be developed into a method for the determination of the needs of the soil for nitrogenous fertilizers. " Certain of the soils subjected to study contained a considerable proportion of their active nitrogen in the form of ammonia. . . . "At the end of 4 or even 8 weeks a large portion of the active nitrogen pro- duced from organic nitrogen fprtilizers was present as ammonia, even though the conditions were very favorable for their conversion into nitrates. It appears that ammonia must play a not insignificant part in plant nutrition, when fer- tilizer or manure is applied." Absorption by soils, H. E. Patton and W. H. Waggaman ( XJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Bui. 52.- pp. 0.5, figs. S). — This bulletin summarizes the literature relating to the absorption of solids fi-om solution, and reports results of in- vestigations carried on in the laboratory of the Bureau of Soils in continuation of the general work on soil absorption which has been under way for several years. After a resum§ of earlier work, the bulletin takes up in detail the results of investigations on selective absorption with carbon, gelatin, soil, paper, cotton, barium sulphate, kaolin, clay, copper hydroxid, dyes, etc. ; absorp- tion by soils of picric acid and dyes from various solvents; distribution of different soluble salts between absorbent and solvent ; rate of absorption (formulas) ; energy changes (heat evolved) ; condition of the absorbed sub- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 427 stance; effect of absorption npon the physical condition of the soil; and perco- lation, inc'Inding reclamation of blaclv alkali soil by leaching, efficiency of calcium sulphate in removing black alkali, and absorption of potassium from carbon:ite solution. " The principal object of this work has been to determine how absorption controls the concentration of the soil solution, which is the great nutrient medium upon which plants feed, and, further, to determine the effect of ab- sorption upon the structure of the solid portion of the soil in modifying its power to hold and maintain the soil solution for the continued use of the plant. As a result of this work it has been shown that a number of modifying factors enter into each particular case, which makes it impracticable to fornuilate a simple general law which will account quantitatively for the distribution of a dissolved substance between the liquid solution and the absorbing medium, although it is brought out very clearly that under the ideal conditions, where there is no change in the surface of the absorbing medium, a simple mathe- matical law can be predicated a priori, which law is approximately realized in practice in those cases where it is known that the least amount of change takes place in the absorbing surface. . . . " In the experiments described the materials used are not always fertilizer salts or constituents of the soil itself, since other substances, particularly cer- tain dyestuffs, are better adapted to obtaining a more detailed knowledge of the mechanism of absorption. In general, it may now be stated that where dis- turbing influences are not great the mathematical formulation may be made both of the time rate and of the absorption and distribution of the material between the solid and the liquid. The disturbing influences, however, are quite important in most cases actually met in practice, and therefore a de- tailed study of some of them v^-as undertaken. The most imi)ortant of these is the change in the physical character of the soil itself, consequent upon the absorption of the dissolved materials. In some cases, notably with acids and with lime, the soils assume a ' flocculated ' structure, i. e., a great many of the ultimate grains form larger aggregates or ' ball together ; ' and in other cases, especially with alkalis, the soils are deflocculated, each grain standing out separate and distinct from the others. This change in the structure of the soil is of the utmost importance in influencing the physical condition of the soil, which in turn influences the drainage condition, the aeration of the soil, its capacity to hold the soil solution and control its movement through the soil, the composition of the soil solution, the character and rate of the chemical changes taking place in the soil solution ; and, in fact, in influencing directly both the physical and chemical factors which are the most important in governing the proper growth of plants." The results of experiments with alkali soils from Yakima, Wash., and Fresno, Cal., indicate that " neutral salts, such as chlorids, in the presence of carbon- ates are comparatively easy to leach from the soil. With continued leaching of the soils containing ' black alkali ' there is an increase in the rate at which percolation takes place, due probably to the reduction of the amount of alkali present and to a consequent effect on the physical structure of the soil. With continued leaching there is a comparatively rapid reduction of normal carbon- ates in the soil water, due in large measure to conversion to bicarbonates, Bicarbonates are rapidly removed at first and then continue to be slowly re- moved in the soil water in very small quantities, diminishing for an indefi- nite period. The leaching curves conform fairly well to the rate equation, dy ^=/i {A—y), proposed by Schreiner and Failyer. Soils containing 'black alkali' can be reclaimed by leaching (i. e., flooding with underdrainage), but 428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the time and anumnt of water required is probably luueh greater than in the case of 'white allcali.'" The results of the experiments with these soils also " indicate that the use of gypsum facilitates the removal of black alkali from soil, although at the same time it adds to the total quantity of alkali present." Seven years' soil investig'ation in southern Illinois, C. G. Hopkins, J. H. Pettit, and J. E. Keadiiimer UJlinois »S7o. Circ. 122, pp. .'/). — The results of ex- periments with various methods of improving the soil are briefly summarized. The maintenance of fertility (Ohio .S7«. Bui. IS.'/, pp. 22t)-.i05). — This bul- letin contains in full data previously reported in Bulletins 110, 182, and 1S3 of the station (E. S. R., 12, p. 127; 19, pp. 315, 720) covering statistics of field ex- periments on this subject from 1894 to 1906 inclusive. Plans and summary tables of the experiments at the central farm, Wooster, on the maintenance of soil fertility arranged for reference in the field {Ohio Sta. Circ. 83, pp. 2.'f, dgms. 6). — A brief summary and explanation of experiments in continuation of those previously noted (see above), giving data for the season of 1907. Farmyard manure, A. D. Hall {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 {1908), Ao«. 1, pp. 7-21; 3, pp. 161-176). — This is a discussion of the losses during making and storage of manure and its value as a fertilizer, based upon practical observa- tions and investigations at Rothamsted and elsewhere. The economy of manur- ing and of the supplemental use of commercial fertilizers under various condi- tions of British farming receives particular attention. Contribution to the knowledge of the microflora of barnyard manure, F. LoHNis and W. Kuxtze {Centbl. Bult. [c/e.]. 2. Abt., 20 {1908), No. 21-23, pp. 676-687). — Investigations as to the number, character, and activity of various organisms found in manure are reported. Green manuring experiments, A. Zimmermann {Pflanzer, 3 {1907), No. 10, pp. 152-156; .'/ {1908), No. S, pp. 33-36). — Experiments with lupines, Japan clover, and a number of native plants, including species of Crotalaria, Des- modium, Melilotus, and Indigofera, are reported. Of the less common plants tested certain of the Crotalaria and Desmodium gave good results as green manures. The Crotalaria, however, was worthless as a feed, while the Des- modium apiiarently possessed considerable value for this purpose. The nitrogen question, A. Gregoire {Rev. Econ. Internat., 5 {1908), II, No. 2, pp. 431-41/6). — This article discusses the various sources of nitrogen for agri- cultural purposes and urges especially the more careful utilization of the nitro- gen supplies of the farm. Experiments with nitrogenous fertilizers!. C. Schreiber {Rev. Gen. Agroiu, n. scr., 3 {1908). Nos. 3, pp. 97-105, fig. 1; ',, pp. 145-153, figs. 3).— The fertiliz- ing values of nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, and calcium cyanamid on oats, corn, and carrots grown in pots containing 6 kg. of loam soil are reported. In these experiments the average fertilizing effect of the sulphate of am- monia was 77.8 per cent of that of nitrate of soda in experiments in which calcium carbonate was not used, and 81.5 per cent in experiments in which calcium carbonate was applied. The addition of calcium carbonate was bene- ficial even in case of soils containing a sufflceut amount of lime. The results obtained with sulphate of ammonia were much higher in this series of experi- ments than in an earlier series, due to the fact that the climatic conditions were more favorable, sulphate of ammonia being much more sensitive to such conditions than nitrate of soda. The average fertilizing effect of the calcium cyanamid was 69.7 per cent of that of nitrate of soda when calcium carbonate was not used and 67.7 per cent SOILS FERTILIZERS. 429 when the carbonate was applied. The iujurious effect of the additional ap- plication of lime was especially marked iu case of oats in the early stages- of growth. In some of the experiments in which calcium carbonate was not used the cyanamid was used in much larger amounts than would be employed in practice without evidence of injury to the plants at any period of their growth. Investigations on the action of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda as fertilizers, E. Blobel (UiitcrsucJiunyvii iibcr den Wirkuiigswcrt von schnc- fclsaurem Ammoniak und ChiUsalpeter als Dilngemittel. Inaug. Diss. Leipsic, J90S, vi). 100; (lbs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 42, Rcpert., p. 27-'/).— From nu- merous investigations made on the subject the author concludes that the normal fertilizing value of the nitrogen of ammonium sulphate is equal to that of nitrate of soda and not 90 per cent of it, as stated by Wagner. It is impossible, however, to state a normal for the effect in the fleld, because of the various modifying and uncontrolled influences there. Averages of results of iield experiments are, therefore, unreliable. The author claims that the nitrification of the ammonium sulphate is complete and not accompanied by any loss of nitrogen, as main- tained by Wagner, and that, contrary to Wagner's assertion, serious loss of ammonia by evaporation seldom occurs. It should be borne in mind in comparing the fertilizing value of the two ma- terials that the ammonium salt must first be converted into nitrate and that in this process more or less of the nitrogen is fixed for a time by bacterial action in organic form. For this reason the nitrate gives quicker results than the sul- phate and is better suited for top-dressing and certain other purposes. On the other hand, the nitrate is more subject to loss by leaching. Nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. A. Damseaux (Ann: Gembloux, 18 {1908), Ao. 6, pp. 3')4-360). — A brief review is given of Wagner's investiga- tions on this subject. On the properties and action of sulphate of ammonia containing a large amount of free sulphuric acid, Lemmermann {FuliUng's Landiv. Ztg., 51 {1908), .Yo. 9, pp. 33Jt~339). — No iujurious efl:"ects were observed in experiments on barley with sulphate of ammonia containing 3 per cent of free sulphuric acid. The average amount of fi-ee sulphuric acid iu German sulphate of ammonia is said not to exceed 0.8 per cent. The effect of the new nitrogenous fertilizers on hemp, V. Stohr (Hospodar Moravskij. Briiun, 9 (1907), No. 20; ab.s. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 31 (1908), No. .',, pp. 229-233; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9J, (1908), No. 5.',1, II, p. ^21).— In pot tests basic lime nitrate was as effective as sodium nitrate and ammonium sulphate. Lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime were less effective. Comparative fertilizer experiments with nitrogen lime and nitrate of soda, R, KuHNERT {Landic. Wchnbl. Schles. Hoist., 58 (1908), No. 19, pp. 366-368).— In these experiments the use of nitrogen lime resulted in a financial loss in the case of beets. With rye and oats somewhat better results were obtained, but the increased yield barely covered the expense of the fertilizer. Profitable returns were obtained in all cases with the nitrate of soda. Nitrogen fertilizers, especially lime niter, lime nitrogen, and nitrogen lime, A. Stutzer (Jahrh. Dent. Landir. GeselL, 23 (1908), No. 1, pp. .'t 1-50). —Thin iirtide discusses the relative efficiency of these forms of nitrogenous fertilizers on different kinds of soils and crops. On the influence of sterilization on the solubility of lime nitrogen, II. Kappen (Centm. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 (1908), No. 21-23, pp. 10.',-115; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 50, Repert., p. 323; Chem. Zentbl., 1908, I, No. 26, p. 2198; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9-', (1908), No. 5'il, II. p. /////).— It is main- tained in this article that the sterilization of lime-nitrogen solutions brings about pronounced changes which may materially modify bacterial action iu such 430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. solutions. Instead of attempting to sterilize such solutions the solid substances should be sterilized by dry heat. The behavior of lime nitrogen in storage, H, von Feilitzen (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), Xo. -'/.■>, J). 5.',2; ahs. in Jour. iioc. Chem. Indus., 27 {1908), No. 13, p. 696). — Data are reiif)rted which indicate that "calcium cyanamid, when care- fully packeil in wooden barrels, lined with paper, may be kejtt for many months in good condition, and almost uncliant^ed in composition." Experiments with calcium cyanamid, 1907 {Ayr. Students' Gaz., n. ser., 13 {1908), No. 6, pp. 186, 187). — Comparative tests of ammonium sulphate, sodium nitrate, and calcium cyanamid on barley and mangel-wurzels are briefly re- ported. The conclusion drawn from the results of these tests " is that calcium cyanamid judiciously applied, is a good nitrogenous manure on this soil." The fertilizing action of calcium cyanamid, S. de Grazia (Rend. Sor. Chim. Roma, 5 {1907), No. 19, pp. 2U, 2.'/5).— The author studied the effect of varying amounts of water in the soil on the fertilizing value of the cyanamid. The best results were obtained with the larger amounts of water. This is thought to be due to the fact that dicyandiamid is formed from the cyanamid in relatively coucenti-ated solutions. The manufacture of calcium cyanamid, J. B. C. Kershaw {Electrical World, 51 (1908), No. 19, pp. 979-982, figs. 5).— The main features of the principal processes which have been used in the manufacture of this material are briefly described. The actual state of the nitrate of lime industry in Norway {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 {1908), No. 17, pp. 532, 533).— Data are given as to the extent to which Norwegian water power is being utilized in the manufacture of basic lime nitrate. Phosphates, R. McMubtkie (Amer. Pert., 28 (1908), No. 6, pp. 8-13).— This is a summary of information regarding the classification, mining, and handling of mineral phosphates, the preparation of superphosphates, and the relative fertilizing value of mineral phosphates, superphosphates, reverted phosphates, and phosphatic slag. Tunisian phosphates, E. Bertainchand {Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 12 (1908), No. .}(j, pp. 55-81; Bui. Agr. Algerie et Tunisie. l', (1908), Nos. 9, lip. 225-232; 10, pp. 25 Jt-265).— The phosphate deposits of Tunis which have been developed up to the present time are described, with analyses of samples of the various phosphates. It is stated that the exportation of these phosphates in 1907 amounted to 1,058,700 tons, derived from four different de- posits. It is estimated that the exportations during 1908 will be considerably larger. Attention is called to the fact that Tunisian soils are generally naturally de- ficient in phosphates and are further impoverished by the growth and export of products which exhaust the phosphate supply of the soil. The more extended and systematic use of phosphates in Tunis is therefore recommended. The chemical methods used in examining the phosphates are briefly described. [Phosphate deposits in Tahiti] {Mark Lane Express, 98 {1908), No. IfOOl, p. 6-'i5). — The British consul at Tahiti reports the discovery on the Society Islands " of enormous deposits of phosphate of lime of an extremely rich char- acter. It is estimated that on one island alone there are at least 30,000,000 tons of the material, the analysis of which has shown from 05 to 85, and even 90 per cent of pure phosphate of lime." Increased production of phosphate rock in 1907 (Tradesman. 59 (1908), No. 9, pp. 918, 919). — It is stated that " the production of phosphate rock in the United States in 1907 amounted to 2,265,343 long tons, valued at $10,()53,.558, an increase over the production of 1906 of 184,386 long tons in quantity and of SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 431 $2,074,121 in value. The average price per ton in 1907 — $4.70 — was 58 cents greater than in 1900, an increase of 14 per cent." The production from Florida was greater than in any previous year of the history of the phosphate industry. There was also a large increase in the production from South Carolina and Tennessee. Potash, in granitic soils, J. del Campo {Prog. Ayr. ij Pecuario, 1'/ (1908), No. Jl'-i, pp. 197-200, figs. 2). — In this article data are presented to show that although granitic soils contain considerable percentages of potash they are often benefited by applications of potash fertilizers, thus indicating that the potash of feldspar, the characteristic potassic constituent of granite, is rendered available in the soil very slowly. On the utilization of leucite. C. Manuelli (Ga::. Chim. Itah, 3S (1908), I, No. 2, pp. U3-152; abs. in Chcm. Zcntbl., 1908, I, No. 22, p. i9.^o ) .—Compara- tive tests of various technical pi'ocesses for obtaining potash salts from leucite are reported. Heating a mixture of the leucite with powdered charcoal and alum to a dull red glow for one-half hour and extracting with boiling water and steam gave good results in the author's experiments. The industrial treatment of leucite and leucitic materials, G. Gallo (Rend. Soc. Chim. Roitia, 6 (1908), No. 1, pp. 29, 30).— A process of treating the mate- rials for the recovery of the potash in an electric furnace with dry chlorin gas is briefly described. The potash industry (Saateii, Diingcr u. Futtermarkt, 1908, No. 2Jf, pp. 651-658). — The present status of this industry is reviewed. [Fertilizers in connection with the beet-sugar industry] (Sugar Beet, 29 (1908), No. 1, pp. 23-26). — Brief notes are given on the utilization of the nitro- gen of distillers" wash, the transformation in the soil of lime nitrogen, filter press scums as fertilizers, the increased yield of beets due to stimulants such as potassium iodid and sodium fluorid, and the fertilizer consumption of mother beets. Fertilizer experiments with sulphur water, H. E. Muller and K. Stormeb (Deut. La lid w. Presse, 35 (1908), No. 34, p. 36.9).— This material, which is an ammoniacal liquor obtained as a by-product in the manufacture of paraffin by the destructive distillation of coal, and is very similar in composition and gen- eral character to ordinary gashouse liquor, was used with good results on sandy and sandy loam soils. On cultivated soil it should be applied about 14 days before planting. As a top-dressing it should be applied not earlier than 4 weeks after the plants begin growth. On well-drained meadows it may be applied at frequent intervals to an aggregate amount of 160 gal. per acre annually. Fertilizer analyses, A. J. Patten, S. L. Jodidi, and C. B. Collingwood (Michi- gan 8ta. Bui. 252, pp. 3-32). — This is a report in the usual form of the results of the inspection of 275 samples of fertilizers collected during the months of April, May, and June, 1908. Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1907, B. W. Kilgore (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 29 (1908), No. 3, pp. 51). — The analyses here reported are of samples col- lected by the fertilizer inspectors of the State department of agriculture during the fall of 1907. A list is given of brands of fertilizers registered for sale in 1908. Analyses of fertilizers — spring season, 1908, B. W. Kilgore (BuJ. N. C. Dept. Agr., 29 (1908), No. //, pp. 50). — The analyses here reported are of sam- ples collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the State department of agriculture during the spring of 1908. A list is given of brands of fertilizers registered for sale in 1908. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear (Penn, Dcpt. Agr. BuJ. 163, pp. 51). — This is a report of inspection of fertilizers in the State from August 1 432 expehimp:nt station record. to December 31, 1907, and includes analyses of 468 samples of fertilizing materials. Commercial fertilizers and poisonous insecticides in 1907-8, G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bui. 107, pp. 5-16). — Analyses and valuations of fertilizers ex- amined during the season are given in this bulletin, with brief statements regarding the amount of fertilizers sold in the State and their average value per ton, and the general provisions of the State fertilizer law. It is reported that 21,S."tO tons of commercial fertilizers, exclusive of cotton- seed meal, was sold in the State from September 1, 1907, to May 1, 1908. The average differences between selling price and valuation were $4 per ton in case of acid phosphate, $8 in case of kainit, $20 in case of sulphate and muriate of potash, and $7 in case of mixed fertilizers. A list of insecticides i-egistered under the State law during the year ended April 30, 1908, is given. Standard fertilizers, 1908, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. [Canada] Bui. 151. pp. 21). — This bulletin reports the results of analyses of 199 samples of fertilizers registered for sale in Canada in 1908. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Mushrooms, edible and otherwise, M. E. Hard (Columbus, Ohio, 1908, pp. XII +609, figs. 504). — This is a popular guide to the study of mushrooms, about 800 species being described and many illustrated by half-tone prints. The aim of the author in preparing this book has been " to describe the species, as far as possible, in terms that will be readily understood by the general reader ; and it is hoped that the large number of illustrations will make the book helpful to those who are anxious to become acquainted with a part of botany so little studied in our schools and colleges." Notes are given regarding the habitat and time of growth of the different species and also on their edibility. Chapters are included giving directions for cooking mushrooms and on how to grow them. The yeast fungi, F. G. Kohl (Die Hefepilze. Leipsic, 1908, pp. VIII+3-'f3, pis. 8, figs. 59). — This is a study on the organization, physiology, biology, syste- matic classification, importance, and bearing on fermentation of yeasts and yeast-like fungi. Among the yeast-like fungi, the author includes the Schizo- saccharomycetes and such genera of fungi as Torula, Mycoderma, Monilia. Oidium, Dematium, etc. Acclimatization of plants, H. F. Macmillan (Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, Jf (1908), No. 9, pp. 55-73). — In a paper read before the Ceylon Agricultural Society, the author gives an account of what has been done in Ceylon in the acclimatization of plants, and calls attention to the necessity for care in the introduction of plants, as it is usually the most worthless ones that are generally most readily acclimatized. Lists are given of plants which have been introduced into Ceylon from other parts of the world, showing the dates of introduction, so far as known, and the elevation or district best suited to their growth. On the effect of a partial removal of roots and leaves upon the development of flowers, M. Shiga (Jow. Col. 8ei.. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 23 (1907). Art. Jf. pp. 15). — The author carried on a series of experiments with peas of different kinds, horse beans, Japanese morning glories and buckwheat in water and pot cultures to determine whether a partial removal of leaves, roots, etc., has any effect upon the formation of flowers. When the main root and most of the lateral roots were removed, flowering was promoted, except with buckwheat. When all the lateral roots were AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 433 successively removed, flowering was prevented, and the leaves and stems became smaller than in the control experiments. When the removal of the lateral roots was done at intervals of 4 days for a mouth and after that once a week, the growth of the leaves and stems was not affected, and flowering was promoted. The removal of lateral roots once every week for the first month and once every 2 weeks during the second month resulted in the advance of flowering, but the total number of flowers was not increased. When the latei-al roots were removed, the main root was always greatly lengthened, while the stems of the plants were shorter than in the control. When the main root was removed, leaving a few lateral roots, the stems were not affected. In the morning glories, peas, and horse beans, the removal of the main root and some of the lateral roots, leaving only a few laterals, caused the flowers to appear earlier than usual and more abundantly. When all the lateral roots were removed, some varieties of peas and the horse beans bloomed earlier, but others were so injured that blooming was not accelerated. Where the leaves were removed in the morning glory and l)uckwheat, the plants failed to flower. In the peas, blooming was not promoted, but the bracts seemed to serve as assimilatory organs. Rapid transformation of starch into sucrose during' the ripening of some tropical fruits, H. C. P. Geerligs {Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 10 (1908), No. 116, Pl>. 372-3S0). — On account of the fact that many tropical fruits are as a rule gathered in a green and immature state and allowed to ripen afterwards, the ripening process taking place so rapidly that within a few days they become tender and well-flavored, they are said to offer a good opportunity for studying the somewhat obscure problem of the after-ripening of fruits. Investigations were carried on by the authttr with bananas, mangoes, tamarinds, and sapodil- las to determine the changes taking place during ripening after being re- moved from the plant. A considerable amount of carbon dioxid was given off during this period of after-ripening and important chemical changes were shown to have taken place. In the case of the banana the starch is rather suddenly transformed into sucrose, and during this process a little dextrin is formed. In the ripe fruits the sucrose becomes partly inverted or consumed as such or as products of its inversion. AVitli the mango, during the process of ripening yellow coloring matter is produced that resembles in every respect carrotin. During the after-ripening the starch is transformed into sucrose, which later on becomes hydrolyzed and splits up into glucose and fructose. The citric acid present in the fruit is vigor- ously attacked, and the decrease in the acid taste is not due to an increase in sugar content, nor to the neutralization of the acid, but to the destruction of the citric acid itself. In the ripening of the tamarinds, the starch is transformed into sugar, but in this case it is not changed into sucrose, but into a mixture of glucose and fructose. The increase in the percentage of sugar after the period of maturity is due to the strong concentration by evaporation, as there is no fresh forma- tion of sugar possible in so dry a fruit. In the sapodilla the most important change is not due to the saccharification of starch, but to the changes brought about in the tannin and gutta-percha. The amount of sugar before and after ripening is the same, but the fruit becomes palatable by the softening of the hard pectin and by the deposit of tannin and gutta-percha in an insoluble form. While studying the ripening of the fruits, the author found a rather sudden transformation of starch into sucrose, followed in a later stage by inversion 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aud partial desratlation of the products of inversion. When the fruits were placed in nitrof;;en and air, it was found that after-ripening in the air pro- ceeded uninterruptedly, while fruits kept in nitrogen remained unchanged and preserved their starch content. This indicates that a free access of oxygen is indispensable for the saccharification of the starch in the fruit. In studying the cause of the transformation in the case of the mango, it was found that the juice contained a diastatic body with power to transform starch into dextrin aud intt> sugar. Further investigations showed that the rapid transformation of starch into sucrose during the after-ripening of some fruits is a vital process and not a consequence of the presence of some ferment contained in the fruit. The hydrolytic and catalytic ferments acting during the process of ripen- ing of fruit, G. Tallarico (Arch. FarmacoL 8i)er. e Sci. Aff., 7 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. 27-.'i8; 2, pp. .'i9-68; aJ)s. in Chcm. ZenthL, 1908, I, No. 10, pp. 1^63, 1.56-i; Jour. Chem. Hoc. [London^, 94 (1908), No. 550, II, p. 72.'/). — The author made a study of bananas to determine the changes taking place during the px-ocess of ripening of the fruit. " From this fruit, gathered in different stiiges of ripen- ing, extracts were made. The catalytic action was determined by investigating the action of the extract on hydrogen peroxid ; the amolytic, by its action on starch ; the proteolytic, by the action on gelatin ; and the inverting, by the action on sucrose. The following enzyms were present: Catalase, invertase, amylase, tyrosinase, and a proteolytic enzym. The catalytic action is very intense so long as the fruit is green and during ripening: it weakens as the fruit gets black. The amylolytic action takes place when the fruit is green or at the be- ginning of the stage of ripening; it then disappears. The inverting action is almost entirely absent during the green stage, is intense during rir)ening, and then gradualy disappears. The proteolytic action manifests itself during ripen- ing, and then probably gets weaker." Transitory presence of hydrogen cyanid in ferns, M. Greshoff (Pharm. Weekbl., J,5 (1908), No. 26, pp. 770-773; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 94 (1908), No. 550, II, p. 725). — The author reports the detection of hydrocyanic acid in ferns, such as Gmiinogrammc aurea, G. lastrea, and G. athyrlum. The percentage varied from 0.(».")6 in very young fronds to 0.006 in old ones, the con- tent always diminishing with the increase in age of the material examined. On the effects of certain poisonous gases on plants, W. J. V. Osterhout (Vniv. Cal. Pubs., Bot., 3 (1908), No. J,, pp. 339, 3.'fO).—The author has carried on some experiments to determine a method of distinguishing the effect on plants of smelter fumes aud other poisonous gases from that of drought and similar natural causes. In some experiments on transpiration carried on some time ago, it was noticed that in the case of drought the oldest leaves were the first to succumb, while the youngest held out until the last. This was repeatedly confirmed with cultures of the conmion wandering jew. When the problem of smelter fumes was called to his attention, it occurred to the author that probably the effect of poisonous gases would be the reverse of that of drought, in that the younger leaves would be affected before the older ones. Experiments with wandering jew showed that the young leaves were the first to be killed by sulphur dioxid, and these were afterwards confirmed by ex- periments on fruit trees, grapevines, and other plants. Field observations have since borne out the results of the experiments. It is believed possible, therefore, to distinguish between the effects of poison ous fumes and natural agencies, such as drought and injury to the roots, in a clear aud definite manner. FIELD CEOPS. 435 International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany (Inteniat. Cat. Sci. Lit., o (1908), ;>/>. VIII+1210). — This is the fifth annual issue of the cata- logue of scientific papers compiled and published by the International Council of the Royal Society of England, the arrangement and grouping being essentially the same as in previous issues ( E. S. R., 18, p. 435) . The number of papers noted is about 7,000, the literature iuchuled being mainly that of 1905. As in the pre- vious numbers, the American literature is inadequately catalogued, the publica- tions of this Department and the experiment stations being almost wholly neglected. In the section listing titles realting to the treatment of plant dis- eases, not a single reference to American literature is given. FIELD CROPS. The rotation of crops, W. M. Hays et al. {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 109, pp. 281-35S, jigs. 12). — The plan of this experiment, together with earlier results, has been previously noted (E. S. R., 7, p. 122). This bulletin reports the results of 10 years' work. Of the different cropping systems tried those in which corn, small grains, and timothy and clover for 1 to 4 years were arranged in a 4 to a 7 year rotation with light manuring once during the course, gave large net profits. The stand- ard 5-year rotation was as follows: First year corn following the application of 8 tons of manure per acre, second year wheat, third and fourth years meadow, and fifth year oats. The average gross income per year from this rotation based on average farm prices was $14.08 per acre and the cost of production, including .$3.50 land rental, was $9.05. The best rotations yielded a product worth from $4 to $(> per acre more than is obtained on the average farm throughout :\Iinnesota. All systems of cropping which provided for the main- tenance of vegetable matter in the soil either by manuring or by growing pas- ture or meadow crops gave profitable returns. The plats growing hoed crops such as corn, potatoes, and mangels continu- ously without manure gave poorer returns than the plats growing grain continu- ously without manure. It is believed that the intertillage given these crops caused a more rapid depletion of vegetable matter than took place in the con- tinued grain fields. The 4-year rotation, millet, barley, corn, and oats, gave no better returns than wheat grown continuously. All these crops are considered exhaustive as they decrease rather than increase the supply of vegetable matter in the soil. Sowing grass seed with graih on corn land that is disked in the spring, in place of fall plowing, proved to be the surest method of obtaining a grass stand at the university farm. In studying the influence of crop rotation and continuous cultivation upon the composition and fertility of soils at the beginning and close of the 10-year period on the 44 experimental plats, it was found that when wheat, com, pota- toes, and mangels were grown continuously the average loss of nitrogen amounted to 0.034 per cent, or 1,100 lbs. per acre. The maximum amount of nitrogen was lost in the continuous cultivation of these crops. In the case of wheat two-thirds of the nitrogen removed was not utilized as plant food but was lost by the rapid decay of the humus with tlie formation of soluble and volatile nitrogen compounds. When the crops were grown continuously the soils lost 0.5 per cent of carbon, representing over 1 per cent of humus or 20,000 lbs., equivalent to an annual loss of 1 ton per acre. On the plats growing the stand- ard rotations there was an average gain of 0.014 per cent of nitrogen, equivalent to about 300 lbs. per acre. The results show that the nitrogen content is main- tained when clover is grown 2 years in a 5-course rotation. The data also indi- cate that any substitution of crops in the rotation could be made without mate- 486 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. riiilly affecting the nitrogen content of the soil, provided clover was retained. Rotation maintained the carbon and hnnnis content of the soil and in some cases slightly increased it. The substitution of timothy and other nonlegumi- uous plants for clover caused a loss of nitrogen, but the carbon and humus con- tent was kept up. The conservation of the humus prevented rapid nitrification and the loss of soil nitrogen only slightly exceeded that removed by the crops. The i)otash compounds of the soil were less soluble at the close of the 10-year period than at the beginning. The formation of soluble potash compounds did not keej> pace with the amount removed as plant food and that lost in the drain waters. Report of the work at the Holly Springs Station for 1907, C. T. Ames {Missis.'fipiri 8ta. Bui. 110, pp. 7). — This bulletin reports briefly the results of fertilizer experiments on cotton, corn, and cowpeas, with notes on grasses and forage crops. The work of the San Antonio experiment farm in 1907, F. B. Headley and S. H. Hastings {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Virc. 13, pp. 3-16).— This circular contains a description of the farm and the lines of work undertaken. In experiments with cotton and corn in 1907, 4 plats plowed and subsoiled to a depth of 12 in. or more yielded more in every case than an equal number of plats not subsoiled. In October, 1907, part of a field of sorghum v.'as plowed and the other part left unplowed until December. In the meantime, 7 in. of rain fell and soil moisture determinations made in December showed 24.9 per cent of water in the first 3 ft. of the land plowed in October, as compared with 22.6 per cent for the land plowed in December, or a difference equivalent to 1.1 in. of rain. It is pointed out that on the heavy soil of San Antonio a light rain of 0.1 to 0.4 in. may reduce rather than increase the total amount of soil water. Soil moisture determinations were made in an orchard and a cornfield cultivated on June 5 and 6, 1907, respectively, to illustrate the effect of early tillage after rain. On May 29, 1.2 in, of rain fell and 7 days after, in the absence of a dust mulch, the moisture content of the first 3 ft. in the orchard was 0.6 per cent less than it had been before the rain. In the near-by cornfield, which was culti- vated 2 days earlier, an increase of 0.6 per cent of moisture over what was in the soil May 28 was determined. Soil moisture determinations were also made on ^Slarch 12, 1908, on two fields, one of which was fall plowed and well tilled throughout the winter and the other plowed in February, The upper foot of soil of the winter tilled plat re- tained 3,4 per cent more moisture than the plat left without cultivation until February. Two methods of eradicating Johnson grass were tried. In September, 1906, a 6-acre Johnson grass meadow was plowed 4 to 5 in. deep with a disk plow. Two acres were left fallow during the winter, cultivation was given during I'ebruary, March, and April at a cost of $10.84 per acre and in May, when the eradication was nearly complete, the field was sown to German millet. The . Ki.i.ktt ( \'ir(/iiii.?> tons per acre, the snpir content 13.9 per cent, and the purity 81. 2 per cent. It is believed that equally good results may be secured throughout a large part of the Valley of Virginia, the southwestern part of the State, aud possibly in some of the higher sections of Piedmont ^'irginia. Varieties of cane, with special reference to nomenclature, N. Deere and C. F. EcKART {Hawaiian Sugar Planters' 8ta., Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 26, pp. 5-25). — This bulletin records results with reference to nomenclature of varieties of cane secured by a study of all the literature available, as well as the personal observations of the authors. An outline of the history of different varietal groups is presented, and synonyms of the varieties treated are given in a sum- mary. The different varieties discussed are the Yellow Otaheite, Ratavian or Transparent, Yellow Caledt)nia and Tanna, Salangore, Cavengerie, Bamboo, Red, Stripedtip. Elephant, Green Rose Ribbon, Uba, and Daniel Dupont canes. Cooperative wheat variety work (Ohio Sta. Circ. 8'/, pp. Jf).- — This circular describes the object of the test and the methods to be followed by each coopera- tor in conducting the work. HORTICULTURE. Handbook of fruit culture, N. Gaucher (Handhtich dcr Obstkultur. Berlin, 1908. -'i. cd.. rev. and enl., pp. XX+1030, pis. 16, figs. 630).— This worlv, which is offered as a book of practical experience for practical use, first appeared in 1888, and has been considerably revised and enlarged in the succeeding editions. The first 2 parts deal with the development of the nursery and nursery prac- tices. The succeeding parts of the worlv treat of the history, importance, and profit of fruit culture, with hints for further development of the industry: fruit culture in the field and on the roadside; planning fruit orchards and gardens; formal fruit gardens and their arrangement; the function of the leaves, pur- poses of pruning, and the physiological fundamentals of rational fruit culture; pruning methods; the care of artificial tree forms; harvesting, storing, and packing; diseases of fruit trees and shrubs; and the friends and enemies of fruit trees. The text is fully illusti'ated, and a monthly working calendar, together with several plans for the development of formal fruit gardens and views of specimen fruit trees grown at the author's horticultural establishment at Stuttgart, are appended. On the virgin fertility of fruit trees, A. Glatz (Proslcau. Obsthau Ztg., 13 (1908), A'o. 7, pp. 100-106). — The occurrence is reported of an apple tree pro- ducing seedless fruit. The tree is said to be a heavy bearer and fruit buds are formed on the one-year wood, thus enabling the tree to bear annually. The flowers have neither petals nor stamens. Although the pistils have a weak development, they jiroduce seed when artificially pollinated. The tree comes into full bloom before the leaves begin to develop, from which it appears that the fruit buds, unimpeded by the growing leaves, may be able to develop at the expense of the reserved food supply in the tree. The core development varies in the individual fruits, and in some is almost lacking. The author is of the opinion that the method devised by Ewert (E. S. R., 19, p. 142) for artificially pollinating nonfertile varieties of fruits will be found to be of little value for practical orchard culture. He suggests that an attempt should be made by judicious breeding so to develop the existing seedless varieties, as to render the production of satisfactory fruit possible in years when the weather and other conditions are unfavorable for pollination. HORTICULTURE. 443 The grape in the various stages of maturity, W. Kelhofer, trans, by E. Zardetti (Oior. Vin. ItaL, 3J {1908), No. 30, pp. //75-^77),— Tabulated results are ^iven and discussed relative to the determination of the weight of seeds, density of the must, and content of sugar, acid, tannin, nitrogen, and ash in grapes at various stages previous to maturity. Nine determinations were made from August 24 to October 28, inclusive. The sugar content increased from 0.77 per cent on the first date to 14.76 per cent on the latter date. There was a corresponding decrease in acidity from 31.7 per cent to 13.1 per cent, and of tannin from 0.88 per cent to 0.25 per cent. On some experience in hybridizing grapes, C. Grimaldi (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Hci. Fis., Mat. e Nat, 5. ser., 11 {1908), I, Nos. 10, pp. 653-661; 11, pp. 7.'io-T51). — A list is given of 207 hybrid grapes originated by the author since 1889, together with a brief outline of the method of procedure, the results secured, and descriptions of several hybrids recommended for trial. Viticultural notes, H. Blin {Semaine Agr. [Paris], 21 {1908), No. 139J,, pp. J, If, J,.j).—X study of the hybrid grape Portuguese BlweXRupestris phe- nomene du Lot relative to its characters, qualities, and advantages. Basing his conclusions on single observations as well as on practical tests in numerous situations, the author recommends this hybrid for planting in central France. It is said to be a very productive variety, resistant to cryp- togamic maladies, and capable of adapting itself to various soils. The grapes are black, produce a highly colored wine rich in alcohol, and stand shiijment well. The bunches are from 15 to 20 cm. long and weigh from 200. to 250 gm. The crop matures about the first of August. It is further claimed that this hybrid is remarkably resistant to frost. The influence of grafting on the quality of wines in Anjou, Marquis de Dreux-Breze (Rev. nt., 30 (1508), No. 760, pp. 29-32).— In the course of reconstituting the vineyards in Anjou special attention was paid to the selection of vines suitable for heavy limy soils. A large number of experimental fields were planted in 1893 and 1894 with all of the prominent grape stocks of that time. These were later grafted to hesilthy scions of known origin. A summary is here given of the author's experience and observations, combined with those of several cooperators, relative to the influence of grafting and of the grape stock on the products of the vine. Contrary to the opinion of J. Capus, who in the same line of investigation in the department of Gironde found that grafting does not appear to have pro- duced anything new (E. S. R., 19, p. 739), the general conclusions reached from the present investigation are that, other conditions being equal, grafting aug- ments the quality, grade, and value of Anjou wines. On the other hand, the grafted vines are more delicate and require more care. Grafting does not ap- pear to interfere with the special characteristics of local wines. The grape stock, however, has a very great influence on the quality of the wine. White wines appear to be more afl'ected than retl wines. The stocks are classed in 3 groups, those which improve the quality, those which elevate it slightly, and those which modify it. Bearing hybrids (grapes) and their wines in 1907, E. Pee-Laby (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 29 (1908), Nos. 23, pp. 687-689; 2.'f, pp. 707-717; 25. pp. 753-755; 26, pp. 775-782). — A committee report to the Central Society of Agriculture of Haute-Garonne relative to observations made in 1907 on the cul- tural value of the direct bearing grape hybrids, together with the results of an analytical study of wines obtained by making various mixtures of the wines of hybrids with the common wines of the country. The older hybrids in the ex- I)erimental vineyards of the Montpellier agricultural school were studied to determiiu' whether they had deteriorated in quality or not, and observations 444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, were innde in several other vineyards in tlie region. Notes are given on the various liyl)ri(ls studied with special reference to their resistance to phylloxera and the allinity of hybrids grafted on various stocks. Although the ideal hybrid direct bearer has not yet been secured, it is believed that progress is being made in this direction. Several hybrids have been found which pi'oduce a wine of the right flavor. While they show lack of affinity for the old grape stocks in many instances, it is thought that satisfactory stocks may be found among the Franco-American hybrids. After a lapse of 9 or 10 years some of the direct bearers are as productive and vigorous as those which are grafted, although they are not as yet recommendetl for general planting. The wines of certain hybrid liearers are found to improve the quality of the ordinary wines when judiciously employed. They increase the selling price of most of the common wines and give them a much richer color. It is also be- lieved that the hybrids will furnish a good grade of wine for general con- sumption. Statistics on grape and olive products for the year 1907 (Estadlstica de his rrodiieehmes Viticola y OUvarrra en el Ano 1907. Madrid: Junta Agrono- viica, 1908, pp. 7). — In this pami)hlet tables are given showing the approxi- mate production of grapes, wine, olives, and olive oil as reported by the directors of the Provincial Agronomic Service for the various regions and provinces in Spain. The total estimated area of vineyards in the Spanish provinces is 1,367,455 hectares (about 3,378,000 acres). The total production of grapes was 3,171,- 566,500 kg. (about 3.489,000 tons), of which 2,898,222,100 kg. (3,188,000 tons) were converted into wine. The total production of wine was 18,384,337 hecto- liters (about 484,-346,500 gal.). The total area devoted to olive culture is estimated at 1,3.53,196 hectares (about 3,344,000 acres), and the total olive crop was 1,608,361,300 kg. (about 1,769,200 tons), of which 1,534,459,900 kg. (about 1,688,000 tons) were used in the manufacture of olive oil. The total quantity of olive oil produced was 3,330,606 hectoliters (about 87,928,000 gal.). Observations on the various forms of fig (Ficus carica), Leclerc du Sablon {Rev. Gen. Bof., 20 (1908), Nos. 232, pp. 129-150, figs. 13; 233, pp. 207-216, figs. 2). — A comparative study of the flower and fruit of Ficus carica, based upon the work of previous investigators as well as the author's personal obser- vations. All figs are classed according to the morphological characters of the flower under two general types, (1) the male figs, which have in their successive crops during the year female flowers with short styles adapted for symbiosis with the Blastophaga and which have in addition male flowers in the summer crop; (2) the female figs, which have only female flowers with long styles and which in some cases must be fertilized and in others need not be fertilized for the develop- ment of the fig. These two types are considered as the male and female flowers of a dioecious species, and are further divided into 16 groups, according to the characters of the mature fig and the season of ripening. With certain varieties of female figs grown in France the autumn figs are found to mature either with or without fertilization. The fertilized figs contain seeds, are larger, more watery, and have a more pronounced flavor, but contain less sugar than the unfertilized figs. The latter contain no seeds. A brief bibliography is appended. Observations on change of sex in Carica papaya, M. J. Iorns (/Science, n. ser., 28 (1908), No. 708, pp. 125, 126).-— The author here reports for discussion the change of sex recently observed in some trees of C. papaya, brought about apparently by the removal of the terminal bud. HORTICULTURE. 445 As found in Porto Rico this species is distinctly dioecious, the monoecious form being very rare. The change of sex in the first tree noted was brought about accidentally. A staminate tree having its terminal bud injured produced shortly afterwards pistillate as well as staminate flowers. The former flowers set and developed good-sized fruits, which bore all the characteristics of normal fruits e.xcept that they were not quite so well filled out. The seeds, which are some- what smaller than normal, have not as yet been tested for germination. Later developing clusters also contained pistillate flowers in the same position as those in the first cluster. Investigations thus far made lead to the conclusion that the removal of the terminal bud causes the change. In the attempt to disprove native claims that the removal of the terminal bud in the new of the moon would usually cause this transformation, the author finds that although the moon's phase does not appear to have any control, those trees treated at a fairly definite recurring period are the ones that show change. It is suggested that the plant has definite short cyclic periods of growth, and that it may be necessary to remove the tip at some definite phase of this cycle in order to produce the development of fertile flowers. Further data are being collected in connection with this- subject. The cacao fermentation and the preparation of cacao from harvest to shipping", tog'ether with studies on the fermentation of coffee and tobacco, A. ScHULTE {Die Kaktio-Fcymentation uiid die Verarbeitinig dcs Kokaos von der Ernte his sum Versand soirie Kaffee- und Tabak-Fermcntatioiis-Studien. Ber- lin, 1908, pp. 35). — A summarized account is given of cacao fermentation studies started by the author in Kamerun in 1899 and later continued in Germany, to- gether with the application of the results on a cacao plantation on St. Thomas in 190.3. Directions are given for harvesting, fermenting, drying, and shipping cacao, and suggestions relative to the practical application, without important changes, of the processes used by the author in his experiments. Brief studies relative to the fermentation of coffee and tobacco are also reported. As a result of his investigations, the author divides cacao fermentation into 2 stages, (1) the alcohol and acetic acid fermentation, and (2) oxidation. He bases the production of good cacao upon a correct execution of both stages. During the alcohol and acetic acid fermentation, the seeds are freed from the pulp and the shells softened, thus favoring oxidation. The oxidation of the astrin- gent substances is the important feature of cacao fermentation. An oxidation temperature of from 40 to 4.5° appears to be most favorable for the quality of the product, and a moisture content of 15 per cent was found to be most favor- able to oxidation and at the same time unfavorable to butyric acid fermentation and the formation of mold. When the oxidation process is conducted satis- factorily a delicate white efflorescence forms on the beans, which may be taken as an indication that the cacao has been oxidized. Oxidation should be con- tinued only until the majority of the beans have taken on a brown color, as if the oxidation is continued until all the beans are brown, the flavor and aroma are weakened. The proper length of time for oxidation can only be determined by experience and may vary in different cacao districts and with different kinds of cacao as well as with different harvesting methods. As a result of his brief studies on the fermentation of coffee and tobacco, the author concludes that oxidation is as important with them as in the fermenta- tion of indigo, tea, and cacao. The unheated greenhouse, K. L. Davidson {London, 1D07, pp. VIII-{-2.'i8, pis. .'/6) . — In this popular work the author makes a plea for a more frequent use of the uidieated types of greenhouses by amateur gardeners and gives considerable information, based on many years of practical experience, relative to the man- agement of these houses and to suitable ])lauts and their cultural treatment. 446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The introductory discussion deals witli tlie advantages of typical forms of unlieated greenlionses, hints on construction, regulation of temperature, and plants suitable and unsuitable. The suitable plants discussed include alpine plants, foliage plants for grouping, hardy and half-hardy species of bulbs and tubers, lillies, flowering shrubs, hard-wooded plants, roses, hardy perennials for spring, autumn perennials, annuals and biennials, hardy orchids, and succulent plants. An extensive appendix is made up of lists of these various forms of plants, containing data relative to their height and color, habitat and season under glass, soil requirements, and general remarks. FORESTRY. North American trees, N. L. Britton and J. A. Shafer (Neic Yorh-, 1908, pp. X-{-894, figs. 781). — This work is one of an extensive series known as the American Nature Series, which is to be produced under the guaranty of Ameri- can experts and from the American point of view. The present work contains systematic descriptions and illustrations of all species of trees known to be indigenous in North America north of Mexico and the West Indies, including all species which are known to become trees, even though they are almost always shrubs. The relationships of the native and naturalized trees of North America to those of other parts of the world are discussed, and the products of trees useful in the arts, sciences, and industries are mentioned or described. The illustrations show the character of the foliage, flowers, and fruit, and a number of photographs illustrate the general aspect of certain species. A glossary of special terms employed is appended. Wayside and woodland trees, E. Step {London, 1907, pp. 182, pis. 127, figs. 58). — A popular pocket guide to the British sylva, designed for the rural rambler and nature lover. Part 1 includes species generally considered indig- enous to the British Islands, with brief notes on closely related introduced species. Part 2 is devoted to species of foreign origin. In addition to the common and botanical name, the distinguishing characters of each species are pointed out, together with notes on distribution, habitat, economic uses, etc. The photo- graphs are an important feature of the work. The deciduous trees are shown in both their summer and winter aspects, and illustrations are also given of floral organs and in many cases of the bole. The conifers and other gymnosperms, F. W. Neger (Die Nadelholzer {Koniferen) und iibrigen Gymnospermeii. L( ipsiv, 1907, pp. 185, figs. 85, maps .'i). — This work contains systematic descriptions of the various genera and species of gymnosperms, together with brief notes on their anatomy, morphol- ogy, characteristics, distribution, and economic value. In an appendix the various trees are grouped together according to the nature of their wood, seeds, and seedlings, and maps are also given showing the geographic distribution of the more important species. Observations on the species grown by the Section of Streams and Forests, F. Albert {AUjiiiiai^ Ohscrracioncs sohre his Espvcics Cultivadas en la Seccion de Aguas i Basques. Santiago de Chile: Sec. Aguas i Bosques, Min. Indus., 1908, pp. 68, figs. 19; An. Agron. [Santiago de Chile], 2 {1907), No. 4, pp. 585-650, figs. 19). — Notes are given on a large number of trees being tested by the Section of Streams and Forests in Chile, including their origin, general characteristics, and adaptability for different purposes. The manna gum (Eucalyptus viminalis), F. Albert (An. Agron. [Santiago de Chile], 2 (1907), Ao. 3. pp. 3]8-S.'i9. figs. IJ/). — A monograph on this species gf eucalyptus, including a botanical description with common names and FORESTRY. 447 synonyms, range and distribution, soil and climatic adaptability, seed collection, methods of propagation, planting, and subsequent care with special reference to its culture in Chile, and notes on the timber and its uses. The red gum (Eucalyptus resinifera), F. Albert (An. Agron. [Santiago de Chile], 2 (1901), \<>. 1-2, pi>. J00-J31, figs. 11). — A monograph on this species of eucalyptus similar to that noted above for E. viminalis. The Australian blackwood (Acacia melanoxylon), F. Albert (El Aromo de Australia o Acacia melanoxylon. Santiago de Chile: Sec. Aguas i Bosques, Min. Indus., 190S, pp. Jfl, figs. IS; An. Agron. [Santiago de Chile], 2 (1907), No. Ji, pp. 651-689, figs. 18). — A monograph on this species treated in similar manner to those above noted. Shelter planting, with special reference to the Acacia and Eucalyptus families and their raising, ,J. E. Barrett (Nen^ Zeal. Dcpt. Agr., Div. Live Stock and Agr. Bui. 1, pp. 10, dgms. 2). — Popular directions are given for the cultivation of acacia and eucalyptus trees for use as shelter belts. The trees specially recommended for this purpose, owing to the value of the timber and other i)roducts in addition to their usefulness as shelter, are the black wattle (Acacia decurrens), blackwood (A. melanoxylon) , Eucalyptus amygdalina, and E. rostrata. Type and variability in the annual wood increment of Acer rubrum, A. Dachnowski (Ohio Xat., 8 (1908), A'o. 7, pp. 3'iS-3Ji9, fig. l).—To obtain direc-t evidence relative to the influence of habitat on the annual accretion of wood, measurements were taken of the width of the annual rings of several red maple trees recently felled, both in a bog and on the shores near by. These data are presented in tabular form, and the author briefly discusses the value of a biometric study in differentiating habitats. The conclusion is reached that a biometric record of secondary growth in trees furnishes a very valuable cri- terion for the comparison of the conditions of different plant habitats. The text is accompanied with a brief bibliography of works in which biometric methods are discussed. A preliminary note on the development of the sal in volume and in money value, A. M. F. Caccia (Indian Forest Rec., 1 (1908), No. 2, pp. 238, pi. 1, dgms. Jf, map 1). — The author has aimed to bring together the statistical data at present available regarding the development of sal trees and sal woods in volume and in money value. In part 1 the sal-bearing regions of India are briefly outlined and a table is given showing the distribution of the government sal forest reserves within those regions. Part 2 deals with the development of the stem of single sal trees, including height, girth, and volume increment, stem shape and stem form factors, volume tables, and volume increment percentage. An extensive list is given of all existing sample plats of sal maintained by the forest department in the Rer^al Presidency for the purpose of determining the rate of girth in- crement, the results of measurements thus far recorded being given. Succeed- ing parts of the work deal with the development of the different parts of a sal tree, the stem development of whole stands, and the development of the money value of single trees and whole stands. In Appendix A the more important sylvicnltural problems i-elating to the sal are outlined, and a further appendix contains data on the growth of some of the companion trees of the sal. A list is given of the literature consulted, together with a map showing the distri- bution of sal reserved forests in 1007 in the Bengal Pi'esidency. Native and planted timber of Iowa, H. P. Baker ( TL S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Sere. Circ. 15'i, pp. 5-2.'i, fig. I). — Investigations were made during 1905 by the Forest Service to determine the extent, character, and value of the native farm wood lots and planted groves in Iowa, with a view of aiding in the movement 448 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. toward practical forestry in that State. Results of tlio investigations are em- bodietl in this circular. The adaptability of the State to tree growth is dis- cussed relative to its topography, soil, climate, and drainage, and an account is given of the native timber relative to its distribution, natural extension, condi- tion, utilization, management, fire, insects, and fungi. The planted timber is also discussed with regard to the species, purpose of planting, and probable causes of success or failure, and suggestions are given for the planting and care of wind-breaks, and planting for commercial purposes. A table based upon typical grov(>s in different i)arts of the State shows the returns which have been obtained from various species under ordinary conditions of treatment. Cooperative forestry work, W. J. Green and E. Seckest (Ohio Sta. Circ. 82, pp. 9, figs. Jf). — A popular circular discussing several phases of wood-lot man- agement as well as artificial plantings for special purposes, such as wind-breaks, the utilization of waste lands, and for the prevention of erosion. A brief account is also given of the cooperative plan of the forestry work of the station. The text is accompanied with a county map of the State showing the number of cooperators and number of trees planted in each county. During the past 4 years the station has undertaken cooperative forestry work with 544 landowners in 86 counties of the State. In all 645,274 trees were dis- tributed for demonstration and experimental purposes. National forests with related projects and data (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Service, map, pts. Jf, July 1, 1908). — This is a base map of the United States, in- cluding Alaska, Porto Rico, and the Philippine Islands, compiled by the Draft- ing Division of the General Land Office, Department of the Interior, and re- issued to show the National forests and related projects and data, by the (3ffice of Geography in the Forest Service. The information was furnished by the U. S. Reclamation Service, the Weather Bureau of this Department, and the Inland Waterways Commission. In addition to the National forests the pro- posed Appalachian and White Mountain National Forests, the Reclamation Service irrigation projects, private irrigated areas, canals and proposed water- ways, overflowed lands of lower Mississippi River, principal watersheds, and lines of equal precipitation are indicated. Report of the departmental committee on Irish forestry, T. P. Gill et al. (Dept. Agr. aiul T< ch. Im^iir. TrchnnJ. R/it. Dcpf. Coin. Irish Forestry, 1908, jip. r-f60). — An investigation was made under the direction of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland relative to the present provision for State aid to forestry in Ireland, the means whereby, in connection with the operation of the land-purchase acts, existing woods may be preserved and land suitable for forestry acquired for public purposes, and the financial and other provisions necessary for a comprehensive scheme of afforestation in Ireland. The present report embraces the results of this investigation. Departmental committee on Irish forestry (Dept. Agr. and T^eh. Instr. Irchind, [Rpt.] Dept. Com. Irish Forestry, Minutes of Evidence, etc., 1908, pp. yiI-\-'i8Ii, maps .'/). — This volume contains the minutes of evidence secured by the departmental conmiittee in the investigation al)ove noted, together with a large number of appendixes consisting of minor reports and data collected in connection with the investigation. Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1906-7, S. Singh et al. (Rpt. Forest Admin. Baluchistan, 1906-1, pp. J/l). — A statement of forest operations for the year relative to alterations in forest areas, forest settlements, surveys, protection, sylvicultural operations, exploitation, financial results, and administration. The imi)ortant features of the work are presented in tabular form. POEESTRY. 449 Administration report of the forest circles in the Bombay Presidency, including Sind, for the year 1906-7 (Admin. Rpt. Forest Circles Bombay, 1906-7, pp. 197). — Data similar to tbe above ai'e presented relative to the admin- istration of the State forests in the Northern, Central, and Southern circles of the Bombay Presidency and Sind. Reports of the forest administration in Burma for the year 1906-7 {Rpts. Forest Admin. Burma, 1906-7, pp. 177). — Data similar to the above are pre- sented relative to forest operations in tbe Pegu, Tenasserim, Northern, and Southern forest circles. The preservative treatment of loblolly pine cross-arms, W. F. Sherfesee (U. S. Depf. Ayr., Forest Serv. Circ. 151, pp. 5-29, figs. 9). — A detailed account is given of experiments conducted by tbe Forest Service in cooperation witli the American Telephone and Telegraph Company and the Norfolk Creosoting Company to demonstrate the inequality of the treatment received by different classes of loblolly pine cross-arms and to furnish a basis for tbe development of more uniform and economical treatments. The results of the entire study are summarized in substance as follows. Cross-arms should be graded during manufacture into 3 classes : Class A con- sisting of arms containing 75 per cent or more of heartwood, class B 75 per cent or more of sapwood, and class C less than 75 per cent of eitber heartwood or sapwood. The arms should be piled in the seasoning yard until they have approached an air-dry condition, when they should be shipped direct to the treating plant and unloaded on the cylinder buggies. Each class of arms should be treated separately, the usual preliminary bath of live steam being omitted and a vacuum applied only sufficient to draw the oil from tbe storage tanks into tbe treating cylinder. If necessary, additional pressure should be ajiplied to force tlie oil into tbe lieartwood jwrtions of the arms. The exact amount of oil absorbed should be noted, and surplus oil blown back into the storage tanks and a vacuum drawn and continued in the treating cylinder until only the desired amount of oil is left in the timber. Heartwood arms should finally contain about 6 lbs. of oil per cubic foot, sapwood arms about 10 lbs., and intermediate arms about 8 lbs. The total duration of the average treatment is estimated as considerably mider 2 hours. Exports and imports of forest products: 1907, A. H. Pierson (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 153, pp. 3-26). — Statistical summaries and detailed data are given relative to the exports and imports of forest products including both raw and manufactured material of various kinds for 1907. The data are taken chiefly from the report of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department f)f Comnierce and Labor upon The Foreign Commerce and Na\igation of the United States for the year ending June 30, 1907. The summaries of the exports and imports of forest products from and to tbe United States for the years 1903 to 1007 inclusive show an increase in value of -1S.6 per cent for the exports and 09.S per cent for the imports. In some cases the increase is due to higher prices and in others to larger quantities. Turpentine and rosin (Bur. of the Census [U. S.], Manfrs., 1905, pt. 3, pp. 6.'i7-657). — A statistical discussion of the manufacturing of turpentine and rosin as reported at tbe census of 1905, including comparisons with previous censusses, and a discussion relative to the immediate future of the industry. Investigation of Manihot rubber, W. Schellmann (Pflanzcr, .) (190S), No. .5. pp. 39-Ji5). — Analyses were made of the rubber taken from 48 trees of Mani- hot gkiziovii, varying in age from less than 1 year up to 11 years, with the view of determining whether increasing age has ii deteriorating effect on the 450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rubber. The results are tabulated and discussed. Up to 11 years of age the composition of the rubber is uot materially altered. The author is of the opinion that in a climate generally suitable for the cul- ture of Manihot, profitable quantities of rubber may l)e procure altogether. The cause of the disease appears to be a minute fungus, whicli attacks the roots in the soil, causing them to rot. In addition to cocoanut iialms a number of other species of palm ai-e subject to attacli. As the parasite which is the probable cause of this disease enters the roots, it is out of reach of direct treat- ment, but in order to eradicate the disease the author recommends the destruc- tion of all diseased material, cultivating land where diseased cocoanuts have been gi'own, the application of manure, generally stimulating the health of trees, and the use of disease-resistant varieties. In conclusion the author briefly describes the leaf disease of cocoanut palms due to Pestalozzia palmarum and the bud rot caused by Pythium pahnivorum. A disease of rubber trees in Puak, E. Smith (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 7 (190S), Ao. 3, pp. 90-92, fig. 1). — The author describes a disease of rubber trees that is apparently of fungus origin. Thus far he has been unable to complete the identification of the fungus, which seems to cause a disintegra- tion of the cells of the bark and in some cases the cambium layer of the trees. In addition to the fungus a spore-bearing bacillus was present. The fungus bears a strong resemblance to Helicobasidium, and the disease is to be given further study. The effects of Oidium quercinum on different species of oak, H Bureau (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 11,7 (1908), No. 13, pp. 571-57',).— In the summer of 1907 oak trees in parts of France were badly attacked by O. querci- num, in some cases the old forests taking on an unusual gray color. A study was made of the fungus causing the trouble, from which it was determined to be the species mentioned above. It was further found that some species of oak were less subject to attack than others, and in addition that the beech was liable to be attacked by the fungus when grown in coppice. The chestnut, which botanically is much more nearly related to the oak than the beech, seems to be absolutely resistant to attacks of the parasite. The timber rot fungus (Merulius lachrymans), C. Mez {Der Hausschwamm und die ilhrigen liolszerstorendcn Pilze der menschlichen Wnhnungen. Dresden, 1908, pp. VII-\-260, pi. 1, figs. 90). — A study is given of the timber dry-rot fungus and a number of related species that attack construction timber in dwellings, etc. The relation of these fungi to health is discussed, and suggestions are given for preventing their occurrence. About 40 species belonging to the genera Merulius, lolyporus, Lenzites, Dfedalea, Hypholoma, Armillaria, Hydnum, and Corticium are described, all of which are not equally destructive. For the prevention of dry-rot injury, it is recommended that special attention be paid to the general conditions about buildings in relation to moisture, choice of construction materials, use of preservative agents, etc. The mold of maple sirup, F. D. Heald and Venus W. Pool (Nebraslia Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 5J,-68, figs. 7). — During the past few years a mold has been frequently observed growing on maple sirup exposed in various containers to the air of the household, and even in the original container if a small amount ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 455 of the sirnp had been removed. Studies were made of this mold, and it was found to be a species of Torula closely related to T. sacchari-lactis, from which it differs in the average size and color of the spores and the ultimate branchlets and in the absence of the delicate prickles. The fungus is supposed to be an undeseribed species and is named T. saccharina. The characters of the fungus grown in various cultures are described at length. Analyses were made of various sirups to determine whether the molding of the (different kinds of sirup was due to the low sugar content. It was found that by Increasing the total sugar content the growth of the Torula was nearly inhibited, and it is evident that market products should be made more concentrated than is the common practice. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The Alaska game law and regulations of the Department of Agriculture, 1908 ( U. /S'. Dei't. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey Virc. 66, pi). 8).—" Under the new law, approved May 11, 19GS, Alaska is divided at latitude 62° into two game districts, with special seasons for each district. Caribou on the Kenai peninsula are protected until 1912. Nonresidents hunting big game other than deer or goats and residents desiring to export heads or hides of big game from Alaska are required to obtain licenses. Authorization is also given for the employment of wardens and registration of guides. All matters relating to the issue of licenses, employment of wardens, and the registration of guides are placed in charge of the governor of Alaska. . . . The Department of Agri- culture will continue as heretofore to issue permits for the collection and shipment of specimens for scientific purposes and for live animals and birds for exhibition or propagation." The text of the new law and the regulations prescribed by this Department to take effect Oetoiier 1. IDO.S, are given. Directory of officials and organizations concerned with, the protection of birds and game, 1908, T. S. Palmer (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. Survey ('ire. 65, pp. 16). — This circular i)resents in convenient form the names of persons to whom application may b-^ made for information respecting game laws. It also shows the date of establishment of each State commission or wardenship, the changes which occur in such offices, and the publications issued by game officials. The addre.sses are grouped under the headings State officials, National organizations. State organizations, and Audubon societies. The use of bacteria in destroying rats, Xylandeb (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milch- hyg., 18 (1908). Xo. 8, pp. 2///-2-}5 ) .— The literature relating to the various l)acterial cultures which have been used in destroying rats is critically reviewed. The author considers that at the present time it has not been demonstrated that any of these cultures are invariably harmless for animals other than rats. Exterminating field mice with barium carbonate, L. Hiltner and G. Korff {I'rakt. BJ. Pflanzeiibitu u. Seltutz., n. ser., 6 (1908), Xo. //, pp. 31-J,0).~ A number of experiments were made with two kinds of virus designed for the destruction of mice. The results were fairly satisfactory. Samples of virus were distributed to various individuals but only two reports were received both of which were favorable. On the whole, however, the method of using poisoned baits is more efficient. The best results were obtained from the use of barium carbonate in an attractive bait. This remedy was tried in various localities with good success. The dissociation of specifi.c characters in hybrids between certain birds, A. Ghigi {Atti li, Aecad. Lined Rend. VI. Sei.Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 (1908), 456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I, 1^0. 7, pp. Jio2-Jf51). — Details are presented regarclins tlio characters observed in hybrids botvvoon distinct species of Genn.'eus, Phasianns, and Nnniida. In all of these hybrids the characters in the first generation were not those of either parent bnt were intermediate between those of the parent forms. Wild birds, useful and injurious, C. F. Archibald {Jour. Roy. Agr. Hoc. Enghtnd, 6'.? (1007), pp. 11-32, fiffs. 7). — Attention is called to the lack of specific information among farmers regarding the economic status of various common species of birds. In order to assist in a better understanding of the relationship of l>irds notes are given on the feeding habits of the starling, rook, magpie, mar- tin, cuckoo, ringdove, pheasants, sea gulls, etc. Some common birds of Oreg'on, W. Ia Finley {Leaflet h LMiny and Deacrih- ing Birds of Oregon, No. 2, pp. J 6, flgn. 10). — A popular discussion was pre- sented of the feeding habits and economic i-elations of a number of the conmion birds of Oregon, including the red-shafted woodpecker, western robin, western bluebird, California jay, crow, kingfisher, western meadow lark, etc. The locust plague in Hortobagy in 1907, and birds, J. Schenk {Aquila, 14 {1901). No. l-.'i, pp. 223-215, pi. 1, flgs. 4)- — A description was given of a serious outbreak of locusts which occurred in 1907. The species chiefly con- cerned was Staiironotiis iiniroccaiiits. As the plague of locusts increased in extent and numbers various insect-eating birds were observed feeding upon the locusts. The habits of a number of species of birds on this occasion are de- scribed by the author. The starling and stork proved to be particularly instru- mental in destroying the locusts. A report on Trox suberosus, L. Iches {Bol. Min. Agr. [Bueiios Ay res], 9 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. SS-.'i.'f). — Reports have been repeatedly received that T. siiherosus feeds upon the eggs of locusts and should, therefore, be con- sidered as an important help in the control of locusts. Careful observation of the beetle in cages specially prepared for this purpose failed to produce any evidence that the beetle feeds upon the eggs of the locust. The destruction of Melolontha vulgaris, A. A'ivien {Atti 6. Cong. Internaz. CJiim. AppL, 4 {1906), pp. 3//2-3//7). — Statistical data are given showing the number of cockchafers which have been collected by school children and others, pjiicouraging results have been obtained in the dissemination of fungus disease among the cockchafers. It is not certain whether the fungus concerned is Botrytis bd.ssiana or Isaria densa. Miscellaneous papers. A record of results from rearings and dissections of Tacbinidse, C. H. T. Townsend {11. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Eiit. Bid. 12, tech. ser., pt. 6. pp. 9.')-118, figs. 6). — The author here reports the results of bionomic studies of tachinids made in connection with investigations by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department of the parasites of the gipsy and brown-tail moths. It is predicted that Blepharipa scutelJata, Pales pavida, ZcnilUa liba- tri.1', and an undetermined species of Crossocosmia will be found to deposit their eggs upon the leaves and be taken into the bodies of the caterpillars with the food. From dissections, 14 American and 5 European species have been determined to have the habit of depositing their eggs in this manner. Eiipeleteria magnicornis was found to larviposition on green shoots, leaf stems, leaf ribs, and occasionally on the surface of leaves near caterpillars to which the larvre readily attach as the host passes. From dissections, 13 species have been determined to larviposit. Dexodes nigripes and Compsilura concinnata have the habit of depositing the living maggots inside the skin of caterpillars. ■ Parexorista ehelonia-, Parasetigeiia scgrcgata, Tricholygn grandis, Tachina larvarum', T. utilis, and T. clisiocampw deposit eggs upon the cater- pillars. It was found that in the leaf-ovipositiou species, the eggs and first ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 457 larval stage are much smaller tliau in the other tachinids and that as a result there is, in all probability, an additional maggot stage. While T. clisiocampw oviposits very freely on large gipsy moth caterpillars, but few are parasitized, due to the inability of the young larvipe to penetrate the tough skin of the large I'orthctria dispar caterpillars. Parasctigcna segregata is apparently a single-brooded species, Pales pavida, ZciiiUia lihatrix, and the species of Tachina are reported to be at least double- brooded, while CoiHp.silura concin)i/>. od-61). — ^Mention is made of spraying experiments carried on for the purpose of controlling the grape-berry moth. This moth caused the destruction of about 50 per cent of the grape crop in infested localities. The usual arsenicals were applied with good results. A brief account is also pre- sented of spraying experiments for controlling codling motli and on the use of proprietary insecticides. Some insect enemies of garden crops, 11. I. Smith (North Carolina tiia. Bui. li)l, pp. 5-6Jf, figs. 38). — An account is given of the more common insect enemies of garden crops. Emphasis is placed upon the Nfact that even in the home garden success may depend upon the intelligent application of preventive and remedial measures. Under each insect considered a brief description is given of its life history and habits and of the particular remedial treatment necessary. Formulas and directions for preparing spray mixtures are appended. The weeviling- of maize in West Africa, R. Newstead (Liverpool Univ., Inst. Com. Research Trop. Quart. Jour., 2 (19011), No. J,, pp. 27'-.3/).— The beetles chiefly concerned in the injuring of maize on the west coast of Africa are rice weevil, granai-y weevil, and an undescribed species of Bruchus. The biology and economic I'elations of rice weevil and granary weevil are described in some detail. For the control of these pests fumigation with hydrocyanic-acid gas or carbon bisulphid is recommended. Sugar-cane borer, A. Ferreyros (Bol. Min. Fomento [Peru'\, Dir. Fomento, 0 (I'JOS), No. 1, pp. 51-68). — The present status of the sugar-cane borer, par- ticularly in Louisiana, is briefly outlined with notes on its habits and life history and the amount of damage caused by It. Natural enemies assist to a slight extent in controlling this pest. One of the most effective remedies is planting the cane so deeply as to prevent the emergence of borers. The tobacco stem borer, H. M. Lefroy (Ayr. Jour. India, 3 (1908). No. 1. pp. 65-68, pi. 1). — Gnorimoschema heliopa, so far as has yet been determined, feeds only upon cultivated and wild tobacco. The life history of the insect is de- scribed in detail. Its attacks are most serious upon the better vax'ieties of cultivated tobacco. In controlling the pest it is recommended that wild tobacco in the A-icinity of tobacco fields be destroyed and that the larvte be cut out of the swellings in the stems in which they live. The larvae of the cabbage butterfly, G. P.\oli (Bui. R. 8oc. Toscana Orl., 3. ser., 13 (1908), No. .',, pp. J 00-103, fiys. 5).— The life history of Pieris brassicw is briefly described with particular reference to the injuries caused by the larv?e of this species and the usual methods api)lied in controlling it. Plutella cruciferarum, H. M. Quanjer (Tijdsehr. Pluntcn.::iektcn, 12 (1906), No. 1-3, pp. 62-10, pis. 2, fly. 1). — The habits and life history of the diamond- back moth are described in some detail. In combating this pest satisfactory results have been obtained from brushing the caterpillars from eabljage leaves and immediately covering them in the soil with a shovel. The caterinllars may also be dislodged by a spray of water. The blackberry leaf -miner, C. O. Houghton (Eat. News, 19 (1908), No. 5, pp. 212-216). — tieolioncura eapitalis was observed injuring dewberries near Dover, Delaware, in 190.5. and was found in considerable numbers during the following year. This species was first described in 1867. A technical descrip- tion of the insect is given together with notes on its distribution. The insect is apparently parasitized by a species of Rhysipolis. ECONOMIC ZOOLOC.Y ENTOMOLOGY. 459 A new enemy of the strawberry in Germany, H. Morstatt (Deut. Ltuuhr. Prcsse, 3-5 (190S), No. 35, p. 370, figs. 9). — Tarsonetnus fmgariw is reported as having caused great injury to strawberry plants by attacking the leaves. A brief account is given of the appearance and habits of this mite. Most of tho insecticides which have been tested for controlling it have proved to be of little avail, and it has, therefore, been lately recommended that infested plants be removed early in the season and destroyed. It is believed, however, that fre- quent sprinkling of the plants with water alone or with a dilute solution of ammonia might be beneficial. The use of arsenical compounds in the treatment of vineyards, H. Bektin- sAXS and V. Ros {Rev. Ilijg. ct Pol. Sanit., 30 {1908), No. .',, pp. 281-286).— \ lively controversy has recently developed especially in France regarding the possible dangers from the use of arsenicals in spraying vineyards. The fear has been entertained that such treatment might result in the passage of some of the arsenic into the wine. The experiments reported by the author indicate that the danger from the application of arsenicals in the eai'ly part of the season is iiractically none, but it is considered advisable to prohibit the use of arsenical insecticides after the grapes are in bloom. Combating- the olive fly, A. Berlese {BoI. Quind. Hoc. Agr. ItaJ.. 13 {1908), Nil. 8, pp. 261-26.5). — Brief mention is made of the damage done to olives by DacKS olete, together with a historical account of the development of the method of using a mixture of molasses, honey, and an arsenical in coml>atiiig this pest. It has been found that if 2 per cent of arsenic be added to a mixture of equal parts of molasses and honey the mixture may then be diluted with water and sprayed on olive trees with good results. The cocoanut beetle in Batticaloa, Ceylon, I-]. E. Green {Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tohago, 8 (1908), No. 3, pp. 10.5-109). — The cocoanut beetle is ex- tending its range rather rapidly as shown l)y the numbers captured by superin- tendents of cocoanut plantations and by the examination of cocoanut trees. Considerable work has been done in combating this pest by cutting out and burning the crowns and a few feet of the upper part of the stems of infested trees. The trunks of trees destroyed for any purpose may be used temporarily for fencing purposes, but as soon as they become decayed it should be understood that they furnish excellent breeding grounds for the cocoanut beetle. The more important insects affecting Ohio shade trees, J. S. Houser (Ohio tSta. Bui. 19.'i, pp. 169-2Jf3, fig^. .'/7). — A general account of the insect enemies of shade trees of the State with directions for the preparation and applica- tion of insecticides. Accompanying the account are numerous illustrations of the insects considered, of the injury caused by them, and of spraying appa- ratus used in their control. Forest injuries from insects, Hanff {Jahrh. HcJiIcsischen Forstver., 1907, pp. 39-52). — The insect injuries which attracted most attention during the year were due to Gastropacha pint, N^nintus abietrun, cockchafers, Pissodcs piccw, gipsy moth, etc. The larvae of G. pini infested trees in some cases to the extent of o,nOO or 4,0(10 per tree. In such cases the use of sticky bands was very advantageous. Injury to Abies nobilis by Chermes piceae bouvieri, E. Molz (Nat una. Zt.scin: Forsi u. Landir.. (! [1 90S), No. 2. pp. 151-15'i, figs. .)). — Vhcnncs picca; honricri attacks the tips of growing shoots of Ahies nohilis causing extensive malforniatifais in the form of galls. The injury thus produced is quite serious, in some cases cnusing the death of the affected trees. Some coleoptera affecting the honey locust, C. O. Houc;nTox H'anad. En I., 'lO (I90S). \(,. 5. pp. 160-162). — I^arge numbers of Agrilus- falla.r were ob- served feeding upon the leaves of the honey locust. Among the other coleop- 460 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. tt'i-ji ((bservod were yeoclytus rrythroccphalufi, Xnclonota piincHcoUis, und Ma cro h a s i.s u n icol o r. A note on the lac insect, its life history, propagation, and collection, E. P. Stkbbinc: (Indian Forest Nee, 1 (1908), So. 1, />/>. .S.J, pis. .1). — The inereiisiMl use of shellac in electrical work and In the manufacture of phonograph records has led to nn increase in the price of the substance. Some attention has, there- foi-e, been given to the method of collecting the crude material and to the artificial encouragement of tlie lac insect. Detailed notes are given on the growth of the industry from a historical standi)oint, the life history of the lac insect, its food plants, enemies, and the injuries which it causes to forest trees. It is recommended that lac should be collected either before or after the swarming of the larvip. A bibliography of the sul)ject is appended to the article. The life history of house flies, A. Griffith (Pm6. Health [London'], 21 (1008), yo. 3, pp. 12.i-12'7). — The life history of house flies was followed through practical Ij' the whole cycle in order to determine more accurately those points which may be of value in formulating a campaign against these insects. It was shown by experiment that flies required water frequently. The egg hatches within about 24 hours after being laid and the larval stage lasts 4 days. On an average four layings of eggs are done by each female fly. In combating the house fly reliance must be placed chiefly on the frequent removal and de- struction of manure and other rubbish in which flies may breed. The bot fly (Gastrophilus equi), W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 19 {1908), yo. 3, pp. 229-233, pi. i).— The life history of this insect is described by way of comparison with bot flies, which infest other animals and have different habits. Various chemical remedies have been suggested for destroy- ing bots in the stomach of horses or for expelling bots. As a rule, the results obtained from this line of treatment are not promising. It is suggested that some benefit may be deri^•ed from careful grooming of the horses during a period when the eggs of tlie bot fly are deposited upon the hair. The role of arthropods in the dissemination of diseases, B. Galli-^'alerio (Ccnthh Bald, [etc.}, 1. Aht., Ref., .',1 (IDOS), Xo. 11-13, pp. 353-360).— \ sum- marized statement is given regarding the agency of arthropods in disseminating various diseases. The arthropods which are concerned in carrying diseases may be classified into 8 groups — those wliich are simply carrying agents, those which produce direct inoculation, and tliose which serve as intermediate hosts of the pathogenic parasite. Sericultural experiments, B. C. Basu Bahadur (Ann. lipf. Agr. hitas. East. Bengal and Assam, 1907, pp. 78-86). — The experience of 4 years has shown that the winter climate of Shillong is cool enough for proper hibernation of eggs of Euroj>ean breeds of silkworms. It was found possible to secure a very even IiJttching of silkworm eggs by enclosing them in a cloth which was worn under the clothes of one of the workmen, the process of hatching by this method i"e- (piiring .5 da.vs. Two species of muibei-ries were tested (Moms atropurpurea and 21. indica). The cocoons from silkworms raised on the latter si)ecies were heavier and contained more silk. Little or no trouble was experienced from pebriue or grasserie. Silk culture and the silk industry in Turkey, N. N. Shavkov (Shclkovodstvo i Sliclkovai/a Proinuishlennost r Tiirlzii. Tiflis, 1907. jit. I. pp. 302, pis. 11, figs. J/o). — ^An elaborate account is presented of the status <>f silkworm growing and silk mnnufacturing in various p:irts of Turkey and S.vria. Attention is chiefl.v given to the statistics of jiroduction, the culture of mulberries, the breeds of silkworms used in v.-irions luii'ts of Turkey, the manjigcnient of silkworms, and the measures which have beeu tukeu for pruiuotiug this iuduBtry, FOODS HITMAN NTtTETTTON. 461 FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Food of man studies, L. H. Mekiull (Maiitc Sfa. JUih loS, pp. 219-238). — Analyses of tropical fruits and vegetables and miscellaneous food products are reported as well as studies of the effects of popping on the composition of corn and the digestibility of hulled corn and the results of an examination of graliani Hours with a view to determining whether the material submitted was true to name. Among the foods analyzed were yautia, air potato (Dioscorcd hiilhifcra), avocado, papaya, tayote, sour sop. yams of different sorts, green pepper, egg fruit, sapodilla. yuquilla, and several kinds of candied, dried, and preserved nuts and fruits, and cereal breakfast foods. The analyses of corn before and after popping showed that " the corn seems to suffer little chemical change beyond that resulting from a loss of water, the loss amounting to fi'om one-half to two-thirds of the total water content. . . . A determination of the water soluble carbohydrates in the corn would probably have shown a gain in every case." In eight of the digestion experiments with hulled corn this material and milk were the sole articles of diet. In eight additional experiments the hulled corn and milk were supplemented by bread, butter, milk, and candied peaches. The average results of these tests and the calculated digestibility of the hulled corn alone are shown in tli«' table which follows: Diijcvtihilitij of huJUil coni: E-rpcriincnts trifli ninii. Kind of food. Protein. Carbohy- drates. [Heatof com- I bustion. I Per cent. Hulled corn and milk I 81.7 Hulled corn with mixed diet ' 90.9 Hulled corn alone 61.2 Per cent. 97. 3 97.0 96.4 Per cent. 91.8 95. .5 86.7 As the author points out, the digestibility of the protein and the availability of the energy of hulled corn are low in comparison with results which have been obtained with white bread. The simple mixed diet containing hulled corn was nnich more completely utilized than the diet of hulled corn and milk. The comparative study of graham flour repoi'ted led the author to conclude that the suspicious sample was not true to name but a made-up product carry- ing a considerable proportion of low-grade flour. Some unusual Japanese food products, O. Loew (Mitt, Dent. Gcsell. Xatiir- it. Volkerk. Osta.neiis, 11 {1906), Xo. 1, pp. 109-111). — The use of young sprouts from a number of sorts of plants, of blossoms of several kinds, of fresh-w.-iter algae, and of several insects as food in Japan is discussed. According to the author, a sort of chrysanthemum blossoms sold in the form of compres.sed tablets contain 3.8 per cent cane sugar and 20.G per cent invert sugar, a portion of which is perhaps added during the process of manufacture. One of the fresh- water algte, a species of No.stor pJn/llodcnna, when thoroughly dried is .said to contain 2~) per cent ])rotein. The article also contains some general data regarding the use of soy-bean products and other Japanese food cu.stoms. New Zealand boned beef, A. M. Wright {Chem. Xrir-s. 91 (1908), Xo. .iol'i, p. 50). — Analyses of canned boned veal and of beef from steers and cows are reported and discussed in connection with average figures. The cans from which the .^samples were taken had been in cold storage for C to 8 weeks aud repi'esent the average product as it reaches the market. 402 KXPKi!i!\rKX'r station nKconD, Acci>i-(liiif; to the ;iutliiiil)()silion Wii>! l>l';ic(ic;illy idciiticjil with lli;il of llic tlcsli ol" tiu' ;i\ oni.i^c iUiiliuil. ( "ow Ixm'J" coiilaiiKMl coiisidcrMblc iimro f.-it llmii tlic nvcr.-i.^'c, Iml lie considers 1liis ;i f;ivor- n hie cha ra ctcrist ie-. Brown spots on beef, E. Klkin (Meat Trades' Jour., 26 {1901), Nofi. 1002, p. ',(>; lOO.l p. 9 ; lljifi. I'iiikIscIhiii, /.S (I90H), .Vo. 7, iiji. 'il'/. '/I-')). — Brown sjjots ou frozen meat wei^e found to be induced by a variety of yeast. Experiments with animals showed that the yeast was not harmful. If meat is handled carefully and wrapped up in a cleanly way the author believes that such a discoloration will not occur. The cuts of a hog carcass, W. Dinsmore {Breeder'^ CJaz., 53 (1908), No. 9, pp. J/7'i, Ji~5, flgs. ■'/). — The division of the carcas.s in accordance with the trade requirements for standard, mess pork is described. Studies of the chemical composition of fish with reference to growth and environment, H. Reuss (Bcr. E. Bayer. Biol. Vers;. Stat. Milnchen, rol. 1, pp. lSo-220; ahs. in Cliem. Zenthh, 190S, I, No. 12, p. 1193).— The analytical data include determinations of lecithin and calcium in addition to the usual proximate constituents. According to the author, the water in which fish are found has an effect upon their growth and nutrition. Digestibility of milk products, R. Bruynoghe (Rei-. Oen. Lait, 6 {1907), No.t. 19, pp. Ul-J,-'i9; 20, pp. .'/6V/-//72, flgs. 2; 21, ijp. Jf89-499, flgs. 3; 22, pp. 512-522, flgs. 3). — A studj^ of the digestibility of milk and milk products is reported in which the stomach contents were removed and examined at different intervals after the food was ingested. In general, the major portion of the milk had left the stomach in an hour to an hour and a lialf. Different phases of the ques- tion studied are discused in detail. Lard, A. McGill {Lah. Inland Rer. Dept. [Canada] Bid. 1J,7, pp. 17).— Ot 140 samples of lard collected in the different Canadian insi)ection districts, 120 wei-e genuine, 7 doubtful, 2 adulterated, and 2 compound. Meat extract and similar preparations including studies of the methods of analysis employed, W. D. Bigelow and F. C. Cook (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. ('hem. Bill, ll'i, pp. 7-56). — Results of analyses of a large number of samples of meat extracts, meat juices, yeast extracts and similar goods are reported and the analytical results discussed. The following conclusions were di-awn regarding the use and value of this class of food products : " It is commonly assumed that proteids, gelatinoids, and the similar amids have very different nutritive values, and, while all authorities would agree in assigning the highest value to the tirst of these, there is probably no small diffei-ence of opinion as to the order in which the second and third should be rated. In considering such a (piestion, there should be separately taken into account relative digestibility or solubility, capability of undergoing osmotic absorption, and oxidizabilty for the production of energy. At present, no definite numerical statement of the relative nutritive values of nitrogenous bodies of these three classes can be made. It seems much to be desired that more extended experiments than have so far been recorded should be made upon living animals (as far as possible upon human beings) to determine the utilization of both the gelatinoids and the simpler amids. The latter no doubt undergo oxidation to some extent in the animal body, and produce some energy in consequence. It is probably true of these simpler amidic substances that much larger quantities than analysis exhibits as constituents of the food con- sumed, or than analysis detects among the residue of food rejected from the body without having undergone complete oxidation, may be constantly formed PO. 7-8, flii. /I. — -This bulletin is a I'evision and extension of an earlier ])uI)lication (E. S. It., V.), \). 2~->H). In its present fonn the bulletin constitutes a summary of available data on the liavor, comi)osition. and digestibility of nuts and nut products and the general subject of nuts and their uses as food. Olive oil and its adulteration. A, Blavia {Alxmox Qiiiniicof<, 7 (lf)07), Xo-t. 80, pp. 193-197: 81. pp. 2l'i-JIS: 82, pp. 23S-2J,S, fiffs. 2: 83. pp. 2G2-266, fig. 1; S-'i, pp. 287-292; 8 (1908), .Vo.s. ,s'.7. ///*. .',-8; 86. pp. 28-32).— \ sunnnary and discussion of data regarding olive oil and its adulteration. On the chemical composition of some Australian wines, M. Blunno and L. A. Musso (A(/i: (laz. A. K. WaJrx, 19 (1908). \<>. 2. pp. l',0-lJi. 5). —The analytical data reported cover 140 samples, in many cases the ash constitu- ents were determined as a i>art of the woi-k. Organic phosphorus in wine, M. Soavk (Ann. R. Accml. Af/r. Torino, .'i9 (1906), pp. 109-1 Ui). — A summary and discussion of data on the character of the organic phosphorus comijounds of wine. Lemon extract, T. J. Bryan (Amci: Food Jour., 3 (1908), Ao. 3, pp. 21, 22).— The author discusses the adulteration of lemon extract and related questions, gives household tests which he considers useful for the detection of such adul- teration, and briefly notes the results of the examination of such goods, under the State pure-food law. Salicylic acid for preserving fruit juices, F. W. Dafert and B. Haas (ArcJi. Chcm,. Microfi.. 1 (1908), p. 2'i: (» gm. per hectoliter of raspberry juice was sufficient. Influence of food pre'servatives and artificial colors on digestion and health. IV, Benzoic acid and benzoates, H. W. Wilky (V. .s'. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. Chcm. Bui. Sli, pt. .'/, pp. 10.',3-129Ji, figs. 2).— Full analytical data and other details are reported of investigations on benzoic acid and benzoates. The con- clusions have been noted from a previous summary (E. S. R., 20, p. 361). The social condition of working-class families in Dublin (Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2.'i66, pp. 833. 83.'i). — A summary of investigations carried on by T. J. Stafford and C. D. La Touche into the social conditions and domestic economy of a number of families. Considering 21 families, the average exi)enditure for food was about $3.20 per week, which provided on an average 08.52 gm. of protein per man per day. Considering only families of unskilled laborers, the amount expended for food was $2.48 per week and the amount of protein ob- tained 80.6 gm. per man per day. The authors believe that the systematic study of such questions is of the greatest importance. Dietetics in tuberculosis: Principles and economics, N. D. Bardswell and J. PI Chapman (Proc. Roil. ^oc. [London]. Srr. B, 80 (1908). No. B5.i8. pp. 151-160). — In connection with a study of the diet of tuberculosis iiatients with special reference to the value of animal and vegetable protein, the authors repoi't figures obtained with families under normal conditions which are used for purposes of comparison. They found that the diet of 100 working-class families, regarded as physiologically adequate, furnished 119 gm. protein, 114 gm. fat, 417 gm. carbohydrates, and 3.687 calories of energy per person per day at a cost of 20 cents. An explanation of the specific dynamic effect of protein, G. Lusk (Zcnthl. Phi/sioJ.. 21 (1907), Ao. 26. pp. 861, 862). — On theoretical grounds the author believes that the specific dynamic affect of protein is due to cleavage which involves the breaking down of the amid radical. If protein is resorbed ratlier POODS HUMAN NUTRTTTON, 465 than hrokon down such cleavage does not lake jilatc and no specilic dyininjic effect is noted. Experiments on the effect of gastric and intestinal enzynis on vegetable protein. A. Stittzer and E. Merres {Bioclietn. Ztschr., 9 (t908). No. 1-1, p/). j27-]62). — The experiments reported led to the conclusion that the best results were obtained in artificial digestion when digestibility was measured with a satisfactory pepsin solution. Subsequent treatment with alkaline trypsin solu- tion is not regarded as necessary or desirable. The action of gastric and intestinal enzyms on vegetable protein, A. Stutzer and E. Merres (Bioehem. Ztschr., .9 (J 908), No. 3-Jf, pp. 2'f-'f-254) . — A continuation of the authors' comparison of the results of natural and artificial digestion. According to the data reported, if the feces in natural digestion experiments are subsequently digested with gastric juice the total digestibility agrees verj^ closely with the results obtained in artificial digestion experiments when the feeding stuff is treated Avith such acid gastric juice. This method, in the authors' opinion, gives without doubt the most reliable data as to the proportion of digestible nitrogenous material in foods and feeding stulfs. The utilization of different amid bodies by Carnivora, W, Voltz and G. Yakuwa (Art//, rhysiol. [Pfliigcr], 121 {190S), No. 3-',, pp. 117-149, chart 1).— According to the authors' experiments with dogs, ammonium acetate, acetamid, glycocoll. and a mixture of these bodies and asparagin increased the resorption of nitrogen, while asparagin alone diminished it slightly or was without effect. The results are also discussed with reference to the gains in nitrogen and the nitrogen balance and the authors conclude that the character of the amid sub- stances exercises a decided influence upon nitrogen metabolism. The direct utilization of the common sugars by the tissues, II. McGuigan {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21 (1908), No. 3, pp. 33.'i-350) .—The living muscles of an animal, according to the author's experiments, when perfused with dextrose, levulose, or galactose cause a rapid oxidation of these sugars. The results ob- tained with maltose did not indicate any direct oxidation by the muscles. The perfusion of dead muscles showed practically no loss of sugar. Other questions were also considered in this experimental inquiry, which is a contribution to the question of the way in which the animal body utilizes a carbohydrate food supply. Studies of diastase, J. Wohlgemuth (Biochcm. Ztschr., 9 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 10-Ji3). — The following are some of the conclusions drawn from the author's experimental work : The quantity of diastatic ferment in human saliva varies markedly. Fsually more diastase is present after taking food than otherwisi^ but sometimes these conditions are reversal. The kind of food seems to be without effect on the quantity of diastase present. On an average, sodium chlorid was found to increase the diastatic power of saliva about ten times in a 24-hour digestion period. Metabolism experiments with healthy children and children with rickets with special reference to m.ineral metabolism, W. Cronheim and E. Muller (Biochcm. Ztschr., 9 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 76-126).— The results, which have to do with the metabolism of nitrogen and fat in healthy children, were favorable to sterilized milk. In the case of calcium no better results were noted with raw than with sterilized milk. Tlie authors believe that the unfavorable results sometimes noted with sterilized milk are due to conditions not yet understood. Experiments on the metabolism of calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus in fasting animals, O. Wellmann {Arch. Physiol. [Pftllger], 121 {1908), No. 8-10, pp. 508-.533). — The authors studied the metabolism of mineral matter with Herbivora (ralibits) aud found that bones lost about 14 per cent of their weight 466 FA'PEIillMKX'l' STAITOX UF.C'OHD. thiriii.ir r.-istiiiix. oT whifli ahoiil li.-ilf was fal. Analyses of tlu" lioiic showed that praclically all the falciiini and pliosphorns lost durintr 1li<' fasliiiL: iKM'iod f'ani«> Iroiii hone sultstanoe. The utilization by the growing animal of calcium in different forms, H. Akon and K. Fkksi: ( liiorlioii. Ztschr., !l iWOH), So. /-.?, in>- IS.',-201). — Grow- in}; do«rs, it was fonnd, ntilized calcinm in the form of tertiary calcium phos- phate, which is difficultly soluble, as readily as in the form occurring: in millv. Sterilizing milk wms found to be without influence on calcium metal)olism and gains. In general, over 80 per cent of the calciimi supplied was utilized. Observations on the rectal temperature after muscular exercise, INI. Fi.ack (Ihit. Med. -Jour.. IfiOS. yo. ,'?.'/6*.S', pP- 921, 922). — A marked rise iu temperatui-e was noted in a number of subjects after muscular exercise. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The composition of green maize and of the silage produced therefrom, II. E. Annett and E. J. Russell {Jour. Afjr. Sci.,2 (1908), No. Ji,pi). 3S2-.3f)l).— Analyses of fresh green fodder and silage w^re made with a view to studying tlie changes brought about by ensiling. The crude fibei' content was found to be practically unchanged and this opinion was confirmed by microscopical analysis. The epidermal cells, according to the author, had undergone no change in tlie silo beyond a certain amount of shrinliage, even the stomata l>eing un- altered. The vascular bundles were also intact. The greatest change was noted iu the nitrogen-free extract, direct tests showing that the sugar disappears almo.st entirely. The observed decrease in furfurol " indicates a decrease in the amount of cellulose, i. e., the less resistant cellulo.se, which alone falls into this group ; this was confirmed by microscopic examination which showed that many of the ceils of the mesophyll were completely disintegrated. "The protein suffers considerably, though not iu reality as much as the nitrogen-free extract. Hydrolytic decomposition complicated by bacterial action lakes place, and although there is not much, if any, loss of free nitrogen the new nitrogenous compounds are less valuable as food than the protein. " The figures show^ an absolute loss of nitrogen, but we are satisfied that a certain amount of ammonia is given off during sampling, and we have no evi- tleuce to show how or to what extent losses of nitrogen occur in the silo. In laboratory experiments on silage made in bottles we only observed losses of nitrogen when air was admitted, and this did not happen in the silo." The values obtained for ether extract the authors consider influenced by ac- cidental variation, since this constituent contains a number of soluble acids which obviously wash downward in the silo. A similar factor influences the soluble ash content though not the insoluble ash constituents. During the j)rocess of ensiling carbon dioxid is evolved and a number of acids appear which w'ere not present at the beginning of the process. According to the authors the general nature of the losses outlined is probably the same in all silos though the actual amount varies. " Our losses are higher than those observed by Amer- ican investigators, but there is considerable difference between American and F^nglish maize at the time of cutting: ours is much less mature, and contains a lower pro]«)rtiou of nitrogen-free extract." The chemical changes taking place during the ensilage of maize, E. J. ItussELL (Jour. Agr. Sci., 2 (1908), Xo. .), p/i. 39.i-.'fl0). — The author summarizes the results of investigations as follows : "The main groups of compounds found iu maize silage are fatty acids, hy- droxy acids, amino acids, basic diamino acids, i)urin bases, and other bases, Al^TMAT. PRODUCTION. 467 liosidos the ordinary const if upiils of (lie plant rcll, tlio celluloses, iirotcin, aW. Tile iionnitrojieuons acids are not found in maize at tlie time of cutting, and the nitrogenous acids, though they are found, occur to a smaller extent than in silage. "The characteristic silage changes ;ire the disapi)earance of sugar, of some less resistant celluloses, and of part of the protein, and the formation of the bodies enumerated above. " Three agents appear to be involved in making silage — the living maize cell, the enzyms, and micro-organisms. It is considered that the two former bring about the primary and essential changes, the latter only secondary and non- essential changes. "The formation of acetic and butyric acids appears to be a respiration effect, and comes about when the living cell is deprived of oxygen. Sugar disappears during the process. " The decomposition of the protein and nucleo-protein is effected by enzyms present at the time of cutting the maize, which can go on acting in the silo even after the cell is dead. Chai-acteristic products of protein hydrolysis were identified in the silage. "These are regarded as the primary and essential changes. " Bacteria are, however, always present, and attack the less resistant cellu- loses, the products of protein hydrolysis, and no doubt other substances as well, but not the resistant fiber. Typical products of bacterial activity were found- formic acid, higlier fatty acids, humus, and amins. " The growth of mold is inhibited except at the surface layer where air gets in. Here the changes are fundamentally different ; there is no development of acetic or butyric acids, the mass is alkaline, nonprotein material already exist- ing in the maize is converted into protein, and there is also a loss of nitrogen." Analyses of a mixture of red clover and timothy forage, A. Gregoire and E. Carpiaux (BuI. Inst. Chim. et Bact. Gcmmoux, 1908, ^^o. 75, pp. 109, 110).— A proximate and ash analysis is reported. On the composition of rice straw, T. Takeuchi (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 619-621). — From the analyses reported, the conclu- sion is drawn that straw from rice plants producing a poor crop is somewhat richer in protein, fat, and carbohydrates than is the case when the yield is better. Fodders and their nutrient values, C. F. Juritz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), Ko. 1, pp. 99-101). — Analyses of Vlei grass, ground corncob and corn are reported. As the author points out, the food value of the corncob is about one-third that of the corn analyzed and is also inferior to wheat bran. Examination of feeding stuffs, C. Aumann (Bcr. Landiv. Vers. Stat. Hildes- hcim, 1907, pp. 6-11, l.'i). — A brief report of the examination of a large number of samples of commercial by-products, cereal grains, meat meal, and other feed- ing stuffs. Examination of feeding stuffs, II. Immendorff (Bcr. Landw. Vers. Stat. Univ. Jena, 1907, pp. 10-lJf). — A brief report of the examination of a number of samples of concentrated feeds and other feeding stuffs, of " futterkalk " and similar materials. Brief statements are also made regarding samples of milk and dairy products which were analyzed at the station. Feeding stuff analyses, E. Haselhoff (Jahresber. Landir. TV/.s-. Stat. Mar- hiirf/, 1907-8, pp. 10-16). — Data are reported regarding the comiK)sition of feed- ing stuffs examined at the station. New feeding stuffs, .7. V. de Paula Nogxteria (Gas. Aldelas. 1908. No. 657; alls, in I',,, I, /,'. A.s.sor. Coit. Agr. rortiigiicsa, to il90S). No. ,s', pp. 'iS7-'f95). — 468 FA'PF,!?T]\IKXT STATION REPORD. -\n.il.vs('s of l\v(i ooninit'nlal feeds, one a uiohiJ^si's feed, arc rcpoi-lcd mid dis- ciisM'd with refcreure to rortu.miose (•onditious. The digestibility of dried beet pulp, K. Baeck (8i(ri\ Indiij. ct Colon., 7/ iHXhS), \f,. n, II. 'i.'jL). — 111 a itaper presented at the Second International Con- .uress of. Sugar and Fermentation Industries, the author summarizes experi- inental data whidi in his ni)inion show tliat dryin? increases the disestihility of the pulp. The use of olive marc for cattle feeding, A. Guyader (Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. ct Colon. [Tunis], ].> ilUOS), Vo. '/O'. /ip. 7.^.^-/.^6■ ).— On the basis of analytical data reported in comparison with other feeding stuffs, tlie antlior l>elieves that olive marc is a Aalnable feed. The olive marc may be readily dried and ground. Patent horsebread, H. H. iloRCAN { Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. [V. S.], JOOS, Xo. 3.^8.2, i>. II). — A brief account of a patent feed for horses which is marketed in cake form and is said to be particularly rich in phosphoric acid and lime in addition to the usual feed constituents. Beer yeast as a feeding stuff, E. Pott (IUus. Landw. Ztg., 2S (1908), No. 33, IH). 20'), 296). — Data regarding the composition and feeding value of yeast and yeast feeds are summarized and discussed. Notes from the chemical laboratories, H. Incle (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 6 (1908), Xo. 23, PI). ■'i26-.'/28). — Ground nut cake, wild plums, pearl millet, and sunflower seed Avere analyzed with special reference to oil making in the case of the plums and sunflower seed. The plum pits, if dried, would, according to the author, contain 38.1 per cent oil. Concerning spoiled peanut cake, A. Gregoire, Hendrick, and E. Carpiaux (Bui. 7//.s7. Chim. ( t Bait, (icnihhm.r, 1908, Xo. lo, pp. .'/.i-6J). — In all the spoiled peanut cakes examined sugar was less than G per cent of the total organic matter exclusive of fat, and acidity was greater than 60 per cent measured as oleic acid. Do ptomaines and toxins occur in animal meal? Haefcke (Ztschr. Flcisch u. Milclilnjg., 18 (1908), Xo. 8, pp. 2.JJ-2JJ). — Although the author was able to identify, in decomposed meat and bone, ptomaines which have previously been found, as well as new amino bases not hitherto reported, he was not able to identify any specific ptomaine in such animal material which had been steriliz(>d after spoiling. [Sex and birth weight of calves], C. L. Beach (Connecticut Storrs >S7rt. Rpl. 1907, pp. I'll), I'll)- — A table shows the yearly proportion of sexes in the college herd. "During the 10 years, from 1897 to 1906, 201 calves were dropped, of which 41.3 per cent were female and 58.7 per cent were male."' In a small flock of Dorset sheep the number of ram lambs was largely in excess. The weight of the calves at birth was, in general, proportioned to the weight of the dams. The average daily foetal growth ranged from 0.38 lb. with Holstein calves to 0.22 lb. with calves from .Jersey heifers. Calf raising, B. II. Jonas (Wiener Landir. Ztg., 58 (1908), Xo. Jf2, p. //36).— The author studied the body develojjment of calves fed with and without access to pasture, taking into account body measurements and gains in weight. His conclusion is that calves with i)asture show the most satisfactory develojiment. Whole milk compared with skim milk alone and supplemented by other feeds in calf feeding, G. Fingerling (Landir. Vers. Stat.. 68 (1908), No. S-'f, pp. l.'it-188). — In the experiments reported the gains in weight and the metabo- lism in nitrogen were the same on skim milk as on whole milk but the skim milk did not have the same satisfactory dietetic properties as the whole milk. In the author's opinion, milk fat is of value not only as a nutrient but also for its dietetic, properties. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 469 Peauiit oil emulsion, flaxseed, and starch were used for supplementin;; skim milk and the best results, according to the author, were obtained with flaxseed, though good results were also obtained with the peanut oil emulsiou provided the quantity was not too large. When the skim milk was supplemented by cooked starch the digestive disturbances were as great as noted on skim milk alone. Xo conclusions could be drawn from the experimental data regarding the effect of different rations on the quality of the meat produced. Feeding- of the Angus steer Andy, A. Boss {Breeder''s Gaz., 53 (1908), No. ]S. piK 1005, 1006, figs. Jj). — A summary of data regarding the feeding of this champion steer at the Minnesota Agricultural College. In general the amount of grain was smaller than is recommended by many feeders and large amounts of succulent feed were supplied, roots or silage being used when the steer was not on grass. No molasses or condimeutal stock feed was used at any time. The average gain in the 2 years was in one 4 week period as high as 3.57 lbs. per day. The steer weighed 1,780 lbs. when slaughtered, the dressed weight after a month in cold storage being 68.(5 per cent of the live AA'eight. The flavor of the meat was excellent and the carcass was of fine texture and marbling throughout. Study of draft oxen in Tunis, G. Barrion and R. Gagey {BuJ. Dii: Ayr. Cuin. ct Colon. [Tidiis], ]> {1H08). Xo. 'i6. pi). 103-111). — The studies reported are not favorable to the draft oxen used locally and the authors recommend raising improved breeds. A dynaniometer for experiments with steers, R. Gagey (Bui. Dir. Af/r. Com. ct Colon. [Tiuiis\, 12 (I'JOS), Xo. .'id. pp. 112. 113, fig. 1). — The author describes a dynamometer used in tests with draft oxen. Studies of the milk secretion of pigs and the feeding of young pigs, R. OsTERTAG and N. Nuntz et al. (LaniJic. Jahrh., .37 (lUOS), Xo. 2, pp. 201-260).— Some of the conclusions which were drawn from the extended series of investi- gations reported follow : The milk yield and the fat and protein content of swine milk are much greater than has been hitherto supposed, a sow weighing 150 kg. yielding 4 to 8 liters of milk per day, containing 4.5 to 00 gm. nitrogen and having an energy value of 7,0(M) to 14,000 calories. The food requirement of sows is not greater than the maintenance require- ment plus the material necessary for the milk yield. The work of the milk glands apparently does not require any considerable energy expenditure. Nursing pigs utilize GO to 80 per cent of the energy of the milk eaten and as much as 70 per cent of the nitrogen content. Gains in nitrogen diminish more than gains in fat as the period of lactation progresses. When the same amount of nitrogenous material is taken after weaning as before, pigs make as large gains in weight, the protein gains being even greater than during the latter part of the period before weaning. To secure the greatest gains after wean- ing, the nitrogen ratio uuist not be greater than 1 : 4 and the proportion of easily digestible carbohydrates must be much greater than fat. Inverting part of the carbohydrates with diastase did not have a favorable effect except immediately after weaning. Homogenized milk was foinid to l)e as satisfactory as whole milk and cheaper. No conclusions could be drawn regarding the effect of (he different rations on resistance to infection. Forage crops for hogs in Kansas and Oklahoma, G. E. Quinn (IK H. Dcpt. Agr.. Farmers' Bill. 331. jtp. 5-2'i). — A revision of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 10. i». ,5(i!»). Potatoes supplemented by different quantities of protein for pig feeding, MDxziNc.LK (Dvict. Landic. Prcssv, 35 (1908), Xos. 8, pp. 15, 76; 9. pp. 87, 88, figs. 470 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. -'/). — Greater jiaiiis were made on the ration containinj; llio larger amount of protein. Differences in quality of the meat produced were not noted. Different quantities of skim milk with supplementary feeds for pigs, J. Klkin (Milchw. Zcntbl., 3 (I'JOl), No. -'/, pi). 1 37 -IJf 9) .—Four lots of 2 pijis each were used in a test covering 21 weeks, in which varying amounts of sivim milli were fed witli barley and dried beet pulp or potato flakes, one of the lots receiv- ing some tish meal also. Marked differences were not noted with the several lots with respect to the gains in weight, the ratio of the dressed weight to live weight, the quality of the meat, or the character of the fat. Construction of pig-sty buildings, A. Brooks (l///-. (Idz. X. H. Wales, JS (l!)07). .Yo,s'. 8, IH). 663-667, fitjs. 5; 11, pp. 856-862, fii/s. 11; 10 (1908), No. I. Itp. 30-36, figs. II). — The construction and equipment of pig sties are discussed with special reference to local conditions and requirements. Feeding work horses. A comparison of corn and oats, !>. E. Carm khaki, iOhli) Stu. liiiL 193, pp. 2.'i5-263, fins. 9, (hnns. 2). — The tests reported were undertaken to test the widespread belief that oats are superior to other grain as a feed for horses. Six mature grade Percheron geldings were fed on a basal ration of clover and timothy hay, three receiving oats and three corn as a supplementary ration. Estimating corn to be worth 40 cts. per bushel, oats ;5(» cts. i)er bushel, and the hay $8 per ton it was found that the average cost of food per hour of work was 3.3 cts. for the corn-fed horses and 4.54 cts. for those fed oats. The use of corn to the exclusion of other grain for a period of 48 weeks was not found detrimental to the health of work horses and they endured hard work during the hot weather as well as those receiving oats. When mixed (clover and timothy) hay was fed to mature geldings at general farm work, ear corn was practically as efficient, pound for pound, as oats. On the basis of the results of this experiment and statistical records of farm values of grains, corn has since 18GG been cheaper than oats as a grain feed for work horses. A drop In weight of the corn-fed horses coincident with the beginning of the use of shelled corn indicates that ear corn is to be preferred above shelled corn for work horses. Saving corn fodder as horse feed (Breeder's Oaz:, J'/ (1908), .To. II. p. .'i37). — Corn fodder, it is stated, may be fed to horses, but one-third of the bulk of the ration should be made up of some other material, preferably red clover or alfalfa. Care must be taken to avoid soft corn, which is injurious to horses, therefore stripping off the ears before feeding is recommended. Shredding is not regarded as necessary or desirable. The metacarpus of carriage and draft horses with particular reference to its strength, A. Woltkr (Laiidw. Jalirh., 36 (1907), No. 3, pp. Jf85-56S, figs, 3'i). — The author nnide measurements and tested the strength of the metacarpal bones of the fi'ont legs of carriage and heavy horses. The absolute weight of the metacarpal bone in heavy horses is 30 per cent greater than that in liglit horses and its volume 23 per cent greater. The metacarinis of the heavy type of horse Is somewhat flatter than that of the race horse. The relative measure- ments of the metacarpus show such a great individual variation that no racial distinctions can be set up. The absolute carrying strengtli of the metacarims in draft horses is 31 per cent greater than in carriage horses. Horses — breeding to color, AV. (Jilbey (London, 1907, pp. VI-{-J/5, pis. 6). — The author has endeavored to explain the cause of different colors in hoi'ses and tlie reason for the increasing frequency of some colors and the decrease of others. Suggestions are also offered as to how horses may be bred to color. Feeding experiments with chickens, cockerels, and turkeys, J. W. Boi.t^ (Rhode IsJdiid Hta. Bill. 126, pp. 125-139, pis. 3). — To compare the effect of ANIMAL PEODIiCTION. 471 different concentrates with and witliont bone-forniiug constituents for winter chickens, 7 lots eacli consisting of 34 White Wyandottes 2 weel\S old were fed a basal ration of mixed grain, clover, and grit, supplemented by animal meal, cottou-seed meal, gluten feed, or granulated milk. Three of these lots also re- ceived bone ash and pure calcium carbonate sufficient to bring up the calcium and phosphorus content essentially to that In the ration including animal meal. The test was divided into two periods, the first lasting 28 days and the second 35 days. During the first period the food required per pound of gain was as follows : On animal meal 3.29 lbs., on cottou-seed meal 9.8 lbs., on cotton-seed meal plus the bone-ash and lime 5.3 lbs., on Buffalo gluten feed 9.92 lbs., on Buffalo gluten feed plus bone-ash and lime 4.39 lbs., on granulated milk 4.1 lbs., and on granu- lated milk plus bone-ash and lime 3.18 lbs. Dui'ing the second period the amounts required were respectively 4.52, 9.87, 5.74, 9.05, 5.16, 5.78, and 4.19 lbs. The percentages of deaths from digestive troubles were respectively as follows: 12. 02, 50, 59, 3, 9, and 0. The author states that the data seem to indicate that phosi)horus and lime appear to be as necessary as protein, and that cotton-seed meal can not be recommended as a food for chickens in any considerable propor- tion. Twenty-four cross-bred Plymouth Rock cockerels were used to test the ad- visability of fattening late hatched chickens by feeding with a machine. Dur- ing a period of 21 days those trough-fed made an average gain of 0.61 lb. at a cost of 17.4 cts. per pound. Those trough and machine fed gained 0.75 lb. at a cost of 15.9 cts. per pound. It is concluded that late hatched staggy cockerels confined in slatted coops can be fed a fattening ration for 3 weeks with profit. " A combination of trough and machine feeding proved superior to trough feeding alone. Chickens fed in this manner gained, on the average, 23 per cent more, and at 9 per cent less cost for feed per pouud of gain, than when fed wholly in the trough. The cost of labor, however, is doubled while using the cramming machine for small numbers of chicks. " In the absence of skim milk to mix with the grain, some other animal con- centrate should be supplied. The ration containing 10 per cent of animal meal gave a much greater gain than rations containing either no animal meal or 20 per cent of animal meal. The cost of feed per pound of gain was lessened one-third under the same conditions." A turkey fattening experiment is reported as seeming to indicate that : " For a short feeding period there is not sufficient advantage in using a wet mash of mixed grains, at the prices quoted, to warrant the turkey fattener in adopting the ration. "While the feeding of a mash partly in the trough and partly with the cram- ming machine gave the greatest average gains at the least cost for feed, the added outlay for labor over feeding corn on the range would make the latter method more profitable. " Heavy feeding may hasten the development of the ' blackhead " disease, if it is already present in the system." The experiment was terminated at the end of 10 days by the apix-arancc of " blackhead." Experiments on the metabolism of matter and energy during incubation of hens' eg'g's, F, Tangl and A. von Mituch (Arch. Phyalol. [I'fliiycr], 121 ( l!)OH), .Vo. 8-10, PI). .'/.n-.'/.7iSK — According to the authors" observations an egg \Aeiglniig .54.2 gm. contained before incubation 36.8 gm. water, 12.14 gm. dry matter, 5.(i8 gm. fat, and 0.929 gm. nitrogen, and had an energy value of 86.8.") calories. At the time of hatching the chick weighed 28.8 gm, a,nd 6.9 gm. egg yolk remained unused. 472 EXPEHIMKNI" STATION KEC'OED. According to the analytical studios reported, 01 calories, or two-thirds of the energy value of the total egg was required in the incubation process, of which 23 calories was used for the development of the chick and measurable as heat, and 38 calories was represented by the material in the chid s body. The egg yolk romainhig unused at the time of hatching had an energy value of 2G calories or about one-third of the amount originally present. The values, therefore, per gram body weight of the chick would be O.son calorie manifested as heat, that is, " relative energy of development," and 3.6 calories per gram dry matter, for body development, that is, "specific energy of development." The energy required for development is largely supplied by the egg fat. No nitrogen is lost during incubation, according to the authors, at least none could be measured in their experiments. The assimilation of phosphorus and calcium by the chicken embi-yo, E. Carpiaux {Acad. Roy. Brl. G4) the author studied the calcium and organic and inorganic phosphorus 'ccmtent of eggs at different stages of incubation and found that as the embryo develops the calcium and inorganic phosphorus of the egg increases while the lecithin is correspondingly diminished. According to the observed data the chicken uses almost entirely the phosphorus of lecithin for building its body and does not make use of the phosphorus in the egg-shell. On the other hand, the shell furnishes more than 80 per cent of the necessary calcium. Carbon dioxid under sitting" hens, H. D. Edmond (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 157-162). — Using a modification of Pettenkofer's titration method, the author found that the carbon dioxid under hens sitting on good eggs in starch ranged from 3.8 to 22.5 parts by weight in lO.OUO parts of air while the j)roportions in the air of the barn ranged from 2.8 to 5.2. Under a hen sitting on china eggs the range was from 3.4 to 8.5. In tests in July, made by a some- what different method, the percentages of carbon dioxid under hens were much higher than in ]March, ranging from 5.3 to 12.0 with china eggs and from 9.0 to 80.1 parts per 10,000 of air with good eggs. In an "incubator samples of air were drawn by an aspirator from over the egg tray, the parts of carbon dioxid ranging from 4.8 to 29.5. Oats was sown in one pan to test the effect on the air of the incubatcu- of the carbon dioxid given off by sprouting seed, but no noticeable difference was found. " Whether carbon dioxid is essential to a perfect hatch and vitality in a chick is still an open question. This work is not complete enough to settle the ques- tion and there is very little data to be found on this subject. It is true that there is a much larger percentage of carbon dioxid imder sitting hens than in an incubator. It is also true that hens hatch chickens with greater vitality than an incubator." Incubation experiments, J. Dryden (Oregon. Sta. Bill. 100. pp. 3-32. figs. G). — A series of investigations was started to test the relative efficiency of nat- ural and artificial incubation and to discover improvements in incubation and brooding. " From 879 eggs set, incubators hatched 533 chicks. t)r <;0.(:> per cent. I'rom 279 eggs, hens hatched 219 chicks, or 78.8 per cent. Elimiuiiting eggs broken in nests, the hens hatched 88.2 per cent of eggs set. The incubators hatched 78.5 per cent of ' fertile " eggs, and the hens hatched 96.5 per cent. "Eggs incubated artificially tested out 22.7 i)er cent as infertile, while those incubated by hens tested out 11.8 per cent. The incvibators showed 10.6 per cent of chicks ' dead in the shell,' and the heus 2.8 per cent. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473 "Cliicks hatched uiulei' Ikmis weighed heavier than chicks hatclied in iucuba- lors. "The mortality of hen-hatched chicks brooded in brooders was 10.8 per cent in four weeks, and of incubator-hatched chicks 33.5 per cent. The mortality in hen-hatched chicks brooded under hens was 2.2 per cent, and of incubator chicks 49.2 per cent. In other tests the mortality was 46.5 per cent for incubator chicks brooded by hens and 58.4 brooded in brooders. '• Hen-hatched chicks made greater gain in weight than incubator chicks, whether brooded by hens or brooders." Moisture tests were made in which incubators were operated according to the directions of the makers with the exception that moisture was used in different amounts. In the machines with '' no moisture " a tray of dry sand, correspond- ing to the tray in the "maximum moisture" machines w'as kept under the egg tray. The sand in the " maximum moisture " machines was kept wet all the lime, or as wet as it could be kept without the water standing on top of the sand. The " medium moisture " machines had a tray of sand half the size of the other trays. ■■ There was an increase in number of chicks hatched of 32.0 per cent by using moisture in incubators. " The wet-bulb thermometer may be used to advantage as an indicator of the proper degree of humidity in the incubator. An average wet-built temperature of 87.6 gave 32.6 per cent better hatches than one of 84.5, and slightly better than one of 91. " The lack of moisture does not alone explain the great mortality in incubator chicks, but it is responsible for a large percentage of the losses in liatching." The amount of oil on egg shells was determined by washing the surface of the shell with a jet of ether and evaporating. The residue was dried in a dessicator ;!nd weighed, with the following results: 12 fresh hen eggs, 3 mg. oil; 12 china eggs, 2 weeks under hen, 3 mg. : 12 hen eggs, 2 weeks under hen, 28 mg. ; 12 hen eggs, 2 weeks in incubator, 4.6 mg. This oil is considered a natural secretion from the hen, but its function has not been determined. Appliance and methods for pedigree poultry breeding, R. Pearl and F. ]M. Strface (Maine Sta. Bill. 159, pi). 239-27.'/, figs. 13). — Descriptions ai'e given of a trap nest, an egg distributing and turning table, pedigree incubator baskets, a chick leg band bender, and a system of keeping pedigree records, devised by the station. It is stated that by making slight changes in detail the system of pedigree records can be adapted to keeping pedigree records in breeding work with either plants or animals. Chicks: Hatching and rearing, H. A. Nourse et al. (St. Paul, Minn., 1907, PI). 126, pi. I, fifis. '/'/). — Incubation, brooding, feeding, housing, fattening, killing and marketing chiclveus, and other questions are discussed in this popular summary. Egg money: How to increase it, II. A. Nourse et at.. (St. Paul, Minn., I9i)7, PI). 12S, pi. I, fig.s. 'I'l). — A summary of information on raising poultry for egg pi'oduction in cities and villages, as well as under farm conditions. Experiments with ostriches, J. E. Duerden (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 I I'JOH), \o. 0, pp. 713-721). — The best time in which to quill ostriches, the author concludes, involves considerations of the age of the bird, its physical condition, and climatic conditions. " The first quilling must be carried out when the chicks are about eight months old, otlierwise irregularities will be introduced by the uneven growth of the new second crop, some feathers of which can not be kept back by allow- ing the quills to remain in tlieii- follicle. 6562.". — No. r. -( )< » ( ; 474 EXPEHIMKNT STATION HKCOHD. '■ The extraction of u quill iit oiu-o sliiiiiilatos llio fj;rowtli of a new feather, quite irrespective of any natural order of appearance of the feather, and thus evenness of jirowth can be secured by sin)ultaneous quillinj;. "The second quilling may take place at about sixteen months, at which time the quills are ripe; but under certain conditions the operation can be delayed for several months longer. "The quills of the second and later quillings may l)e left for many mouths within the socket, even after they are rii)e, provided the birds are not in a high nutritive condition ; otherwise some feathers of the new crop will appear and thus produce irregularities. " Eight month and twelve month systems of (luilling are very largely prac- ticed according to climatic conditions, though both systems admit of consider- able variations." For earlier work, see E. S. li.. T.), i». 1(»72. Egg-laying- records of ostriches, J, E. Duerden (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. 32 (1908), yo. .'/, pp. .'/.'/.M.55).— Four series of egg-laying records for lots of 1 cock and 2 hen ostriches are given, extending over a period of 4 months. The eggs were removed daily and artificially incubated. The maximum per hen was 100 eggs in 122 days. " The numbers show that ostriches, like poultry, will go on laying almost continuously during the breeding season if the eggs are removed as laid, and the birds are not allowed to sit. The records afford very clear proof that breeding birds are adversely influenced by inclement climatic conditions to such a degree that the laying of eggs may cease entirely for a time." The influence of environment generally upon egg- production and also the pos- sibility of an increased yield are briefly discussed. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Experiments in feeding daii-y cows, ,T. S. Moore (Mit^i^ifisippi Hfa. Bui. HI, pp. 6). — This bulletin gives results of a number of experiments in the care .4 lbs. of cotton-seed meal gave 14.2 lbs. The difference in favor of green feed would have been greater if the cows had had no access to pasture. In a comparison of large, medium, and small rations with three lots of cows. receiving respectively 13 lbs., 10 lbs., and 6 lbs. of a grain ration consisting of wheat bran and cotton-seed meal 2:1, the average weekly yields were 833, S73, and 743 lbs. In the last case there was also some loss of body weight. A second test with three lots of 9 cows each showed that 9 lbs. of the mixture yielded better results than 11 lbs. In a test for 4 months with. .30 cows it was found that silage resulted in u saving of .$100 over a feed of wheat bran, cotton-seed meal, and Johnson grass hay. During hot weather it was found to be of no advantage to protect cows from the heat by keeping them in the barn, as they were more contented in a shady pasture, DAIRY FAR IM I X(J— J )A IRVING. 475 Shelter was found to be iiimecessary for dairy cows during tlie luoutli of Feb- ruary. inO*;. It is stated, however, that during this test the weatlier was ex- tremely mild for that somsou of the year. Silage V. hulls and meal, A. K. Rissek and R. R. Welch {Jlissixsiiipi 8t(t. liiiJ. 112, pp. 2-8). — In order to present results obtained trom the use of silos, herd records of several farms were collected by the station in cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department. All cows in the test had practically the same ration in the sununer months of May. June, and July. i. e., pasture supplemented with cotton-seed meal. During the winter months of November, December, and January 7 herds containing a total of 247 cows were fed a dry ration. i)rincipally hulls and cotton-seed meal, with some bran, shorts, and alfalfa, while the eighth herd of 23 cows was fed corn silage and cotton-seed meal. .]////,• (111(1 hiitlcr fat pi'ddtictioii irith xihKjc diid dri/ f( cdx. Dry-fed herds . . Silage-fed herds . Difference Average jwunds of milkpercow per month. Average pounds of butter fat per cow per month. Winter. Summer. Winter. 357.9 364. 9 240.4 33.5.9 a 17. 12 i a 12. 09 17. .58 16.70 Average cost of feed per cow per month. S4.10 3. .50 Average cost of 1 gal. of milk. Average cost of 1 11.. of butter fat. $0. 146S n $0.2993 .089.5 .2098 . 0895 " .\verage of 141) cows. Notes relative to the construction of silos are given. Modern feeding standards for milch cows, N. Hansson (K. Lanilihr. Akdd. Handl. och Tidskr., /,7 (UWS), No. 1-2, pp. 57-73).— \ discussion of the feeding standards of Wolff (1874), Julius Kiihn (1897), C. Lehmann (1S99), Maercker (1902), Pott (1904). Kellner (1005 nnd 1906). and those of the author (1902), founded on the experience of Swedish dairy test iissociations. The author has devised a system of feed units for the use of Swedish dairymen, which he dis- cusses in detail. Report of dairy test associations in Norway, 1906-7, L. Funder (CJiristi- (inia, lOOS. pp. 78). — The report shows that 132 different associations were in existence during the year, including 22,764 cows in the aggregate. The average production of milk was 2.026 kg. per cow, 100 kg. being produced for every 70.3 feed units (e;ich equal to 1 kg. hay) eaten. Fat determinations in the milk of llie cows were made in the case of only .38 associations. The aver.-ige fat con- lent in the milk, according to the results obtained at the milk control stations for 1906. was 3.48 ]»er cent. Milk and butter yields of heifers compared with mature cows, C. I.. Beach i Conn ret icnt Storrs Stu. Rpt. 1907, pp. 11)2-1 'lo). — Tables are given summariz- ing official records of 3,098 Holstein-Friesians and 400 (Juernseys, classified ac- cording to the age of the animals. In the Holsteins " the quality of milk is quite uniform for animals of different ages. The milk of 2-year-old heifers ••ontained 0.2 per cent less of butter fat than that of cows in the mature .j-year- old form." The Ciilculated butter fat yield in 7 days at even age of 2 years is 9.0.~) lbs., at 3 years 11.31 lbs., at 4 years 13.22 lbs., and at 5 years 14.35 lbs. Tlie average yearly yield of butter fat of the (iuornseys for the 2-year-old class w.is :!r,2.8 lbs.. I ho :'.-y«>ar-old lbs. 'I'lie iii.iluif form class i .j ycui'S old and over) averaged 4.V..7 lbs. 47G KXPKlilMKNT STATION ItKCORD. Milk from different breeds (Coniicctktit .S/o/y.s .S7«. Rpt. 1901', pi). 152- l,')ti). — Analyses iue reported of the milk of 2o cows, representing 4 different breeds, for the first 1(» months of lactation. Cattle of the Oldenburger Wesermarsch, 1'. Cornelius (Da.s OJdcnhurgcr WcsrrniarschriniJ. Uannorcr. 190S. pp. VIII+1'iO, plx. 7, figs. 56, maps 2). — An account of the development of the cattle industry in this region. Special atten- tion is devoted to dairy cattle and the dairy industry. Studies of the dairy industry in France, England, Belgium, Denmark, Sweden, and Holland, A. Reitz (Milchicirtschaftlichc titndien iiber Pniiik- rcich, England, Belgicii, Diinemark, ticliiccdcn, Holhiinl. Stuttgart, 1901, pp. 228. pis. 1. figs. J/8). — The basis of this information was statistics and travels of the author. Establishment and management of the dairy farm, (i. K. Kelkar [Dcpf. Agr. Bombay Bui. 31, pp. 12). — A bulletin t)f general information on the cost of equipping and methods of managing an Indian dairy farm. Tables show the ratious fed and the cost of feeding buffaloes and the dairy breeds of India. Dairying in the Argentine. L. T. ^Iacinnes (Agr. Gaz. N. »S'. Wales, 19 (J!>08), Xo. 8, pp. 613-611; X. Y. Produce Rer. and Amrr. Cream., 1908, Oct. 7, p. 902). — Dairying is an adjunct to stock raising and by the large owner is done on the share system. Modern methods are of recent growth. Skim milk is manufactured into casein and exported to England to be made into knife handles, buttons, and other products. Au increase in Argentine dairy exports is not expected until present methods are changed. Report of Alnarp Agricultural and Dairy Institute and of Alnarp Agri- cultural School and Farm, 1907 {Bcrdttvhsc om Vcrksamheten I'id .i.1narps Ldudfliruks och ilejcrihistitut sanit Alnnrps Landtliruksskola <>rh lUiciidain (ir I'JOl. Malmfi, 1908, pp. Ji9+XVIII, fig. i).— A report of the operations of this institution during l'.)07. Handling and marketing of milk and cream, J. Mrhels {Xorth Carolina Sta. Bui. 198. pp. 'i-2'i, flgs. 13). — This bulletin treats of cream shii)ping cans, sterilizers, ice boxes, and other appliances used in handling and marketing milk and cream, together with plans for dairy houses and some general infor- mation on producing sanitary milk and ci'eam. In comparing different types of cream shipping cans the results obtained show that so far as maintaining toniiieratnre was concerned there was practically no difference in the 20 gal. insulated metallic, the 20 gal. insulated wood .iacketed, and the 10 gal. felt jacketed can. Where low temperatures are to be main- tained for 9 or more hours during warm weather the ordinary 10 gal. can placed inside of a covered ice-cream shipping tub that allows ice to be packetl around the can, including the neck, is deemed the most satisfactory. The ice should be left coarse, and the amount needed will vary with the outside tem- perature and length of time in transit. The wooden tub without ice has practically the same insulating effect as the felt jacketed. The bulk of the milk in the State is sold to consumers without any cooling whatever. To show what cooling will do, tables are given showing the acidity of milk at different ages. When milk was kept at a temperature I'anging be- tween 42 and 45° F. there was only a slight development of acidity. The morning milk kept at these temperatures showed au average increase of acidity of only 0.05 per cent during 24 hours. A cheap and effective ice box is described. The author has also devised an effective sterilizer foj- cleansing vessels and appliances used in handling milk that costs only one-third as much as those commonly used. An improved cool- ing arrangement is described, wherein the ice water from the cooler is pumped DAIRY FAKMTNfi DATRYTNG. 477 lijK-k into (be ic-«' waU-r stomp', thereby resulting iu :i saviuir of water, ice, and time. It took 35 11)S. of ice 41 luiuutes to cool 42 j;al. of milk to 45° F. when the pump was used, as compared with 89 lbs. of ice and 88 minutes without the pump. The presei'vation of milk, L. Eberlein (Pure Products. .'/ {1908), Nos. 9, pp. .]'.)0-39.'i ; 10, pp. Jf.'i2-.'i4U) . — A discussion of the bacterial content of milk under (liffertnt conditions, with tables showing the number of bacteria per cubic centimeter. By strict attention to cleanliness a milk containing few germs may be obtained. Various methods of handling milk are described, together with methods of preserving milk by chemical means, including the Budde method of using hydrogen peroxid. On the changes occurring in milk on heating, O. .Jensen {Mu'lkeriiuh. 21 (1908), Yo. 19, pp. 365-368; Norsk Landmandsblud, 21 {1908), No. 28, pp. SSH- .339). — A discussion of results preA'iously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 289). Investigations on milk serum, F. Landolf (Biochem. Ztschr., 10 {1908), No. Ji-6 pp. .',86--'i89). — From the results obtained in investigations in continua- tion of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. 175) the author is convinced that lactose exists in milk not in three or four different modifications, the so-called a, ^, 7, and 5 forms, as given by other authors, but rather as carbohydrates united in \arious ways, which can be sepai-ated quite easily by fractional precipitation and subsequent fractional crystallization. " Cieddu," F. Samabani {Ann. R. iitaz. Sper. Caseif. Lodi, 1907, pp. 95-98).— Bacteriological examination of fresh "Cieddu" (Sardinian fermented milk) showed the presence of only two forms of micro-organisms, one a variety of JSdcfrriiint hirtis ucidi and the other a variety of BaciUiis ctisrl of Freudenreich. Investigations on the tubercle bacillus content of milk and milk products sold in Leipzig, A. Ebek (Ztschr. Flcisch it. MUckhpf/., 18 (1908), No. 10, pp. .i09-3l9). — In these investigations 19 out of 70 milk establishments supplied milk containing tubercle bacilli. Out of 210 samples of milk 22, or 15 per cent, contained these organisms, of 150 samples of butter 12 per cent, of 50 samples of cream 6 per cent, and of 50 samples of curds 4 per cent. No tubercle bacilli were found in 150 samples of margarin tested. New cream bottle for Babcock test, J. \V. Mitchell (Ann. Rpts. Dairymen's Assocs. Ontario, 1907, p. 183). — The author has devised a new style of bottle, which has a small neck graduated to read the percentage of fat for 9 gm. instead of 18 gm. of sample. This allows more room for readily mixing the contents. Theoretical interpretation of the law of Crismer regarding the acidity of butter, (i. Gesaro (Bui. ,Sof-. Chitu. Behj., 22 (1908), No. 6, pp. 221-223).— A mathematical demonstration of Crismer's statement that adding to the critical temperature of butter the numl)er of cubic centimeters of twentieth-normal potassium hydroxid necessary to neutralize 2 cc. of the melted butter gives very ai)proximately the critical temperature of the butter after neutralization. Renovated butter, LoocK (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., I4 (1908), No. 10, pp. 195-198). — Determinations of some of the usual constants are reported for spoiled butter before and after renovation. The renovating process consisted in removing the casein, salt, and water by melting, neutralizing the acidity by acid, filtering the fat, and freeing it from objectionable flavor by treatment with steam by a special apparatus. The fat thus obtained is put on the market in this condition, or after churning with milk and working, or mixed with good butter. Report of the Finnish butter exhibits, 1906, Ci. A. Bredenberc and L. Sand- isKKc iLitndtbr. Stpr. Meddel., 1907, No. 57, pp. 39). — From 222 creameries 478 EXPERIMENT STATION RErORD. taking' jiarl in tlic rxhihits (liiriii;; the ytar. a tolal uf l.dU.". Iiibs \v<>ro si-orcd. Tliesse coutaiiKMl on the averaj^e lo.S2 per c-eut water (raugiuy from lO.JW to 19.53 per cent ). with an averaj^e refractive index of 51.2 (ranging from 49 to 54.2) that of the volatile acids ranging from 20.85 to 32.90. The former fignre for volatile acids was obtained with hnttcr from the herd milk of a well-known Finnish dairy farm, the output of which w;is doui)tless unadulterated. Report of the Swedish butter exhibits, 1907 [MrdflrT. K. Lnndthr. Styr. [Siceden], 1D08, Xo. ,'/ (US), pji. J/S). — From 516 creameries particii)ating in the exhibits during the year, a total of 2,074 tubs were scored. Chemical analyses showed that the average moisture content of the butter was 13.S \)er cent (ranging from 10.3 to 18.5 per cent), and the refractive index 51.1C (rang- ing from 49 to .5.3.9). A paper giving directions for regulating the moisture content of l)utter. by I,. F. Rosengren, is included in the report. Report of the cheese experiment station at Iiodi, C. Besana (Ann. R. .8/r;~. 8i>et\ Cascif. Lodi, HHPi, pit. l.j-G.'i). — In addition to the account of the work of the station during the year and some reports of investigations, this publica- tion includes an article on tlie Third International Dairy Congress at The Hague in Sejitember, 1907. Chemical study of the ripening of soft cheese. It. Sanfelici (Ann. /?. .S7r/~. ^'/>C/\ Cascif. Lodi, 1901, pp. 6o-0.'i). — The experimental data reported include determinations of the cliemical composition and distribution of the nitrogenous substances and acidity in 5 samples of Quartirola and 4 samples of Crescenza cheese. Fiimi the data reported the author concludes that in Crescenza clieese ripened at a low temperature (5 to 10° C. ) the solubility of tlie casein is greater than in Quartirola cheese rii)ened at a somewhat higher temperature (15 to 20° C). In tliese two types of soft cheeses the solubility of the casein and consequently the ripening is due to unorganized ferments or enzyms and very probably to the galactase of the milk and the pepsin of rennet. In Crescenza cheese the pro- duction of iieptones is greater than in Quartirola cheese. The fat in these types of soft cheese does not luidergo any appreciable alteration and does not partici- pate in tlie ripening. On paraffining- of cheese and convenient appliances for same, T>. F. Rosen- gren (Xord. Mcjrri Tidu., .iS U!:08), ?<>. .?'/, pp. .^80-282, fifj-s. .3).— The paper deals with the advantages of jiaratHning cheese and describes apparatus for the puri)Ose, VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report of the veterinary department, 1906-7, R. J. Stordy (Colon. Rpts., Misc. [dt. Brit.], .A'o. J/f), pp. 1-il, pis. 2, figs. 2). — The veterinary staff of the East Africa Protectorate has been considerably enlarged, with the result that a great improvement has lieen observed in the work of controlling dangerous diseases. Statements are given of the present condition of African coast fever, l>leuro-pneumonia, gangrenous ergotism, glanders, trypanosomiasis, intestinal ]>arasites of horses, sheep scab, various jiarasitic w(U"ms in shec]). jileuro- ]ineumonia in goats, and diseases of dogs. BiipJiaga cnjihrorhpnchii. locally known as the tick bird, is said to l)e of some benefit in feeding upon cattle ticks but has become a nuisance on account of its ha))it of attacking skin wounds of cattle, Piroplasmosis, trypanosomiasis, and rinderpest, E, Meuleman ( Piroplas- inosrs, Tn/pnnosomiascs. ct Pcstr Bovine. Brussels, 1907, pp. 116, pis. ^, map J). — An elaborate account is presented of the distribution,. symptoms, etiology, ])athological lesions, and means of preventing Texas fever,' African coast fever. VETERINARY MEDTPTNE. 479 nagana, surra, galziekte. trypanosomiasis of goats, aud riuderpest. A l>ibU- ography relating to these diseases is appended to the volume. Complication of rinderpest with, piroplasmosis, J. Kowalewsky (Jour. Mrd. Yet. ct Znotech., 59 (lOOS), J/rtr., pp. l',6-150). — The author' describes the symptoms and pathological lesions produced in cattle simultaneously infected with rinderpest and piroplasmosis, A number of other instances are known in which two diseases may affect the same animal simultaneously. Alterations in the blood of animals affected with experimental trypanoso- miases, V. L. Yakimoff (Arch. 8cL Biol. [Sf. Petersh.], 13 (1908), No. 3, pp. 2.'i3-276, pis. 2). — The experiments reported by the author were made on various laboratory animals with cultures of the trypauosomes of nagana and mal de caderas. AVith regard to the effect of experimental inoculation of trypauosomes upon the blood, thi-ee periods may be differentiated. In the first period there is an increase in the total number of leucocytes, particularly the polynuclear cells, and a decrease in the number of lymphocytes. In the second period the trypauo- somes appear in the blood and simultaneously there is a decrease in the total number of leucocytes and an increase in the number of lymphocytes. The third ]ieriod which in fatal cases occurs shortly before death is characterized by an increase in the number of polynuclear leucocytes and irregular variations hi the relative proportions of the different forms of leucocytes. A bibliography is appended. The biology of the pathogenic organism of hemorrhagic septicemia, H. Ostertag (Ztschr. Infcktionskraiik. u. IJyg. Haustiere, Jf (1908), Xo. 1-2. pp. l-.'i). — The purpose of the study reported in this paper was to determine the importance of certain- practical methods for controlling hemorrhagic septicemia. It appears that the organism of this disease is quite readily destroyed by desiccation, even in pure cultures being killed by desiccation for 7 days under the influence of diffuse sunlight. Experiments also indicated that under ordi- nary treatment the bacillus becomes completely nonvirulent on the skins of animals affected with the disease. On the other hand, the bacillus shows high resisting power toward decomiiosition, retaining its virulence for 100 days or more in decomposing blood and meat. Lecithinophilous property of the tubercle bacillus and tuberculin, A. Cal- METTE, L. JIassol, and M. Breton iCompt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Pans], l.'/G (1908), Xo. 13, pp. 676-679). — In a series of experiments carried on by the authors it was foimd that serums which contain lecithin revealed its presence by their power of rendering cobra poison more active in disintegrating washed red blood cor- puscles. In fact this method may be used for e!?timating quite closely the quan- tity of lecithin in sera, merely measuring the quantity of the serum which is capable of rendering active a certain AA'eight of the cobra poison. It was found that the blood sera of tuberculous animals and man contain a considerable amount of lecithin while normal serum shows none of this substance. The etiology of tuberculosis, :m. P. Ravenel (Berlin. Klin, Wchnschr., J/o (1908), Xo. 16, pp. 788-793). — A brief review is given of the literature on tuber- culosis, particularly that relating te free from tuberculosis. Of the other 24, 6 reacted to subcutaneous reaction of tuberculin and 2 were found to be tuberculous upon post-mortem examination. Of 5 cattle which were tested with tuberculin upon the conjunctiva, 3 showed a slight reddening of the conjunctival mucosa and 2 of these proved to be tuberculous. The author concludes as a result of his investigations that neither a cutaneous nor con- junctival tuberculin test has a value equal to that of the subcutaneous method. Report on tuberculosis of domesticated animals (BiiJ. »S'err. Pol. Siniif. Aniui. Dom., 1906, No. 25 B, pp. 291-3 'il). — Extensive statistical data are given regard- ing the results of tuberculin tests on cattle for the purpose of showing the frequency and distribution of tuberculosis in Belgium. With regard to the control of tuberculosis, good results have been obtained in all instances from the use of the Bang method. The application of vaccination by von Behring's method showed that a high degree of resistance against tuberculosis may be produced with a duration of about 1 year. The Dresden method of protective vaccination of cattle against tuber- culosis, ^I. Klimmer (Berlin Tioiirzil. Wcltnschr.. 1908, No. I'l. pp. 2'il-2.'i3). — It has been demonstrated that cattle may be immunized against tuberculosis I)y the use of tubercle bacilli from various sources. The immunity thus produced, however, does not last more than about a year. On this account It is necessary to rei^eat the inoculation from year to year in order to keep cattle protected against the disease. Such a process is out of the question in the case of dairy cows, for the reason that the milk might contain tubercle bacilli as a result of inoculation with attenuated bacilli. The author, thei'efore, tested the Aalue of nonvirnleut bacilli especially for use in the case of dairy cows. Satisfactory j-esults were obtained and it is recommended that a hypodermic injection of 5 cc. of nonvirulent tubercle bacilli be made hypodermically, that the injection be repeated after 3 months and thereafter at yearly intervals. Abortion, C. L. Beach (Connecticut Storrs Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. 139-1^1). — This disease was introduced into the college herd through the purchase of G pregnant animals. Dining the 3 years following 24 of the 79 calvings were pre- mature. These premature births occurred from 145 to 262 days from time of conceptitm, the average for the 24 cases being 211 days. Tlie sire was not the sole means of spreading the disease as the 24 conceptions that tei'minated in premature births were the result of matings with 15 dif- ferent sires, 8 of which were owned by parties remote from the affected herd. As it is frequently stated that an aborting cow is usually of little use in the dairy, milk and fat yields following a normal calving were compared with yields between normal calvings, in which the period of abortion was included. The milk yields were found to be 12 per cent less per year during the aborting period. The satisfactory yields are attributed in part to the complete removal of the afterbirth and the thorough disinfection of the animal after abortion, an account of which is given. Only one of the 24 animals that experienced a premature birth failed to breed after abortion, and this animal at post-mortem examination showed the presence of an ovarian tumor which may originally have been caused by the treatment administered to induce conception. VETERINARY ^MEDTCTNE. 481 Twenty-three of these tows produced ii'uorinal calf an average of 401 days subsequent to abortion, conception taking place practically 6 months after jiborting. Experience indicates that it is useless to attempt to breed a cow for 4 or 5 mouths subsequent to aborting. To the yeast treatment is attributed in part the success in inducing conception following premature delivery. The diagnosis of chronic forms of niammitis in cows by means of the method of Trommsdorff, H. Martkl (//;/(/. Viande et Lait. 2 {190S). Xo. .'/, pi). 161-165). — A test of the Trommsdorflf method for the identification of leucocytes indicated that this method can not be relied on exclusively in the diagnosis of niammitis without a veterinary examination of the suspected cows. Aphthous pseudostomatitis of cows, Lienaux (Ann. Med. Vet., .77 (/.90,S). \<>. 'i. pp. /8J-/.''.?). — Various investigators have studied the symptoms and liathology and attempted to determine the etiology of stomatitis In cattle with synii)tonis resembling foot-and-mouth disease. It is believed that the ma.iority of cases of stomatitis of this form are due to a fungus or bacterial cause which produces an infection more readily after the mucous membrane has become in- jured or irritated by drugs or from other causes. Texas fever, L. L. Lewis (Oklahotna Sta. BiiJ. 81, pp. 3-32, figs. i9).— This bulletin includes a general discussion of Texas fever in which particular atten- tion is paid to the life history, habits, and methods of eradication of the cattle tick. The author considers $750,000 to ii;i,(X)0.000 to be at the present time a ^low estimate of the annual loss in Oklahoma due to this tick. In addition to 21(ini(irfjpii!s anniilatiis, the castor-beau tick, the net tick, the dog or wood tick, the lone-star tick, and the ear tick (Ornithodoros mcgnini) are described as parasites of cattle in Oklahoma. While cattle may become immune to a certain degree of virulence of Texas fever infec-tion, it is stated to be a common experience in many portions of Oklahoma for them to contract the disease when ticks from cattle shipi>ed from farther south attach to them. In this way a great many cattle are lost every sunuuer on account of the more virulent form of infection brought into the pa.stures and ranges. The methods of eradicating the cattle tick are describetl and plans are given for the construction of a dipping vat. Poisonous symptoms after feeding peanut meal (lUus. Landw. Ztg„ 2S (1908), Xo. 21), pp. 259, 200). — A few cases of poisoning have been noted from the effects of feeding peanut meals which have been adulteratetl or have become contaminated with molds or other injurious materials. The symptoms in one case included diarrhea, loss of appetite, diminution of milk yield, and fever. The ]ieanut meal which caused these effects in cows was found to contain a small, quantity of castor-oil beans. The bacillus of Preisz-Nocard in ovine pathology, H. Carre and L. BiGOTEAU {Rri: Gen. Med. Yet., 11 (1908), Xos. 127. pp. 369-380; 128, pp. 433- ■i-'i9). — The bacillus of Preisz-Nocard has been studied by a number of investi- gators with particular reference to the details in the pathological lesions which it produces and the criteria for arriving at a differential diagnosis. As a rule, an infection with this organism may be distinguished from anthrax by the fact that in the former case the organism is not found in the blood. Gangrenous mammitis in sheep, W. Pfeiler (Ztschi: Infehtionskranl:. ii. Ifpfl. HfiKstiere, ', (1908), Xo. 1-2, pp. 132-136).— A micrococcus was isolatetl from the udder of a sheep affected with gangrenous inflammation. This organ- ism was grown on a number of nutrient media and inoculation experiments were tried to determine its pathogenic properties and the modes of infection. The organism readily produced infection when injected directly into the udder or through the nnlk canal. The mere presence of the bacillus upon the exterior of the udder appears seldom lu produce an infection. There is, therefore, little 482 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. dauKei' of transniitting the discaso in iiiilkiii^r shwp whore these auinials are kept for milk. The disease can not l>e cnred by external treatment, as it is necessary to remove the affected part of the udder. Certain eye diseases among' horses, V. Okholm {Maanedskr. Drylwger, 19 {1908), A'o. 12, pp. .)'/.9-,)66). — Notes are given on the i)athology, distribution, occurrence, and treatment of periodic ophthalmia, siin])le iritis, and FUaria pap- UJo.hu in the eye. Immunization against glanders, A. Makxkr (Berlin. Tierarztl. Wclnisclir., 1!>0S, Xo. I J, pp. 229-231). — Exi>eriments were made in attenuating cultures of glanders bacilli in solutions of glycerin and urea. It was found that tlie at- teiuiation was directly proportional to the temperature and inversely i»roix)r- tional to the density of the emulsion. No satisfactory results were obtained from the use of attenuated bacilli. Hy killing the glanders bacilli in a 10 per cent solution of urea a more satisfactory jn-eparation was obtained. For this pur- liose 0.1 gni. of the bacilli was placed in 4 cc. of the urea solution for IT hours. A dry extract was obtained from this material and used for immunizing pur- poses. Similar results were obtained with the use of glycerin in the place of urea. Experiments were tirst carried on with laboratory animals and later with horses. It was found possible to produce an immunity in horses for a period of at least 1 year by a single injection with a preparation of dead glanders bacilli. Loco weed poisoning in horses, A. T. Peters and L. P>. Sturdevant (Nc- bra.ska /S7«. Rpt. 1907, pp. 7.'f-107, ftffx. //). — As a result of experiments con- ducted, the authors conclnde that " hnnger will lead many horses to eat loco weed when the grass is short, especially in the early spring or in the late fall, or even in wet seasons when the grass is not short, probably because the weed is then more succulent. A small grain ration when the grass is short will usually be sufficient to keep the animals from forming the loco-eating habit. After a horse has eaten loco for a time, this habit becomes permanent in most cases." The loco-eating habit was iiermanently formed in 1 horse after 118 lbs. of picked Antrd gains moUissimus had been eaten and probably long before this. " This animal lived G2 days after the picked loco was first fed and consumed a total of 322 lbs. of this besides that eaten in pasture and on the prairie. Six lbs. of picked AragaUus Jamhcrti fed in 1 day to a second horse was not suffi- cient to induce the loco habit, but after 2\l lbs. of picked .1. lamhcrti and lOi lbs. of .1. DifiUi.Hsinuis had lieen eaten the habit was permanently induced. This animal died 25 days after the first of this weed had been fed. The loco-lating habit was permanently Induced in another horse by ."> lbs of .1. inollissimus fed on each of 2 successive days. The total amount of picked loco eaten by this animal was 2214 lbs., and death occurred 50 days after the first of this was fed. Post-mortem examinations indicated that the greatest change was induced in the nervous system, which showed much congestion throughout. A protozoan observed in cases of epizootic lymphangitis in mules, E. DrcLorx (Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol. \ Paris]. (!>, (/.'W,S), Xo. IS. pp. 593-r)95).^ The author had opportunity to examine the ])athological lesions in mules affected with epizootic lymi)hangitis, particularly in the fore legs. The puru- lent material obtained from swellings contained leucocytes which were infected with a protozoan parasite. In some cases a single polyuuclear leucocyte contained as many as 32 of the parasitic protozoa. These parasites were observed in various stages of development undergoing division and changes of form. The author proposes the name Leiiroeiftoroon piroplasrnoides for the parasite. VETKRTNARV MEDICINE. 483 Inspection of pork in cases of diamond-skin disease for virulent bacilli of swine erysipelas. A. Sciiuii (Dciil. Ticriirzll. Wclnisvlir., Jil (l!)08), Aos. 16, III). ^2',)-.i3G ; 17, pp. 2fi5-2JiS). — Sauii)les were taken from the musculature and various organs of 23 bogs affected with swine erysipelas. Microscopic exam- ination was made of this material and inoculation tests were carried on to determine the presence and virulence of the bacilli of swine erysipelas. It was found that in bogs in which a fresh infection of the diseast^ prevailed and in which nunicrous small dianion(l-sha|»ed areas had appeared but had not yet become reddened the bacilli of swine erysipelas were present in the organs as shown by the inoculation of minute particles of tissue in white mice. In more advanced cases showing numerous red patches on the skin the bacilli were demonstrated both in cultures and from the inoculation of mice. Similar material taken from cases of the disease in later stages showed that the bacilli are sometimes present and sometimes absent from the organs. By taking a number of samples of tissue, however, it was found that in every case of swine erysipelas to be recognized clinically, virulent bacilli were present, as demonstrated by inoculation of white or gray nnce. The bacilli could not be demonstrated in the organs of hogs on which the si>ots did not appear during life, but only after scalding. On a spirochete occurring' in the blood of chickens in northern India, 11. E, MoN'TdOMKHY {Jour. Tiop. Yct. /S'cf., .J (lilOS), Xo. 1, pp. 1-2, pis. 2, p(j. /). — The author has observed the unusual prevalence of Ai(/irocIi(ct(( {/(lUiiKintin is described in detail. In the author's opinion the possibility is not excluded that the human spirochete of India may be inoculable into chickens or vice versa. Streptococcic diseases of fowls, I^. Grkvk ( Dnif. Ticriirzll. Wrtinsclir., 10 {1908), No. 15, pp. 213-215). — Occasion was had to examine fowls affected with a kind of sleeping sickness due to strei)tococci. The micro-organisms were found in large numbers in the blood. By means of inoculation experiments it was shown that the disease may be transmitted to pigeons and mice. Ap- parently the disease is not rapidly transmitted by mere contact with affected fowls. Infectious leukemia in ducks, C. J. Bound [QKccn.sldiKl Af/r. Jour.. 20 (190S), No. 3, pp. 13()-138). — An outbreak of infectious leukemia occurred in ducks causing a mortality of 00 per cent or more. The disease runs a course of 7 to 14 days and the incubation period ranges from 3 to 5 days. The micro- organism found in cases of this disease is described and notes are given on its behavior in various culture media. Xo remedial treatment seems to be of avail and the author, thei'efore. recommends the isolation of diseased birds and thorough disinfection. A plague affecting canary birds, W. Zwick (Zf.sc//r. lafvldlon-skraul:. ii. Ihlf). Il(iiislicn\ 'i {i:i08), \(>. 1-2, pp. 33-.'i9. pi. 1, fig.^. 5). — According to the available litei-ature on this subject there apiiear to be five distinct infectious diseases which affect canary birds. The author had occasion to study a serious outbreak of an infectious disease among these birds. The feathers api)eared ruffled, the appetite was soon lost, the head was held for the most part under the wing or in the feathers, and in most cases death took place within from 24 to .">(■> liours. An organism was isolated from affected birds and its behavior was studied on various culture media. The bacillus in ipiestion apitears not to form a lillcrablc toxin. Pigeons and chickens are not sus<-eptibl(' to the 484 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. bacillus bill iiifectuju may Ix" produced in guinea pigs, si)arro\vs. and other exixn-imeuta! animals. Local eosinophilia in cases of infections with animal parasites, A. F. FoLGER {Zischi: Infcktionskrank. u. Hyg. Haustien-, J, (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 102- 131, pis. 2). — Much attention has been given to the variations in the number and relative proportions of leucocytes during the prevalence of infectious and parasitic diseases. An increase in the number of eosinophilous leucocyt<* is generally recognized as au important indication of pathological conditions." The observations reported by the author were largely made on tissues from animals infested with Sarcosi^oridia, tluke worms, and cysticerci. SarcospoTidia in tlie musculature of various animals as a rule caused no general disturbance, the pathological changes being purely local. No alteration in the proportion of eosinophilous cells was observed in such cases. In the liver of cattle and sheep affected with fluke worms, the eosinophilous cells were present in greatly increased numbers. An increase in the number of these cells was also observed in the liver of hogs infested with Vi/sticercus tcnuicoUls. Notes on some parasites in Burma, G. H. Evans and T. Rennie {Jour. Trop. Yet. HcL, 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 13-27, pis. 10). — Elaborate anatomical and descriptive notes are given on apparently new" species of Gastrodiscus found in cattle and horses, the iiancreatic fluke in cattle, and an unknown species of (Jastrothylax. RURAL ENGINEERING. Installation of an experimental drainage system, AY. Robertsox and J. T. Stewart {Mitincsola 8ta. Bui. 110, pp. 3-99, flgs. 62, map 1). — This bulletin describes the installation of a complete system of open and tile drains on the Northwest Experiment Farm at Crookston, by the University of Minnesitta. under the supervision of a drainage engineer connected with this Ofiice, who made the surveys and plans. The investigation made for planning the system included a tojiographical survey, study of the rainfall conditions, soil exami- nation and analysis, and soil water analysis. The problem was not only to remove the rainfall from the farm but to prevent overflow from higher lands. T'nderdrainage in the soil found here was considered an experiment and on this account the depth and distance ai)art of the drains were varied, as well as the kind of tile and the method of laying it. Tlie construction of open ditches by slii) scrapers is illustrated and discussed with the figures of cost. Tile ditches were constructed by hand and by machine, and the cost and methods of each are shown and compared. The operation and construction of the traction ditcher which was used, and the difficulties encoun- tered with it, are described in detail. The soil, a fine clay, was quite wet, and (operating delays were frequent, due to slipping wheels, cups clogging, wet earth on the rollers, and grass roots collecting on the knives, as well as breakage. The soil finally had to be broken with a plow before the machine was used, and the work frequently had to be supplemented by hand digging. The machine used was a second-hand one, having been used for demonstration purposes at the factory, and it is believed that many of the difficulties encountered would be overcome by the modern improvements in the more recent machines. The best condition for machine work is deemed to be in dry ground which is in cultivation. Stress is laid upon the methods of protecting the outlets in tile drains. Out- lets were constructed of wood box, sewer pipe, tile inclosed in cement, concrete altutment, and metal pipe, and the total cost of each of these is shown, as well as the method of construction. A tile record contains in tabular form comjilete EUKAL ENGINEERING. 485 details of the lile system, including the cost of eacli necessary item for ditfereut sizes and dei)ths of tile. Tlie cost of tlie tile and of tiauling and distributing are also uoted. A brief account of liouse and yard drainage installed is given. Tliere is also a short account of the manufacture of cement tile, both on the farm and in the factory. The experience with that made on the farm indicated that it is not economical to manufacture small-sized pipe, A portion of the bulletin is devoted to reports on excavating machinery used in the Red River Valley. Two land machines, a ditcher and a walking dredge, are described, the former being reported to be specially suited to land which is stable enough to support its track and which is comparatively free from thnber or rock. An elevating grader, used on the farm, is also described. Irrigation and drainage, C. F. Brown (Bcserct Farmer, 5 {1908} ^ No. 12, PIK -J. 7i, 13, fig. 1). — This is a popular article dealing with the drainage of seeped lands in irrigated regions, and briefly outlines the general principles to be observed in reclaiming this class of land. It describes the procedure nec- essary to prepare suitable plans for drainage and the practical considerations necessary to maintain the drains in proper order. It is remarked that it is not sufiicient merely to intercept the seeped water but that an outlet must also be made on the lower land. The article includes a description of the investigation and plans made for reclaiming a tract of 50 acres of seeped land in the Bear Itiver Valley, Utah. Geometrical measuring plate (Illus. Laiidiv. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 81, p. 71) 'i, figx. 5). — This article describes a simple measuring device suitable for farm surveying and for obtaining differences in elevation. It consists of a plate graduated in degrees like a protractor, and two standards by which a line of sight is established. It is used for surveying by triangulating from a measured base line, and in place of a level by reading horizontal angles. To do this the plate can be set in a vertical plane and a vertical line constructed with the aid of a plumb-bob. Tests of gasoline-operated farm motors {Canad. Thresherman and Fanner, II (1908), No. 8, pp. 5-6, 70, fir/.s. 20; Nor'-West Farmer, 27 {1908), No. 1.',, pp. ()77, 67.S', fi(jx. ■')). — There are described here the various machines entered in the agricultural motor contest held in July at Winnipeg, Canada, the first ever held in America, with the conditions prescribed for the competitors and the methods used in judging the winners. Plowing by the direct system with motor power, V. Thallmayer (Laiiilir. Mdsrh. n. Gerafe, 8 {1908), No. 22, pp. 1, 2, figs. .3).— A brief discussion of the general ])rinciples of motor cultivation, with the following results of tests made in Winniiieg, Canada, at the contest noted above: Te-sis of ya.^oJiitv-opcratrd ;/io/orv. Katinj? of motor. Weight. Number of plow- shares. Width of furrow. Velocity per second. Results per acre. Time re- quired. Con- sumption of gaso- line. H.P. 15 40 30 Lbs. 9,880 12,900 IS, -.00 3 5 6 Ft. 3.51 5.81 13 98 Ft. 3.28 2.96 2.79 /). m. 1 6 0 42 0 37 Gals. 3.91 4.25 4.41 486 EXPEHIMKNT STATION JtlX'ORD, Beet diggers, G, Fischer {Masch. Ztg., (j (JflOS), Xo. 20, pp. 220-232, figs. 6).— This iiitiele deals with the difficulties met witli in tlie construction of satisfac- tory beet diggers, resulting in their pi'ohibitive cost, and the progress made recently in tlieir manufacture. Several ty[)es are illustrateil and their mode of operating descrilted, witli remarks on their relative efficiency. rarm implements in Germany, li. 11. Dknnis (Daihj Consular inid '/'rndr Rpts. [U. S.], 1908, No. 3253, pp. i-.'/),— This is an account of the domestic and foreign agricultural machinery on exhibition at the German Agricultural Society show lield at Canustatt-Stuttgart in 1908. The reasons why American, English, and other foreign-made agricultural machinery is so little used in (Jermany are also discussed, witli suggestions to American manufacturers re- garding the increase of trade in agricultural imi)lements and machinery. Strength test of harness leather, G. It. Chatburn ( Xcbraska Stti. Rpt. I'.lOt; p. 73, fig. 1). — In two breaking tests, made on new If-in. farm harness tugs with attached hame tugs, the leather failed by tearing through the buckle hole. The results gave value* of 1,000 and 1,050 lbs., respectively, for the beginning of failure, and 1,400 and ],.570 lbs. for the breaking load, from which it is cal- culated that on earth roads in fairly good condition the tug is capable of haul- ing practically 0 tons. Lighting country homes by private electric plants, T. H. Amrine (Illinoifi Sfa. Circ. 121, pp. 3-5, figs. 11; Univ. III. Eiigin. Evpt. Htn. Bui. 25, pp. 35). ~ This bulletin discusses the features essential to the success of installing and maintaining at a reasonable cost a satisfactory electric light plant for country homes, and presents the design of such a plant in sufficient detail so that it is believed it will enable anyone to decide on the size and equipment necessary to install a similar plant. Such plants are now considered practicable by the introduction of the tungsten filament lamp, which, because of its high efficiency, reduces the necessary size of storage battery. Proper attention to the selection of fixtures and planning of tlie lighting arrangement contributes largely to the economy of the system. Shades should be selected with reference to their ability to diffuse the light or throw it in a given direction as may be required. Tlie placing of fixtures is also important and should be governed by their usefulness rather than ap- pearance in the room. These points are illustrated by an example of a lighting scheme for a medium-sized private residence. A glossary of technical terms is appended. RURAL ECONOMICS. The State and the farmer, L. II. Bailey (Ac/c York and London. 1908, pp. XI I +177). —The autlior discusses what it is wise and legitimate for govern- ments to do in aid of the farmer and how, in general, it may be accomplished. The present-day needs of rural communities are believed to be greater technical knowledge of agriculture, governmental protection, the development of the co- oiterative spirit, the establishment of common centers of interest in rural dis- tricts, and development of individual initiative. For the improvement of these needs State and Federal governments sliould cooperate not for the sake of the individual farmer but because of its bearing on National welfare. Agricultural legislation, H. I^. Ri'Dloff i Fiililing's Laiidir. Zlg., 57 (1908). Xos. I'l, pp. .'i'.n-502; 15. pp. 535-5 'i2). — A sunnnary of the titles of different laws relating to agriculture' are presented and discussed in this article. The legislation considered begins with the decree of September 28, 1701, in France and is brought down to 100.'). The agricultural legislation of Belgium. Argen- tina, Hungary, and the two cantons of Aargau and Xeuch.atel in Switzei-land are likewise sunnnarized and discussed, KURAL ECONOMICS. 487 rarm leasing' system in New York State (Breeder's Gu,:., 5'i (1908). Xo. 7, pj). ,^oo, 236). — This is a description and discussion of the system of leasing and farm management practiced on the 30,000-acre Wadsworth estate in the Genesee ^■a]ley. One of the most unusual features of the lease is that the tenant pays all taxes. This gives the tenant a i)ersonal interest in the farm and places upon him the duties of citizenship. The tenant is thus compelled to participate iu the activities which the State, county, and district require of citizens. The system of farm management practiced, which is under the personal direc- tion of the owner, aims to maintain as well as to improve the fertility of the soil. The system has been in operation for a century. It is said to secure permanence of tenantry, to keep the land in good condition, and to work for the economic advantage of both tenant and landlord. The subdivision of farms in France, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., to {1908), No. 21, pp. 9, 10). — This article calls attention to the system of farm holdings which prevails throughout France. It appears that the farms consist of numerous small, noncontiguous parcels of land. As an extreme illustration of French farm-holding conditions, a single proprietorship in the Department of Ilaute-Saone of 30 hectares (about 74 acres) was comjiosed of 130 separated plats. It is estimated that the farm lands of Fi-ance consist of more than 12.j,(K>0,000 jilats, "the average of each farm holding being 10 plats. In some eastern i)rovinces a farm sometimes consists of 100 plats." The author calls attention to the enormous economic waste arising from such conditions, the inability of farmers to use machinery to advantage, the loss of time in passing from one plat to the other, etc., and believes the present farm system is a problem requiring an immediate practical remedy. The exchange and reassignment of land, L. Guandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., ri. scr., 10 (190S), Xo. 28, pp. J7, 38). — The author calls attention to the economic waste arising from the present system of working the 12."i,000,000 small strips of land into which the farms of France are subdivided, and advo- cates the reassignment of farm lands directly by the government or the volun- tary exchange of separate small parcels by neighboring farmers under govern- ■ nient supervision. The latter is regarded as the better plan. The economic ad- vantages of repartition are illustrated from results accomplished in Sweden ••ind Germany. The chief articles of the Saxon law bearing on this subject are included. The fluctuations in value of agricultural land in France since 1851, II. Saui.nier (Econ. Frune., 30 (1908), II. Xo. 32, pp. 202-205).— Tho author gives statistics of land values and discusses the causes of the fluctuations in value which the returns show. From 18.51 to 1879 there was with few exceptions a general rise in agri- cultural land Aalues in all departments of France, averaging for the whole of France 43.S per cent, and reaching as high as 141.7 per cent increase in value in the I)ei)artment of Allier. From 1880 to 1905 there was a general decrease in values, reaching 67 per cent in the Department of Aude and averaging 30.5 per cent decrease for the country at large. Since 1905 the decrease in value has continued in .35 departments, while in the rest of France land values have remained stationary or have only slightly increased. The average agricultural land values wei'e as follows: In 18.51, 1,275 francs per hectare; in 1879, the highest period, 1.8,30 francs; and in 190.5, the lowest period, 1,264 francs per hectare. Suggestions for the formation of more stable conditions are presented. The fluctuations in value of agricultural land in France, D. Zolla (Jour. Di'hats I'olil. vl Lit.. 120 (1908), Xo. 201, p. 2; Econ. Franc., 30 (1908). II, A o. 39, p. .'/.)7). — From statistics derived from the rent-roils of eleemosynary institutions in several departments of France, the author shows that from 1876 488 KXI'KKIMKMT STATION JtECORD. lc> 1!XH>, ];iii(l (kHiciised in value from 20 to 43 per cent jifcording to location. The decrease in general is about 31 per cent, which corresponds closely with the figure readied by Saulnier (see above). The author believes, however, that ilie price of agricultural products is sure to rise and that this tendency will r.-iise the value of agricultural lands again in the near future. The farm labor problem (Wallaces' Farmer, 33 (1908), No. 37, p. tOSJi). — In this article attention is called to the scai'city of practical farm help and the impossibility of farmers employing men from cities to advantage in modern farm work. The only remedy open to farmei-s is believed to be in the use of more machinery and less labor. The white im^m.igrant as a plantation laborer, W. .7. Behan {La. Planter, .'// (1908), Xo. 8, PI). J:^o, 126, figs, .)). — The author relates the experience of south- ern i)lanters in dealing with Bulgarian immigrants. Instead of paying them by the day and allowing them to board themselves, in which case they would in- variably leave the farms after the grinding season, the plan of paying them .$!.") per month, afterwards increased to $20, with board and lodging was adopted. This method proved eminently successful in keeping these laborers on the land, and in the author's opinion offers a practical solution of the labor problem on sugar i)lantations in the South. Rural mutual association, T. Sakazin (i^ei)iaiiie Ayr. [Parif<'\, 27' (1908). A'o. 1)18, pp. J3(i, 237). — The author points out the educational and economic benefits to farmers of the principle of mutual help, and sets forth the objects and meth- ods of the different mutual associations in France and other European countries. The agricultural cooperative congress at Piacenza, E. Ottavi (Colli ratorc, .'t'l {}9()8), Xo. .'lO, pp. Ji22--i26). — A brief account is presented of this congress of national and international agricultural cooperative societies, held at Piacenza on September 23-2(5, 190S. At that date the societies for the purchase of supplies numbered 1,414 and the rural banks 1,650. The-'" affittauze collettive," or socie- ties of agricultural laborers, numbered 150, a gain of 42 during the year (E. S, K.. v.). ]). .jST). Agricultural mutual credit banks in 1907 (Sciuaiiw Ayr. [Paris], 27 (t90S), Xo. lJi20, p. 2')1). — The returns for 1907 show that the district banks numbered 88, the local banks affiliated with the district banks 2,168, with 96,102 adherents, and new loans during the year of 45,376,300 francs. These figures show sub- stantial gains over 1906 (E. S. R., 19, p. 692). Agricultural credit banks (Economist, 67 (1908), Xo. 3390, pp. 306, 307).— This is a discussion of the development and methods of operation of agricul- tural credit baiUiS in Ireland, Germany, and France, and of their adaptability to England in connection with the working of the Small Holdings Act (E. S. R., 19, p. 10.S7). Agricultural credit societies (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 (1908), No. 6, pp. .'i07-'il.'i). — An article similar in scope to the above. The new development in agricultural cooperation, H. Plunkett (Irish Homestead, 15 (1908), Xos. 32, pp. 630-632; 33, pp. 650-652; 3-'i, pp. 670, 671).— This article sets forth the objects and aims of the centralized organization due to the combination of the Irish. English, and Scotch agricultural organization societies. Two boards were constituted, one for extending organization among farmers and the other for extending cooperative trade in farm products. This new machinery will also be used as opportunity offers for advancing and pro- tecting the interests of the agricultural classes in relation to government. The practicability of these lines of activity is fully discussed. Credit bank for the encouragement of irrigation works and agriculture (Bol. 8oc. Agr. Mexicana^ 32 (1908), Xo. 3'i, pp. 661-665; Mod. Mex., 28 (1908), AGRICULTURAL EDUCATIOK. 489 No. 35, pp. 6, 7). — The articles of incorporation for the establistimeut of a now l)anl\ under autliority of a government concession dated September 3, 190.S, are reported. Crop Reporter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 10 {1908), X<>. 11, pp. St-S8). — The usual statistics on the condition, value, and prices of principal crops in the Ignited States, together with the condition and yields of crojis in foreign countries, are tabulated and discussed. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Preliminary report of the Committee on Industrial Education in Schools for Rural Communities (Nat. Ed. Assoc. Advance Print, 190S, pp. 6//). — This is the third report of the committee. It includes a brief historical statement con- cerning the two previous reports, and detailed reports by D. J. Crosby and O. J. Kern on instruction in agricnltni'e in 4 types of schools, viz: (1) High schools in small villages, as represented by the borough and township high school at Waterford, Pa,; (2) rural high schools with a strong agricultural trend to their curricula, as represented by the Cecil County Agricultural School, Calvert, Md. ; (3) consolidated schools, as represented by the John Swaney Consolidated School, near McNabb, 111.; (4) technical agricultural high scliools, as represented by the district agricultural schools in Georgia. The re|)ort has been previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1197). Farmers' Institute Report, J. H. Miller (Jndustrialis-t, Farmers' Inst. Ser.. 1 (1908), No. D, pp. 80, figs. 20). — This report covers the biennial period ended June 30, 1908, and includes not only a report covering the work of this period but also suggestions for improving the farmers' institute work, for young people's contests, demonstration work, cooperation with other organizations, agriculture in the rural schools, improving the rural schools and home surround- ings, and women's work in farmers' institutes. There is also included an announcement of winter meetings at the Kansas State Agricultural College, a reprint of the Kansas farmers' institute law, a suggestive constitution and by-laws for farmers' institute organizations, and tabular matter concerning the different phases of work carried on by the superintendent of institutes. Instruction in practical ag'riculture at the University farm, Davis, Cali- fornia {California Sta. Circ. 39, pp. 3-18, figs. !.<)).— This circular contains the amiouncements given in Circular 37 previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 192), but is illustrated and includes an announcement of the regular two-year course at the school of agriculture, Davis, to be opened in January, 1909. Manual of agriculture for the common schools of Illinois, D. O. Bahto (.Vcir Yorli- and CJiieago, 1908, pp. .51). — The author intends this manual for the use of teachers giving instruction in agriculture to pupils of the seventh and eighth grades. It consists mainly of exercises relating to soils and growing crops and includes indoor and outdoor work. A list of books and bulletins which wnll be useful to teacliers and pupils is appended. A plan for presentation of the science of agriculture for the use of teachers, H. A. MoRCAN and J. Main {[Kno.rvUle, Trnn.], 1908. pp. 16). — A unique diagram has been devised by the authors to illustrate nature's cycle and the relations of the mineral, plant, and animal kingdoms to each other and tf) man. This diagram and the cycle which it illustrates are made the basis for the order of teaching the subject of agriculture and for illustrating the relation of dif- ferent branches of agriculture to each other. Exercises in elementary quantitative analysis for students of agriculture. A. T. Lincoln and J. H. Walton, Jr. {Nev) York, 1901, ii/). XV +2 18. figs. 32).^ This book contains inti-odnctory exercises in gravimetric analysis, .-icidinieti-y (iriH2:\ Xo. .-, 09 -7 490 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aud alkalimetry, periuauganate and dicbroiuate titrations, iodimetry, stoichi- ometry, and a section on agricultural analysis covering tlie examination of millt, butter, cereals and feeding materials, fertilizers and soils. It is designed primarily as an elementary quantitative guide for tlie use of agricultural students, but may also be used for worli in general elementary quantitative analysis. Dry-land farming: Drought-resistant crops and a system of soil culture, A. M. Ten Eyck {Industrialist, Farmers' Inst. Scr., 1 (1908), A"o, A, pp. 25).^ In this article the author discusses (1) drought-resistant crops, dealing with soil and culture, use of water, amount of water required by crops, moisture in soil after cropping, principal dry-land farming crops, dry-land crops in eastern Colorado, crops for western Kansas, breeding drought-resistant crops, and experiment station problems, and (2) a system of soil culture, including system- atic tillage, tillage and fertility, imi)lenieuts and methods, deep plowing, soil mulch, disking after harvest, and harrowing wheat. Demonstration problems for Farmers' Institute members, and others {Industrialist, Farmers' Inst. Sct\, 1 {1908), No. C, pp. 64). — This pamphlet contains suggestions for cooperative crop demonstrations by A. M. Ten Eyck, coopei'ative feeding demonstrations by R. J. Kiuzer, demonstrations in the orchard and garden by Albert Dickens, demonstrations with poultry by W. A, Lamb, and demonstrations in dairying by J. C. Kendall. The poultry industry, D. M. Wilson aiid W. A. Lamb {Industrialist, Farmers' Inst. Sen, 1 {1908), No. 3, pp. 151, figs. 27). — This article written from a market standpoint is intended to help beginners and to bring the poultry industry into more prominence. It includes a discussion of (1) the care and management of ducks, geese, and turkeys, and (2) chickens— breeds and history of American and Asiatic varieties, choosing a breed, cai'e and management, feedhig for egg pro- duction, preparing eggs for market, determining the layers, poultry houses, incubators and brooders, feeding incubator chicks, fattening chickens for market, profit in poultry, the poultry house as a schoolroom, and the study of poultry by town and village youth. A list of " don'ts," a chicken talk, and an official score card are appended. Nature-study, F. L. Holtz {Neic York, 1908, pp. XIV+5Jf6, pi. 1 figs. 111).— This manual " is designed as an aid and guide to the practical teacher, and as a text-book i:i methods of nature study for normal aud training schools." It consists of 3 parts. Part I is devoted to a discussion of underlying principles and methods— the motive in nature study, its educational, esthetic and ethical values, studying nature in the grades — how and what, illustrative material, and correlation. " Part II contains appropriate subject-matter of a biological nature, and practi- cal hints and suggestions on the collection and care of material, and the presen- tation of lessons." Part III consists of a course in nature study for the 8 grades, the requirements of both cit.v and rural schools being considered. A list of primary information books and nature stories and a general refer- ence list are appended. Our useful birds, J. S. Hine {Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.^. 3 (1908), No. 10, pp. 16, figs. 12, dgms. 2). — This is a study of the economic habits of birds, including a diagram showing the relations of birds and insects on an Ohio farm, and comparative statements of the benefits and injuries of 20 different birds. The story of corn, Mary C. Breen (Hampton Leaflets, n. scr., Jf {1908), No. 3, pp. 2/f, figs 10). — This study of corn, prepared for the use of teachers, includes 10 experiments in seed germination, field observations, and the use of corn products. MISCP]LLANEOUS. ' 491 MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Connecticut Storrs Station, 1907 (Connecti- cut tSiorrs Sta. Rpt. 1901, pp. XXV+lli)). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, reports of the director and heads of departments, reprints of Bulletins 43-48 of the station, tests of 6 cows for advanced registry, and special articles noted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-first Annual Report of Maryland Station, 1908 (Maryland Sta. Rpt. I'JOS, pp. XXXI +.^98). — This contains the organization list, a report by the director on the work and expenditures of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, IDOS, and reprints of Bulletins 119-128 pre- viously noted. Twenty-first Annual Report of Nebraska Station, 1907 (Nebraska iSta. Rpt. 1907, pp. XXXlII-\-107}. — This contains the organization list, a review of the work of the station during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June .SO, 1907, and special articles noted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1907 (Ohio Sta. Bui. ISo, pp. XA'T). — This contains an announcement concerning the work of the station, the organization list, a report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, and a report of the director summarizing the work of the station during the year. Summary of experiment station work (Oklahoma Sta. Circ. Inform. 12, pp. 6). — A brief statement of the lines of work undertaken by the station since its organization in 1S91. How the experiment station can be of service to the fanners of Virginia {Virginia Sta. Circ. 2, pp. 20, pgs. 9). — A popular summary of the purpose, equipment, lines of work, and publications of the Virginia Station, together with a brief note on the work of the A'irginia Truck Station. Press bulletins (Ohio Sta. Bui. 185, pp. 3/i-S/S).— Reprints of press bulletins on the following subjects: Spraying potatoes for late blight advisable in 1906; forestry investigations by the Ohio Agricultural Experiment Station ; fertilizers for wheat in southeastern Ohio ; late blight or rot of potatoes has appeared ; fertilizing wheat in the Miami Valley: fertilizing wheat on a run-down farm; forty bushels of wheat to the acre; Hessian fly; what is the condition of your seed corn ; and a word of caution regarding alfalfa. Accessions to the Department Library, January— September, 1908 ( C S. Dcpt, Ayr,, Lihrarij Buls, 67, pp. 5-72; US, pp. o-52 ; (J9 pp. 5-31. NoTHS Alabama College and Station. — V. K. IJoyd. roiincrly coiiiioctfMl witli 'iViichc^rs' Colic;:!', ('olniiibla I'liiversily. hiis been iippoiiited pi-ofcssor of hotaiiy in the collc^'c aiid l>ot:uii.st in the station. Florida University. — A const itntional amendment proposed by the le^islatnre, antliorizin^' a one mill tax for the benefit of the university, was defeated by a narrow marjiin in the November election. The corresixnulence course for teachers in aj^riculture, carried on by the university, has met with most grati- fy in j^ success, over 350 teachers of the State registering for this work. Georgia College. — The agricultural i)uilding lias been completed at a co.^t of .$1(»0.n(»0. It is about 2(;0 by SO ft., of cream-colored pressed briciv with terra- cotta trimmings, Bedford limestone foundation, and a roof of red tiling. The registration in the 4-ycar course is now about 60. The cotton school is to be repeated this winter, and a roads school and a fanners' conference at the col- lege are contemplated. Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station. — A special feature of the annual meeting of the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association, which took place in Honolulu, November 9-12, was the session held at the station at which the directors of the respective divisions gave demonstrations on the work now in progress, to the great interest of the members. At another session short lectures were given by members of the station staff on special lines of work. S. M. Damon was elected jtresident of the association, and subsequently ai)pointed F. M. Swanzy as chairman of the experiment station committee, with (J. II. Robert- son and T. II. Petrie as the subcommittee for the division of agriculture and chemistry, AV. M, Gifford and F. Klamp for that of entomology, and George Da vies and J. AV. Waldron for that of pathology and physiology. Idaho Station. — II. P. Fishburn, assistant chemist in the Pennsylvania CJollege and Station, has accepted the position of assistant chemist, entering upon his duties January 1. Louisiana Stations. — J. B. Garrett, assistant entomologist at the State Station, has been trtinsferred to the Calhoun Station as assistant director in charge, vice J. G. Lee, resigned on account of ill health. W. D. IJeid, of the Mississippi College, has been appointed assistant chemist in the State Station, vice W. G. Taggart, who was transferred to the Sugar Station January 1 for researcli work. A. B. Jofifrion, P. H. Doherty, and B. F. Hochenedel are spending the grinding season in Cuba. E. M. P^rcy has also been added to the .station staff at the State Station and is coojterating with the professor of mechanical engi- neering in the university in tests of the efficiency of the sugjir-house machinery in use in the State. Maryland College and Station. — P. M. Novik, for the last 2 years lecturer in horticulture in the college and assistant horticulturist in the State control work, was killed in a railway accident near Hyattsville, Md., December 9. He was a native of Norway, coming to this country about 8 years ago, and was a graduate of Cornell T'niversity. Minnesota University and Station. — John W. Olsen. State superintendent of jinblic instruction, has been appointed dean of the college and school of agricul- 492 NOTES. 498 tiire and director of the station, vico E. W. Itandali. re'oignetl to acoept :i <(.iii- luercial position. Mississippi College and Station. — U. \V. Ilarnwl, assistant in ijiolofj;y in tlio collofie. has lieen eloctcd entomologist in the station. Missouri University and Station. — The corner stone of the $100,000 agricnltnral bnilding was laid Oc-tober 20 with appropriate ceremonies, the si)eakers in- cluding former Secretary of Agriculture Norman J. Coleman, Dr. K. T. Gallo- way, of the Bureau of IMaut Industry of this Department, President A. Ross Hill and former President 11. H. Jesse of the university, B. 11. Bonfoeyn, of the hoard of curators, and Dean 11. J. Waters of the college of agriculture. A spe- cial feature was the inclusion in the material deposited beneath the corner stone of an ear of corn chosen in a widely advertised competition open to farmers in the State. The building is not expected to be ready for occupancy before the beginning of the next academic year, at which time it is believed the accommo- dations provided will be taxed to the utmo.st. The present enrollment in the college of agricultureJs lo per cent in excess of that of any previous year. A seed-testing laboratory in cooperation with this Department has been established in charge of the station agronomist. Nebraska University and Station. — Dr. E. Benjamjn Andrews retired as chancellor December 31, 190S, on account of failing health, Dr. S. Avery assum- ing the duties of acting chancellor. E. M. Little, assistant in dairy husbandry, has accepted a position in charge of a stock-breeding farm. New Mexico Station. — Edward Heringa, assistant in soils and irrigation, has resigned to accept a position with the State Industrial School at Whittier, Cal. Cornell University. — A farm special train was sent out over the Erie Rail- road November 23-25, the staff including a large number of members of the faculty of the college of agriculture, the deans of the State schools of agricul- ture at Alfred and St. Lawrence universities, and others. The grange, boards of trade, newspapers, schools, clergymen, and others cooperated in making the trip a success. It is estimated that about S,.500 people visited the train. Ohio Station. — Dr. Adolf Lehmann, for the past 10 years director and chemist of the Department of Agricultural Chemistrj' at Mysore, India, has accepted the position of assistant in nutrition investigations. Oregon College and Station. — What is reported as the largest and most complete demonstration train ever sent out in this country traversed the Willamette Valley, November 4-11. The train contained 7 cars, equipped with a large amount of illustrative material, and was manned by a corps of experts from the college and station staff. Demonstrations were given of a milking machine and other daii-y appliances, using a pure-bred Ayrshire and a pure-bred Jersey from the college herd; and also of pruning, grafting, and ]iacking apples, together with talks and exhibits on farm crops, insects, and fungus diseases, and other phases of agricultural work. Much interest was aroused among the merchants, connnercial organizations, and the general public, as well as among farmers, in many towns the stores being closed in honor of the occasion. It is estimated that over 20,000 people visited the train on its trip. George Coote, professor of floriculture and gardening from 1887 until coui- F)elled by failing health to accept leave of absence in May, 1908, died November 12, at his home in Yaquina. Professor Coote was born in England in 1842. As college landscape gardener he was largely instrumental in laying out and inipro\ing the college campus. Rhode Island College and Station. — In addition to its Adams fund work the station is now carrying on investigations with pigeons and other birds for the IMirpose of studying the inheritance of some of the more definite character- istics, and is also engaged iu the study of the hybridization of disiiiici species. 494 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An effort is being made to form an agricultural experimental union on essen- tially the same plan as similar organizations elsewhere. Ground lias been lu'oken for the new dormitory and dining liall. National Association of State Universities. — At tlie convention held ac Wash- ington, D. C, >s'ovember IG and 17, the committee reports and papers considered were chiefly concerned with administrative matters iu connection with State universities. Of these two dealt with problems having an important bearing on institutions for agricultural education, viz, the report of the com- mittee on standards, and a paper on university extension in State universities. The report of the committee on standards, which was preliminary iu nature, defined the standard American university as an institution (1) requiring for admission the completion of a standard American high-school course of four years (not less than 14 units of .5 periods each) ; (2) offering in the College of Liberal Arts and Sciences two years of general work completing or supple- menting the high-school course; (3) offering further two years of university work leading to the bachelor's degree, and '* reaching forward to the continu- ation of this work iu the graduate school or the professional school;" (4) offering professional courses in law, or medicine, or engineering, based upon the completion of two years of college work, and (5) offering in the Graduate School an adequate course leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosophy. The committee recommended further that not less than GO units of college work be required for the bachelor's degree; that the qualifications of teachers iu the high scliool should be not less than the bachelor's degree and ought to be the master's degree; that as a rule professors of all grades of college work should have the degree of Doctor of Philosophy or its equivalent; that pro- fessors giving instruction in graduate work should further show their scholastic ability by successful research and publication, and by demonstration of their ability as teachers; that adequate libraries, laboi-atories, and other equipment should be provided ; that three years or 45 units from the beginning of the junior year be required for the degree of Master of Arts, and five years or 75 units for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy and with work in residence; and that to be a standard university an institution shall be equipped to give in- struction leading to the degree of Doctor of Philosphy in at least five depart- ments and shall have at least one university professional school requiring two j'ears of college training for admission. The paper on University Extension in State Universities was presented by L. E. Reber, Director of Extension Work in the University of Wisconsin. This dealt largely with the extension work conducted by that university, which is planned to reach ultimately all classes of people in the State. There will be a central, organization reaching out to all parts of the State through lec- tures, publications, demonstrations, correspondence, various traveling equip- ments, the services of specialists and traveling teachers, study outlines, and reading and correspondence courses. The State will also be divided into dis- tricts, in each of which there will be a university representative with assistants. The plan is a very elaborate one and seems to be well designed to extend greatly the influence of the university. Some of its features as applied to agricultural extension work have been previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 798). Agriculture at the Baltimore Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science. — This meeting of the association, which was held during the week beginning December 28, 190S, was largely attended, the registration reaching nearly 1,100. In addition to section meetings covering practically the entire field of pure science and a large part of the field of applied science, about 35 scientific societies, many of them affiliated with the association, held meetings at the same time. NOTES. 495 Several of these societies are primarily interested in science as applied to jigriculture, and included in tlie programmes of nearly all of tlie sections and so- cieties were papers of direct interest to agricultural science, indicating a rapidly growing realization of the interest and importance of such problems as subjects of scientific research. Of the more than 1,000 papers presented, at least 150 were of this class, many being by workers in this Department and the agricul- tural colleges and experiment stations. Especial!}' important and interesting features of this meeting of the associa- tion were the celebration of the hundredth anniversary of the birth of Charles Darwin and tLe fiftieth of the publication of Origin of Species, and a sym- posium on public health, at both of which addresses of the highest interest were delivered. In the address of the retiring president, E. L. Nichols, of Cornell University, on Science and the Practical Problems of the Future, attention was called to the approaching end of many of our available resources, and it was pointed out that in obtaining the power necessary for material advancement the inventor and the engineer can but utilize and apply the knowledge which the man of science can sui)ply. The endowment of universities purely for research was advocated as essential to the work of conservation. American Clicmical Society. — The presidential address, by M. T. Bogert, touched upon the same ground as that of Professor Nichols, the sub.)ect being The Function of Chemistry in the Conservation of Our Natural Resources. H. J. ^Yheeler, director of the Rhode Island Station, as chairman of the section on agricultural and food chemistry, made a thoughtful and suggestive addi-ess en The Future of Agricultural Chemistry, in which he pointed out the need of better provision for the advanced and systematic training of agricultural chem- ists and urged that such training should be provided in the larger universities, believing that such institutions are at the present time better prepared to give such training than the agricultural colleges. He laid particular stress upon the importance of broad and thorough fundamental scientific training for agricul- tural research. A large proiiortion of the papers presented before the society were related di- rectly to subjects of agricultural importance. In two sections, namely, that of agricultural and food chemistry, which was raised to the grade of a division of the society at this meeting, and that of the recently established section of fertilizer chemistry, the programme was devoted exclusively to such subjects, about 31 papers being presented ; and there were also several in the division of industrial chemistry and chemical engineering and the section of physical chemistr}'. The character of the proceedings and papers of this meeting give evidence of a marked tendency toward the development of applied chemistry not only with reference to agriculture, but also to other technical industries. Society of Amciicdn Bacteriologisls. — The opening address was by H. L. Rus- sell, director of the Wisconsin Station, on the ecology of micro-organisms. The sjieaker advocated a broader treatment in elementary coui'ses in bacteriology, believing that more attention should be paid to the environmental conditions and less to a discussion of species. A number of the papers dealt with the bacteriology of dairy products. H. A. Harding, of the New York State Station, explained the advantage of using the society's card in classifying and identifying species of bacteria in cheese. W. M. Esten, of the Connecticut College and Station, exhibited charts sliowing great variation in the acidity of milk from .Jersey cows as compared witli Holstein milk. Dr. Otto Rahn, of the Michigan College and Station, reported results of investigations on the keeping qualities of butter. 496 EXI'KHIMKNT STATION HKCOKT). S. E. I'rescott. of tlio Massafluisetts Institute of Teehnolofiy, reported on ;i study of types of bacteria found in ferniouted milk products prepared for therapeutic use. E. G. Hastings and B. W. Hammer, of the Wisconsin Station, believed that organisms closely resembling Bacillus hulgarkuH are constantly found in milk, butter, and cheese, and they ascribed the therapeutic value of the fermented drinks to their chemical composition rather than to the presence of the peculiar organisms. Dr. Carrington, of Turkey, believed the value of yoghourt or matzoon to be due to flushing the intestines, as the beverage is used in that country for all diseases, and p;itients are urged to drink as much of it as possible. C. E. Marshall described a cremating furnace for laboratories that had been successfully used at the Michigan College. Dr. Hastings reported the keeping of anthrax spores for 8 years in raw pond water. P. R. Hadley, of the Rhode Island Station, gave the results of studies of white diarrhea in chicks. L. F. Rettger, of Yale University, described a new si)ecies of bacterium which is pathogenic in poultry. Association of Economic Entomologists. — At the twenty-first annual meeting of this association, S. A. Forbes, in his presidential address, on the prospects of progi*ess in Economic Entomology, contrasted the status and conditions ex- isting at the time he was pi'esident of the association 15 years ago with those of to-day. A redraft of the constitution was adopted and the name of the asso- ciation altered to American A.ssociatiou of Economic Entomologists. A large number of common names of insects taken from a list submitted by the. com- mittee on nomenclature were accepted. The committee on testing proprietary insecticides reported on the status of the proposed National insecticide law. Resolutions were adopted regarding the deaths of Drs. James Fletcher and W. H. Ashmead, and Profs. F. H. Snow. Alexander Craw, and W. G. Johnson, all of whom were members of the association. Papers were presented by R. I. Smith, of the North Carolina Station, Edith M. Patch, of the Maine Station, F. L. Washburn and II. J. Franklin, of the Min- nesota Station, R; A. Cooley, of the Montana Station, E. D. Sanderson, of the New Hampshire Station, P. J. Parrott, of the New York State Station, H. E. Summers and R. L. Webster, of the Iowa Station, T. B. Symons, of the Mary- land Station, E. S. G. Titus, of the T^tah Station, W. E, Hinds, of the Alabama Station, B. P. Taylor, of the Missouri Fruit Station, A. L. Quaintance, F. M. Webster, A. D. Hopkins, J. G. Sanders, C E. Hood, and B. N. Gates, of the Bu- reau of Entomology of this Department, and by State entomologists E. P. Felt, of New York, Franklin Sherman, Jr., of North Carolina, and E. L. Worsham, of Georgia. In these the results of biological studies were given of Murgantia liistrionica, Pemphigus tcsscUata, cranberry pests, and soft scales, and in papers taking up more particularly the economic side were considered house-flies, forest insects, Empoasca mali, Lygus pratensis, codling moth, ti-ee crickets, San Jose scale, Conotrachclus ncniipliar, and an alfalfa leaf weevil. Papers were also presented on methods for securing apicultural statistics, on photomicro- graphy and insect photography, plans for parasite breeding cages, determining the effect of hydrocyanic-acid and carbon-bisulphid gases upon plant and insect life, and on the importance of proper methods of entomological investigations. A discussion of the question Do We Need the Insectary? was entered into by a large number, most of whom considered such equipment a necessity. One of the important developments of the meeting was brought out by E. S. G. Titus, in relation to an imported alfalfa leaf weevil that is becoming a source of great injury to that crop in Utah. This ]iest is supposed to have been inti'o- duced into this country from Europe. NOTES. 497 The following officers were elected lor the eusuiug year: President, W. E. r.rittou : 1st vice-president, E. D. Ball; 2d vice-president, H. E. Summers; secretary, A. F. Burgess. The meeting was the largest yet held, there being an average attendance of over 100 each day. Eiitoinoloffical Socictu of America. — This was the third anutial meeting of this society, W. M. Wheeler presiding. Of special interest to the economic entomologists were the accounts and investigations of Toxopiera graminiim and its parasites, by F. M. Webster, habits of seed infesting Chalcis-flies, by C. R. Crosby, recording and mapping entomological fauna of the State, by Franklin Sherman, Jr., and notes on the host relations of ticks, by W. A. Hooker. Henry Skinner was elected president, Herbert Osboru and A. D. Hopkins vice-presidents, and J. C. Bradley secretary and treasurer for the coming year. American Association of IJorticultural Insi)cctors. — The seventh annual meet- ing was held December 29-30. Among the questions of interest taken ttp and discussed were those of a National importation inspection law, the desirability of a uniform inspection law for the several States, and methods of certification and of disinfection of nursery stoclv, and methods for preventing the dissemination of the strawberry root-louse, Argentine ant, peach yellows, and crown gall, F. L. Washburn, of the Minnesota Station, was elected president and T. B. Symons, of the Maryland Station, secretary for the coming year. Agricultural Economics at the American Economic Association.— The meeting of this association was held at Atlantic City, X. J., December 28-31, 1908. One of the sessions was demoted to agriculture, the following papers being presented : Economic Geography and Agricultural Economics, by E. V. Robinson, Uni- versity of Minnesota ; Cooperative Marketing of Agricultural Products, by Dr, J. L. Coulter, University of Minnesota ; The Economic Limitations of Cooperation in the Marketing of Agricultural Products, by J. B. INIorman of this Office; and The Relation of Speculation to the Marketing of xVgricultural Products, by H. C. Emery, Yale University. A discussion, led by T. N. Carver of Harvard University, followed the papers, which will be published in the proceedings of the association during the year, American Home Economics Association. — Following a meeting of the Teachers' Section of the Lake Placid Conference for Home Economics, held in Washing- ton on December 31, the American Home Economics Association was organized, with its aim, as expressed by the constitution adopted, the furtherance of the study and consideration of home problems and the uniting for more effective work of all those interested therein. The following officers were elected : President, Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, of the ]Massachusetts Institute of Technology : vice-presidents. Miss Isabel Bevier, of the University of Illinois, C. F. Lang- worthy, of this Office, and Miss Mary L'ri Watson, of the Ontario Agricultural College; secretary-treasurer, Benj, R. Andrews, of Teachers' College, New York. The first public meeting of the association was held at George Washington University, on the morning of January 2, at which addresses were made by several speakers. Elmer E. Brown, U, S. Commissioner of Education, pointed out the important work which the association might do by showing home-makers and school children throughout the country how the technical, scientific knowledge for which it stands may be practically applied to increase their physical and moral, as well as their intellectual, welfare. He was fol- lowed by A. C. True, of this Office, who spoke of the timeliness of the for- mation of the association at a period when the interest in home science was increasing so rapidly and when the need was being felt for some regenerative influence in American home life. He suggested as three appropriate lines of 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. work, research into the problems of home economies, improvement of educa- tional methods, and diffusion of information among the masses of our people. Congressman C. R. Davis, of Minnesota, also urged the importance of making available to the great body of our people the technical information regarding the problems of home-making which now seems largely confined to specialists, and discussed the " Davis Bill," now before Congress, particularly in its rela- tion to the development of secondary instruction in home economics. A reso- lution was later adopted by the association indorsing the legislation suggested. John Hamilton, Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Office, vigorously urged upon the meeting the need of bringing before the women in our rural regions definite and practical suggestions for lightening the monotonous and continuous physical labor which housekeeping means to many of them. Following him, Mrs. Mary Hinman Abel, of Baltimore, put in a plea for aid for the city home- makers, suggesting that well-managed laundries, cook shops, and employment bureaus w'ould do much toward solving household problems. It had been expected that Gifford Pinchot, of the Forest Service of this Department, would speak in reference to the Commission on Country Life and its interest in work iikin to that of the association, but he was unable to be present. At the final session a resolution was adopted strongly urging the continuance of the nutrition investigations of this Office. Conferences were also held on various phases of household economics, and a lecture on Household Arts was given by A. W. Dow. The active and wide- spread interest manifested in the association is evidenced by the fact that over 12.5 delegates from outside of Washington were registered at the meetings and Ihat 800 jiersons have sent in their names for memliership. American Society of Animal Nutrition. — As an outgrowth of a conference of teachers and investigators in animal nutrition at the 1908 Graduate School of Agriculture, a meeting w^as held at Chicago, November 28, in connection with the International Live Stock Exposition, with about 30 college and station workers in attendance. An organization was effected, its purpose being defined .•IS " to improve the quality of investigation in animal nutrition, to promote more systematic and better con-elated study of feeding problems, and to facilitate personal intercourse between investigators in this field." In addition to holding an annual meeting, the society purposes taking up actively the con- sideration of methods of investigation and later entering upon cooperative study of important problems of stock feeding. Officers of the new society are announced as follows : President, H. P. Armsby ; vice-president, C. F. Curtiss ; secretary-treasurer, D. H. Otis ; registrar, J. T. Willard ; committee on ex- periments, H. J. Waters, H. W. ilumford, T. L. Haecker. E. B. Forbes, and W. H. Jordan. International Live Stock Exposition. — The ninth exposition of the International Live Stock Association, held in Chicago, November 28-December 10, was again a notable success. In spite of the quarantine of several States on account of the outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, 20 States, together with Canada, ^Mexico, England, and Belgium, were represented by entries including over 3.000 animals, and in most of the classes the quality showed continued improvement over previous years. The influence of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations was quite as strongly in evidence as ever. Their staffs furnished six members of the corps Of .judges, their students were again a prominent and distinctive feature, and their exhibits were distributed through nearly every class of entry, figuring even more largely than in former years in the prize winnings, easily predomi- nating in the fat stock classes and achieving several grand championships, among them the highly coveted championshii) of the single steers, NOTES. 499 In tlie fat Itarrow class the grand claanipionsliips both for single barrows and pen of 3 were won by Berkshires from the Iowa College, which also furnished the champion Poland China and hirge Yorkshire single barrows, the champion Duroc Jersey pen of 3, and the champion carload of from 150 to 200 lbs. in weight, besides a large number of class prizes. The champion pen of Chester Whites and the champion Duroc Jersey single barrow were from the Wisconsin University, which also won a long list of class prizes. The Ohio University showed the champion pen of large Yorkshires and won several prizes in other classes as did also Purdue University. The exhibit of fat wethers from the Wisconsin University was especially noteworthy and won a large number of prizes, among them the championships for pens of Shropsliires and Cheviots, for single wethers in Hampshires, and for the champion dressed carcass of the show. Iowa received a second prize for a pen of Southdowns. For fat cattle the Nebraska University won, in the Shorthorn classes, first on senior yearlings, and Ohio first on junior yearlings, and other prizes went to Missouri, Minnesota, Iowa, and Ohio. On Aberdeen Angus herds, the Kansas College won first with Minnesota second, Nebraslia third, and Iowa fifth. On two-year-olds the Kansas College was first, Purdue second, and Nebraska third ; on yearlings, Minnesota first, Purdue fourth, and Kansas fifth ; and on calves, Kansas first, Nebraska second, Iowa fourth, and Missouri fifth. The breed championship for single steers was again won by the jNIinnesota University. On Hereford two-year-olds the Nebraska University won third place and Purdue fourth. The Missouri and Nebraska universities were strongly in evidence in the Gallowaj" classes, the former winning the herd championship, first on yearlings, and second on two-year-olds and calves, and the latter receiving second on herd, first on calves, second on yearlings, and fourth on two-year-olds. Purdue won third and Ohio fourth on yearlings, and Kansas third on calves. In the grades and cross breds the Iowa College won first on herd, second on two-year-olds, second and fourth on senior yearlings, third and fourth on junior yearlings, third and fifth on senior calves, and second on junior calves. Nebraska received thirds on herd, two-year-olds, and senior yearlings, and Missouri fourth on two-year-olds and second on junior yearlings. Upon the final assembling of the winners from all breeds, champions were as usual chosen for the groups by ages, and two of the three selected were from the college entries. For the two-year-olds the Angus Fyvie Knight from Purdue was selected, thereby reversing an earlier decision in which first place fen- Angus two-year-olds had been given to Ideal from the Kansas College. Sym- boleer, also an Angus from the Kansas College, received the calf championship. The grand championship for all breeds and ages fell to Purdue on Fyvie Knight. The Iowa College won the herd championship with Kansas third. In the cattle slaughter tests an innovation was the antemortem rating of the animals from the killing standpoint. In this, first place in the two-year- old class went to an entry from the Minnesota University, with Iowa third, and Missouri fourth, and in the yearling class Iowa received second and fourth place. Upon a regrading of the carcasses after slaughter, with the criterion largely the requirements of the general trade, the ratings were very much altered, Nebraska receiving first and Missouri second on two-year-olds, and Iowa fifth on yearlings. In the carload lot competition a load of " short fed " Angus yearlings fed by the Purdue Station under known conditions attracted much attention and was regarded as a valuable demonstration. 600 KXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKI). Tht! entries of horses from the colleges were much less uunierous than those of fat stock. With Clydesdales Iowa received fifth i)rl5ce for aged stallions and third for yearlings. In the special class for college and station stock the competition was, as usual, exceedingly close. With cattle, Purdue won first for two-year-olds and the champlonshii) for single steers with Fyvie Knight. Kansas won second place on two-year-olds, with Nebraska third, and Iowa fourth. For cattle one to two years old, the winner was Minnesota, followed by Iowa, Nebraska, and Missouri. For calves, Kansas won first, Minnesota second and fourth, and Iowa third. The herd championship was won by Iowa. Wisconsin took all the prizes for sheep except third on wether lambs which went to Iowa. Purdue received second and Iowa third for barrows under 12 months, and tlie remaining prizes for hogs went to Iowa. Tlie usual large attendance of students led to the remark from The Breeders' Gazette that " more and more the International is becoming an elective course in the curriculum of agricultural colleges." The judging contests were participated in by teams from eight institutions and several others were represented in the crowd of spectators and at the annual meeting of the American Federation of Agricultural Students, which was held December 1. In the contest for the trophy ottered for the highest total scores in judging horses, cattle,, sheep, and swine, first place was awarded to the Iowa College, the remaining competitors in order being, Nebraska, Texas, Missouri, Kansas, Ohio, Ontario, find Min- nesota. The Armour scholarships contingent upon these contests and upon the prize winnings of the colleges and stations have been awarded, Iowa receiving 7, Nebraska and Wisconsin 3 each, Purdue 2, and Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Ohio, and Texas one each. National Dairy Show. — The third National Dairy Show was held in Chicago, December 2-10. The cattle exhibits included 6 breeds from 10 States, the en- tries being appreciably curtailed by the quarantine for foot-and-mouth disease. The milk and cream contest held under the management of the Dairy Division of this Department brought forth 70 entries, representing 20 States scattered from New Hampshire to Utah, the number and quality of the entries showing a marked improvement over those of the previous contest in 1906. There were also extensive exhibits of dairy machinery. Special programmes were prepared for creamery and cheese-factory managers and secretaries, milk dealers, and dairy farmers, with addresses by Chief E. H. Webster and H. Rabild of the Dairy Division, E. K. Slater of the Minnesota University and Station, several State dairy and food conmiissioners, and others. A .students' dairy stock-judging contest was participated in by teams from the agricultural colleges of Iowa, Kansas, Minnesota, Missouri, Nebraska, New York, Ohio, South Dakota, and Texas. The sweepstakes trophy was won by the Iowa College, with Nebraska second and Minnesota third. Special breed trophies were also competed for, Nebraska winning for Jerseys, Cornell for Holstein-Friesians, and Iowa for Guernseys and Dutch Belted stock. An informal meeting of the National Association of Dairy Instruetoi's and Investigators was held in coimection with the show, with about 35 in attend- ance. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. 6. Editorial notes: Page. A review of recent progress in agriculture in the United States 501 New building of the U. S. Department of Agriculture 507 Recent work in agricultural science 509 Notes 593 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. A wax acid from soils, Schreiner and Shorey 509 Presence of a cholesterol substance in soils — agrosterol, Schreiner and Shorey. . 509 The Schone and Appiani methods of physical analysis of soils, De Lucchi 509 Application of cobalti-nitrite method to soils, Drushel 509 Detection of ammonia in water, Lambotte 510 The estimation of phosphoric acid in food materials, Rieter 510 Determining the ash content of honey by Ley's method, Schwarz 510 The determination of malic acid in food products, Cowles, jr '' 510 The estimation of alcohol in fermented liquids, Antoni 510 The determination of cotton-seed hulls in cotton-seed meal, Fraps 510 Mitchell-Walker moisture test, Mitchell and Walker 510 Regarding the methods of investigations of butter and other fats. Grimmer 511 Comparison of different methods of estimating the fat content of cream, Kersten. 511 A revolving balance, Wendler 511 Determining the energy value of urine, Zaitschek 511 Report of food commissioner and chemist, Ladd 511 Report of chemical section of Hygienic Institute of Halle, Klostermann 512 [Miscellaneous analyses], Ladd 512 Commercial Sicilian sumac, Veitch and Howard 512 Official and provisional methods of analysis, edited by Wiley 512 Proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, edited by Wiley. 513 z II CONTENTS. METEOROLOGY WATER. Page. Meterological elements of the United States and the solar radiation, Bigelow.. 513 The moon and the weather, Jochimsen 513 Further notes on the dilf erence of temperature between Mt. Royal and McGill Observatory, McLeod and Barnes 513 Indications of approaching frost, Strachan 514 A two years' study of spring frosts at Williamstown, Mass., Milham 514 Monthly Weather Review 514 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Lindblad . . 515 [Meterological observations at North Dakota Station], Ladd 515 Report of the director of the [Philippine] Weather Bureau for 1905, Algue. . 515 Evaporation from water surface, Ladd 515 Rain and run-off near San Francisco, California, Grunsky et al 515 Fluctuations in level of the ground water and in the flow of springs, Mezger. . . 515 Removal of iron from potable waters in Germany and Netherlands, Schwers. 515 Sterilization of drinking water by chemical agents, Labbe 515 Sewage and waste waters of industries, Razous 515 Role of septic tank in biological purification of sewage, Calmette and Rolants. . 516 Broad irrigation and intensive biological purification of sewage, Bezault 516 The agricultural utilization of sewage, Bechmann et al 516 [Sewage irrigation at Pasadena], Wright 516 Importance of the agricultural utilization of sewage to industry, Wulsch 516 SOILS — FERTILIZERS . Soils : Their nature and management, McConnell 5l6 Transported soils with reference to Roman Campagna, De Angelis d'Ossat. 516 Study of Belgian soils 516 Nature of the soils of Morocco 517 Report of Adzhibay Experiment Field for 1904 to 1906, Shushak 517 On the rate of some phenomena of weathering, Zemyatchenskil 51 7 Some laboratory experiments on the capillarity of soils, Tulaykov 517 Effect of carbon bisulphid on soils and plants, Egorov 518 Investigations on nitrification, Coleman 518 Nitrification in field experiments, Frankfurt and Duschechkin 519 The effect of carbonates upon nitrification, Owen 519 Present knowledge of micro-organisms which fix free nitrogen, Palmans 520 Utilization of the nitrogen of the air by plants, Jamieson 520 Nitrogen fixation for nonleguminous plants, Bottomley 520 Do roots assimilate nitrates? Slezkin 521 Note on a toxic substance excreted by the roots of plants, Fletcher 521 An alleged excretion of toxic substances by plant roots 521 The productiveness of the soil: Biological factors, Massart 521 Further soil tests in paraffined wire baskets, Hartwell and Pember 521 Notes on humus and the best means of supplying it, Guthrie 522 Technique of fertilizers, Diimont 522 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hartwell et al 522 Fertilizer experiments 522 On the nitrification of certain nitrogenous fertilizers, De Grazia 522 The physiological action and fertilizing value of salts of dicyandiamid, Perotti. 522 Properties of ?alcium cyanamid in relation to water, aii-, and bacteria, Grandeau. 523 Recent work on calcium cyanamid and its fertilizing value, Grandeau 523 Transformation of the nitrogen of calcium cyanamid in soils, Grandeau 523 Gaseous products of decomposition of lime nitrogen and growth, Haselhoff... 523 Experiments with lime nitrogen on grain and sugar beets. Von Liebenberg ... 523 Experiments with nitrate of lime in comparison with nitrate of soda, De Limay . 523 Cold, the checking of growth, and the use of nitrates, Grandeau 523 The manufacture of nitrates, Bazin 523 Atmospheric nitrogen as a future commercial source of plant food. Van Slyke. . 523 Feldspathic rock as a source of potassium, Hartwell and Pember 524 Investigations on the formation of oceanic salt deposits, Van't Hoff 524 Natural factors involved in solution of tricalcium phosphate in soil, Perotti 524 Tests of the use of gypsum as a fertilizer, Dusserre 524 Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1906, Day et al 525 The future of the guano industry and the guano-producing birds of Peru, Coker. 525 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Production and extraction of guano, Coker 525 Utilization of wrack, Swalni 525 City household garbage. Danger 525 Utilization of household wastes, Bocher 525 Apparatus for utilizing dead animals and slaughterhouse refuse, Frankel et al. . 525 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The physiology of stomata, Lloyd 525 Influence of mixture of soluble salts on leaf structure and transpiration, Harter. . 527 The value of sodium to plants by reason of its protective action, Osterhout 527 The protective effect of sodium on plants, Osterhout 527 Notes on hydrocyanic acid in some plants, De Jong 527 A study of yeasts from California grapes, Holm 528 [Report of the] department of botany, Bolley 528 Seeds and plants imported from July, 1906, to December 31, 1907 528 A catalogue of the poisonous plants of Iowa, Pammel and Fogel 528 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments, 1907 529 Fertilizers for Jerusalem artichokes, Donon 529 Tests with different strains of root crops, Helweg 529 Variety tests and storage experiments with beets, Sjollema and Van Daalen. 530 Storage experiments with fodder beets, 1904-1907 530 Is it advisable to remove leaves of mother beets when placing in silo? Briem. . 530 Dry matter and sugar content of beet and importance in breeding, Plahn. . . 530 Studies on seed formation in clover and alfalfa, Bolley 530 Distance between hills for corn in Illinois corn belt, Hume, et al 531 Ten generations of corn breeding. Smith 531 Corn: Selection, storing, curing, and testing for seed, Jeffery 532 Testing the germination of seed corn, Jones 532 The culture of cotton without irrigation, Pretrel 533 The flax stem, Tammes 533 Trials of hemp, Bolley 533 Hop culture and handling, Fruwirth 533 A study of the factors influencing the improvement of the potato, East 533 Irish seed potatoes in England, 1907 535, Solanum commersonii violet and the Blue Giant, Pethybridge 535 Dwarf Essex rape for winter forage, Scott 535 Ten years' trials with different varieties of rye, Mortensen and Hansen 536 The fertilizing value of hairy vetch for Connecticut tobacco fields, Robinson. . 536 [Comparative and chemical studies of wheat varieties], Scherffius and Woosley . . 536 Some new hybrid wheats, Elliott and Lawrence 537 HORTICULTURE. A further study of soil treatment in greenhouse culture, Wheeler and Adams. . 537 The French garden, McKay 538 Orchard cover crops, Thornber 538 Fruit marketing investigations in 1907, Higgins 538 Cape fresh fruit export trade, season 1908, Chiappini 539 Peach, apricot, and prune kernels as by-products of the fruit industry, Rabak. . 539 Commercial fertilizer experiments with coffee, Helmrich 539 The future of cacao planting. Smith 540 Street trees, their care and preservation, Taylor 540 The small country place, Maynard 540 The preservation of cut flowers, Ducomet and Fourton 540 Exploitation of medicinal plants 540 FORESTRY. Neudamm forestry manual, Schwappach et al 541 Forest survey methods, Ross 541 Handbook on forest mensuration of the white pine in Massachusetts, Cook .... 541 Fertilizer experiments with pine on high moorland. Von Tubeuf 541 Eucalyptus in California, Ingham , , 542 IV CONTENTS. Page. Basket willow culture, Mell 542 The drifting-sand problem, Gill 542 Silvical leaflets 542 Exploitation of forests 543 First rejwrt on a study of forest conditions of Kentucky, Holmes and Bradfield. . 543 The management of the provincial forests of d'Amance, Cuif 543 Forest administration of the Central Provihces for 1906-7, Gradon et al 543 Forest administration in Eastern Bengal and Assam for 1906-7, Tottenham 544 Forest administration of the lower provinces of Bengal for 1906-7, Mclntiro 544 Report on the forest administration of Southern Nigeria for 1906, Thompson 544 The use of fluorid as a preserving material for wooden poles, Nowotny 544 Wood — its products and industrial extracts, Dumesny and Noyor 544 Italian camphor, Giglioli 544 Rubber extraction 545 Ecanda rubber {Raphionacme utilis), Stapf 545 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in 1907, Mortensen, Rostrup, and Ravn 545 Trials with the hot- water treatment for six-rowed barley, Ravn 545 Wart disease, or black scab, of potatoes 545 The root rots of beets, Busse 546 The heart rot of sugar beets, Genty 546 A mold of latouag wheat, Mangin and Patouillard 546 Bean anthracnose, Whetzel 546 Some apple leaf-spot fimgi, Hartley 547 A leaf-spct fungus of the apple, Sheldon 547 Apple leaf spot, Chittenden 547 Exoascus deformans, Zauli 548 Americau gooseberry mildew 548 [Some vine diseases], Bioletti 548 Notes on grape downy mildew in 1907, Faes ^ 548 Use of proprietary mixtures for control of downy and powdery mildew, Fischer. . 548 Effect of some fungicides on the control of downy mildew, Meissner 549 Two diseases of prickly pears, Tryon 549 The fir disease in Jura, Henry 549 A note on Micropera abietis, Fron 549 Extent and importance of the white pine blight, Dana 549 The blight on chestnut trees, Mickleborough 550 Extent and importance of the chestnut bark disease, Hodson 550 A disease of the Cineraria, Chittenden 550 The occuJTence of Rhodochytrium spilanthidis in North America, Atkinson 550 Bordeaux mixture and other fungicides, Quinn 550 Fungicides, Whetzel 551 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. Harmful and beneficial mammals of the arid interior, Bailey 551 Game laws for 1908, Palmer and Oldys 551 Distribution and control of wild rabbits in Mecklenburg, Friedcriclis 551 The destruction of rats, Galli-Valerio 552 The use of fluid cultures of mouse typhoid 552 The ecological succession of birds, Adams 552 The significance of insectivorous birds in agriculture, Bos 552 Proceedings of twentieth meeting of Association of Economic Entomologists. . . 552 Proceedings of the Entomological Society of Washington 553 Some features of the work of the State board of entomology, Smith 553 Twenty enemies of agriculture, Hnos 553 Injurious insects and their destruction, de Malafosse 553 Entomological notes. Fuller 554 Description of insects and their work. Insecticides, Surface 554 Notes on insect pesis 554 Life histories and larval habits of the tiger beetles. Shelf ord 554 The gum-lac insect of Madagascar, and other coccids in that Island, Newstead. . 554 On a new genus of Ixodoidea, Nuttall and Warburton 554 An agricultural pest in Porto Rico, Bouvier 554 Phalacrus corruscus as an enemy of cereal smuts, Friederichs 554 CONTENTS. V Page. Erroneous reports of cotton-boll weevil — its present status, Sherman, jr 555 Insect pests and diseases of sugar beets in 1907, Fallada 555 Fumigation for the citrus white fly, as adapted to Florida conditions, Morrill. . 555 Fungus diseases of scale insects and white fly, Rolfs and Fawcett 556 The San Jose scale, Sanderson 556 The oyster-shell scale 556 Caterpillars injuring apple foliage in late summer, Sanderson 556 The apple leaf-aphis, Sanderson 557 The gall and root forms of phylloxera, Foa and Grandori 557 Grape culture in California: Phylloxera and resistant vines, Bioletti 557 The grape leaf-hoj^per, Quayle 557 The California grape rootworm, Quayle 558 The effect of sulphur in vineyards upon earwigs and spiders, Molz 559 Biological studies on bark beetles, Hennings 559 On some Assam Sal {Shorea robusta) insect pests, Stebbing 559 Development of dipt era in the brood chambers of Myelophilus piniperda, Kleine . 559 Chionaspis euonymi, Faucheron 559 Injury to Ampelopsis quinquefolia by Spilosoma lupricipeda, Molz 559 Nurseries and nursery inspection, Symons, Norton, and Close 560 The insect pest law, Herrick 560 Comparative study of the value of various insecticides, Truelle 560 An apparatus for the preparation of kerosene emulsion, De Bussy 560 The etiology of so-called foul brood of bees, Maassen 560 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The effects of cold storage on eggs, quail, and chickens, Wiley et al 560 Canned salmon, McGill 562 Poisonous fish, Heiser 562 On the occurrence of copper in oysters, Willard 562 Young bees as a delicacy, Takaishi 562 Report on dehydrated vegetables, milk, egg, etc., Dent 562 Concerning preserved egg yolk, Schoonjans 563 Flour bleaching, Snyder 563 Causes of the quality strength in wheaten flour, Humphries 564 Some considerations determining the strength of flours, Baker and Hulton .... 564 New process of bread making [using cotton-seed meal] 564 Do macaroons contain hydrocyanic acid? Koch 564 Tarragon essence and some of the derivatives of tarragon, Daufresne 565 Fecal contamination of fruit and vegetables, Ressel 565 Meat and food inspection, Robertson 565 Notices of judgment 565 Pure food legislation, Heiser 565 Federal food laws, II 565 Food chemistry in the years 1906 and 1907, Fendler 565 The household baker, Doherty 565 Cost of living in New Jersey .* 565 Report to the International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene, Zuntz 565 Maintenance ration at different ages, Maurel 566 School diet, Legendre 566 The regime and diet of a man engaged in intellectual work, De Fleury 566 Chemical problems in hospital practice, Folin 566 The excretion of sulphurous acid by man, Franz and Sonntag 566 A respiration calorimeter, Letulle and Pompilian 566 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, Hartwell, Morgan, and Whipple 566 Mealie meal, McCrae 567 [Analyses of] rust affected straw, Ladd 567 The adulteration of feeding stuffs, Lemmermann 567 Some recent feeding experiments, Hartwell 567 Dried beet pulp as a feed for animals, Malpeaux 567 Dried pulp as a food for cattle, De Groulart 567 Beef production on high-priced land. Waters 567 Experiments with diastasolin in the feeding of calves, Haselhoff 568 VT CONTENTS. Page. Mendelian characters among Shorthorn cattle, Wilson 568 Inheritance of coat color in the cattle of East Flanders, Van Damme 568 Cattle breeding in Zambi 568 Ration experiments with lambs, 1906-7, Morton 568 Rational sheep feeding, Mumford 569 The general management of sheep, Mansell 569 Goat raising, with a description of German and Swiss breeds, Wilsdorf 569 Feeds supplementary to corn for southern pork production. Gray etal .••... 569 Swine feeding, Willson 570 The first farmers' bacon factory in the United Kingdom, Douglas 570 Feeding and care of horses, Trowbridge 570 Dried potatoes as a food for horses, Parow 570 The relation between form and function, Von Nathusius 571 Influence of eggshell on metabolism, Tangl and Hammerschlag 571 Breeds of poultry described and illustrated, Trieloff 571 Preservation of eggs, Prall 571 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. Cropping systems for New England dairy farms. Dodge 571 On the feeding value of alfalfa, Hansen 572 Cotton-seed meal and hulls v. cold pressed cake, Lee, jr., and Woodward 572 Silos and silage in Maryland, Crisp and Patterson 572 Feeding the dairy cow, Eckles 572 Investigations on the effect of food fat upon the milk production of cows 572 The existence of a lactase in cow's milk, Vandevelde 572 On the presence of hemolytic factors in milk, Lane-Claypon 573 Effect of heating on determination of leucocytes in milk, Russell and Hoffmann . 573 A group of lactic-acid bacteria not previously described in America, Hastings. . 573 Bacteria in yoghourt, Klotz 573 Yoghourt, Henneberg 573 The improvement of the milk supply. Weld 573 Necessity for a standard of cleanliness in milking competitions, Howard-Jones. . 574 The history of milk hygiene to the middle of the nineteenth century, Hanauer. . 574 Dairy products in Switzerland in 1907, Leopold 574 Report of the Bernese dairy school, Peter 574 [Analyses of milk, condensed milk, and butter], McCrae 574 Formalin as a preservative in the manufacture of butter and cheese, Eichloff . . 574 Studies on the rational manufacture of Grana cheese, Gorini 574 Some essentials in cheese making, Publow 574 Defects in American Cheddar cheese, Publow 574 Investigations of a severe disease of Gorgonzola cheese, Gorini 574 Trials of new dairy appliances, Martiny 575 The Dalen and Celsing milking machine 575 A practical milk cooler, Gerstenberger 575 Unfermented apple juice. Gore 575 Improved methods of wine making, Bioletti 575 The role of malic-acid fermentation in the manufacture of wine, Rosenstiehl. . 576 Artificial refrigeration in enology, Pini 576 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Animal industry and animal diseases in German Southwest Africa, Rickmann. . 576 Meat inspection and diseases of animals, Cleland 576 Public abattoirs a necessity to eradicate consumption, etc.. Holder 577 The cat: A neglected factor in sanitary science, Osborne 577 The relation of the soil to certain diseases, Ludewig 577 A theory of natural immunity of living tissue, Holzinger 577 Hemolysis and antihemoglobin, Demees 577 Bacterium anthracis, anthrax vaccines, and hyperimmunization. Milks 577 The application of atoxyl in veterinary medicine, Walther 578 Treating rabies with atoxyl, Heymann 578 Immunization of mice against rabies through the alimentary tract, Repetto — 578 The hereditary transmission of immunity to rabies, Remlinger 578 Properties of Sterigmatocystis lutea, Sartory and Jourde 578 The treatment of trypanosomiases, Laveran and Thiroux 579 Experimental studies on tuberculosis. Levy, Blumenthal, and Marxer 579 Tuberculous infection through the alimentary canal, Ravenel and Reichel 579 CONTENTS. VII Page. Tuberculous infection and the diagnosis of this disease, Arloing and Thevenot.. 579 The susceptibility of mammals to tuberculin, Marie and Tiffeneau 579 The simultaneous application of tuberculin by the hypodermic, ophthalmic, and cutaneous methods, Selan 580 Ophthalmo and cuti-reaction in bovine tuberculosis, Garth, et al 580 The cutaneous and conjunctival reaction to tuberculin, Wildbolz 580 The specific value of conjunctival reaction to tuberculin, Arloing 580 Susceptibility to tuberculosis from tuberculin, Slatineano and Danielopol 580 The passage of tubercle bacilli into the milk, Coquot 580 The milk of reacting but not clinical cases of tuberculosis in cows, Ostertag. . . 580 Tubercle bacilli in the milk of tuberculous cows, de Jong 581 Frequency of tubercle bacilli in market milk of Washington, D. C, Anderson.. 581 Combating tuberculosis by control of dairy by-products, Martel 581 Chronic pseudotuberculous enteritis in cattle, Bugge and Albien 581 Chronic bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia in cattle, Reisinger 581 The Koopmansfontein lamziekte experiment, Spreull 581 Method of determining the dose of serum required in rinderpest. Walker 581 Enzootic enteritis of calves and serum therapy, Sacchini 582 Septic pneumonia of calves, Schreiber 582 Stomach worms in calves. Moras 582 The warble fly. Experiments on cattle. Carpenter and Steen 582 Report on cattle tick in Lincoln and Claiborne parishes, Newell and Mauldin. 582 Studies on Malta fever among Algerian goats in 1907, Sergent et al 583 Immunization of swine against hog cholera, Connaway 583 Borna horse disease, Liebener 583 The introduction of glanders with English horses, Bang 583 A preliminary report on some diseases of chickens, Milks 583 The action of the aggressin of fowl cholera, Weil 584 Fowl plague with special reference to its pathological anatomy, Freese 584 Studies and micro-photographs of the pathogenic protozoa, von Wasielewski . . 584 Animal parasites, Perroncito 584 RURAL ENGINEERING. Road materials of southern and eastern Maine, Leigh ton and Bastin 585 Specifications and notes on macadam road construction, Johnson 585 Macadam roads, Fletcher 585 Highway improvement in Vermont, Gates 586 Dust preventives, Hubbard 586 Irrigation in Mexico 586 Yuma irrigation dam, Willey 586 A new scraper excavator 586 The applications of the motor in agriculture 586 Traction motors 586 Traction culture machines, Fremier 586 Statistics of agricultural implements 587 Hydro-electric plants, Ringlemann 587 RURAL ECONOMICS. The results of investigations on the returns in agriculture 587 Investigations concerning agricultural profits in Switzerland, Bonhomme 587 Finnish agriculture, Borchardt 587 Agriculture in Portugal, de Melho 587 Agricultural Hungary 587 Agricultural labor in Hungary, Bernard 588 The agricultural labor problem, von Kahlden 588 The wages of agricultural laborers in Bohemia, Hergel 588 Agricultural holdings bill, 1908 588 The legal status of agricultural cooperative societies, Worms 588 Purpose of law relating to agricultural cooperative societies, Naquet 588 First fruits of cooperation in India, Wolff 588 Cooperative credit in Bengal 589 Agricultural credit, Carnaroli 589 Immigrants of the agricultural class in the Northwest Provinces, Blue 589 Government crop reports: Their value, scope, and preparation, Clark 589 Crop Reporter 589 Farm bookkeeping. Lamb 589 VTII CONTENTS. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Page. Agriculture in the rural schools, Chisholm 589 What can the public schools do to improve industrial conditions? Warren 590 The future of agricultural education in Michigan, Howe 590 Form of organization for movable schools of agriculture, Hamilton 590 Report on the organization of forestry instruction in Sweden, W^allmo et al 590 Royal Horticultural School, Dahlem, Kochs 590 Missouri Housekeepers' Conference Association 590 Report of the committee on children's gardens for the year 1907, Adams 590 Importance of school gardens and methods of proper management, Emerson. . . 590 School gardens, Corbett 591 School gardens. Carter, jr 591 Possibilities for the teaching of household arts in the rural schools, Pincomb. . . 591 Teaching soils in the public schools, Carter, jr 591 Agriculture in public schools, de Witt 591 One hundred experiments in agriculture for California schools, Johnson 591 Experimental studies of plant growth, Davis 591 Sheep, Kinzer 591 Study of birds and their economic value, Finley 591 The preparation of the seed bed, Shoesmith 592 Some nature biographies. Ward 592 The garden book for young people, Lounsberry 592 Making hay. Ten Eyck 592 Weeds, Davis 592 MISCELLANEOUS. Eighteenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station, 1907 .592 A circular of information concerning the New Hampshire Station. 592 Publications of the Rhode Island Station available for distribution May 1, 1908. 592 Experiment Station Work, XLVIII 592 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Page. Alabama College Station: Bui. 143, July, 1908 569 California Station: Bui. 195, July, 1908 558 Bui. 196, July, 1908 542 Bui. 197, July, 1908. 528, b-io, uo7, 575 Bui. 198, July, 1908 557 Florida Station: Bui. 94, Julv, 1908 556 Bui. 95, Aug., 1908 535 Georgia Station: Bui. 81, Sept., 1908 519 Hawaii Station: Press Bui. 21 538 Illinois Station: Bui. 126, July, 1908 531 Bui. 127, Aug., 1908 533 Bui. 128, Sept., 1908'. 531 Kentucky Station: Bui. 135, June, 1908 536 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 108, Aug., 1908 583 Bui. 109, Aug., 1908 577 Bui. 110, Sept., 1908 572 Maryland Station: Bui. 129, July, 1908 572 Bui. 130, Aug., 1908 560 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 237-238, Sept.-Oct., 1908 515 Michigan Station: Circ. 3, Aug., 1908 532 Minnesota Station: Bui. Ill, Aug., 1908 563 Mississippi Station: Circ, June, 1908 560 Missouri Station: . Circ. Infonn. 24 567 Circ. Inform. 25 569 Circ. Inform. 26 572 Circ. Inform. 27 570 Circ. Inform. 28 570 Circ. Inform. 29 583 Circ. Inform. 30 590 New Hampshire Station: Bui: 139, July, 1908 556 Circ. 3, Aug. 1, 1908 557 Circ. 4, Aug., 1908 556 Circ. 5, Aug. 25, 1908 556 Circ. 6, Sept., 1908 592 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 255, May, 1908 546 Bui. 256, June, 1908 540 Bui. 257, Aug., 1908 574 Circ. 1, Mar., 1908 532 Circ. 2, Mar., 1908 551 Circ. 3, May, 1908 574 North Dakota Station : Eighteenth An. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1. 512, 515, 528, 530, 533, 567, 592 SkUions in the United Stalex — Cont'd. Page North Dakota Station — Continued. Eighteenth An. Rpt. 1907, pt. 2 511 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 127, Apr., 1908 566,567 Bui. 128, June, 1908 537. 592 Bui. 129, June, 1908 524 Bui. 130, July, 1908 522 Bui. 131, Aug., 1908 521 Texas Station: Bui. 109, Aug., 1908 510 Washington Station: Popular Bui. 8, July, 1908. ... 538 Popular Bui. 9, Aug. , 1908. ... 537 Wyoming Station: Bui. 79, July, 1908 568 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 334 592 Farmers' Bui. 335 551 Farmers' Bui. 336 551 Farmers' Bui. 337 571 Farmers' Bui, 338 585 Notices of Judgment 5-2/ 565 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 107 (rev.) (20 cents) 512 Bui. 115 (40 cents) 560 Bui. 116 (20 cents) 513 Bui. 117 (10 cents) 512 Bui. 118 (5 cents) 575 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 76 (15 cents) 555 Forest Service: Silv. Leaflets 15-42 542 [Pamphlet], May 26, 1908 549 [Pamphlet], Oct. 21, 1908 550 Bureau of Plant Industry : Bui. 132 (20 cents) 528 Bui. 133 (5 cents) 539 Bui. 134 (5 cents) 527 Circ. 15 536 Bureau of Statistics: Circ. 17 589 Crop Reporter, vol. 10, No. 12, Dec, 1908 589- Crop Reporter, vol. 10, No. 12, Sup., Dec, 1908 589 Weather Bureau : Monthly Weather Review, vol. 36, Nos. 7-8, July-Aug., 1908 (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 514 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 79 590 Office of Public Roads: Bui. 33 (20 cents) 585 Bui. 34 (15 cents) 586 IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. Febrcary, 1909. No. 6. The report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1908, in addition to reviewing the work of the Department for that year, presents a most interesting and instructive epitome of the progress of agriculture in the United States during the past twelve years, and of the principal causes which have contributed to the phenomenal growth recorded. Among the agencies to whose activities this progress is due the Secre- tary includes not only this Department " but also the experiment stations, the agricultural schools and colleges, the State boards and conmiissioners, the agricultural press, and the farmers themselves in their individual and collective efi'orts." " Momentous changes," the Secretary states, " have occurred to agri- culture in this country during the last dozen years. Features of great import have been introduced. Forces have become operative whose results are already enormous, with the certainty of cumulative and accelerated future consequences for the Nation's good and well- being. The farmer's work and harvest have had the benefit of more varied knowledge and more effective intelligence. His life and liv- ing have undergone transformations which increasingly make the farm preferable to the town. " This period has developed an amazing and unexampled pros- perity for the farmer. His improving financial condition has been both an effect and a cause — an effect partly of his own efforts joined to those of public agencies, and also the means of making his life and the lives of his wife and children the better worth living." The Secretary shows in some detail how the period referred to has been marked b}^ a change from low to profitable prices for farm products and how, " relieved of the weight of debt and of suffering under unprofitable prices, the farmer felt more responsive than before to the help offered bv the Department of Agriculture, the experiment stations, and other sources during the period under review. Thou- sands of learned investigators worked for him. Thousands more talked to him repeatedly. Thousands of demonstrations taught how to do by doing. Many boys were educated in agriculture. Hundreds of millions of copies of publications were sent broadcast." One of the most important results of these systematic and wide- spread efforts to apply science to the practice of agriculture has been 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the remarkable improvement in practical methods of breeding plants and animals, for " during the past dozen years breeding has passed the unorganized stage and has come under the domain of science." The work in plant breeding has given definite results not onh?^ in the production of better yielding varieties of many important crops, but has also produced varieties more resistant to disease and unfavor- able climatic conditions, as well as those of higher market quality. In the field of animal breeding '" cooperation of the Department with State stations and farmers has begun to create new strains of farm animals — carriage horses, in Colorado ; cattle for beef pro- duction under southern conditions, in Alabama ; the cross of the horse and the zebra, in Maryland; the reestablishment of the Morgan breed of horses, in Vermont ; sheep especially suited to range conditions, in Wyoming; a breed of milking Shorthorn cattle, in Minnesota; draft horses, in Iowa; improved Holstein cattle, in North Dakota; a breed of hens for high egg production, in Maine." No small ^^art of the improvement of agricultural production dur- ing the period named has been due to systematic efforts to discover and introduce promising seeds and plants, and it is stated that " from this one feature of the Department's work many millions of dollars are added yearly to our national production of wealth." The question of farm management is one of immense importance, and it is stated that through the efforts of the State experiment sta- tions, colleges of agriculture, and the Department of Agriculture this complicated subject is being put on a scientific basis. " The planning of a new farm or recasting the field plan of the old farm are being reduced to such form that they are profitably taught in agricultural schools. A number of the experiment sta- tions have determined the kinds of crop rotations which yield the largest net returns for given soils and agricultural districts. Numer- ous long-time experiments on State and branch experiment station farms controlled by the Department are under wa-j^ to determine those crop rotations and other methods of internal management of the farm which will be most profitable and best adapted to the family and other available labor. . . . Along this line of work important progress has been made in aiding the farmer to put into practice re- sults of scientific discovery." The improvements in agriculture have not been confined to in- creasing the productive capacity of the area under cultivation, but have extended to the reclamation and profitable utilization of large areas hitherto considered worthless for agricultural production. This is probably best illustrated in the great progress that has been made during the period under consideration in the introduction of methods of dry farming in the vast region included in the arid part of the Great Plains. Under the guidance of the Department and the EDITORIAL. 503 State experiment stations this region is rapidly becoming one of considerable agricultural importance, and dry farming, has come to be recognized as an important factor in our future agricultural progress. In discussing the present and future of irrigation and dry farming, the Secretary makes the following significant statements : " In 1896 the irrigated acres in this country numbered about 8,000-000 ; in 1908 the number was about 13,000,000, and when projects now in the course of execution by the Eeclamation Service and by private individuals under the Carey Act are executed, the total irrigable area will be 18.000,000 acres. It therefore appears that during the period under review steps have been taken and much progress made toward placing under cultivation immense areas of desert land by means of irrigation and of so-called ' dry land ' by means of suitable cultural systems. The foundation has already been prepared for the advent of millions of people on previously unproductive land to pursue agriculture in many of its features under conditions which promise prosperity and an enormous addition to the Nation's permanent wealth and to its annual production. In these two lines of agricultural development, in which this Department has already been concerned in the agricul- tural phases, there is much work for it in the future." In harmony with the growing sentiment in favor of better con- servation and utilization of our natural resources, " instruction in the conservation of the soil and its fertility by all available means has been incessantly carried on by the Department, the experiment sta- tions, agricultural colleges, and by private publications." A fuller knowledge has been gained of the nature of plant diseases and of the immense losses they cause and their ravages " have been supjjressed and avoided during the period under review in a far greater degree than ever before. A true science of plant pathology has been founded and the discovery of the causes and treatment of diseases has led to many improvements in mechanical methods of utilizing fungicides. Still greater advances have been made in the direction of plant sanitation, and improvements in the environment of plants as well as in the plants themselves have increased produc- tion, both in quantity and in quality. No part of the work of the Department and the experiment stations jdelds a more direct cash return than this." The Secretary's review shows in brief the great progress that has been made in the period considered in the discovery and introduction of effective methods of control . of injiirious insects by means of natural enemies, insecticides, and improved methods of farm man- agement; in the acquisition and dissemination of more exact knowl- edge regarding useful and injurious birds and other wild animals; in impro^dng methods of marketing farm products ; in control of animal diseases and inspection of meat products; in improving dairy meth- 504 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ods; in road improvement; in developing the efficiency of the Weather Bureau and improving the weather forecasts and extending their distribution; in the application of chemistry to agricultural production and to the detection and prevention of fraud and adulter- ation in food products and drugs. " Increased and wider knowledge of the nutritive value of food and of the better utilization of agricultural products as human food has followed the nutrition investigations of this Department, in cooi^era- tion with the experiment stations and other State institutions. "Animal nutrition investigations, begun in cooperation with the Pennsylvania experiment station, are accumulating most accurate and scientific information, developed by use of the respiration calorimeter, an instrument invented by experts of this Department.'' The remarkable growth of the Forest Service in recent years and the rapid development of a comprehensive national forest policy is strikingly emphasized in the statement that " for Americans ten years ago forestry had neither a practical basis nor practical interest. On July 1, 1898, there were two professional foresters in the employ of the Govermnent, less than ten in the whole country, no school of forestry on the "Western Hemisphere, no scientific knowledge of the first principles of American practice in existence. The very word forestry was usualW meaningless except as it was misunderstood." It is shown, however, that between that date and the present time there has been a complete and rapid change in the attitude of the public toward the forests, and that while in 1897 the number of persons employed by the Department in forestry work was only 14 and not an acre of forest land was then under the management or control of the Department, the number of persons now employed in the Forest Service is 3,753, and the area of the National Forests now aggregates almost 168,000,000 acres, paying annually into the Treas- ury of the United States over $1,800,000. This enormous growth of the forestry work of the Department has been accompanied by in- creased activity by State agencies and the development of forestry work by the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. As concrete evidence of the rapid growth of the Department, it may be stated that while " in 1897 the number of publications issued by the Department was 424. of which 6,541.200 copies were distrib- uted, in 1908 the 1,522 publications of the Department were dis- tributed to the number of 16,875,516. During the eleven years fol- lowing 1897 this Department has printed 10.449 publications, includ- ing reprints, the distribution of which amounted to 129,129,633 copies." In the same time the Department library has grown from 56,000 to 115,000 books and pamphlets, constituting perhaps the most complete agricultural library in the world. EDITORIAL. 505 The growth of the Department is also shown by the fact that while " on July 1, 1897, 2,444 persons were employed, eleven years later, in 1908, the number was 10,420, or over four times as many." The general educational influence of the work of the Department and of the agricultural colleges and experiment stations has grown rapidl}^ and become far-reaching during the period reviewed. One educational result of great importance has been the training of an efficient corps of workers prepared to guide future advances in agri- cultural education and research. The Secretary gives the following striking figures regarding the development of agricultural education : '• The total income of the agricultural colleges was $5,000,000 in 1897, $15,000,000 in 1908; the value of their property was $51,000,000 in the former .year and $96,000,000 in 1907. The students in 1897 numbered 4,000 ; in 1908, 10,000. " One agricultural high school existed in 1897, and there are now 55. Not one normal school taught agriculture in 1897, but now 115 do so, besides many privately endowed schools. About half of the agricultural colleges now give training courses for teachers in agri- culture; 44 States and Territories give some instruction in elementary principles of agriculture in the lower schools. The Graduate School of Agriculture for instruction of investigators and for discussion of advanced problems of research in agriculture was organized in 1902, and is now doing work under the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. A strong movement for the systematic organization of all agencies in agricultural exten- sion work has been started within a few years, and the National Edu- cation Association has added a department of rural and agricultural education. " Outside of schools which are for the education of j^outh and teachers in agriculture, the farmers have received a greatly increased degi-ee of education by means of demonstration work and advice given orally and by letter, by countless official and private publica- tions, by corn and live-stock Judging contests, and by farmers' insti- tutes. The number of sessions of the last named held in 1908 was 14,000, with an attendance of about 2,000,000 persons, an enormous increase over the attendance twelve years ago. About 1,200 trained lecturers are now employed in farmers' institute work in all States and Territories." In concluding this review of the " tangible evidences of the beneficial results of the gigantic movement in agricultural instruc- tion and improvement, of the unprecedented uplift of the farmer, and the betterment of country life," the Secretary calls attention to the interesting and important fact " that this country is passing 506 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. through historical phases of agricultural production. First comes the exploitation of virgin land by the soil robber, a proceeding that is justified by the poverty of the settler or his lack of capital; next is the diminished production per acre, which surprises the farmer, and for which he is unable to account; next is the receipt of information from the scientist as to the means of improving the productivity of the land, with slow response; in the course of time, especially when the next or perhaps the third generation takes the farm, important advances are made, at first irregularly and mostly on the farms of the leading farmers, and subsequently with increasing diffusion and accelerated speed. " In the case of all crops for wdiich production per acre is known, there was an increase during the last ten years and also, in a some- what less degree, in the case of most of them, during the last twenty 3^ears. This is the general fact for the United States in spite of the damaging effect on the general average by reason of decreasing pro- duction per acre from land that has not yet entered upon the final historic stage of agriculture. " The farmers of this country have now made a creditable begin- ning in this last phase of historic agriculture. It is now a movement of masses as well as of leaders. It is more and more a diffused move- ment in place of being broken up into localized efforts. This move- ment has gained most of its headway during the last tw^elve years. Increased production per acre is clearly indicating the extent and force of this uplifting movement. . . . " No one need fear that the farmers of this country will ever be unable to provide for its population. They are already demonstrating in the cases of various crops and of various States that they can pro- vide for a population increasing faster than by increase due to excess of births over deaths." Taking all the facts into consideration, the Secretary draws the broad general conclusion " that agriculture has made wonderful prog- ress and permanent advancement, and that the farmer in results of information, intelligence, and industry has thriren mightily " during the last dozen years. " The progress that has been made is in the di- rection leading to popular and National welfare, to the sustenance of any future population, as well as to a larger efficiency of the farmer in matters of wealth production and saving, and in establishing him- self and his family in more pleasant ways of living." From the standpoint of the agricultural scientist, the most interest- ing fact regarding the foregoing review of the recent agricultural progress of the United States is that it is inseparable from the record of the growth and development of our institutions for agricultural education and research. The period of the most effective work of these institutions is the same as that covered by the Secretary's re- EDITORIAL. 507 port. During that period these institutions have secured the attention of great numbers of intelligent farmers in every State and Territory. As agricultural prosperity has increased the farmers themselves have taken increased interest in securing larger grants of public funds for agricultural education and research and have- cordially supported the managers of colleges, schools, and experiment stations in building up these institutions. The directions in which agricultural progress has been made have also borne clear evidence of the practical benefits derived from science applied to agriculture. It is therefore impossible to make any ac- curate account of our agricultural progress in recent years without giving a large place to the results of experimental inquiries and to the relations of science and education in aiding advances in this industry. So far from exhausting the store of material which might have been drawn upon, the Secretary has been compelled by limits of space to confine his resume to the larger and more striking features of scientific, as w^ell as practical, interest and to treat these in the broadest outline. An important feature of the development of the Department, as related to its material equipment, to which the Secretary's report calls attention, is the completion of the new Department building. This building, for which Congress appropriated $1,500,000 in 1902, Avas begun in 1901 and completed in March, 1908. Upon completion of the building steps were " immediately taken toward its occupancy by the various Bureaus of the Department, which were very inade- quately housed in scattered buildings rented by the Department." The building consists of two L-shaped wings designed especially for laboratory use which it is planned to connect by a central part to be used for administration purposes. The wings each have a frontage of 256 feet with an L extending to the rear 100 feet. They are four stories in height above a high base- ment, and all the floors are made readily accessible by three elevators in each wing. There are twenty-five working rooms on each floor, and the total floor space provided by each building is eighty thousand square feet including the corridors. This leaves about fifty-five thousand square feet in each wing available for office and laboratory rooms. The corridors are wide and well lighted. The construction is of the most substantial kind and is fireproof throughout. The exterior walls are of marble and of solid masonry, and those on the court side of light brick with marble trimmings. Each room is so arranged that it can be readily converted into a laboratory, although at present many of the rooms are occupied as offices. Provision is made for supplying each laboratory room with hot and cold water, distilled water, gas, live steam, compressed air 70454— No. 6—09 3 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, ;uid suction, as well as with electricity for light and power ; and there are openings for connecting telephones and call bells. The supply pijDes are carried just below the ceiling so that they in no way inter- fere with office equipment and lead to pipe shafts provided with doors so that the risers are easily accessible. A power house has been erected in the court from which heat is supplied, and where all pumps and machinery for maintaining the service are located. The building is heated by indirect radiation, and a system of room ventilation and of fines for fume chambers is provided throughont. The new building accommodates only a part of the Department's force, so rapid has been the growth, even in the few years since the Iniilding was begun. In the east wing are located the Library, which occupies most of the basement floor, the Bureaus of Animal Industry and of Soils, and the Office of Experiment Stations. The latter has desirable quarters on the second floor, with two rooms in the base- ment for the respiration calorimeter. The space provided allows the bringing together of the various lines of work in charge of the Office, Avhich in the past have been widely scattered. The west wing is occupied by the Bureau of Plant Industry. The old main building and the building occupied by the Bureaus of Ento- mology^ and Biological Survey will be retained for the present. " Several structures in close proximity to the new building have been or will be removed, in accordance with the provisions of the original plan and appropriation for the building work. In carrying out this plan new quarters for shops, stables, and storage are being erected on the north side of the Department grounds, for which purpose a special sum was appropriated by Congress at its last session." Xot the least advantage of the new building will be the opportunity to bring the forces together Avhich have steadily become more widely separated. This separation has greatly increased the difficulties of administration, and the necessity of adapting the small rooms of dwelling houses and flats to laboratory purposes has placed the work at a constant disadvantage. In its completed form the new building will compare favorably in its architectural features (see E. S. R., 15, p. 947) with any that has been built for other branches of Government work and is well adapted to the purposes for which it was designed. It is such a building as Avill worthily typify the national importance of agriculture in this count rv. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. A wax acid from soils, O. Schreiner and E. C Shorey (Abs. in Science, n. ser., 28 (1008), No. 710, p. 190). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the recent meeting of the American Chemical Society at New Haven. " In the examination of a black clay loam from North Dakota there was obtained by treatment with boiling 95 per cent alcohol a colored extract from which a microcrystalline precipitate separated on cooling. By washing with cold alcohol and recrystallizing, this can be obtained free of color. On drying this pnrifled precipitate and treating with cold ether it is divided into two portions. The other soluble portion crystallizes on evaporation of the ether in minute leaflets, melting at 72-73° C. The physical and chemical properties of this body place it among the fatty acids found in waxes. p]lemeutary analyses correspond with the formula C21H42O3, the hypothetical acid of a lactone found in caruauba wax. The name agroceric acid is proposed for this body." The presence of a cholesterol substance in soils — agrosterol, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shorey (Jour. Amer. Cliem. Soc, 31 (1909), No. 1, pp. 116-118; aU. in Science, n. set:, 28 (1908), No. 710, p. 190). — This is a paper presented at the recent meeting of the American Chemical Society at New Haven. It is stated that "when the alcoholic extract of the soil referred to [above! is separated from the precipitate, which forms on cooling, and is evaporated to small volume, a resinous dark-colored mass is obtained. Cold ether dissolves a portion of this, including the coloring matter. Spontaneous evaporation of the ether leaves again a resinous dark-colored mass. Treatment of this with cold absolute alcohol removes the coloring matter and leaves a white crystal- line residue. Purification of this by recrystallization yields a body crystalliz- ing in plates resembling those of phytosterol, melts at 237° and gives the cholesterol reaction with acetic auhydrid and sulphuric acid. Elementary analysis gave figures corresponding to the formula C-6H44O. The name agros- terol is suggested for this compound." Critical observations on the Schone and Appiani methods of physical analysis of soils, G. De Lucchi (Ann. R. Staz. Agr. Forli, 1907, No. 36, pp. 19-29). — As a result of comparative tests of these methods the author recom- mends the Appiani (decantation) method as preferable to the Schone method on account of its simplicity and rapidity. Application of the cobalti-nitrate method to the estimation of potassium in soils, W. A. Drushel (Amer. Jour. ScL, //. ser., 26 ( 1908), No. 15h VP- 329-332; Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., .59 (1908), No. 1. pp. 97-101 ; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9J, (1908), No. 550, II, p. 735; Chem. Zentbl, 1908, II, No. 13. p. 1126).— In the application of the method already described (E. S. R., 19, p. 808) to the determination of potash in soils, a weighed quantity of soil is extracted on a water bath with 20 per cent hydrochloric acid, the acid removed by evap- oration, and the bases separated by addition of sodium carbonate or ammonia and ammonium oxalate. The ammonium salts and organic matter are removed 509 510 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. by beatins to redness, tbe residue dissolved in water, acidified witb acetic acid, and evaporated witb excess of sodium cobalti-uitrite. Further procedure is tbe same as ali-eady described. Detection of ammonia in water, Lambotte {Jour. I'luiim. [Antwerl)^, 190S, Mar. 31; ahs. in Aim. Chim. Analyt., 13 (1008). No. 9. pp. 350, 35i).— The method proposed is based upon the coloration of the precipitate obtained with Nessler reagent in a centrifuge and not of tbe solution as in the ordinary method. The estimation of phosphoric acid in food materials, Rietkr (Schweir. Wrhnschr. Clicin. u. Pharnh, -',6 (1908), No. 35, pp. 5.',6, 5.'i7).—A critical dis- cussion of methods. What is the value of determining the ash content of honey by Ley's method, F. Schwarz (Ztschr. Uiitersuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 7, pp. Jf03-Jtl2). — On the basis of his investigations the author reaches the con- clusion that honey should be considered adulterated when it has an ash con- tent of less than 0.1 per cent and also would appear to be artificial honey judged by the Ley test. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 11). The determination of malic acid in food products, H. W. Cowles, Jr. (Jour. Amcr. Chem. Soc, 30 (1908), No. 8, pp. 1285-1.288).— The method de- scribed is designed for use with maple sugar products. It is also applicable to fresh and boiled ciders and to cider vinegar. Calcium acetate with 95 per cent alcohol is used as a reagent. The precipitate is ignited, warmed with an excess of decinormal hydrochloric acid, cooled and titrated with decinormal sodium hydroxid. The estimation of alcohol in fermented liquids, AV. Axtoxi (Jour. Amcr. Clicm. .S'ot'., 30 (1908). No. 8, pp. 1276-1218. figs. 3). — A pycnometer, rinsing ar- rangement, and a method of distillation used in determining alcohol in fer- mented liquids are described. The determination of cotton-seed hulls in cotton-seed meal, G. S. Fraps (Texas Sta. Bill. 109, pp. 3, 4). — In the method proposed the sample is extracted first with ether and then with boiling water and sodium hydroxid. The residue is dried, ignited, and brought to constant weight, the loss in weight represent- ing the insoluble residue. Determinations of the insoluble residue found in 17 samples of meal after the hulls had been sifted out ranged from 8.22 to 13.33 per cent, with an average of 10.46. In 16 samples of meal of high jmrity but containing hulls, it ranged from 9.75 to 14.09, and averaged 11.38 per cent. In 20 samples of hulls it aver- aged 75.22 per cent. It is believed that a meal free from hulls should not con- tain over 10 per cent of insoluble residue. The approximate amount of excess hulls present is estimated by subtracting from the percentage of insoluble residue found to be present 10 per cent and then adding one-third of the remainder. Mitchell-Walker moisture test, J. W. Mitchell and W. O. Walker (On- tario Dept. Agr. Bui. 167, pp. 12, fig. 1). — The authors have devised a cheap but durable apparatus for use by the average factory man in moisture determina- tions in butter, cheese, and curd. This apparatus, which is so constructed that it can be easily taken apart and packed for use for the traveling inspector, is fully described and directions are given for making the test. The underlying principles are the use of a reagent to prevent the foaming of butter, the expul- sion of the moisture by heat, and the condensing of the vapor in a receptacle where the amount can be easily read. Amyl acetate is the reagent used, amyl butyrate, eucalyptol, and various dis- tillation products of crude petroleum having been tried and discarded. The loss of moisture due to the reagent has been found to be approximately a constant AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 511 qnautity rather than l)eiiii; iirt)i)ortioiial to the jterceiitage of moisture in the butter. The time required to drive all moisture from a sample of butter or curd varies from 4 to 7 minutes. Eegarding the methods of investigations of butter and other fats, Grim- mer (Milch Ztg., 31 {1908), Nos. 11, pp. 121-132; 12, pp. 133-lU; 13, pp. I.'i5- 156; 16, pp. lSl-192). — The methods of determining the various physical and chemical constants of butter conuuonly used are considered and summarized. Comparison of different methods of estimating the fat content of cream, .^r. Kersten (Molk. Ztfi.. 22 (1908), \(>. 38. pp. 1083-1085). — The methods com- l)ared are those of Adams, Gerber, Weudler. and Siegfeld, together with that by the use of the revolving balance described below. A revolving balance, AVendlkr {Molk. Ztg., 21 {1907), No. .'i5, p. 1278, fig. 1). — A description of a balance by which G flasks may be weighed at once, thereby effecting a saving of time in the volumetric estimation of butter fat. Determining the energy value of urine, A. Zaitschek (Arch. Physiol, irfliigcr]. 121 (1908), Xo. 8-10. pp. 550-557).— As shown by the tests which the author reports, the energy value of urine can be accurately determined with a small bomb calorimeter of 70 cc. capacity. Beport of food commissioner and chemist, E. F. Ladd (North Dakota SI a. Rpt. 1907, pt. 2, pp. 9-lG-'f, figs. 9). — The author reports the results of the ex- amination of a large number of samples of preserves, jams, jellies, canned goods, cereal and breakfast foods, dried fruits, spices and extracts, meats, molasses and sirup, candy, alcoholic beverages, etc, under the provisions of the State law. Special attention is paid to the quantity of goods in cans, etc., as the State law now provides that every package, bottle or container shall di.splay definite information regarding quantity. According to the author very few of the products sold in the State are now seriously adulterated, " but a great many are still misbranded, or, are not branded to show properly the true net weight or measure of the same." A study of the character of burning oils carried on under the provisions of the State law led to conclusions summarized as follows: " The flash point and fire test are means of safeguarding against the presence of gasoline and other light explosive products, but afford no complete protection against the sale of oils which are inferior as illuminants. " The specific gravity, 46° B., now excludes an oil possessed of good illumi- nating power, while oils with a gravity of 47.3° B. are entirely worthless. Therefore, the gravity does not seem to indicate the true burning quality of an oil for illuminating purposes. " To exclude the gravity test would work no hardship, but permit of the introduction of other oils, i)roviding the ])hotometric and distilling test be made an essential part of the enforcible features of the oil law. " Changes in the specific gravity from 4G° B. to 42° B., without any other safeguards, might result in the introduction of many inferior, even worthless, oils. " The photometric test should be made an essential part of the law. . . . " The distilling test should be emphasized, and at 310° F., not moi'e than 6 per cent of the oil should distill over; and at 570° F., the residuum should not be more than 4 per cent. " Not more than a trace of suljihur or other tar-like products should be per- mitted in oil intended for illuminating pui'poses. " The Foster cup can not be recommended for the flashing test, but the Elliott closed cup should be made the standard. " The oils tested, with the exception of [two samples] . . . , were all received from the State oil inspector, and represent the oils shipped into the State; 512 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. therefore, in no way tampered with, nor Lad they been stored by dealers in tanks not properly cleaned. " The statement generally made that the housewife fails to keep her lamps properly cleaned, in the light of experiments heretofore reported upon, wonld not seem, in many cases, to be the real cause of failure to burn." Division of pharmacy [report^ by L. A. Brown (pp. 121-150, pis. 5). — Details are given of the examination of a large number of products and proprietary articles under the provisions of the State law. Report of practical paint tests hcf/un in 1905 l)y C. D. HoUey (pp. 151-162). — The results of experimental tests of paint are summarized, but as the paints have been applied only for a year the author does not believe that final deduc- tions can be drawn. Annual report of the chemical section of the Hygienic Institute of the University of Halle, M. Klostermann (Hyg. Rundschau, IS {190S), No. 10, pp. 572-592). — A report of the examination of a number of samples of meat and meat goods, milk, culinary fats and oils, water, wine, and other materials. [Miscellaneous analyses], E. F. Ladd (Xorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1907. pt. 1. pp. Mi-'fl. 'i2-'i'i). — In 102 samples of formalin analyzed the formaldehyde con- tent was found to range from 38 to 41.62 per cent. Analyses are also reported of proprietary stock feeds. lin.seed meal, bran, middlings, Paris green, sugar Ijeets, and a soft black mineral product that oozes from the earth in the locality of lignite coal veins. Commercial Sicilian sumac, F. P. Yeitch and B. J. Howard ( U. 8. Dept. Ayr.. Bur. Cheni. Bui. 117, p. 32, pis. 3). — Sicilian sumac (Rhus coriaria) is the best vegetable tanning material known for pale colors and soft tannage. Sumac-tanned leathers are less likely to be attacked by light and gas fumes, hence are well suited for bookbinding. A good quality of Sicilian sumac is high priced and dealers have complained that stems and other material are added. The culture and preparation of sumac for market are described. Italian laws require that adulterated sumac shall be so labeled. Samples were submitted to both chemical and microscopical analysis. Con- trary to results of English chemists the largest percentage of tannin was obtained by extracting above the temperature of 60° C. The most common adulterant found was Pistacia lentiscus. Others less common are Coriaria myrtifolia. Tamarix africana, Ailanthus gladulosa, Vitis rinifera, and other species of Rhus. " Approximately 41 per cent of the invoices from which samples were taken [in 1905] were mixed with lentiscus, this being practically the only adulterant employed, except sumac stems, which were present in excessive quantities in a number of samples. The adulterated samples contained from 19.6 per cent to .33..3 per cent and averaged 26.6 per cent of tannin, or 2.2 per cent less than the average of all the sumac samples. A number of the samples contained an excess of sumac stems, and the average tannin content of these was 29.9 per cent, which indicates that the stems are not added in such large quantities as is the lentiscus. The samples of pure sumac contained from 27.4 to 35.1 per cent and averaged 31.9 per cent of tannin." Investigations of 1907 showed that 25 per cent of the 53 samples examined were adulterated. The average available tannin of the 53 samples was 29.4 per cent and of the adulterated samples 26.3 per cent. Tables of analyses and details of the methods of the examination are given. One of the most reliable indications of adulteration is the color of the dried sample, lentiscus darkening greatly on heating. Official and provisional methods of analysis, Association of Official Agri- cultural Chemists, edited by H. W. Wiley (U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Chem. Bui. METEOROLOGY WATER. 513 107, rev. ed., pp. XXI +27 2, figs, i^).— This is a revision of Bulletin 107 of the Bureau of Chemistry, previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 506), embodying further changes suggested by the association and adopted at the 1907 meeting. Proceedings of the twenty-fourth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at the Jamestown Exposition, Norfolk, Va., October 9-11, 1907, edited by H. W. Wiley {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Bill. 116, pp. 1)3). — This is the official report of the proceedings of the convention. A summarized account of the meeting has been given (E. S. R., 19, p. 294), and a circular of the Bureau containing extracts from the proceed- ings noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1010). METEOROLOGY— WATER. The relations between the meteorological elements of the TJnited States and the solar radiation, F. H. Bigelow {Amer. Jour. ScL, 4- ser., 25 (1908), Xo. l-',9, pp. .>,1S-.',S0, (Igms. J,; ahs. in Hci. Ahs., Sect. A—Phijs., 11 {1908), Xo. 10, p. 552). — It is explained that temperatures in the United States are more largely the product of heat transported in the general circulation than of direct solar radiation, and in order to separate circulation from solar radiation the author analyzes data obtained by the Weather Bureau at 50 stations since 1873 on tem- perature, vapor pressure, aud barometric pressure reduced to strictly homo- geneous series. He also takes into account " the annual numbers of the solar prominences and the annual amplitudes of the European magnetic field," and studies their synchronism with temperature aud vapor and barometric pres- sures of the I'nited States in 11-year and 3-year periods. " The synchronism is better defined in the Pacific States than east of the Rocky Mountains, especially in the short period. The amplitudes of the three elements (curves of temperature, barometer, vapor pressure) increase from south to north. In the long-period curves an increase in the prominence and magnetic-force numbers is always accompanied by a decrease in temperature and vapor pressure, but by an increase in the barometric pressure ; in the short period the same rule holds for the east, but the reverse for the Pacific States, whose temperatures generally are the reverse of the central and eastern dis- tricts in the sense that the monthly residuals have opposite signs. This is ex- plained by the circulation. The Pacific States may practically be considered as part of the tropical system, characterized by a quiescent state of the atmosphere and freedom from cyclonic circulation ; part of the Rocky Mountains cyclones and high-pressure areas advance down the slope eastward." The extension of this system of observation is urged since in the author's opinion " this sub.iect will in the future assume large proportions, because it is the only way at all pi'omising in which to lay the foundations for a system of seasonal forecasting. The Weather Bureau has now adjusted its records to the required standard of observation and computation for about 100 stations, and the future records will continue automatically to unroll the hidden story of the sun's influence upon the earth's weather and climatic conditions." The moon and the weather, Jochimsen {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 57 (1908), No. IJf, pp. 502-510). — Data and arguments are presented to show that the moon does not control the weather to an appreciable extent. Further notes on the difference of temperature between Mount Royal and the McGill College Observatory. — Local temperature forecasting, C. H. McLeod and H. T. Barnes (Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 1 (1907), >S're. ///, pp. 3-7, dgms. 2). — This is a third communication on the subject (E. S. R., 17. p. 224; IS. p. 813). and summarizes further records which confirm the conclusion that the differences in temperature at the mountain top and at the observatory, though small, are of value for local temperature forecasting. Ob- 514 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. servations by Church at Reno and on Mount Hose (E. S. R., IS, p. 520) are also referred to as confiriuing this conclusion. Indications of approaching' frost, R. Strachan (Quart. Jour. Roy. 2Iet. Soc. [London'l, SJ/ (I DOS). Xo. i'/J, pp. //7-.70). — Data are adduced to show that "in the majority of cases the evening dewpoint is no indication of frost unless the sky during the night becomes clear, or a radiation fog is on the ground with a clear sky above it. . . . For the purpose of making forecasts the psychrom- eter should be noted at or after sunset, or at 9 p. m., and the amount of cloud at the time, and during the fore part of the night if convenient. The dew-point can then be found by Glaisher's Hygrometrical Tables, or roughly by taking the difference between the two thermometers from the reading of the wet-bulb. "When the dew-point is at or below 32°, frost is in evidence, but may be evanes- cent, due to a rise of temperature, with change of wind, rain, or overcast sky. Even when it is above 32°, if the sky is clear it is probable that the tempex-a- tui'e on the ground will go low enough for frost to form." A two years' study of spring' frosts at Williamstown, Mass., W. I. Miliiam (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), Xo. 8, pp. 250-254, flff- i).— This article gives reference to recent articles on frost prediction and protection, and summarizes the results of observations at 10 frost stations located in different parts of Williamstown. The following conclusions, which apply not only to Williams- town but probably to the whole of New England, are drawn from the results : " The so-called spring frosts may be expected from the last of April until the first of June and occur on still, clear nights, with the wind almost invari- ably from the northwest. They are likely to come on the first or second night following the passage of a low and the transition of the weather control to an area of high pressure. This facilitates both the importation of colder air and radiation, the two processes which cause the low temperatures required. The air is so dry and the dew-point lies so low that it plays no part whatever in determining the amount of the drop from the maximum to the following minimum. The drop is, however, far from a constant, and must be estimated for each individual case, taking into account the probable characteristics of the afternoon and night. " If, after the probable minimum temperature in the thermometer shelter has been estimated, it is desired to detei'mine what the probable temperature of low-gi'owing vegetatioH in the coldest part of the limited area will be, three things must be taken into account. First, that plant temperatures go below the real air temperatures, because the plants are in the open without such a hin- drance to radiation as is the shelter about a thermometer : second, that vegetation is located near the ground and not at the height of the instruments in the shel- ter ; third, that the variation in temperature over a limited area may amount to several degrees. Were this computation carried out with the average values for Williamstown, about 2° would be allowed for exposure in the open, 3° for height, and 6° for variation between the shelter and the coldest part of the area. Thus the temperature of vegetation in the open, near the ground, in the coldest part of the village may be expected to average 11° lower than the estimated mininunn in the shelter as it is now located." Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), Nos. 7, pp. 197-230, figs. 10, charts 6; 8, pp. 231-27 Jf, figs. Jf, charts 9). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months of July and August, 1908, recent papers bear- ing on meteorology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 7. — Rain-making in New Zealand ; Report upon the Dry Period and Rain- making Experiments at Oamaru, New Zealand (illus.), by D. C. Bates; Inter- METEOROLOGY WATER. 515 national Exchange Service; Waterspout at Beaufort, X. C, by B. McGloue; and Australian Weather (illus.), by D. J. Mares. No. S.— Annual Rise of the Columbia River in 1908 (illus.), by E. A. Reals: The 1907 Annual Rise in the Columbia River ; Storms and Ice on the Great Lakes, by N. B. Conger; Studies on the Vortices of the Atmosphere of the Earth (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow; A Two Years' Study of Spring Frosts at Williams- town, Mass. (illus.), by W. I. Milham (see p. 514) ; Government Meteorological Work in Brazil, by R. DeC. Ward ; Further Observations of Halos and Coronas, by M. E. T. Gheui'y ; The Observatory on Mount Etna; The Heaviest Rainfall in One Hour, by A. G. McAdie; and Studies in the Formation of Frost (illus.), by D. A. Seeley. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. C. Lindelad (Massachusetts 8ta. Met. Buls. 231, 238, pp. 4 each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during September and October, 1908. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. [Meteorological observations at North Dakota Station!, E. F. Ladd (yorth Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. 2-J-.3J). — This includes, as in previous years, sunmiaries of temperature and rainfall, monthly I'ecord of sunshine, and record of wind velocity. The mean annual temperature of 1907 was 37.26° F., the rainfall 15.34 in. Annual report of the director of the [Philippine] Weather Bureau for the year 1905, J. Algue {Ann. Rpt. [Philippine^ Weatlier Bur., 1905, pt. 2, pp. 3S6). — A record of meteorological observations at the secondary stations in 1905. Evaporation from water surface, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. 33-.36). — This is a record of a continuation of observations on evaporation from the surface of water contained in a galvanized iron tank, the evaporation during 1907 being compared with that of 5 previous years and with the rainfall during the same period. Rain and run-off near San Francisco, California, C. E, Grunsky et al. {Proc. Amcr. Soc. Civ. Engin., 34 {1908), Nos. J,, pp. 339-358, pi. 1, figs. 2; 6, pp. 6.'i0-660, pi. 1, fig. 1). — This article discusses the results of a study of the rainfall and run-off of the basins tributary to three storage reservoirs supply- ing water to San Francisco, Fluctuations in the level of the g'round water and in the flow of springs, C. Mezger {Gsndhts. Ingen., 31 (1908), No. 32, pp. 501-511, figs. 10).— The in- fluence of precipitation, atmospheric pressure, temperature, direction of the wind, and other factors upon fluctuations in ground water and flow of springs is quite fully dealt with in this paper. The removal of iron from potable waters in Germany and the Netherlands, H, SciiWERS (Rev. Hijg. et Pol. Sanit., 30 (1908), Nos. 8, pp. 6.',3-G73, (hjms. 9, map 1 ; 9, pp. 756-786; 10, pp. S.',6-87S).— The methods used and their efficiency are discussed at considerable length. Sterilization of drinking water by chemical agents, H. Labb^ (Rev. Sci. IParis], 5. ser., 10 (1908), No. 11, p. 3//3).— Various processes, particularly those making use of iron and manganese salts, are briefly described. Sewage and waste waters of industries, P. Razous (Eaux iVEgont et Eaux R('-si(1uaires Industrielles. Paris, 1908, pp. 192, illus.; rev. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 10 (1908), No. 7, p. 222).— This book discusses irrigation and biological processes of purifying sewage, and describes various methods of handling waste water from industrial establishments, such as starch factories, cheese factories, breweries, wine-making establishments, tanneries, dye houses, and abattoirs. 516 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. The role of the septic tank in the biological purification of sewage water, A. C'ALMETTE and E. Rolants {Rev. Ilyg. ct Pol. ^anit., 30 {1908), No. 8, pp. 633~GJi3). — The authors take issue with those investigators who assert that the action of septic tanks is purely mechanical, and report investigations which show that a large amount of decomposition of putrescible substances occurs in the tanks, only the difficultly decomposable materials remaining behind and being precipitated. Comparison of broad irrigation and intensive biolog'ical purification of sewage. Bezault {Ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 10 {1908), No. 6, pp. 181, 182; Engrais, 23 {1908), No. 39, pp. 926, 927).— Some ol^jections to the use of irrigation as the sole means of disposal are pointed out. The agricultural utilization of sewage, Bechmann et al. {Ann. >S'e/. Agron., 3. scr., 3 {190S), I. pp. 180-193). — This is a summary of reports on this subject madeto the Eighth International Congress of Agriculture at Vienna in May, 1907. The present status of sewage irrigation in different countries is briefly pre- sented and the advantages and disadvantages of this method of disposal are pointed out. It is shown that under certain conditions sewage irrigation has been successfully used as a means of disposal, but that in many cases it is im- practicable on account of the large area of land required. For this reason It has been found in many cases desirable to combine sewage irrigation with other methods of purification. [Sewage irrigation at Pasadena], W. J. Weight {Mich. Farmer, 131 {1908), No. 3, p. 43, figs. 2). — This is a brief account of the use of sewage by the city of Pasadena in the growing of hay. grain, pumpkins, walnuts, and fruit. The importance of the agricultural utilization of town sewage on the Posen sewage farm to the drain tile and agricultural machinery industry, A. WuLSCH {GsndJils. Ingen., 31 {1908), No. 35, pp. 549-552, fig. 1). — Data re- garding the cost of installation of the drainage system and of the machinery required on the sewage farm are given. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soils: Their nature and management, P. McConnelt. (London. 1908, pp. XII-\-104, pi. 1, figs. 10; rev. in Nature [London], 18 {1908), No. 2016, p. 150). — This is a short practical treatise for the use of the British farmer and gardener. It discusses from the practical man's standpoint the origin, compo- sition, classification, distribution, physical properties, improvement, tillage, and management of the soils of Great Britain. The book also discusses the physical geography of the farm and gives suggestions regarding the selection of farms. On transported soils with especial reference to the Roman Campagna, G. DE Angelis d'Ossat {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 11 (1908); I, No. 1, pp. 439--'i-'i8, figs. 5). — The author shows by means of diagrams how transported soils increase in complexity from the head of a valley downward according to the various strata cut through and formulates the following law : The agricultural value of a transported soil is equal to the algebraic sum of the elements of each generating rock, taking account, however, of the transformations undergone. Results of tests of soil samples taken in the valley of the Teverone River are given which show a high percentage of carbonate of lime. This accounts in part for the fact that the chief characteristic of the transported soil of the Tiber Valley is carbonate of lime. Study of Belgian soils {Bul. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 1 {1908), No. 5, pp. 543, S.'i'i ) . — The results of analyses of 47 typical soils and subsoils of Belgium are briefly discussed in this article, attention being called especially to the deficiencies and fertilizer requirements of the different soils. SOILS PEETILIZERS, 5l7 Nature of tlie soils of Morocco {Bui. Mens. Off, Renseig. Agr. [Paris}, 7 (190S), Xo. 5, pp. 56'i~566). — The soils of Fez are brieflj' considered in this article. They are grouped as cultivated soils and pasture soils, there being . several subdivisions of each group. Chemical analyses of typical samples of red and back clay and sandy soils are reported. Report of Adzhibay Experiment Field for 1904 to 1906, D. P. Shushak (Adzhihaislcoe Opuitnoc Pole. Otchct za 190-i, 1005, i 1906. Simpheropol, Russia, 1907, pp. 91; rev. in Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. [Rnss. Jour. E.ipt. Landw.], 8 {1907), Xo. 6, pp. 709-7Ji).— Observations on the influence of fallow, ferti- lizers, and cultivation on the physical, chemical, and biological properties and processes of the soil are recoi'ded in this report. On the rate of some phenomena of weathering, P. Zemyatchenskii {Trav. Soc. Imp. Xat. St. Pctersb., Sect. Geol. ct ilin., 3-'/ (1906), Xo. 5, pp. 181-190; abs. in Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 8 (1907), No. 6, p. 707). — The author observed that in certain ruins in Austria there has formed from limestone during 500 to 600 years a soil layer 10 cm. thick with 4.4 per cent of humus, while on the adjoining natural deposits of limestone the soil layer has a thickness of 38 to 40 cm. with 7.7 per cent of humus. On the basis of the rate of the formation of the soil on the ruins, 2,400 years should have been required for the formation of the 38 to 40 cm. soil layer. On a fortress wall of limestone in the Crimea, which has been exposed to weathering during 600 years, a soil lajer 10 cm. thick has formed. The adjoining lands have a soil layer 65 cm. in thickness which should have accordingly required 3,600 years for its tVu'matiou. Some laboratory experiments on the capillarity of soils, N. Tulaykov (Zhnr. Opuitn. Agron. [Rnss. Jour. Expt. Landic], 8 {1907), Xo. 6, pp. 629- 666, figs. S). — The experiments were made with soils from the Muganj steppe, with the object of clearing up some details of the process by which the soils of that region are turned into alkali lands. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 18, p. 818). The capillary rise of water was studied in sandy soil from 7 different depths and a clay loam from 5 different depths, the samples of soil after passing a sieve with 2 mm. mesh being carefully packed in glass tubes 3 cm. in diameter and 150 cm. long. In the case of a coarse-grained sandy soil the capillary rise was rapid at first — 55 cm. during the first 24 hours. The water had reached a height of 135 cm. in 513 days and was still slowly rising. In a fiue-grained clay soil the water rose 52 cm. in the first 126 days and apparently became stationary at 65 cm. after IJ years. In other soils of this kind, however, the rise was considerably higher and did not become stationary after li years. In different layers of a sample of clay soil the height of rise of water during the first 30 days was inversely proportional to the content of particles less than 0.005 mm. in diameter. The velocity of rise in the early stages was greater the larger the soil particles, but it decreased in the course of time more rapidly in coarse-grained than in fine-grained soils. Where the layers of soil were ar- ranged in the tubes in the order in which they occurred in nature the rise of water seemed to depend entirely upon the capillary capacity of the lowest layer immediately in contact with the water supply. An experiment was begun on February 15, 1906, to study the relation of capil- lary rise of water to movement of alkali salts. On November 28 the water had risen to a height of 150 cm. and on January 4, 1907, needle-shaped white crystals of salts were observed on the surface of the soil. On March 4 the tube was cut into sections of 10 cm. in length and the salt content of each section determined. The data thus obtained showed a gradual and moi-e or less complete transport of the salts from the lower to the upper layers. Thus the first upper section 518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. toutaiueil before the experiment 0.59 per cent of salts, and after the experiment (i.(>l per cent, while the lowest three sections, the salt content of which was originally 1.95 per cent, retained at the end of the experiment, respectively, 0.09, 0.00, and 0..33 per cent. The snrface of the soil in the tnbe presented the tyi)ical appearance of alkali land. An examination of the water content in the different sections of the soil after the water had risen to the snrface showed that only near the sonrce of the water supply was the soil completely saturated, while the upper layers contained only about one-half of their full capacity. On comparing the rate of the movement of the water in a vertical and in a horizontal tube it was found that the same distance was covered in a horizontal tube in an hour as would take a month in a vertical tube. Effect of carbon bisulphid on soils and plants, M. A. Egorov {Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Rtiss. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 {1008), No. J, pp. 3'j-9-'>; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9-'f {J908), No. 5)7, IT, p. ^i21). — The author's experiments show that the capacity of the soil for moisture is reduced by treatment with carbon bisulphid and that the particles of the treated soil are less easily mois- tened than those of untreated soil. In vegetation experiments, however, treat- ment with carbon bisulphid increased the yield of oats. On examining the soil after removing the crops it was found that carbon bisulphid still remained in all pots to which it had been applied, proving that the entire growth of the jilants had been made in the presence of carbon bisulphid. The favorable influence of the bisulphid is usually accounted for by its action on the nitrogen of the soil, but the author could not discover an increase of the nitrogen content of either the soil or the crop produced. An increase of the nitrogen content of the soil took place only after the removal of the carbon bisulphid. In the opinion of the author the effect of carbon bisulphid consists in stimulating the growth of the plants, and he reports experiments which showed that etiolated germs of Jerusalem artichoke and pumpkin grew better In solutions of 0.03 to 0.06 cc. of carbon bisulphid or ether per liter of water than in pure water. Investigations on nitrification, L. C. Coleman (Centhl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 20 (1908), Nos. 12-1 If, pp. Ji01-.'i20 ; 15-11, pp. ^8-^-513; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soe. [London], 9Jt (1908), No. 51,6, II, p. 315; Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 31, Repert., p. 206; Chem. ZentU., 1908, I, No. U,, p. 1415). — Investigations are reported on the influence of dextrose and other substances on nitrification in the soil; the influence of moisture on nitrification and denitrification and on the action of dextrose in the soil ; on pure cultures of nitrate organisms and the influence of dextrose on the activity of such organisms ; experiments with nitrite organ- isms; the carbonaceous food of nitrate organisms and the assimilation of carbon by such organisms; and the influence of carbon bisnlphid on nitrification in soils. It was found in these investigations that nitrification was considerably increased in nonsterilized soils by the addition of small amounts (0.5 per cent) of dextrose, the greatest increase being observed in the second and third weeks. Subsequently the effect decreased and denitrification due to organic matter increased. Cane sugar, glycerin, and lactose in small amounts seemed to have a favorable effect on nitrification. Calcium butyrate seemed to have no effect, while cal- cium acetate apparently retarded nitrification. Peptone and urea (0.5 and 0.75 per cent, respectively) greatly retarded nitrification. Nitrification was most active in loam soil with a moisture content of 16 per cent. It was greatly retarded when the water content was reduced to 10 per cent or increased to 26 per cent. With the higher percentage of water the addition of dextrose was injurious rather than beneficial. SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 519 Tlie activity of nearly pure cultures of nitrate and nitrite organisms in steril- ized sand or soil was increased by the addition of 0.02 and 0.05 per cent of dextrose. Under similar conditions the activity of pure cultures of the nitrate organism was increased by the addition of 0.05 per cent of dextrose. A supply of carl)on dioxid is necessary for both the niti-ate and the nitrite organisms whether dextrose is added or not. Carbon bisulphid retarded nitrification at first, but afterwards increased it, probably as a result of stimulating action. Course of nitrification under the conditions of field experiments, S. Fkank- ruRT and A. Dusciiechkin (Tijestiuk Saklt. Proniiiish., 1907; abs. in Zliur. Oituitn, Agron. [Rnss. Jour. Erpt. Landw.], 8 (1907), No. 6, pp. 707, 70S).— De- terminations of nitric acid and ammonia in the soils of fields of the Russian Society of Sugar Manufacturers, which have been under experiment during a number of years, ai'e reported, the object being to ascertain the influence of barnyard and green manures on the course of nitrification. During the years 3903 to lOOG determinations were also made of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in soil planted to beets and in unplanted soil. Some of the main Tesults were as follows : An increased nitrification was observed only on those fields on which the manure raised the yield. Large quantities of straw manure did not lower the content of nitrate nitrogen in the soil. Green manures lowered the content of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in the soil, and in this respect there seemed to be no difference between leguminous and nonleguminous plants. The effect of the green manure is attributed to changed moisture conditions resulting from the cultivation of green-manuring plants. Periodic observations on the content of nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in the soil showed these to be very variable, but no close connection between the varia- tions of the nitrate and ammonia nitrogen in the soil was observed. The soil not occupied by beets always showed a higher nitrate content than soil planted tiv beets. This difference is accounted for not only by the consumption by the plants of the nitrates of the soil but chiefly by the greater humidity of the soil not occupied by the plants. The effect of carbonates upon nitrification, W. L. Owen (Georgia Stn. Bui. 81, pp. -i.2, i)ls. //, figs. //). — This bulletin discusses the importance and advan- tages of nitrification in relation to plant growth. In view of the importance of iiitrifieatinn (1) in supplying the plant with highly available nitrogen, and (2) in preventing the loss of nitrogen from decomposing organic matter, the author undertook investigations having as their object the discovery of the best means of stimulating the activity of the nitrifying organisms. The investigations here reported dealt with "the extent to which nitriflcatioM depends on the supply of carbonates present, and what forms of carbonates are most conducive to nitrification." In order to determine these points series of experiments were undertaken on (1) the effect of increasing amounts of car- bonates on the nitrification of a given amount of ammonia; (2) the relative values of potassium, magnesium, and calcium carbonate in their effect on nitrifi- cation; and (3) the nitrification of an equal amount of ammonia in (a) ordi- nary culture flasks, (b) special flasks so constructed as to admit of air deprived of its carbon dioxid content, and (c) flasks to which carbon dioxid is supplied in excess. " Pure cultures of the Xitrosomonas and Nitrobacter were obtained by in- oculating with 3 gm. of garden soil a medium of the following composition : Ammonium sulphate 1 gm., potassium phosphate 1 gm., magnesium carbonate 5 gm., distilled water 1,000 cc. This medium was sterilized by the intermittent method for 15 minutes on each of three consecutive days. The flask containing the inoculated medium was placed in an incubator and kept for several days at a 520 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. temperature of 87.5° C at the end of which time microscopical examinations were made in order to determine whether the nitrifiers were present. In most cases tliere was little dithculty in obtaininj? pure cultures by this method, for the media used being entirely inorganic there was but little danger of contamina- tion. But in order to be assured of the purity of the stock cultures used in the experiments, an inorganic solid medium was prepared by thoroughly washing agar-agar until the impurities and organic matter were dissolved, and then adding the inorganic salts used in the liquid stock cultures. The medium was prepared by adding 1.5 gm. of agar-agar to a liter of distilled water, dissolving it by heating over a radial stove, and then distributing equally among 4 large Ilasks. To each of these flasks was added distilled water in sufHcieut quanti- ties to fill them, and this sujiply was renewed daily for 2 weeks. At the end of that time the agar had been thoroughly washed, and its organic matter largely lost in the process. The 4 flasks were then placed in an Arnold steam sterilizer and the agar having been thoroughly dissolved, the inorganic salts were added in the proportions used in the preparation of the liquid media for stock cultures. *' The medium thus made was then sterilized in an Arnold sterilizer in the usual manner, after which it was inoculated from the liquid culture and plated out in petri dishes. The colonies that developed on this medium were soon identified by means of microscopical examinations, as being Nitrosomonas and Nitrobacter, and transfers were then made to a flask containing liquid media of the same composition as that from which the agar ■svas inoculated. " The stock cultures thus prepared proved very satisfactory, and this method of isolating the organisms was used almost entirely in the investigation. The use of washed agar gave much better results than that of Winogradski's silicic acid medium, since the colonies developed more rapidly upon the former, and the agar having a smoother surface, the bacterial development was more clearly defined, and therefore more easily detected." Culture media in which the supply of carbon in inorganic form (magnesium carbonate, calcium carbonate, potassium carbonate, and free carbon dioxid) varied were inoculated with these organisms and the rate of formation of nitrites and nitrates noted. A special flask designed by the author for the investigations which required the elimination of the carbon dioxid of the air is described. The author concludes from the results obtained that nitrification is affected by carbonates and that magnesium carbonate is more efficient than the other carbonates tested in promoting the growth of nitrifying organisms. He also concludes that " the nitrifying organisms of the soil do not depend to any appreciable extent on the carbon dioxid of the air for their carbon supply." On the present state of knowledge of micro-organisms which fix free nitrogen, L. Palmans {Ann. Gembloux, 18 (1908), No. 5. pp. 289-309).— This is a review with a bibliography of 60 references to literature of investigations on the subject. Utilization of the nitrogen of the air by plants, T. Jamieson (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., 2 (1907), I, pp. 1-^6). — This is a reprint in Fi-ench of a revision of the original paper on this subject (E. S. R., 19, p. 127). Nitrogen fixation for nonleguminous plants, W. B. Bottomley (Country Life [London], 23 (1908), Xo. 598. pp. 899, 900, figs. 5).— This article briefly discusses the possibility of aiding the growth of nonleguminous plants by inoculation of the soil with nitrogen assimilating organisms, and refers to recent experiments by the author with oats, barley, cabbage, turnips, radishes, beets, strawberries, etc., which it is claimed have given promising results. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. 521 Do roots assimilate nitrates? P. Slezkin (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. La 11(1 u:]. 9 ilOOS), Xo. 1, pp. 27-33, figs. 4).— The author conducted vegetatiou experiments in vessels divided into 4 sections, each containing a different nutritive solution, thus making it possible to transfer the roots of a plant at different stages of growth from one solution to another. In one case a long root fi-om a nitrate solution was so bent that it was partly immersed in the nitrate solution and partly in a solution containing calcium phosphate. In the latter solution new shoots soon appeared, while the part of the root in the nitrate solution remained smooth as before. On the other hand, a root from a solution containing calcium phosphate partly bent over into a nitrate solution continued to strongly develop in the former, new shoots appearing and old secondary roots growing considerably, while the part in the nitrate solution did not increase in length and formed only rudimentary shoots. The conclusion is drawn from these experiments that if the growth of the roots is an indica- tion of independent assimilation, roots assimilate only phosphoric acid and do not assimilate nitrates. Note on a toxic substance excreted by the roots of plants, F. Fletcher iilcm. Dcpt. Agr. India, Bot. Scr.i 2 (1908), No. 3, pp. 16, pi. 1; abs. in Jour. Chcin. Soc. [London], 9-'f (1908), No. 5-'i9, II, p. 617). — From observations on cot- ton, sorghum, cajanus, and sesame grown side by side in field plats and on the same crops, and wheat and gram, grown in water cultures, the conclusion is reached that plant roots excrete a substance which is injurious to other crops. This seems to be especially pronounced in case of sorghum. The results both in the field and in water cultures indicate that the substances excreted by various plants are identical. Chemical tests of the substances obtained in water cultures indicate that they are alkaloidal in character. •' The amount of substance given out by the roots is not inconsiderable. For instance, the precipitate obtained by adding potassium sulphate to a solution containing the excrement of 10 cotton plants growing until their combined air- dry weight was 0.4 gm. weighed, when dry, 0.21 gm. " Sesamum in its early stages of growth appears actually to excrete a greater amount of material than it builds up in its own substance." See also a previous note (E. S. R.. 19, p. 822). An alleged excretion of toxic substances by plant roots (Nature [London], 78 (1908), No. 2026, pp. .'f02, .'t03). — Reviewing recent investigations on this sub- ject, including especially those of the Bureau of Soils of this Department and of F. Fletcher, the conclusion is reached that " we can not consider that the question of root excretion has been materially advanced in any of these publications." The productiveness of the soil: Biological factors, J. M assart (Ann. Gembloux, 18 (1908), No. 6, pp. 3.'P-3o3, pis. 6).— This is a review of work of the Bureau of Soils of this Department on the relation of toxicity to fertility of soils. For another article of this series see a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. 1015). Further soil tests in paraffined wire baskets, B. L. Hartwell and F. R. Pember (Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 131, pp. iJ-Ji).— This bulletin contains an ac- count of a continuation of work previously reported in Bulletins 120 and 121 of the station (E. S. R., 19, p. 317), " and concludes the comparison of the results of soil tests in the field with those secured by the ' wire-basket method for de- termining the manurial requirements of soils,' " which were made in cooperation with the Bureau of Soils of this Department. " Results by the basket method, with soils from eight different localities in the State during two seasons, are presented. In certain cases, first and second trials have been made with the same soil during the same season, 522 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " The frequent failure of the method to secure at different times similar in- dications res!U"ding the deficiencies of a given soil, even when carried out in the same nnmner, is the most discouraging feature concerning the usefulness of the method. " The many instances of disagreement between the results by the basliet method and those secured in actual field practice render unreliable the indica- tions which the method in its present form affords regarding the manurial re- quirements, at least of certain soils. " The addition of muriate of potash resulted in a retardation of the transpi- ration as compared with its effect on the green weight of the tops. The average difference in the percentage change according to the two criteria of growth was equal to 10 per cent, an amount of sufficient importance to make it seem desira- ble in work of this kind to adopt the weight of the green crop rather than the transpiration as a measure of the manurial effect of such salts, owing to their tendency to retard transpiration." Notes on humus and the best means of supplying it, F. B. Guthrie iAfjr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 19 {1908), No. 3, pp. 200-205) .—This article discusses briefly the functions of humus and the methods of supplying it through barnyard manure, compost, and green manures. It also includes the results of some ex- periments in which the amount of material and proportion of nitrogen supplied to the soil in green-manuring crops of vetches (I'oots and tops) were determined. Technique of fertilizers, J. Dumont [La Technique dcs Eugrais. Paris, 1908, pp. 432; rev. in Chron. Agr. Vaud, 21 (1908), No. 12, pp. 291, .298).— This is an extension and revision of the author's treatise on the Rational Use of Fer- tilizers, published several years ago (E. S. R., 5, p. 109S), and deals especially with specific conditions under which fertilizers may be used with advantage, although the general theories of fertilization are also discussed. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, B. L. Hartwell et al. {Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 130, pp. 11). — "This bulletin contains the analyses of such potato and vegetable fertilizers as were found on sale in Rhode Island during the spring of 1908, as well as certain other brands carrying guaranties similar to those usually accompanying potato fertilizers. The analyses of the samples of ground bones which were collected in 1908 are likewise included." Fertilizer experiments {Dept. Landb., Nijv. en. Handel, Verslag. en Meded. Dir. Landl). [yetherlands], 1908, No. 1, pp. 1-26). — Experiments with barnyard manure, lime, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, lime nitrogen, guano, super- phosphate, potash salts, and other materials are reported. On the nitrification of certain nitrog-enous fertilizers, S. de Grazia {Rend. Soc. Chim. Roma, 6 {1908), No. 2, pp. 40, 41) ■ — Iii '-^ series of experiments on the rate of nitrification of sulphate of ammonia, calcium cyanamid, and dicy- andiamid on sandy, clay, humus, and calcareous soils it was observed that on all soils nitrification was very slow or did not occur at all except in the case of sulphate of ammonia. Denitrification occurred at first and nitrification had hardly begun at the end of 4 months. In case of the dicyandiamid almost no nitrification occurred. The physiological action and the fertilizing value of salts of dicyandiamid, R. Perotti {Rend. .S'oc. (Jhim. Roma. 6 {1908). No. 7, pp. 124, i,?J).— Soil organisms grew normally and seeds of wheat, corn, clover, and mustard de- veloped normally in nutritive solutions containing 0.25 per cent of the sulphate or chlorid of dicyandiamid. Injurious effects were observed when the pro- portion was increased to 1 per cent. In pot experiments with normal soil sprinkling with 1 per cent solutions at the rate of 4 to 5 quintals per hectare (about 350 to 450 lbs. per acre) was not injurious, and there was no evidence of nitrogen hunger. There was no evidence that the dicyandiamid was very SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 523 corrosive as asserted by Frank. The author believes that such corrosive action as is observed should be ascribed to the cyauamid, for in normal soils of alkaline reaction dicyandiamid or even its sulphate can have but a brief existence in the soil, being rapidly changed to ammonia. The properties of calcium cyanamid in relation to water, air, and bacteria, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 15 (1908), No. 21, pi). 6V,,5, 6.',6). — This is a brief summary of the main conclusions from investigations by Wagner (E. S. R., 19, p. 627) on this subject. Recent work on calcium cyanamid and its fertilizing value, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 15 (1908), No. 20, pp. 613, 6i//).— This is a brief summary of the main conclusions drawn from recent worli by ImmendorfC and Wagner (E. S. R.. 19, pp. 424, 627), relating especially to the chemical and biological changes whicli occur in calcium cyanamid in the soil. Transformation of the nitrogen of calcium cyanamid in cultivated soils, L. Grandeau (Joitr. Agr. Prat., n. .scr.. 15 (1908), No. 23, pp. 709-711).— This is a brief review, mainly of work by Wagner (E. S. R.. 19, p. 627) on the rate of transformation in the soil of the nitrogen of cyanamid into ammonia and nitric acid, showing that the rate of such transformation is to a large extent depend- ent upon the character of the soil. Investig'ations on the g-aseous products of decomposition of lime nitrogen and their effect on plant growth, E. Haselhoff (Landw. Vers. Stat., 68 (1908), No. 3-i, pp. 189-228; ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. .',S, Repert., p. 311; Chem. ZentM., 1908, I, No. 26, p. 2199; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], Si (1908). No. 550, II, p. 728). — It is shown that in the decomposition of lime nitro- gen in water, ammonia, acetylene, hydrogen phosphid, and hydrogen sulphid ;ire formed. It was found that these gases exert an injurious effect on germi- nation, and this effect is to be attributed primarily to free ammonia and hydrogen phosphid. The results of pot experiments and water cultures showed the injurious effect of these gases on growing plants, and in the water cultures hydrogen sulphid was also found to be decidedly injurious. Injurious effects of acetylene were not observed. Fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen on winter grain and sugar beets, A. VON Liebenberg (Ztschr. Laiulir. Versuchsic. Osterr., 11 (1908), No. 3. pp. 153-180). — The lime nitrogen was less effective than nitrate of soda and sul- phate of ammonia on the grain, apparently being slower in action. With sugar beets the results reported are inconclusive. Experiments in 1907 with nitrate of lime in comparison with nitrate of soda, R. DE LiMAY (Bui. Soc. Agr. France, n. ser., JfO (1908), May 1, Sup., pp. 286-289). — Experiments with oats and barley are briefly noted, in which the effect of the two niti-ates was practically the same. Cold, the checking of growth, and the use of nitrates, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr.. 15 (1908). No. 18. pp. 5 ',9, .5.5()).— Attention is called to the beneficial effect of applications of nitrate of soda in overcoming injury by cold in case of cereals, potatoes, beets, asparagus, and other vegetables. The manufacture of nitrates, E. Bazin (Bnl. Soc. Agr. France, n. ser., ^0 (1908), May 1, Sup., pp. 323-328, figs. 2).— The construction of a peat niter bed on the principle described by Miintz and Laine (E. S. R., 18, p. 4.30) is described. Atmospheric nitrogen as a future commercial source of plant food, T.. L. Van Slyke (West. N. Y. Hort. Soc. Proc, 58 (1908), pp. 100-108).— Thl^ is a summary of information regarding the commercial sources of inorganic nitrogen compounds used in agriculture; different methods of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen, including methods of preparing and using nitrogen compounds derived 70454— No. 6—09 3 524 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. from this source; and a discussion of future possibilities in commercial pro- duction of nitrogenous plant food. Experiments with, feldspathic rock as a source of potassium, B. L. Hakt- WELL and F. It. I»embi;r { Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 129, pi). 191-206, pi. 1) . — This bulletin refers to experiments by this Department on finely ground feldsi)athic rocks as a source of potash for plants and reports water cultures with wheat seedlings in which varying amounts of fine ground feldspar were used alone or in combinatiou with potassium chlorid and ground quartz, together with pot experiments with wheat in w^hich fine ground feldspar and sulphate of potash were compared in varying amounts. It was found in the water cultures that the addition of feldspar and of quartz to 32 parts per million of potassium in form of potassium chlorid increased the green weight of plants, the quartz being practically as efficient in this respect as feldspar. There was no evidence that this increase was due to the potash of the feldspar. In the pot experiments feldspar was apparently unable to supply the de- ficiency of potash in a soil very poor in this element. " The maximaim increase with the feldspar was only 18 per cent, whereas the maximum application of sulphate of potash increased the yield about one and one-half times, or 148 per cent. "An average of the results from the three different applications reveals the fact that, even though 5.5 times as much ground feldspar as sulphate of potash was used, in order to supply an equal amount of potassium, the yield was in- • creased ten times as much with the sulphate of potash as with the feldspar. From the standpoint of crop production, then, the sulphate of potash was in this case 55 times more valuable than an equal amount of ground feldspar." Investigations on the formation of oceanic salt deposits, J. H. Van't Hoff {Sitzber. K. Preuss. Akad. Wiss., 190S, No. 22, pp. 436-1,39).— This is the con- clusion of this series of contributions, and explains a cooperative plan for scientific study of the German potash deposits. Contribution to the knowledge of the natural factors involved in the solu- tion of tricalcium phosphate in the soil, R. Perotti (Atti R. Accad. Lincei. Rend. CI. ScL Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 11 {1908), /, No. 7, pp. US-451, fig. 1; Rend. 8oc. Chim. Roma, 6 (1908), No. 1,, pp. 6^, 65; ahs. in Ghent. ZcntU., 1908, I, No. 22, p. 19^5; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'\, 91, (1908), No. 5 ',8, II, p. 521 ; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 21 {1908), No. 13, p. 696).— From experiments with different soil organisms in culture media using various sources of nitrogen — ammonium tartrate and sulphate, potassium nitrate, urea, and asparagin — the author concludes that in media containing physiologically acid salts, as, for example, ammonium sulphate, there is a uniformly important solution of tricalcium phosphate, while this action is insignificant in media containing physiologically alkaline salts, such as sodium nitrate. Tests of the use of gypsum as a fertilizer, C. Dusserre {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 9 {1908), No. 1, pp. 1-9). — Tests of the effect of gypsum on the yield of pota- toes, beets, oats, and wheat are reported, showing that in case of potatoes and beets the api)lication of gypsum greatly increased the yield. In case of pota- toes the mineral matter and starch were also considerably increased by the use of gypsum. In case of sugar beets the proportion of lime and potash in the ash was slightly increased on the gypsum plats. In laboratory experiments it was found that the mixture of gypsum with soil resulted in a considerable increase in the amount of potash extracted by pure water. If the amount of potash extracted by pure water from untreated soil be taken as 100, that extracted from soil containing gypsum was 127, from AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 525 soil coiitaiuing Thomas slag 104, and from soil containing calcium superphos- phate 492. Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1906, D. T. Day KT. AL. [U. 8. (Icol. tiurvvii, l!)01\ pp. t-i(n\ fi(/s. 2). — This is the usual detailed report on this subject. The chapter of greatest agricultural interest is that ri'lating to phosphates, a preliminary summary of which has already been noted (E. S. K., 10, p. 422). Regarding' the future of the guano industry and the guano-producing birds of Peru, II. E. Cokkr {BoI. AJin. Fomcnto [Peru], Dir. Fomento, 6 (1908), Xo. -J, pp. 25-SJi; Science, ii. scr., 2S (J'.)08), No. 706, pp. 58-6Jj ; Anicr. Frrt., 29 (1908), Nos. Ij, pp. 10-12; J, pp. 20-22, fifj. /).— This paper is substantially a reprint of a report recently submitted to the Peruvian Government. It describes briefly the past exploitation and present status of this industry and suggests methods by which it may be saved from entire destruction. It is explained that the present system of exploitation results in the continual dis- tiu'bance and gradual extermination of the birds which produce the guano. It is believed that this may be corrected to some extent by placing the extraction of guano in the hands of a single company, and providing for a I'otatiou in the working of the dejxisits and a closed season with increased protection for the birds. Production and extraction of guano, R. E. Coker {Mem. Dir. Fomento [Pcni], l. which has been reported by Dunstan et al. (E. S. R., 19, p. 129) in the seed of the Java bean, also occurs in consideral)le quantity in the leayes of that plant. A study of yeasts from California grapes, H. C. Holm (California Sta. Bui. 197, pp. IG'J-llo). — A study was made of S varieties of yeasts obtained originally from California grapes which were either sent to the experiment station or pur- chased in the local market. The experiments were carried on with the intention of determining the amount of alcohol which the various yeasts were- able to form in sugar solutions, and whether the yeasts occurring on California grapes consisted of types which might be depended upon in wine making. The yeasts were all used in pure cultures. The results show that most of the yeasts found on California grapes grown in regions remote from wine-mak- ing operations are inactive as regards the formation of alcohol, and many of them are detrimental to the wines. Most of the varieties impart an unpleasant flavor and taste, and the general characteristics do not favor the production of a soimd wine of good quality. The author recommends the repression of the growth of these organisms and the introduction and application of jnire yeast in California wineries. [Report of the] department of botany, H. L. Bolley (North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. .'/J-7C). — An outline report is given of the work carried on by the department of botany of the station during 1907 and of the different lines of investigation. Notes on the North Dakota fungi, by F. J. Seaver. and a list of plants observed in the Willistou area, by W. B. Bell, are included in the rei)ort. The author gives an account of his work on seed breeding in reference to crop disease and states that the studies on the resistance of immune flax have progressed to a point where it is desirable to test different varieties under field conditions. For this purpose small amounts of seed were distributed in the spring of 1908 for cooperative trial by farmers in different parts of the State. Seeds and plants imported during the period from July, 1906, to Decem- ber 31, 1907. Inventory No. 13 (U. ,S'. T)rpt. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 132, pp. 192). — This inventory represents the acquisitions of the Office of Seed and Plant Introduction between July 1, lOOfi. and Deceml)er 31. 1007. It con- tains 2.672 items, the seeds and plants being introducetl for experimental pur- poses. Among the more important collections mentioned are those of F. N. Meyer, in northern China, and N. E. Hansen, in northern Europe and Siberia. More attention than formerly is now being paid to the introduction of small collections which are imported for the specific purpose of being used in connec- tion with plant breeding exiieriments. and a considerable number of varieties of seeds and plants from different parts of the world have been secured for this purpdse. In addition to the names of the plants, brief accounts are given as to their habits of growth, uses. etc. A catalogue of the poisonous plants of Iowa, L. H. Pammel and Estelle D. FoGEL (Proc. loica Acad. .So/., l.'t (1907), pp. U7-176, charts J,). — A list is given of 275 species of plants reputed to be poisonous that have been found in Iowa or suspected to occur in that State. In connection with most of them, notes are given regarding the distribution of the plants, the active principle, where it is definitely known, and the effects produced upon animals which have eaten the plants in injurious quantities. FIELD CROPS. 529 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments, 1907 {Dciit. Agr. and Tech. lustr. Ireland Jour., 8 (190Si, Xo. 2. pp. 219-320} . — lu bailey experiments it was found that Danish Archer grown in Ireland 1 year and Danish Archer freshly imported were equal in value and both better than Irish Archer. This work with seed of the same variety from different sources has been in progress only 2 years. The results further show that Irish Archer grown for four successive seasons in Ireland has improved its position, and Danish Archer grown one season in Ireland has maintained it, as compared with seed freshly imported. Of different manures applied on meadow hay the application consisting of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda, 2 cwt. of superphosphate, and 2 cwt. of kainit per acre gave the best results. Apparently the most suitable application for potatoes consisted of 15 tons of barnyard manure, 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. of superphosphate, and 1 cwt. of muriate of potash. Factor, Up-to-Date, and Duchess of Cornwall were the best-yielding varieties this season. Sprouting seed potatoes before planting increasetl the average yield during the 5 years by from 1 ton 13 cwt. to 2 tons 13 cwt. per acre, as compared with unsprouted seed. The greatest profit in growing fodder beets was secured with the use per acre of 20 tons of barnyard manure, 4 cwt. of superphosphate, 2 cwt. of sulithate of ammonia, and 4 cwt. of salt. The average yield with this treat- ment was 34 tons ~^ cwt. per acre. On the average salt produced a yield of 1 ton 10 cwt. per acre more than kainit, at a cost of about half as much. Among the best-yielding varieties may be mentioned Yellow Globe, Prize Winner, Windsor Prize Taker, and New Triumph. The best yield of oats was secured where 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 3 cwt. of phosphate, and 3 cwt. of kainit were applied per acre, and the next best yield was obtained with a similar application but with the kainit omitted. These two applications have given satisfactory returns in each of the 5 years during which the experiment has been in progress. The best yields of grain were given by Banner and Waverly, but Potato and Black Tartarian gave heavier yields of sti-aw. From the experiments with turnips it was found that where 4 cwt. of superphosphate was used with 10 tons of barnyard msinure a slightly heavier crop was secured than where the manure was applied alone at the rate of 20 tons per acre. Centenary was one of the best-yielding varieties, as shown by the average returns for a number of years. Fertilizers for Jerusalem artichokes, D. Doxox {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.. 1-5 {190S), Xo. 13, pp. 391-393, fig. 1). — Experiments with different applications of barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers on Jerusalem artichokes were conducted for several years. The results indicate the importance of potash fertilizers in bringing about a high yield of tubers regular in form, smooth, easily harvested, and rich in nutritive matter. An application per hectare of 15.000 kg. of good barnyard manure, 400 kg. of phosphatic manure either as superphosphate or slag, 200 kg. of sulphate of potash, and from 100 to 1.50 kg. of nitrate of soda is recommended. Tests with different strains of root crops, H. Hklwec [Tids.'ikr. Landbr. Plantearl, IJf (1907), pp. 2.'i()-275). — First-class seed of Barre, Elvetham, and Eckendorf fodder beets was compared. The average yields per tondeland (0,734 acre) were as follows: Barre S3.7 cwt.. Elvetham SO cwt.. and Eckendorf 76.4 cwt. of dry matter. I>ittle Taaroje. a strain of the Barre fodder beet, proved more valuable than flrst-class strains of Eikendorf. 530 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Variety tests and storage experiments with fodder beets, B. Sjollema and C. K. Van Daalkn ( IVr.s/ar/. Landhouick. Oiulcrzock. Rijkfilandbouiv- procffitat [Netherlands}, 1907, No. 2, pp. 31-51). — The largest yields of dry matter and sugar were produced by Mammoth, followed by " Jaapjes." These two varieties have repeatedly given the best yields in experiments conducted in different provinces of Holland. The yield of beets, as well as the average sugar content and sugar yield, were greater when the beets were planted 40 by 50 cm. than when planted 50 by 50 cm. apart. The siloed beets lost about 2 ])er cent in weight from October to .January and less than 1 per cent from January to April. Inversion of the cane sugar in the beets rich in sugar progressed very slowly during the first 2 months, while in the individuals low in sugar about li per cent of invert sugar was formed. In the varieties lowest in sugar the invert sugar content in April had reached from 2 to 3 per cent, while in some of the richer varieties it was lower than 1 per cent. The " Jaapjes " beets showed the best keeping qualities. Storage experiments with fodder beets, 1904-1907 (Tidsskr. Landhr. Phnitrarh IJf (1907), pp. 571-5S.'i). — The loss in weight and in dry matter of fodder beets kept through winter under different storage conditions was deter- mined. The largest loss occurred in root cellars during March and April, the loss in dry matter being 1.77 per cent as comiiared with 0.65 per cent during November and December. Large roots lost less than small roots, the average loss in the large roots being 0.57 lb. dry matter per 100 lbs. of beets. The dry matter content of large roots decreased from 11.2 in the fall to 9.7 per cent in the spring, while the dry matter in the small roots was reduced from 13.6 per cent to 11.2 per cent during the same time. Is it advisable to remove the leaves of mother beets when placing them in the silo? H. BRir:M (Ccntbl. Zuckcnndus.. 16 (1908), No. 30, p. S//0).— The results presented in this article lead the author to recommend that mother beets be siloed with all their leaves. It is suggested that such beets be as dry as possible and be siloed above ground, the silo remaining open as long as advisable. It is stated that such silos should not be over 50 cm. (about 20 in.) high and a width of 1 meter is considered best. The author also recommends that the entire beet be left to wilt for several days before being put in storage. Dry matter and sugar content of the beet and their importance in breed- ing, H. Plahn (Centhl. Zuckerindus., 16 (1908), Nos. 23, pp. 6.'/0, 6-',l; 2',, pp. 670-672). — The results of the investigations here reported showed that the dry matter and sugar content of fodder beets were not in exact correlation with each other. A comparison of these two factors without knowing this fact would lead to overlooking the amount of invert sugar formed during the time of storage. The dry matter content for this rea.son is not considered one of the principal factors in mother beet selection, and it is suggested that the basis of seed beet selection should be the results of polarization because the nutritive value of the fodder beet is mainly determined by its sugar content. It is recommended that the examination of individual beets be made in the spring, as at that season the keeping qualities of the beet are also shown. Studies on seed formation in clover and alfalfa, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Hta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. 80, 8/).— White clover, alfalfa, and red clover plants were grown under screens to determine whether bumblebees were needed in the fertilization of clover for the production of seed. It was observed with regard to white and red clover that when grown under screens with 12 or 6 meshes to the inch practically no seeds were formed. Screens with -t in. and J in. meshes, so far as known, proved sufficient to exclude bumblebees, but while there were a great number of unfertilized beads under these screens there were also heads which were well filled. " The work with the larger FIELD CROPS. 531 sized meshes would seem to indicate that in some cases red clover is self-ferti- lized or else fertilized by small insects, while the work with the finer meshes would seem to indicate that it is seldom, if ever, self-fertilized. It is possible that wind rustling is a necessary element in this work and that the screens with the finer meshes largely prevented this." A later and more complete re- port on this work will be made. Distance between hills for corn in the Illinois corn belt, A. N. Hume, O. D. Center, and L. Hegnauer {Illinois 8ta. Bui. 126, pp. 3.57-37'/). — Distance ex- I)eriments with corn were conducted by the Illinois Experiment Station in dif- ferent sections and on different soils in Illinois from 1903 to 1907, for the pur- pose of determining the distance at which check rows of corn returned the highest and most profitable yields and whether planting 2 kernels per hill at closer distances is better than 3 kernels at greater distances. The thickness it planting was varied by increasing or decreasing the distance between rows in both directions. The bills were checked on different plats at distances ranging from 33 to 44 in., the intermediate distances being 39.6 and 36 in. The differ- ent series were repeated as many times as practicable according to the size of the fields, and variations in stand were eliminated to make results comparable. In northern Illinois on the 2-kernel plats the average yield for the 4 years rangetl from 44.1 bu. per acre for the 44 by 44 in., or widest planting, to 54.3 bu. for the second thickest, or 33 by 36 in. planting. Where 3 kernels were planted per hill the widest planting produced on an average 54.1 bu., which in- creased as the distance was narrowed down to 61 bu. per acre for the closest, or 33 by 33 in., planting. In central Illinois the plats planted with 2 kernels per hill increased in avei*- age yield from the widest planting to the second thickest, the yields ranging from 47.7 to 55 bu. per acre. The plats with 3 kernels in the hill ranged in average yield per acre from 46.S bu. for the closest planting to 52.3 bu. for the 39.6 by 39.6 and the 36 by 44 in. distances. The plats planted 36 by 36 in. with 2 kernels per hill yieled 2.2 bu. per acre more than the plats planted 39.6 by 39.6 in. with 3 kernels per hill. In the northern part of the State the best yields were taken from the plats with 3 kernels i)er hill and also from those in which the hills were not more than 36 in. apart each way, and in the central part of the State the highest average yield from land producing over 50 bu. per acre was secured by planting 2 kernels at a distance of 33 by 36 in., but almost the same yield was obtained when the hills were planted 39.6 in. apart each way with 3 kernels per hill. On land yielding less than 50 bu. per acre pi'actically the higest average j-ield was secured where 2 kernels were planted per hill in rows 36 in. apart in each direction. It is advised that on all ordinary corn belt land in northern Illinois the hills be planted not more than 36 in. apart with at least 3 kernels per hill, and that in central Illinois on the common brown silt loam prairie lands usually produc- ing over 50 bu. per acre corn be checked 39.6 in. apart and 3 kernels planted per hill, while on the common prairie land not generally producing 50 bu. per acre the hills should be 36 in. ai)art and onls^ 2 kernels planted per hill. Ten generations of corn breeding, L. H. Smith { Illinois Sta. Bui. J. 28, pp. -'i 07 -57 -J, figs. 2). — This bulletin discusses the importance of corn improvement, outlines the fundamental principles upon which this work at the station is based, reviews some of the earlier results, describes the general plan of the experiments, and summarizes the results secured during 10 years of investiga- tion. Much of this subject matter is condensed from Bulletins 55, 82, 87, and lOT) of ilie station previously noted (E. S. E., 11, p. 033; 14, p. 855; 15, p. 352; 17, p. 26). 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The effect of breeding on the protein and oil content is shown in the following table, conii)iled from the general averages of each generation: Ten. [/cttcraiioiis of breeding corn for increase and decrease of protein and oil. High protein. Low protein. Higl loil. Low oil. Year. Differ- Differ- ence. ence. Seed. Crop. Seed. Crop. Seed. Crop. Seed. Crop. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per ct. Per et. 1896 10.92 11.10 "'s.'ge' 10.92 10.55 4.70 4.73 "'i'.bh' 4.70 4.06 1897 12.54 0.55 5.39 0.67 1898 12. 49 11.05 9.06 10.55 .50 5.20 5.15 3.65 3.99 1.16 1899 13.06 11.46 8.45 9.86 1.60 6.15 5.64 3.47 3.82 1.82 1900 13.74 12.32 8.08 9.34 2.98 6.30 6.12 3.33 3.57 2.55 1901 14.78 14.12 7.68 10.04 4.08 6.77 6.09 2.93 3.43 2.66 1902 15.39 12.34 8.15 8.22 4.12 6.95 6.41 3.00 3.02 3.39 1903 14.30 13.04 6.93 8.62 4.42 6.73 6.50 2.62 2.97 3.53 1904 15.39 15. 03 7.00 9.27 5.76 7.16 6.97 2.80 2.89 4.08 1905 16.77 1 1. 72 7.09 8.57 6.15 7.88 7.29 2.67 2.58 4.71 1906 16.30 14.26 7.21 8.64 5.62 7.86 7.S7 2.20 2.66 4.71 With reference to protein these results show that starting with a single variety it has been possible in 10 generations of this work to increase the protein content from 10.92 per cent to 14.26 per cent, a gain of 3.34 per cent, while by breeding in the opposite direction it has been possible to reduce the protein content from 10.92 to 8.64 per cent, or a reduction of 2.28 per cent, making a total difference between the two strains of 5.62 per cent. It is further shown that the high-oil corn has increased from 4.70 per cent to 7.30 per cent of oil, while a low-oil corn has decreased from 4.70 to 2.66 per cent, the difference between the two strains in 1906 being 4.71 per cent. High in-otein and low protein seed were planted together on one plat and high oil and low oil seed on another. These plats were continued for 3 years, and the results secured did not indicate that the soil influences the protein or the oil content. A study of the secondary effects produced by selection to change the compo- sition of the grain indicated that the change in the composition of the grain has produced no very marked effect upon the composition of other parts of the corn plant. Continued selection has apparently induced a certain correlation between protein and oil content and has resulted in characteristic types of kernel and perceptible modifications in the type of ear. Selection for high protein is con- sidered as evidently accompanied by a reduction in yield. It was also found that climatic conditions exert in certain years a marked effect upon the com- position of the corn crop as regards its protein, oil, and starch content. The detailed plat records of the four strains and the analytical results of nearly 5,000 individual ears analyzed during the 10 years are given in tables so arranged that the maternal pedigree record of every ear is shown. The work on the four breeding plats is still being continued. Corn: Selection, storing-, curing-, and testing for seed, J. A. Jeffery {Michi- gan Sta. Circ. 3, pj). 19-30, figs. 17). — In pointing out the importance of testing corn for seed It is stated that of a large number of ears tested for vitality those selected from the shock invariably produced an exceedingly low number of germinations. More than 50 per cent of the ears produced no germination whatever, and of those that did show vitality it was rare that 100 per cent of the kernels germinated. Directions are given in detail for the selection of seed corn, its care, grading, and testing. Testing- tlie germination of seed corn, M. P. Jones (New York Cornell ^ta. Circ. 1, pp. S, figs. 3). — The selection of good seed ears, the method of making FIELD CROPS. 533 tlio jioruiination tests, and the care of seed corn are discussed in a ixipular manner. The culture of cotton without irrigation, (i. Pretrel (Bii}. >s'of'. Horf. ct Avicnlt. Tunimc, 7 (WOS), A'o. 31, pp. !)l-9.j). — Experiments in growing cotton without irrigation were made in 1!)0T in the vicinity of Tunis. Tlie results sliow that a good tiber, although not quite as valuable as Egyptian and American cotton grown with irrigation, can be produced in that locality under those condi- tions. In one of the fields in which this work was conducted, and where weather conditions did not interfere with the expeinment, a yield of 7.81 Ivg. (about 17 lbs.) of fiber was harvested from 322 plants. It was also observed tliat the tap root of the plants was in most cases quite straight and long, having gone down deep into the soil for the purpose of finding the necessary moisture. The flax stem, T. TAivrJiES {Islatuurlc. Verhanclel. Holland. Maatsch. Wcicnscli. Haarlem, 3. scr., 6 {1901), Xo. .'/, pp. ^'II+2S5, pis. 6). — This publication is a monograph on statistics and the anatomy of flax. The following subjects are treated: The origin and history of cultivated flax, the variation and correlation of macroscopic characters, the influence of soil and space on flax plants, the development and structure of the stem, and the fiber. An extensive bibliog- raphy on flax and its culture is included. Trials of hemp, H. L. Bolley {North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. SI, 82). — Comparative tests were made with hemp seed secured from Russia, Man- churia, and Kentucky. The Russian hemp did not prove very satisfactory. The Kentucky seed produced hemp straw S or 12 ft. high, of good quality and mature, but the seed did not ripen before frost. It is believed, however, that by planting the crop earlier mature seed can be grown in that region. The Manchurian hemp when planted for seed purposes matured thoroughly, but in quality of fiber it ranked behind the Kentucky type. Hop culture and handling-, C. Fruwirth {Hopfenbau und Hopfoihchandlung. Berlin, 1908, pp. riII-\-185, figs. 5.9).— This book treats of the structure and the life of the hop plant, the culture of the crop, hops as a commercial article, and the methods of promoting hop culture and connnerce. A study of the factors influencing the improvement of the potato, E. M. East {Illinois Sta. Bui. 127, pp. 37o--'i56, figs. 10). — This bulletin discusses the use of species of Solanum other than the potato, cites descriptions of the original plant from the earlier writers on the subject, describes the modern plant, outlines methods of breeding, considers at some length the inheritance of characters in tuber selection, and more briefly the hypothesis of degeneration, discontinuous variations, and graft-hybrids, and reports results secured in experiments on the improvement of the tuber in quality. In the treatment of the difterent subjects the work of a large number of investigators is reviewed, and the bulletin concludes with a bibliography of 114 references. The author found a great difference in varieties regarding the value of luxui'iant vegetation as a guide in selecting high-yielding plants. Large vines as comjiared with medium vines gave fair results in most cases, but in some varieties, as Manistee, large vines rather indicated that excessive vegetative growth was opposed to maximum yields of tubers. No constant difference was found due to selection of plants with a single stem and those branching just Im'Iow or just above the ground, providing other conditions were equal. There is apparently an optimum shade of color in vines constant with the variety and correlative with or a result of vigor in the plant. Light-colored vines gave fewer potatoes although of good size, while darker-colored vines either gave no set of tubers or a large set of very small ones, 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A study was also made of the four physical divisions of the tuber, these being designated from outside to inside as skin, cortical layer, outer medullary layer, and inner medullary layer. The varieties used in this connection were Rural New Yorker No. 2 and Carman No. 3. It was found that the dry matter is quite variable and regularly decreases from the outside to the inside of the three inner zones. The total nitrogen content is only slightly variable, although showing a regular increase to the inner medullary layer on the dry basis. Ash determinations varied little from 0.90 per cent on the fresh basis, indicating a higher carbohydrate content in the cortical layer and a low one in the inner medullary layer. This is considered as showing that there is a difference in the lime of cooking i:i the different zones. A number of methods of sampling were tried, and the most satisfactory results were secured by cutting a cylinder with a ]2 mm. cork borer parallel to the long diameter but a little to the side. Varia- tion in niti'ogen content did not show a noticeable effect on quality, although it appears that extremely high nitrogen might make the flavor more in-onounced. On the other hand, it was found that there is a lower limit in the amount of diT matter or more probably of carbohydi'ates, below which tubers can not l»e of good quality. In Rural New Yorker No. 2 it was found to be about IS per cent, or probably about 15 per cent of starch. In observations to determine a correlation between physical structure and quality it was found that anatomical difference is a varietal character, the difference between varieties being very great. The difference in quality within the variety, however, was found to be almost as great as the difference between varieties. This method of determining the quality of the tuber through its anatomical structure can not be used for selecting potatoes for the table because it is necessary to cut the tubers. In enumerating and discussing other factors influencing quality, it is pointed out that the number of eyes has a marked effect, due to the fact that the internal medullary extends a branch to each eye. This fact makes the quality vary inversely with the number of eyes. In a count of 219 tubers of Rural New Yorker No. 2 the number of eyes varied from 7 to 2S. In connection with this work 189 tubers of this variety were analyzed and a large number found to be of very good cooking quality, although the average 200, and 400 lbs. per acre. Investigations on the influence of fertilizers on quality showed that the quality grew markedly better where potassium chlorid was applied at the i-ate of 300 lbs. per acre, but apparently little difference resulted from doubling the applications of phosphorus in the form of bone meal given at the rate of 100, 200. and 400 lbs. per acre. A microscopical examination in connection with a study of the influence of maturity on the quality showed that the starch grains in the cells of the imma- ture tubers are small in size and few in number. In the cortical and outer medullary layers of mature tubers the starch grains averaged about 75/^ and were found as large as 10.5/^, while in immature tubers under an ounce in weight the starch grains averaged only 25;u. The composition of tubers of dif- ferent degrees of maturity was determined and from the results it is concluded that quality depends upon homogeneous anatomical structure, dry matter con- tent, and degree of maturity. In general the quality increases with the thick- ness of the cortical layer and decreases as the number of eyes increases. The dry matter content must be such that the cooked starch fills the cells to the bursting point. The degree of maturity is affected by all factors of soil physics, soil fertility, cultivation, and climate during the growing period. In studying the variation of the potato in chemical composition as a basis for its improvement it was found that the nitrogen content does not vary directly with the number of eyes, that it is not correlated with particular shnpes, that FIELD CROPS. 535 smaller and younger tubers are richer in nitrogen than larger and older ones, and that the error in determining starch from specific gravity tables is much greiiter than is generally supposed. Selections were made to determine whether the fluctuations in a chemical constituent are transmitted by tuber propagation. One plat in 1902 was planted with tubers containing an average of 2.95 per cent of nitrogenous matter in the fresh substance. A second plat was. planted with low protein selections, the average nitrogenous matter in the fresh substance being 1.78 per cent. The composition of the tubers harvested did not indicate a definite response to selection for high or low protein, although the average of nitrogenous matter when calculated to a water-free basis was 2.11 per cent higher in the high nitrogen selections than in the crop from the low nitrogen selections. In 1903 similar selections were again made, but from other potatoes than those grown on tliese two plats, and it is not considered that very definite conclusions can be drawn from the results secured. It is pointed out, however, that there is a difference of 0.81 per cent in dry matter in favor of the high protein plat. Attention is also called to the fact that the low protein potatoes were larger, and i* is pointed out that the higher dry matter should have ordi- narily been expected from the low protein potatoes on account of their greater size. A difference of total nitrogenous matter in favor of the high protein plat of 0.33 per cent on the fiesh basis and 1.61 per cent on the dry basis is recoi-ded. In general statements on the improvement of the potato the author presents three possible methods of improvement : (1) The crossing of desirable plants and raising of many seedlings under controlled conditions; (2) selections of the most desirable fluctuations among the plants and tubers of a variety; and (3) selec- tion of discontinuous variations, and a study of ways of causing them, a possible example being tlie so-called graft-liybrid. Irish seed potatoes in England, 1907 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Iiistr. Irelnnd Jour., 8 (1908), No. 2, pp. 25-i-259). — The results shown in tables and dis- cussed indicate that Irish seed produces much heavier crops in England than English seed, even when the English seed is changed from one district to another. It is recommended that for the purpose of supplying the English market with seed from Ireland varieties popular in England should be grown, only seed pure and true to name of well-selected tubers should be put on the market, and the seed crop should be slightly immature to favor early ripening, the production of vigorous iilants and of heavy yields. Solanum comniersonii violet and the Blue Giant, G. H. Pethybridge (Dcpt. Agr. and Tcdt. Instr. IrrUnid Jour., 8 {1908), No. 2, pp. 2Jil-253). — The results of this comparison led to the conclusion that the claims for S. comniersonii violet regarding special cropping power, suitability to wet soils, disease and frost resistance, and excellence of flavor have not yet been established for Ireland, and that the variety if not absolutely identical with the Blue Giant so far resembles it that the enhanced price of seed for S. commcrsonii is not justified. It is stated that far better varieties are already in cultivation in Ireland than »S'. comniersonii violet. Dwarf Essex rape for winter forage, J. M. Scott {Florida St a. Bui. 95, pp. 21-25, figs. 2). — Brief directions for the culture of rape and its use for feed are given, and the results of culture and fertilizer tests are reported. Rape at this station has given yields ranging from 27,200 to 33,296 lbs. of green forage per acre. On September 2.5, 1907, plats 1 and 2 were sown in drills 30 in. apart on a very light sandy loam soil. December 21 plat 3 was sown. On September 25 plat 1 received 389 lbs. per acre of a complete fertilizer, plat 2, 778 lbs., and plat 3 on December 21, 61,5 It>s. Plat 2 received a second application of 389 lbs. on February 10, 1908. The" best yield, which was secured from two cuttings, 536 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ainouutod to 10.5!) tons per ucre on plat 2. IMat 3 showed no increase over plat 1. Ten years' trials with different varieties of rye, M. L. Mortensen and K. Hansen (Tidsskr. JjUikIJ)!: I'ldiitcarl, l.'i (1D07). pp. 45-150). — This report covers trials condncted at 4 different stations in Denmark dnrins 1^04 to 1!)05. The highest yields of grain were obtained from Brattingsborg, Petkus, Heine Improved Zeeland, Heinrich, and Probstei in the order given. Walkenhaus and Brattingsborg ranked first in straw i)rodnction, while Schlanstedt, Petkus, and Heinrich in the order mentioned produced the stiffest straw. The average content of nitrogen in the water-free Ivcrnels ranged from 1.51 ijer cent in Petkus to 1.66 per cent in Hoffmansgave, and the content of ci'ude fat from 1.72 per cent in I'robstei to 1.S6 per cent in Hoffmansgave. A discussion of the history and characteristics of the various varieties is given. The fertilizing value of hairy vetch for Connecticut tobacco fields, T. R. Robinson (U. &'. Dept. Agr., Bar. Plant Indus. Circ. 15, pp. 5). — In connection with a discussion of this subject the importance of inoculating hairy vetch is pointed out. Results or field and pot experiments secured along this line are rei)orted. Sample cuttings of hairy vetch in 19U7 at Hockanum, Conn., indicated yields of 7 tons 400 lbs. per acre of green material for the inoculated vetch and 2 tons 240 lbs. for uuinoculated vetch. Rye on this land made a vigorous growth, yielding at the rate of 7 tons 720 lbs. per acre. Determinations of total nitro- gen in samples of this soil, made bj' the Bureau of Chemistry of this Depart- ment, showed that the soil where vetch was grown without inoculation con- tained 0.19 per cent of total nitrogen, while the soil from the rye plats con- tained only 0.17 per cent and that from the uuinoculated vetch plats 0.14 per cent. Results of greenhouse tests with 20 plants each showed that uuinoculated hairy vetch produced 25 gm. of dry weight with 0.82 gm. of nitrogen, inoculated plants 44 gm. of dry weight with 1.33 gm. of total nitrogen, and rye 16 gm. of dry weight with 0.27 gm. of total nitrogen. Assuming that one-fifth of the green weight represents the dry weight of vetch, the author calculates that on the cover-crop plats at Hockanum inoculated vetch furnished a crop of 2,880 lbs. dry weight per acre with 100.51 lbs. of nitrogen, uuinoculated vetch 848 lbs, of crop with 28.91 lbs. of nitrogen, and rye a crop of 2,944 lbs. dry weight with 49.75 lbs. of nitrogen per acre. In pot experiments with tobacco, sodium nitrate was applied at the rate of 200 and 500 lbs. per acre. This was applied in pots in which hairy vetch and rye had been grown and turned under or removed. It appeared that the turn- ing under of inoculated hairj^ vetch was slightly superior to the application of 200 lbs. of sodium nitrate per acre, while the turning under of rye was inferior to the application of the fertilizer. When cover crops were turned under and fertilizer added the hairy vetch showed greater fertilizing power than rye. In pots that had borne no cover crop the application of nitrate of soda at the rate of 500 lbs. per acre was no more effective than the use of 200 lbs. r Comparative and chemical studies of "wheat varieties], W. H. Scherffixts and H. Woosley (Kcntucl-i/ Sta. Bui. 135, pp. 327-S'iO, pis. 11).— The 12 best yielding varieties for the years 1905, 1906, and 1907 ranged in yield from 27.41 to 31.16 bu. per acre. The leading sorts given in decreasing order of their yields were Jersey Fultz, Kansas Mortgage Lifter, Fulcaster, B 377, and Beech- wood Hybrid, all producing 29.23 bu. per acre or over. In determining the number of pounds of straw required for each \ariety to produce 1 bu. of grain it was found that no regular relation between the yield of straw and grain was apparent, The high yields of straw, however, were HORTICULTURE. 537 generally associatetl with low yields of grain. Blue Stem produced 95 lbs. of straw per bushel of grain, while No. 9129 produced 21S lbs., these two varieties standing lowest and highest in straw production, respectively. The average yields of straw for the 3 years and for all of the varieties under test ranged from 2,637 to 3,547 lbs. In avei-age weight per bushel for 1905 and 1906, Turkish Red stood first with 62:^ lbs. for the first season and 61* lbs. for the second. Tables are given showing the protein content of wheat of the different varieties on an air-dry and water-free basis. It was found that weevil-infested wheat contained relatively more nitrogen and protein than wheat not infested, showing that the weevil had fed on the starch-bearing portion of the grain. The tables also show that some of the high-yielding wheats, such as Kansas Mortgage Lifter and Fulcaster, may also be rich in protein and that the protein content of a given variety varies with the season. Some new hybrid wheats, E. E. Elliott and C. W. Lawrence ( Washington St(t. Popular Bui, !>. pp. 8). — The methods of improving wheat are outlined and the hybridization work at the station is described. A table is given show- ing the yields at Pullman for 3 years of 20 new hybrid wheats. Eight hybrid varieties derived from Winter Fife and Little Club gave an average yield of 46.25 bu., 5 varieties, crosses between Turkey and Little Club, 42.80 bu., 4 hybrid sorts from White Track and Little Club 43.75 bu., and 3 crosses between McPherson and Ked Chaff 36 bu. per acre. Two standard Red Russian varieties grown for comparison gave an average yield of 42.25 bu. per acre for the same period. Ten hybrid varieties of true winter wheats with club heads are described. HORTICULTURE. A further study of soil treatment in greenhouse culture, H. J. Wheeler and G. E. Adams [Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 128, pp. lSS-19'i). — In a previous bulletin of the station (E. S. R., 17, p. 464), the results are given of a study of the initial and residual effects of stable manure and different combinations of chemical manures used with greenhouse radishes, tomatoes, and cucumbers and of a test of finely cut hay as a soil improver. In similar experiments reported in this bulletin finely cut rye straw was substituted for the hay which often contains weed and grass seed. The first crop grown was radishes planted shortly before December 1, fol- lowed by lettuce planted on February 14 and again by lettuce planted on May 7. The same 4 phits and the same fertilizers were used as in the previous work except that before planting the second crop of lettuce the stable manure plat was remanured and the other plats received a complete fertilizer containing a large amount of basic slag meal, but no sulphates or chlorids. With radishes it was found that partially composted horse manure applied at the rate of 75 tons per acre gave better results than any of the chemical manures used either with or without cut rye straw. The crop where the cut straw was used matured much more quickly than with chemicals alone. The manure and straw appeared to exert a beneficial effect upon the physical con- dition of the soil " and thus possibly indirectly upon the character of the fungi and bacteria capable of existing therein." This beneficial effect was not so marked with the first crop of lettuce, although the stable manure plat gave slightly earlier maturity and the crop matured somewhat earlier where cut straw was used than where the chemicals were used alone. Although the stable manure plat was remanured in-evious to the second crop of lettuce, better results were secured with the chemicals and the cut straw than with the horse manure. With the same chemicals the weight of the heads where the cut straw 538 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. had been used was considerably greater tlian where it was omitted. With both the radishes and lettuce nitrate of potash aud nitrate of soda appear to be much superior to muriate of potash and sulphate of ammonia as sources of potash aud nitrogen. Carnations were grown in the same kind of subsoil as that used with radishes aud lettuce. The bench was divided into two equal beds. One bed received a complete fertilizer while the other received no nitrogen, the object of the experiment being to ascertain what influence, if anj', would be exerted by the nitrogen upon the tendency of the calyx to split open. The results appear to show that when the house is maintained at the same temperature generous manuring with nitrogen may increase the total number of perfect blooms of one variety of carnations and lessen the number of another variety. The French garden, C. D. McKay {London, 1D08, pp. 62, pis. 9). — A brief I)ractical treatise on the intensive cultural methods employed by French market gardeners including data relative to crop rotations and working instructions for each month in the year. The work is issued with a view of introducing French methods among P^nglish gardeners. Orchard cover crops, W. S. Thornber (Washington Sta. Popular Bui. 8, pp. .'/). — A popular discussion of the value of orchard cover crops with sugges- tions for planting and plants to use. Fruit marketing' investig-ations in 1907, J. E. Higgins {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 21. pp. 27. flfj. ]). — The practical results for 1907 of fruit marketing inves- tigations which have been conducted by the station for the past 4 years (E. S. R., 19. p. 338) are given and subjects relating to transportation, markets, and ov- ganization for market purposes are discussed. On August 14 a carload of pineapples and avocados was shipped from Hawaii to Chicago. The pineapples were sorted and repacked in San Fi-ancisco, but the avocados were not repacked. The fruits were placed in a refrigerated car, arriving in Chicago, August 31. and were marketed September 3. The pine- apples were in good condition, the loss being less than 1 per cent. The avocados were in good condition for immediate consumption, but hardly firm enough for the market. It is believed that if avocados are perfectly hard when taken from the steamer, they will arrive in Chicago in the sameconditiou. It appears thus far that papaias will not endure a long journey by rail, after reaching the mainland. Hay and excelsior were again compared for packing pineapples in crates. The fruit was preserved equally well in both materials, but the excelsior makes a better appearance. The keeping quality of pineapples from . different fields continues to show a wide variation and emphasizes the importance of soil studies and fertilizer experiments in relation to the keeping qualities of the fruit. The results from sliipping long and short stem fruits confirm those previously reported. On fruits showing a great tendency to decay in transit the part savetl by cutting long stems averaged 17 per cent of the whole. The difterence in favor of long stems as compared with stems broken off at the natural joint was over 46 per cent. The value of wrapping each fruit in paper was again brought out, the average difference in favor of the wrapped fruit being about 6.6 per cent. Fruits that were cut with long stems and also wrapped in paper showed an average saving of 22.37 per cent of the whole as compared with short stem fruits packed with- out paper. There appears to be no constant advantage in favor of carrying pineapples on either the orlop deck or the after deck of the ship. The need of furnishing transportation facilities equipped to handle fruit in all weather is pointed out. HORTICULTL'RE. 539 A portion of the pineapples was placed in the ship in a compartment held at a temperature of 50° F. The fruit was not pre-cooled and the compartment did not attain the above temperature until 2A days from the time of sailing. Under these circumstances the loss was practically the same in refrigeration as on the after deck. Shipments were made to San Francisco of Chinese bananas, some bunches of which were wrapped in dried banana leaves and others were entirely unpro- tected. Neither method was satisfactory. The results previously secured rela- tive to methods of picking, packing, and shipment, of avocados were confirmed in 1907. It is especially emphasized that the spaces between the avocados should not be filled with paper as is often done. Cape fresh, fruit export trade, season 1908, C. Du P. Chiappini (Cape Good Hope, Spee. Rpt. Trades Comr. London, 190S,' pp. 16). — A report on the export fruit shipments of the Cape of Good Hope relative to the size of the shipments, condition of the fruit, prices received, varieties, grading, and pack- ing, with suggestions and recommendations to growers for improving conditions and for the further extension of the fruit business. Peach, apricot, and prune kernels as by-products of the fruit industry of the United States, F. Rabak iU. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 133, pp. 7-J}). — The present commercial supply of almond oils is derived from European countries and is manufactured, not alone fi'om almonds, but to a great extent from apricot, and in some cases, peach kernels. This bulletin con- tains the results of an investigation conducted to obtain information as to peach, apricot, and prune kernels, with special reference to their similarity to sweet and bitter almonds and to compare chemically the fixed and volatile oils ob- tainable from them. The methods of extracting these oils are discussed in detail and consideration is given to their commercial uses. The investigation shows that the fixed and volatile oils which can be derived from peach, apricot, and prune kernels compare very favorably as to their physical and chemical properties and in some cases are almost identical with the commercial oils obtained from sweet and bitter almonds. The oils from these kernels are at the present time substituted for the rarer almond oils and can be used for the same purposes. Peach, apricot, and prune kernels are cheaper and furnish a more available raw material than bitter almonds. Hence their increased use might sufficiently reduce the price of these oils and create a greater demand for them. Owing to the ready saponification of these oils they should find a demand in the toilet-soap industry, and their production in the United States is suggested on account of the large amount of raw material available. The processes of extracting and distilling fruit-kernel oils are not particular]}' complex and could be carried on in establishments such as can- neries already equipped with steam or other power at comparatively small expense. It is suggested that the press cake, owing to its high content of nitrog- enous matter, might be employed either as a stock food or as a fertilizer. Commercial fertilizer experiments with coffee, G. Helmrich (Tropen- pflanzcr. BcUiefte. 9 (100>i), .Yo. //. pp. 185-220, pis. 12). — An extensive series of fertilizer experiments conducted by the author on his plantations in Guate- mala are reported. Potash, phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and lime were used both alone and in combination and were compared with stable manure. The results are presented in tabular form and are fully discussed. The author concludes that although the application of the organic manures is indispensable in coffee culture, the best plants and largest returns are secured by the additional use of a complete fertilizer. 70454— No. 0—09 i 540 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. The future of cacao planting, H. H. Smith (London, 190S, pp. XIII+95, pis. 2). — A paper read at the Colonial Fruit Show of the Royal Horticultural Society, June, 190S, followed by an extensive discussion and supplementary notes on grafting, pruning, and the question of shade in Trinidad. The paper deals with the various branches of the cacao planting industry, including cer- tain phases which have not been generally discussed, such as suggestions rela- tive to the use of vacuum chambers for drying beans, the practice of planting belts of rubber and other economic plants in conjunction with cacao, and re- striction of affected areas in- case of disease. Among other points discussed are grafting, improved pruning methods, and green manuring. Street trees, their care and preservation, A. D. Taylor {New Yo)'k Cornell ti"ti>iit variation in size and color in llu^ lirst and second years. Tlie stH'd ohiained from Galicia and Eberswald prodneed liirge (inick-^iowinj: plants, while .seed from Finland and Norway iJrodneed small slow- ^'rowin^ plants. 1 Miring the piesent year, when the experimental plat became severely attacked hy the needle lili.Lcht. the seedlinj^s from the northern-j^rown seed remained almost free from attack, while the Eberswald seedlings were badly affected in the lower part of tlie planl. Tlie (Jalicia seedlings were still more severely attacked, notwithstanding that they were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture and later on witii cuiPiicr (ar)>onate sojulion. The author points out that newl.v ])lanted conifers nnist be considered as sick or weakened plants particiil.-irly liable to attack by weevils and bark beetles. The relation between the bark turgidity and insect attack is briefly discussed. Eucalyptus in California, X. I >. iNciUAM ( ('(iJifdniia Sin. Hal. HXi, iip. 29-112, pgs. (W). — This bulletin contains the results of an extensive study of eucalyptus culture in California, the work being based on careful observation over all the cultivated ]iortions of the State south of Shasta County. Con- sideration is given to the importance of eucalyptus for timber, fuel, and oil, the soil requirements and methods of growing these trees, the commercial qualities of the ditt'erent species, their adaptation to conditions in the various parts of the State, and the quality and amount of the product which can be reasonably expected from them. Over G") differ(>nt species and varieties of Phicalypts are growing on the Uni- versity of California Forestry Station grounds at Santa Monica. Of this num- ber TS species held to be the most promising for couunerclal i)lanting in Cali- fornia are specially considered relative to their botanical characteristics, present range, adaptability and use, illustrations being given of the trunk, foliage, and fruiting organs of each. Lists are also given of those speties the wood of which is the most durable in the soil, the lumber and fuel sjtecies. and the frost and drought-resistant species. The possibility of selecting a grouj) of Kucalypts capable of furnishing bloom for bees to work on the year round is suggested and a list is given showing the blooming periods of the species growing on the station grounds. Data are also given on some strength tests of Eucalypts conducted l)y the Forest Service of this Department in cooi)eration with the State of California. Basket willow culture, C. D. Mei.l (Lehanon, Penn., J 90S, pi). 10). — This l)amphlet contains i)ractical instructions lor planting, cultivating, harvesting, iind marketing basket willows, together with notes on varieties, insect enemies, cost and profit of a basket willow holt, and utilizing willow bark. The drifting--sand problem, W. Gill (Jour. Drpt. Af/i: So. Aust., 11 (1908), \o. It, pp. 1028-1031 ). — In addition to a brief discussion relative to the causes t)f drifting-sand areas and their treatment, a list is given of 2S shrubs and trees which the author considers best for sand-binding purposes in South Australia. Silvical leaflets ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Silv. Leaflets, 15, pp. 4/ 16, pp. 2; 17, pp. 2; IS, pp. 6; 19, pp. 5; 20, pp. 2; 21, pp. 3; 22, pp. 3; 23. pp. 2; 2.',, pp. 2; 25, pp. 3; 26, pp. 2; 27, pp. 2; 28, pp. 3; 29, pp. 2; 30, pp. 2; 31, pp. 4,' 32, pp. 3; 33Tpp^2; 3), pp. 2; 35, pp. 2; 36. pp. 2; 37, pp. 3; 38, pp. 7; 39, pp. 2; .'lO, pp. 2; .'il, pp. 3; .'i2, pp. '/). — A series of leaflets, each one dealing with the i-ange and occurrence, climatic adai)tability, habit, associated S])ecies, soil and moisture, tolerance, and rejiroduction of one of the following species of trees, the order given corresponding to the leaflet numbers above : White spruce (Picca canadensis), single-leaf pifion (Piniis monophyUa), four-leaf pinon {P. quadrifolia), redwood (Sequoia sempcrvirens), bigtree {S. ivashingtoni- FORESTRY. 543 (tn(i), weeping spruce (Picca hrciccriana), Jeffrey pine {Pinus jcffrcyi), iinia- l)ilis fir (Abies (iniobilis), hristlo-coiie i)ine ( /'. (irifitdla), bristle-cone fir (.4. rciiusid), Cottonwood iPoinihis (Iclldidr.i), foxtail pine (Pinus halfoitri- aria), Torrey pine ( /'. torrcudini). Mack sjyruce (Picca ni(iriana), blue spruce ( /'. it(irnjnnit), t'jilifoniia swamp iiiiic (Piiiiis uniricdld), black hemlock {Tmigd mcrtcusiand), tamarack (Ijiiir Idriciiui), digjier ])inc ( /'. fidhiniana). Coulter pine (P. coiiitcri), ali)ine larch (L. lyalli), knobcone pine (P. attcniidtd), white-bark pine (P. «//>(>•« m/j.s), paper birch (BctnUi i>dityrifcra), IMonterey l»ine ( /*. nididtd), swamp Cottonwood (Poi>ulu^s hctcroiilijiUd), chestnut oak (Qiicrci's iirimix), and sugar niaiile (Jeer sdcciidruiii) . Exploitation of forests ( Lc Brcsil: ^cs RicJicufics Xdtiirdlcx; scs Industries. Rio de Janeiro: Centro Indus, lirdsil, I'JOS, French cd., vol. 1, pp. 2i.)-227). — Notes on forest trees growing in northern, central, and southern parts of Brazil, including the local and bolimical names, iihysical properties, and economic uses. First report on a study of forest conditions of Kentucky, J. S. Holmes and W. P.KADi'iKi.n (liicn. I'pt. Bur. Afjr., Jjdbor, and St-aiis. rA'.//.l. 17 { t'.)0(]~ 7't, /(/>. S7-1.20, nidp 1). — The Forest Service of this Department, in cooi)eration with the Kentucky State P>oard of Agriculture. Forestry, ;ind Inunigration, is making a study relative to the present forest conditions in Kentucky and means for their imiirovement. Thus far, the study has been completed on 2 watersheds, the Big Sandy and Little Sandy rivers, including 11 counties in the eastern and northern sections of the mountain region. Tlie results of the investigation to date are embraced in the present report. Brief consideration is given to the physiographic features, classification, owner- shi]), and valuation of land, and to transportation, and considerable tabular data is presented and discussed showing the annual output of forest products, together with the estimated present stands in this region. The forests are discussed both l>y type and species, and a local description is given of the forest conditions in each of the 11 counties to show the immediate need for the adoption of some definite method of caring for the forest land. An account is given of the timber jind other forest industries relative to methods of exploitation and sug^stions for t^eir improvement. Other features discussed are agriculture and mining in their relation to forestiy. protection from fire and stock, planting, and taxation. An appendix contliins a list of trees and shrubs noted in the region, and a map showing forest conditions in eastern Kentucky is also given. It is reconunended that a technically trained and exjierienced forester be ap- jiointed to talce charge of all State work, and that lands more valuable for for- est jturposes than other purposes should be held and administered by the State as State forests. The establishment of experimental planting stations and a fire warden system is also advised. The management of the provincial forests of d'Amance, E. Cuif (Rev. Eaux ct Forets, ',7 (IIWS), Xos. 11, pp. 326^39; J 2. pp. 3^3-362; 13. pp. 587- }iO.'i; l.'i, pp. !i2]-.'i2H). — A resume of a rec-ent report on this sub.iect in which the various systems of management which have been in force in the d'Amance forest 8ince 1S2(> are considered relative to the conditions under which they were exercised and i\w results produced from their execution together with recom- mendations for the future exploitation of this forest. Considerable tabular data relative to growtli tables, etc., are given as well as tables outlining methods of oxi>loitation for a period of l.") years from IDOT to 1021. Report on the forest administration of the Central Provinces for the year 1906-7, A. F. (Jkadox, (J. S. Hart, and C. G. Kogkrs (Rpt. Forest Admin. Cent. Pror. \/ndid\, l!H)(j-7, pt). 7+/6-+2fl+/6-+XC7A').— Tliis is the annual report tiiliquator, has been named R. utilis by Brown and Stapf. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant diseases in 1907, M. L. Mortensen, S. Rostrup, and F, K. Ravn ( 7'iV/xvA/-. Ijtndbr. Planteavl, 15 (1908), .A'o. 1, pp. 1J{.5-1.5S). — A general survey of diseases of agricultural crops in Denmark during the year. Trials with the hot-water treatment for six-rowed barley, F. K. Ravn (Tidsskr. Lnndhr. I'lantearl, 15 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 159-170).— VAther of the following methods is reconnnended on the basis of the trials reported : Dipping the grain 20 times during r» minutes in water at 50 to 57° C, and immediately cooling it in the air; or soaking the grain in cold water for 3 hours, subse- quj'iitly allowing the wet grain to stand for 10 hours, tlien dipping it 20 times (luring 5 minutes in water at 50 to 52° C, and immediately cooling it in the nir. The foinici- nictliod is to be preferred, as it gives the best gernunation of the barley. It is inii)ortant in tliese treatments that the temi)erature be ke|"t constant during the dipping, and tlnit tlie cooling be done at once; the latter process is jireferably done in the air, rath«'r than by dipping in water. Wart disease, or black scab, of potatoes {.Jour. Ilnrt., GO {1908), 'So. .it,ii!. pp. fi.')7, Ji58). — A full description is given of tlie wart or black-scab disease of IK)tat(K'S, a previous account of which has been noted ( E. S. It., 10, p. 100). The disease, wldch is due to the fungus Chrysophlyetis endobiotica, appears to i)e spreading in parts of Europe. For its control, the autlior recommends the treatment of potatoes innnediately after harvest with sul])liur, and, as the fungus is pro|tagated in the soil, where a diseasiMl crop lias l)een grown rotation should l)e adopted. In the case of the 4-course rotation, it should be so arrang«'d as to allow s years to intervene before the next |)lanting of potatoes. Treatment of the ground with gas lime early In the si)ring, after wldch it is top-worked, has proved efficient In holding tiie dis(>ase in check. When potatoes are to be planted, it is recommended that the cuttings be dusted with sulphur and sulphur siiread on the soil during 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the progress of planting. Some varieties seem to be less snbject to the wart disease than others, and, so far as possible, these should be employed. The root rots of beets, W. Busse (B1. Zuckerriibenbau, 15 (1908), Xo. 19, j)p. 297-300, pi. 1). — T'nder the title of root rots are described the root i-ots of young garden and sugar beets caused by Pythium dcbdnjaiium. Phoma beta', and Aphanomyccs lavis. The methods of attack, peculiarities and difterences of the diseases, and means of control are discussed. The heart rot of sugar beets, A. Genty (Sttcr. Indig. et Colon., 71 (1908), No. 25, pp. 685-689). — ^A description is given of the heart rot of sugar beets due to Phoma tabifica and of the conditions uncjer which the disease is spread. Attention is called to the fact that certain races of beets seem more subject to the disease than others. The distance in planting was also found to exert an important bearing. As general precautions to be taken for the control of this disease, the author I'ecommends deep plowing early in the winter, at which time stable manure may be plowed In, and the use of large quantities of wood ashes at the rate of 2 to 2* cubic meters per hectare (about 23 to 29 bu. per acre). A mold of latouag' wheat, L. Mangin and N. Patotjillard (Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 2-'^ (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 156-16^, figs. .}) .—According to the authors, the natives of Algeria preserve their wheat in silos, cavities in the earth, and similar places, in which, on account of the heat and humidity, the grain undergoes a series of fermentations which give special properties to it that are highly relished by the natives. Among the fermented wheats, a num- ber of which are described, is one called latouag. In this case the wheat under- goes special changes by the action of molds, which give to it a decreased nutri- tive value and communicate to it certain toxic properties. A study was made of this preparation, and the changed condition was found to be largely due to a fungus, which appears to be thus far undescribed. The authors give a technical description of it under the name ilonilia arnoldi n. sp. Bean anthracnose, H. H. Whetzel (Xcw York Cornell 8ta. Bui. 255, jtp. .'f 31-^7, figs. 6). — As a result of 3 years' observations and experiments, the author has found it necessary to modify the generally accepted conclusions re- garding the control of this disease, as given in Bulletin 239 of the station (E. S. R., 18, p. 51). The present bulletin is largely a criticism of the methods of treatment suggested in the previous publication. It is claimed that experiments have shown that the benefits to be derived from seed treatment are very insignificant. The selection of clean seed by hand picking, while in some instances resulting in a diminished amount of dis- ease, in general has proved of no value in ei'adicating or even partially con- trolling the spot. The removal of diseased seedlings, which is impracticable except in short garden rows, it is believed may be disregarded as a factor in controlling the disease. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture, if exceedingly thor- oughly done, is effective in controlling the disease, but under field conditions with the present machinery it is not believed sufficiently advantageous to war- rant the expense and trouble. The cultivation or working of beans when the plants are wet should be avoided as much as possible. On this point the author says there can be no dispute. The spores are held together in mass by a sort of mucilage which is dissolved during the time the plants are wet, and at this time any disturbance of the plants scatters the spores to other plants that may not be affected. In considering methods of control of the disease, the author places most re- liance on clean seed. This can be obtained by securing seed from noniufested regions or it may be by the careful selection of the beans in the field, seeing that no spots are to be found on any of the pods. If on careful inspection the pods appear sound, the seed within will not be diseased. DISEASKS OF PLANTS. 547 Furtlier iiivestlfrations arc to Itc carrii'd P- lo^-l ')!>). — The author reports studies of leaf spot of apples, in which 15 species of fungi were found iiresent, only 4 being coniuiou enough to indicate any economic importance. These were Corynvum foUicohim, Coniothy- riinn iiirhin, an undescrihcd species of Tuberculariie, and Spho'roiifii.'i malonun. Studies were made with imre cultures of ('. iiirinn, and the results of inocula- tions indicate that it is a facultative or wound parasite only able to produce spots on apple leaves provided it has killed or injured tissues in which to get a start. It jirobably causes a considerable amount of leaf spot, but this has not yet been demonstrated. The fungus was found to grow readily on deiid twigs, and this led to its further study. A mori)liologically identical species was found on dead twigs of a quince bush, and pure cultures were successfully inoculated on apple leaves, producing the characteristic appearance. Later the fungus was found on dead apple twigs, and it is possible that it winters in this way. The author was unable to find fruits of the fungus on any fallen leaves during the winter or spring. Inoculation e.\]tcriments were also made with C. foliicoliun with similar results, the Coryneum appearing even less actively parasitic than the Coni- othyriuni. A leaf-spot fungus of the apple, J. L. Sheldon (Torreya, 8 (WOS), No. 6, 1)1). l.i'.i-l'il ). — During the past 5 years the author has been making a study • )f the causes of defoliation in the apple orchards of West Virginia, and during this time has examined hundreds of leaves. As a result he has found that the worst defoliated orchards showed that the fungi hitherto associated with de- foliation were either not i)resent or when present did not bring about defolia- tion. There was, however, a fungus belonging to the family Tuberculariae universally present iu the orchards and so plentiful that the lower branches of some of the trees were nearly defoliated, the remaining leaves being brown and crumpled. A study of the fungus showed that it was an undescribed species, and the author gives a technical description of it under the name JUositorUun mali- piliorum n. sp. The sjiots caused by this fungus are said to be different from those caused by any other leaf spot of the a|tple and can be readily recognized even when the fungus is not in fruiting condition. In general, the spots are nearly circular, from 5 to 15 nun. in diameter, often coalescent. The spots are brown (»r mottled gray in color, the colors being more or less concentrically arrangfil. In the center of S(jme of the spots is to be found a small gray or whitish spot, causiHl usually by the infection of the leaf by some other fungus. The larger and encircling spots are due to a secondary infection by the fungus under considci'ation. Apple leaf spot, F. J. Chittenden {-Jour. Roy. Ilort. Soc. [London], ,id (lUOS), \o. 2, PI). .'jOO-'jII, flOH. 3). — A descri|ition is given of the blotching and torching of ai>ple leaves, due to the fungus Cltnlospoiinni licrhtirum. This disease is sjiid to have been e.xtremely prevalent during the season of 1907, the wivather conditions being such as to cause a somewhat abnormal growth, which HMulered the foliage subject to tlie attack of fungi. From an investigation of a large number of varieties, the author linds that some varieties are a]»|)arcntly more liatiie to the .-ittack of this fungus than others. The best method of pn-vention, .so far as known, lies in the checking of the gcrnunation of the fungus by means of applications of dilute Hordeaux nii.\ture. 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Exoascus deformans, G. Zauli {Bui. R. Soc. Toscaua Ort., 3. ser., 12 (1907), No. 11, pp. 325-327; abs. in Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 33 (1908), No. 2, p. 597).— All account is given of experiments by V. Peglion for the control of E. deformans on the peach tree. It is said that this fungus can be successfully controlled by the use of a wash consisting of copper sulphate 2 kg., lime 1 kg., ammonium chlorid 0.2 kg., and water 100 liters. This should be applied before the opening of the buds, and if the season is favorable, a single washing of the trees is sufficient. If, however, the weather should prove rainy, a second appli- cation should be made while the trees are still in a dormant condition. According to the account, a tree treated with this fungicide retained its leaves, whereas others not treated lost all theirs through attacks of the fungus. The treated tree fruited prolifically and the accustomed falling of the fruit did not occur. American gooseberry mildew (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 8 (1908), No. 3, pp. 479-Ji8Jf, pi. 1, figs. 3). — A description is presented of the gooseberry mildew due to Hplicerotheca mors-uvw, attention is called to its de- structive nature, and a warning given against the importing of plants from regions that are known to be infested by the fungus. Where the disease is present, spraying with Bordeaux mixture or some other fungicide and the burning of diseased plants, etc., are recommended. A brief note is given of the European gooseberry mildew (Microsphwra gros- sularicE), which is seldom found on the berries, confining its attacks chiefly to the leaves. This mildew, it is said, can be held in check by spraying with a solution of potassium sulphid. [Some vine diseases], F. T. Bioletti (California Sta. Bui. 197, pp. 1^7- 158, figs. 12 ) . — A description is given of the powdery mildew of grapes due to O'idium sp., the Anaheim or California vine disease, brunissure, black knot, and coulure. So far as known, the causes of these diseases are described and methods suggested for the prevention of injury by them. Notes on grape downy mildew in 1907, H. Faes (Chron, Agr. Vatid, 21 [1908), Nos. 8, pp. 189-193; 9, pp. 207-212).— While the mildew was late in appearing during the summer of 1907, the conditions for its development were such that it spread rapidly and proved very destructive. Under the author's directions, experiments were carried on at the viticultural station in combating the disease, and an account is given of the results of the different treatments. A 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture when applied in sufficient quantity proved efficient in controlling the disease. It was found that it should be applied at the rate of from 40 to 50 gal. per acre at the first spraying and from 75 to 100 gal. per acre for each subsequent application. The sprayings should be made at intervals of 15 days, and for the prevention of the powdery mildew sulphur should be applied at like intervals after the second or third spraying. During the same summer the author tested the efficiency of combined fungi- cides when applied in liquid form. Plats of equal extent were sprayed with 1 and 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture, a 1 per cent solution of copper acetate, formalin, Bordeaux mixture neutralized with alkaline polysnlphids, and formi- dol, which is said to be a combination of formic acid and copper. The result- ing crops on the different plats were collected, and the yields were decidedly in favor of the Bordeaux mixture and the copper acetate solutions. Bordeaux mixture neutralized with alkaline polysnlphids gave a much diminished yield of grapes, and formalin still less, the crop where this fungicide was used being almost an entire failure. The use of proprietary mixtures for the control of downy and pow^dery mildew, J. P'ischeb (Mitt. Weinbau u. Kellerw., 20 (1908), No. 7, pp. lO.'i- 109). — A series of experiments was conducted to test the value of neutral DISKASKS OF I'LANTS. 549 (opiier acetate, azurin, AntiiieroiiosiMH-ina. Anliperoiiospora, Sehloosing's lior- ileaux mixture. Carat, ami Keliorit as miniiared with liordoaiix uiixtiiro for the i-oiitrol of the downy and powdery mildew of tlie j^nipe. TLe author sprayed an equal iiuniber of vines with each of the mixtures and later carefully examined each of the stocks and determined the number of infected leaves on the treated plants. One hundred and fifty stocks which had been si)rayeil with Hordeaux mixture showed only 3!J leaves containing downy mildew. None of the other preparations showed as favorable results, and the author concludes that wlien the cost of the material is considered as well as its elliciency, none of them ar(> in any way to be considered superior to Bor- deaux mixture as usually recommended. Effect of some fungicides on the control of downy mildew, R. AIeissneb {Wciubau u. Wcinhundcl, 2G {1!)0S), Xo. .}J, pp. 387, 388).— In 1007 experi- ments were carried on with a number of proprietary fungicides for the control of the downy and powdery mildew of grapes, comparisons being made with Hordeaux mixture and soda Bordeaux. The results obtained showed that for jiractical jiurposes 1 to 2 per cent of Bordeaux mixture is the most efficient means for controlling downy mildew and sulphur for combating powdery mil- dew of the grape. Two diseases of prickly pears, II. Tkyon {Queensland A(jr. Jour., 21 {1!>08), \o. 3, lu). l.'f3-lJi7). — Descriptions are given of 2 diseases to which the prickly jiear is said to be subject in Australia. The first is apparently due to some physiological disturbance, and while it appears at times to destroy parts of the plant and hold its spread in check, it does not seem to be of any great economic importance. The second of these diseases, to which the name sleeping sickness has been given, is apparently due to a fungus attacking the roots of the plant, but the fungus has not as yet been fully identified. As far as observed, the disease siireads very slowly, and as it is a root disease there is apparently not much prospect of artificially communicating it. The fir disease in Jura, E. Hknry (Bui. Soc. ScL Nanei/, 3. ser., 8 (1907), \o, 3, pp. 3()l^n8, fig. J). — Attention is called to the disease of firs attributed to the fungus J'lioiiia abictina or Fusicoccuin abietiuum. which has been previously r«'|»orted by the author ( E. S. K., 1!). i). C>'u). In that publication the author expressed doulit as to the fungus proving a serious menace to the forests, but otiier investigators having claimed that it would prove very destructive, he has investigated the subject anew, and from his personal investigations and testi- mony received from different regions he concludes that while the fungus is the <"iuse of a disease resulting in the reddening of the foliage of the fir trees, the (liseiis(! is of relatively little importance and apparently never causes the death of the tree. A note on Micropera abietis, G. Fron (Bui. Trintcst. /S'oc. Mj/col. France, ■i'l ( inos). Vo. .;, p/i. Iiiu 17 1. //.'/. /). — a descrii>tion is given of .1/. abietis, a fun- gus occurring on fir trees that has not hitherto been reportetl from France The author points out some departures from the typical form characterized by Itostrup. Extent and importance of the white pine blight, S. T. Dana ( U. S. Dept. .!///•., Forest Srrr. \ I'ainphlrt \, l!)()S, Man ,?6', /*/'• '/• "'"/' D- — In the early sinnmer of l!Ht7 inquiries were rec«'ived from various [tarts of New England rcganling a peculiar blight of the white i>ine in that section. Trees affected by the blight are readily rec(»gnized from the characteristic reddish-iirown color jissunied by the newest needles. The til) of the needle is ."hvays afl'eeled first, and the extent of the discoloration varies greatly in dif- ferent niH'dles and in difl'erent trees. Attacked trees look as though they had 550 EJtPERIMENT STATION RECORD. been scorched by Are. As the needles of the white pine fall after 2 years, in case the newer ones are affected the trees become more or less defoliated. This disease is now widely distribnted throughout the central and southern parts of New England and occurs also in New York. New Jersey, and Penn- sylvania. It has thus far caused but little damage, but if it proves to be in- fectious it may produce serious results. The cause of the trouble is unknown. The blight on chestnut trees, J. Mickleborough {Conservation. IJ/ (/.90.S), No. 11, pp. 58->-5SS, figs. 2). — An account of the occurrence and distribution of the blight of chestnut trees due to the fungus Diaporthe parasitica. The fungus has already caused the destruction of nearly all the chestnut trees in Prospect Park, Brooklyn, and is spreading rapidly in a number of other localities. Extent and importance of the chestnut bark disease, E. R. HonsoN ( U. /S. Dept. Agr., Forest Scrv. [PampliJct], IDOS, Oct. 21, pp. 8). — A description is given of the chestnut bark disease due to Diaporthe parasitica, or Valsonectrin parasitica, as it is sometimes called, previous accounts of which have been given (E. S. R., 19. pp. 2m. 1051, 1154). A disease of the Cineraria, F. J. Chittenden {Jour. Roy. Hort. 8oe. \ Lon- don], 33 {1908), Xo. 2, pp. 511-513, figs. 2). — A report is given of a disease of Cineraria leaves, due to the fungus CoJeosporiinn senecionis, which, in view of the fact that the fungus occurs on a large number of weeds, may prove quite troublesome. Upon the Cineraria the attack is characterized by the appearance on the under surface of the leaves of orange-yellow, waxy-looking patches, covering areas varying from 0.25 in. in diameter to almost the whole surface of tlie leaf. As the disease spreads, tlie upper surface of the leaves becomes blackish in color. The yellow patches appear in September, and the yellow color is due to uredospores. Later these patches become red and bear the winter spores. The injury to the plant arises from the fact that considerable nourishment is withdrawn by the fungus, and the plant also suffers by the disfiguring of the leaves. The attacks of the fungus may be prevented by spraying with a solution of permanganate of potash. The occurrence of Rhodochytrium spilanthidis in North America, G. F. Atkinson {Bot. Gaz., JfU {1!)U8), No. //, pp. 21)9-301; Science, n. ser., 28 {1908), No. 121t, pp. 691, 692). — The occurrence of the parasitic alga R. spilanthidis on the leaves of the ragweed {Ambrosia artemisi(rfolia) in North Carolina is reported. The parasite is an alga devoid of chlorophyll, and attacks the leaves, stems, pedicels, flower bracts, and other parts of the host plant. It begins its develop- ment in early summer on the small seedlings and by succeeding crops of zoospores continues the infection of these plants throughout the season, until finally the flowet* racemes are affected. The parasite has a reddish yellow oil deposited in the protoplasm, and this is so massed in the larger sporangia that it causes a bright red color visible through the thin layer of the cortical tissue. The plant is always located in or adjacent to the vascular bundles, and there is an extensive system of mycelial rhizoids which are profusely branched. This parasite was first discovered in North Carolina by Dr. F. L. Stevens, who referred material to the author. Since the first collection was made in August, 1903, it has occurred in abundance every year, and 14 additional stations were reported in 1908. In many cases the ragweed is so affected that the destruction can be recognized from car windows. Bordeaux mixture and other fung'icides, G. Quinn {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 12 (1908), No, 2, pp. I'fU-lVJ), — Formulas are given for the preparation ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 551 (if BonU'Jiux iiMXturo, a new Rordeaiix mixture uiade affording to a foriimla in list' at the \Vol)urn Hxiicriniental Fruit Farm, and Rurjiundy mixture. The new Bordeaux mixture is made by slaliing 3 lbs. of quifklime in about KX) jral. of water and then adding S(> gal. of this elear solution to 14 gal. of water in which 0 lbs. Gi o>f. of fopper sulphate has been dissolved. This will yield 1(K) gal. of a clear Bordeaux mixture that is said to be superior to and cheaper than that made according to the coninionly accepted formulas. Fungicides, IL H. Wiietzkl (Xnc York Cornrll Sta. Circ. 2, pp. !)-lfi). — Directions are given for the preparation of most of the common fungicides now in u.se, together with lists of the more conunon diseases which careful exi)erimeuts have shown to be effectively controlled by the use of the fungicides. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Harmful and beneficial mammals of the arid interior, with special refer- ence to the Carson and Humboldt valleys, Nevada, V. Baii.ky ( U. . iiHttdlli), bobcat i Lt/iir hailejii), and coyote (Canifi lexfes). The short-tailed grasshopfier mouse (OnycJioinyn brericauduft), desert fox (\'u1pes ninerotis), large skunk (Mephitis major), little spotted skimk [l^pilof/nlc v'/.r«/i7i>», l)adger (Tn.ridea aiiierieinni ). Arizona weasel ( Pittoriiis arizonensis), mink, otter, and bats are considered as mainly beneficial. Game laws for 1908. T. S. Tai.mkk and II. Oldys (!■. N. Ihiil. .\(/r.. Farmers' Kill. 33G, pp. .').'), vKips .'/). — Tliis includes th(> essential features of changes in the game I;iws made during liiOS. Data concerning the closed seasons for game in the Fnited States and Can-da. and liiws rel;itive to the exi)ort and sale of g.ime, and the limits fixetl for its capture hav(> been brought together under State, Territory, and province headings. Details concerning hunting licenses iind export regulations are shown in tabuhir form. Distribution and control of wild rabbits in Mecklenburg, K. Fini dkrich.s i\iilunr. Ztsehr. Forst ii. Lnmlir., <; i /DOS), \o. .?, pp. Uil~l'.u;, pis. 2. /i(js. 2). — During recent years wild rabbits have greatly multiplied in Mecklenburg and have caused .-i I.irge iimonnt of damage to vegetation of all sorts, particularly .voung shrubbery. In the ye.ir 1!I(m;-7, nearly 7.(Mt(t rabbits were killed by forest inspectors. Other means of control suggested by the author include the use of repellant substances on trees likely to be attacked or rabbit-i»roof wire fencing. 552 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, Tlie author gives an account of the natural enemies of rabbits, including foxes, wild cats, weasels, and parasitic insects and worms. The most important means of controlling rabbits are to be found in the extensive use of traps, fumigation, and distributing poison. The destruction of rats, B. Galli-Yalerio (Chron. Agr. Vaiid, 21 {1908), A'o. 6, PI). I'i2-l.'i7). — The damages caused by Mus rattus and M. decumanus are briefly described. These rats must also be considered as likely to carry various pathogenic bacteria and i)arasites from place to place. A rat virus was used but later was abandoned as being less effecitve than traps and other means of destruction. The use of fluid cultures of mouse typhoid {Prakt. Bl. Pflanzenbau u. Schutz, n. sen, 6 (1908), JN'o. 3, pp. 33-35). — The effect of cultures of mouse typhoid bacilli is not to be observed until after 8 to 14 days. As a rule, the mice dead from this cause are not to be found on the surface of the ground, since they hide in their burrows before dying. The ecological succession of birds, C. C. Adams {Auk, 25 {1908), No. 2, pp. 109-153). — A review is given of the more important literature on habitats and the succession of birds observed in various localities. Particular attention is given to the various associations or communities of birds which may be ob- served in one and the same localities at different seasons of the year. It is believed that a more complete knowledge of these matters will be of importance in gaining definite information as to the econoniic relations of birds. The significance of insectivorous birds in agriculture, J. R. Bos {Tijdschr. Plantenzlektcn, 12 {1906), Xo. Jf-6, pp. 105-lJi2). — A general discussion is pre- sented of the relationship of insectivorous birds to agriculture. Attention is given to the problems of determining the economic relations of various species of insects and of estimating the value or injurious character of birds which feed indiscriminately upon harmful and beneficial insects. Proceedings of the twentieth, annual meeting of the Association of Eco- nomic Entomologists {Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {1908), No. 2, pp. 81-159, flffs. .'t). — A continuation of the proceedings of the association at the 1907 meeting CE. S. R., 20, p. 252). Brief notes are given on the various papers in the following paragraphs. S. A. Forbes presented the results of P^xperiments with Repellents Against the Corn Root-Aphis. Seed corn was soaked in kerosene at the rate of a tea- spoonful to 4 qts. of corn, in a 10 per cent alcoholic solution of oil of lemon, and in a 3 per cent solution of carbolic acid or formalin. As a result of these treat- ments the reduction in the number of aphids was 14 per cent after carbolic acid, 60 per cent after formalin, .84 per cent after kerosene, and 89 per cent after oil of lemon. The gain in the number of ears was about 20 per cent where the oil of lemon was used. E. P. Taylor discussed the Life History and Control of the Green-Peach Aphis. In the author's opinion, Myzus peisiccc has been confused with other species. The life history of this insect is presented in considerable detail. The insect may be controlled by the use of 5 per cent emulsion of kerosene in the spring. W. E. Hinds and F. C. Bishopp presented A Key for the Classification of En- tomological Records. This key contains a detailed outline of subject headings under which the records of entomological work and study and projects to be investigated may be suitably classified. E. F. Phillijis called attention to the desirability of a more thorough study of bee diseases. The men who have been selected as insi)ectors of apiaries have not always succeeded in contrf)lling the spread of foul brood and other bee diseases. T. B. Symons reported a test of carrying on public spraying with charges merely covering the cost and general expenses. The results were quite ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 553 satisfactory. \V. E. Britton gave an account of experiments with gases for fumigating nursery trees, already noted fnun anotlicr source (K. S. K., 1!). \>. lor>.i). \V. Newell and T. ('. Tauisen outlined some results obtained in spraying experiments to destroy the foliage of cotton in the fall. In these experiments coMunon salt, bicarltonate of soda, lye, hydrochloric acid, white arsenic, iron suli>hate, and other materials were used. The iron sulphate gave quite satis- factory results. Some growth takes jilace after defoliation, but this is not regarded as a serious matter. W. D. Pierce discussed The Economic r.earing of the Study of Parasites of the Cotton-Boll Weevil. It is suggested that cultural operations can be so organized as not to interfere with the hibernation or multiidication of the parasites of the weevil. C. T. Brues called attention to The Correlation Be- tween IIai)its and Structural Characters Among Parasitic Hymenoptera. Some species of hymeuojiterous jtarasites show a very limited range of hosts, while others adapt themselves to a greater number of hosts. The latter are on the whole more decidedly dominant species. E. D. Sanderson gave some of the results of a studj' of the codling moth in New Haniiishire. It is estimated that 8S per cent or more of the total benefit of spraying was due to the effect on the first brood and through it on the second brood. It is believed that in New England the first brood may be controlled by spraying when the petals drop. F. I>. Washburn described the process of Egg Laying of Emiion.sca mali. Notes on Some Insects of the Season were given by H. Osborn for Ohio, G. P. Welden for Maryland, E. P. Felt for New York, and W. Newell and A. II. Rosenfeld for Louisiana. Proceeding's of the Entomolog-ical Society of Washington (Proc. Ent. fioc. W'itxU., i) (I'JOl), \o. 1-',, 1)1). Ki'i, iAh. 7, //f/.s-. l>).—\t the meetings of the society, reports of which are included in this number of the proceedings, papers were read on various entomological subjects, some of which are of considerable economic importance. Among these papers mention may be made of the fol- lowing : Notes on Insect Enemies of Wood-boring Coleoptera, by W. F. Fiske; A (iallmaker of the Family AgromyzidiP, by F. D. Couden ; A Preliminary Review of the Classification of the Order Strepsiptera, by W. D. Pierce; The Fashion- ing of the Pui)al Envelope in Li/.siplilrbus tritici. by F. M. Webster; and A New I'.iipn'stid EMcmy of I'iinis ciliilis. by II. K. P.nrU(>. Some features of the work of the State board of entomology. R. I. S.mitu (da. till. Ent. Hut. ,i.j, iiji. I'l'i-I.j.i). — A historical statiMuent is presented of the origin and work of the Georgia Stiite Board of Entomology, particular attention being given to experiments on woolly aphis, green aphis of the apple, San Jose scale, fungus disease of the San Josf- scale, and spraying for p<'ach curculio. Twenty enemies of agriculture. E. Hnos ( Estnr. Af/r. E.rpt. Ciuiidil ./itiirrz, ' I'iliiiiilniii, Hot. It, pp. '/?). — Economic and biological nott's are jiresented on ^lMM'p bot Mies, horse hot flies, cattle ticks, sheep ticks, grasshopjiers. codling moth, fill! wcbworm, cabb.Mge ajihis, tomato worms, bean ladybird, fleas, squash bugs, boll weevil, ;ind otiici' pests. Injurious insects and their destruction, L. ni: M.\l.\fossk (.lour. Agr. I'nit. Mt. it Econ. liuriitr .Mitii France, 103 (1907), No. 16, pp. .',2n-.'f ',.',). —A popular account is presented of the extent of destrtiction caused by injurious insects and on practical means of coiiibalinL' tbeni. .\ttcnlioii is iciiticularly called to grain we<'vils, elm-leaf bcetir, vjirious ollu'r sliadc-trcc iii.scct.s, locusts, and tlicH and other Insects that are concerned in the transmission of infectious diseases. 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Entomolog'ical notes, C. Fullkr (Natal Ayr. Jour., 11 {1908), No. 2, pp. 'ii 1-196). — Brief notes are given on army worms, fruit-fly parasites, and San Jose scale. Description of insects and their work. Insecticides, H. A. Surface {Zool. Jitil. Penn. Dept. Agr.. 5 (1908), No. 12, pp. 361-^/2-;).— Descriptive notes are given together with remedies for the common insect pests of fruits, garden crops, live stock, and household articles. Notes on insect pests (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 (1908), No. 1, pp. .'lO-Jfl). — In combating cockroaches good results should be expected from the use of pyretbrum, poisoned baits, and traps. Brief statements are made regarding the habits and means of combating eelworms, springtails, mites on gooseberries, and Otiorbyncbus. Life histories and larval habits of the tiger beetles, Y. E. Shelford (Jour. Linn. Soc. [London], Zool., 30 (1908), No. 197, pp. 157-184, pis. //).— The author discusses suitable methods for rearing and studying larvae of tiger beetles. De- tailed notes are given on the life history of Cicindela purpurea, C. formosa, C. Irirticonis, and other species. The eggs are laid in the spring or midsummer according to the species. The larvae hibernate in the second or third stage of development and pupate the following June or during the second summer. The interval between generations in most species is two years. Observations were made on the influence of varying conditions of temperature, moisture, and food upon the development of tiger beetles. The gum-lac insect of Madagascar, and other coccids affecting the citrus and tobacco in that island, R. Newstead (Liverpool Univ., Inst. Com. Research Trap. Quart. Jotir., 3 (1908), No. 6, pp. 3-lJ,, figs. 22). — A detailed description is given of Gascardia madagascariensis, Lecanium nicotiano', and Alcurodcs voclt~- Jioivi, the latter two being described as new sjiecies, and also of a number of other scale insects observed in Egypt. On a new genus of Ixodoidea together with a description of eleven new species of ticks, G. H. F. Nuttall and C. Warburton (Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc., l-'f (1907), No. //, pp. 392-4 1 6, fiffS- 45). — Definitions are given of the ana- tomical terms used in the descriptions of ticks. The new species described by the author belonged to the genera Ixodes, Hremaphysalis, Rhipicephalus, Am- blyomma, Hyalomma, and Rhipicentor, tbe last genus being described as new\ An agricultural pest in Porto Rico, Bouvjer (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 67 (1907). No. 9, pp. S20-825). — An account is given of the habits and life his- tory of Seapteriscus didactylus, known in Porto Rico as cbanga," with instances of the injury caused by this insect to various crops. Phalacrus corruscus as an enemy of cereal smuts, K. Friederichs (Arh. K. Biol. Aiist. Land u. Forstw., 6 (1908), No. 1, pp.. 38-52, pi. 1). — Phalacrus cor- ruscus has been found to exert an important influence in destroying the smuts of cereals. The larvae of this insect have been found generally distributed in infected ears of grain in cases of wheat smut, loose smut of oats, and barley smut. A single infected kernel of grain may contain from 1 to 3 larvae. The eggs are laid on the stem near tbe head of the grain or in tbe head near in- fested kernels. The larvae feed upon the smut spores during their whole development and as soon as the mature size is reached they leave the plants and bury in the ground. An examination of fields infected with smut showed that nearly every infected head of grain contained several larvae, sometimes more than a dozen. The insect in question is, therefore, considered as being of great importance in the control of snuits. Tbe author found tbat tbe spores are all rendered incapable of germination by passing through the body of the larvae, KCOXOMIC ZOOI,()<;V KXI()M()I,()(;V. 555 Erroneous reports of cotton-boll weevil — its present status, F. Siii.kman, Jr. (.V. r. 1)1 pt. Aiir. lUil. Che. ^1, pp. /,).— K<>ports lo tlio cnVct that the eotton- liull weevil lias lieeii fitiuul In Xortii Carolina are deciiired to be without fouiida- tioM. At i)reseiit this inseet oeeurs in eastern Texas, Oklahoma, Arkansas, Loiiisiana, and Mississippi. Insect pests and diseases of sugar beets in 1907, O. Fallada (Mitt. Chcm. Tech. Vers. Stat. Cent. \'(i: h'iUxnz. Ofttrrr.-Unfiar., No. 7.97, pp. 2S-37). — I'viii'f accounts are jiiven on the injuries caused to su^xar i»eets l)y mole crickets, wireworms, snout beetles, flea beetles, red spiders, cutworms, plant lice, root worms, nematodes, and other inseet pests. Mention is also made of lo.sses c.-iused by the occurrence of dry rot. scab, bacteriosis, and other funjrus dis- eases. Fumigation for the citrus white fly, as adapted to Florida conditions, A. W. MoKKiLL (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. liiil. 7li, pp. 7.i, pin. 7, Jigti. II). — I'nmi^'ation experiments with hydrocyanic-acid gas carried on in Florida for two winters, during the short dormant period (December, January, and Feb- ruary), when there were no winged insects, have demonstrated the i)ractica- billty of tills method for the control of the white fly. In an extended discussion of the conditions favoring or necessary to good results, the author considers the isolation of the grove, the importance of concerted action, the absence or elimination of food plants other than citrus, the season of the year, meteorolog- ic.il conditions, and the size of trees and their regularity of setting. It was found that fumigation could safely begin at sundown and that on cloudy days it was safe to fumigate at any time with untreated tents. The effect of wind was found to be so great that fumigation is not recommended when more than u sli-rht l>reeze prevails. It is concluded th;it moisture on the leaves in the form of dew does not reduce the efficacy of the gas in destroying the insects but possibly increases it. The many details relating to the equipment and methods of operation includ- ing quality and amount of the chemicals, tents and methods of handling, meas- uring trees, methods of generating the gas, estimation of time required for fiuniKatlon of the grove, and methods of computing approximate dimensions nnd cubic contents are discussed. The bell or hoop tent and the sheet tent ai"e the two styles now in use. A formula of 1 part potassium cyanid, 1 jiart sulphuric acid, and ."^ jiarts water and an exposure of 40 or 4~) minutes is reconunended. Elaborate tables are given which show the results obtained from various sized trees at various strengths of pns. When the recommendations here made are followed, appreciable injury to ornn>;e trees will rarely occur and apjiarently never to tangerine and grapefruit trees. As occasional injury to the fruit may occur, it is thought best to pick the crop l)efore starting to fumii;ate. The author reconunends particularly the taking uji of funiit,'iition by the various counties under the direction of their horticultural commissioners. The Florida red scale (ChriisotuiilKtlUH /iciix) and the purple scale ( Lrpidosaplics hrckii), two pests of citrus fruit are controlled by the fumipition for tlu* white fly. The entire cost of fumi^^ating a tree measuring 42 ft. over the top from ground to ground and rt'J ft. in circumference is estimated at oO cents. It is further estimate«l that in 2 years the cost of spraying a tri»e of this size would double tile cost of one fumigation. "In a series of ,"> or more years spraying would doulitless cost fully .'i times as much as would control by fumigation, the l«l>or involved would be far greater, and the results far less satisfactory. . . . MiiUiitee Coiiiity is the only larfie orange-growiii;,' district where the fungus diseases have proved of much assistance. . . . One year in three, it is the T0454— No, G— C)9 5 556 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, exin'i-leiK-e of the growers in this county, tlie fnngi have so thoroughly cleaned up the pest that the fruit is clean and retiuires no washing. . . . The writer's observations lead to the conclusion that in 90 per cent of the groves in those localities where the fungus diseases are most effective, for every dollar expended for well-conducted fumigation the profits from the groves will be increased not less than $4, or at the rate of 250 per cent on the investment. . . . The spores and mycelium of the fungi are not affected by fumigation, as far as has been determined thus far." A dosage table is appended. Fungus diseases of scale insects and white fly, P. II. Rolfs and H. S. Fawcett (Florida 8ta. Bui. [)'/, pp. 5-11, flys. 20). — Descriptions are given of species of fungi that have been found of economic importance in combating various scale insects and the white lly, which are troublesome in Florida on citrus trees. The fungi described are SplKcroslilbc coccd/iliiUt, Ophioncctria coccicola, and Jlyriangiinn diirim, which attack various species of scale insects, and Aschersonia flavo-citrina, A. aleyrodis, and an undetermined species of fungus, the spore-bearing stage of which is not known, which attack the white fly. Methods for applying the fungi to infested trees are described, these consisting for the most part in fastening twigs or leaves carrying the fungus to infested trees. In the case of the red fungus of the white fly (A. aleyrodis), it has been found that this can be readily disseminated by spraying the spores directly on trees. Where this method is employed, a dozen or more leaves bearing abundant pustules of the fungus should be placed in a pail of water, stirred, and allowed to stand for 15 to 30 minutes. The mixture thoroughly stirred is then sprayed over the tree, care being taken not to use machinery that has been employed in the application of fungicides or insecticides. In order that the introduction of these fungi should be effective, it is suggested that close observation be made of the entire orchard and that wherever the greatest amount of the scales or white flies are located the fungi be introduced in such position as to give the best opportunity for the spores to spread from one limb to. another and from tree to tree. The San Jose scale, E. D. Sanderson (Xeic Hampshire Sta. Circ. 5, pp. 12, pi. 1, figs. 5). — A general account of this pest, including its life history, spread and means of spreading, food plants and remedies. It is stated that during the past 2 years a number of bad infestations covering several neighboring orchards have been reported. The oyster-shell scale (New Hampshire Sta. Cire. .), pp. Jf, figs. 3). — Young apple and poplar trees are reported to have be^Mi killed by this insect, which has been found exceedingly abundant in young orchards of southern New Hampshire. Spraying as the young are crawling about in late May and early June with a 15 per cent kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap at the rate of 1 lb. to 4 or 5 gal. of water is recommended. The whale-oil soap may be added to Bordeaux mix- ture if the latter is being used early in June. Caterpillars injuring apple foliage in late summer, E. D. Sanderson (New Hampshire Sta. Bui. 139, pp. 207-228, figs. 13).— An account of the life histories and habits of the fall webworm, yellow-necked apple caterpillar (Da- la)i have been quite abuudant throughout the State during the season of 1!X)S and in some instances quite seriously injurious to young orchards. A brief account of its life cycle is given. The application of contact sprays in the spring before the aphids have become numerous enough to curl the foliage and thus be protected is recommended. •'A spray of in or 15 iter cent kerosene emulsion; whale oil or lisli oil soap, 1 11). to T) gal. of water: tobacco water, or any of tlie prepared tobacco extracts will kill tlie aphids if applied so as to hit them. . . . Winter spiaying with Iime-sul|thur mi.xture as used for the San Jose scale will kill many of the eggs, but it is doubtful if it will entirely destroy them." The gall and root forms of phylloxera, Anna Foa and R. Gbandori (A/// R. Acviid. Lined h'ciid. CI. Sci. Fi-s., Mat. e Nat., 5. sci:, 17 (1!)0H), I, Ao. '>, pp. ii7tl-JKI). — Detailed anatomical notes are given on the differences observed in various structures of thcsi' two forms of phylloxera. Grape culture in California: Its difficulties; phylloxera and resistant vines, F. T. HioLKTTi (California Sta. Bui. 1D7. pp. //.J-/.J7', figs. 12). — "California produces, approximately, all the raisins, three-quarters of the wine, and a large share of the shipi)ing grapes of the United States. ... At present there are over 2(H),(K)0 acres of vineyard in the State, and the prospects of continued ex- pansion are favorable. . . . The phylloxera is well established now in nearly every large grape-growing section except those of southern California. There are still large areas of vineyard, however, in the San Joaquin and Sacramento valleys which have thus far escaped the pest." The most plausible theory advanced to account for the slow extension of phylloxera is said to be that the winged form is absent or extremely rai*e in the interior of the State, no record existing of winged individuals having been found except in the coast valleys. For the disinfection of cuttings the use of carbon bisulphid is advised. " For the disinfection of rooted vines dipping in hot water is recounnended by the best European authorities. The roots should remain in water at 125 to 130° F. for 10 minutes. ... It is jtroliable that disinfection by means of hydrocyanic gas as practiced for nursery stock would be effective, but data is lacking on this [K)int. . . . Cultivation is one of the most effective means of currying the root Insects from one part of the vineyard to another. Every effort should be made to discourage the introduction of cuttings, and esi)ecially of roots, from infested to uidnfested districts." It is estimated that nine-tenths of the resistant vines being planted in Califor- nia at the present time .-ire Kupestris St. (Jeorge. While a most excellent stock for a large portion of the country, numerous cases of ])artial failure have In^n notest of the vine in California. It is found 558 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in practically all of the vine-growing sections, but is most injurious in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys. Another species (Tcttcgonia utropunc- tata) is frequently injurious in the coast valleys. " The hoppers pass the winter as adult insects on a wide range of food plants that may be growing in the vineyard or vicinity. " They attack the vine as soon as the foliage appears, and here they remain until the leaves fall in the autumn. " One month after they begin feeding on the vine, the overwintering hoppers begin egg laying, which is continued over a period of a month or two, after which they die. The hoppers of the spring brood arising from eggs laid in May, become full grown in 3 weeks, begin egg laying 2 or 3 weeks later, and die off In August or September, making the life of this spring brood approximately 3 or 4 months. Hoppers arising from eggs laid by the spring brood in June and later, remain on the vine until the leaves fall in autumn. They then take to whatever succulent vegetation may be present in the neighborhood, where they live over winter and attack the vines again in the following spring. These begin depositing eggs a month after the leaves appear on the vine, and die off in midsummer, making the length of this life cycle approximately 1 year in the central valleys of California. " The most satisfactory control method tried during the past 2 years was the use of the screen cage. This was found to capture about 85 to 95 per cent of the adult hoppers at a time in the spring before any eggs are deposited. " Spraying for the nymphs about June 1, or just before the spring brood becomes mature, will kill a satisfactory percentage of the nymphs or young, but will not kill many adults, or prevent eggs, which are present at this time, from hatching later. . . . " Plowing or other farm practices can not be relied upon, hut when such measures are generally practiced throughout a neighborhood, they may aid in reducing the numbers somewhat." A bibliographical list is appended. The California grape root- worm, H. J. Quayle {Calif ornia St a. Bui. 195, pp. 26, figs. J 8). — Ado-cus obscurus has been a destructive enemy of the vine in Euroi)e for many years, but while known to attack the leaves of the grape in California for a number of years only with the past year or two has it been known as a root feeder. As the life history and habits of this species are almost identical with the grape root-worm {Fidia inticida) of the Eastern States and since it is a great pest only in California, the common name '" Cali- fornia grape I'oot-worm " has been applied. From June to May the insect is in its larval and pupal stages under ground, while during May and June it works on the parts of the vine above ground as a beetle. The eggs are laid in clusters of from 4 to 30 usually in crevices between the inner layers of the bark on old wood, as many as 79 eggs having been obtained from a single female. In breeding experiments eggs hatched in from 8 to 12 days. Upon emerging the larv;ie make their way into the groimd almost immediately, where they commence feeding, usually upon smaller root- lets at first which may be eaten entirely off. The larger roots are injured by their gouging out long strips of bark, and in cases of severe injury all the bark may be eaten away. Feeding is continued from the time they hatch in the spring until the vine becomes dormant in the fall. Some of the larvje were found nearly full gro-mi by September 1, while others were only half grown, the latter completing their growth in the spring. The larvse were found as far down as 2i ft. The full-grown larvie which winter over in the ground change to pup;Te in the early spring, ascending to within 4 to 8 in. of the surface before pupating. Two weeks are required for development in the pupal stage. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 559 T'jton emerjrliiK the adult Itoetli's lu'jjiii to attack f^rowiiif; parts of the vine altove till' Kronnd. souuMinu's tlu' fraiiu'work of the loaf tissues beiiiy left, luak- iiijr a skelotonizetl effect, though often the entire substance is eaten away. The bi-etle also ^ou^es out stri[)S of bark of the tender shoots in the same nianner that it works on the leaves. The berry itself does not escape attacks, as in July berries may be seen that are quite oiten or jroufrcd out on one side and the jrrowth interfcrtHl with as a result of attacks of these beetles in May or June. The beetles may continue to feed feu- a niniith or more. After feedinj: a couple of weeks ran layinj: conunences. As the pup:e are found at a depth of 4 to 8 in. below the surface and as any disturbance of the cell in which they are resting will generally prove fatal, many may be destroyed by deep cultivation for a radius of 2 to 3 ft. about the base of the vine. In experiments beetles were killed in from 2 to 'i days on leaves sprayed with lead arsenate in the strength of 5 lbs. to 50 gal. of water. One lb. of I'aris green to 75 gal. of water also gave good results. The spraying should be done during the last of April or the first of May and apjilled mostly from above, as it is on the upper surface of the leaves and the shoots that most of the feeding is done. As the beetles are very readily jarred from the vine into crude petroleum or otherwise captured, this offers one of the most satis- factory means of control. A vine-hopper cage that has been used successfully in one locality is described. A bibliography is appended. The effect of sulphur in vineyards upon earwig-s and spiders, E. Molz (.1//.'/. Wriiihiiii II. Krllcnr., 20 ilHOS). .Vo.s. /, /*/*. ',-.0,- ,?, /;/). 2'i-29). — The re|>eated u.se of sulphur in vineyards destroys a considerable ))ercentage of the earwigs. The sul|)hur is not jioisonous to these insects but causes death by stippping up the tracheal system. Moreover the oxidation products of sulphur act as strong repellants in driving away earwigs. Sulphur appears to have no efl'tin are Iloploccnnnhi/.r spinicoruis, Dhildf/cs piiitpcr. PhUtitsi- uiis nmjnr, and sjK'cies of Xyleborus, Tomicus, (iryllus. and I.yniantria. The development of diptera in the brood chambers of Myelophilus pini- perda, H. Ki.iim; USfilin. Hut. Ztschr.. ')2 {1901). \i,. .?. pp. 1091 hi). — Minlitpliiliis piiiiprnlii is a beetle which makes its burrows between the bark and the cambium of weakened sitecimens of J'iiiiis sytrcstris. In studying the in- juries caustHl by this insect the author found that at least 3 species of tlies (. and LnnclKra raf/iiiittis. It is not determined whether these Hies live in a parasitic or some other relation to the beetle. Chionaspis euonymi. L. F.mhiikron (Hut. I/ch.v. Snr. ('int. .\(/r. llorl. ct .inliiii. .Vice. ',,s (I90S). \i,. ,{. pp. 7.7_7,S) .— The Jai)anese euouynuis is badly InfestiHl witli CUiotnispiH vnonyiiii. A brief account is given of the life history of this insect and suitable insccticil()fri<"il, Jiiid niacm- sr* anil tliii-kens, and ortianoleptic tests and a liacteriolo^rkal examination of (jnail. The antliors conelude from their investi>j;ations that '" eggs in storage for one year show a loss of weight equivalent to 10 per cent of the total weight, whidi loss is largely water from the whites. Eggs after storage for 16.5 months lose their i»ower of cohesion and emit a characteristic musty odor a few hours after op(>ning. A lowering of the amount of coagulable jiroteid of the boiled simple is indicated, as well as a change in reaction and a lower per- centage of hK'ithin phosiihonis in the storage eggs. An increase in the lower nitrogen bodies itroteo.ses and pei)toiies. accompanies the decrease of coagulable nitrogen in the boiled samitles of storage eggs, while there is apparently a tendency for the amido bodies to decrease." An examination of stored eggs showed that some of the egg constituents have a tendency to become crystalline on storage, small rosette crystals being found in the yolk of eggs thus kept for a few months. The attempts which were made to isolate and prepare these crystals for identification have not as yet given definite results. " It is [)erhai)s possible that they belong to the class of substituted fatty bodies, but no definite statement can be made except that it seems that they are not tyrosin. The observations of these bodies seems to be entirely new, as no account has been found of them in other publications. It is probaJ)le, therefore, that their existence may be regarded as one of the means of distinguishing eggs which have been a considerable time in cold storage from fresh eggs." As reg.mls the general effects of cold storage on poultry, " summing ui> the organoleptic properties, it may be said that for a short time, jiossibly (> weeks or even longer, there is no perceptible change produced in a chicken by having it frozen. There certainly does not seem to be any evidence that it is better, and there Is no convincing evidence that it is any worse. After 3 months, however, the fresh chicken is easily distinguished by its properties, as a rule, from the cold storage chicken, even after cooking, and to an absolute certainty before cooking. This distinction between the fresh and stored bird becomes more and more marked as the tinie of storage is increased. In so far as the drawn and undrawn chickens are concerned there is nuicli less certainty of Iteiiig able to distinguish between them. However, 70 iK»r cent of the jurors were able to pick out the undrawn bird by its stronger odor and taste after a storage period of from (! to !."> months, but at the test representing ls.,"( months' storage the two birds were about equally dry and tasteless. "The general conclusion is, therefore, that in the case of frozen birds there is no indication of any inq)rovement in quality, that is, in taste, odor, (tr flavor, during cold storage. There is a deterioration which is noticeable, even at the end of '.^ months, and becomes more marked as the time of storage grows longer. Hence, without any reference wliatever to the question of wholesome- nes.s, eoUl storage prolonged for (i months or more appears to be distinctly detrimental as far as taste, rtavor, and jialatability are concerned. . . . " Tlie tindings of the macros<'opic investigations emphasize and conlirm the organoleptic tests previously discussed in that there was observed a decided fwal and irritating odor, suggesting rancid fat, in the case of the undrawn fowls long in storage, existing coincident with the taste which enabled the jury to dlMtinguish between the two methods of dr«'ssing. On the other hand, in the drawn fowls there was a tendency to a rancidity of the fatty port ictus of the aJMlnmiuiil region and a develojiment of an oroduced by a butyric fermentation. In genenil, however, in so far as (he l»«ct«>rial investigations have proceeiled, there is little choice between the drawn 562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and the undrawn fowl. It is possible that on longer keei)ing there will be developed, in from one to three years, important differences between the drawn and imdrawn fowls which will enable them to be distinguished, both by their bacterial flora and by their organoleptic and chemical properties." The studies reported show that histological changes take place which are proportional to the length of time poultiy is held in storage. " The sinuous outline of the fresh libers soon disappears in cold storage, and the fibers are not by any means so flexible as they were in the fresh state." Some of the poultry examined had been kept in storage as long as four years. " The most obvious change, however, which takes place during this interval [up to 4 years] is manifested as a structureless, granular substance which lies between the individual fibers and between their aggregations which are known as bundles. The origin of the substance is in the fiber itself, and in the earlier periods of storage its composition, according to I'eactions obtained with various selective dyestuffs which afford excellent microchemical reagents, is not very different from that of the normal fiber. As the storage period is lengthened, however, most marked differences between the normal and cold stored tissues, as exhibited in the staining reactions, make their appearance, and such changes, whether referable directly to bacterial or enzymic action, are essentially chemical, and deal with the fundamental principles composing flesh foods. . . . " The intestines, which are left in situ in storage birds, show a very marked degeneration. Their muscular walls grow thinner in cold storage until they are the merest remnants, which threaten to disappear altogether and which even very cai'eful handling, may easily rupture. This degeneration is noticeably active in the muscular rather than in the cellular tissues of the Intestines. This is important when it is considered that the bacterial flora of the intestinal con- tents will, of course, contain any pathogenic germs which usually accompany the colon bacillus. Hence the perforation of the walls of the intestines, which apparently takes place by continued digestive processes even in cold storage, would open the way for a rapid migration of such bacteria on thawing and pre- vious to cooking. Thus it is quite possible that dangerous bacterial organisms might be translated to the edible portions of the fowl through the perforations of the intestines in the period between thawing and cooking. This degeneration of the walls of the intestines must, therefore, be regarded as highly significant." Canned salmon, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. [Canada] Bui. 150, pp. 10). — Of the 90 sami)les of canned salmon collected in the different Cana- dian inspectoral districts all were found to be in good condition and true to name. Poisonous fi.sh, V. G. Heiser {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Health Philippine Islands, 1907, pp. 70, 71 ) . — A brief account is given of several sorts of fish found in the Philippine Islands, which are actively poisonous when eaten. A. Seale cooper- ated in the investigation. On the occurrence of copper in oysters, J. T. Willard {Jour. Amer. Chem. 8oc., 30 {1908), No. 5, pp. 902-90Ji). — The uniformity with which copper was found in the oysters examined, according to the author, warrants the conclu- sion that it is a normal constituent. The methods followed in the analytical work are briefly described. Young- bees as a delicacy, M. Takaishi {Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 7 {1908), No. 5. pp. GJ/l, 6'i2). — The use of young bees and bee larvfie as a food in Japan is discussed and an analysis of such canned bees reported. Report on dehydrated vegetables, milk, eg-g, etc., H. A. Dent {Navy Dept., Bur. Supplies and Accts., Mem. Inform. Off. Pay Corps, [etc.]. No. 85, pp. 626, 627). — Dehydrated eggs and a majority of the dehydrated fruits and vegetables tested on vessels of the U. S. Navy gave satisfactory results. The results ob- FOODS — HUMAN NUTRTTTON. 563 taiiu'd with milk iiowtlcr "would iiulit-ato that it is not as jjood a substitute for fresh luilii as the tinned article." In making up rations the author suggests that Ih lbs. of the evaiwrated vegetable should be considered a substitute for the ordinary allowance of similar fresh vegetables. Concerning- preserved egg yolk, A. ScnooN.f.vNS (Bui. Soc. Chim. Bi>. IJ!)-I22; abs. in Vhcm. ZcnfhI.. I'.iOS. I, \o. IS, p. /733).— Boric acid was identified in jireserved egg yolk. Flour bleaching, II. Snvukk {Minnesota Sta. littl. Ill, pp. lOJ-l'/.S, figs. 3). — The results of investigations of various questions related to the bleaching of flour by o.xids of nitrogen are reported, including among others experiments on the digestibility by healthy men of bread made from bleached and unbleached flour, the character of the fat and gluten of bleached and unbleached flour, and the distribution and occurrence of nitrites in food products. Quotations from the author's summary follow: "The l)leafhing of flour is a natural process and takes place when flour manufactured from well cleaned wheat is stored in thoroughly ventilated warehouses. "With natural aging and bleaching there is a slight improvement in bread-making value. "The coloring matter of flour is an inistable organic compound readily acted uiion by heat, light, air, and a number of chemical reagents. It is mechanically a.«sociated with the fat and gluten as an impurity. " None of the methods i)roposed for flour bleaching excejit the use of minute amounts of nitrogen peroxid as that fienerated by the discharge of electricity in the air, have survived the experimental stage. . . . "The fat from bleached and unbleached flour milled from the same wheat is identical as far as iodin absorption number, nitrogen content, and heat of combustion are concerned, no greater differences being observed between the fat from the two flours than in the case of duplicate determinations on the same sami)Ie. "The glutens from the bleached and unbleached flours are identical in physical properties and show tlie same index of refraction. "The nitrogen pero.xid used in small amounts in the electrical bleacliing of flour exerts no cliemical action upon the flour other than upon the coloring mat- ter. The nitrogen peroxid appears to act in its well known capacity of carrier of atmospheric oxygen, taking up oxygen from tlie air, oxidizing the coloring matter, and again taking ui) oxygen from the air without itself entering into the chendcal coniitosition of the flour. "Tlie nitrite reacting material in flour appears to be in pliysical rather than chemical combination. When the flour is heated, the nitrite reacting material imitarted by bleaching is expelled. All of the nitrite reacting material in the gas emiiloyed for bleaching can be accounted for as soluble and volatile nitrites in tlie flour and in the air surrounding the flour, leaving no nitrite reacting ma- terial to chemically comliine witli the fat or gluten. When the bleaching gas was lirougiit in contact with pure sand, with which it can not unite chemically, the same amounts of nitries were absorbed as in the case of flour. " In tests where diflerent quantities of gas were usetl it was found that the ani«iinit of nitrite reacting material left in the flour increased with the amount of gas use ; Ann. Chiin. et rUya., 8. ser., 13 (I'JOS), Mar., pp. 395-.>, 32). —An extended study of tarragon essence and its eonstituents. Fecal contamination of fruit and vegetables, A. Ressel ( Uhcr filkalc Ycrunreinigungen anf Obst tind Oemiise. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Berlin, 1001, pp. 27; abs. in Hyg. Zenthl., // (1908), A'o. 1, p. 16). — Investigations showed that Coli iiacilli are very generally found on fruit and vegetables, which the author be- lieves i)oints to wide distribution in Ihe atmosphere, etc., of fecal contamina- tion. Meat and food inspection, W. IIobertson {Chicago, 1908, pp. X+388, figs. J/O). — In this handbook for studeTits and others the author has dealt with such questions as housing of dairy stock, control of milk traffic, distribution of milk, slaughtei'houses, and meat inspection, and with local enactments bearing upon the feeding and housing of animals and related questions with special reference to conditions in Great Britain. The book also contains a supplement. Regula- tions governing Meat Inspection in the United States, by M. Ilerzog. Notices of judgment (U. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 5-11, pp. 10; 12-t7, pp. 13: 18-21, pp. 7; 22-2',, PP. 7; 2.5, pp. 11; 2G-21, pp. .'/).— These Notices of Judgment have to do with the misbranding of vanilla extract, cider, egg.s cocain hydrochlorid, tiour, a drug and a drug product, canned black- lierries,- the adulteration of milk, and the adulteration and misbranding of whisky, honey, vinegar, and molasses. Pure food legislation, V. (i. Heiser {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Health Philippine Islanils, 1901., pp. 2G-.'il). — The text is given of the Pure Food and Drugs Act of the IMiiliiipine Islands, which became effective in May, l'.K)7. This law is practically identical with the Ignited States Food and Drugs Act except for some modifications necessitated by local conditions. Federal food laws. II, Meat and meat products, cider, fruit, vegetables, and eggs (I'lihs. See. Sui-snc t'di/^aiiK, No. 27. i>p. 1'i8). — A collection of Swiss pure food laws and enactments. Food chemistry in the years 1906 and 1907, (J. Fendler (Ztschr. Angew. Ckrm., 21 (1908), Nos. IC, pp. 721-132; 11, pp. 169-111).— A digest and discus- sion of work wiii<'h has been i)ublislied on metho'ds of analysis, preservatives, meat and meat products, eggs, milk, and other foods and food groups, and relatiMl topics. The household baker, ,1. .1. Doiierty (Los Angeles, 1908, pp. 1i)0. pi. I). — Kecl|R'H an* given for the prei)aration of breads, pastries, desserts, candies, etc. Many of the di.sljes are tho.se vvliich are usually served in hotels and restaurants, l>ut it has btHMi the author's intention to give quantities suilai)le to household u.se. Tile volume is compiled on the basis of personal exi»erience. Cost of living in New Jersey (Ann. Rpt. Bur. Statis. Labor and Indus. N. ./., .10 (191)7). pp. /'//-/.)7).— The data sunnnarized have to (h) with retail prices of foodstuds for different New .Jersey cities and towns for the month of June, 1'.»()7. Report to the International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene on questions submitted. .\. Zintz ( ffer. Soe. Sci. II yg. Aliment.. 3 (1906), No. ■',. pp. l.',9- 7i'i.'\. 'I'lic v;iliie of the I'espiratory (piotient as a means of judging of the 566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. runetion of a foodstuff, tbe definition of tlie term " foodstuff," the isodynamic replacement of nutrients in connection with the protein minimum and other questions are discussed. Maintenance ration at different ages, E. Maurel (Rev. Soc. iSci Ilyg. Aliment., 3 {1906), Ko. 5, pp. 763-85.^). — A summary of available data and of the author's experiments, from which dietary standards are deduced for varying conditions of age, sex, body weight, activity, and surrounding temperatui-e. For normal maintenance the author believes that the protein consumption need only slightly exceed 1 gm. per day per kilogram body weight during the first months after birth, and 1.75 gm. during infancy, gradually diminishing to 1.5 gm. during middle age and to less than 1 gm. during old age. He does not believe that smaller amounts than these are safe. On the same basis, the sug- gested energy requirement is 65 to 70 calories per day per kilogram of body weight at birth, 35 to 38 calories in middle life, 30 to 35 calories in the first period of old age, and 25 calories, or perhaps lower, in extreme old age. School diet, P. Legendre {Abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. ser., 9 (1908), No. 23, p. 723). — A discussion of the character and effects of the diet in French schools with reference to adequacy and hygienic requirements. The autlior believes that children should not have meat until 7 years old and that the normal meat ration from 7 to 11 years is 100 to 120 gm., from 11 to 10 years 120 to 1(;0 gm., and thereafter 2(»0 gm. or more ]>ev day. The regime and diet of a man engaged in intellectual work, M. de Fleury (Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 3 (1906), No. 5, pp. S55-87S).— Chiefly a discus- sion of data relative to mental work and its relation to dietary requirements. Of 166 cases of sickness among brain workers of a sedentary life in which the symptoms were primarily those of nervous exhaustion, the author states that his diagnosis developed the fact that the great majority were due to errors in diet, as through overeating, abuse of meats, fatty foods, alcohol, coffee, tea, tobacco, and other stimulants. In his opinion the majority of brain workers over 40 years of age exercise too little and eat too much, and he i)roposes menus supplying about 82 gm. protein and 2,200 calories of energy per man per day, which he deems suitable for the average mental worker. Chemical problems in hospital practice, O. Folin (Jour. Amer, Med. Assoc., 50 (1908), No. 18, pp. 1391-1 39-'i). — A summary and discussion of problems re- lating to nutrition, particularly phases of the creatin and creatinin question and other questions concerning metabolism. The excretion of sulphurous acid by man in experiments with sodium sul- phite, F. Fkanz and (J. Sonntag {Arh. K. asndlttsunit., 28 (19U8), pp. J2.J-260; uhs. in Cliem. Zenthl., 1908, I, No. 15, pp. 11,77, i-//78).— In a study of sulphur- ous acid, its sodium salts and their effects, it was found that the acid is very largely excreted in the urine as sulphate. However, with special precautions and within 10 minutes to a quarter of an hour after it was taken it was pos- sible to detect SO2 in the urine though the amount recovered was never greater than 1 per cent. A respiration calorimeter, M. Letulle and Mlle. M. Pompilian (Rev. Soc. Sci. Ilyg. Aliment., 3 (1906), No. .'1. pp. 6.'f5-665, figs. l.)). — The resi)iration calorimeter referi-ed to in a previous note (E. S. R., 18, p. 962) is described in detail. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, B. L. Hartwell, J. F. Morgan, and L. F. Whipple (Rhode Island Sta. Bui. 127, pp. 162-179). — Analyses are re- ported of animal meal and bone, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feed, brewer's grains, malt sprouts, wheat middlings, wheat bran, mixed feeds, prov- ANIIMAL I'KODl'CTION. 567 I'lnlcr, liniiiiiiy niciil, lu)rs»' feeds, d.iiiy and stock feeds, poiiitr.v feeds, dried beet piil|», and iiiiscellaneoiis coujiiiercial feeds. Notes are fiiven coneerniiij^ the value of some of tlie samples aual.vzed. Mealie meal, J. McCu.vk (Transiual liort. Lub.s. Ann. liiil. JDUG-l, it. 1)). — The averajre composition of a large number of sauijjles of busked mealie meal anal.vzed is as follows: Moisture 11.04. protein !).08. etber extract 3.4!), nitrogen- free extract 7.'}.S(>, crude fiber O.lu. asb U.!)(j per cent, and of ground mealie meal, water 14.24. protein .s.74. etber extract 4.12. nitrogen-free extract 70.01), crude fiber 1.75. asb 1.00 per cent. [Analysis of] rust affected straw, E. F. Ladd (yortli Itakota St(t. Kpt. 1001, pt. I, p. -'/.?). — In 0 samples of oat and wbeat straw tbat bad been affected by rust and analyzed to ascertain wbetber sucb straw retains its feeding value to a larger extent tban straw not affected, tbe nutritive value was found to be not greater tban tbat of tbe average straw wliicli bas not been affected seriously i»y ru.st^. Tbis would seem to indicate tbat not only is tbere less nutritive value contained in tbe kernel but tbere is also a deficiency of food material in tbe straw itself. The adulteration of feeding stuffs, Lkmmermann (III us. Lniidir. Zl.U2 per cent, tbe digestible i)rotein from 0.135 to 0.0S2, and tbe carbobydrates from 2.7() to 1 i)er cent. Fermented i)nlp silage is thought to give a ite<'uliar flavor to milk and to cause gastro-enteritis in cbildren fed with such milk. Drying the pulp avoids this trouble, saves the lo.> weigbt witb dried i)ulp, and this also ap|)(>ared to be more palatable. Analyses of rations compounded with fresb and dried pulp arc given. Dried pulp as a food for cattle, I', dk (iitouLART (Sucr. Indiii. ct Vnlnn., 12 (t'.>i)H\, So. I'l. pp. 'lis ',20). — Furtber notes as to tbe apimr.itus used for drying beet [tulp note',. pp. ).-,. /i;/s. />,• .l,;/(. Ifpt. Mo. Hd. .Iff)'., 'lO (1901). pp. 133-116).— .\ summary of information, based largely on the station work, to sbow that by selecting good animals, providing suitable pasture in summer, and proper food 568 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and cai'e in wiutei" baby beef can be produced at a protit on high-priced laud. The silo is deenietl as important on a beef as on a dairy farm. The summer season is the best time for the fattening period. " 01)viously the man who raises cattle on high-priced land should feed them out as baby beef, and would have occasion to raise and feed in the same connection a large number of hogs, the legume area being especially adapted to the growing and finishing of hogs with a minimum loss from disease and with a maximum profit." Experiments with, diastasolin in the feeding of calves, E. Haselhoff {FilhUng's Landw. Ztg., 51 (1908), No. 19, pp. 6'f7-665). — A ration of skim milk and diastasolin was much cheaper than whole milk, although at the com- mencement of the feeding i)eriod faster gains were made with the whole milk. Mendelian characters among- Shorthorn cattle, J. Wilson (Sci. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. .s-cr., 11 {1908), Xo. 28. pp. 317-324). — The author has studied the data in volume 52 of the Shorthorn Herd Book to see if the INIendelian in- heritance of coat color would throw any light on the origin of Shorthorn cattle. The results as expressed in Mendelian form are as follows : 95 reds crossed by reds produced 90 reds and 5 roans, 1 white crossed by white produced 1 white, 78 reds crossed by whites produced 78 roans, 370 roans crossed by roans pro- duced 90 reds, 178 roans, and 102 whites, 426 roans crossed by reds produced 214 reds, 209 roans, and 3 whites, 53 roans crossed by whites produced 34 roans and 19 whites. These ratios show that the roan Shorthorn is a hybrid between two races, one white, the other red. " It may be of some interest to show the colors of the calves when reds are crossed by roans — first, when 'the bull is red, and secondly, when the bull is roan. They are as follows: 150 red bulls produced from 150 roan cows, 86 reds, 03 roans, 1 white; 276 roan bulls produced from 276 red cows, 128 reds, 146 roans, and 2 whites." Inheritance of coat color in the cattle of East Flanders, C. Van Damme (Rev. Gen. Agron., n. ser., 3 (1908), No. 9, pp. .363-365). —From a study of the herd book of the federation of breeders' associations of East Flanders for the years 1905-1907, the author finds that the red and white piebald is a very predominant color. When both parents were red and white the offspring were 96 per cent red and white, 2 per cent blue-gray, and 2 per cent black piebald. Blue-gray males crossed with blue-gray females gave 50 per cent blue-gray, 20 per cent black or black pieliald, 20 per cent red piebald, and 10 per cent white. Blue-gray males crossed with black piebald females gave 40 per cent black or black piebald, 32 per cent blue-gray, 22 per cent red piebald, and (! per cent white. Blue-gray males crossed with red piebald females gave 44 per cent red piebald, 20 per cent black or black piebald, 26 per cent blue, and 10 per cent white. Cattle breeding in Zambi (Btil. Off. Etat Indepcnd. Congo, 2.'f (1908), No. 6-9, Sup., pp. 195-200, pi. 1).—The region about Zambi had 653 head of cattle January 1, 1908, a gain of 444 in the last 3 years. There are three types of cattle. The polled cattle are good grazers. Those with large well-formed horns are well adapted for dairying. The natui'al pastures are of good quality. On the bottom lands is a native grass, Impcrata cylindrica, which is palatable when young and tender, but the best pastures are on the hillsides and high lands. Ration experiments with lambs, 1906-7, G. E. Morton (Wyoming Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 3-lJ,, figs. 3).— Feeding tests since 1905-6 (E. S. R., 19, p. 266) are reported, each test lasting 14 weeks. When Shropshire-Merino lambs were divided into 2 lots of 40 each, the one receiving a ration of native hay. oats, and oil meal made an average gain per head of 20.3 lbs. at a cost of 6.63 cts. per pound, and the lot fed alfalfa hay and corn gained 34.3 lbs. per he:ul at a cost of 4.26 cts. per pound. Of 2 lots of grade Cotswold lambs of 40 each, the ANIMAL PRODI'CTION. 569 lot fed on iM'iis In the field niado an avciam' unm \>vv head of 18.8 lbs. at a cost of 7.0 fts. \n'V pound, and the lot fed pea hay trained n.S lbs. at a cost of 8.67 cts. Shropshire-Merinos were also divided into 0 lots of 10 each, with the followinj; results: The lot fed alfalfa hay and corn made a gain per head of 'MA lbs, at n cost of 4.01 cts. per pound ; the lot fed sweet clover hay, corn, and oil uieal made n gain of 30.7 lbs. at a cost of 4.93 tts. per pound; the lot fed i)ea hay jrained Kt.!) lbs. at a cost of 3.GS cts. i)er pound; the lot fed native hay. Scotch barley, and oil meal frained 22.8 lbs. at a cost of ii.Ki cts. per pound; the lot fed native hay, bald barley, and oil meal made a gain of 22.5 lbs. at a cost i»er pound of ~t.K^ cts. ; and the lot fed native hay, spelt, and oil meal gained 13.8 lbs. at a cost of 9.07 cts. per pound. " Scotch barley eipials corn when fed with alfalfa hay. Alfalfa and ground fla.xseed make a very satisfactory ration." Analyses of the feeds are given. Rational sheep feeding, F. B. Mumford (Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 25, pp. 15, figs. 3). — A resume of exi)eriments at the station and elsewhere in feed- ing young lambs and in fattening growing lambs, together with a discussion of the feeding of breeding ewes. "Lots receiving corn in the fattening ration, either in whole or in part, pro- duced the best gains, were apparently in better finish, and in general were fed at a greater profit than the lots fed any other ration. "A grain ration made up exclusively of wheat bran proved to be inferior for fattening lambs. "The animals fattened on rape during the fall and in good condition at the beginning of the experiment were essentially as successful feeders as those in I-oorer condition that were pastured on grass during the same fall period." Roots were a valuable addition to the grain ration. The use of a self-feeder was regarded as expensive. In the tests reported warm barns for fattening lambs were not found desirable. Shearing lambs in March produced an in- crea.sed rate of gain, while shearing late in the fall is not deemed advisable. The general management of sheep, A. Mansell (Xatal Agr. Jour., 11 (1908), \o. S, pp. O.jl-'JGo). — A iiopular article on sheep breeding and manage- ment. Goat raising, with a description of German and Swiss breeds, (i. Wils- DORK (Die Zicgnnncht ntit Ausfiirlichvr licsvhrcibuiig dcr Dciitsvlien tiiid Srliirriz(r Zicgciirasscn and Schliigc. IScrliii, J908, pp. VIll+J.iS, figs. .'jj). — A general treatise on goat breeding in (Jermauy. A short historical sketch is followed by full descriptions of the princiiuil breeds and their care and manage- ment ill health ;ind dise.-ise. Feeds supplementary to corn for southern pork production, D. T. (Jray, J. F. DiiujAK, and .J. W. 11iu(;i;way {AliilHinta Col. Sta. Jiiil. 1)3, pp. 27-77). — A Hunnnary of 3 year.s' work in feeding corn supplements to 90 hogs of somewhat better (piality than the average hogs of the State. At the beginning of the test they averaged about .'i months of age and weighed about 70 lbs. each. Money was always lost when corn was fed alone, as when so fed it realized *»n an .-iverage only 48 cts. per bushel. "When corn was supplemented with n i)artial ration of cotton-seed meal the daily gains and the financial outcome were sjjtlsfactory. Four deaths occurred as a result of the use of cotton-sinsl meal, but these deaths did not occur while the animals were eating the meal. All of the d«'afhs have occurred soon after the animals were taken off of cotton- HPfMl meal and iilaced upon a ration which containe«l no c<>d meal. This suggests the idea that cotton-seed meal may be stinuilating in its effects — similar to the action of certain drugs and when It is removed suddenly from the animals that death may occur throiigli depression." 570 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Peanuts made the most satisfactory pasture, soy beans ranking second. Tankage proved exceedingly satisfactory. "Mature sorglium pasture has very little to recommend it as a feal for fattening swine. Both the gains and the financial outcome were unsatisfactory. " When the sorghum was cut and carried to the hogs the results were better than when the hogs were made to graze the crop. " The expense of extracting the juice from the sorghum and feeding the juice only prohibits its use in this way, although excellent daily gains were made. In no case was the juice found to be worth more than 1.8 cts. a gallon as a feed for hogs." The results with various corn supplements for the past 3 years were as follows: When corn was fed alone the average daily gain was 0.69 lb. at a cost of 7.G3 cts. per pound ; with corn and cotton-seed meal 2 : 1 the daily gains averaged 1.04 lbs. at a cost of .5.70 cts. ; with corn and tankage 9 : 1, 1.04 lbs. at a cost of 5.18 cts. ; with corn and cowpeas 1 : 1, 0.94 lb. at a cost of 5.11 cts. ; with corn and peanut pasture 1.01 lbs. at a cost of 3.2 cts. and with corn and sorghum pasture 0.37 lb. at a cost of 11.9 cts. With corn and cotton-seed meal 2 : 1 and peanut pasture the daily gains averaged 1 lb. at a cost of 2.14 cts. ; with corn and cotton-seed meal 2 : 1 and sorghum pasture 0.46 lb. at a cost of 7.79 cts. ; with corn and chufa pasture 0.72 lb. at a cost of 8.89 cts. ; with corn and soy bean pasture 1.02 lbs. at a cost of 2.74 cts. ; and with corn and cotton-seed meal 2 : 1 plus cut sorghum 0.75 lb. at a cost of 4.86 cts. The cost of planting and cultivating the pasture is included in these figures. Corn was valuetl at 70 cts. and cowpeas at 80 cts. per bushel, and cotton-seed meal at $20 and tankage $40 per ton. " When hogs sell from 5 to 7 cts. a pound live weight the farmer can not afford to sell his corn for 70 cts. per bushel." Tables show the prices realized on each bushel of corn when hogs sold at various prices. " While the results are not all in agreement, yet they seem to indicate that it is more often profitable to finish hogs upon dry feeds rather than to sell directly from pastures." Slaughter tests were made, from which it is concluded that when hogs dress 72 per cent of the live weight it makes little difference whether they are sold at 5 cts. per pound live weight or 7 cts. per pound dressed weight if the expense of killing is not considered. At the.se prices, however, a hog that will dress 80 per cent is more profitably sold when dressed. Swine feeding, C. A. Willson {Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 28, pp. 16, figs. 3; Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr.. ',0 {1901), pp. 216-231).— A. popular discussion of the care and management of swine, and of the investigations at several experiment stations on the subject. The first farmers' bacon factory in the United King-dom, L. M. Douglas {yaua Agr. .Jour.. 11 (190S). Xo. 8. pp. 966-972, pi. 1).—A study of the farmers' cooperative bacon factories which have stimulated the curing of bacon in Den- mark, led to the formation of a cooperative factory at Roscrea, Tipperary County, Ireland, long noted as a pig-raising district. The factory has been in operation since January 2, 1908. There are about 28,000 shareholders. Two hundred pigs per week are handled, but the Wiltshire sides, sausages, and black puddings pi'oduced are not sutRcient to supply the home demand. Feeding and care of horses, E. A. Trowbridge {Missouri 8ta. Circ. Inform. 27, pp. 10, figs. 3; Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., J,0 {1907), pp. 206-231).— Contains general information regarding the feeding and care of stallions, breeding mares and foals, growing horses and work horses. Dried potatoes as a food for horses, E. Parow {Ztschr. Spiritusindiis., 31 (1908), Xo. J,2, pp. -'i62, ^65).— Additional notes (E. S. R., 19, p. 570), wherein I )A 1 1 ; V 1' A I{ M I N G DA I H V I N G AG K( )T KC ' H N V . 571 the Jiutlior states tLat dried potatoes are nuicli chcaiKT tli.ui o^its and ihmiikI for pound are as valiia!)le as a feed for horses. The relation between form and function, with special reference to the horse, S. von N'.VTiiusirs {Fiihiin(/'.s Laiidiv. Ztg., .77 (li)()H), Vo. 12, iip. '//7-'/J.'', fiilK. '/). — The author believ«'s that a correhition exists between form and func- tion, pointing out that a comparison of the forms of the greyhound and the (liornughlirt'd horse. Itotli of which have i>een l)red to run at a liigli rate of sjieed for sliort distances only, shows a close resemblance, whereas the foxhound and the hunter, which must maintain a good speed for long distances have a form quite different. A large number of measurements on horses of different breeds are presented in support of the views of the author, who maintains that animals must be bred for a single purpose and that to obtain a certain func- tion the iM'eeder must consider the form in choosing the hrei^ding stock. The influence of eggshell on metabolism during incubation, F. Tangl and G. Hammkrschlao {Arih. I'lii/siol. \I'/iiil-66; (ib.s. in Chrm. Znitbl., 1008, II, Xo. 9, pp. 815, 8I(!).— The author rontiuuetl the researches previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 777). with special reference to the question " Does cow's milk contain enzyms that are able to iirenk down lactose in the absence of a lactic-acid bacteria?" Samples of milk were treated with iodoforni. formaldehyde, and heat to render them germ free and kept at a temperature of ;>7.o° C. From a study of the chemical changes tliat took place the author concludes that lactase must be iiresent in milk. On the presence of hemolytic factors in m.ilk, Janet E. Lane-Claypon (Jour. I'nth. iind Had., I.i {l'J()S\, \r,. 1, pp. .I'l-.il). — "Milk when fresh con- tains both complement and amboceptor in about one-tenth strength that of serum. "In order to obtain hemolysis, 'ox colloid' must be added, thus confirming Bordet's observations. "(In adding blood cells, which are capable \. — Tlie author has found a lactic-acid b.ncterium which ajiparently be- longs tn the same class as those found in yoghourt and in Swiss cheese. Bacteria in yoghourt, M, Klotz (Cctitbl. Unlet, [ctc.^. 2. Abt.. 21 (1908), \o. 13-1 'i, pp. 392-398, fiffs. 3). — A review of the literature on ycghourt. See also a previous note (E. S. II., 10. p. 1070). Yoghourt, VV. IIennp:berg (Milch. Ztg., 37 (1908), No. J,3, pp. .'i0(;-508; Ztschr. Sliiritiisinihts., 31 (1908), \o. 39, pp. 1,25, ■'f2(t) . — A popular article on the nature and the metliods of i)rei)aring yoghourt. The improvement of the milk supply. I. C. Weld (Mo. Itul. I ml. lid. Ilailtli, III ilUOS), \o. 9, pp. 100-102).— .\ lecture before a conference of the State iioard of liealth with dairymen, giving results of an examiur.lion of dairy con- dltiiiis in the State. "Out of the 01 places inspecteil, the highest scoring dairy was entitled to S4.4 i)oluts out of a possible 100. The lowest scoring dairy was 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. entitled to only 12.8 points. The average score of tlie entire 'Jl places inspected was 36.25 points." Necessity for a standard of cleanliness in all milking' competitions at agricultural shows, J. Howard- Jones {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 29 (WOS), No. 10, pp. 576-580). — The observations of the author, who attended a milking com- petition at a leading agricultural show, would seem to indicate a general lack of cleanliness among the milkers. The cows were not groomed and but one milker rejected the first flow of milk. The author suggests that more attention should be paid to the hygiene of the milker. The history of milk hygiene to the middle of the nineteenth century, W. Hanauer [Ilyg. Ru)i(hschaii, IS {1908), No. 20, pp. 1201-1214).— A brief review of German work on this subject. Dairy products in Switzerland in 1907, Leopold {Mitt. Fach Ber. Erstat. K. K. Ackerb. Min. [Vienna], 1908, No. 9, pp. 6, 7). — Contains statistics of the amount and value of exports and imports of dairy products in 1906 and 1907. Report of the Bernese dairy school, A. Peter {Jahreshcr. Molk. Schule Riltti-ZoUikofen, 21 {1907-8), pp. 56, figs. 3). — This report includes analyses of milk, cream, and butter, and a summary of the work done at this institution. [Analyses of milk, condensed milk, and butter], J. McCrae {Transvaal Govt. Labs. Ann. Rpt. 1906-7, pp. 9-13). — The proportion of adulterated sam- ples of all milk examined was 15.87 per cent. Added preservatives were found in 6 cases. The proportion of fat in full cream condensed milk increased the past year. Contributions from the dairy institute of Greifswald. I, The advantages of formalin as a preservative in the manufacture of butter and cheese, R. EiCHLOFF {Milchw. Zentbl., 4 {1908), No. 3, pp. 115-119; abs. in Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 21 {1908), No. 17-19, pp. 5SJf, 585).— The addition of 1 part of formalin to 10,000 parts of milk slightly hinders the separation of cream. Formalin doubled the length of time required for souring when added to raw or pasteurized cream or to cream inoculated with a pure culture of lactic-acid bacteria. It is suggested that in practical butter and cheese making it may be an advantage to add formalin when slow ripening of cream or curd is desired. Studies on the rational manufacture of Grana cheese, C. Gorini {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 21 {1908), No. 10-12, pp. 309-317; Milchic. Zentbl, // {1908), No. 6, pp. 2.', 1-250). —K second report (E, S. R., 19, p. 574) on the causes of the defects in Grana cheese. It is considered that the cheese would be of better quality and of a more uniform character if more attention was given to the hygiene of the milk from which it is made and if pure cultures were used. As now manufactured the variety of organisms present tend to make the cheese variable in texture, color, and flavor. Some essentials in cheese making, C. A. Publow {New York Cornell Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 17-24, fiff- 1)- — An outline of the best method of Cheddar cheese making is presented with a discussion of important factors. " The most im- portant step in cheese making is to have the curd flrm iu the whey before the required amount of acid has developed." Directions for using the acidimeter are given in detail. Defects in American Cheddar cheese, C. A. Publow {New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 257, pp. 3-16). — A ready reference list of the causes of defects in flavor, texture, color, and finish of American Cheddar cheeses and their remedies. Investigations of a severe disease of Gorgonzola cheese, C. Gorini {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 {1908), 1, No. 8, pp. 568, 569; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1908, II, No. 1, p. 89). — Preliminary notes of a disease that yellows and softens the texture and produces au abnormal odor in 1 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYIXO AGROTErHNY. 575 Gorpoiizola clitvse. Tho author thinks it aiipcars siinultaiu-onsly with OitUtim hiclis, ami alliotl species of liaeteria. Trials of new dairy appliances, l^. Martiny (Arh. Dent. Landw. GcseU., 190^, yo. I'l'i, i>p. as, pi. J, fig.s. 30). — Results of a trial of new kinds of sepa- rators recently placed on the market are given, and a contrivance for disin- fecting a cow's udder is figured and described. This consists of a wateri)roof canvas which can he strapped to the animal so that the disinfecting liquid will come in contai-t witii tiie udder for several minutes. The Dalen and Celsing- milking- machine (Xord. Mrjvri I'idii., 2.1 (IDOS), \/>. 2'i6, ,?'/?). — A brief description of a new Swedish milking machine. A practical milk cooler, II. J. (Jerstknhkrcikk (Jour. Aiiicr. Med. .l.ssor., 51 {J908), No. 16, pp. 1328, 1329, fig. 1).—A description of a galvanized cooling can made to accomodate a 5 gal. milk can. Unfermented apple juice, H. C. Gore {U. S. I>rpt. Agr.. Bur. Chem. Bui. US, pp. 2.i. figs. .)). — This bulletin gives results of exi)eriments since 1900 (E. S. K.. r.t. p. 2Tt)). on the preservation of unfermented ai)i)le juice. The usual ob- jections to sterilizing, that a cooked taste is added to the juice and that it re- mains sterile for a limited period only, have been met. By using a pasteurizer costing $12 apple juice was heated from G5 to 70° C. and kept in paraflined kegs for 0 mouths without loss from fermentation. It can also be successfully steri- lizeil in tin containers, but heating to a temperature of G5° C. for a half hour was not quite sufficient to sterilize all the varieties tested. The best treatment for sterilizing in glass was found to consist In heating for 1 hour at 05° or one-half hour at 70° C. The latter temperature did not produce a marked loss in flavor. In claritication tests, large quantities of sediment were removed b.v passing juice from apples ground the itrevious evening through a cream separator, but clarification was not so complete as with perfectly fresh juice the previous year. Before canning or bottling apple juice it may be carbonated, although a foreign flavor is added. When benzoate of soda was added to unfermented aiiitle juice in quantities varying from 0.03 to 0.15 per cent alcoholic fermenta- tion was checked, but acetic acid and other fermentations developed with a consccpient depi-cciation in flavor. Improved methods of wine making-, F. T. Bioletti (California ^ta. Bui. 197, pp. t-')9-li}H, fig. /). — The main work in enology has been to demonstrate and popularize certain princii)les and methods of wine making which have been siiown to be useful by the experiments at this station. The new method of wine making (E. S. R., 17, p. 1187) has given good results, but improved varieties of grapes must be grown for the best results in the interior valleys. The Itest yeast tested at the station was one originating in Champagne and is strong enough to ferment wines perfectly dry with over 15 per cent of alcohol. " It can witlistand as high temperatures and as large an amount of sulphurous acid as .any of our native yeasts which have been tested. One of its principal advantages is its tendency to form a concrete sediment, which remains at the bottom of the fermenting nuist or wine, and very nuich facilitiites the racking and clearing. It has also been found equally suitable for champagne and cider- making. . . . The utility of pure yeast in our Califonda wineries may be considered as demonstrated, but too u)uch must not b<> exi)ected of it. It will n«tt i»revent the ill effects of careless or ignonint practice, and no wine maker who can not make good wine without i)ure yeast will succees of condenuintion. Public abattoirs a necessity to eradicate consumption, etc., W, IIoldeb (Jf.iir. Hoy. Inst. I'uh. UvaltU, 16 (IHOS), Xo. 3, pp. /0"6-/77 ).— Attention is called to the fn-quency with which meat hisi)ectors detect cases of anthrax, cysticerci, trichina, tuberculosis, and other diseases of animal parasites which may be transmitted to man. Meat inspectors are, therefore, considered as per- formiuis: an imjtortant function in the protection of human health. It is recom- mended that laws should be passed requiring the erection and use of public abattoirs in every town and village. The cat: A neg-lected factor in sanitary science, Caroline A. Osborne {PciUig. KriiiiiKiri/, I.) {I'.XH), Xo. .), pp. 'i3'.)-'i-')9) . — On account of the intimate asstx'iation of the cat with other species of domestic animals and with man, and particularly children, it has seemed advisable to study the possibly important agency of the cat in the intertransmission of infectious diseases. According to the results obtained by various investigators cats are susceptible to the majority of infec-tious diseases which attack man and animals. Even if the cat does not become infected with the disease it is still possible for this animal to transmit the. disease upon its fur. Notes are given on the evidence thus far obtained connecting cats with the transmission of mange, diphtheria, scarlet fever, tuberculosis, smallpox, authra'x, malignant edema, ringworm, and a great variety of external and internal animal parasites. The author con- chides that cats should be kept away from all sources of infection in order to prevent the unnecessary spread of infectious diseases. The relation of the soil to certain diseases, Ludkwig {Ztsclir. Vctrrinark., 20 ( HWS), Xo. 3, pp. WSi-Ui). — According to the universal experience of veter- inarians the soil is concerned in the transmission of such diseases as anthrax, blackleg, hemorrhagic septicemia, and swine er.vsipelas. Attention is called to the importance of preventing the excessive contamination of soil with the virus of these diseases, for after the soil has once become contamin.ited it is a difficult matter to disinfect it. A theory of natural immunity of living tissue, F. Holzinger (Miinchen. Mrd. WcliHiinion of the author living tissue at times is immune for the reason that the osmotic process in it hinders the develoimient of micro-organisms. A considerable diminution in this activit.v is neces.sary before the micro-organisms can develop .iiid jiroduce a general infection. Hemolysis and antihemoglobin, O. Demees (Cellule, 2.'i (,1907), No. 2, pp. iJ I '!■')(!). —'llu' experiments reiK)rted by the author were carried out on rabbits. It appears possible to obtain sera which contain antihemoglobin but are not hemolytic. Antihemoglobin and hemolysin are therefore distinct. Uninjured red blofMl cori>URcles.do not fix antihemoglobin and this substance has no effect UIK)n the hemoglobin contained In the intai-t corpuscle. Experiments with Bacterium anthracis, anthrax vaccines, and hyper- immunization. II. J. Mii.KS { Loiiixiitna Slas. liiil. lOU, pp. 3-2 J). — As the result of experiments made in growing the anthrax bacillus upon different media liable to be found in pastures it is concluded that the organism will grow in low Hwampy places and even in any place where sutlicient moisture is present. It Is thought this may possibly explain its prevalence in certain years. Several experiments with guinea |)igs, mice, rabbit.s, and sheeit, made to determine the virulence of different commercial anthrax vaccines, resulted in the tinding of a large variation. 578 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lu the iiiiiiiunity experiuieiits 2 sheep that had survived the iiifectiou of one- half loop of agar culture were inoculated repeatedly at intervals of about 2 weeks with increased doses. "The inoculated material was from 24-hour agar cultures washed off and suspended in sterile water. The inoculations were made on the inside of the thigh in each case. No more serious symptoms devel- oped than a slight swelling at the point Of inoculation and a slight elevation of temperature." An appended simimary of data regarding the disease has been previously noted (E. S. R., 12, p. 787). The application of atoxyl in veterinary medicine, Walther (Berlin. Tierarztl. Wchnschr., 1908, Ko. 15, pp. 265, 266). — Clinical notes, together with a statement of the results obtained, are given for a number of cases in which atoxyl was used in the treatment of hemoglobinuria and pneumonia in horses. Atoxyl appeared to have' very little beneficial effect in the control of hemoglo- binuria but a consideral)le percentage of cases of pneumonia were beneficially affected. In 2 eases, however, no effect of the atoxyl was to I)e ol)served. Treating rabies with atoxyl, B. Heymann (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 59 U90S), pp. 362-366).— Ou account of the favorable results reported by a number of investigators from the use of atoxyl and other arsenical compounds in treating diseases caused by trypanosomes the authpr tested atoxyl in the treatment of rabies. The experimental animals were rabbits which received intramuscular inoculations of fixed virus. The animals were then treated sub- cutaneously or intravenously with daily doses of atoxyl ranging from 0.01 to 0.1 gm. No beneficial results were observed. In fact some of the animals suc- cumbed sooner than would have been the case without the use of atoxyl. In view of the results obtained the author believes that neither tryi)anosomes nor spirilla can be considered as playing an etiological role in rabies. Infection and immunization of mice against rabies through the alimentary tract, R. Repetto (Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol. [Paris], 6Jf (1908), No. 15, pp. 776-7/8).— Previous investigators have indicated the possibility of infecting and immunizing mice through the ingestion of rabies virus. The author soon found in his investigations that the ingestion of rabies virus exercised a more or less pronounced effect in immunizing mice against a subcutaneous inocula- tion with street virus. All the rats with which the author experimented died of rabies as result of feeding on rabies virus and 75 per cent of the mice were also fatally infected by feeding upon virus for 1 month. After mice and rats had been imfuunized by ingestion of an attenuated virus they proved to be resistant to subcutaneous inoculation. In further experiments with 10 mice it was found that feeding for some time upon normal nerve substance brought about a quite pronounced degree of immunity to rabies. The'hereditary transmission of immunity to rabies, P. Remlinger [Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 6't {1908), No. 7, pp. 321-323).— In order to gain fresh evidence on the possibility of the transmission of immunity to rabies in ani- mals the author experimented with rabbits. Experimental female rabbits were immunized shortly before the period of gestation and in some cases naturally immune males were used in breeding experiments. Results obtained by the author indicate that immunity is never transmitted by the male, while the fe- male may transmit immunity in a considerable percentage of cases. Never- theless under identical conditions such transmitted immunity may be fleeting and of low power. The blood of young animals which have acquired immunity by hereditary process ai)pears not to have any innnunizing value. Biological and pathogenic properties of Sterigmatocystis lutea, Sartory and JouRDE (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 11,6 (1908), No. 10, pp. 5.',8, 5^9). — When rabbits are inoculated in the periphei-al vein of the ear with VETERINARY MEDICINE. 579 fsfi'ri(]wntoct/sti.act('ria i)er 4 cc. of the medium. After remaining 1 day in a concentration of ;' mg. bacteria jier 4 cc. of an SO per cent solution of glycerin, tubercle bacilli were so attenuated as not to be pathogenic for guinea pigs except in large doses. In a 2.") per cent solution of urea the tubercle bacilli, when added at the rate of n mg. per 4 cc. of the solution, lost their virulence completely after 2 days. Tuberculous infection through, the alimentary canal, M. P, Ravenel and J. Reichel {Jour. Med. Ifcxcarch, J8 (1908), No. J, pp. 1-18). — In order to test tl>e power of tubercle bacilli to penetrate through the walls of the alimentary tract, guinea jtigs were inoculated with an emulsion of tubercle bacilli in doses of 2 cc. directly into the stomach. This method of i)rocedure was adopted in order to avoid infection of the cervical lymph glands. Tuberculous lesions were found generally distributed in various organs, and in about ;jG jj^r cent of cases the tubercle bacilli reached the lungs within 24 hours after introduction into the stomach. While the results obtained from these experiments are not considered sufficiently positive to exclude the possi- bility that infection may have taken place through the blood to some extent, yet the distribution of the lesions convince-l'i't) . — Statisius are presented showing the i)ercentage of tuberculosis among hogs and other animals which are fed on dairy by-products with or without previous sterilization. The importance of sterilizing such by-products is clearly indicated by these statistics. It is reconimendeil that all dairy by-products be sterilized before being used. Chronic pseudotuberculous enteritis in cattle, Bugge and W. Albien {Ber- lin. TUriirztl. Wchnsclir., 1908, A'o. 10, p. 175). — The author's report that in a study of chronic enteritis of cattle they have at last isolated pseudotuberde bacilli and have shown that the disease is not a form of tuberculosis. A fur- ther study will be made of the subject as a liasis for a more complete rei)ort. Chronic bronchitis and broncho-pneumonia in cattle, L. Keisincikr (Monatsh. I'm Id. TkrhvUk., /.'/ (lUOS), A o. .'j-G, pp. 11)3-225, pgs. 3) .—liiicillus pyogrnrs apjiears to become associated secondarily with this disease or be- comes more virulent when the mucous nieml)rane of the bronchi is affected in- juriously by irritants of various sorts. While B. pyogenes is to be considered as a secondary rather than a primary cause of the disease it nevertheless pro- duces during its development specific tissue changes by which the disease is cliaracttTized. The Koopmansfontein lamziekte experiment, J. Spreull (Agr. Jour. Cape (iood Hope, 32 {WOH), A'o. 3, pp. 289-300, figs. 6).— Cattle selectetl for experi- mental puriKtses were divided into a number of different lots which received different treatment for the puriwse of determining the effects of such treat- ments ui>on the development of lamziekte. Some of the cattle were given access to a salt lick, others receivcnl bone meal, and still others tar or ashes. The disease is believed by the author to be of a bacterial nature, but the use of bone meal is of great benefit in preventing itw develoi)ment. A practical method of determining the dose of serum required to pro- tect contact animals in outbreaks of rinderpest, (J. K. Wai.kkr {Jour. Trop. Vet. Hci., 3 ilUOH), No. 1, pp. 28-32).— It usually requires much tact on the part of veteriiuiry (tflicers to put in operation any system of vaccination against rinderpest among cattle belonging to ignorant natives. Some exjterinjents have 582 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. been carried on to determine roughly tlie size of tlie dose of serum to be used in the field in preventing the development of rinderpest in cattle which have been exposed to the disease. It is estimated that in outbrealcs where the mortality is less than 50 per cent before inoculation, hills animals be given the standard dose for plains animals. If the mortality is between 50 and 75 per cent the dose for plains animals is to be doubled and if the mortality exceeds 85 per eent the dose should be 18 times that recommended for plains animals. Uuring the past 5 years the number of animals inoculated has ranged from 17,000 to &i,000, while the number of animals which have died after inoculation has ranged only from 2 to 35. Enzootic enteritis of calves and serum therapy, I. Sacciiini (Clin. Vet. [Milan], Ses. Prat., 31 (1908), No. 10, pp. 165-169) .—In certain localities enteritis of calves appears in enzootic form and causes serious losses. The extent of the injury from this disease depends somewhat upon the time of year and considerable difference is also observed in the susceptibility of individual calves. A serum treatment has been devised by the author which gives fairly satisfactory i-esults. Septic pneumonia of calves, Schreibee {Tieriirstl. Zenfbl., 31 (1908), No. 8, pp. 116-118). — Septic pneumonia is due to a micro-organism which so very closely resembles that of swine plague that when inoculated into swine it produces an infection scarcely to be distinguished from it. The use of a curative serum within 8 to 14 days after the appearance of the disease has given satisfactory results. Stomach worms in calves, J. M. iloRAa {An. Soc. Rural Argentina, .'/l (1907), No. 53-54, pp. 181-187). — Brief notes are given on the distribution of stomach worms, particularly Strongylus ostertagi in Argentina, and on the injurious effects which they produce in young calves. The symptoms and means of diagnosis are briefly described. As a means of combating the disease the author recommends the use of a vermifuge containing 5 gm. male fern, 1.5 gm. creosote, 3 gm. thymol, and enough alcohol and gum arable to dissolve and emulsify the thymol. This mixture is then diluted in 200 gm. of water. The warble fly. Experiments on cattle as to its treatment and life history, G. H. Carpenter and J. W. Steen (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour.. 8 (1908), No. 2, pp. 227-2Jf6, pis. 2).— The life history of the warble fly was carefully followed through by the authors and a series of experiments was carried on with the carbolic dip, train oil and tar, kerosene emulsion, and other similar mixtures to determine the possibility of controlling this pest by spraying the cattle. It was found that the various insecticides which have been recommended for preventing egg laying by the warble flies are practi- cally valueless. Some of them, such as train oil, spirits of tar, and sulphur, are not only useless but harmful to the skin. In Ireland Hypodcrma hovis is the common species, H. Uneata being very rare. The eggs are laid mostly on the legs and may be licked off by the cattle, after which they hatch and the young larvae penetrate through various organs reaching their final location under the skin. Careful experiments in muzzling calves, however, showed that the larvte may bore directly through the skin. Since all of the insecticides proved useless the authors recommend that the maggots in the skin of infested animals be destroyed in the winter and spring. It is believed that a united effort along this line would exterminate the warble fly within a period of 3 years. Report upon the eradication of the cattle tick in Lincoln and Claiborne parishes, W. Newell and C. E. Mauldin (Crop Pest Com. La. Circ. 21, pp. 4)- — Attention is called to the benefits which will accrue to the cattle raisers of Louisiana from the eradication of cattle ticks. The work wllich has already VETERINARY MEDICINE. 583 been (lono tliroiifih the cooperation of llie liureau of Auliual Industry of this Department with State authorities is rejianled as very eneouragiug. Studies on Malta fever among Algerian goats in 1907, E. SEBGEN*r, V. (Jii.ioT. and (J. Lkmaiuk (Ann. Inst. I'astcur, 22 (HfOH), So. 3, pp. 209-216, figs. 2). — During the season of 1907 the milk of 009 Algerian goats was care- fully examined. In 2(t of these animals the milk agglutinated Micrococcus mcUtcnsis. although the micro-organism was not found in the milk except in 2 of the 20 cases. Malta fever, therefore, ai)pears to prevail among Algerian goats to the extent of 4.2 per cent as compared with 30 to 50 per cent among the goats of Malta. Immunization of swine against hog cholera, J. AV. Connaway (Missouri Sta. (Urc. Inform. 2!K pp. 22. figs. 8; Ann. Rpt. Mo. lid. Agr., j^O (1007), pp. 97-110. figs. S). — This is an address delivered at the first auTiual meeting of the Missouri Swine Growers' and Breeders' Association. A general account of the disease is followed by a report of experiments on methods of iunnunizing swine, that have been conducted in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. Pigs injected simultaneously with 20 to 30 cc. of serum and I to 2 cc. of viru- lent hog-cholera blood were found to be largely immune when expose lUH-essity of exercising more care in the inspection of horses imported from otiier countries. A preliminary report on some diseases of chickens, II. .7. Mii.ks (Louisiana Sttis. itul. los, pp. .ill. pis. .}).— Knteroliepatilis of chickens previously reported from the New Kngland. Middle, and Western States has l.wn found by the author In s-everul widely separated localities in Louisiana. Although thus far 584 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. found only in chicks under 6 weelcs of age it is evidently quite common in the State. The course of the disease is quite rapid with a mortality of from 30 to 50 per cent of the chicles hatched. The report given is based upon an exami- nation of 17 chicks. The author describes the sj^mptoms and post-mortem appearances, and gives a complete account of a typical case. The causative organism is thought to be closely related to if not identical with the organism described by Smith (E. S. R., 7, p. 524), as Amaha meleagrhlis. Remedies pre- viously suggested by the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department (E. S. R., 19, p. 988) are discussed. A bacterial disease was discovered in a flock where it was very fatal to chicks under 5 or 6 weeks of age. The course of the disease is said to have been very rapid, chicks dying during the night without previously having shown signs of illness. The symptoms and results of post-mortem and micro- scopic examinations are reported accompanied by a description of the organism. Two chicks and one of three mice died when inoculated with cultures of the organism. The action of the aggressin of fowl cholera, E. Weil (Arch. Hyg., 65 (J90S), No. 2, pp. 81-106). — The aggressin isolated by the author from cases of fowl cholera produces a striking susceptibility when inoculated into fowls. Control birds resisted a dose of virus ten times as great as was required to kill fowls previously treated with the aggressin. The aggressin, however, seems not to possess any toxic properties, since no injurious effects were produced in the experimental animals by increasing the dose eight times. A brief bibliography relating to this subject is appended to the article. Fowl plague with special reference to its pathological anatomy, Freese (Dcut. rier(ir::tl. WchH.uhr., 16 (1908), No. 12, pp. 173-177}.— Yowl plague is known to affect chickens, turkeys, guinea fowl, pheasants, geese, and sparrows. The lesions of the disease resemble those produced by poisoning with phos- phorus. It is to be distinguished from fowl cholera by the presence of hemor- rhages under the epicardium. an exudate in the pericardium, and intense enteritis in the case of the latter disease. Until recently no good evidence has been obtained in Germany that this disease affects geese. A number of cases of si)ontaneous infection were noted. Studies and micro-photographs of the pathogenic protozoa, T. von VVasielewski (Stiidien und Mikropltotograiinnc zur Kcimtnia dvr Patliogcnoi Protozoal. Leipsic, 1908, pt. 2, pp. 175, pis. 8, figs. 26). — A detailed account is given of the distribution of animal parasites in the blood in Germany. The author had occasion to study these parasites in material obtained from birds and mammals. Particular attention is given to Filaria, trypanosomes, hema- gragariues, Plasmodium, especially the species found in birds, Hemoproteus, and Leucocytozoon. The blood parasites which cause plasmodiosis of birds were followed through 45 generations. Animal parasites, E. Perroncito {Ana. R. Accad. Agr. Torino, ^9 (1906), pp. 3-17). — Par;!sitism of young pigs with Rhabdoncnia istrongyloidvs is some- times so excessive as to cause death. Notes are given on fatal infestation with these parasites. The lungs, heart, pleura, and peritoneum showed no lesions. Brief notes are given on sanitary methods of preventing reinfestation with these parasites. A study was made of multilocular echiuococci in sheep. These parasites ap- pear to be very common in sheep according to the author's experience. A form of cachexia is described caused by fluke worms and accompanied with jaundice. In cases of excessive infestation it is held that anemic and cachectic conditions often develop. RURAL ENGINEERING. 585 RURAL ENGINEERING. Boad materials of southern and eastern Maine, II. Leighton and E. S. H.v.sriN (U. S. Dc])t. Ayr., Office I'lib. RuuiIh Hid. ,i,i, />/>. 56, ph. 3, iiuij) 1). — This bulletin, prepared in cooperation between the U. S. Geological Survey, tlio State Survey Coniniission of Maine, and the OtHce of Public Roads, is the tirst of a series bavinj:; in view tlie description, location, and testini^ of available road materials in the different States. In .Maine the area report«'d upon did not include the northern part because of its sparse pitpuiation and the relative unimportance of the road proldeni. The principal source of road material in the area reported upon is stated to be the gravels, but owing to their great abundance and irregular distribution an extensive study of these could not be included except in those cases where detailed studies have already been made. The bulletin is especially devoted to rnad materials located near the liirge cities and to deposits favorably situated as regards shipment. After a brief discussion of the general geology of the section and an outline uf the methods u.»ieces enough to allow the latter to pass through. In this paper the author observes that "the first place to give has been where there evidently 1ms been a cluster of fine particles." Macadam roads, A. 15. Ki.KTCiiiiR iU. N. Ifrpt. Apr., Fannrrs' It ill. ,i.iS. pp. 3!), flux. /").— This is a condensed and revised eilitioii of HuUetin 2!t. Otiice of rub- lie Uoads ( E. S. K., 1!>, p. .'JSC). It (h'scribes in some detail the essential fea- tures of the best practice of niMcadiini mad construction in rural se<-tions with "lata as ft) costs. Standard details of construction used bv the .M.issaihusetts 586 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. highway corumission and excerpts from the specifications for State-aid roads in that State are also included. Highway improvement in Vermont, C. W. Gates {Ann. Rpt. [Bd. Agr. Vt.~\, 28 (1908), pp. 67-72, figs. 8). — In this report of the State highway commis- sioner there is an outline of Vermont's State-aid policies and notes on the im- provements accomplished in the past year under them. The greatest mileage in the State-aided roads now consists of improved gravel roads with Telford foundation, and several of this type are illustrated. Dust preventives, P. Hubbard (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Pub. Roads Bui. 3^, pp. 6-'i, pis. 3, figs. 6). — This bulletin is intended to furnish specific information concerning the materials and methods employed in dust prevention on all classes of roads. It is based on a review of all available literature supple- mented by results secured from actual experiments conducted by the Office of Public Roads. Two general methods of attacking the dust problem are, (1) to apply material to hold down the dust, (2) to employ methods of construction designed to reduce its formation. This bulletin deals with the first method and the materials used are discussed in two classes; water, salt solutions and the lighter oils being considered temporary binders, and the tars, solid and semisolid materials, permanent binders. The bulletin concludes with a chapter on methods of examination and tentative specifications for the various pre- ventives. Irrigation in Mexico (Bol. Soe. Agr. Mexicana, 32 (1908), No. ^2, pp. 821- 825). — This article contains the terms of a contract recently let by the Mexican Government for the enlargement and construction of irrigation works includ- ing dams, canals, and reservoirs. Yuma irrigation dam, D. A. Willey {Sci. Amer., 99 {1908), No. 18, pp. 302-303, figs. 3). — This describes some of the difficulties which presented them- selves in this project and the way they were overcome, resulting in the success- ful control of a river which is liable to fluctuations of as much as 30 ft. in a week, and which flows through a channel of soft silt which has been accumu- lating for centuries. A drainage system was considered necessary in conjunction with the irriga- tion works because of the flatness of the land and the high ground-water level, and consists of a main canal througli the center of the irrigated areas, utilizing the natural drainage channels when possible. A new scraper excavator (Engin. News, 60 {1908), No. 18, p. 483, figs. 2). — There is described a drag scoo}) bucket so designed that it will not " ride over " hard material. A heavy bail is rigidly attached to the side, which can, however, be set at various angles to the mouthpiece, thereby allowing the depth of cut to be gauged. Th.e applications of the motor in agriculture {Auto. Agr. [Paris], 1908, No. 13, pp. 5-7, p'gs. 5). — In this article the author briefly discusses the require- ments of practical motor traction engines, with an analysis of the forces in- volved. It is stated that special attention should be given to sec-uring the best point of application of the power, as in most engines the greater part is required to transport the motor itself. In this respect machines fltted with drums have an advantage over those in which the plows are connected directly. Traction motors {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 8 {1908), No. 67, pp. 288-297, figs. .',). — Two types of gasoline engines, fitted with hoisting drums for hauling plows, etc., and two types of gasoline traction engines and their various appli- cations are described, with tables showing the results of efficiency tests. Traction culture machines, V. Fremier {Auto. Agr. [Paris]. 1908. Nos. 11, pp. 5-9, figs. 10; 12, pp. 6-11, figs. 16). — This is a series of articles describing the different types of engines which have been invented for machine cultivating, IMIIAI. KCOXOMU'S. . 587 with Ji view (<> illnstrntiii;; tin' prolilciiis of their economical oi)eriitioii Mini the various methods which have heeii devised to solve them. The account includes machines operated hy electric motors and hy explosive cnfrines, and those with tixed jilows and with rotatiiii; plows ;.'eared to the motors. Statistics of agricultural implements {Bur. of the Crnsus [IJ. »S'. ], Mitnfrs. i:>'l.'). !>(. 'i. ii/i. /?.'//.■;.{». — Noted from anotluM- source i i-;. S. II.. 1!>. j). 4ss). Hydro-electric plants, M. I{in(;i.i:m.vnn (Jour. Ayr. f'nit., n. ser., 16 (1008), \'ii. ',0. i)i>. .'i3'i-'i'i0, figs. .5). — This article descrihes several hydro-electric power plants in which the flow of small streams or brooks is used to generate light and power for rural homes. It contains data on the cost of installinsr and •peratinj; the e(|uipment. RURAL ECONOMICS. The results of investigations on the returns in agriculture {Ann. Agr. Suisse, !) ( l!)us). \i). .,\ ///<. .i.i~7.2). — This is a detailed report of investigations carried on cooperatively between the dei)artment of agriculture and farmers in Switzerland as to the gross and net returns derived from farms operated under different systems of management in 11)0(!, the returns being compared with those secured during the |)receding 5 years. The average jtrofits as ascertained from 230 holdings were: On farms up to 12J acres in size, $21 per acre; from 12^ to 25 acres, $21.50; from 25 to oT^ acres. $17; from 37^ to 75 acres, $18; and from farms of more than 75 acres, $10.25 per acre. Nearly 80 per cent of the products raised on Swiss farms consisted of animal, dairy, and poultry prodncts, an enormous quantity of such products being annually e\i>orte also a i)revi()us note ( E. S. U.. 20. p. 2!)1 ) . Finnish agriculture, A. Borchardt {Ber. Land it. Forstw. Ausland, 190S, \o. ll. pp. tl.i, figs. 6, vKips 2). — This publication discusses the climate, popula- tion, production, consumption, and trade of Finland, and describes at some length the agricultural administration of the country, including cooperation, agricultural societies, agricultural law.s, ci-edit systems, systems of farm man- agement, and the commerce in the different farm prodncts. Agriculture in Po^-tugal, C. m: .AIkliio (Rrr. Gen. Agron., «. .scr., 3 {i:)08). \o. 6-1, pp. 261-26'i). — A de.scription of the extent, geography, population, and ngricultnral jiroduction of Portugal is given in this article. Portugal is the most agrif'ultnral .country in Europe, of a popnlation of 5.42S.S00 in T.hki, .'{.0;t2,7.'50 derived their living from agriculture, a ratio of 50.04 per cent, as comiiared with .55 p(«r cent in Austria, 47 in France, and .'54 in r.elginm. The average size of holdings is 1.55 hoH'tares (about 3.S4 acres). Agricultural Hungary I Budapest: (iort., V.iOH, pp. yil^-l.lG, figs. 66). — This publication Ity tlie Hungarian minister of agriculture, in addition to general data on tiio extent of land, number and size of agricultural holdings, the ratio I" tlie people engaged in agricnltin-e, the division of the land according to . las.«es ftf cultivation, and the kind and (plant ity of products raised, lu-esents n detailed a<-count of the agricultural industry in Hungary. l>ata are also included as to the govertnnent encouragement of agriculture by means of edii- ciitional institutions, tlie establishment of scientitic jind exiierimental stations, legislation in behalf of agricultural l.iborers, water regulation, soil imi)rov<«- nieiif. and agricultural administration. 70151 X(,. (•,-((!» 7 588 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The itopulatiou of Hungary at the close of llJUo mmibered 20,548.472, of whom 6S.4 iier cent were engaged in agriculture. The division of the land into the various forms of productive agriculture gives a total of 32.500,000 hectares, of which only 1.700.000 hectares, or 5.23 per cent, are unproductive. Agricultural labor in Hungary, M. J. Berxard {Bui. Soc. X07. being 16i> and 6.JM)3, respectively. The common objects of borrowing by the ryots are to i»ay off old debts and to purchase cattle. "The rate of interest oPferer cent, whereas the lowest rate charged by money lenders is 1S.T5 per cent and the most common rate is 31.2")." The greatest need at the present time is said to be competent honorary organizers to assist the government in organ- izing and instructing the peasant class. Agricultural credit, E. Carn.\roli (Rir. Interna^. Sci. Soc, .}J (lf)07), Xo/t. 119, Pit. 313-'i01 : ISO, pp. 509-523). — This article discusses the essential char- acteristics of agricultural credit and gives the status of the movement in Italy and foreign countries. An extensive bibliography is included. Immigrants of the agricultural class in the Northwest Provinces, A. Bi.VK (fV/fs^.s- mill Sttitix. [C(iii(iilii\ Hill, a, pp. XI-\-5S\. — Statistics of agri- cultural innnigration into Manitoba, Saskatchewan, and Alberta from January 1, 1S91, to June 24, 1J)06, are reported and discussed, including data relating to the countries from which the emigrants came, the number of families and l)ersons per family, the live stock per farm, and the extent of farm lands nccu[)ied and in crops jier family in 1006. The immigrant families inimbered 50,324. embracing 20,">.774 persons, and occupied ll.r»7S..3.")7 acres of land, of which 2.307.!»7'.i acres were in crops. Government crop reports: Their value, scope, and preparation, C. C. Clark ( [/. S. Dipt. A(ir., Hiir. Stntis. ('in: 17, pp. 7-/6). — This is an account of the origin and development of the system of collecting and issuing Government crop reports, the methods employed to secure accurate data, and the value of crop statistics not only to farmers but to commercial interests of every kind and class. Crop Reporter (U. S. Dcpt. Apitomi7.ed in the s^tate- nie;it tiiat "what .\merican agriculture needs more than anything else is tluit It Ixronie intellectuali/.ed. that it be made the purpo.se and object of mental as well as physical effort." 590 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. What can the public schools do to improve industrial conditions? J. E. Waeken (Ann. RiJt. Bd. Ed. [Jia.s.v.], 11 (1906-1), piJ. 2 J, 3 -25 2 }.~The writer describes features of instruction in agriculture and domestic science in some schools of Massachusetts, and urges the extension of work of this kind among public schools. The future of agricultural education in Michigan, F. W. Howe (School- master, 2 (1908), Nos. 6, pp. 301-312; 7, pp. 308-312) .—The writer describes the present facilities for teaching agriculture of different grades in Michigan and outlines plans for the further development of instruction in agriculture in the public schools of the State. Form of organization for movable schools of agriculture, J. Hamilton ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 19, pp. 3-8 i . — Suggestions are given for the organization, equipment, and conducting of movable schools of agriculture as one of the means of disseminating agricultural information. Report on the organization of forestry instruction in Sweden, U. Wallmo ET AL. (Stockholm, 1908, pp. XI-.i29). — A report of a committee of experts appointed by the Swedish Department of Agriculture in 190(5. Brief state- ments are given of the organization of instruction in forestry in Denmark, Fin- land, Prussia, Saxony, Wurttemberg, Bavaria, Austria, Hungary, Switzerland, and this country, together with the sources of information. Royal Horticultural School, Dahlem, J. Kochs (Ber. Deut. Pharm. GeseU., 18 (1908), Ao. 6, pp. 325-3-i2, figs. 13). — ^An illustrated description of the equip- ment and work of the school as embodied in the report of an inspection by the German Pharmaceutical Society. Missouri Housekeepers' Conference Association (Missouri Sta. Circ. In- form. 30, pp. J,2, dgm. 1; Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., J,0 (1901), jrp. .',28--',69, dgm. 1). — This contains the constitution and proceedings of the first meeting of the ]\Iiss()uri Household Conference Association on January 7-10, 1008, including the following papers : Household Adjustment to Technical Development, by Miss Caroline L. Hunt; The Pure Milk Problem, by Mrs. Walter McNab Miller; The Revival of Missouri Handicrafts, by INIrs. F. H. Seares; The Present Crisis of the American Home, by Charles A. Ellwood ; The Home — A Business Proposi- tion, by Mrs. Emma Page Tracy ; The Home Economics Movement, by H. J. Waters; The Inductive or Scientific Method of Teaching Cooking, by Miss Louise Stanley ; and Home Economics, Why it Should be Taught in the Schools, and What it Includes in the Fniversity of Missouri, by Miss Edna D. Day. Report of the committee on children's gardens for the year 1907, H. S. Ada.ms (Traits. Mass. Hort. Soc, 1901, II, pp. 221-251, pis. 2). — There were 49 entries in 1907 for children's garden prizes offered by the Massachusetts Horti- cultural Society. Of these 28 were school gardens, 7 school grounds, and 14 children's home gardens. The report states that Smith, Mount Holyoke, and Wellesley Colleges now have courses in gardening which provide the proper foundation for school garden work. It also contains abstracts of addresses made at the Children's Garden Conference in Boston, December 14. 1907, school garden reports from Springfield and Roxbury, Mass.. and home garden reports from the INIarlborough School and Home Industrial Association, the Waltham Home Garden Association, the Reading Home Gardens, and the Fairhaven Home Gardens. The abstract of an address by A. C. Boyden, principal of the State Normal School at Bridgewater, contains suggestions for natural science gardens and their functions in school work. Importance of school gardens and methods of proper management, P. Emerson (Ann. Rpt. N. H. Hort. Soc, 1 (1901), pp. 11.1,-121).— Thin is a dis- cussion of the importance and value of school gardens as a factor in education. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 591 School gardens. L. C. Corbett (Florists' Ex., 26 (1908), Xo. S, pp. 2.i.>,, .!'i.'i). — A iiiiiKT reiul bofore the convention of the Society of American Florists, .It Niiigar.i Falls. X. Y.. August 21, 1908. School g-ardens. W. T. Caktku, Jr. {Farm ami Ranch, 27 (1008), No. 38, ]>. J,. — Snixui'stions for school garden work in the country schools. Possibilities for the teaching' of household arts in the rural schools, llKi.KX.v I'lNfOMB (School Xciis ami f'ract. Ftl., 22 (lOOS). \o. I. pp. 20-22. figs. ')). — Suggestions for conducting household arts instruction in rural schools, ■ ind a list of desirable articles for equiinuent and their cost are given. Teaching soils in the public schools, W. T. Carter, .Jr. (Farm and Ranch, .'7 (IDOS), Xo. 37, pp. 3-0 ). — The importance of teaching agriculture is urged, references to suitable literature and suggestions for securing e»iuii»ment are given, and suggestive lessons concerning soils in relation to moisture and air, temperature, and fertility are outlined. Agriculture in public schools, A. D. De Witt (Schoolmaster, 2 (1JW8),- Xo. I}, pp. 313-31(1). — An outline is given of the course of study at the St. Louis (Micb.) High School, which includes instruction in agriculture during the sec- ond and third years. One hundred experiments in elementary agriculture for California schools, li. O. JoiiNsox (San Francisco, 1008, pp. '/2). — The experiments given in this pamphlet are grouped under 2 headings, (1) the needs of the plants, and (2) supplying tlie needs of the plants. There are experiments to show the need of plants for water, air, warmtli, light, carbon, nitrogen, sulphur, and oxygen, with suj)plementary exercises to illustrate the preparation of oxygen, hydro- gtMi, nitrogen, limewater, and carbon dioxid. The experiments showing how to supply the needs of the plant illustrate osmosis, preparation of crude phos- phoric acid, potash, and saltpeter, tests for acids, alkalis, and salts, pei'cola- tlon, capillarity, evaporation, transpiration in plants, the circulation of water in i)lants, and other physiological phenomena of plant growth. Experimental studies of plant growth. B. M. Davis (Miami liuL, 7. scr., I'.tOH, Xo. 1, pp. 32, fi(/s. 17). — The writer has outlined suggestions to teachers and 42 experimental studies of plant growth to follow his exercises on The Soil and Its Relation to Plants (E. S. R., 19, p. 390). In this later series he takes up the germination of seeds and simi)le physiological experiments in the ilevelopment of the seed grain, including such matters as the development of starch and sugar and tests for these substances, the absorption of carbon dioxid by the leaf, the giving off of oxygen, transpiraticm, and regi. l')'>-tfi3, figs. 7). — This article considers the breeds, feeding, care, and manage- ment of sheep under the following topics: Selecting a breed, including brief descriptions of the more common breeds in America, how to judge a sheep, ireneral care and management, selection of quarters, breeding season, .^hearing, ■iiid care of the flock. There are als<» 2 contributed article.s viz. Sheep ou the Farm, by .lohn I>. Marshall, of Walton, Kans., and Problems of the Sheep Indus- try in Kansas, by K. I). King, of P>nrlington, Kans., as well as score cards for sheep. Study of birds and their economic value. \V. L. Fi.nm.ey (Leaflets Listing and Describing Birds of Oregon, Xo. I, pp. 7. fig. I). — This is the first of a scries of leaflets to b<> issued by the Oregon State biologist for the use of pupils in the public sdiools and others interested in nature study. It considers the fol- lowing subjects: IIow to interest children, discrimination between us(>ful and harmful birds, changes that affect bird life, how birds regulate outbreaks of 592 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. insect life, studying the food of birds, value of birds to agriculturist and horti- culturist, and birds as natural resources. The preparation of the seed bed, V. M. Shoesmith (Agr. CoJ. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 4 (1908), No. 1, pp. /f-12, figs. i,2).— Reasons for plowing and harrowing the land are given, and also some suggestions concerning methods. Some nature biographies, J. J. Ward (London and New York, 190S, pp. 307, pis. 13, figs. 195). — Life histories of moths, butterflies, plants, and jellyfish por- trayed largely by means of illustrations from photographs. The garden book for young- people, Alice Lounsberby (New York, IDOS, pp. 290, pis. -'i9). — A popular account of the garden work of a boy and girl during one season. Making hay, A. M. Ten Eyck (Industrialist, Farmers' Inst. Ser., 1 (1908), No. D, pp. JfS, figs. 4). — Contains suggestions on cutting, curing, storing, baling, and marketing the liay crop, and i)]ans for construction of hay sheds. Weeds, Y. H. Davis (Agr. Col. Ext. Bui. [Ohio State Univ.], 3 (1908), No. 9, pp. 15, figs. l.'i). — This elementary study indicates how weeds injure the farmer and how they spread by natural and artificial methods, and suggests methods of combating them. MISCELLANEOUS. Eighteenth Annual Repoi-t of North Dakota Station, 1907 (North Dakota 8ta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 1, pp. 86). — This contains the organization list, titles of sta- tion bulletins and press bulletins issued during the year, a brief report of the director, departmental reports containing articles abstracted elsew^here in this issue, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June .30, 1907. A circular of information concerning the New Hampshire Agricultural Experiment Station (New Hampshire 8ta. Circ. 6, pp. 15, figs. 10). — This is a brief account of the organization, equipment, and lines of w^ork of the station with a list of the i>ublications available for distribution. List of publications of the Rhode Island Agricultural Experiment Station, Kingston, R. I., available for distribution May 1. 1908 (Rhode Island Sta. Bill. 128 App.. pp. VII). Experiment Station Work, XL VIII (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 33Jf, pp. 32, figs. 2). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Plant breeding on the farm, sorghum for silage, dry rot of corn, starch from sweet potatoes, profits from tomato growing, the keeping of apples, w^eed seeds in manure, weed seeds in feeding stuffs, forage crops for pigs, market classes and grades of horses and mules, profitable and unprofitable cows, blackhead in turkeys, eS:traction of beeswax, and an improved hog cot. N 0 T 1: S Arizona Station. — Tho FA Paso and Soutliwoptern Railway Company has made ail initial fontribution to the station of $2,000 for dry farming investiga- tions. A location has been selected in the Snliihnr Sprini; Valley IS nnles north of DoHslas on a tract rei»resentative of a large section which it is thonght may be ntilized for dry farming. The agriculturist is to have charge of the work. R ('. Kelton has been appointed assistant engineer and entered upon his duties .Tanuary 1."). California University and Station. — An agricultural and horticultural demon- stration train was sent out through the Sacramento Valley, November 9-17, inos. manned by a corps of about twenty lecturers and demonstrators from the university and station staff. The train received an enthusiastic re<'eption, the lecture car frequently proving inadequate to accommodate those in attend- ance. Connecticut College. — Howard D. Newton, assistant In chemistry at Yale rniveisity. has been appointed instructor in chemistry. Illinois University. — The State Corn Growers' and Stockmen's Convention was held al the college of agriculture January lS-30. with a registration of 000, of whom ."572 were young men under 26 years. In addition ',)'> women took the corresponding course for housekeepers. S. A. Forbes, professor of zoology since 1884, has resigned the position, to t:ike effect September 1, but will remain director of the State Laboratory of \:ttural History and State entomologist. Purdue University and Station.— More than SOO farmers and about 100 farm boys attended the one-week course in agriculture at the university, beginning January 11, and there were over 100 farmers' wives and daughters in attend- anc«' at the corresponding course in domestic science. The State Corn Show was a special ft'ature. with entries rejiresenting over "t.OOO fjirniers and farmers' boys, many of whom were formally organized into corn clubs. On Jjinuary 11 occurred the dedication of the new station building recently (le|iartiiients of aniiiial iiulu.stry aiul afiriculturai chemistry, the extension (lepartiiieiit and the lil)rary. Ou the second floor are located the depiirtnients of aj^ricnlfure and forestry, the bacteriolosical laboratory, and the UHisetnn : and on the third floor are the ofhces and class rooms of the horti- cultural dei>artment, drafting rooms, and a large lecture hall. The various laboratories are fully etjuipped with water, gas, and steam, and the interior and the furnishings are in dark mission oak. About ."lO ft. to the rear of the agricultural hulUllng is the new stock-judging pavilion, octagonal in shape, and 50 ft. in diameter. This is also of bride and is of the same general style as the main building. The judging ring is 25 ft. in diameter, and is surrounded by seats in amithitlicater style, with a seating capacity of al)out 350 people. In connection with the dedicatory exercises a meeting was lield of the New England Federation of Agricultural Students. Massachusetts Station. — C S. Pomeroy has resigned as assistant horticulturist to accei)t a position in connection witli the field investigations in pomology of this Department. Minnesota University and Station. — L. D. Niles has been appointed assistant in animal hiisliaudi-y. Missouri University and Station. — The Farmers" Week, held at Columbia under the aus[iices of the State Board of Agriculture during the week of January 4 was extremely successsful, attracting an attendance of over 1,000. A large number of organizations participated in the meetings, including in addi- tion to the College of Agriculture and the State Board of Agriculture, the State Board of Horticulture, Improved Live Stock lireeders' Association, Dairy Asso- ciation, Butter Makers' Association, Corn Growers' Association, Sheep Breeders' Association, Swine (Jrowt'rs and Breeders' Association, Highway Engineers' Association, Jersey Cattle Breeders' Association, Bee Keepers' Association, Home Makers' Conference, and the American Breeders' Association. The general exercises were opened by I'resident A. Boss Hill of the univer- sity, former Secretary of Agriculture Norman J. Colman, and Dean Waters. Hlustrated lectures were gi\en by H. W. ^Mumford on Live Stock and xVgricul- tural Conditions in Argentina and How They Affect the American Live Stock Industry, and by W. J. Spillman on .Mendel's Law. C. A. Zavitz discussed the work of the Ontario Agricultural and Experimental Fnion, and Assistant Sec- retary of Agriculture W. M. Hays gave an address urging the betterment of L'l'ueial farm conditions and esjiecially of rural schools. During the week prac- lical demonstrations were given in soil, seed, and dairy work, stock and grain Judging, and there were corn, fruit, and dairy ])roducts shows. In the Home -Makers' Conference a Model Kitchen was on exhibition and an address was given by Miss Martha Van Rens.selaer, of Cornell I'niversity, on What the State .May Do for Farmt'rs' Wives. An account of the meeting of the Ameri- Mii Breeders' Association is given elsewhere in this issue. U. J. Carr has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry, vice C. W. Bine, wlitise rt'signatii»n has been previously noted. Nebraska University. — The eighth annual joint nu-cting of the various State agricultural as.sociatit)ns was held at the university farm January l.S-i;2, the ". arious organisations holding inei>tings including the Board of Agriculture, the ilorticultinal Society, the X'eterinary Medical As.sociati(»n, the Dairymen's Asso- ciation, Poultry Association, tlie Improvcnl Live Stock A.ssociation, the Swine Brwders' A.ssociation. Ilu; associalions of breeders of Poland China and i>uroc Jersey swine and I{e«l Polled, .\berileen-.\ngus. and Shorthorn cattle, the Bee Keepers' Association, the Corn Imi»rover.s' Association, the Farmers' Institute 596 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Conference, and the Home Economics Association. A large number of experts from several agricultural colleges and experiment stations and from this De- partment participated in the various programmes. A special feature of the meetings was the dedication on January 19 of Home Economics Hall— a three-story structure of gray pressed brick, costing about $70,000. The dedicatory address was delivered by Mrs. Ellen H. Richards, of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. The short winter courses at the school of agriculture opened with an en- rollment of about 250, making the total number of agricultural students in the university about 850, of whom 110 are in university courses in agriculture, forestry, and home economics, and the remainder in the school of agriculture. North Carolina State Station.— Tait Butler, veterinarian and animal hus- bandman, resigned January 1 to become editor of Southern Farm Gazette, pub- lished at Starkville, Miss. C. D. Harris, assistant chemist and microscopist, has resigned to engage in commercial work. J. L. Burgess, formerly of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has been appointed to conduct work in the study of leading southern crops, their improvement by selection and breeding and the adaptation of crops to type soils. Ohio University. — A four-year course in forestry has been added to the cur- riculum and will be offered beginning with the next academic year. The first annual State corn show was held at the university, November 23-25, under the auspices of the State Corn Improvement Association. In a corn- judgiug contest a number of trophy cups were offered by agricultural news- papers, the station director of cooperative experiments, a member of the sta- tion staff for the best record of management in raising field corn, and by the faculty of the college of agriculture for the best exhibit from high schools. At an evening session addresses were given by C. P. Hartley, W. J. Spillmau, and A. D. Shamel of the Bureau of Plant Industry, and H. H. Johnson of the Bu- reau of Statistics of this Department, Governor A. L. Harris. J. E. Wing. C. W. Burkett, and others. The first movable school of agriculture to be undertaken in. the State was held at Paulding during the week of October 28, under the supervision of the extension department. The school was arranged for by the president of the local national bank and was very successful. A small fee was charged to de- fray expenses. There was an enrollment of 85 farmers. Oklahoma College and Station. — The death is reported of F. C. Burtis, agri- culturist and horticulturist in the college and station from 1900-1902, and agriculturist until 190G. Professor Burtis was graduated from the Kansas College in 1891, and served as assistant agriculturist in the Kansas Station prior to his Oklahoma appointment. In the course of his work in Oklahoma he outlined and developed the course in agriculture, assisted in establishing the short courses, and organized the college creamery. Pennsylvania College and Station. — A better-farming train, manned by a corps of lecturers from the college and station staff, has been sent out over the Pennsylvania Railroad, traversing the southeastern part of the State. The train was a new feature in that section and attracted much attention both from farmers and the general public. Rhode Island College. — In the announcement of the extension department of this college for 1909 the list of technical and popular lectures by members of the faculty has been increased to seventy-four, and covers nearly every phase of the college work. These lectures are available to associations of engineers and mechanics, granges, and other farmers' organizations and meetings of educational associations. The extension department also offers to conduct NOTES. 597 correspondence courses on general frnit culture and gardening, and to advise with individuals concerning reading courses. South Carolina College and Station. — The agrifiiltnral faculty and station stafl" have formed tlie Clcnison liiological Clul) for which weekly meetings are contenijilated. (icorge (i. Ainslcy. of the Bureau of Entomology of this Depart- ment, has accejitcd the iiositinn of assistant jirofessor of (Mitoniology in the college. South Dakota College and Station. — The new school of agriculture is proving ving at every town reached by the railroad. Domestic science and dairy work were made special features. The train was enthusiastically received, and in many places overflow meetings in halls and meeting houses were necessary. E. II. Favor, assistant horticulturist, has resigned to engage in commercial work. Vermont Station. — li. E. Vaughau, assistant horticulturist, has resigned to become instructor in agronomy and kindred snb.iects in the secondary school at Jlount Hermon. Mass. Virginia College and Station. — The better- farming special train sent out over the Norfolk ami Western Itailway by the college and station in cooperation with the State truck station, the tobacco substations, and the State department of agriculture, November 4-1.3, lOOS, met with good success, about 5,000 people visiting the train. The initial eiu-ollment in the farmers' short course is nearly no, a largr increase over the preceding j'ear. Washington College and Station. — A. G. Craig has resigned as instructor in horticulture in the college and assistant horticulturist in the station to engage in commercial work. West Virginia University. — A six-day tour of the State by a better-farming .siiecial train aroused nnich interest. Fully 14,000 people visited the train, and in one small town 3.">0 farmers were on hand iu a pouring rain at 8.30 in the morning. In some towns the stores were closed and sjiecial meetings were held by the board «)f trade ami other organizations in connection with the trip. American Breeders' Association. — The fifth aiuuial meeting of this associa- tion was held at ('ohmihia, .Mo., .lanuary (!-S. in con.|unction with a large num- ber of State organizations particijiating iu the exercises of Farmers' Week. .Vddresses were delivered at the general sessions by Assistant Secretary of Agriculture W. M. Hays, on Plant and Animal breeding and on Country Life IMncafison : Practical Po.ssil>ilities of (Jrafting and Pudding Forest 598 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. iiiul Nut Trees, by G. L. Clothier; The Eliiniiiiition of the Gullied Hillside Through Tree Breeding, by J. R. Smith ; Breeding Sorghum, by C. O. Townsend ; Work Conducted by the United States Department of Agriculture in Breeding High Grade Strains of Sugar Beet Seeds and Testing Imported Varieties, by J, E. W. Tracy; Some Principles of Poultry Breeding, by C. B. Davenport; Natural r. Artificial Incubation in Poultry Breeding, by James Dryden ; The Factor Hypothesis in Relation to Plumage Color, by C. B. Davenport ; A Few^ Preliminary Experiments on the Effect of the Age of the Parents Upon the Vigor of Chickens, .by Horace Atwood ; Some Observations in Telegony, by E. H. Riley ; Breeding Tobacco for High and Low Nicotine Content, The Rela- tion of Nicotine to the Quality of Tobacco, by W. W. Garner ; History of Zimmer Spanish Tobacco, by A. D. Selby ; Tobacco Seed Separation, Selection, and Propagation, by D. P. Cooley ; The Production of a New Strain of Tobacco and its Development, by J. B. Stewart ; Maryland Tobacco Breeding Work, by D. E. Brown ; Work on Tobacco Breeding in Kentucky and Tennessee for 11J08, by W. H. ScherfBus ; Report on the Improvement of Filler and W^ rapper Tobacco in Eastern Texas by Seed Selection, by W. M. Hinson ; The Present Status of Apple Breeding in America, by S. A. Beach; Characteristic of Wealthy Apple Seedlings, by W. T. ^Nlacoun ; Effect of Different Methods of Selection on the Fixation of Hybrids, by W. J. Spillman; What are Factors in Mendelian Ex- planation? by T. H. Morgan; Inbreeding and Degeneration, by C. B. Davenport; Intiuence of P'ood Supply on Variation, by H. H. Love; Bud Variations and Their Meaning, by H. J. Webber; A Plan for Breeding Swine, by D. A. (Jaum- nitz; Fundamental Principles of Successful Swine Breeding, by William Diet- rich ; Experiments on Living Birds to Determine Effect of Humidity on Colora- tion of Plumage, by C. W. Beebe ; Propagation of Game Birds in Captivity, by Wallace Evans; A Statement of Necessary Changes in Game Laws in the Inter- est of Breeders, by D. W. Huntington ; Genetic I^aws Applied : Results with Hybridized Swine, by Q. I. and J. P. Simpson ; Hybridizing the Virginia Deer, by J. W. Griggs; General Report on the Raising of Deer, by D. E. Lantz : and Another Mode of Species Forming, by Luther Burbank. Among the committees submitting formal reports were the following : On Pedagogics of Breeding, E. Davenport ; On Pure Bred Seed and Plant Business, by C. A. Shamel ; On Breeding Roses, by W. Van Fleet ; On Breeding Forage Crops, by C. Y. Piper ; On Breeding Nut and Forest Trees, by G. B. Sudworth ; On Breeding Poultry, by C. B. Davenport; On Breeding Sheep and Goats, by W. C. Coffey : and On Eugenics, by David Starr Jordan. ]Many other reports and papers were also submitted and will be incorporated in the annual report of the proceedings, which it is hoped to issue at an early date. The association adopted a resolution favoring the amendment of State game laws to permit the sale at all times of live game for propagation and the sale, except during the breeding season, of game reared in a wild state by breeders and farmers. Federal legislation was advocated in connection with the taking of the Thirteenth Census whereby in certain parts of the country data may be collected relative to heredity in man, and the committee on eugenics was author- ized to prepare schedules for the purpose. Officers were elected for the ensuing year as follows: Hon. Janie?< Wilson, Washington, D. C, president; William George, Aurora, 111., vice-president; W. M. Hays, Washington, D. C, secretary; N. H. Gentry, Sedalia. Mo., treas- urer: O. E. Bradfute, Cedarville, Ohio, chairman, and C. B. Davenport, Cold Spring Harbor, N. Y., secretary of the animal section ; and H. J. Webber, Ithaca, N. Y., chairman, and N. E. Hansen, Brookings, S. Dak., secretary of the plant section. American Society of Agricultural Engineers. — The second annual meeting of this soci(>tv was held at the Universitv of Illinois December 29 and ot». 1908. NOTES. 599 I'oIIowin^ an addross of wokuiiie by Dfuii Davenport, J. 15. Davidson, of the Iowa C'ollef^e, gave the presidential address. In this he called attention to the remarkable extension of enjjineering featnres into asrienltural work dnrin>; the past decade through improved farm implements, farm buildings, field and saui- tarj' drainage, and water supply, the securing and applying of irrigation water, and good roads, and emphasized the consequent need of instruction in agricul- tur.-il engineering at the agricultural colleges. lie also discussetl the purpose and scope of the society, pointing out that all those engaged in farm-in)plement «U'sign and manufacture, ; rchitects of farm buildings, drainage, irrigation, .vnd highway engineers, and related lines of work are eligible to membership. E. W. Hamilton gave an account of the farm motor contest recently held at the Winnipeg Industrial Exhibition, and discussed the benefits of such compe- titions. E. A. White presented a paiier on The I'low Contest. Pumping Ma- rhinery for Irrigation Purposes was discussed in a paper by H. M. liainer, Ditch Excavating by ^lachiuery by A. E. Miller, and the Economical Location and .Vrrangenieut of- Farm liuildiugs by E. W. Ilaniiltim. Some Pressing Agri- cultural Problems were di.scussed by M. E. King, who called attention to the newl of special agricultural knowledge in the solution of many engineering jiroblems. As at the i>revions meeting, considerable attention was given to educational phases. W. M. Nye presented a paper entitled Should a Course in Farm .Mechanics be Offered in Agricultural High Schools? J. F. Steward discussed .Methods of Instruction in Farm Machinery as seen from the Manufacturers Standpoint, and I. II. P.artholeniew gave an address on The Pelation of the Implement Manufacturer to the College Department of Agricultural Engi- neering. An outline of a college course of study in rural engineering, as prepared by the connnittee on instruction in agricultvire of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, was submitted to the society and after discussion referred to a committee to confer with the committee of the association. In an address on The Need for Work in Agricultural Engineering by the .N'ational (Jovermnent, K. P. Teele, of this Office, outlined the methods and poli- (i!». Proposed Association of Plant Pathologists. — At a meeting of i)lant patholo- gists held at Paltimore, I)eceml»er .'!(), P.M),S, in connec-tioii witii the meetings of the .\merican .Association for the Advancement of Science, a temporary organi- zation was effjH-tiMl by tlie election of the foll(»wing ollicers : President. L. P. .lones. of tlH' Vermont I'niversity and Statiou; vice-iiresident, A. D. Selby. of the Ohio Station; and .secretary and treasurer, C. E. Shear, of tbis Department: with .1. P.. S. Norton, of the .Maryland College and Statiou. and P.. M. Duggar. of the Cornell Cniversify and Station, as additiouiil nu'Uibers of the coinicil. 'I'he coiMicil is to consider mattcis relaUng to permanent organization and |iolicy, jiikI jirranire for the next meeting. 600 EXPERIMEXT STATION EECORD. American Forestry Association. — This association held its tweuty-eighth an- nual meethig at Washington, D. C, January 13 and 14. Governor Curtis (iuild, of Massachusetts, was elected president to succeed Secreta.ry Wilson, of this department, who declined reelection. Among the resolutions adopted was one in advocacy of national legislation providing for instruction in forestry in agricultural colleges. Necrology. — Dr. J. W. Fletcher, botanist and entomologist of the Central Experiment Station farm, Ontario, since ISST, died November S, aged 50 years. Doctor Fletcher took a proraiueut iiart in securing the establishment of the Dominion experimental farms, and was also entomologist of the Canada geo- logical survey. He was th(! author of numerous bulletins and other articles dealing with Canadian insect life and other scientific subjects. The January number of The Ottawa Naturalist contains a list of his extensive writings and many tributes to his life and work. Charles Baltet, one of the foremost practical horticulturists and horticultural writers of France, died at his home at Troyes, November 24, at the advanced age of TS. For more than fifty years M. Baltet was intimately connected with the development and progress of French horticulture. He was the leading spirit in the founding of the National Horticultural School at Versailles, and always remained a friend to that institution. He was also well known in many countries through his numerous papers and treatis-es on various phases of practical horticulture, among which may be mentioned L'art de greffer, Traite de la culture fruitiere crium weights of ammonia, Jost 610 On the constitution of phosphoric acid, Palazzo and Maggiacomo 610 The determination of phosphoric acid, von Lorenz 610 The Silz 611 The inversion of cane sugar by invertase, Hudson 611 Detection of (5-fructose in the presence of other natural sugars, Pieraerts 611 The estimation of sugar in beet stalks and dried i^ulp, Robart 61 2 A reaction for the detection of natural and artificial honey, Fiehe 612 The rapid estimation of starch in sausage and other meat products, Telle 612 Detection of horse meat in sausage, etc , Telle 612 Methods employed for the analyses of wines, alcohols, brandy, and liqueurs. 612 New method for determination of acids in fermented beverages, Pozzi-Escot. 612 Citric acid in wine, Hubert 612 Note on the formation of formaldehyde in solutions of cane sugar, Ramsay. . . 612 Titration of formaldehyde in coloved solutions, Sorensen and Je:-sen-Hansen. 612 The detection of formaldehyde, von Fillinger 612 Estimation of boric, salicylic, and benzoic acid, von (ienersich 612 The detection of saponin, Riihle 612 The valuation of saffron for dairy pur[>oses, Teichert 612 The preservation of milk samples for analytical purposes, Windisch 613 Rapid estimation of potassium bichromate in milk, Gouere 613 Studies on the Adams method of estimating fat, Eichloff 613 An automatic devit'e for measuring reagents used in the GerVjer method 613 A new automatic milk-measuring device, "Wendler 613 New apparatus for estimating the moisture content of butter 613 Total solids in mill products by the refractometer, Peck 613 Refractometer in the control of sugar manufacturing processes, Strohmer 613 A new soil sampler, Stevenson 613 M ETEOROLOG Y WATER. The weather service and meteorology in the United States and Canada, Polis. 614 Third annual report of the meteorological committee 61 4 The daily normal temperature and precipitation of the United States, Bigelow. 614 Monthly Weather Review 614 Meteorological statistics for 1907, Loud , 615 Climate [of Maryland], Clark and Mathews 615 The meteorological service and the climate of Sao Paulo, Belfort Mattos 615 The weather of 1907 at the Midland Agricultural and Dairy College 615 Dew measurements during 1904 to 1907, Passerini 615 Report of station of agricultural climatology of Juvisy, 1907, Flammarion 615 Study of the climate of Rennes, Cloarec 616 Meteorological ol)servations at Ploti Station, 1907, Boulatovitch and Winkler. 616 Report of meteorological commission [Cape of Good Hope], 1907, Smith et al. (il6 A comparison of the rainfall of Sydney and Melbourne, 1876-1905, Duckworth . (il 6 Artesian water supply of Australia with reference to Gregory's theory, Pittman . ()16 Chlorin and solid matter in river water. Sack 616 The decomposition and nitrification of sewage, Purvis and Courtauld 616 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, Shenton 61 7 Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal 617 SOILS — KERTILIZERS. Bibliography of the geology of Connecticut, Gregory 617 The distribution and location of moors in Germany, Krische 617 Agrologic study of an estate by the method of J. Hazard, Gregoire and Halet. 617 Agronomic charts, Leplae 618 The agronomic chart of Belgium and analyses of soils, Leplae 618 Agronomic charts, Gregoire and Halet 618 Agronomic chai'ts, Proost 618 The study of soils (518 Agrological studies, Rebello da Silva 618 The use of geo-agrological maps in the assessmentof taxes in Verona, Nicolis. . 618 Analyses of soils from Papua, Guthrie and Symmonds 618 Soil analysis as applied to forestry, Vater 618 Causes of the dying out of artificial forest plantings in the steppes, Kravkov. . 618 Regarding certain so-called physical properties of soil, Ehrenberg 619 On physical properties of soils, Rodewald 619 Note on a flowing (melting) soil, (irregoire 619 The lines of flow of water in saturated soils, Richardson 619 CONTENTS. Ill I'age. The reliitioii of soils' to tlie litriiiatioii of jiroiiml water, Mczjier HI!» Soil wastairi", C'hamherliii (j]9 Soil tiMii|>eratun' investigations, llecker 619 C)bservati(in.s ami researelien in soil temperature, I)e20 Nitrogen in dead forest cover, Henry H20 The influence of 1)acteria on evajxjration from soils, Stigell 620 The behavior of soil organisms in solution and in soils, Stevens et al 620 NitrilicatioM in acitl soils. Hall, Miller, and (iiminghani 621 N'itrogen-lixing bacteria. III, Lohnia and Pillai 621 On dicyandiamid bacteria, Perotti 622 A review of the bacteriology of ammonium compounds, Khrenberg 622 The fixation of annnoinacal nitrogen by zeolites in soils, I'feiffer et al 622 Action of ammoiiiacal nitrogen under the influence of liihe, Pfeiffer et al 622 The effect of ammonium suljihate anhateand nitrate of soda, L()hnisand Blobid, trans, by Koning. 623 The utilization of nitrogen in tlie form of ammonium nitrate, Pfeiffer et al 623 Lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and limeniter, Sjollemaand I)e Kuijterde Wildt. 623 Fertilizer experiments with nitrogen lime for potatoes, Stutzer 624 Fertilizer exjieriments with lime niter on tobacco and tomatoes in 1907, Stutzer. 624 Experiments in manuring wheat with calcium nitrate, Paris 624 utilization of atmospheric nitrogen in production of calcium cyanamid, Frank. 624 Phosphate deposits of Algeria and Tunis 624 rhospiiate production in Algeria and Tunis, 1907 625 Composition and valueof sugar beetvinasse, Verbiese and Darras-Verbiese 625 Commercial fertilizers, P>urd 625 Analyses of commercial fertilizers and Paris green, Halligan et al 625 Analyses and valuations of commi-rcial fertilizers, Cathcart et al 625 Analyses of fertilizers collected by commissioner of agriculture during 1908. .. 625 AtiKUTLTrKAL BOTANY. l-.xperiments in the mitrition of jtlants. Petit . 625 Investigations on the localization of saccharose in sugar bei'ts, Peklo 626 The osmotic properties of the root hairs of certain salt-marsh plants, Hill 626 Action of compresseecies of Ixodida-, Cooper et al 656 The habits, life cycle, and breeding places of the common house fly, Newstead. 656 Flies as carrit-rs of contagion in yaws, Robertson 657 Bee pirates, Mally 657 Some information on silkworm culture iu the Philippine Islands, Schultze 657 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. R<'pfirt of the State food commissioner of Illinois, ltt07, Jones 657 Milk and Tiiilk products, water, foods, anrl condiments, Ainnann »)57 F»'«'<1 laws in the United States, Neufeld 657 < >hio general food and drug law, Dunlap 657 Ijilielsaml rulings, Ladd 657 Progress in the chemistry of food and condiments in 1907, Kutten-Keuler 658 The effect of certain preservatives on chopped meat, Mezger anard from oily hogs, Richardson and Farey 658 Examination ui sausages and their hygienic preparation, Savage ()58 VI C'ONTKN'TS. Page. The occurrence of monaiuinic acids in meat extract, ^licko 658 A study of the extractive material of fish flesh, Suwa 658 Preparinoric acid, Buttenberg 658 Judging preserved egg yolk, Briining 658 Note on a sample of preserved egg yolk, Schoonjans 658 Influence of heat on the lecithin-phosphoric acid content of egg i)astes, Lu(hvig 658 Paste goods containing eggs, Witte 658 Determining the leaking quality of flour, Kenner 658 Determining tlie volume of bread, Neumann and Salecker 659 Experiments with special l)read made from the entire grain, Strunk 659 Concerning bread facilities, Bischoff 659 Helianthus tubers, a new vegetable, Kroeber 659 A sample of Chinese so}-, Herlant 659 Chemical studj' of a sugar-yielding grass, Perrot and Tassilly 659 The endo- and ektoinvertase of the date, Vinson 659 Sulphurous acid content of Calii'ornia dried fruit, Prstibytek 660 Composition of some fruit juices and alcohol fruit extracts, Chauvin et al 660 J. Plalmi's study of Hungarian fruit juices, Plahl 660 Examination of currant juice. Van West 660 Exaniinati(jn of lemon juice, Devin 660 The declaration of jiiarmalades, fruit juices, and other fruit products, Keythien. 660 Marmalades, Hartel 660 The occurrence of arsenic in marmalades, Rupp. 660 The effect of color on the composition of cider during fermentation, Andouard. 661 Extract material of cider, Andouard 661 Quality and com])Osition of Charente wine, Guillon 661 White wine which has been decolorized, Orlianges 661 Citric acid and natural wines, Astruc 661 Caffein-free coffee, Scheringa 661 Caffein-f ree coffee, Lendrich and Murdfield 661 Hibiscus seeds as coffee adulterant, Chiappella 661 Examination of teas on sale in Turkestan, Karpow 661 The composition of Horlick's malted milk, Richmond and Musgrave 661 Medicinal foods 661 Book of recipes (the auto-cook) 1 661 Cheap food - - - 661 Relation of nutrition investigations to home economics, Langworthy 661 The physiology of digestion and nutrition, Cohnheim 662 Food problems, Rubner 662 Appetite from a theoretical and practical standpoint, Sternl)erg 662 Concerning work of digestion,''Heilner 662 The role of digestive juices in metabolism, London 662 Metabolism experiments on the protein requirement of the child, Lungwitz. . 662 Diminished muscular activity and protein metabolism, Bhaffer. 662 The identity of novains with carnitin, Krimberg 663 The relation of oblitin to carnitin, Krimberg 663 Experiments on a maize diet. Some properties of zein, Baglioni 663 Concerning the digestion of fat in the animal body, Levites 663 The action of gastric juice on starches, Roger and Simon 663 Experiments on carbohydrate metabolism, Johansson 663 The influence of mineral matter in the formation of the tissues, (laube . . 663 The action of chocolate and coffee on renal excretion, Fauvel 664 On the duration of rest after eating, Hallopeau 664 ANIMAL PRODUCTIOX. Digestion experiments with native hay, Dinsmore and Kennedy 664 Feeding for meat production, Armsby - 665 The relation of steer feeding to farm economics, Quereau 665 Steer feeding experiments. Burns 666 Grazing experiments in a coyote-proof pasture, Jardine and Coville 666 [Experiments with lambs and swine]. True 667 Pig- feeding experiments, Linfield 667 Some poultry experiments, Mairs 668 The molting of fowls, Rice, Nixon, and Rogers 670 CONTENTS. VII DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. I'age. Home-grown rations in ocdnomical production of milk and butter, Price 672 Records from Indiana dairy herds, llnn/iker et a! 1573 The univt-rsity lurd; manau'enicnt and records, H)07-8, llumjihrey and Woll. 674 ( 'liani^es of bacterial Hora of milk durinj^ so-called incubation period, Wolff .. 674 l",ffect of pasteurization on the anunonia in milk, Wliitman and Sherman 675 Chemical evidence of peptonization in milk, Colwell and Sherman 675 A Htudy of moisture in butter. Mi Ivay and Bower 676 Proteolytic chantres in tiit^ ripening of Camembert cheese, Dox 677 I'aratlining butter tubs, Kogers 678 Otlicials, organizations, and institutions connected with dairy interests, HK)8.. 678 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the department of veterinary science and bacteriology, 1907, Mack.. 678 Uei)ort,s of i)roceedings un;i the penetration of eggs by bacteria, t'ao 685 Kricdberger and Frohner's veterinary jtathology, Hayes 685 Inde.x-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, Stiles and Hassall 685 ( )ljservations on the veterinary schools in P^urope, Fish 685 Rl'RAI, ENGINEERING. Progress in rlrainage, Elliott 686 I'ractical farm drainage, lllliott 686 i,os.ses of irrigation water and their prevention, Teele 686 I rri>:ation in southea.«tern Australia 686 I rrigation and seepage e.\ periment 687 riiysical tests of Iowa limes, Beyer 687 Modern silo construction, Davidson and King 687 I low to build a stave silo, Rawl and Conover 688 [\ new pea and bean thresher], (^uereau t)88 Klectricity in agriculture, ("herry 688 RIRAI, ECONO.MICS. The agricultural and transportation industries, Lambert 688 The position an, Nicholson (589 ( ''K)iMTalive farming, Hulstrode 689 Tlifc! sii:nili(anc(! of agricultural cooperative a.»>8rK;iation8 in Germany, (Jrabein 689 Luid and agricultural lianks in Kuroi)ean countries, Kckerbom (589 Tile farm help problem, I'otter (589 f Amicultiiral labor conditions in Germany] (>89 How can the scarcity of 89 Is the airricuitural laborer in Fast Prussia a proletarian? Hoffmeister (590 Agriculture, horticulture, feeding stuffs, Grandeau 690 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Imports of farm and forest products, 1905-1907 690 Exports of farm and forest products, 1905-1907 690 Crop Reporter 690 Agricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for 1907, Adams 690 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Progress in agricultural education, 1907, Crosby 691 Statistics of land-grant colleges and experiment stations, 1907, Spethmann 691 Statistics of educational institutions, 1904-5 691 A successful agricultural high school - 691 Crookston School of Agriculture, Robertson 691 For the promotion of the culture and uses of fruit 691 School gardening in the province of La Union, Foreman 691 Boys' corn growing contest, Jordan 691 With a prosperity train in Georgia, Ball 691 The farmers' institutes in the United States, 1907, Hamilton 691 Agricultural education through rural schools, Sanderson 692 The need of technical education in our public schools, Gibbs 692 Agricultural education in the schools, Butterfield .... 692 The rural school and its relation to the community and agriculture, Butterfield 692 Elementary principles of agriculture, Ferguson and Lewis 692 Plowing and harrowing, Goodrich 692 Soil studies, Taylor 692 Seeds and seedlings. Brooks 692 What trees do, Lazenby. 692 MISCELLAXEOrS. Annual Report of the Office of Experiment Stations, 1907 693 Annual Report of Nevada Station, 1907 693 Bulletins of Alabama College Station 693 Index to papers relating to plant-industry subjects in the Yearbooks, Rockwell 693 Classified list of available publications of the Bureau of Animal Industry 693 A primer of conservation, Cleveland, jr 693 Declaration of Governors for conservation of natural resources 693 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United Statea. Stdtionx in the United States — Con tinned. Alabama Colle?;e Station: I'age. Index, 14(1906), 15 (1907)... 693 Tennessee Station: Page. Arkansa-s Station: Bui. 79, June, 1908 665 ,688 Bu!. 102, 1908 655 Bui. 80, June, 1908 672 California Station: Texas Station: Hill. 199, Ang., 1908 681 Bnl. 110, Sept., 1908 66() Bui. 200, Aucr., 1908 650 Bui. Ill, Sept., 1908 684 Bui. 201, Jnne.W, 1908 625 Wisconsin Station: Seed Bui., 1908-9 641 Bui. 165, Nov., 1908 68? (ieorjiia Station: Bui. 167, Sept., 1908 674 Bui. 83, Oct., 1908 635 U. S. Department of AqricuUwe. Hawaiian Su<;ar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Cheiu. Bui. 27, 1908 613 Farmers' Bui. 339 634 Indiana Station: Farmers' Bui. 340 693 Bui. 127, Sept., 1908 673 Bureau of Animal Indu.strv: Iowa Stiition : Bui. 108 (10 cents) 665 Bui. 100, July, 1908 687 Bui. 109 (5cents) 677 Bui. 101, Oct., 1908 676 Circ. 130 678 Louisiana Stations: Circ. 134 693 Bui. Ill, Sept., 1908 Bui. 112, Oct., 1908 633 Circ. 135 678 642 Circ. 136 688 Bui. 118, Sept., 1908 625 F^orest Service: Mas^aehusetta Station: Circ. 150 644 Bui. 125, Oct. 1, 1908 643 Circ. 155 645 Montana Station: Circ. 156 666 Bui. 73, Sept., 1908 667 Circ. 157.. 693 Nevada Station: Circ. 158 629 Bui. ()3 (An. Rpt., 1907) Dec, Bureau of Plant Industry: 1907 631, H.34, 649,667, 6' "8, 693 Bui. 135 (20 cents) 641 liul. 64, Sept., 1907 664 655 Bui. 136 (10 cents) 6'-'9 Bui. 65, Feb., 1908 Circ. 16 635 New Jersey Stations: Circ. 17 693 Bui. 21.3, Sept. 8, 1908 656 Circ. 18 636 Bui. 214, Sei)t. 21, 1908 656 Doc. 403 630 Bui. 215, Sept. 24, 1908 625 Bureau of Statistics: New Me.xico Station: Bui. 70 (10 cents) Bui. 71 (10 cents) 690 B.ul. 68, Aug., 1908 653 690 New York Cornell Station: Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 1, Bnl. 258, Sept., 1908 670 Jan., 1909 690 New York State Station: Weather Bureau: Bill. 304, Nov., 1908 625 Bui. R(>^1.75) 614 Tech. Bui. 7, Oct., 1908 647 Monthly Weather Review, vol. North Dakota Station: 35, No. 13 (20 cents) 614 Spec. r.ui. 7, Nov., 1907 657 Ortice of l^xperiment Stations: i'ennsylvania Station: An. Rpt. ,1907 (60 cents) 661, Bui. 87, Aug., 1908 668 686, 691 , (i93 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture, except those f>f the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Superintendent of Docu- iiicnt.>J, Washington, D. V. For the publiiations of the W'eatiier Puireau re(|Ui'st.ossibilities of their regions: *• Lack of good training for country life in the schools; '* The disadvantage or handicap of the farmer as against the estal)- lislu'd business systems and interests, preventing him from securing a(l('(|uate returns for his products, depriving him of the benefits that would result from unmonopolized rivers and the conservation of forests, and dejiriving the connnunity, in many cases, of the good that would come from the use of great tracts of agricultural land that are now held for speculative purposes; " Lack of good highway facilities; 604 EXPERIMENT. STATION RECORD. " The Avidespread {•ontiimiiig depletion of soils, with the injurious effect on rural life: " A general need of new and active leadership. •• Other causes contributing to the general result are : Lack of any adequate system of agricultural credit, whereb}" the farmer may readih' secure loans on fair terms; the shortage of labor, a condition that is often complicated by intemperance among workmen ; lack of institutions and incentives that tie the laboring man to the soil; the burdens and the narrow life of farm women ; lack of adequate super- vision of public health." The three great general and innnediate needs of country life as summarized by the President from the findings of the commission are: "First, effective cooperation among farmers, to put them on a level with the organized interests with which they do business. '* Second, a new kind of schools in the country, which shall teach the children as much outdoors as indoors and perhaps more, so that they will prepare for country life, and Jiot as at present, mainly for life in town. " Third, better means of communication, including good roads and a parcels post, Avhich the country people are everywhere, and rightly, unanimous in demanding. " To these may well be added better sanitation; for easily prevent- able diseases hold several million country people in the slavery of continuous ill health."* The report of the conmiission states that the subject of paramount importance as developed by the inquiries of the commission is educa- tion. •' In every part of the United States there seems to be one mind, on the part of tho.se capable of judging, on the necessity of redirect- ing the rural schools. There is no such unanimity on any other sub- ject. It is remarkable with what similarity of phrase the subject has been discussed in all parts of the country before the commission. Everywhere there is a demand that education have relation to living, that the schools should express the daily life, and that in the rural districts they should educate by means of agriculture and country life subjects. It is recognized that all difficulties resolve themselves in the end into a question of education." The commission is of the opinion that "' the most necessary thing now to be done for public- school education in terms of country life is to arouse all the jDeople to the necessity of such education, to coordinate the forces that are be- ginning to operate, and to project the work beyond the schools for youth into continuation schools for adults." The commission there- fore suggests the establishment of nation-wide extension work. " The first, or original, work of the agricultural branches of the land-grant colleges Avas academic in the old sense; later there w^as added the great field of experiment and research ; there noAv should be added the third coordinate branch, comprising extension Avork, Avithout KDi roHiAi.. _ 605 which no t'olle<>:o of agricuture can adequateh' serve its State. It is to the extension department of these colleges, if jjroperly condnctod. that we must now look for the most effective roiisin;uidance. "The exercise of a wise advice, stimulus, and direction from some central national agency, ('xtendinii' over a series of years, could accomplish untold good, not oidy for the open country, but for all the jieople and for our institutions. •• In the connnunities themselves the same kind of guidance is needed, operating in good farming, in schools, churches, societies, and all useful i)ublic work. The gi'cat need everywhere is new and young leadership, and the commission desires to make an appeal to all young men and women who love the open country to consider this field when out. and the President concurs in the con- clusion, •• that the most imi)<)rtant hel]) that the Goverimient. whether National or State, can give is to show the people how to go about these tasks of organization, education, and communication with the best and quickest results. This can be done by the collection and spread of information."" The President urges that "it is of the first importance that the United States Department of Agriculture, through which as prime agent the ideas the commission stands for must reach the jn'ople. should become without delay in fact a T)ej)art- nient of Country Life, fitted to deal not only with crops, but also with all the larger as])ects of life in the open country." 'Jlic work of this commission i)roadly emphasizes the need, liitherto chiefly felt within a com|)arati\'ely narrow circle, of broadening the scope of our agricultural colleges and the State and National depart- ments of agriculture. So far the^-e institutions have directed their energies mainly toward stimulating agricultural jiroduction. The agricultural experiment stations are organized luider Federal and State legislation which i)ractically limits their work to the |)i<)i)lems of pro(luction. It is well that thi> is ^o. \\'hen the stations were established the lune was not ri|)e for economic and sociological studies among rural pco|)le in the Tnitecl States. If the stations had l)een permiltecl to <*ngage in statistical or other general in(|uiries icgarding agricultural conditions, it seem^ probable that their energies would have been 606 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD, largc4y dissipated in ill-considered general studies. The prime neces- sity was to establish agricultural production on a rational and scien- tific basis. This great task was laid upon the stations and the National Department of Agriculture. The concentration of effort in this direction Avas most fortunate and has led to results of permanent and incalculable value. This work is yet far from completion, but the institutions for research relating to agricultural production are now finnW established, have won the confidence and support of the agricultural community, and so demonstrated their usefulness that public funds are liberally bestowed on their maintenance. It is highly important that the stations and other agencies for such research should continue to be held strictl}' to this business. Accu- rate knowledge of the natural conditions governing agricultural production is the only sure basis for the permanent prosperit}' of agri- cultural communities. It would be most unfortunate if any move- ment should arise which would divert these research agencies from strict adherence to the program of close and accurate studies relating directly to agricultural j)roduction. But it is equally clear that the time has now coiiie for exact and comprehensive studies of the economic and social conditions of agri- cultural communities. The wisdom of agricultural production in any particular line is determined not only by the familiarity which producers may have with the requirements of the product as related to the natural conditions in their region but also by the economic conditions prevailing in or affecting this region. AAliether Xew Eng- land or Oregon farmers would better engage in wheat growing or dairy husbandry will depend not only on their knowledge of soils, methods of culture, and varieties of wheat, but also on the cost and value of the crop, the state of the wheat market in this and other countries, and other economic conditions. This is obvious when we state it, but oftentimes in our zeal to promote agricultural research relating to production we have laid so much stress on the necessity for an accurate knowledge of the factors of production that we have pro- duced the impression among agricultural people that if they only knew enough about the laws governing production they could suc- cessfully engage in any kind of agricultural pursuit despite the most unfavorable economic conditions. Such Avrong conceptions have, for example, led many to imagine and deplore a decadence of agricultui"^ in regions where changes in economic conditions were destroying certain agi'icultural industries and bringing in others which eventu- ally at least will prove more satisfactory and remunerative. It was inevitable that grain growing should cease to be the predominant factor in eastern agriculture, but more j^rosperous agricultural com- munities will result when dairy husbandry and horticulture are more firmly established and wisely conducted. Grazing may be for a time KDlTOiilAL, ()07 tlu' most i)ros|)en)iis agriculture ou our western plains, l)ut why regret if the herdsman is supplanted by the irrigator^ And even when the importance of economic- factors as related to agricultural production has been acknowledged it has too often been forgotten that agriculture is not likely to prove a satisfactory and attractive ])ursuit in any conununity. however favored as regards skill in production and success in buying and selling unless the social con- ditions are also favorable to country life. The awakening of interest in the economic and social problems of iigricultural counnunities which is bound to follow the in(iuiries of the Commission on Country Life will have only a transient effect unless it is succeeded by the establishment of ])ermanent institutions for the study of such problems and the preparation of exjjerts in these lino, ^^'hen we consider the vast extent of our country and the varied character and environment of our agricultural people it can hardly be expected that an}- satisfactory solution of the complex economic and social i)roblems of different regions can be reached until after nuiny years spent in the most careful study of local conditions by thoroughly trained experts. At present we have neither the facts nor the experts. To secure the exjx-rts it will be necessary to broaden the work of our agricidtural colleges and build up in them strong departments of agricultural economics and sociology. A beginning has been made in this direction, but jiresent provision for such studies is wholly inade- (|uate. It seems likely that the same process of evolution nnist go on in these dej>artments as has occurred in the de[)artments for agri- • idtural production. First, a few men will roughly block out the proltlems and attemi)t instruction on tliem. Then the need of research will be apparent, and fragmentary efforts wdll be made in this line. Hut the depaitments of instruction in agricultiwal economics and >ocioIogy will never be in satisfactory condition imtil agencies for •systematic research in these lines are established and have done con- siderable work. Herein lies a great o[)porliinity for the National anil State depart- ments of agricidture and the agricultural colleges. It is the joint work of all these agencies which alone will secure the best results. The icport of the Connnissiou on County Life points out the path along which progress should be made in the immediate future. Oiu* • liief puii)ose here is to em[)hasize the im[)()i-tance of the work of this conmiission as related to our agriculttiral colleges. It will be well if these iu>titutions follow closely the work of the commission and get ready to take up the work wheti the commission leaves it. One factoi- in the |)resent development of our agricultural colleges is of great im|)()rtance in this connection. As is well known, these Tlicjl -\n. 7-00 2 608 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. colleges are now proceeding rapidly with the formation of depart- ments for extension work. In this way they are being brought into much closer personal touch with the agricultural people. This is already giving the colleges a new and broader view of the problems of rural life. The varied human needs of agricultural communities and the dignity and worth of agricultural people are being borne in uj)on the colleges as never before. The movement for agricultural education is no longer a narrow and intellectual paternalism in which the few are condescending to advise the many. It is being more and more permeated with the spirit of comradeship and good fellowship in which all are uniting to advance a common cause. This drawing together of the institutions for agricultural education and the people should make it much easier to get at the real heart of rural economic and social questions and in the end exercise a profound influence toward their satisfactory solution. That the great impetus which science has in recent years given to agriculture in the United States has also been felt in other American republics is shown by the activity which has been displayed in many of these countries in reorganizing old and establishing new agricul- tural institutions, by increased demand upon this country for men to take charge of these institutions, and by the large number of young men of these countries seeking advanced training in agriculture in the United States. Evidence of the importance which science applied to agriculture is assuming in other American republics was furnished by the Fir^t Pan- American Scientific Congress recently held at Santiago, Chile, which was attended by representatives from all of the American republics except Haiti, and at which discussion of subjects related to agricul- tural education and research formed a prominent feature of the pro- ceedings. A section of the congress was devoted exclusively to the consideration of such subjects, and steps were taken to make this feature even more prominent at the next congress, which is to be held at Washington in 1912. It is believed that those in this country interested in the broad development of agricultural education and research and in extending and strengthening our scientific relations with other countries, partic- ularly those of continental America, will find in this congress a valu- able means to this end. Attention is therefore particularly called to the account of the Santiago congress which is given on page 695 of this number of the Record, and occasion is here taken to emphasize the importance of making the agricultural education and research features of the Washington congress worthily representative of the progress in these subjects in America and an incentive and aid to future development. RFXHNT WORK I\ AGRICULTURAL SCIEN'CE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Annual reports on the progress of chemistry for 1907 {Ann. Rptx. Prorj. Chcm. {London}, } {tUin). />/*. X+3(>2, fig. J). — This is the fourth vohinie of this series of reviews of projiress in eheniistry issued by the London CheniicMl Society. As lieretofore, it inchides reports on general and physical chemistry hy A. B^indlay, hiorgauic chemistry by H. Marshall, organic chemistry by II. J. II. Fenton, C. H. Desch, and J. T. Hewitt, stereochemistry by H. O. Joues. analytical chemistry by A. C. Chapman, physiological chemistrj- by W. D. Halliburton, agricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology by A. D. Hall, mineralogical chemistry l)y A. Hutchinson, and radioactivity by F. Soddy. The section on .igricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology reviews in- vestigations in soil bacteriology, chemistry, and physics; chemistry of the growing plant; manures and manuring; chemistry of animal nutrition; and chemical analysis. "The record of the year includes no notable discovery nor any paper that is likely to be reckoned in the future as of fundamental importance; in several directions, however, good progress has been made, although, as the subject oi)ens up, it is only to disclose its increasing com- plexity." General chemistry of enzyms, H. Eilkr (Ergrh. I'hg.sioL. 6 (1907), 187- !'i-!). — An important sunnnary of data regarding enzyms. Such questions are t.iken ui» as classitication, preparation, the influence of temper.it ure on cnzym activity, and the question of kinasiu.s ko-enzyms, or activators. The data of geochemistry, F. W. Cl.vrkk ( U. S. Geol. Survrg Bill. 330, pp. 711!). — "To bring .some of the data together, to formulate a few of the prob- lems, ;ind to present certain general conclusions in their modern form are the purposes of this memoir. It is not an exhaustive monograph upon geochem- i.stry, l»ut rather a critical sunnnary (»f what is now known and a guide to the more important literature of the subject." The different chapters treat of the chemical elements, the atmosphere, lakes iuid rivers, the ocean, the waters of cIos(m1 basins, mineral wells and springs, saline residu<'s. volcanic gases ,ind sublimates, the niolten magma, rock-forming minerals, igneous rocks, the d«'«'omposition of rocks, sedimentary and detrital rocks, metamorphic rocks, metallic ore.s, the natural Iiydrocarbons. iind coal. The determination of the equilibrium of ammonia under pressure, F, IlAiiKK and K. Lk Uossmxor, (/J.sclir. IJIcktrochrm., /'/ (lUOS), Xus. /.>, pp. ISl- l!ii;. pi. I : .{'/. pp. .7/.f. .7/'/; iih.><. in Sri. Ahs., i^rrt. .X—Phps.. II ( /.W.S), .Yo. 12iK p. .».W).— This is a further contribution to the discussion of this subject which has l»een going on for some time between the authors (E. S. U.. 1!», p. 010) and .Nerust and Jest. Further determinations are reported which confirm the author's previous results but do not agree with Nernst's th(H)retical calculations or the results obtained by Xernst and Jest at temperatures between OS"*" and 1040" F. 609 610 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the equilibrium weights of ammonia, F. Josr {Ztscln: Aiioigan. Chem., 51 U'JOS), Ao. /,. PI,. 'iL'i-JiSO, fig. 1; Ztschr. Elektrochcin., JJ, (I'JOS), No. 2S, pp. 313-315; i.. 2 (JH08). .Yo. 20, p. 21U1).— From a comparison of his method with the citrate method the author concludes that while the accuracy of the latter depends upon a compensation of errors the former gi^es directly accurate results. The author's method, moreover, is quicker, moi-e convenient, more generally applicable, and does not require the previous removal of silica. The determination of phosphoric acid by the von Lorenz method, O. Fallada (Mitt. Ctiem. Tech. Vers. Stat. Vent. Vcr. Riihcnz. Indus. Osterr. Ungar., No. 202. pp. 1-10; ahs. in Chem. Zenthh, 1908, II. No. 9. pp. 821, 828).— Comparative tests of this method and of the Wagner molybdic and citrate methods on Thomas slag, spodium. and superphosphate are reported. The results indicate a high degree of reliability for the method. Action of ammonium, citrate on calcium phosphate, A. Barille (Jour. Pharm. et Chim.. 6. ser., 21 (1908). No. 9. pp. .'i31-'i-',J ; Ann. Chim. Analyt.. 13 (1908), No. 1. pp. 261,-266; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. \Lon(lon\. 9', (1908). No. 548. II, p. Ji96; Chem. Zenthh, 1908. I, No. 26, />. 2130; Chem. .ihs., 2 (1908). No. 11. p. 235'/). — Experiments with dicalcium and trlcalcium phos- phates show that both salts are soluble and that the solubility varies with their physicial condition. The author concludes that the ammonium citrate solution not merely dissolves the phosphates, but forms true double salts with them. A simple method for the determination of potash in silicates, W. Autkn- RiETH (Zenthh Min. «. Geoh, 1908, pp. 513-511 ; ahs. in Chem. Zenthh. 1908, IT, No. IS, pp. 1125, 1126; Chem. Ahs., 2 (1908). No. 22, p. 3038; Jour. Chem. Soe. ]Lon(lon'\, 9', (1908). No. .5-52. II. p. 8.97).— The silicate is reduced with hydro- fluoric acid and sulphuric acid. The potash is precipitated with Koninck's sodium cobalti-nitrite reagent, but finally converted into either chloroplatinate or pei'chlorate and so weighed. A short volumetric method for the estimation of sulphuric acid, T. CooK- SEY (Jour, and Proc. Roy. Soc. N. S. Wales. J,l (1901), pp. 216-218).— A method based upon " the volumetric estimation of the excess of barium chlorid left in solution after precipitation of the sulphuric acid as sulphate of baryta " is described. Mechanical and physico-chemical analysis of soil, F. Hiti (Estac. Ayr. Cent. [.1/ejr/rol Boh '/. pp. 10). — The methods proiiosed by Grandeau for this purpose are described. The estimation of phosphoric acid in foods, E. Worner (ZtscJir. Untersucli. Nahr. u. Genusxmth, 15 (1908). No. 12. pp. 1.32-13.'i). — In the method described by the author the food material is oxidized with nitric and sulphuric acids, the phosphoric acid precipitated with molybdate solution, and the precipitate heated with excess of standardized sodium hydroxid solution. Ammonia is thus expelled and its quantity as determined by titration is a measure of the phos- phoric acid jiresent. The detection of pentoses by means of orcin hydrochlorate, .T. Pierakkts (Buh A^ssov. Chim, Suvr. vt Distilh, 26 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. ',6-62) .—ThQ results A(;RT(ri TTHAI. CHEMISTRY. Gil of till' .iiilhoi's cxttMidcil study >>( iiii-tlKuls wen' r.ivriiMldc to tlie iiso uf orciii hydnuhlonili'. Detection and estimation of rice husk in feeding stuffs. F. ScuRiioKR (Arb. A. Usnllitsanit.. .iS (IHOS). \ «. /. /*/(. Jl.i-22'i; (ihs. in. Aiiah/st, .W (lOOS), .\'<>. .iss. p ,is()\. — liice busks iii.iy lie dotcfted by tbe niicrost-opt*, but tbe quantity lUi'Si'iit must \h' dctcrnnued Itcforo tbe fecdin;: stuff can be said to be adul- tt'rat('()0-h')06). — A new proteid was identified in e^rt: yollv f(tr wbicb tiie name livetin is provisionally suggested. " Vitellin and this new protein showed a very close similarity to one another, but they differ con- siderably from ovalbunnn. and it may be concluded that this protein is anotber idiistituent of egg yolk. It is suggested tbat tlie itrotein may be vitellin witbout the pliospliorous-containing portion." lOxpi'rimental and analytical data are reported. The albumen of turkey egg white, W. Worms (Zliiir. Russ. /'/-. Khiin. OLsIkIi., .is (I'.iOU). i>i). ')'.n-607 ; (ih'<. in Ztschr. I'ntcrsuch. Xahr. ii. OoiiissmtL, 16 {VMS), Xo. 6", itp. SaS, 56"'/).— The author isolated and studied a crystalline albumen wbicb is regarded as an isomer of the allninien in the white of liens' eggs. The detection of protein by means of formaldehyde. L. von Liehermaxn iZt.sfhr. l'iil08), \o. 12, pp. 7J.5-75S).— Moist gliifi'ii is pressed to the bottom of a tiat nickel dish and dried in an .lir oven .-it IL'O' (*. Constant weight is r)bt;iine. 1-2, '/O-'/.')). — in a report presented ;it the First Int(>rnational Congress for tbe Repression of Adulteration of Foods and Drugs the .-uitlior delines sug.ir :Mid simil.ir goods and outlines cojumercial procedures regarded as legitimate. The inversion of cane sugar by invertase, C. S. Hud.son (Jour, .\tncr. Chcm. .^oi:. .{0 I r.ios). \ii. 7, pp. I mo-l KUi). — .According to the author's conclusions wliiib are b.isi-d on experimental data "the inversion of cane sugar by ai-ids follows, even in its first stages, tbe unimcdecidar order, ami second, . . . the pohirimetric measurement of the Inversion of cane sug.-ir by invertase inxolves a large source of error which can Ite avoideil Iiy ;iddlng alk.ali to tbe inverting soliithiii iM'fore each reading of the polariscope. Detection of 5-fructose in the presence of other natural sugars, .M. .1. I'll KAnns ( Ifrr. Crn. Aj/nni.. ii. str.. 3 ( IHOK), \o.s. ',, pp. 218-227 ; l!-7, pp. 2(U]- '.). — A critical study of methods. 612 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The estimation of sugar in beet stalks and dried pulp, J. Robabt (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Suci: et Distill., 26 {1908), No. 1-2, p. 65). — A discussion of the methods advocated by Zlobinsliy (E. S. R., 19, p. 810). A reaction for the detection of natural and artificial honey, J. Fiehe (Ztschr. Untcrsuvh. Niihr. u. GcnussmtL. 16 {1908), A'o. 1-2, iU>- 7-j-7'?). — The test described is based on the detection by means of resorcinol and hydro- chloric acid of the decomposition products formed during the manufacture of invert sugar from which artificial honey is prepared. With invert sugar an orange red color is obtained, changing to cherry red and then to brown red. Pure natural honeys do not give such a reaction though a transient pink colora- tion may sometimes be noted. The rapid estimation of starch in sausage and other meat products. Telle (Ann. Chim. Analijt., 13 (1908), ^o. .',. pii. l',Ii-lJ,6).—X modification of Bau- dry's method of estimating starch is described, which the axithor considers satisfactory. Detection of horse meat in sausage, etc.. Telle (Ann, Chim. Anahjt., Li (1908), Xo. Jf, pp. 143, Uik). — A note on methods of detecting horse meat. Methods employed for the analyses of wines, alcohols, brandy, and liqueurs (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. VParis^, 7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 522, 533).— The French official methods in accord with the law of August 1, 1905. are briefly outlined. A new method for the determination of fixed and volatile acids in wine and other fermented beverages, M. E. Fozzi-Escox (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. ct Distill., 26 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 68, 69; at)s. in Chem. News, 98 (1908), No. 25 J/8). — The fixed acids are precipitated as salts of barium. The volatile acids are determined by subtracting the fixed acids from the total acidity. Citric acid in wine, M. A. Hubert (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 13 (1908), No. .'/. pp. 139-11/1) . — A discussion of the occurrence of citric acid in wine and its detection. Note on the formation of formaldehyde in solutions of cane sugar and its bearing on Hehner's test for formaldehyde in saccharin mixtures, A. A. Ramsay (Jour, and I'roc. Roy. Soc. N. .s'. Wnlcs, J/l (1901). pp. 112-115). — The author identified formaldehyde in aqueous solutions of cane sugar, boiled and distilled, and discusses, the bearing of such results on the identification of added formaldehyde in food products. Titration of formaldehyde in colored solutions, S. P. L. Sorensen and H. Jessenhansen {Conipt. Rend. Lab. Carlsherg, 1 .(1908), No. 2, pp. 58-11).- — From the results of experimental studies on the determination of formaldehyde in gelatin, casein, egg albumen, and serum albumen, the authors conclude that solutions may be decolorized with nitrate of silver in a slightly acid solution without causing any considerable loss of nitrogen. The detection of formaldehyde, F. von Fillingee (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 16 (1908), No. J,, pp. 226-231).— A study of methods. The identification and estimation of boric, salicylic, and benzoic acid in foods and condiments, W. von Genersich (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genusmth, 16 (1908), No. !/, pp. 209-225). — A critical study of methods. The detection of saponin, J. Ruhle (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 16 (1908), No. 3, pp. 165-111).— \ critical study of Brunner's method which the author considers satisfactory. The valuation of saffron for dairy purposes, K. Teicheet (Milchiv. Zentbh, 3 (1901), No. 8, pp. 369-314; 4 (1908), No. 3, pp. 108-111).— The author outlines what he considers a more reliable method for the determination of the amount of coloring matter than is now in use. The methods for obtaining the percentage of moisture and ash are also giveu. 4 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 613 The preservation of milk samples for analytical purposes, K. WixtoiscH iMihhtc. Zcntbl., .J (J'JOS), So. J, i)i>. iH-lOS; iihs. in Cciilbl. liukt. [cfc], 2. \ht., 21 (IDOS), yo. 11-19, pp. 577, 578).— A list of reagents that have been used • IS preservatives is disciissetl and the literature cited. The author made a series cf tests with potassium l)ichromate and copper ammonium sulphate, and presents tallies sliowiiig the results obtained with varying amounts of these substances. Milk retained normal charaeteristics for 4 weelis with 0.15 to 0.25 per cent solntion of potassium liichromate and 1.0 to 1.5 per cent copper ammonium sulphate. A 2 per cent solution of tlie latter preserved the millc a weelv longer. In snnnner months a strong»'r solution is needed than in the winter. Rapid estimation of potassium bichromate in milk, Goukrk {Ann. Chiin. \nalijt., 13 (1908), .Vo. 7, pp. 262, 263). — This is accomplished i)y adding potas- sium iodid and hydrochloric acid to tlie ash. and determining the iodin sot free liy titration with sodium hyposulpliite. Contributions from the dairy institute of Greifswald. II, Studies on the Adams method of estimating' fat, K. Eichloff {.Uilclnc. Zcntbl., J (1908). Vo. 3. pp. 120-1 2-'f). — With sour milk exact results were obtained only l»y the use of fat-free paper. An automatic device for measuring reagents used in determining milk fat by the Gerber method (Apotli. Ztg., 23 (1908), No. 68, p. 607; Schweiz. Wclnischr. Chcni. it. Phann., J,6 (1908), Xo. .',0, pp. 638, 639, figs. 6).— It is claimed tliat by two movements of the hand the amount of millc or of the re- agents used in the (Jorber method can be quickly and accurately measured. A new automatic milk-measuring device, O. Wendlf.r (Milch Ztg.. ,i7 (1908), \o. ,},?, i>p. y.i'i, y.i.'). figs. 3). — Notes on the device noted above. New apparatus for estimating the moisture content of butter (Milch Ztg., ■ 17 (1908). .Vo. ///, pp. .'/8J, -}.s'6", figs. 5).— This is a special form of balance with a graduated arm. The sample of butter is weighed before and after heating lo »'.\i)el moisture. The percentage of moisture lost is easily computed from the sciih'. Total solids in mill products by the refractometer, S. S. Peck (Ilnwaiiaii Sugar I'lanttrs' fitu.. Dir. Agr. uml Clirni. Bill. 27. pp. .7-.?5). — At this station 2."» samples of waste or linal molasses were examined for the purpose of com- paring results obtained by desiccation and by the refractometer. Thirteen samples showed a larger amount of solids with the refractometer. The deter- mination of total solids in 18 samples of various juices by the refractometer usually gave lower results than the Brix spindle. With 2 samples of mas- s<'cuite the refractometer gave satisfactory results. " Under the present method of determining solids in the residual juice in the bagasse the refractometer linds no place. . . I'oiling to a definite percentage of solids in the mas- secuite is possible by the use of the brasmoscope. . . The refractometer is an effectual substitute when boiling to string-proof and not as difficult of application. . . The refractometer offers a rapid and convenient method for iliecking the correctness of the graduations on Brix s|)indles." A table of dry substance from refrnctive index at 2^'^ C, by II. C. rrinseti-rtoerligs. is ap- pended. Refractometer in the control of sugar manufacturing processes, F. SiKoii.MKK (Milt. Chcni. Tech. \'crs. t^tiit. Cent. )'ir. RiHniiz. Indus. Ostcrr.-Un- 'Kir., Vo. 20(!, pp. 13. figs. .'»). — Krom the experimental data reported the author cnndudes that the refractometer may be made of great importance in control- ling sugar house processes. A new soil sampler, W. II. Stkvkn.son (Science, n. scr., 28 (1908), No. 722, pp. <»7 }-()70"K— This is a l>rlef des<'ription of a s, p. TOO). 614 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The weather service and meteorolog-y in the United States and Canada, P. PoLis {Ber. Landw. Rciclisaintc Iniicni \(lcnnaiiy], Xo. 7. iiit. .'/.?, figa. 12. maps 2. — This is an account of observations made during a trip to tlie United States and Canada during the summer and fall of 1907. The object of this trip was to study the oi-ganization of the meteorological service, especially the weather service, and the telegraphic and other methods of distributing infor- mation about the weather in the United States, with a view to improving the German weather service. The author states in conclusion that the organization of the weather service in the United States may be taken as a model and that its methods of distributing meteorological information, weather maps, and fore- casts are the best in the world. He was particularly impressed with the rap- idity with which the daily weather maps were prepared, printed, and dis- tributed, and with the dissemination of the weather forecasts l)y means of telegraph, telephone, and weather signals. Third annual report of the nieteorological committee (Ann. Rpt. Met. Com. \Gt. Brit.^. .? ( li)OS). PI). Kl'i. pis. 5. fif/x. J). — This consists as usual of adminis- trative reports regarding organization and operations (during the year ended March 31, 1908) in marine meteorology, forecasts and storm warnings, clima- tology, publication, investigation of the upper air (by AV. H. Dines), and miscel- laneous subjects, with appendixes as follows : Report by the liquidator of the meteorological council, supply of information to the public, lists of observers who sent in " excellent " meteorological logs during the year and of logs and flocuments received from ships, distribution of instruments, report on inspection of meteorological stations, list of jiersons and institutions from whom publica- tions and meteorologiciil data have been received and to whom publicMtions are sent, and financial statement. The report calls attention particularly to jirogress ni;ide in the (irganizntion of international cooperation during the year. During the year 1907 the percentage of complete success in the forecasts fcir the whole of the British Isles was 54, of the sum of complete and pjirtial suc- cesses 91, the average for 10 years 80..5. The daily normal temperature and the daily normal precipitation of the United States, F. II. Rigelow iU. S. Dcpt. A(/i:. Wcatlicr Bur. Bui. /?, pp. ISC)). — The results of the c.-ilculatiou to a uniform basis of the reliable available data on temperature and precipitation in the United States are given in tabular form in this bulletin. It is stated that "these tables of daily normal tempera- ture and precipitation are imw in use in the climatological work of the Bureau throughout the United State.s. and they have superseded all the daily normals which were prepared several years ago from much less extensive data than were availaltle in the formation of these tables." Monthly Weather Review {Mo. Weather Rer., .J.J (l!K)7). No. 13. pp. A7A + <:i'7-616-\-19, pt.s. ,J/, rhart.s (>). — The reitort contains the usual summaries of general climatic conditions with regard to pressure, temperature, precipitation, relative humidity, climatological tables, tal)le of contents, index, etc., of the Monthly Weather licview for 1907, and an api)endix containing the annual report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau for the year ended June 30, 1907. The most notable abnormal meteorological features -of the year were the wide fluctuations in the seasonal temperature, resulting in " the extreme warmth of the latter part of March over the districts east of the Rocky Mountains, and the continued cold attending the progress of the later sining and early sunnner mouths over the greater part of the same districts. . . . ^Fl••.•|•l:()l;()l.(>(;v- -watku. 015 ■• Teniperatun^ \v;is Ih'Iow tht> uonuMl diiriii;,' the jireator iKirt of tlkr yr-.w "viT :ill iinrtbern districts of the Initc^l Stales and also over the whole of < "auada, except portions of British ColnniltiM. The total deficiency, however, was generally less than 2°. Over the sonthern portions of llie I'liited States lliei-e was a correspondiiijr excess, wliidi prevailed Ity small anionnts diirinu most of the months of the year. . . . ■• In j:eneral the precipitation for llu- year was .•iliove tlii> normal in llie i-nfi-al i)ortions of flie Middle Atlantic States, portions of the Lake rejiion. tlu- < »lii() and middle .Mississippi valleys, the central (Jnlf States, and in the Ii more than 20 in. ■ The general distribution of precipitation during the various seasons of the year was such that excei>t over sm.-ill areas there was no important interest that suffered materially from either excess or deficiency of moisture." Meteorological statistics for 1907. F. H. Loid (Colo. Col. I'lib., 12 [1!K)H), >' (. Sri:, \it. .',, lip. lOI-I.Hi). — The e(pni»ment and methods of observation at the observatory of Colorado College are describe*! and a record is given of observations ou temperature, pressure, hunndity. rainfall, etc., during the year. Climate [of Maryland], W. H. Ci..\kk and E. B. Mathews (Mil. drol. Suirri/ |/i'///. |. i; W.iorn. 1)11. li'i->.il. fiffs. 7). — This is a general di'scripfion of the more imitortant climatic factors of the State. The meteorological service and the climate of Sao Paulo, .7. .\. l?i:r.Foi{T .Mattos (Sec. Afir. Com. c Ohms Pub. H.stado Sao Paulo, Sere. Md. \l'uh.\. Scr. L V". -i. i>ii. 11. mails ,i). — A brief histoi-ical note regarding the meteoro- loiric.il service is given and the general clinuitic features of the State of S.ao I'aulo ai'c descrilK'd. with tables showing averages of results of observations on temperature, pressure. hnmi. — Determina- lions of the ;imonnt of w.afer collected on .-i surface 1 dei-imeler sipiare, the \elocity of the wiiul. and the slate of the sky during the period named are reported. The total amouids of w.iler .so collected wen' as follows: 1'.K)4. SI .7 -Ml.: 1!»0.1, HK.V, gm.; 1!KK>. 70.1 gm. : and 1!M>7, 72 gm. The aminal periods <.f m.iximum and miidnnim . pp. tlHI-lll.t. fills. .{).- .\s usual. Ibis report con- tains records of observations on atmospheric pressure, the temperatm-e of the air, s anunonias. although there was a progressive decline In tlie amount; and the nitrates were so small in amount that they must have i)een less than 0.005 part per 100,000. And the present experiments prove that when sewage was incubated in slightly alkaline solutions there were definite amounts of nitrates produced, whilst there was a greater production when the incubations were in distilled water alone. . . . There can be little doubt, there- fore, that the salts in sea water do interfere with the development of useful nitrifying organisms whose normal action under proper conditions is to convert sewage into substances like nitrates." Royal Coinm.ission on Sewage Disposal, H. C. H. Shenton (Surveyor, 34 ( 1908), A 06-. 871, p. 3J,2; 812, pp. 352-354; 873, pp. 376-378; 874, pp. 4OI-404; 873. pp. 430-432; ahs. in Science, n. ser., 28 (1908), Xo. 717. pp. 405, 4O6; Chem. Ahs., 2 (1908), No. 23, pp. 3251-3253).— This report contains the results of a large number of hearings by the commission as to the relative merits of vari- ous methods in use in England for purifying town sewage. Among the gen- eral conclusions reached by the commission are the following: *' We are satisfied that it is practicable to purify tlie sewage of towns to tiny degree required, either by land treatment or by artificial filters, and that there is no essential difference between the two processes, for in each case" the l»nrilication, so far as it is not mechanical, is chiefly effected by means of micro- organisms. The two main questions, therefore, to be considered in the case of a town proposing to adopt a system of sewage purifications are: First, what degree of purification is required in the circumstances of that town and of ilie river or stream into which its liquid refuse is to be discharged? Second, how the degree of purification required can. in the particular case, be most economically obtained. . . . We may state that we know of no case where the admixture of trade refuse with the sewage makes it impracticable to purify the sewage either upon land or by means of artificial processes, although in certain extreme cases special processes of preliminary treatment may be nec- essary." The commission is also of the opinion that while " no land is entirely useless . . . peat and stiff clay lands are generally unsuitable for the purification of sewage." Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal (Surveyor, 34 (1908), No. 869, pp. 284-28U; Brit, ilcil. .Jour., 1908, No. 2497, p. 1447). — The summary of conclu- sions and recommendations of the report of the commission referred to above is (iuot(!d and commented upon. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Bibliography of the geology of Connecticut. II. E. OREfiORT (Cnnn. State (Irol. iiiitl \(il. J/ixi. Surrc}/ Jiul. 8, pp. 123). — This bibliography contains a num- iier of references to articles relating to tlie soils of the State. The distribution and location of moors in Germany, V. KiuscnK (Illus. l,(inilir. Zitj.^ .!8 {l'.)OS\, No. },s'. /. 419-421). — Data 011 tliis subject are sum- in;iri/.('(l and l>ri<'fly discussed. Sec also a previous note ( K. S. H.. '20. p. 10). Agrologic study of an estate by the synthetic method of J. Hazard, A. <;Bf:c.oiRK and F. Halct (HuI. Just. Chiiii. p. I-43, pis. 2, ftys. 2, charts 4), — This article reviews briefly the history of the 618 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aeveloimieiit of agronomic oliarts and discusses their practical value, and reports detailed studies of the topography, geology, hydrology, and composition and structure of soils of a large Belgian estate. The practical application of the results of this study in the culture and management of the estate are also discussed. A strtnig plea is made for the more extended pi-eparation and use of such surveys. Agronomic charts, E. Leplae {Rcr. Gen. Agroii.. n. .scr., S {1008), No. 6-7, pp. 252-26]). — This is a discussion of the agricultural value of such chai'ts in reply to the article by Gregoire and Halet noted above. The agronomic chart of Belgium and analyses of soils, E. Leplae {Rev. Gen. Agron., ii. ser., 3 (J908), Xo. .'>, pp. /.'^.;-..^/7 ).— The author calls attention particularly to the great diversity of methods which have been proposed and are used for the charting of soils and for their physical and chemical examina- tion, and urges the importance of systematic inquiry with reference to tlic adoption of uniform methods. Agronoraic charts, A. Gregoire and F. Halet {Ann. Gembloux, 18 {1908), No. 7', pp. 395--'i()2). — The authors take exception to the conclusion of Leplae that it is not feasible to prepare agricultural charts of Belgium which are of special practical value. Agronomic charts, A. Proost {Rev. Gen. Agron., n. sen, 3 {1908), No. 9, pp. 3Ji6-3.'i9 ) . — This is a reply to Leplae's criticisms noted above. The study of soils {Rev. Gen. Agron., n. ser., 3 {1908), No. 9, pp. 3.'i9-351).— A furthei- discussion of the utility of agronomic charts or soil maps. Agrological studies, L. A. Rebello da Silva {Rer. Agron. [Portugal], 5 {1901), Nos. 11, pp. 333-331; 12, pp. 365-311; 6 {1908), No. 1, pp. 5-9).— A classilicatiou including 5 groups is described, with mechanical analyses by Schone's method of 13 samples of Portuguese soils. The use of geo-agrological maps in the assessment of taxes in the valleys and plains of the Province of Verona, E. Xicolis {Atti. e Mem. Aeead. Agr. [etc.] Verona. '/. ser., 7 {1907), pp. 123-213. map. 7).— Such a map is given and its preparation and use explained. Analyses of soils from Papua, F. B. Guthrie and U. S. Symmonds (Agr. Gaz. N. .S. ^Vnh^><. 19 {1908), No. ff. pp. 326, ^27).— Physical and chemical analyses of 12 samples of soils from this region are reported. These show that the soils are as a rule very fertile loam. Only one sample was found to be iicid. In all other cases the soils were abundantly supplied with lime. The soils were as a rule well supplied with nitrogen and phosphates, but were invariably low in potash. Soil analysis as applied to forestry, Vatfr {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 58 {1908), No. 1. pp. 1-20). — This is a general discussion of the importance of soil analysis as applied to forestry. A study relative to the causes of the dying out of artificial forest plant- ings in the steppes, 8. Kravkov {Zlnir. Opiiiin. Agron. [Ru-ss. Jour. E.ipt. Lanilio.], 9 {1908), No. 1, pp. 96-118).— Ah a result of a preliminary investiga- tion made in 1906 and 1907 in the experimental forest of Yeliko-Auadol, the author concludes that the generally accepted hypothesis that the high salt con- tent of the steppe soil is the chief cause of the failure of artificial forest plant- ings is not confirmed. He is led to believe that the trees may die at a certain age through lack of sufficient assimilable phosphoric acid and nitrogen, and in some cases of potash. These constituents are sometimes completely absent in assimilable form in the deep soil layers as the result of depletion by forests already established. This dying out is observed only in those places in the stepi^e forest region where, owing to the peculiar surface formation, definite physical properties of SOILS I'Kin II.IZKKS. ■ filO tlio soil and siiltsoil, or peculiar inclt'orolofjii-al coiKlitions. the subsoil docs not lanouie moistened down to the water level. A ]»art of the ]»lant foy the trees is returned to the surface of the soil by the decayed leaves. In the absence of snflicient moisture to thoroughly wet the subsoil, however, the leaf ash constituents are uot washed very deep; hence an annually increasinj; ex- haustion of certain soil layers leadinir to the death of new forest jjlantinjrs when the roots reach these layers. Theoretical considerations regarding- factors influencing certain of the so-called physical properties of soil, P. KiiHi:M5i;R(i (Mitt. Lnndir. Just, liits- luii, J, (JUGS), .Vo. ,1 1)11. .'i.',5-'i'.).{: ahs. in Chcm. Znithl., IDOS. J. \(,. „>«. /*. ^HH : i'luin. Ztf/.. 32 (t!)OS), Xo. 7.i. Rcpcrt., i>. .J6'.?). — This article discusses at con- siderable length the theory of colloids, nature of colloids in cultivated soils, and importance of colloids in relation to the physical, chemical, arid biological jMop- iMties and ]»rocesses of soils. On physical properties of soils, II. Kodkwald ( Fiihlini/'s Luiiilir. Ztt/.. .',7 ( I'.iOS). .Yo. f.{. mi. .^.7.7-J.<(S'). — A review of the above article. Note on a flowing (melting-) soil, A. (;i!f:(ion?K {But. Inst. ('hint. . Sd-DS). — A study of the structure and physical i)rop- erties of a line-grained soil which easily breaks down and foi-nis a li(niirecipitation. and (li-ainage. and the relation of soils to liygrosco|>ic moisture, as brought out by the work of various investigators. Soil wastage, T. ('. C'h.vmi!i;ki.i.n' {Pop. Sri. Mo., 7.? itlXJS). Xo. I. pji. 7- /-). — The causes, extent, and practical means of jjrevention of soil exhaustion liy erosion and leaching are discussed in this article, and it is shown that the solution of the problem lies in due control of the water which falls on the sur- face and that "all the rainfall during the growing season, and much or all of that which can be carried over from the nongrowing sea.sons" can be used with profit by tlie adoption of suitable methods on the temperature condi- tions of the surface soil. This action is considered tn be indirect and due to the influence of these sulistances on the iil)ysi<-al ja-nperties md iirocesses of the soil. Manure, lime, and magnesia m;ike the .soil jiorous and thus re<4'coiid. i. e.. there :ire higher temperatures during tin- day ami lower diirimr the niglil. 620 ' EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Observations and researches in soil temperature, S. de Grazia (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 4I (1908), yo. 2-J,, pp. 91-llJ,; ahs. in Chem. Zcnthl.. 1908, I, No. 26. p. 2197). — This is a study of the effect of stable and green manures on soil temperature. The experiment was made in pots kept under shade to avoid solar radiation and care was tal^en to prevent the earth in the pots from being wet by rains. In one jiot the earth was compresse<^l so as to resemble sod ; in the others the earth was left loose as in well worked soil. With one of these well pulverized cow manure was incorpoi'ated and into the others gi'een manures as follows : Beans, vetch, lupines, rye, and barley. The manure was used at the rate of about 22 tons per acre, and was so compressed as to fill the sjiace from 10 to 25 cm. below the top of each pot. A thermometer was placed at each of these depths. In the loose soil the temperature was slightly higher than in sod at both depths. The stable manure caused an increase of temperature at both depths, but the green manure was always more effective. Of the green manures, the legumes gave better results than the grasses, and of the legumes vetcli was most effective and beans least so. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by leguminous plants, M. Passon (BoJ. Inst. Agron. [8do Paulo], 1 {1908), Xo. 2, pp. .56-63 ) .—The yield of dry matter and nitrogen content of fertilized (with potash aud phosphoric acid) and un- fertilized velvet beans, cowi)eas, and Arachis prostrata are reported. The use of the mineral fertilizers increased both yield and nitrogen content and is con- sidered a profitable practice in the growing of leguminous plants for green manuring. Experiments on cross-inoculation of different genera of leguminous plants with pure cultures of tubercle bacteria, F. Nobbe, I.i. Kichter, and J. Simon (Landiv. Vers. Stat., 68 {1908), No. 3-4, pp. 229-252; ahs. in Deut. Landir. Presse, 35 (1908), Xo. 52, pp. 556, 557). — The results of cross-inoculation with Pistim sativum, P. arvense, Vicia sativa, V. villosa, Medicago Jupulina, M. sativa. Trifoliuni protcnse. T. repens, T. incarnatum. Lahnrnum ruJgarc, Lotus cornicu- latus, Rohinki pscudacacia, Ornithopus satlvus, Onohriichis sativa. and Lupinus Jntriis are reported, showing that pure cultures from tubercles of one member of a genus are effective on other members of the same, and, as a rule, only of the same, genus. There was, however, in these experiments conijilete interchange- ability in case of peas and vetches and partial in case of lupines and serradella. Nitrogen in dead forest cover, E. Henry (Rev. E'aux et ForMs, Ift (1908), Xo. 9, pp. 27-'t-278; Bui. Soc. Set. Xancy, 3. set:, 9 (1908), No. Jf, pp. 353-357).— This is a review of investigations relating to this subject which confirm the author's conclusion that under favorable conditions there is always a decided increase of nitrogen by the fixation of the free nitrogen of the air in dead forest cover. The influence of bacteria on evaporation from soils, II. Stigell (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 21 (1908), Xo. 1-3, pp. 60, 6*i).— Observations on the rate of evaporation of water from Petri dish cultures of BaciUus subtilis, B. coli com- -rnunis, B. mesentericus fuscus, and Proteus vulgaris in quartz sand, water, and bouillon show that evaporation was in all cases greater and more rapid' in sterile cultures than in those inoculated with the organisms. This is attributed to utilization of moisture by the organisms, absorption in their metabolic products, and reduction of the porosity of the medium by the metabolic products of the organisms. Concerning the difference of behavior of soil organisms -when in solution and when in soils, F. L. Stevens, W. A. Withers, et al. (Abs. in Jour. Elisha MltfhcU Sri. .s'of.. 2', {7008). Xo. 2. p. 51; Science, n. ser.. 27 (1908), Xo. 7QIf, SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621 ;/. !>91). — This is a summary of a in-eliniinary report {livitiK the results of numerous experiments which show "that tlie activities of anunonifyinu. nitrify- ing:, deuitrifyiufr. iind nitroj:en-«allierinf: bacteria are different in soils from what they are in solutions and that no adecpiate knowledjje of the efficiency ip|' these A-arious soil organisms in effecting chemical change can be attained by tests conductetl in solutions. Even the relative powers of different organisms or of ditt'erent soils is largely affected by the conditions of the test. It seems therefore that in the study of soil bacteria the work nuist be done with soils, rather than with solutions, or at least that frequent controls or checks in soil nuist bo made." Nitrification in acid soils. A. 1 >. Ham., N. II. .1. Mili.kr, and ('. T. GiMiNdiiAM { I'roc. Ron. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 80 U90H), No. B 539, pp. 196-212; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Clum. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 11, p. 581; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London]. 9^ (1908), No. 5.'i8, II, p. 5.3//).— The more important features of this article are .summarized as follows: " In the soil of certain of the permanent grass i)luts at Kothamstetl. which is distinctly acid in consequence of the long-continued use of ammonium chlorid and sulphate as manure, nitrification is greatly reduced, and the nitrifying bacteria are only found siiaringly. In bulk, nitrification still goes on slowly, despite the acidity of the soil. Water extracts of the soil will not permit of nitrification unless they are previously neutralized. The amount of nitrate produced would not be sufficient for the nitrogen taken up by the croji, which must, in the main, utilize the ammonium salts without pre- vious change. The acidity is chiefly due to sparingly soluble ' humic ' acids; free hydrochloric and sulphuric acids are also present, bec-ause the soil extract contains soluble acid in quantities comparable to the amount of chlorids and sulphates also present, and to the anunoiiitnn suli)hate and chlorid annually supplied as manure. "The acidity is not brought about by i)urely chemical or physical actions of the soil upon the ammonium salts, but by various microfungi which are able to remove ammonia from a solution of its salts and set free the acids with which it was combined, the acidity attained in this way being equivalent to that of the soil water on the acid plats. "The authors jittribute the continuance of the nitrification in these soils to the irregular distribution of the materials comiK)Slng them ; though acid as a whole, they still contain some calcium carbonate, each of the particles of which f<*live in this respect. TIh? cro|) yields varied (pnte uniformly with the rate of fixation. The lixing i»ower of soils from plats varied from month to month during the year, there being '2 maxima, one in the spring and another in the autumn. See also previous w.irk ( K. S. H., 1!), p. ('.24). 622 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, On dicyandiamid bacteria, K. rEKorri {Ventbl. Jialct. [eic], 2. Abt., 21 {W08), Xo. 7-8, PI). 200-231). — The literature of inAestigatious on this subject is reviewed, and an account' is given of the author's investigations on the activ- ity of bacteria in culture Tiiedia containing dicyandiamid, isolation and deter- mination of species growing in such media, the changes which the species bring about in the media, comparison ol dicyandiamid with other sources of nitrogen food for the organisms, and growth of field crops on media containing dicy- andiamid. In media containing grape sugar and dicyandiamid (not exceeding 1 to 2 parts per 1,000) as the only source of nitrogen, there was a vigorous and char- acteristic growth of micro-organisms, including various bacteria and fungi, some new, others common forms. Certain of the forms apparently found the condi- tions in dicyandiamid media moi-e favorable than others, but there was great Aariation in the morjihology and cultural relations of the organisms which utilized dicyandiamid as a source of nitrogen to best advantage. Some of these organisms utilized other sources of nitrogen, particularly amids, as well as dicyandiamiil. The activity of the organisms resulted in a slight decrease in the percentage of dicyandiamid without a corresponding increase of ammonia. Contrary to the statement of ITlpiani, the dicyandiamid did not undergo fer- mentative action. The general conclusion drawn from this work is that dicyandiamid is a very good nitrogen food for many micro-organisms. Higher plants grow about as well in sterile media containing dicyandiamid as in those inoculated with dicy- andiamid bacteria. The article concludes with a bibliography of o.j references to the literatui'c of the subject. A review of the bacteriology of ammonium compounds, P. EHKENfeERO {FiihJing's Lanchc. Ztg., 57 (1908), JVo. IS, pp. .'/.}9-.'/.5.5 ) . — The relation of micro- organisms to the transformation and fixation of ammonia in soils is briefly discussed. It is stated that experiments made by the author suggest that the greater effectiveness of anunonium salts in experiments in zinc ])ots than in experiments in the field may be due to the action of the zinc in interfering witJi the activity of organisms which fix ammonia in the soil and thus decrease its efficiency, the beneficial action of the zinc in this respect overbalancing its direct injurious effect on the growth of the crop. The fixation of ammoniacal nitrogen by zeolites in soils, T. Pfeiffee, A. llEPNEE. and I.. P^RANK {.Uitt. LaiKlir. In.st. Brc.sknt,J, (1008). Xo. 3, pp. 321-330: ahs. in Chem. Ztf/., 32 (1908), Xo. 5.'i, Rcpert., p. 3.53; Zcntbl. Agr. Ghem., 37 (1908), Xo. 11, pp. 722-72li; ZtKichr. Aiigcic. Chem., 22 (1909), Xo. 5. p. 207).— This is a second report on this subject (E. S. R., 17, p. .53G). A study of the loss of nitrogen from soils fertilized with blood meal and ammonium sulphate, with the addition in one series of pots of calcium carbonate and in another of calcium zeolite, showed that where the zeolite was used there was a considerable reduction in the loss of nitrogen from the soil, but that in the case of oats the nitrogen so fixed was not utilized until the second crop, indicating that the ammonia was too firndy fixed by the zeolite to be available in the course of the first season. The action of ammoniacal nitrog'en under the influence of applications of lime, T. Pfeiffer, A. Hepner, and L. Frank (Mitt. Laiidw. Inst. Breslau, If (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 331-339; ahn. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 5.',, Rcpert., p. .153). — In pot experiments it was found that on peat soils an application of lime ytromoted the atcion of ammonium suli)hate. On pure sandy soils the application of very large amounts of lime exerted an injurious effect upon SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623 tlu' actitui of the aniiuoniuui salt. On loam soils tlu> use of as uiuch as 1 i)er eent of lime in the form of carbonate sliowed no injurious effect, but was bene- ficial, esix'cially for tlie second ci'op. The causes of the difference in effect of ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda., V. LoHMs and K. Hlobkl (FiihUng'.-i Landiv. Ztg., J? (t!)OH), No. 11, iip. oSo-'/O^). — The conclusion reached by the authors fi'oni experiments on differ- ent kinds of soil is that contrary to Wagner's view there is practically no loss of nitrogen in the proc<'ss of nitrification in the soil. Evaporation of ammonia as- sumes importance only in certain cases, and as a rule furnishes no explanation for the lower etliciency of suli)hate of ammonia. Interference with the progress of nitrification frecpiently exerts an injurious influence on the fertilizing value of ammonium salts. The absori)tion and fixation of ammonia, as well as the activity of ammonia-assimilating organisms, must be taken into account. Sometimes these exert a favorable influence but are often injurious. The asso- ciated constituents are in part beneficial and in part injurious to the growth of the crop. The causes of the difference in effect of ammonium sulphate and nitrate of soda, F. LoiiMs and E. lii.or.Ki.. trans, by A. Konini; {Ann. (Icnihioii.c. IS ( lOOS), \(i. 1.>. III). i!7.^-(;<)!)).—\ Frencli translation of the article noted above. The utilization of nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate, T. Pfeif- FKR, A. Hepnek. and L. Frank (ilitt. Lnndw. Inst. Brcslaii, // (I90S), Xd. 3, />/). S-ilS-'tO; ab.'i. in Clinii. Ztg., 32 {J90S), No. o-'i, Reinrt., p. 353; Zrntbl. Agr. (hem., 37 U'JOH), Xo. 10, pp. 663, 66.',; Jour. Chcm. 8oc. [London], 9', (190S), So. 553, II, p. 980). — A series of pot experiments with annnonium nitrate is reported, the results of which indicate that this material stands as a ferti- lizer i)etween nitrate of soda and sulphate of annnonla. It exhibts to a certain extent the undesirable properties of ammonium compounds, l)ut under certain conditions it may be as effective as nitrate of soda. In combination with insoluiile i)hosiiliates its action exhibits l>oth the physiologically acid and the physiologically alkaline projierties described by Prianishnikov. Tlie addition of phosphates increased both the yield of crop and tlie amount of nitrogen assimilated. Contrary to Wagner's observation, the authors found that the addition of sodium chlorid produced no effect upon the action of the aninionium nitrate. Tests of the new fertilizing- materials lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and lime niter, I'>. S.fom.kma and .1. ('. dk Uiti.itkk pk Wilot ( if /-.s/^f/. Landhoinrk. Ondcrzock. /iijikxlnndbouirprocf.stat. [Xctherlurtds], 1907, No. 2 pp. 5-50, pi. 1 ; »//*.«. /•„ ./our. Clicin. Hoc. \ London], 9.', (1908), No. 5.'i9, II, pp. 623, 62.',: Zcnthl. Agr. Chcm., 38 (1909), No. 1, pp. 6-S).— Studies of the effect on germination of calcium cyanamid and of the various products resulting from its decomposition in water are reported, as well as pot experiments to test the relative value of lime nitrogen and basic lime nitrate as compared with nitrate of soda. In the germination experiments with mustard grown in sand it was found that the free lime and gases evolved by the action of water on calcium cyana- iidd liad no injurious effect. The injury observed was attributable to tlie cyana- mid and l>asic cyanamid formed. No injuri(Mis effect resulted from the pres- ence of dicyandiamid. The Injurious effects were most marked in sterile sandy soil, less marked in case of heavy moor soils and huuuis sand, and not observable In case of sjuidy moor soils. The experiments show that lime nitrogen niay exert an injurious (>fTect in two ways: (1) Hy interfering with germination, as exi)lained above, and CJ) by Inducing uidiealthy conditions and finally death at a later period in the growth of the plants. As explained, the first of these Injurious effects is at- 74021— No. 7—09 3 624 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tributable to cyauamid, the second to dieyaudiamid, as shown by pot experi- ments with mustard and buckwheat. The high fertilizing effect obtained with lime nitrogen with rye and oats indicate, however, that as a rule the injurious effects of the cyanamid are not marked in practice. Taking the effectiveness of nitrate of soda in these experiments as 1(X), that of sulphate of ammonia was 90 and of lime nitrogen 120. No injurious effect was observed in case of oats when the lime nitrogen was applied only one day before seeding. Fertilizer experiments with nitrog'en lime for potatoes, A. Stutzee {Jour. Latidic, 56 (1908), No. 2, pp. I4I-IU; Dent. Landw. Presse, 35 {1908), No. 58, p. 620; ahs. in Jour. Chem. 80c. [London], 94 {1908), No. 550, II, p. 726).— Comparative tests of nitrogen lime, nitrate of soda, and sulphate of ammonia in field experiments during 1907 are reported. The best results were obtained with the nitrogen lime, the poorest with ammonium sulphate. This is attributed to the fact that the season of 1907 was very wet. Fertilizer experiments with lime niter on tobacco and tomatoes in 1907, A. Stutzer {Zt.scln: Lnndir. Vvr^nchsw. Ostcrr., 11 {1908), No. 5, pp. 531- 538). — Pot experiments with varying amounts of lime niter in comparison with nitrate of soda are reported. While the results obtained were not entirely conclusive they indicated that the lime niter, especially when applied in the larger amounts, was as effective as the nitrate of soda. The burning quality of the tobacco was not injuriously affected by the use of the lime niter. Experiments in manuring' wheat with calcium nitrate, (1. Paris {Staz. Spcr. Af/r. Ital., J,l {1908), \<>. 2-',. pp. 111-191 : ahs. ii> Chem. Zoitbl.. 1908, I, No. 26. p. 2200). — The author gives the results of experiments as reported by numerous Norwegian, Swedish, Danish, and German investigators, and from them concludes that calcium nitrate and nitrate of soda are equivalent in fertilizing action and that calcium nitrate, on account of its lime content, is to be preferred to nitrate of soda, especially in soils deficient in lime. The author's experiment was made on volcanic soil deficient in lime and magnesia and was a comparison of calcium nitrate, nitrate of soda, and nitrate of soda and slaked lime. The results confirm those of the investigators men- tioned above. The author further concludes that calcium nitrate as compared with nitrate of soda has a much greater resistance to denitrifying micro- organisms. This conclusion has also been reached by other investigators. On the utilization of the atmospheric nitrogen in the production of cal- cium cyanamid, and its use in agriculture and chemistry, A. Frank {Chem. Neios, 91 {1908), Nos. 2534, PP. 289-292, fig. 1; 2535, pp. 303-306, figs. 2; ahs. in Amer. Jour. Sci.. -'/. scr.. 26 {1908). No. 155, p. 509). — This paper explains the need of finding new means of utilizing atmospheric nitrogen, describes the development of the Frank-Caro process of preparing calcium cyanamid, names the industrial plants ai)plying the process, and discusses the use of the product. It is asserted " what makes cyanamid especially valuable as a manure is its after effects. It is generally decomposed by the chemical and bacteriological constituents of the soil into ammonia, which becomes fixed by the vegetable mold, and is not, as with Chili saltpeter, liable to be washed into the drains and so practically lost. For this reason cyanamid which has not been used during the first harvest is always available for the second." Phosphate deposits of Algeria and Tunis (Bui. Imp. Inst., 6 {1908), No. 1, pp. 81-83). — This is a brief account of these deposits prepared in view of "the rapidly increasing production of rock phosphates in Algeria and Tunis, and the apparently inexhaustible nature of the deposits in these countries." I AGRTCUI.TURAL BOTANY. 625 Phosphate production in Algeria and Tunis, 1907 (Chciii. Indus. [Bvilin]. 61 iJUiiS), .\ o. UK I'll, ■i'ia, .ill). — Statistics and 1!K)7. The total exports in 1J)07 amountetl to 1,300,000 tons. It is ostiinatt^l tiiat the exports for lOOS will amount to 1,720,(XX) tons. The composition and value of sugar beet vinasse, F. Verbikse and B. l)ABRAS-VKRi5if:sK [lirttcntvc, IH (liWS), Xos. .',50, pp. l.',J,-].',6 ; .',51, pp. 163, 16',). — Analyses of a number of samples of this material are given. The data relating to the fertilizing value of the substance show that nitrogen varies from (».591 to 1.24.*^ kg. jier cubic meter of material, i)hosphoric acid frcmi 0.211 to ;//•. |/'»///.s|, 7 (I'.iOS), \o. 7. pp. S2ii-S23}.—()n account of the claims that green plants are able to utilize glucose in solution through their roots, the author Investigated the subjec;t from the standpoint of the horticulturist, hoping to counteract the effect of cloudy days and long winter nights in the forcing of vegetables, llowers. etc. In the preliminary exiieriments, which were carrie were given in 2 doses at 1.5-day intervals. Each pot was fertlllz<'d with 0.5 gm. sul])hate of annnonia and 0.2 gm. phosphate of potash. The weight tif the plants was deterndned at the end of December, when those re BOTANY. 627 622, 623). — Exi)erinieiits showed th.-it a pressure of 4 atmospheres of hydrogen ill tlie presence of iioriual aiiiouiits of ox.v;,'eii liad no injurious effect on the life of micro-orj;anisuis or on the activity of enzynis and toxins. A pressure of 4 atinosi)heres of oxygen or of carbon dioxid clieclied the development of micro- orKauisrus. Their activity was checked in i)roportion to the superficial area of the colonies. Compressed oxygen checked the activity of yeasts, but not their cell-free alcoholic fermentation. Carbon dioxid under pressure checked both. The addition of reducing substances, such as glucose and soda, increased the development of anaerobic organisms under i>ressures of 4 to ;"> atmosi)heres of »»xygen. Sttrcina unntiitlnca was rendered colorless by this combination of con- ditions. The addition of such materials to compress carbon dioxid was with- out effect. The effect of dialysis on vegetable rennets, C. Gerbkr (CohhjI. Rend. Acad. Sii. [I'aris]. 1)1 (l!)08). No. IJ,, pp. 601-603).— In a previous paper (E. S. R., 20. I). 20), the author called attention to the fact that in the juices of a number of plants rennets were obtained which had the power of coagulating milk. In the lU'esent paper he gives an account of investigations on the dialysis of the juices of some jilants containing rennet, in which he found that when dialyzed the juice obtained from a species of tig was 4 times less active and that from a paper mulberry S times less active than the original sap. It was also found that on precipitating the sap obtained from the osage orange and dissolving the precipitate in a salt solution, the dialyzed liquid was 9 times as active as the filtrate. The addition of a large amoimt of water to the plant juices had the sjime effect as dialysis. Arsenic in vegetation exposed to smelter smoke, R. E. Sw.mn and W. D. IIakkixs (.four. Atiicr. Chriii. Soc, 30 ilDOS), Xo. 6". pp. !)I.'>-!)2S) . — The basis of the work described has been the vegetation of Deer Lodge Valley and ad- jacent territory in Montana, particular attention being paid to hay and wild grasses, as it was claimed that live stock were suft"ering from poisoning due to rating grasses and hay that had grown in regions subject to smelter fumes. Hoth arsenic trioxid and coiiper were determined, and in some samples of grass were obtained as high as 1,550 parts per million of arsenic trioxid and 1.S(K» i)arts of copper. In comi»arison the authors grew cereals in soil samples that were taken outside of the range of smelter smoke. In no case did they find more than 0.(M)f»2 i)er cent of arsenic trioxid in the mature plants, while as high as o.Oiifl.'i Iter cent was obtained fr()ni grass grown on the same soil 5 miles from the smelter but in the direction of the prevailing winds. Analyses were made of :i number of other i»lants which showed that the large amomits of arsenic trif>xid were deposited upon the plants and could not have been absorbed from the soil. The results of the investigations showed very plainly that the greatest accu- nnilation of arsenic occurred after the period of growth was ended and the ])lant was dead. There was little doubt that the rains during the summer waslu'd much of the arsenic from the vegetation, while in the winter the grass was prote<-t«Ml by snow. That the arsenic is de|>osited rather than iibsorbed is shown by the fact that l>y sluiking dry hay or grass grown in the vicinity of the smelter, a finely- divided powder was obtained that was nnich higher in arsenic than the grass from which it came. Comitarisons are given of analyses of grasses and other plants taken from the vicinity of smelters in f»ther i)arts of the country. Effect of illuminating gas and ethylene upon flowering carnations, W. Crockk.u and I.. 1. Kmciit (Hot. da:., ',r, (lUUS). Xd. J. /*/*. .!'>!)-27(i. /I'lis. .',). — f»n account «if the conunon l)elief that |tlants do jioorly in houses lighted with gas and beca\ise of various inquiries from carnation growers as to the eft"ect of illu- 628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ruinating gas upon the flowering carnation, the authors have carried on some ex- periments, which are described in detail, to determine the effects and toxic limits of illuminating gas and ethylene on the buds and flowers of the carnation. In a later paper they expect to describe in detail the effects of illuminating gas and its main constituents upon the vegetation of the carnation. The authors found the flowers of the carnation to be extremely sensitive to traces of illuminating gas in the air. With the varieties Boston Market and pinlv Lawson, 3 days' exposure to 1 part in 40,000 Ivills the young buds and prevents the opening of those already showing petals. In tlie same varieties 1 part gas in 80,000 causes the closing of the open flowers after 12 liours' exposure. This injury takes place directly on the bud or flower exposed and not indirectly through absorption by the roots. The so-called " sleep " of the carnation is probably often caused by traces of illuminating gas in the air. Ethylene is even more fatal to the flowers of the carnation. Three days of exposure to 1 part in 1,000,000 prevents the opening of buds just showing the petals, and 12 hours' exposure to 1 part in 2.000,000 causes the closing of flow- ers already open. There is apparently evidence to indicate that the toxic limit of illuminating gas upon these flowers is determined by the ethylene it contains. As yet no chemical test has been found that is delicate enough to detect the least trace of illuminating gas that will cause injury to carnations. The viability of seeds, J. J. Thornber (Plant World, 11 (1908), No. 7, pp. 138, 159). — Observations are reported on the viability of seeds after continuous prolonged submergence. The experiments were conducted at the Arizona Ex- periment Station and were suggested liy the conditions which obtain in the valley of the Colorado River in southwestern Arizona, which is subject to an annual rise in May and June following the melting of the snows in the moun- tams near its source. There is practically no rainfall in this section, and annual crops are grown by sowing seed on the flood plains before the season of high water begins. In the experiments noted, the seeds were sown in soil in the usual manner and flooded to a depth of 12 in. for a period of 38 days, which is about the period of average submergence over the lower flood plain of the Colorado River. With this treatment the ijercentages of germination of nomual seeds were as follows: Bermuda grass 42, Johnson grass 45, amber cane 45, wild hemp (Sesbania macrocarpu) 75, Japanese rice 36, Honduras rice 23, and sugar beets 16. No germination resulted with oats, rye, corn, millet, or Jerusalem corn after more than a few days' submergence. Where the period of submergence was extended to 50 days, the percentages of germination were: Bermuda grass 14, Johnson grass 23, amber cane 45, Honduras rice 23, and wild hemp 13. Of radish, ruta- baga, sugar beet, and tomato seed, 100 per cent germinated after being under water for 21 days, cabbage and celery seed 75 per cent, and watermelon seed 33 per cent. In the latter instance the seed was not placed in the soil. On the longevity of seeds, A. J. Ewart (Proc. Roy. Soc. Victoria, n. ser., 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-210, pis. 2). — A study has been made of a large number of seeds, ranging from fi'esh seeds to those known to be GO or more years old, to determine their germination. In all, more than 3,000 tests were made, embracing many species and genera. The results of the teste are given in alijhabetical lists, and with these are incorporated all the previous records that the author was able to A-erify or correct. In summarizing the tabulated results, the author divides seeds into 3 bio- logical classes, according to their duration of life under optimal conditions. These are short-lived or microbiotic seeds whose duration does not exceed 3 years, mesobiotic seeds which may last 3 to 15 years, and macrobiotic seeds which may last from 15 to over 100 years. FIELD CROPS. 629 III an apitoiKlix, Miss .I«'iiii White jiivcs an acmnnt of (wiicrinicnts in wliicli she found that hard si'inls whirli aiv iiK-a[»ablo of iuibil)inj;: water owe their failure to tair absence determines whether a seed will or will not have a long life in the soil, hut not whether it will have a long life when i)reserved in dry air. Macrobiosis is the result of a biological adaptation of the i)roto- plasni. in which an ininernieable cuti'-le i)lays a merely accessory or aiding part. Methods and causes of evolution, O. F. Cook (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant IihIus. Bill. l.iU, PI). 3-j). — A discussion is given of the methods and causes of evolution, with special reference to the application of the ascertained facts to breeding, acclimatization, etc. The present state of knowledge of heredity in Pisum, R. II. Lock (Ann. Roil. Bot, (Uird. J'cradrniiitt, .) (I!K)S), \o. J. />p. US-Ill). — A summary is given of the most imi)ortant facts so far recorded with regard to heredity iu Pisum, and attention is called to some of the gaps which still remain in our knowledge of the subject. The author states that the behavior of the color characters of the testa and corolla has been worked out completely and described iu terms of Mendelian segregation with the help of the idea of the masking of several characters when certain other characters are absent. The principal gaps remaining in our knowledge relate to the heredity of the purple pod and of the allelomorphs concerned in determining the number and length of interuodes. FIELD CROPS. The revegetation of overgrazed range areas, A. W. Sampson and F. V. CoviLLE iU. H. iJcpt. At/r., Forest ticrr. t'irc. 15S, pp. 21). — The work here re- iMirted was conducted for the purpose of determining the relative inii)ortance of the native grasses and forage i)lants on the Wallowa National Forest in eastern C)reg(»n. and to ascertain the rapidity and extent to which the important forest i)lants are regenerating niton overgrazed areas, what plants under the jiresent grazing system are succeeding upon depleted range areas, and by what system of grazing the foiiiier iiroduct iveness of the range may be rest lower, or yellow I»ine zone, ranges in altitude from 3,0(»() to 4,.^»()0 ft. and its vegetation is made up largely of bunch grass, those occurring in the greatest abinidaiice being blue bunch grass {Fixtiicit arizonicit) , big bunch grass ( .Xtirnpiiroii xpU-atiuii). little bhie grass { I'on xinulhcrtfii). and mountain .lune grass (Kulrria cristata). The Itxlgepole pine zone occupies th(M) to ('i.SOt) ft. The most characteristic tret? of this region is the lodgepole pine. The open grass land areas in the zone are comparativ«'ly small. While no particular grasses are especially characteristic of this zone, smooth wild rye grass {Klinmis gJau- vuH), sliort awned brome grass (Bromus marginutun), western neetlle grass ( t^tipa (KTuli-nlaliM), and pine grass (Cnlaiiiaf/rostis .suksilorfii) are among the more common sp«H'ies. The third, or whilebark pine zone, is from t».."i(M> to S.."»(K» ft. above sea level and is nanieo !)o Do 69 1 Do ObIh 2.15 2.13 1.32 1.48 31 G Do 57 0 Do 98.5 62.6 Do Do 632 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Alfalfa cut for the first time last season and grown on land not requiring an excessive amoiuit of water yielded 7.36 tons per acre in three cuttings, with a depth of 3 ft. of water for irrigation. An old alfalfa field on gravelly land yielded but 2 tons of hay per acre, with a depth of 8.5 ft. of water applied in irrigation. American dry farming', W. Straweridge {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 32 (1908), No. 6, pp. ISl-J.'/O). — The American system of dry farming is briefly summarized as follows: "(1) Fine deep sandy loam is best for dry farming. (2) Disk or lightly plow directly the crop is off. (3) Plow deep, 7 to 9 in., during the summer or autumn. (4) Harrow same day, immediately after plow- ing or disking, after each fall of rain, and as late in the season as possible after the crop is up several inches. (5) Pack the soil, if loose, to make it firm and retentive. (6) Do not allow any weeds to grow. (7) Keep the top 3 in. of soil loose and dry, but not too fine, so as to be dust. (8) If soil is likely to drift, harrow when damp; should that not be successful, do not fallow. (9) Only sow the best dry-grown seed. (10) Sow thinly to get good results; thick sowing in dry country has proved unsuccessful. (11) Sow the seed of wheat 2 to 3 in. deep on top of damp, moist subsoil. (12) Do not attempt dry farm- ing with a gravel or rubble below a shallow soil. (13) Practice rotation of crops to maintain the fertility of the soil, and in cases where land can not be fallowefl." [Agriculture in tlie Congo Free State], Pynaert (Bui. Off. Etat Independ. Congo, 2^ (1908), Ao. 1-2, Sup., pp. l-'/O. pi. 1). — This is a report covering the third quarter of 1907 on the work conducted at the agricultural experiment station of Eala. Notes are given on a botanical garden, an experimental garden, and a model farm. The different species and varieties of plants added to the botanical garden are listed and the yields from rublier, spice, perfume, dye, drug, textile, oil, forage, and fruit crops are noted. [Experiments with fi.eld crops), B. W. Ivilgore et ai.. (Bui. A. C. Dept. Agr., 29 (1908), No. 2, pp. 75). — Variety, distance, fertilizer, and cultivation experi- ments are reported with cotton and corn, and directions are given for the preparation of composts and the use of fertilizers for tobacco. The experi- ments with cotton and corn were carried on at the Edgecombe, Red Springs, Iredell, and Transylvania test farms. The varieties of corn averaging highest yields of shelled corn at Edgecombe during 8 years were Cocke Prolific, Weekley Improved, Sanders Improved, and Holt Strawberry ; at Red Springs during 2 years Native, Cocke Prolific. Holt Strawberry, and Weekley Improved; and at Iredell, Weekley Improved, Sanders Improved, Cocke Prolific, and Boone County White. The earliest varieties tested on these farms are Iowa Silver Mine, Riley Favorite, Learning Yellow, Reid Yellow Dent, Boone County Special, and Boone County White; the medium-maturing varieties. Biggs Prolific, Craig Prolific White, Cocke Prolific, and Craig Prolific Strawberry; and the late-maturing varieties. Holt Straw- berry, Marlboro Prolific, Sanders Improved, Weekley Improved, and Mosby Prolific. Notes on the varieties tested in 1907 are given, and the sorts adapted to the eastern. Piedmont, and mountain sections are enumerated. The average of 6 years' results on the Edgecombe farm indicate that planting 4 by 3 ft. is best suited to the soil, and at Iredell and Red Springs, as an average of 3 and 5 years' results, respectively, 5 by 2 ft. As an average of 8 years' tests with cotton, Russell Big Boll and Culpepper Improved ranked as the best varieties on the Edgecombe farm ; as an average of 5 years' tests, Culpepper Improved, Excelsior Prolific, King Improved, and Russell Big Boll were ranked on the Red Springs farm; and as the result of 5 years' work, Kiug Improved, King Improved Native, aud Edgeworth on the FIELD CROPS. 633 TnMh'll farm. Tho individual tests raiijicd from r»;5() to Din lbs. of seed cotton at Kdjit^'omhp. L'(M to .").".;! llts. at Red Spring's, and 4.">r» to "•(•."» lbs. at Iredell. The earliest varieties were Dozier Iniin'oved, Kinj: Improved, IbnlKe, Shine Extra Early rrolitic, and Wel>l> : tlie niediiini-niatnrin;,' varieties, Cnli)e|)per Improved, Cook Improved, Excelsior rroliiic. IVterlvin Improved, and Edge- worth ; and the later-maturing varieties, liussell Big Holl, Black Texas Wood, and Moss Improved. The highest percentage of lint was secured in Moss Im- proved, King Improvetl, Brown Texas Wood, Peterkln Improved, Cook Im- proved, Tool Early Prolific, Excelsior Prolific, Brown No. 1, Edgeworth, and Mortgage I,ifter. With these varieties in 1004, the percentage of lint to seed varied from .■>.">.42 in Excelsior Prolitic at Edgecombe to 4.''>.0;i per cent in Moss Iuiprov(Hl at Iretlell. Russell Big Boll, Culpepper Improved, Edgeworth, Doubleheader, and Brown No. 1 of the varieties tested possess the largest sized bolls and the largest seed. The average results of distance tests at Edgecombe and Red Springs during 4 years favor about 3i ft. by 16 in. at Mgecombe and about 4 ft. by 16 in. at Red Springs, and the average results of 5 years at Iretlell favor planting 3^ ft. by 16 in. Notes on varieties of cotton tested in 1007 are given, varieties a(lai)ted to difTerent sections <»f the State are enunierates of fertilized cot- ton was l,r)13 lbs. of seeil cotton, as compared with 466 lbs. of seed cotton on the imfertilized part of the plat. The estimated cost of the fertilizer for cotton was $."».r)0, for corn .$(>, and for oats .$2.0.") iter acre. The fertilizer apiilitnl gave an average gain bu. of oats on the ferti- llztfl parts of the plat, as comi»ared with 1,034.3 ll)s. of cotton, 35.8 bu. of corn, and .35.2 bu. of oats on the unfertiliztHl portion of the plat. The largest money value, !?47.42 per acre, was secured from cotton, as against ?,43.02 from oats and 634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pens, and $41 from corn and peas, counting cotton jit 10 ct?*., oats at 45 cts., corn at 60 cents., hay at $14, and cotton seed at $14. Several plans for rotations are outlined and notes are given on tln' culture of oats in Louisiana. Grain without irrigation, G. H. True (Nevada Sta. BuL 63, p. 25).— Winter barley grown without irrigation gave a yield of 23 bu. of grain per acre. Spring-seeded White Australian wheat without irrigation yielded 0.4 bu.. Velvet Don 12 bu., Beardless barley 16 bu., and rye 14 bu. per acre. The author believes that by properly handling the land in certain localities of the State fair crops of grain may be grown without irrigation. The systematic classification and naming' of grain varieties for practical purposes, von RtJMKER (Jahrh. Deut. Landw. GcselL, 23 (U>OA), No. /, pp. 137-160). — This article proposes and discusses schemes for the classification and naming of varieties and strains of rye, wheat, barley, and oats. The terms " Landsorte," " Vei'edelte Sorte," " Hochzucht," " Neuzliehtung." '" Original- saatgut," and " Nachbau " used by German seed breeders and seed dealers are defined. Alfalfa, J. M. Westgate {U. S. Dipt. Apr., Fanners' Bui. 339, pp. // ash is rtnliicetl when the plant is insntticiently nourished, and an abnormally high ash content is attribntwl to overfeed iii}: with salts or to too early riitening. A new basis for barley valuation and improvement, A. Mann ( U. S. Dciit. A investigations described the author concludes that the diastatic and cytatic starch fermentf* in barley are wholly a product of the scutellum and are secreted by its epithelial layer. While a minute trace of these ferments is found in the starch cells, this is l)ractically negligible because it i>Iays so slight a i)art in the normal starch conversion. It is stated that the aleurone layer has nothing whatever to do with this process. The results of these investigations further led to the conclusion that a broad, circular, slightly convex tyi)e of scutellum. having long, narrow epithelial cells, is a characteristic of the best grades of malting barley, while a narrow, deep sunken tyjie, with short and broad ei)ithelial cells is indicative of barley inferior for malting imrjHises. This correlation is considered of value as furnishing a means of nn-ognizing the grade of any variety of barley, and also as jtoiuting (»ut that any improvement in malting Itarley nnist include an iniiirovement of (he scutellum. The Mendelian and DeVriesian laws applied to cotton breeding. It. J. H. DkIajacii {(icorgia ^7«. lint. 83, />/*. .'i3-63, pgs. 7, dyinx. ^). — Cook and Ivilgore cottons were selected for brei>ding purpo.ses, with the view of combining the good qualiti«>s of both varieties and to making an application of Mendel's law. Hybridization was begun in August, 1!>0(!, with the result that 0 capsules were secnre were of the C'f)ok type, 14 of the Kilgore type, and 11 of the hybrid type, while the 3 cajtsules ]»roduced 2t> plants, of which 7 were of the Cook type, IS of the Kilgore type, and 1 of hybrid character. The results of each series showed the dominance of characters of the female parent and, with .some exceptions, very little breaking \\p of characters. The cafisule coming nearest reaching Men- delian proportions producetl 21 plants, of which 11 were of the C(H)k type, ."> of the Kilgore type, and 5 of hybrid tyi)e, and these plants were selected for further work. Tests were made of single capsule, single iilant, and progeny. Nine cajisules were fertilized on one plant and three each on the other plants entering into the experiment. In the single capsule test 1,282 plants were produced, including of tlie Cotik, Kilgore. and hybrid type 583, 334, and 3tir> plants, resi)ectively. In the individual i)lant test 1.1(57 i)lants were secured, and of these 48,") were of the Cook ty|»e, 411 of the Kilgore tyiK', and 270 were hybrids. The results of the progeny test with .")70 iilants were 2(i(> of the Cook type, 100 of the Kilgore type, and 210 were hybiids. It was found that variation in types occiirn-d almost as often in the single capsule test as in the other two experiments. In tlie cast> of i)Iant 3 in the first ex|ieriment, all plants from the first capsule revert«Hl to the male parent type, while all from the second capsule reverted to the female type and those from capsule 3 were hleal hybrids. The author Htntes that should these experiments be continued all three experiments would be dropiK'd exce|>t the hybrid types of capsule 3 in the first experinn'iit. The results have shown that there is ;i gri-at variation in the activity of dilT'erent indlvidinil capsules, and that certain of these seem to approach fixation, and that every capsule on a hybrid plant will not always contain exact Mendelian 636 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. proportions. The author also concUules that these results were not due to mutation and that their occurrence can be explained through Mendel's law. A bibliography covering the period from 1859 to the present day, representing the books and pamphlets consulted for the work in band, is appended. Reappearance of a primitive character in cotton hybrids, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dcpt. Agi:, Bur. Plant Jiulii.s. Virc. IS, m)- U)- — In a discussion of this subject the author points out that hybrids between the Kekchi cottons of (Juatemala and varieties of the Sea Island and Egyptian series conmionly show seeds with green fuz^ in the first generation. As this character does not normally appear in either of the parental varieties, it is considered as probably an ancestral character of both of them. The fact that the green fuzz largely disappears in the second generation of the hybrid is taken as indicating that the recall of this character to expression in the first generation marks a preliminary stage in the process of conjugation. " The complete results of conjugation first become visible in the second generation, when the parental characters reap- pear in many combinations and gradations. . . . The practical point is that such departures fron) the iiarental characters in the first generation of a hybrid may not remain to detract from the value of later generations. Hybrids in which these undesirable primitive characters come into expression must be grown for at least two generations before selection can be effectively applied. The characters shown by the first generation do not afford any i)ractical indi- cation regai'ding the charjicters of the later generations." British cotton cultivation, W. Dunstan (Colon. Rpts., Ali.sc. [(It. Brit.], Xo. 50, PI). .'f6). — Reports on the quality of cotton grown in the P.ritish possessions are presented. The regions considered are Cypi'us in Eurojie, the Sudan, East Africa Protectorate, Uganda, Nyasaland I'rotectorate in East Africa, Rhodesia, Transvaiil, Orange River Colony, Xatal, and Cape Colony in South Africa,' Gambia, Sierra Leone, Gold Coast, Lagos, Southern Nigeria, and Northern Nigeria in West Africa, the Seychelles, the Straits Settlements, the Federated Malay States, and British North Borneo in Asia, Australia, British New Guinea, the West Indies, British Guiana, Honduras, and Bermuda. These reports form an account of progress in native cultivation and experimental trials fostered and inaugurated largely by the British Cotton Growing Asso- ciation. An excellent quality of American cotton is reported as growing in the Zoutpansberg district of the Transvaal, and it is believed that American cot- ton has apparently proved successful in Nyasaland and Uganda. Cotton production, 1907, W. M. Steuart and D. C. Roper (Bur. of the Census [U. S.] Bui. 95, pp. 58, figs. 7, dgnis. >i, map 1). — This bulletin presents data with reference to the annual cotton production in the United States as returned by ginners and delinters, distributed by States from 1899 to 1907 and by counties from 1903 to 1907; statistics as to annual production compiled fi'om trustworthy sources of previous years beginning in 1790 ; figures on the world's cotton production in 1907 by countries : illustrated discussions on the growing, harvesting, and handling of cotton ; and data regarding the production of cotton seed and the manufacture of and trade in cotton-seed products. The total crop of 1907, including linters, is givA as 11,425,156 running bales or bales as pressed at ginneries. The distribution of the crop was as follows: Upland cotton, square bales, 10,871,652; upland cotton, round bales, 198,549; Sea Island cotton, 86,895 bales, and linters, 268,060 bales. The average pro- duction of cotton in the United States for the last 6 years is 345,914 bales in excess of the crop of 1907. Flax experiments, 1906 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 8 (1908), No. 3, pp. Jt23-JfJtO). — The largest average yield of retted straw, 3,127 lbs. per FIELD CROPS. 637 aero, was stH-urwl whero 3 cwt. of kaiiiit ami liJ cwt. of rape meal was aiiplicd (liirinj; tlu' wintor. Tlu» avi>ra>,'e yield of scutched flax was also larjiest in this (est, and the average returns from the scutched flax ranked flrst witli £13 Os. 3d. The average returns fn»m flax and tow i>er acre amounted to £13 KJs. Id. The cost of the manure in this experiment amounted to £1 and the profit per acre from the use of the manure to £3 (js. Id., heing a greater return than that secure///. /»//*. Jii.sl., 6 U!>OS), \(). J. lip. 12IJ-135). — Samples of jute and jute substitutes, including Hihificiis ( sciilcntiis. If. (iiiiiuiurlfthiis. If. liindiiifoliKsi 'i), H(»ukcn\jn /icifolia, and I'reua hthiitn were examined and their chemical composition is reported. The samples were secured from Sierra Leone, Northern and Southern Nigeria, .and (Jambia. Report on field trials on varieties of mangel [Miilldiul .\(jr. and Daiii/ Col. Kill, li, nxns. pp. ').i-(i.i). — I'rizewinner and Ked Intermediate prodticed the largest yield but with a low percentage of dry matter, while Sugar Mangel and New (iolden King gave the smallest yield but with the highest percentage of dry matter of any in the test. Golden King had the lowest percentage of roots gone to seetl and Sugar Mangel the highest. The varieties reconmieuded for the Midlands are rrizewiimer. Red Intermediate, and Normanton Globe, the yields for these varieties in tliese exi)eriments being .'{() tons 2 cwt., 30 tons IJ cwt., and 2.") tons l.")j cwt.. res]i(>ctively. The orig'in of the cultivated potato and the bvid variations of wild tuber- bearing solanums under cultivation, E. IIkckel {Sur Ics Origines dc la f'omnic dc Tcrrc ('itUircc ct aur leu Mutations Grmmaircs Cidtiirnlcft dm Solnniim Tuhdrif^res Sauvages. Marseilles, 1007, pp. 82, pis. 8. figx. /7). — The history of the potato is given and the author's observations on different wild solanums under cultivation are presented. Solannm eommcrsonii and its wild varieties did not undergo any variation at Marseilles. It is stated that bud variation gives to the species much greater vigor so that all parts increase in size, tiiat the flowers as well as the tubers enlarge and change in color, and that ev«'ii tlie form of the fruits whi<'h sometimes api)ear on the mutations wliile tlie tyi>t> spemain sterile may be modified. Tlie products of these mutations, although from very different tyiK^s. resemble each other moriiho- logically much more than those from the original tyi)es. . The dry matter and starch content of potatoes, S. IIai.s (TidsKkr. Norskc Landhr., 1 >, (1007). \o. II, pp. ,/,6V,-}6\0).— Analyses of (iO samples of Norwe- gian iKitatoes show that the starch content increases with the dr.v matter con- tent. Potatoes containing from 1(5 to 17 i>er ci'iit of dry matter containeil (57.4 \tvv cent of starch in the dry matter, and potatoes containing over 23 per cent of dry matter contained 73.5) per cent of starch in the dry matter. Noustarchy 638 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. solids ranged from 5.39 per cent in tlie potatoes with low dry matter content to 6.4!) per cent In the potatoes with high dry matter content. The percentage of ash and fiber did not vary much, but the content of other nonuitrogenous snl)stances increased with the dry matter. Experiments with barnyard manure and commercial fertilizers for pota- toes, 1904-1907, \V. Christie (Ber. Hedemaikens Amts Forsogsstat. Virhs., 3 (1907). pp. 5-51). — The data secured in 28 different series of fertilizer ex- periments with potatoes showed that the best general results were obtained from 200 kg. of 20 per cent superphosphate and 100 kg. of 37 per cent potash salt applied with 70,000 kg. of barnyard manure per hectare. The same application with the potash omitted apparently increased the starch content to some extent. An application of 350 kg. of 20 per cent superphosphate, 200 kg. of 37 per cent potash salt, and 160 kg. of sodium nitrate per hectare pro- duced as heavy yields as the use of 70.000 kg. of barnyard manure, but gave a somewhat higher starch content than the use of the manure alone. [Trials with sugar beets and potatoes] (Univ. Col. Reading, Agr. Dept. BuL 2, pp. 12). — Cooperative sugar beet experiments were made with the Kleinwanzleben and Improved White varieties. The yield of roots ranged from 12* to 24A tons i»er acre. Improved White being the better yielder. The sugar content of the roots varied from about 16 to IS per cent, Kleinwanzleben being generally the better of the two varieties. The varieties of potatoes compared belonged to the Up-to-Date, Maincrop, Imperator, and Abundance groups. In the Up-to-Date group 1 oz. of seed potatoes produced on an average 1 lb. of crop in the tirst year, and 0.77 lb. in the follownng season. The next best yield was obtained in the Imperator group, being 0.S7 lb. per ounce of seed potatoes the first year and 0.51 lb. the second. Results with Irish, Scotch, and English seed 4)otatoes in all trials showed that the best and largest crops were obtained from the Irish and the second best from the Scotch strain. Experiments on the defoliation of sugar beets, F. Strohmkr, H. Briem, and O. Fallada (Mitt. Clam. Tech. Vers, titat. Cent. Ver. Riibenz. Indus. Ostcrr.-Ungar., Xo. 198, pp. 1-12). — ^After briefly reviewing the results obtained l)y different investigators along this same line, the authors present and discuss the data secured in their own work. Beets were grown on 5 plats, the seed being planted April 6, and the crop being hoed on April 17, May 6 and 20, and June 6. On the last-mentioned date the beets were thinned and a top-dressing of nitrate of soda was given. The comparable i-esults on the different plats were as follows : Plat 1, de- foliated July 12, produced 40.25 kg. of leaves and 110.2 kg. of roots; plat 2, defoliated July 30, 41.50 kg. of leaves and 104.3 kg. of roots ; plat 3, defoliated August 24, 87.50 kg. of leaves and 132.5 kg. of roots; plat 4, only partially defoliated ou August 24, 38 kg. of leaves and 126.5 kg. of roots ; and plat 5, on which the plants were allowed to retain their leaves, 50.60 kg. of leaves and 174 kg. of roots. The conclusion is drawn that complete, as well as partial, defoliation of the sugar beet reduces total yield as well as sugar production, and that this reduction is greatest when the leaves are removed immediately preceding that period of growth in which the greatest sugar formation in the leaves takes place, which is about the end of July and the beginning of August. It was further found that early and complete defoliation increased the ash content and the crude fiber of the roots and in general reduced their quality. Defoliated beets showed about the same changes that are shown in beets grown with insufficient light. The data also indicate that the oxalic acid content of the dry matter of the leaves is considerably higher during all phases of the FIELD ( Koi'S, 639 (levelopiiHMit of such sng:ir luvts than in Un- dry matter of the loaves of nor- mally developed mature sugar beets. Beet sugar, Z. C. Elkin (Bui: of the Census [U. .S.J, Manfis. tOOo, pt. 3, Pli. J^J-JJJ). — Statistics for the manufacture of beet sugar as rei)orted in the censuses of 1880, 1900, and 1905, with the percentages of increase from 1900 to T.Mj.'j. are reported and historical notes on the industry ai-e given. According to summary presented in tabular form the number of establishments in 1905 was 51. the caiiital invested $r.,-..!i2:i.4n9, and the value of products $24,393,794. l>ata on the industry in the different States are given in tables. Experiments with seedling' and other canes in the Leeward Islands in 1906-7, F. Watts i;t al. ihiip. Drpt. A(/i: West Indies Pamphlet r,0. If)07, pp. 53). — A summary is here given of the results of experiments with varieties of sugar cane carried on in Antigua and St. Kitts during 1900-7. The work was conducted on 8 estates in each island for the purpose of finding varieties likely to increase the outi)ut of sugar and showing greater resistance to insect pests and plant diseases. In Antigua good results as plant canes were obtained with Sealy Seedling, D 109, I) ()25. H 2()S, and B IHC. As rattoons, Sealy Seedling. B 150, B 376, and D 109 gave the best results in the order named. B 208 did not seem to commend itself as a rattoon cane on much of the sugar land. In St. Kitts, B 208, D 116, and Sealy Seedling gave the best results as plant canes. B 208 and D 116 also stood first and second, respectively, in average yield for the past 7 years. As rattoons these same two canes ranked first the past sea.son. being followe^l by Mont Blanc and D 74. Sealy Seedling occupied twelfth place in average results among the rattoons in 1906-7. In Antigua 26.2 per cent of the total sugar acreage of the island is now (levfited to the newer varieties, while in St. Kitts the newer canes already occupy VI per cent of a total of 7,516 acres. Manurial experiments with sugar cane in the Leeward Islands in 1906-7, F. Watts kt al. (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet ho8phate the nitrogenous fertilizers also proved profitable. The use of dried lilood was unsatisfactory. This season sui)erphosphate afforded better results than basic jihospliate, but even in this form it did not appear remunerative. The use of moderate (piaiitities of potash i)rove(l beneficial, and small dressings of 20 ll)s. of potash |)er acre were as satisfactory as larger d(»ses. The use of guano gave an insufficient increase in the crop to cover the exi)ense of its apiilication. The average results in the old series of experiments during 7 years are re- garded as showing fairly conclusively that in Antigua and St. Kills nitrogen is of the greatest value to the rattoon crop and thj(t the requirements are met by the use of front 2 to 2J cwt. of sulphate of anunonia per acre or from 2i to 3* cwt. of nitrate of soda given in one application; that potash is doubtfully re- munerative and if used should not exceed in quantity 20 lbs. per acre, and that phosphates are not profitable. These statements presuppose that when the land was prepannl for plant canes it was manured with about 20 tons per acre of goo or its e(|uivalent. 74921— No. 7—09 4 640 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Report on field trials on varieties of swedes (Midland Agr. and Dairy Col. Bui. 7, J9()7-S, PI). 61-18). — In general the bronze-top varieties outyielded the purple-top sorts. Ne Plus Utra, which ranked first in yield and dry matter, pro- duced 19 tons 17 cwt. of roots and 3,G33 lbs. of dry matter per acre. It is re- garded as the best swede for the ^Midlands. Report on field trials on manuring' of swedes {Midland Agr. and Dairy Col. Bui. J/, 1901-8, pp. 21-.'tO). — The results here reported show that a dressing of 191 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 520 lbs. of superphosphate, and 60 lbs. of sulphate of potash per acre was the most profitable application. A small dressing of barn- yard manure and commercial fertilizers gave a larger crop than the use of manure alone either in small or in large dressings. Basic slag and superphos- phate proved to be the best sources of phosphate for swedes, and dissolved bone and bone meal the least satisfactory. It was found that if part of the nitrogen is applied after thinning it is best to supply that given at seeding in the form of sulphate of ammonia, and that if all the nitrogen is given as nitrate of soda it is advisable to apply it all at the time of sowing. Propagation of tobacco in Cuba, C. F. Baker (Estac. Cent. Agron. Cuba Bui. 10, English cd., pp. 22, figs. 8). — This bulletin is a popular treatise on tobacco culture under Cuban conditions. The subjects discussed are seed selection, ^arieties, seed beds and their preparation, planting, and transplanting. Tobacco (Bur. of the Census [U. 8.], Manfrs. 1905, pt. 3, pp. 553-579) .—In this report the manufacture of tobacco is divided into two principal groups, cigars and cigarettes, and chewing and smoking tobacco and snuff. A summary of the statistics of the combined industry from 1S60 to 1905, with percentages of increase, shows that in 1905 the number of establishments was 16,828, the capital invested $323,983,501, the cost of materials used $126,088,608, and the value of products $331,117,681. Tabulated statistics are given by States, Terri- tories, and geographic divisions. The perennial sow thistle and some other weed pests of 1908, J. E. Howitt (Ontario Dept. Agr. Bui. 168, pp. 24, figs. 26). — This bulletin presents informa- tion regarding the perennial sow thistle (Sonchus arvcnsis), bladder campion (Silene inflata), stinkweed (Thlaspi arvcnse), Russian thistle (Salsola kali tragus), field pepper grass (Lepidium camijestre), dodder (Cuscuta epithyniurn) , and the orange hawkweed (Hieracium aurantiacuni), with a view to aiding in checking or exterminating these various weeds which are spreading rapidly over Ontario. Special attention is given to the perennial sow thistle and five dif- ferent methods for combating it are outlined. HORTICULTURE. Forcing' plants by warm baths, H. Molisch (Umschau, 12 (1908), No. 39, pp. 771-113, figs. J,; abs. in Sei. Amer. Sup., 66 (1908), No. Ill/,, p. 2yS).— The author investigated a method used by certain practical gardeners in forcing plants by means of warm water. The method consists in soaking cut branches or rooted plants of various trees and shrubs in warm water for from 9 to 12 hours, and then growing them in the usual manner. In November, 1907, 3 freshly cut branches of Forsythia were immersed for 12 hours in water, the temperature of which varied between 77 and 90° F. These were then placed in a hothouse with their cut ends in water, together with 3 branches which had not been immersed. In 12 days' time the bathed branches were in full bloom while all the buds on the other branches still remained closed. A rooted lilac bush immersed for 12 hours in hot water at a tempera- ture of 88 to 98° F. was afterwards placed in a moderately warm forcing house with a temperature of 59 to 61° F. Forty days after the bushes were HORTICULTURE. 641 in full loaf aiul flower, whereas the hiuls on an untreated bush were just hef^in- ning to ()i)en. A portion of the young catkins on a hazel stem with many branches was immersed in hot water for a period of 12 hours while the remaining catkins remained diy. Six days later the bathetl catkins attained their full development while tlic iiiibathed catkins showed no perceptible change. A similar experiment with Forsythia emithasized the local character of the inlluence of the warm bath. It was also found that if the bathed brandies or plants are not placed at once in the forcing house, but are tirst exposed to the oi)en air for 2, 3 or 4 weeks, under ordinary autumn or winter conditions, and are then cultivate*! in the hothouse, the bathed portions show the same advance over the unbathed lM»rtions as though they were placed in the hothouse immediately after the bath. This process is api)lical)le to the hazel, lilac, dogwood, gooseberry, larch, black alder, horse chestnut, willow and other plants and inunersion from G to 12 hoiu's is generally sutlicient. I'lants bathed beyond 12 hours are likely to suffer from lack of oxygen. The tenii)erature of the bath varies with different plants. Hazel, Forsythia, gooseberry, and lilac are sufhciently stimulated by ;i bath at 8(5° F., whereas a temiH'rature of 95 to 104° F. is better for the horse chestnut and appears to be n(>cessary for the black alder and birch. Some plants appear to be influenced by the warm liatli immediately after the leaves fall; other plants must first go Ibrongh a period of rest. On the other hand, the effect of the bath gradu- ally diminishes toward the end of the winter rest period. A warm bath in autunm was found to produce innnetliate effect on the male catkins of the hazel, whereas the leaf buds could not be stimulated by a warm bath until •January. It is believed (bat this method will i)rove of i)ractical value to florists in forcing shrubs. Distribution of seeds and plants, E. J. Wickson and R. E. Mansell {Cali- fornia Stu. .S'cfv/ Jiiil. lUOH-i), lip. 6). — A tabulated statement on the distributioji of seed made by the station from 1902 to 1908 is given, the aims and methods of the work are pointed out. and a number of garden vegetables and fruits are described. Ginseng and other medicinal plants, A. R. Harding (Coltonbiis, O.. J'J08, I'll- -in. Ills. .i. Jills. Hi, (li/in. I). — This popular work contains a considerable ainionnt of information compiled from various sources relative to the technical and common names, habitat, I'ange, botanical characteristics, collection, prices, and uses of a large nuniber of medicinal roots, barks, and leaves. Particular attention is paid to the culture of ginseng and (!olden Seal. Illustrations are given of the plants under discussion. Orchard fruits in the Piedmont and Blue Ridge regions of Virginia and the South Atlantic States, II. P. (Jorr.n iU. N. Dcitt. .\(;r.. litir. PUtut Indus. Hill. I.i.'i, lip. 10^, Ills. ',). — This is tlie. first report on a series of fruit district Invest igaf ions which the Hureau of Plant Industry is conducting. It discusses till' physical and climatic conditions of the Piedmont and Hlue Ridge regions mid contains notes on the range and behavior of a large number of varieties of apples, iiears, peaches and plums grown therein. The vari»'ties of aiiples and Ix'acLes are also grouped according to their beluivior at different altitudes In difTereiit latitudes, and iihenological records compiled from the ol)servati(»ns niade of some of the more impm-fant vjirieties of fruits by a large nninlier of fruit growers are given. The lext is accompanied with a map showing the I>oinol(»gical regions of (he South Atlaii(i<' States. -Mthougli the study has not been continued sufliciently long to warrant many dflbiite dediietions, it is lielieved thai the information presen(cd will iirove of vahii- to prospective orchard planters, 642 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Orchard report of Baton Rouge Station ( Loiii-siaiia Stas. Bui. 112, pp. 3-^9, pg.s. l-'i). — This report summarizes the observations made ou the varieties of orchard and small fruits tested in the station orchai'd at Baton Rouge since its establishment in 1889-90. The report concludes with a discussion of orchard pests and diseases and their control, and orchard fertilizers. It is believed that the observations are sufficiently complete to prove of value to those inter- ested in fruit culture upon the blnff soils of the State. [Reports of the fruit experiment stations], H. L. Hutt et al. {Ann. Rpt. Fruit E.rpt. Htas. Ontario, U/ (191)1). pp. 19-9 'f, figs. 9, map 1). — A progress report on the work of variety testing at the various fruit experiment stations throughout Ontario, including sei)arate reports by the experimenters in charge of each station. In the appendix are given lists of the varieties of fruits recom- mended to be grown for market in the province, including lists of varieties especially adapted to the sections represented by each station. Fruit culture, A. Gomes do Carmo (0 Brasil: Suas riquczas naturaes; suas industrids. Rio de Janerio: Centra Indus. Brasil, 1908, Portugese ed., vol. 2, pp. 335-37S). — An account is given of the present status of fruit culture and wine making in Brazil including descriptive lists of tropical and acclimatized fruits adapted to that country. The influence of peat mull on the root development of young' fruit trees, YuNGE {Ber. K. Lehranst. Wein, Obst u. Gartenbau Geisenheim, 1907, pp. 78, 79, fig. 1 ) . — Finely divided peat dust saturated with liquid manure and worked into the soil in a similar manner to that used with stable manure was found to produce a strong fibrous root growth with young fruit trees. As a result of this trial the station recommends the use of peat mull to nurserymen. May weather and fruit harvests, F. H. Hall (New York State 8ta. Bui. 299, popular ed., pp. 2-8). — A popular etlition of Bulletin 299 of the station previously noted (E. S. R. 20, p. 41). Investigations on the life activities of stored fruits, O. Schneider-Orelli (Landw. Jahrh. Sclmeiz, 22 (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 545-563).— The author briefly reviews the literature on this subject and reports on several respiration and transpiration experiments conducted with fruit stored in bright and dark locations, together with experiments on the respiration of injured stored fruits. Sunlight, through its warming effect, was found to increase both the respira- tion and transpiration of stored fruit and should not be allowed to enter the storage place. Diffused daylight on the other hand did not appear to materially influence the life activities of stored fruit. Where there was injui'y to the fruit, however, a respiration acceleration was evident for several days. Seedless grapes and orchard fruit, H. MiJLLER-THUKGAU (Landic. Jahrh. Schweiz, 22 (1908), No. 10, pp. 564-597, figs. 7').— A study of the recent literature on this subject with an account of recent observations made by the author. The subject is discussed under the following general headings : The occurrence of parthenocarpie with pip fruits, the importance of parthenocarpie for the orchard, parthenocarpie with grapes, conditions favorable to the development of seedless fruits, and the influence of the seed upon the size, shape and inner structure of the fruit. A bibliography is apiiende, pp. 12, pis. in, figs. 18). — This bulletin is published with the view of stinndating and enc«uiraging judicious jilanting of shade trees in North Caro- lina and contains suggestions relative to the time and method of itl;uiting, prun- ing, care of newly plantent swtions of the State. Tlie advantages to be derived by judicious street tree planting are further emphasized b.v means of illtistrations. 644 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Gardens old and new, edited by II. A. Tipping (Neio York and London, [IDOS], pp. XI+S.'iG, pi. 1, figs. 397). — This is the third of a series of volumes, all of which portrjiy English country homes and their garden environments. The present volume contains about 400 photographic illustrations with de- scrii)tive text. Gardening for women, Frances G. Wolseley (New York and London, 1908, pp. XV +289, pis. 32, figs. 13). — A popular work in which the author draws attention to the qualifications of women for taking up various phrases of gar- dening, points out the advantages to be derived by employing them, and outlines their position in supplementing and Increasing the work done by male gardeners. Several chapters of the book are devoted to syllabuses of colleges and schools in Great Britain and elsewhere, which are deemed of value in training women for gardening pursuits. Window gardening, H. B. Dorner (Indianapolis, 1908, pp. 153, pi. 1, figs. .'i3). — A practical work on window gardening in which the author discusses various forms of containers, potting methods, soils, watering, fertilizers, light, heat and ventilation, insect enemies, propagation by seed and by cuttings, and gives detailed directions for the culture of a large number of bulbs, foliage plants and flowering plants- suitable for window culture. Water lilies and how to grow them, H. S. Conard and H. Hus (New York, 1901, pp. V+228, pis. 31). — A popular work containing directions for the culture of various kinds of water lilies, together with chapters on the making of ponds and the use of accessory plants. The relative values of the different varieties in the various groups are pointed out and lists are given of water lilies for special purposes. FORESTRY. Douglas fir: A study of the Pacific Coast and Rocky Mountain forms, E. H. Frothingham (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest. 8crv. Cire. 150, pp. 38, figs. 3).— This circular discusses the history, distinguishing characteristics, silvical forms, geographical distribution, and silvical regions within the range of Douglas fir, together with the silvical characteristics and requirements of the two forms, and systems of management in the different silvical regions. The author concludes that of the two forms of Douglas fir, one of which inhabits the region between the Cascades and Sierra Nevada and the coast, and the other the Rocky Mountain region, the coast form is suiterior for forest planting in almost every respect. The mountain form is better adapted for ornamental purposes or for regions where the climate is unfavorable to the growth of the coast form. Attention is called to the great desirability of select- ing seed for future plantings from rapid-growing, straight, symmetrical trees. The pine: Economic and statical investigations of the forest division, Eberswalde Forest Research Station, A. Schwappach (Die Kicfer: M'irt sehaftliehv iind i^fafiscJie Untcr.siirJningen der Forstlichen Abteilung der Haupt- station des Forstliehen Tersuchswesens in Eberswalde. Neudamm, 1908, pp. IV+180). — In addition to normal yield tables for the pine based upon studies of Prussian pine stands for the past 30 years, considerable tabular data are given and discussed relative to studies of the effect of various methods of cul- ture and of different degrees of density upon the development of pine forests, assortment yield tables, and investigations on the productiveness of pine for- estry under different systems of treatment. In the appendix tables are given for different experimental areas in which the trees are classed according to their diameter at 1.3 meters (about 5 ft.) fi'om the ground. FORESTRY. 645 Production and consumption of basket willows in the United States for 1906 and 1907, C. D. Mkll {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 155, pp. IJf).— This is a statistical review of the basket-willow industrj' in this country based largely on brief reports fi'oni 161 domestic nmnufacturers of willow ware. It is estimated that 2,2X2,000 lbs. of willow rods were consumed in this coun- try in 1!)07 as compared with 1,71)8,000 lbs. in IIHX!. There was a slight advance in price for home-grown rods, particularly for the higher grades, in 1!>07, as well as a marked tendency on the part of manufacturers to either grow their own stock or to use domestic willows of high grade. Forest economics — silviculture, I.,. Grandeau (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. scr., 3 (1908), I, pp. 312-Jt38; II, No. 1, pp. i-i56 ).—Rparate and independent consideration of space and time. This liie autlior i»elieves can be best accomplished by natural regenera- tion over very restricted ai-eas, and he advocates the selection strip method of felling, " Itlendersaumschlag," which provides for cutting the mature wood in progressive narrow strips ine Bureau of Forestry with a list of recommendations adopted at the conference relative to various phases of the work ; a report of the committee on free use privileges with a proposed amendment to the Free-Use Act designed to regulate the abuse of privileges granted under the act; considerations relative to the present status and possible development of lumbering operations ; and an outline of the work of the bureau in investigating the amount, character, value, and uses of the Philippine forest products. Tabular statements are given of the licenses and applications granted for lumbering, clearings, and homesteads, utilization of forest products, amount of timber taken by leading licensees, import and export of lumber, revenues, and exp.enditures. Desirable tracts of public forests are said to be available and unoccupied in several of the provinces. Maps of these districts have been made and esti- mates prepared showing the stand, varieties of merchantable timber, possi- bilities of logging, etc. Available forest tracts in Negros Occidental, and northeastern Mindoro, together with a report of an examination of pine lands tributary to Bagnio, Province of Benguet, are considered in the present report. Report of the conservator of forests, C. E. Legat {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1907, pp. 17S-192). — An account of nursery and planting operations conducted at the various forest centers including a financial statement for the yea r. The royal Bavarian forestry administration and its historical development ill the nineteenth century, J. Keiper {Forstw. Centhl., n. ser., 29 {1907), No. 9-10, PI). 499-531, pi. 1; 30 {1908), Nos. 2, pp. 61-76, pi. 1; 3, pp. 121-11,1; 4, pp. 181-199, pi. 1). — From the standpoint of management the author divides the Bavarian forest administration into four well-defined periods of develop- ment which are discussed in their order as follows: From 1803 to 1821; 1822 to 1853 ; 1853 to 1855 ; and 1855 to the present time. Report on the history of the woodlands of the town of Ettling'en, M. Seeger (Karlsruhe, 1908, pp. 90, map 1). — A thesis on this subject accepted by the Grand-ducal Technical High School at Karlsruhe for the degree of doctor of engineers. The work includes a historical account of the Ettlingen forests relative to their management, forest policy, protection, exploitation, etc. A brief bibliography is appended. Annual report on the literature and important happenings in the realm of scientific forestry, forest zoolog'y, agricultural chemistry, meteorology and forest botany for the year 1907, H. Weber (AUg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 1908, Sup., pp. 89). — This report contains abstracts of the important literature on the various phases of forestry together with notes on important occurrences in the forest world for the year 1907. The topics included are silviculture, utilization, management, valuation and statics, the theory of forest mensuration and yields, administration, history, policy, statistics, news of forest unions and hunting clubs, zoology, botany, and soil physics. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Observations on the biology of Botrytis cinerea, F. T. Brooks {Ann. Bat. [London], 22 {1908), A'o. . Ah(., 21 HHOS), \i>. 22-J,i, pp. (n7-7.U!, pi. /, /?f/.s'. 3).— Experiments by the author showe<.")). It is known to occur in several gretMihou.ses in New York, Illinois, and .Nebraska, but it is not belleveti to be of great economic Importance. 648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Carnations affected with bud rot are invariably infested with a fungus associated with a particular species of mite. The same fungus and mite are frequently found similarly associated on June grass {Pna pratensis). The relation of the mite to the carnation disease is not entirely clear, but it prob- ably acts as a carrier of the fungus. The relation of the mite to the silver top of grass has not been investigated. The fungus on the carnation has hitherto been given a different name from that on the grass, but as it was first described from the grass, the name should be S. poce The mite, previously described as Pcclwiiloides dianthophilus (E. S. R., 19, p. SCO), has been positively identified as Pediculopsis gramimnn. The authors of the present bulletin do not agree with Heald that the bud rot is necessarily a disease of neglected houses, as it has proved troublesome in a number of greenhouses on Long Island that are exceptionally well managed. The smuts of cereals, their distribution and control, R. Falck {Jour. Landw., 56 (1908), No. 2, pp. 173-182. pi. 1). — This is a lecture presented before the Agricultural Society of Breslau, giving a summary of information regarding cereal smuts, their distribution, and means for control. Rust in wheat, R. H, Biffen (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 15 {1908), No. 4, pp. 2-'f 1-253). — After a general account of the life histories, destructiveness, and other characteristics of rusts, the author describes his breeding experiments with various wheats in seeking forms immune to rust, particularly to the yellow rust {Puccinia gJumarum), a preliminary account of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 44). After finding a' number of varieties of wheat that were practically immune to the yellow rust, hybridizing experiments were carried on between a variety of Club, an immune variety, and Michigan Bronze, a very susceptible variety. The ci'oss-bred plants proved very susceptible to the disease, but a fair crop of grain was produced. A study of the material in subsequent generations showed that the head characters and immunity or susceptibility are unit characters that seem to be transmitted, and four fixed types have been secured, namely, immune Club, susceptible Club, an immune loose-headed variety similar to jNIichigan Bronze, and a susceptible variety of the same. Two of these varieties closely resemble the parents and two show fresh combinations of the characters present in the two parent plants. Further trials are being conducted with these varieties in order to demonstrate that the new character combina- tions are perfectly fixed. The immune varieties of wheat which have been raised in the course of these preliminary experiments have no particular value beyond their immunity. During the process of the investigation an opportunity was oft'ered to estimate the extent of damage caused by rust. Numbers of each type were harvested separately, and the yield of grain of the diseased plants compared with those in a healthy condition was in the I'atio of 0.2 to 1. Bean diseases in 1908, H. Quernkr {Ztschr. Landw. Kaimncr Braunschweig, 77 {1908), No. 31, pp. 367, 368). — During 1908 serious losses were occasioned by the occurrence of bean anthracnose {Gloeosporium lindemuthianum) dnd red spiders {Tetranychus tclarius). For the prevention of the first, the author recommends better drainage of the soil, with care in the selection of seed, and where seed is suspected of being diseased, treating it with a solution of am- moniacal copper carbonate. For the control of the red spider no definite means are described. The more important diseases of cabbage in Holland, H. M. Quanjee {Natuurk. Verhandel. Holland. Maatsch. Wctcnsch. Haarlem, 3. ser., 6 (1906), No. 2, pp. l-Slf, pis. 8). — ^After describing cabbage culture in the north of Hol- land, an account is given of some of the more important insect and fimgus pests DISEASES OF PLANTS. 649 to which the crop is subject. Auions those mentioned are Contarinid torqurns, Anthonniniiia sp., Barlx sp., Phoma olcracca, etc. In adclition to these, descrip- tions are jriven of some frouhles dne to faulty cultivalloii. Corky scab of potatoes {Jour. lid. Agr. [London \, /•> (lOOS), .Yo. H, i>p. 592-599, pi. J). — A description is jiiven of corlli- catlons. Among the substances employed were soda Bordeaux mixture, neutral copper acetate, azurin, a ftmgiclde the formula of which is recommendal by Vermorel, several dust preparations of .Xordlingcr. Xonnit, and sulphur, com- parisons being made with Bordeaux mixture, a 1 per cent solution of which was used in the lirst s[iriiying and a 2 ju-r ctMit solution in tlu' second. f)50 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The Bordeaux mixture did not injure either the leaves or the flowers, while the other liquid sprays were all more or less destructive of the flowers, aud some injured the foliage as well. Nonnit destroyed a portion of the tlowers and burned the leaves to a considerable extent. None of the fungicides used in a dry form i)roved injurious. Gum disease of citrus trees in California, R. E. Smith and O. Butler {California tita. BuL 200, pp. 235-272, figs. 14). — According to the authors, the most common and characteristic citrus tree diseases in California are included under the general term gum disease, and the present bulletin considers various citrus troubles, showing the features which they have in common and dis- cussing their nature, together with means of prevention and cure. Gum disease, or gummosis, is a term applied to a condition in which an exudation of a gummy sap takes place through the bark. The disease is at- tributed to various causes, but so far as known it is not infectious. A common form in California to which the term gummosis is applied occurs on the lemon, although the characteristic trouble is not confined to these trees. An examina- tion of diseased trees showed that the gum does not originate in the bark, but breaks out through the latter by mechanical pressure from within. The af- fected area may be large or small and may spread until the trunk is completely girdled. In severe cases the bark of the affected portions dies and the tree may do likewise. The relation of soil and location of orchards to this disease is discussed, and it is shown that almost invariably gummosis is found in trees growing in poorly drained situations, such as the lower slopes of orchards, or where the orchard is on heavy soil or poorly drained due to hardpan or other causes. The effect of the disease upon the tissues is described and methods of control are suggested, among them the avoidance of unfavorable conditions in planting, the use of sour-orange roots as stock, high budding, cultural pre- vention, improvement of soil conditions, slitting and stripping the bark on diseased areas, etc. Where the bark is cut it has been found advantageous to cover the wounds with a form of grafting wax to prevent the entrance of fungi. Attention should be paid to soil improvement aud pruning, and it ha^ been found that good drainage and the proper aeration of the roots by boxing or digging away about the trees and placing sand about the trunks are on the whole practical means for the prevention of gummosis. Another citrus tree disease described is. that known as scaly bark, or psorosis, which is primarily a disease of the orange and which apparently rarely occurs on other citrus trees. This disease is distinguished from gummosis by its occurrence at any point on the trunk or branches of a tree, and there is ap- parently no direct connection between the soil and the location of the affected area. The appearance of the disease is well described by the name scaly bark. The authors say that there seems to be a connection between the irregular water supply and the occurrence of scaly bark, and an extreme case is cited which seems to prove their claim. The relation of scaly bark to gummosis is discussed, and for the control of the former the authors say that treatment does not promise very satisfactory results and that precautions for the pre- vention of the disease are more to be sought than methods for its treatment. The methods of treatment ai'e essentially the same as those described for gummosis. Brief notes are also given on the gumming of nursery trees, foot rot, Florida die back or exanthema, and twig blight. Phoma abietina, a parasitic disease of the fir, E. Mkr (Rev. Eaux et Forets, 41 (1908), JSlo. 20, pp. 609-621).— In 1890 the author published an account of a disease of fir trees in which a kind of canker was formed by P. abietina. Dur- ing a recent outbreak of a disease of firs in the .Jura Mountains, he was led to ECONOMIC 7An)Hn:\' — kxtomolocv, 651 investigate its cause. At tirst {hvvv ai»|)earc(l to i»c no rclatidu l)etweeii tiie 2 diseases, as no riionia was found in dead material. In a sul>sefiueiit and more careful study, however, the presence of a fun^^us was indicated, although in tin; last instance the disease differed quite markedly from tlie previous attack. In the present outbreak the funj^us seems to attack the young twigs, causing tlieir destruction within a relatively short time, and the injury to the tree is much more serious than that formerly observed. .V nuniber of causes are men- tionetl as probably contributing to the unusual severity of the fungus attack, among tliem the previiiliiig high winds, the severe winter of l!»(K)-7 followed i)y a i)rolonged drought in tlie sunnner, rocky soil, etc., all of which weakened the trees and made them more liable to attack. The leaf cast of white pine, K. von Tubkuf ( Xatunr. Ztschr. Foist u. Landw., U U'JOS), Xo. 6. pp. 3.11-330, figs. 3; ahs. in Dot. CcntbL, lOH {11)08), No. J.',,-p. 365). — A description is given of a disease of white pine, due to the fungus Hypodcrma hrachpsponim, which causes a falling of the leaves. In addition to white pine, it also occurs on Pinus cxcclsa. A note on the mildew of oaks, Griffon and Maublanc {Vompt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [rari-s], ] ',1 iUlOS). \(,. s, pp. '/.}?- J.W). —I hiring the sunnner of 1!)0S the oaks in many parts of France are said to have been severely attacked by a white mold of which only tlie Oidium phase is known. All the species of deciduous oaks seemed to be subject to this fungus, a few l)eing particularly injured. It has been impossible to definitely determine the species, but a species (Micro- sphccra alni) occurring on the alder has been considered as possibly attacking the oak. Observations, however, showed that while beech trees seem to be sul»- ject to the same mildew as the oaks, the alders have escaped even when grow- ing in close jn-oximity to diseased oalc trees. It is thougiit that if the species is the same as that occurring on the alder, possibly it is a specialized .form which now occurs only upon the oak. On account of the difficulty of treating oak trees, no practical means are known for combating the fungus. Mildew of oaks, Boudier (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], i.'/7 (1008), Xo. IK pp. .'i61, .'i62). — Attention is called to the abundant occurrence during the iiast season of a mildew of oaks in many localities of France. While the fruiting form of the mature fungus has not yet been found, attention is called to the fact that a mildew (Erysiplw (jucrcus) was found on leaves in the vicinity of Paris and described some (50 years ago. The author thinks that perhaps this species may ))e the one under consi. and tlic turnip gall weevil. The faunal aflSnities of the prairie region of Central North America, A. (J. KUTiivKN {Anter. Nat., .'i2 HU08), Xo. '/.'AS, pp. ,isS-.i!)3. ,niii> /).— This subject Is briefly considered, references to the literatun> being given. 652 EXPERIMENT STATION' RECORD. The commoner birds of our gardens; their habits and foods, C. H. Hooper (Jour. Roil. Hort. Hoc. [London], ,li {I'.WH), .\d. 2, [ip. Jf.i7^.',50, fig. i).— Fol- lowing an account of their habits and food, the author gives a classification of birds as to food, and discusses their influence upon insects injurious to fruit, their injury to fruit, and methods for modifying the harm done. The birds of Maine, O. W. Knight {Bangor, Me., 1908, pp. XVIII +19-693, pis. 26, map 1). — This work includes "a key to the description of the various species known to have occurred in the State, an account of their distribution and migration, showing their relative abundance in the various counties of the State as well as other regions, and contributions to their life histories." The faunal areas of the State are considered and a bibliographical list, arranged in chronological order, is appended. Bibliography of Canadian zoology for 1906, J. F. Whiteaves {Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. scr., 1 {1901), Sec. IV, pp. 209-218).— In this list, which does not include entomology, are given the publications of 56 authors. Bibliography of Canadian entomology for the year 1906, C. J. S. Bethune {Proc. and Trans. Roy. Soc Canada, 3. ser., 1 {1901), Sec. IV, pp. ISl-l.'/l).— This includes 109 titles ascribed to 50 authors. Ui^iform. common names for insects, A. F. Burgess {Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {1908), Ao. 3, pp. 209-213). — A list of the common names of 142 insects which have been accepted by the American Association of Economic Entomologists. American insects, V. L. Kellogg {Nexo York, 1908, pp. XIV+691i, pis. IS, figs. 812). — In this second and revised edition are included 19 chapters and an appendix. The first .3 chapters consider the structure and special physiology, development and metamorphosis, and the classification of insects. Chapters 4-15 are devoted to a description of the insects coniiiosing- the various orders. Chapters IG-IS take up insects and their relation to flowers, color and pattern and their uses, and insects and disease, and chapter 20 the collecting and rear- ing of insects. Chapter 19, on reflexes, instincts, and intelligence, is added in this edition. It is stated that the book is written with the endeavor to foster an interest in insect biology on the part of students in natural history, nature observers, and general readers. Forest entomology, A. T. Gillanders {Edinhnrgh and London, 1908, pp. XXII-\-.'i22, figs. 351). — In the first 10 chapters of this volume on forest insects the nature of their injury, prevention, and remedial measures, with references to the literature consulted, are discussed under the various orders of insects. In chapter 11 are given hints on collecting, preparing, and mounting, and in chapter 12, insecticides and general remedies. In chapter 13, beneficial insects are discussed. Chapter 14 is devoted to a tabular list of trees injured, with the nature of the injury, and scientific names of the insects causing it. Proceedings of the twentieth annual meeting of the Association of Economic Entomologists {Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {1908), No. 3, pp. 169-209, pis. 2). — A continuation of the report of the proceedings of this meeting pre- viously noted (E. S. R., 20, pp. 252, 552). A paper upon The Orange Worm {Trypcia liidens), by A. L. Herrera (pp. 169-174), discusses the occurrence of the pest in Mexico, the natural enemies, and artificial means of control. A bibliographical list is also given: H. J, Quayle, in a paper on A New Root Pest of the Vine in California (pp. 175, 176), gave a brief account of Adoxus ohscunis and .1. vitis and the injury caused by them, and also discussed The California Life History of the Grape Leaf-hopper {Tvphlocyba comes) (pp. 182, 183). C. P. Gillette, in a paper entitled Aphis gossypii and Its Allies (pp. 176-181), considered the identification of the sev- eral species, the influence of the host plant upon aphid characteristics, the pos- sibility of A, gossypii and rnedicaginis laying eggs, and food plants. The Life ECONOMIC /ool.ocv KN'TOMOLOCV. 653 History of the StriiuMl ('iicuiiilx'r Hcctle, witli a Hricf Aciount of Soiuo Experi- ments for its Control, is tiit' title of a paper pn'sented Ijy T. J. Headlee (pp. 203-2(>!>». in wliich an account is yiven of life liistory. injury to plants, natural eueuiies, and methods of combating Diabrntiru vittnta. Papers are also included by H. A. Uossard on The Catalpa Bud Maggot iVechlomijia catalpcr) (jip. isi, ^s.2). on Notes of the Season (pp. 183-191), and on The Honey aiul I'ollen-yicldiu;,' I'lants of Texas, by A. F. Conradi (pp. im-2o:n. Report of the sixth annual meeting of the American Association of Horticultural Inspectors {■/our. iU-im. I^tit.. 1 i I'JOS), .Vo. ,i, />/>. ,220-22'i). — A brief report is uiven of the meeting held at Chicago. Illinois. December 27. 1J)07. Twenty-third report of the State entomologist on injurious and other insects of the State of New York, 1907, K. P. Fi:lt (.Y. 1'. Stale Mua. Bill. IZJ,, pp. o'll, pis. .'I'l, figs. .'/O). — During the year under report a wide departure of the climatic conditions fi-om that of normal years apjiarently accounted for a remarkable dearth of injurious insect outbreaks. The spread of the San Jose scale continued and in some instances, where little effort was made to check its ravages, practically the entire fruit crop was ruined. Several shade-tree pests caused considerable devastatiou. The green-striped maple worm (Aiiisota i uhicunda) was abundant in one county where it stripped the leaves from large blocks -of forests. The snow- white linden moth {Ennomos subsignnrius) was very abundant on beech trees in the Catskills and defoliated these trees over large areas in one locality. Notes for the year include data on the red-himiped apple-tree caterpillar, lesser peacli borer, lesser apple worm, apple maggot or railroad worm. San Josf scale, grape-i-oot worm, white-marked tussock moth, elm-leaf beetle, sugar- maple borer, white grubs, Epizcii-ris (Iriiticiildlis, Arcliips sorbinna, birch-leaf bucculatrlx, Lrufohrrithos brcphoUlcs. and the jieriodical cicada. .1. sorbiann was brought into the State in April. lOO)}. on Japanese maple imported direct from Japan, but these were destroyed and none are supposed to have escaped. Biological and economic notes and bibliographical references are given on Anisota riibicunda, Heterocnmpa guttivitta, Ennomos subsignarius, and .An- cyliis niibf'culana. Lists are given of the publications of the entomologists dtn*- ing the year 1907 and of contributions to the State collection. Appendix A consists of a list of the William W. Hill collection of lepidop- tera embodying lO.dOf) species which has been added to the State collection. In Ajipendix B is given a catalogue of the Phytoptld g;ills of North America by (Jeorge II. Chadwick. In this list a total of 170 forms are recorded and ref- erences to the literature are given. In Appendix C appears a report of the entomological field station conducted at Old Forge, New York, in the summer of 11M».">. by James (i. Needliam. This contains information on new methods emidoyed in ecological w(M"k. data on the food of fishes, and biological notes on a number of a(piatic forms, itarticularly May flies, dragon flies, and crane flies. A new genus and two new spwies are described, and a table of classi- fication, the larval habits, and a key to the genera of North American crane flies are included, together with an account of the aiipendages of the se<'ond ab- dominal segment of male dragon flies by Oliver S. Thomiison. and descriptions of new North American Chironomldie by Oscar A. J(»hannsen, with bibliograph- ical references by each. In Appendix I) are given descriptions of new species of C«H'ldomyiida'. a di.scussion of the Clrcumlili of the CtM-idomylidjo. and studies with preliminary keys for the recognit i()n of certarn Cecidomyiidjp. Injurious insects, F. (J.vRcfA ( \nr Mcrico Stii. Hit!. US. pp. .>-<>.?, figs. 35). — A general accoimt is given i»f the more import:mt injurious insects occurring in the State, these being considered under the headings garden Insects, insects 654 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. injurious to staple crops, and fruit insects. Directions are given for the prepa- ration and application of insecticides witli estimates of the probable costs of the materials. A brief account of the spring grain aphis or green bug, by F. M. Webster, and the New Mexico law on orchard inspection are appended. Entomological notes, W. B. Gurney {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 6, pp. 503-507, figs. 3). — These notes include an account of beetles attacking furni- ture and woodwork, of pea and bean weevils, and of an aphis causing scab on white-skinned sheep, cattle, and horses. The clover aphis appears to be the cause of the affection here reported. An account is also included of beetles of the species Xylotrupcs gideon attacking cocoanut palm in the Solomon Islands. Imported insect pests, H. M. Lefroy (Agr. Jour. India, 3 (1908), No. 3, pp. 231-2JtJi). — With a view to the adoption of measures for preventing the introduction of insec-t pests into India, the author here considers the probable origin of those common to that country. He concludes that the evidence derived from tills examination is reassuring, that with the few prominent exceptions it points to a natural immunity from undesirable introductions, partly because of the natural isolation of India, but largely on account of its climate. It is stated that the only measures at present taken against such introduction is the fumiga- tion of all American cotton-seed at ports of entry to insure the destruction of the boll weevil. Report of the entomologist, C. B. Simpson {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. J904-5, pp. 332-35.'i). — An account is given of the extensive work carried on against the brown locust (Pacliytylus sulcicolUs), and the purple locust (Acrid- ium purpuriferuin) . Other work is reported under the headings of bee keeping, insects injurious to man, insects injurious to domesticated animals, insects l)oisonous to animals, forest insects, insects injurious to orchards, insects in- jurious to field crops, and insects affecting garden crops. Effects of spraying with arsenical solutions for locust destruction, H. Ingle {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1905-6, pp. 190-192). — In order to deter- mine the danger to cattle, birds, and poultry from eating the grass, or locusts poisoned with arsenate of soda and sugar solution as used by the division of entomology, analyses were made. The results show that it is necessary to pre- vent stock from entering the fields of grass recently sprayed, although the danger of poisoning stock diminishes rapidly after rain has fallen. In regard to the danger to poultry from eating the locusts the author states, "it is evident from the determinations that the amount of arsenic in locusts which have died from arsenical poisoning is not very great, and that unless fowls eat an inordinate number of the insects, the danger of poisoning the poultry is not excessive. At the same time, since fowls are very greedy for locusts, care should be taken to prevent them from gorging themselves with the poisoned insects, or harmful effects may follow." The codling moth, C. W. Howard {Transvaal Agr. Jonr., 6 {1908), No. 2-J, pp. 523-526, pi. 1). — A brief description is given of the pest and its introduction from Cape Colony, which is now overrun. At present, with the exception of one locality in which extermination is being attempted, there is practically no codling moth in the Transvaal. Imported apples and pears which bear evidence of its presence to the extent of 1 per cent are destroyed. Woolly aphis and tobacco extract, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 33 {1908), No. 2, pp. 188-193, fig. /).— This aphis is stated to be the most troublesome apple-tree pest in Cape Colony. The value of tobacco extract is discussed, and notes are given on other remedies and on the life cycle of the insect. The apple sawfly (Hoplocampa (Tenthredo) testudinea) {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 205, pp. 2, fig. i).— This leaflet gives a description of the pest, the nature of its injury, its life history, and methods of treatment. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 655 The fruit fly parasite, L. J. Newman (Jour. Dcpt. Agi: West. Aust., 17 (I'JOS), \ii. I, int. .jiil-'>63, pis. 2). — An uiuleterminod chaleld parasitic upon Ccratitis citpUnta was introdui'ed from India by Conijiero in Deecuiber. inOT. Dnrinj: transportation pniia* containinj; the hibernating: parasites were Icept on ice for GO days. The chalcid. wiiich is aitont h in. in length, attaclcs t.lie niagf-'ots from any (piarter, depositing eggs in the body of the host. Tlie average number of parasites i)er Hy larva is 15, though as many as :5() have been found. A succession of parasites lias been kei)t going, and LjO colonies of not less than r>(K) parasites have been liberated, but the results can not be determinetl until another summer. Life history notes and methods of breeding the parasites are given. The San Jose scale in Arkansas. ('. I'. Adams {Arkansas ies( liiilions and biological notes are given on the 74!»21— No. 7—09 5 656 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. immature stages of the species Maine.stra yraitdis, M. adjtmcta, Xylina dis- posita, Gluphisia severa, Petrophora ferrugata, and Gonodontis duaria. Upon the life cycle of Phylloxera quercus, B. Bonfigli (Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. .Sd. Fis., Mat. e Sat., 5. ser.. 11 (1908), II, No. 5, pp. 2J,8- 253). — In connection with this account the author gives three schemes which graphically illustrate the life cycle. Notes on Trogoderma tarsale, C. O. Houghton (Jour. Eeon. Ent., 1 {1908), No. 3, pp. 21G, 217). — The author records this species as developing to maturity by subsisting upon dry hickory-nut shells. Saxon forest pest, C. B. Hukst (Dailii Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1908, No. 3302, p. 11). — Caterpillars of the species Ocneria monaclia are reported as very destructive to forests, particularly conifers, in one district of Saxony. Distribution by railroad trains and destruction by attraction to light and by hand picking of the moths by children are mentioned. Is it wise to dip nursery stock? F. H. Hall {New York State Sta. Bui. 302, popular ed., pp. 2-4). — A popular edition of Bulletin 302 of the station pre- viously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 256). Insecticide materials and their application, with suggestions for practice, J. B. Smith {New Jersey Stas. Bui. 213, pp. S-J/G). — In this account the author discusses spraying machinery, insecticides and their application in orchard prac- tice, particularly as relating to the San Jose scale, codling moth, and plum curculio. Analyses of Paris green and lead arsenate, C. S. Cathcart {Ncid Jersey Stas. Bui. 21.'/, pp. 3-l-'i). — Analyses ai-e reported of 19 samples representing 17 brands of Paris green bought in the original packages and of 7 samples repre- senting 6 brands bought in bulk. While the weights of the samples, as received in their original packages, with one exception, equaled or exceeded the weights claimed, there was a shortage in the actual weight of Paris green in 9 of the 19 samples ranging from 2.50 to 25 per cent with an average of 9.28. per cent. All of these samples contained not less than 50 per cent of arsenious oxid com- bined with copper as required by the New Jersey law, except one sample which contained a large proportion of white arsenic. The average composition of the samples analyzed was as follows: Total arsenious oxid, 57.14 per cent; water- soluble arsenic compounds, 1.41 per cent; copper oxid, 29.38 per cent; and arsenious oxid combined with copper, 54.94 per cent. Analyses of 15 samples of 9 brands of lead arsenate are reported and show the following Aariation : Moisture, from 25.35 to 56.66 per cent; arsenic oxid, from 4.21 to 20.48 per cent; lead oxid, from 16.07 to 44.32 per cent; water- soluble arsenic, from 0.20 to 0.79 per cent. This large A-ariation is considered as due to some extent to the evaporation of water after leaving the factory. On six new species of Ixodidae, including a second species of the new genus Rhipicentor, W. F. Cooper, B. A. Cantab, and L. E. Robinson {Proc. Camhridgc Phil. Soc., l-i {1908), No. 5, pp. -',57-470, figs. 2.}).— Descriptions and illustrations are given of the six new species Amhlyomma longirostrum, A. ecelaturum, Rhipieentor nuttalU, Aponomnia javanense, A. simplex, and A. quadratum. On the habits, life cycle, and breeding places of the common house fly, R. Newstead {Ann. Trap. Med. and Par., 1 {1908), No. 4, pp. 507-520, pis. 6). — A report is given of investigations carried on in the city of Liverpool to ascertain the nature and extent of the breeding places of Musca domestica, which appears to comprise 90 per cent of the flies there met with in the houses. Examinations were made of various breeding places, an account of which is given. Under the most favorable conditions, the flies develop in from 10 to 14 days. Suggestions as to remedies include the removal in summer FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 657 of all rofuso litter and excreta at intervals not greater than 7 days, and the aititlication of I'aris green (2 oz. to 1 gal. of water) to refuse, excreta, and screenings of stables. P>rief notes on 8 other species of flies and 2 species of beetles met with during the investigation accompany the report. Flies as carriers of contagion in yaws, A. Rorertson {Jour. Trap. Med. and Ifi/fj. [London], 11 {IU08), Ao. i-'/, p. 213). — As a result of examinations the author concludes that the house fly is capable of carrying the virus of yaws. Bee pirates. C. W. Mally (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 33 (fOOS), No. 2, pp. 20(!-2l3, fif/fi. .'/). — The terms "bee pirate" and "bee tiger" are used in cou- nwtion with certain "digger wasps" particularly Philanthus diadema and I'alarus hitlfrons. which prey upon hive bees. The bees are caught by these pirates and stored in cells in the ground to serve as food for the larv;e when they hatch. Notes are given on the life history, habits, and natural enemies of the former spec-ies, for which no satisfactory remedy has yet been found. Brief notes are given on the latter si)ecies, as well as several methods for fighting it. Some information on silkworm culture in the Philippine Islands, W. Sciin.TZK (Philippine Ar/r. Rer. [English edA. 1 (1008). \o. 6. pp. 250-2.'j.l pi. I). — Experiments have been carried on and are still under way with a view to determining the possibility of introducing the industry into the islands. The species Attacus atlas, A. ricini, and Anthercea semperi are found in the islands but, so far as known, there are no cultivated species. Experiments made with liomhiix mori and directions for raising silkworms are given. A law prohibiting the importation by private concerns of live silkworms or eggs gives protection against the introduction of diseases, which at present do not exist in the islands. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Report of the State food commissioner of Illinois, 1907, A. H. .Tones {Ann. Rpt. State Food Comr. 111.. 8 {1908), pp. 252, pi. i).— This volume contains reports of the various pure food officials and the State food and feeding stuffs laws, tentative food standards, court'decisions, and similar data. Report of State analyst, T. J. Bryan (pp. 33-124). — Details are given of the examination under the State pure food law of a large number of samples of butter and butter sul)stitutes, milk and cream, flavoring extracts, jellies, jams, and preserros. spices, vinegar, maple sugar, and sirup, confecticmery, etc., and also of 108 samples of feeding stuffs of which only 8 were legal. "Practically all of the 100 were illegal, through lack of guaranty or because the license fee had not been paid." Milk and milk products, water, foods, and condiments, C. Aum.\nn {Ber, Landir. Vers. Stat. Ilildesheim, 1907, pp. IJf, 15). — A brief accoimt of the exam- ination at the station of a number of samples of dairy products, water, foods, and condiiiienls. Food laws in the United States, C. A. Neufeij) {Zt.sehr. Intersiieh. Xahr. II. (Icnnssnttl., II! ( IH08), Xo. 1-2. pp. 111-128). — A discussion of .\merican pure food laws. Ohio general food and drug law, 11. W. Duxr.AP {Colinnhii.s, O., 1908, pp. '/).— The text of the Ohio general food and drug law as amended May 1, ]f)08, is given. Labels and rulings, E. V. Ladd {\orlh linkoln Sin. Spec, liiil. 7. /(/». 8). — The author quotes resolutions adopted September 17, 1!K)7, at a convention of I'ure food otiicials of the middle Westerii States which were designed to facill- fale and secure uniform enforcement of the various State pure food laws. The re.solutlon.s are di-scussed and explained. 658 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Progress in the chemistry of food and condiments in the year 1907, H. KuTTENKEULEK (CJieiii. Ztff., 32 (1908), ^o. 50, pp. 693-605; 60, pp. 700-711; 61, pp. 720, 721). — A digest of investigations which have been reported during the year. The effect of certain preservatives on chopped meat, O. Mezgeb and K. FucHS {Ztschr. Uiitersuch. ^'ahr. u. GenussmU., 15 (1908), Ao. 12, pp. 715- 728). — Chopped meat to which benzoic acid was added showed a pale color on the surface although the red color of the interior was little changed. Sodium benzoate increased the color of siich meat. Alkaline sodium phosphate strengthened the color at first. Commercial preservative salts were also tested. Lard from oily hogs, W. D. Richardson and F. O. Farey (Jour. Anier. Chcm. Soc, 30 {1908), No. 7, lip. 1191, 1192).— The authors report determinations of the melting point and other constants of back fat, leaf lard, and ham fat from so-called oily hogs. Examination of sausages and their hygienic preparation, W. G. Savage {Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 29 {1008), Ao. 8, pp. 366-373; Vet. Bee, 21 {1008), No. 1053, pp. 160-162). — The author investigated the kind aiid number of bacteria present in sausages with I'eference to their age and the method of pre- paring the sausage casings. It is a common practice to pickle sausage casings in salt, the method employed varying under different circumstances. Accord- ing to the author " the action of sodium chlorid upon bacteria is a very weak one, and brine solutions have to be both fairly concentrated and prolonged in their action to effect the death of pathogenic bacteria." The occurrence of monaminic acids in meat extract, K. ^Micko (Ztschr. Physiol. Chciii., 56 (JOOS), Xo. 2, pp. 180-211). — Alanin, glutaminic acid, and taurin were identified in meat extract, the total quantity amounting to 0.51 per cent of the extract or 85 per cent of its ash free dry matter. A study of the extractive material of fish flesh, A. Suwa (ZentM. Physiol., 22 (lOOS), No. 10, pp. 307-310). — Creatin was found in quantity in extract prepared from fish flesh but ignotiu and histidiu in minute quantities only. Methyl guanidin and neurin were also found. The author states that other bases are present and that the work is being continued. Preparing preserved crabs without boric acid, P. Buttenberg (Ztschr. Vntcrsuch. Nahr. u. acnussiiifl., 16 (tOOS), No. 1-2, pp. 92-109).— The author regards rapid and cleanly work as absolutely essential to the preparation of these goods without preservatives. Fractional sterilization gave practically sterile goods. Judging preserved egg yolk, A. Brxjning (Ztschr. Untersucli. Nahr. u. Genussmth, 15 (1908), No. 7, pp. .'il-'i, J/ 15). — From a bacteriological study the author concludes that heating to at least 120° C. is essential in the preparation of preserved egg yolk for food purposes. Note on a sample of preserved egg yolk, A. Schoonjans (Bui. Soc. Chini. nehj., 22 (1908), No. 3, pp. J i.9-i22).— Analytical data are reported. The material contained boric acid. The influence of heat on the lecithin-phosphoric acid content of egg pastes, W. LuDWiG (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 11, pp. 668-680). — The analytical studies reported and discussed haA^e to do with the question of the changes in egg pastes when stored. Paste goods containing eggs, Witte (Ztschr. Offentl. Chhn., IJf (1908), No. 17, pp. 326-331). — Analytical data obtained with noodles, egg noodles and simi- lar goods are reported and discussed with reference to .iudging this class of food products. Determining the baking quality of flour, M. Renner (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. ti. Genussmtl., 16 (1908), No. Jf, 23-'i-238). — In a study of Liebermann's FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 659 niotbod It was noted that 3 whitp, finely ground flours yielded gluten with a lower expansion value than coarser flours. This value also diminishes the longer tlio Unur is kept niid if the flour lic'conies acid the decrease is very marked. Determining' the volume of bread, M. P. Neumann and P. Salecker {Ztschr. Unt' r.sucli. Xithr. a. aciiii.' bread nmst be first coated witli paraffin. The apparatus which they use is descrihcd. Experiments with special bread made from the entire grain, II. Stuink iVcniffciitl. MIL Sanitutsw., J908, No. 3S. pp. 3.~>-52; abs. in Chem. ZentbL, lOOS, I, Xo. 20, p. IS.'iS). — Digestion experiments and other studies showed that the nitrogenous material in this bread was not more thoroughly assimilated than in ordinary army bread. On the other hand, the assimilation of mineral matter, especially phosphoric acid, was increased. The bread under considera- tion was made by a si)ecial process in which the bran is separated, treated in such a way as to soften it, and then mixed with the flour in bread u)aUing. Concerning bread facilities, H. Bischoff {Ztsclir. Hyg. it. Iiifcktionskrank., 59 (IDOS). pp. 15'i-lUi); tihs. in Chcin. ZcnthL, 1908, I, Xo. 26, p. 2/97).— The author concludes that army bread should be made from flour with a low bran content. Helianthus tubers, a new vegetable, L. Kroeber {Apotli. Ztg., 23 (1908), Xo. J,30; (1908), Xo. 12, pp. 705-715). — The so-called caffein-free coffee examined contained about one-sixth as much of this constituent as natural coffees and showed a lower amount of water soluble material. Hibiscus seeds as coffee adulterant, A. R. Chiappella (Bui. 8oc. Bot. Ital., 1905, No. 9, pp. 264-276, figs. 2; abs. in Ztsclir. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 15 (1908), No. 7, p. 4^4). — ^An illustrated description of these hibiscus seeds and their structure with a view to their detection by microscopical methods when used as an adulterant of coffee. Examination of teas on sale in Turkestan, Karpow (Ztsclir. Angcw. Chem., 21 (1908). pp. 1319-1321; abs. in Vhvm. Zty., 32 (1908), No. 55, Repert., p. 5.j.'M.— Analyses are reported. The thein content was noticeably low. The composition of Horlick's malted milk, G. F. Richmond and W. E. .MusGRAVE (I'ltHippinc Jour. Sci., 3 (1909), No. 2, pp. 87-90).— A detailed analy- sis is reported. The work was undertaken especially to study fat content. Extraction with petroleum ether gave S.18 per cent fat. Medicinal foods (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 1,8 (1907), pp. 1G12-1G1.',. 169.',; J,9 {1908), pp. 129.',, 1295; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 (1908), No. 12, pp. 17.',0. 17.',1).— Analyses of 18 samples of so-called predigested foods such as peptonoids. pep- tones, etc., and of a sample of cow's milk are reported. The average energy value of the.se goods, including the alcohol in them, was 802.4 calories per 500 gm. and their value is accordingly regarded as limited. Book of recipes (the auto-cook) (Grand Rapids, Mich., 1908, pp. 156, fig. 1). — A collection of recipes for cooking meat, vegetables, puddings, etc., by means of a tireless cooker. In many cases the use of heated soapstone plates is reconiniendfMl as a source of heat in the cooker, particularly as a means of itaking. Cheap food (Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2/,63, pp. 639, 6.',0).—A discussion of niiniicipa! kitchens, workingmen's restaui'ants, and similar institutions in Euroi)e, which are designed to supply food of good quality at low cost. The relation of nutrition investigations to questions of home economics, (\ V. Lanowohthv (V. S. Dipt. Agr., Offiic llrpt. Sins. h'pt. 1907. pp. 355-368). — The results of tin? nutrition investigations of this Oflice which i)ear |»articularly U|ioii lioirie niaiiagenieiit problems are discussed, esp«>cially witii reference to variety iu the diet aud ways of ubluiuiug it, the preparation of food in the home, 662 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, food and its preparation in relation to hygiene, home conveniences and related problems, educational work in connection with home economics, and similar questions. Attention is also directed to the fact that this Office has for a long time systematized the collection and dissemination of information regarding the general sul^ject of nutrition. The physiology of digestion and nutrition, O. Cohnheim (Die Physiologie (lev Verdauung unci Ei-nahrmuj. Berlin and Vienna; rev. in Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2Jf89, pp. 7'//6, 7//7. — A text-book based on the author's lectures in which nutrition, digestion and related questions are discussed on the basis of the results of recent investigations. Food problems, M. Rubneb {Volkserndhrungsfragen. Leipsic, 1908, pp. 1^; rev. in Zciitbl. Phi/sioL, 22 (1908), No. 11, pp. 3.'i9-351). — The questions espe- cially discussed are protein minimum and the economic effects of the diet of the poor. The author points out the distinction between the physiological and the practical protein minimum and gives reasons for his belief in the desirability of a reasonably generous protein standard. Appetite from a theoretical and practical standpoint, W. Sternberg (Zentbl. Physiol., 22 (1908), No. 11, pp. 329-335). — From a discussion of various questions concerned with taking food and fasting in man and animals the author concludes that appe^tite can not be explained simply on the basis of secretion of digestive juices nor can aversion to food be explained solely by the lack of such secretion. He believes that appetite is to be regarded as muscular motion or a manifestation of it. Concerning work of digestion, E. Heilner {Ztschr. Biol., 50 {1908), No. Jf, pp. -'i88-503). — On the basis of experimental evidence, the author concludes that the term " work of digestion," which has been proposed, is not satisfactory and that " specific dynamic effect of nutrients " is preferable. The role of digestive juices in metabolism as shown by data obtained by the polyfistula method, E. S. London {Zentbl. Gcsain. Physiol, u. Path. Stojf- wcehsels, n. ser., 3 {1908), No. IJf, pp. 529-531). — A discussion based on the author's experiments in which he points out that digestive juices are to a large extent resorbed and hence should be taken into consideration in discus- sions of metabolism. Metabolism experiments on the protein requirement of the child, H. LuNGWiTZ {Stoffivechselversuche tveber den Eiweissbedarf des Kindes. Berlin and Halle, 1908, pp. 82; rev. in Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 21,89, p. 7.'/7 ) .— In the exi)erimental dietaries protein supplied about 17 per cent of the total energj' and about one-half of the protein was of vegetable origin. With less protein the children lost weight while more was found to be wasteful and often harmful. Diminished muscular activity and protein metabolism, P. A. Shaffer {Amer. Jour. Physiol., 22 {1908), No. 4. PP- 445-455). — The experiments re- ported were made with healthy men and according to the author support the belief that " with sufficient food either an increase or a decrease of muscular activity within physiological limits has per se no effect upon the protein metabolism as indicated by the nitrogen and sulphur partitions in the urine. We can not, of course, believe that a long-continued diminished activity would not cause a change in the composition of the urine, because the intensity of metabolic processes in a muscle atrophied from disuse is certainly less than in a healthy muscle ; but such a change in the composition of the urine should be considered not the direct result of decreased activity, but the result of a pathological condition, which, it may be, was brought about by a diminished activity. Exercise is necessary for health, but the amount of muscular energy expended in a given day (provided the amount is not excessive for the particu- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 663 lar snhject) does not appear to affect any of the iiitro<;eii()tis suhstauces of the urine excreted on that or following days." Concerning the extractives of muscle. X, The identity of novains with carnitin, IJ. Kkimiskki; [/.tsclir. I'Inisiol. Chnii., '>■> itHOS), Xo. G, pp. .JO'C- .'fSO). — A continnatioii <>f the study of meat extractives (K. S. li.. 20, p. ;'. gm. of sugar. I.evulose increased carbon dioxid production about twice as nuich as ji like amount of dextrose. If the stored glycogen is low the increased carlton dioxid i)roduction is less than under normal conditions and sometimes is nf)t evident. The Increased carbon dioxid outr>ut is difficult to explain on the basis of increased labor of digestion. With suhj(H-ts in health neither dextrose or levulose were excreted in the urine except during the period of increased carbon dioxid output. On the other band, cane sug.-ir was excreted also after this increased output had subsid(>d. The niaxinnini absoritlion of sugar in the intestine, according to the author, is not over so gm. i>er hour. The maxinnnn carl)on dioxid output for cane sugar and levulose was about '.','i gm. \h'V hour witii a lower \Mlue for dextrose and milk sugar. With diabetic patients the normal increase in carbon dioxid output was note, charts .i). — This bulletin contains a reitort of steer- feeding experiments with corn, soy beans, and cowpeas. In 11)00-7 an acre of corn lasted 4 steers for 54 days and producetl a gain of 12!) lbs. The soy-bean acre lasted a similar lot of steers .SO days and produced a gain of 40t» lbs., and the cowpea acre lasted .54 days, producing a gain of 2Si!) lbs. In I'.M)" S the gains for corresponding lots of steers wen> for the corn lot 203 lbs., the soy bean lot .'(-11 lbs., and the cowpea lot :!27 lbs. 666 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. " The yields per acre for the 2 years were approximately the same, viz, 34 bu. of corn and 3,544 lbs. of stover, 20 bu. of soy beans and 2,905 lbs. of straw, 13 bu. of cowpeas and 1,365 lbs. of straw." The increased gains in weight in 1907-8 over those of the previous year is accounted for by the fact that the steers were of a little better quality than those of 1906-7. The cost of growing the corn was $14.86 per acre, the soy beans $13.09 per acre, and the cowpeas $14.51 per acre. Thus, though the three crops cost about the same per acre they gave widely different results when fed. The financial statement is given in full as illustrative of the advantage of growing and feeding legumes to steers from the standpoint of maintaining the fertility of the farm, which is further discussed. Steer-feeding- experiments, J. C. Burns {Texas 8ta. Bui. 110, pp. 3-23, figs. 5). — A continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 19, p. 674), but with longer feeding periods. There were two sets of feeding experiments. In the first, Kafir corn, milo maize, and molasses were compared with Indian corn for fattening cattle. In the second, cotton seed was compared with cotton-seed meal as a supplement to Kafir corn. Thirty 2-year-old Aberdeen-Angus steers were divided into 5 lots and fed for 120 days. The first 4 lots were fed an average daily ration per head of 3 lbs. cotton-seed meal and 12 lbs. hulls. In addition lot 1 received 17 lbs. Indian corn ; lot 2, 17 lbs. Kafir corn ; lot 3, 17 lbs. milo maize ; and lot 4, 8 lbs. molasses and 9 lbs. Indian corn. The ration of lot 5 was 17 lbs. Kafir corn, 4 lbs. cotton seed, 1 lb. cotton-seed meal, and 12 lbs. hulls. Lot 1 made an average daily gain per head of 2.1 lbs., at a cost of 13.7 cts. per pound. Lot 2 gained 2.47 lbs., at a cost of 10.5 cts. Lot 3 gained 2.12 lbs., at a cost of 12.3 cts. Lot 4 gained 2.26 lbs., at a cost of 11.1 cts. Lot 5 could be contrasted with lot 2 for only 90 days, for which lot 2 made an average dally gain per head of 2.51 lbs., at a cost of 10.7 cts. per pound, and lot 5 gained 2.04 lbs. at a cost of 13.7 cts, per pound. In the slaughter test the results were quite uniform for all the lots, varying only from "60.5 to 61.9 per cent dressed weight. The following conclusions were drawn : " Kafir corn was cheaper than Indian corn and yielded better gains. *' Milcw maize was cheaper than Indian corn and yielded slightly better gains. " Molasses very profitably replaced nearly half the Indian corn in a mixed ration of molasses, Indian corn, cotton-seed meal and hulls. " Cotton-seed meal at $26 per ton was much more profitable than cotton seed at $12 per ton in supplementing a Kafir corn ration with cotton-seed hulls as roughage." Preliminary report on grazing experiments in a coyote-proof pasture, J. T. Jardine and F. V. Coville {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Cire. 156, pp. 32, figs. 2). — This circular reports experiments of the Forest Service, in co- operation with the Bureau of Plant Industry, to devise methods of increasing the forage value of the grazing lands included in the National Forests. At present a large amount of forage is destroyed by herding and trampling. To test the action of sheep when protected from marauding animals, a pas- ture of 2,560 acres in the Wallowa National Forest, Oregon, was surrounded with a coyote and wolf-proof fence at a cost of $6,764.31. The fence consisted of a closely barbed hog wire laid along the surface of the ground, a 36-inch strip of woven wire 3 in, above it, a light barbed wire 6 in. above the woven wire, and at the top, 8 in, above the last, a heavy twisted wire without barbs. Animals of prey in the pasture were either killed or driven out. So far the fence has proved to be coyote proof. Grizzly bears managed to get through the fence, though black and brown bears made unsuccessful attempts. Badgers ANIMAL rUODUCTION. 667 loiild di;; inulor the I'imk-o ami iirobably cats can fliinl) over or thrmi^ih it. Changes are suggested for siniihir fences. A stndy of the action of sliecp is summarized as follows: " Wlien entirely [i^-otei-ted from destructive animals a band of dry sheep will seiiarate into bunches, perhaps come together again, and again sei»arate while grazing: tiiey will graze n)uch more openly and do much less trailing than when they are herded; they may travel as far or farther in one day than when herded, but the movement is much less injurious to the forage crop, because they pass uver an area only once and are^then scattered so that only one animal strikes a plant, whereas when herded they may pass backward and forward over an area many times, and perhaps as many as 50 sheep may strike one plant; their natural tendency is to bed at night in bands, but in smaller bands than when herded: and they nnich prefer a bed ground that has often been used to one that is entirely new." [Experiments with lambs and swine], G. II. True {Nevada 8ta. Bui. 63, lip. 27-2H). — Crosses of the*L)orset and Merino were made in order to furnish lambs for the Easter market at San Francisco. Lambs l)oni in the winter of 1!)U5-G made a satisfactory gain of over 4 lbs. per week. The ewes were fed alfalfa hay, chopped roots, barley, and bran. The lambs also received some grain. The first shipment was sold for 20 cts. per pound dressed weight. The remainder brought o-j cts. i)er pound on board cars at Reno. In 100."), 4 Tamworth sows and a boar were purchased to conduct an experi- ment in bacon production. Twenty pigs were born and were kept with the sows in an alfalfa pasture. There being no shade the pigs were seriously affected by sunburn and some of them died. The ears of the old sows were also affected. The author thinks that in a rogion of bright sunshine black pigment in the skin is necessary for i)rotection. Pig-feeding experiments, F. B, Linfielu (Montana Sta. Jiul. 13, pp. .'i3-o9). — A study of suppiemenlary feeds in economic fattening of hogs, which is a con- tinuation of i»revious work ( K. S. li., IS. p. 71). The first experiment was undertaken with IG grade Berkshires, 5 months old, divided into 4 lots and fed for 50 days, to compare the effect of adding skim nnlk, alfalfa, and sugar beets to a grain ration. The average daily gains per head were for the lot fed grain alone 1.1 lbs., at a cost of 4.50 cts. per pound; for the lot receiving the grain and skim milk ration 1:3, 1.9 lbs., at a cost of ;t.70 cts. per pound; on the grain and alfalfa ration 1.20 lbs., at a cost of 4.15 cts. j)er i)omid : and on the grain and sugar-lieet ration l.t!:; lbs., at a cost of 3.61 cts. per poimd. To comi)are varying amounts of skim milk 3 lots, with 5 young hogs in each lot, were fed for 1 month rations of grain and skim milk 1 : 5, 1:3, and 1:1. The average daily gains per head were respectively 1.1 lbs, 1.2 lbs., and 1.4 lbs., at a cost resitectively of .'{.30 cts., .3.08 cts., and 3.4 cts. i)er pound. The same hogs, with one additional, were also divided into 4 lots and fed for s. of grain. KxiieriinenI 4, which includ(Hl 12 bogs divided into 4 lots and lasted SO days, was made to compare supplementary foods with b:irley and oats fed in the r.itio of I : 1 as a bas;il ration. On the barley ami oats alone the daily gains jter head averaged 1.3 lbs., at a cost of 3.(i5 cts. per pound; on the grain and skim 668 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. milk, 1 : 3, 1.7 lbs., at a cost of 3.64 cts. ; on the grain and clover or grass ad libitum, 1.38 lbs., at a cost of 4.05 cts. ; and on the grain and tankage 8 : 1, 1.55 lbs., at a cost of 4.51 cts. per pound. In the fifth experiment 9 pigs were divided into 3 lots and fed for 72 days to compare a full grain ration of barley and oats 4 : 1 in pens and on pasture with a one-half grain ration and pasture. On the full ration and pasture the average daily gain per head was 1.37 lbs., at a cost of 4.24 cts. per pound; on the half ration and pasture, 1.03 lbs., at a cost of 2.82 cts. ; and with the full ration in pens, 1.57 lbs., at a cost of 3.96 cts. per pound. In experiment 6, 9 Poland-China pigs, 10 to 12 weeks old and averaging about 40 lbs. each, were fed for 28 days on a mixed grain ration consisting of 2 parts peas, 2 parts barley, 1 part oats, and 3 lbs. of skim milk to i lb. grain. The average daily gain was 0.92 lb. per day, at a cost of 3.62 cts. per pound. In the next experiment the same pigs were fed for 44 days a basal ration of bar- ley and oats 4 : 1. Lot 1 received sugar beets in ^addition and made a daily average gain per head of 1.1 lbs., at a cost of 3.86 cts. per pound. Lot 2, fed the grain and skim milk 2 : 1, made corresponding gain of 1.69 lbs. at a cost of 4.2 cts. per pound. Lot 3, fed the grain and tankage 8 : 1, gained 1.3 lbs. at a cost of 4.65 cts. per pound. In experiment 8 there were 4 lots of 3 pigs each and fed for 65 days. Lot •1, receiving equal parts of barley, wheat, and oats made a daily average gain per head of 1.3 lbs., at a cost of 5.02 cts. per pound. Lot 2, fed the grain and skim milk 1 : 3, gained 2.1 lbs., at a cost of 4.62 cts. per pound. Lot 3, fed the grain and sugar beets ab libitum, gained 1.83 lbs. at a cost of 4.45 cts. per pound. Lot 4, fed grain and clover hay ab libitum, gained 1.7 lbs. at a cost of 4.58 cts. per pound. A summary of results of these and the previous experiments is given. " For conditions in Montana the value of the supplemental food is : First, skim milk; second, roots; third, tankage: fourth, pasture; fifth, clover and alfalfa. . . . Peas make a more efficient hog feed than does barley, but because of the greater cost of the peas the barley makes a more economical ration." Some poultry experiments, T. I. Mairs {Peniisylvania 8ta. Bui. 87. pp. 3-.'iS, figs. 13). — In the poultry experiments of '1906 the points luider observation were rate of growth, food consumed, weight at different ages, relative weight of pullets and cockerels, and the loss in dressing and drawing. The chicks were fed corn and wheat in equal parts and a mash consisting of 50 lbs. corn meal, 25 lbs. wheat bran, 15 lbs. gluten feed, 5 lbs. oil meal, H lbs. alfalfa meal, and 13 lbs. animal meal. Feed required per pound of gain and average weight at different ages. Lot. Breed. Time hatched. Number of chicks. Feed per pound gain 6-13 weeks of age. Feed per pound gain 13-26 weeks of age. Average weight. 6 weeks. months. 6 months White Wvandottes. Do..". White Leghorns . . . Do Light Brahmas. ... White Wvandottes. Mar. 24 Apr. 21 [Apr. 28 \Mav 4 May 13 /Apr. 28 \May 13 May 13 3.99 4.21 4.87 4.76 4.64 Lbs. 5.37 4.73 5.89 5.86 5.42 Lbs. 0.45 .25 .37 .30 .46 «.54 Lbs. 1.84 1.07 1.14 1.01 1.43 1.01 Lbs. 5.33 3.90 3.42 3.20 4.52 5.22 « 8 weeks old. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. ' 669 The Brabruas wore not uniform in sizo. but the Wyandottes were. At 28 weeks of age the pullets in lot 1 averaged 5.04 lbs. in weight and the cockerels 6.24 lbs. At 20 weeks the pullets in lots 3 and 4 weighed 2..S0 lbs. and the cockerels XVA lbs. At the same age the pullets and cockerels in lot 5 weighetl 4.19 and r>.OT lbs., respectively. In a slaughter test the White Wyandottes dressed better than the otlier breeds, the pullets averaging 05.45 per cent of live weight and the cockon>ls (')0.or> per cent. The experiments in lOOT were made to determine the comparative growth of different breeds of chickens when given the same food, the compafative value of wet and dry mash, and the relative merits of the various breeds experimented with as to ease of fattening and fitting for market. The results are deemed indicative rather than conclusive, since they show tendencies rather than altsoiute characters. Lots 2, 3, 4. and 5, consisting respectively of 50 White Leghorns, 12 White Brahmas and 14 Buff Cochins, 28 Barred Plymouth Rocks and 13 Rhode Island Reds, and 34 White Wyandottes, were fed a mash of ground wheat, com meal, millet seed, oats, barley, buckwheat, and Kaflr corn, and made an average gain of 2.42 lbs. in 14 weeks. Lot 1, consisting of 40 White Leghorns, and lot 6, consisting of 10 Rhode Island Reds and 36 Barred Plymouth Rocks, received the same feeds but in dry form and gained 1.52 lbs. per head in the same time. " Ignoring chicks which died during the trial, the heaviest gains were made by White Wyandottes on wet mash and the lightest by White Leghorns on dry feed. Barred Rocks and White Leghorns on wet mash made i»ractically the same gains and weighed practically the same to begin with. The mortality among the Barred Rocks, however, was much greater than among the Leghorns. The gains made by the Brahmas and Cochins were practically alike. The Rhode Island Reds made the poorest gains of any breed on wet mash and the best on dry mash. The Rhode Island Reds and Barred Rocks on dry mash, however, were not strictly comparable with the other lots, as they were much larger. The average mortality on wet mash was more than ten times as great as qu dry. Only one chick out of 80 died on dry mash, while 19 out of 157 died on wet mash. " Between the ages of 0 and J3 weeks it required from 4 to 4.75 lbs. of feed to produce a pound of gain. Between the ages of 13 and 20 weeks it re- Jiuire jier cent, and the 1-year-olds 20 per cent. . . . In these observations it was found that the hens, from all pens, which began to molt liefore Se|»tember 15, averaged 108 days molting, while those which be- gan after that date moitwl in SI days. . , . " In tlu' absen<'e of reliable data as to the best method of feeding fowls dur- ing tlie critical peri more to misuse than to any fault of the machine." Records from Indiana dairy herds, O. F, IIunziker, II. .\. IIoprKK. and II. J. FiDLEK (I)ifli(ina »S7«. liiil. 1.11, pji. Jl)3-216, fif/s. i?0'K— This bulletin is the result of 2 years' work in collecting and arranging data concerning the annual pro- duction of milk and butter fat of Indiana cows, the cost of feed per cow, the relation between yield and profit, and the influence of pure-bred stock upon iiroduction and profit. Records of individual herds are given with numerous s\iggestions for increasing the profits of dairy herds. "The average of 197 yearly records was: Milk, r>.l)()l..^» lbs.; butter fat, 244. n lbs. "The best herd averaged 6,G;j(i:0 lbs. of ntilk and ;>01.1 lbs. of butter fat. The jKiorest herd averaged 3.847.5 lbs. of milk and ir)2.S lbs. of butter fat. The best cow produced 10,42(! lbs. of milk containing 448 lbs. of butter fat. The poorest cow pri>duced 3,24S lbs. of milk containing 100 lbs. of butter fat. . . . " With the prices used, the best herd returned $2.58 for $1.00 in food, while the poorest herd returned only $1.20. . . . "The average profit in graded herds was !t;.")(;.04 ; in nongraded lienls $r.M;2. . . . '■ Kven though these herds are above the average, 0 cows were kept at a loss, 40 cows made less than $11 jirotit. and 21 jier cent of the herds contained UJi- profitable cows. . . . "(Ml an average, KM) lbs. of milk cost four times as much as 1 lb. of butter lat. • •' Tlie average profit on the 107 cows was $20.S(t. This can easily be doubled. '\ pure-bred dairy sire is the milk iiroducer's best investment: anything short of a i»ure-bred male is too expensive at any price. "Since careful grading and good management have not only increased tin* production of butler fal VA ll»s. per cow, Itut also reduced its cost of production '5.."» <-ts. per pound, rapid improvement should be sought llirougb the continuous list' of high-class dairy sires of some recognized breed. 674 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " The dairymen must keep yearly records of their individual cows, discard the poor ones and raise the heifer calves from the best cows by a pure-bred sire. Records for short periods are inconclusive." The university dairy herd; management and records, 1907-8, G. O. Hum- phrey and F. W. Woll (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 167, pp. 3-27, pis. 2, figs. 5).— Methods of feeding and management of the university herd are described and the herd records for the year ending May 13, 1908, are tabulated and discussed as in previous years (E. S. R., 20, p. 77). The herd consists of 8 Jerseys, 8 Guernseys (2 grades), 8 Holsteins, 4 Ayr- shires, and 2 Brown Swiss. The cow making the largest profit produced 13,186.2 lbs. milk, with an average fat content of 3.62 per cent, equivalent to 477.96 lbs. butter fat. The product is valued at $140.59, and the feed cost $45.28. For the past 5 years the herd averaged 7,246.1 lbs. milk per cow per year, contain- ing 4.23 per cent of fat, equivalent to 306.16 lbs. butter fat. The average cost of feed was $37.03, and the average value of the product $81.69. The live weight of the cows, amounts of feed eaten, and analyses of the feeding stuffs are given. Concerning' the changes of the bacterial flora of fresh, milk during the so-called incubation period, A. Wolff (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM. 20 (1908), ISIos. 18-20, pp. 5J,5-563; 21-23. pp. 651-675; 2',-25, pp. 737-780; ahs. in Milchw. Zentbl., 4 (1908), No. 7, pp. 314-320). — A study was made of the bacterial content of milk from the time of milking until the coagulation period. The milk from one stable was run through a strainer and collected in a covered tin vessel, and that from another stable was run over a cooler into tin cans at a temperature of 15° to 16° C. Extended tables show the bacterial content of milk when kept at different temperatures. The bacterial flora was divided into six groups, as follows: (1) Cocci; (2) lactic acid forms; (3) short-rod forms not belonging to the coli group, (a) the alkali-producing nonliquefying, (b) the other nonliquefying, (c) liquefying, (d) those unaffected by pasteurizing; (4) coli-aerogenes group; (5) spore- forming, (a) aerobic, (b) facultative anaerobic, (c) obligate anaerobic; (6) miscellaneous. The behavior of the different forms grown as pure cultures is described. Two new species of coccus were discovered, which the author calls Sarcina niobilis A. and 8. mobilis B. In milk kept at 5° to 7° C. all kinds of bacteria increased for 3 days, espec- ially the cocci and the alkali-producing rods. At 20° all kinds increased faster than at the lower temperatures. The first 3 hours lactic-acid forms were not much in evidence, but after that they made a proportionally larger gain than the others and soon composed over 90 per cent of the flora. At 30° the lactic-acid forms gained still more rapidly and in a few hours were the only kinds present except a few alkali-producing forms. At 37° the lactic-acid forms also increased, likewise the gas-forming coli group. I^actic-acid forms were more numerous in the milk that was run over the cooler than that strained into the covered vessel. They do not grow rapidly at the low temperatures but at the higher temperatures develop so rapidly as to be harmful to many other kinds. In milk passed over the cooler Bacterium gilntheri was more abundant than streptococcus at first, but when kept at 5 to 7° the latter increased much the faster. At higher temperatures B. gilntheri increased as a rule faster than streptococcus, and in raw milk in some temperatures it increases so fast that eventually it checks itself. Although it has generally been supposed that B. giintheri does not form spores and is killed by pasteurizing, the author found that acidity caused the germs to adhere in small clumps and that some of them do not succumb to pasteurizing. DAlltV FAKMING DAIRYING. 675 Of the spore-building forms tlio aorobiL- and the facultative anaerobic were represented l>,v the hay and potato bacillus group and were present in fresh milk only in small quantity and as a rule only in the spore form. In pasteur- ized milk tlu'y ,i,'radually increased in number. The obligate anaeroldc and the gas-imnlucing bacteria of the coli-aerogenes group were not abundant, but when presei t they increased at all temperatures between ~> and ;^7°. With an increase in temperature the same si)ecies of coccus forms continued to predominate. The alkali-producing nonliquefying forms ajipeared able to thrive unhindered by the lactic-acid forms. The liquefying short-rod forms were present in hirge numl)ers excei)t at 5 to 7°. After the second day B. fliinrrsceiifi multiplied so rapidly that on the fourteenth day it composed nearly half the bacterial flora. A bibliography is ajipended to the article. The effect of pasteurization upon the development of ammonia in milk, W. G. Whitman and II. C. Sherman (Jour. Amrr. Chem. Soc, 30 (1908), No. 8, pp. J 288-1295). — The bacterial decomposition of proteins in milk was studied by measuring the amount of ammonia produced. The methods of determining the ammonia were those previously used (E. S. R., 16, p. 946; IS, p. 1077) for examining fresh samples of milk. Ten samples of milk were obtained from different dealers and each divided into three portions, of which the first was untreated, the second pasteurized at 65°, and the third pasteurized at 85°. The average amount of ammonia found in the raw millc after 2 days was 0.005(>, after 4 days O.OOSl, after 7 days 0.(M)65 per cent. In the portion pasteur- ized at 65° the average per cent of ammonia after 2 days was 0.0011, after 4 days 0.0057, and after 7 days 0.0065 per cent. In the portion pasteurized at cS5° the results were 0.001, 0.0047, and 0.0116, respectively. There was a steady increase in " cleavage annnonia " in all samples of raw milk during the first 10 days, l>ut practically no gain after that. The pasteurized milk, on the contrary, showed little increase the first 10 days but after that the "cleavage ammonia" increased rapidly. From the second to the seventh day of standing the acidity and annnonia increased in about the same proportions. Pasteurization retarded souring but favored the development of an offensive putrid odor and a bitter taste. " Ammonia as a measure of the decomposition of proteins in milk appears to be especially useful in samples which have been pasteurized at high tempera- tures and in which the development of annnonia is continuous; in samples whicli have- been pasteurized at low temperatures or not at all, the sanitary significance of the annnonia determination is less certain, since the annnonia content at any given time can not be assumed to be proportional to the extent to which protein decomposition has taken place." Chemical evidence of peptonization in raw and pasteurized milk, Rachel H. ToLWEM, and H. (\ Sherman (Jour. liiol. Chcm., 5 (1908), No. 2-3, pp. 2'i1-2'>1). — This study was undertaken to supplement that of ammonia content noteility of low tem- l»eratnres as reconniiendcd iiy IJosenau and others, in pasteurizing milk when necessary as a safeguard against infectious diseases and the ob.jecfionaldeness of ilepending u|iou |)asteurization as a pn'servative measure. The inq»ortance of keeping milk cold and consuming it quickly are apparently not diminished 676 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. by its pasteurization even under conditions so favorable as to preclude subse- quent contamination." A study of moisture in butter, G. L. McKay and J. Bower {Iowa 8ta. Bui. 101, pi>. 156-111). — Tills bulletin contains the results of a series of experi- ments conducted with butters obtained from different sources to ascertain the effect of different percentages of moisture on the keeping quality and flavor of butter, and a method of controlling the moisture content is presented. Of 107 samples examined, 11 showed a moisture content of over 16 per cent and when scored for quality averaged SG.GS. Eleven samples containing between 15 and IG per cent scored 89.3. Eleven samples contained between 14 and 15 per cent moisture and scored S9.84. Thirty-two samples that contained be- tween 13 and 14 per cent scored 90.3. Forty-two samples contained less than 13 per cent moisture and scored 89.02. " The lowest moisture content of any sample ... is 8.6 per cent. The average score of this butter is 80. The highest is 23.01 per cent with an average score of 88.25. The highest average score is 95.25. This sample shows a moisture content of 15.29 per cent." These results are somewhat different from those noted in earlier work (E. S. R.. IG, p. 916). "It is therefore impossible to state that high-water content, between 15 and 16 per cent, necessarily means a low score or that a low-water content, below 13 per cent, means a high score, or vice versa." Data obtained in educational scoring contests in Minnesota and Wisconsin are summarized in conjunction with those of this station, and the conclusion is drawn that there is no definite relation between the score and the moisture content. The bacteriological effect of various waters on milk, cream, and butter was studied by F. W. Bouska, with the following conclusions: " Most waters produce flavors in pasteurized milk and cream. In pasteurized cream with a starter added, and in raw cream, only some waters produce flavors. Flavors are usually produced in butter from unripened cream and in unsalted butter, but only by some waters in salted ripened cream butter. Waters containing bacteria will not necessarily produce bad flavors. To accomplish this the bacteria in question must be able to grow in competition with other bacteria in the presence of salt and lactic acid." In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 15, p. 397) on the keeping quality of butter, 25 samples of butter were scored when fresh and after keeping in cold storage 6 months. " Taking the average results given, there was a slight gain in points given for flavor in favor of the butter containing the higher percentage of water. There is also shown a certain gain in points given for body. The butter containing the lower moisture content appears from the scores given to have lost slightly in flavor, two of the samples being scored off one point." Of the samples sent to English markets those having the lower amounts of water received the highest score, but this may be due to different methods of scoring. " Contrary to the opinion expressed by some writers, that only 14.5 per cent of moisture could be obtained by churning in the granular condition, as high as 15.8 per cent was obtained." Three types of churn were used in studying methods of controlling the moisture content in order to obtain data upon which to base further experi- ments. " In no case was overchui-ning practiced. The aim was to get a com- plete gathering of fat, without precluding the possibility of removing the buttermilk. The granules, on completing the churning, might be described as having an irregular minute granular condition collected loosely into larger irregular forms. This allowed of thorough washing of butter to get rid of the buttermilk, and at the same time reduced the loss of fat in the buttermilk. Tests from time to time showed from 0.05 per cent to 0.12 per cent. The butter DAIRY FARMTNC^DATRYING. 677 was first sprayod. It was then washed tliuroughly, usiiifc al)nut as luiicli water IS buttermilk. The water was then removed and fresh water added. Then the rollers were put in motion and butter worked off in the water, usinj; slow ;,'ear. . . . After the first few chnrnings all the cream was pasteurized at a teiniierature ranging: from 1(55 to 1S5° F. From .5 to 15 per cent starter was ;u1(1(h1 and in most cases innnediately cooled to churning tem])erature. It was tlien held over ni.Lcht and churntHl the followinj; niorninf;. A record of the cliurninii: was kept and butter analyzed for moisture by the official method." 'I'lie moisture content ranged from 13.3.3 to 19.70 per cent, but after an effort was made to control it the percentage ranged from 13.73 to 1G.3. " Where creameries are not supplied with the necessary machinery to control the tem- leraturo, where no attention is paid to the other factors and where unskilled men are I'mployed, there can be no control of moisture. . . . I.eaky or slushy butter does not mean butter of high moisture content. . . . Overrun is no in- dication of moisture content. ... It is possible to control moisture so that a variation exceeding 1 per cent above or below a safe margin need not be ex- ceeded. Inder favorable conditions it need not be more than 1 per cent. •'In all cases extreme temperatures should be avoideletely in 24 hours and giving a solution from which no precipitate was obtained by saturation with anunonium sulphate." The analysis of a sample dried at 110° C. showed that it was paracasein. Tlie alcohol soluble part was poured in water and the gununy precipitate was dried, extractetl with ether, analyzed, and its analysis and properties were- found to agree with those of caseoglutin, which has not been observed before in digestions with i»ure enzyms. No tyroalbuinin was found. The caseo.se.s of the chwse were sei)aratcd into the four fractions described by IM<-k (K. S. R., !>, p. 723), as follows: " I'rotocaseose, by half saturation of the neutral solution with annnonium sulphate; deuterocaseose A, by two-thirds saturation; d«*uterocas«'ose li, l>y com- plete saturation; and deuterocaseose C, by acidifying the filtrate from l'.. In the early stages of ripening, the protocaseose predominates. In the rii)ened ■ heese, however, protocaseose and deutero B are present in about ero-sarcomatoiis character, apparently originating in the ovary or ovidnct, spreading by metastasis throughout the generative system and the nit'senteric c-ircuiation, causing a thickening and hardening of the tissues, marked venous stasis, extensive ascites, cachexia, and tinall.v death." Annual reports of proceeding's under the diseases of animals acts, the markets and fairs (weighing of cattle) acts, etc., for the year 1907 (lid. [i/r. iind ri.shcrUs [Lon(loii\, [Vet. Dcpt.], Ann. Ritts. Proc, J!W7, pp. .07, maps ()■), — A general report is i^reseuted of the outbreak of infectious diseases of ani- mals and the work of control in Great Britain. Maps showing the relative num- ber of outbreaks of sheep scab and swine fever for the years 1905, 190G, and r.)()7 accom]>any the report and statistical data are appended. There were no confirmed outbreaks of rinderiK'st, rabies, sheep pox, foot-and-mouth disease nor pleuro-pneumonia during the year. There was a noticeal)le decrease in the outbreaks of glanders, while swine fever and sheep scab greatly, and anthrax slightly, increased in number of outbreaks. Attempts were made to determine in what material anthrax spores might be introduced on the farm, as circumstantial evidence had particularly pointed to feeding cakes. In connection with experiments along this line the author states that " the number of samples of cake examined up to date is 58, and in addition 14 sam]iles of other feeding stuff's, including barley meal, rice meal, Indian meal, compound meals, barle.v dust, and molassine meal, and in no case has a posi- tive result been obtained with them." A parasitic mange order which deals with horses, asses, and mules was in force, 228 outbreaks having been reported. Report of the principal veterinary surg'eon, C. E. Gray (Transvaal Dept. A in: Ann. Rpt. lUO.'f-o, pp. (jO-7'i, map J). — Rhodesian redwater returns show a decrease of about one-half in the number of outbreaks recorded and a corre- siKinding decrease in the number of deaths. Success in dealing with East Coast fever has been due to the East Coast fever ordinance, which gives the depart- ment power to slaughter stock running on infected farms and to fence in infected or suspected areas on terms favorable to the owne*"s. Glanders and lung sick- ness decreased in prevalence while ulcerative lymphangitis increased during the year. Rinderpest did not reappear. The author also reports on the occurrence of mange, swine fever, anthrax, scab, and tuberculosis. Report of the principal veterinary surgeon, C. E. Gray (Trannraal Dept. .\{/r. Ann. Rpt. I!>0.'>-G, pp. GI-SO, inap J). — Quarantine has been removed from numerous areas which were formerly infected with East Coast fever and many of tliese have been successfully restocked with cattle. ()i)position to the com- pulsory fencing of infected and suspected farms aiid locations has died out to a great extent and applications for the enclosure of farms under the East Coast fever ordinance are said to be increasing, lender this ordinance Sekukuniland was enclosed as a whoh; and an infected section therein fenced off for the pur- po.se of protecting native cattle to the number of 17,000 that iire still healthy. There was a consideralth? decrease in the number of fresh outbreaks as com- pared witli the previous year. An increase in the number of outbreaks of glanders and swine fever is reported. Lung sickness, ei)izootic lymphangitis, and mange are said to be on tlu^ decline. f>nly 10 outbreaks of anthrax were recorde«l during the year. Tuberculosis has not made much headway and rabies lias not made its appearance in the Transvaal, though prevalent in Rhodesia. Report of the government veterinary bacteriologist. A. Thkilkr (Transvaal Itipt. Af/r. Ann. Rpt. J!K).'f-.'>, pp. 7.7-/.S7. pis. ,i ) . — In this report the author gives u detailed account of investigations conducted during the year 1904-5. 680 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The main object is said to have been that of the study of horse sicliness, es- pecially the production of serum that would be free from hemolytic effect. This is considered as having been accomplished since the results of the last experi- ments resulted in a loss of but 3 per cent due to horse sickness. Biliary fever or piroplasmosis of the horse, mule, and donkey has been determined to be due to same species of Piroplasma. The native equines are said to be immune to the disease while imported animals are susceptible. The disease is inoculable with blood of an immune horse into a susceptible mule. The strongest immunity against this disease may break down under the influence of a virulent fever such as that of horse sickness. It has been determined that immune cattle do not carry East Coast fever in- fection. Experiments indicate that it is possible to clean an infected area, even when there are susceptible cattle running on it, if the cattle as soon as their temperature rises are confined so that they are not allowed to drop ticks on the pasture. From experiments conducted the author concludes that the natural transmis- sion of spirillosis is due to the progeny of Rhipicephalus decoloratus that have developed on cattle suffering with or immune from spirillosis. It was found possible to inoculate spirillosis into susceptible cattle and sheep with the blood of sick and immune animals. Results obtained from heartwater experiments are said to indicate that it is possible to produce a serum which may be applied against the disease. Experi- ments in immunizing sheep against blue tongue show that the serum of immune sheep hyperimmunized to the extent of 500 cc. of virulent blood injected at different intervals has highly developed protective qualities which it is thought will permit of its use for practicable injection. Swine plague was for the first time discovered in the colony. A swine fever or complication of swine fever and swine plague also occurred. Bursattee, a wound disease caused by a hypho- mycete and known in India among horses was observed in one case. As a re- sult of preliminary dipping experiments the author recommends dipping as a measure for cleaning a farm from ticks, but it should be carried out sys- tematically and for a long period. Pleuro-pneumonia is considered to be on the decrease. A herd of camels imported from Somaliland was destroyed having been found infected with surra. Report of the government veterinary bacteriologist, A. Theiler (Transvaal Dcpt. Ayr. Ann. Rpt. 1905-6, pp. 81-109). — A piroplasmosis which has been determined as distinct from Piroplasma higcmmunt is here described as P. mutans. It has been found that an animal can be infected with the former singly and later with the latter. P. mutans has all the characteristics of P. higemimim, as it remains in the immune animal and can be transmitted with the blood. The inoculation of mules against horse sickness for the public was started in November. During the year 2,325 mules were inoculated in the Transvaal with a loss of 3.8 per cent from inoculation, while in Rhodesia 388 mules were inoculated with a loss of 2.3 per cent. In connection with the injection of serum it was found that various kinds of virus from immune animals were more viru- lent than those in use. This is said to make it necessary to alter the method of inoculation. Experiments undertaken to determine the possible role of mosquitoes in the transmission of horse sickness failed, as it was not possible to keep the mosquitoes alive in the stable. This, however, is said to be in accordance with the tlieory that the disease is thus transmitted as stable horses do not as a rule contract the disease. Equine piroplasmosis has been VETERINARY MEDICINE. 681 found to complicate horse-sickness inoculations in mules to the extent of 0.8 pei* cent and to be responsible for 14.3 per cent due to hyi)erinnnunization. That the disi-ase is inoculable with immune blood is said to have been demonstrated dur- ing; the previous year. Inoculations of mules with immune blood is considered as having i)roved a complete success. As some of the donkeys inoculated suffereil somewhat severely, it is recommended that inoculations of imported animals be made only under the most favorable conditions. While inoculations of susceptible horses with immune donkey blood proved a failure there is said to be better prospect of utilizing the blood of immune mules. The disease has been experimentally determined to be transmitted by Rhipiccphalus cvcrtsl and not by R. dccoloratus. lliis tick takes the infection in the larval and nymphal stajies and transmits it durinj; the adult statcc. The author coiitirm.s the work of Dorset, Bolton, and McBryde of this Depart- ment in finding hop cholera to be caused by an ultravisible virus thiit can be inoculated with blood. The author's observations seem to support the view that hog cholera is the disease and swine plague the complication. Details are given of the routine work, and a tabulated record of the results of examinations of pathological specimens and blood smears received is appended. Additional investig'ations of bovine and human viruses, L. Cobbktt and A. S. and I'\ (iiai-irrn { h'oii. Com. Tulxrciilosi.s, HcvoihI Interim Rpt., 3 {1907), pt. 2, App., pp. V-\-.Hit, plx. 3, cliurt.'i Hi). — This volume contains results of experi- ments conducted in addition to those previously noted (E. S. R., 20, pj). 184, IS.")), with the object of throwing light on collateral questions. Among those reported are the following: Cultural characters of the bovine tubercle bacillus; changes in reaction produced in broth by human and bovine tubercle bacilli ; modifica- tion experiments with tubercle bacilli of bovine origin ; minute nonprogressive tuliercles found in calves injected with tubercle bacilli of human origin, which are unable to provoke a progressive infection in this species of animal: the distrihutioii of nonvirulent tubercle bacilli of human origin in the body of the talf after subcutaneous injection; and dissemination of tubercle bacilli in different sjiecies of animals after subcutaneous inoculation. The tuberculosis, problem, A. K. Ward and C. M. Haring (CaUfornia Sta. Bui. I'M, pp. 221-23.'i, Jigs. 2). — During the past 4 years the station has made tuberculin tests of dairy cows in the various counties of the San Francisco Ray region and in the Sacramento and San Joaquin valleys, " In all 1,97G tests have been made, of whicli 4.'»o (22.9 per cent) showed reactions. Only 4 herds, llie largest consisting of 39 cows, were free from tuberculosis. A much smaller proportion of isolated cows were affected than those in herds. Of 71 animals, isolated, or in groups of 5 or less, only 6 (8 per cent) reacted. A more jjccurate statement of the prevalence of tuberculosis, as shown bj' our experi- ence, would be one compiled from results of the tests of whole hex'ds the first time that they had been tested. In this case the figures show 1,022 animals tested, with 32G condenmed (31.9 per cent). Tuberculosis was found in 82 per cent of the herds tested." A general account is given of the disea.sp and of the methods by which it may be controlled. The tuberculin testing outfit is described and directions given for making the test. It is stated that under conditions to be personally arranged between the inquiring dairymen and the veterinarians the station will undertake to supply free tuberculin and give direct assistance in interpreting the tempera- ture records. The authors also consider the prevention of entrance of the dis- ease and methods i)y which :in infected herd can be changed to a hcillhy one. Infection through resorption of tubercle bacilli in the gastrointestinal canal, E. Ouluwauiu and Liuia IvAUi.Nowixacn {.Btrliii. Klin. Wclinticlir., .'i5 682 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. (1908), No. 6, pp. 298-301; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 9, p. JiOt).— Experiments were conclucted in which tubercle bacilli of bovine origin were introduced directly into the stomachs of young pigs. Examination of one killed 22 hours later showed the presence of the bacilli in the blood, in the lungs, and in the mesenteric glands. In a second which died on the fourth day following the infection the bacilli were found in the liver, lungs, and kidneys. In a third which lived 3 weeks after the infection bacilli were found in the blood, lungs, and mesenteric glands. It appears that tubercle bacilli pass within a comparatively few hours into the blood and lungs and that they can remain for a considerable period in a latent state without the appearance of lesions. The penetration of the intestinal wall by tubercle bacilli, M. Herman (Bnl. Acad. Roy. Med. Belg., //. ser., 21 (1901), No. 8-9, pp. 5.',o-.556 ; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 9, p. 406). — In experiments made, negative results w^ere obtained from a monkey. Positive results were obtained in a goat of 4 years, in all of 4 adult guinea pigs used, in 3 of 4 young guinea pigs, and in one of 5 rabbits. The simultaneous inoculation subcutaneously of a pathogenic bacillus (Sirault's bacillus of meat poisoning) appears to favor the passage of the bacilli through the mucous membrane by lowering the vitality. The irritation of the intestine through the ingestion of the same bacillus appears to have rather prevented the passage. Split products of the tubercle bacillus and their effects upon animals, V. C. Vaughan and S. M. Wheeler (Abs. in Med. Rec. [N. Y.],71 (1901), No. 25, p. 1051). — The tubercle cell was split up into two portions — cell poison and cell residue. The cultui*al medium was concentrated and precipitated with five times its volume of absolute alcohol and this precipitate then broken up into two portions, the precipitate poison and the precipitate residue. The portion of the cultural medium left after the removal of the alcoholic precipitate was designated as the final filtrate. Single doses of the cellular substance were injected into the abdominal cavities of 24 guinea pigs in doses varying from 5 to 200 mg. In no case was death caused directly by the injection, and it gave no immunity to a subsequent in- oculation with a virulent bacillus. The toxic effect of the cell poison on animals was shown to be through the respiratory center. When given in sufficient quantities it killed within an hour both healthy and tubercular animals. There was no evidence that it elaborated any antitoxin, and it was harmful with nothing to recommend it. What was true of the cell poison was equally true of the precipitate poison and the final filtrate. The effects of the cell i-esidue on animals were practically nil. The precipitate residue had no recognizable ill effects ui)on healthy animals but had some specific effect upon tuberculous animals. Vaccination against tuberculosis in cattle with bovovaccine, H. L. Russell and C. Hoffmann ( Wisconsin Hta. Bill. 165, pp. 3-13). — Experiments were made to determine the extent to which bovovaccine immunizes cattle. Thirty-four head of young stock all under 6 months of age that had passed the tuberculin test, though taken from an infected herd were injected May 9, 1906, with bovovaccine and isolated until after a second injection 3 months later. In order to test the infectiousness of the barn originally occupied, 10 nonreacting calves not vaccinated were placed with the vaccinated stock on July 6 to serve as a control. After the second vaccination all experimental animals were pastured with the infected stock and from the beginning of November all animals were housed iu the infected baru, Tuberculin tests were made in 3, 5, 8, 14, and 17 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 683 months following tho socoiul vacrination with tho results shown in tho following lahio: Ifr.sults of fiilicrciilin tisfs ntailc upon racrinntcd and control dnimali^. Date tested. May, 1906 November, 1906 Januarv. 1907 .. April, 1907 October, 1907 . . January, 1908.. Number tuber- culin tested. Vaccinated. Control. Vacci- Con- Posi- Nega- Doubt- 1 1 Posi- Nega- Doubt- nated. trol. tive. tive. ful. tive. tive. ful. 34 10 10 10 34 1 10 10 8 1 0 0 24 5 4 18 •) 5 0 0 13 10 4 9 0 8 2 0 29 2 8 19 2 2 28 2 6 22 0 2 At a post-niortoni oxaniination niado in May, 1007, lesions wore found in 8 different lymphatic jrl.mds and the pleura of 2 of 5 control animals ex- amined. It appears probal)le that the immunization process sensitizes the animal for a time so that it is more susceptible to tuberculosis than at first. -Vfter a time this condition of sensitization disappears and the body acquires increased powers of resistance. Post-mortem examinations of 4 of the vac- cinatetl animals that had given apparent reactions at least twice resulted in the finding of typical more or less extensive tubercular lesions. From the fact that but one reacted within a year after the completion of the vaccination it is concluded that the infection was acquired subsequent to the completion of the imnnmizing process. The authors conclude that while vaccination materially increases the resist- ance of most aninjals it does not do so in all cases. Considering the expense of the i)rocess, the time required, the fact that only young stock can be treated and that they must be separated from all sources of infection during the inununizing process, and that a certain percentage of the vaccinated animals will ac(|uire infection in sjnte of the treatment, the practicability of the method is considered do\il)tful. The experiments have not been continued a sufficient period of time to determine the permanence of the immunity produced, but European investigators are said to have found that the immunity induced dis- ai)|»eare(l within a year or two after the vaccination. The authors do not con- sider tlie system in its present stage of development as one to be recommended lo the farmers of the State. Persistence of tuberculin in the body of the goat. A. Slatineano and C. .loNKsco-.MiiiAiKSTi (Compt. h'cnd. Soc. Biol. [I'ari.sl, Oj (1908), No. .9, /). .'(20). -Tuberculin was foiuid in the blood of a goat 12 days and in the urine IS days after the inject ion of 10 cc. into tiie veins. Osteoporosis in animals, II. Inci.k (Transriial Drpt. A[/i: Ann. h'pt. 1905-6, pp. 19H-207). — Hones from diseased and healthy mules, horses, and donkeys were analyzed, and the following conclusions drawn: "(1) That in animals free from disi'ase, the bones contain larger proportions of total ash, lime, and p!iosi)horic acid than are to be found in the bones of animals suffering from the diseas(;; and (2) that the ratio of nitrogen to ash in the bones furnishes perhaps the easiest and most direct method of judging of the freedom or otherwise of tt'.e animal from osteoporosis." Rones of diseastnl animals also apiM'ared to contain more silica tijan tho.^e of healthy anim.ils. As a result )ni.'<(lir rntcrsiiclnDitfoi Ixi akiitcr und chronischer Gcfliigclcholcra. IiKUig. Tlirsis. Lripsir. J90S; aha. in Bui. Inst. P«steui; 6 (tf)OS), Xo. 10. p. .}j7). — The author considers an examination of the blood in septicemic forms and iniKMilation in clironic forms always necessary to confirm tb(> diagnosis. Experiments in the transmission of spirillosis of fowls by Argas reflexus, C. Shellack (Centhl. Bait, [€tc.^, 1. AM., Grig., -',6 (1908), .Yo. 6, /)/). J,86--',88; ahs. in Bill, fnftt. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 12, p. 55'/).— In 2 of 4 cases in which .1. )(fl(.nts was used the author succeeded in transmitting; Spirorhwtc galliniiruin. In one case infection was induced by the bite of 4 ticks that had be<-ome infected 7 days before. The second case followed the bites of 6 ticks of which the most recently infected had been fed 64 days before on a fowl affected with sjiirillosis. On the penetration of eggs by bacteria, G. Cao (Ann. 1st. Ig. Sper. Univ. Roma, IS (190S\, Xo. 1, pp. 39-U3 ; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 10, p. .'/72). — Fresh and unfertilized eggs were found nearly always free from l)acteria while 50 per cent of the fertilized eggs were contaminated. It was exiwrimeiitally determined that microbes quickly penetrate the shell. Fresh e>:gs delay pollution by micro-organisms when such are placed in contact with the shell and even attenuate their virulence. This, however, is not the case with old egjrs. During the first few days the development of bacteria within the e^g appears to be slow. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, C. W. Stiles and A. Hassall (PuIj. Health and Mar. IIosp. Serr. U. S., Hyg. Lab. Bui. 31, pp. 401).— The author Indexes of medical and veterinary zoology, upon which the present anihurs have been working for several years, are to be supplemented by subject and host indexes. The present bulletin, which is devoted to trematodes and the diseases causi^l by them, is the first volume of such indexes. \n alpha- beti<-al list of specific and sul)s|)ecific names, with type hosts, is pivcn. but the greater part of the bulletin is occupied with a bibliography of diseases, genera, and spe<-ific names. Friedberger and Frbhner's veterinary pathology, trans, by M. H. Hayks {fliit-ago ami London, 190S, rol.t. /. pp. \X + l-il: 2, pp. 702). — In this revisent, methods, etc., at I'J veterinary colU>ges in i; different countries vlsite^l bv the author. 686 EXPEBIMENT STATION RECOKD. EURAL ENGINEERING. Progress in drainage, C. G. Elliott ( V. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 11)01^ pp. 3Sl'-'iOJi, Jigs. 8). — ^A brief review of tlie liistory of drainage is given, beginning witli tile drains installed in France as early as 1G20, fol- lowed by a discussion of the function of water in the soil and the regulation of its amount by drainage. Outlets are stated to be a prime consideration for all drainage undertakings and must be provided if not available. Natural conditions, therefore, impose a community of interest requiring cooperation upon the landowners. Resulting from this are the State general drainage laws which though simple in principle have met with certain difficulties in operation. " The effectiveness of the law depends upon the attitude of the people who are directly concerned in the pro- posed drainage." Unanimity of opinion where the question of sharing cost enters, is difficult to secure and often results in objections to assessments and plans, consequently im- peding the progress of the woi-k. It is stated that results accomplish more in inducing farmers to drain than theorizing, and three examples of successful drainage operations are given. Contributing to the drainage progress which was necessary to meet the im- proved economic agricultural conditions are the experience of early drainage work and mechanical aids, especially the adaptation of the steam shovel to the excavation of large ditches. The cost has also increased with the price of labor. Mistakes resulting from lack of established precedents and disregard or ignorance of others' experiences have naturally been made, such as too small channels, sizes of drains not proportioned to meet requirements of various soil and climatic conditions, and weak levees, the failure of which retards progress by discouraging landowners. The future field of drainage engineers is deemed to be not only swamp and uncultivated lands, but the improving of over 20,000,000 acres of land now farmed, the production of which it is believed may be increased 20 per cent. The article concludes with a discussion of the benefits of drainage and of localities which may be drained. Practical farm drainage, C. G. Elliott (Neiv York, 1908, pp. XV +188-, figs. 46). — This is a revised edition of the author's book of the same title but has been entirely rewritten with an addition of considerable new material. It presents for the use of farmers the main established theories and methods of drainage applicable to their needs. Of the new chapters, that on cooperative work which is frequently necessary to secure a satisfactory outlet for drains contains some suggestions for sharing the cost when the work is done by mutual agreement. A chapter is devoted to special problems in drainage, which treats briefly of muck lands, erosion of hillsides, salt marshes, alkali lands in humid sections, and bottom lands. The concluding chapter discusses the drainage of irrigated lands, a branch which is stated to be attracting much attention in the older irrigated sections. Losses of irrigation water and their prevention, R. P. Teele ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Rpt. 1907, pp. 369-386, figs. Ji). — A summary of available data in which are discussed losses from canals, prevention of seepage losses, losses in the application of water to land, and influence of laws, contracts, and regulations on waste of water. Irrigation in southeastern Australia (Engineer [London'], 106 (1908), No. 2159, p. 504). — This is a short account of what has been accomplished in reclaiming the arid lands of Australia and of the steps leading to the Murrum- bridge project now under construction. This includes a curved dam 232 ft. J RURAL KN(;iNEKRING. 687 lii«h .111(1 illO ft. long at the t-rt'st. caiialtk' of lioldiii},' hack 70(5.324 aci-e-f('«'t of wator. Its object is not to raise the level of the water but to hold it hack and reguhite the tlow, which, after passing down in its original bed for 220 miles, is diverted b.v a low weir into a distributing canal 132 miles long with a branch 34 miles long. Irrigation and seepage experiment Uii>t. Vawnporr \I)i(Iia] Agr. Sta., 1907, i>it. (iil-7(). Jit/. 7).— This is a brief account of exiierimeiits being made to ascertain the amount of water necessar.v for maize, wheat, and local crops. Two tables furnish the data collected to date. Physical tests of Iowa limes, S. W. Rkykr {loiva Oeol. Survey Ann. Rpt., i? (JHUd), PI). 91-150, pis. 20). — This article explains the difference between white, brown, and argillaceous or siliceous limes; describes the processes of sinking, setting and hardening, and the prejiaratitm of lime mortar; and I'e- jiorts tests of mortars made with high-calcium white limes and magnesian and dolomitic limes. The limes tested were high-grade products representative of pure white and of magnesian or dolomitic lime. With such limes it was found, as a rule, that the maximum strength is attained at the end of a setting period of 0 to 9 months. "This is most pronounced where the higher percentages of sand are employed. The notable exceiitions to this rule are found with the lowest sand- lime ratios, the lower percentages of water used to slake, and are most con- spicuous in the strongly dolomitic limes." Since carbonation occurs to only a limited extent during the first (! or 9 months, the change which occurs during the setting of mortar is considered to be largely the crystallization of the lime hydrate. "In general, the greatest strength comes with the lower percentages of water used in slaking. Equal amounts by weight of water and of dr.v quicklime give in the majority of cases the highest results. Higher proportions are detri- mental to tensile strength. This is more especially noticeable in the white limes. ... As a rule, the highest strength is given by the lowest propor- tions of sand, the curves being about equall.v divided between equal parts by weight of sand and dr.v quicklime and two of sand to one of lime." The highest strength was obtained with a 1 : 1 or 50 per cent mixture of lime and sand. "The whitt' limes recpiire more water to slake properly, generate more heat In slaking, slake much more rapidly, and reduce to a more uniform paste than the magnesian limes. The dolomitic limes set and harden more slowl.v but in many cases attain strengths so much greater than do the white limes as to be nlmost out of comparison. They will, therefore, stand gi'eater dilutions of sand and still be sutliciently strong to meet the requirements of practical use." Modem silo construction, .7. P.. Davidson and M. Ij. Kino {Iowa Sto. Bui. 100, pp. '.).'i-l,'tO, fit/s. .'/.<). — This gives the results of investigations of existing HJIos, and tlisciisses fiill.v the relation of construction to their failure or success, as it was leariKMl that niaii.v of the failures were due to improper constructi that this Hhould l)e outside of .-ill liuildings. A discussion of the dilTerent types ami their e«»Kl includes silos of wood. Itrick, concrete, steel, cemeiit-ltlock, and stime. as well as of common building tile, for wliicli there is a design submitted in detail. 74921 -No. 7—09 7 688 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. How to build a stave silo, B. H. Ravvl aud J. A. Conover ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 136, pp. 18, flgs. 18). — This gives complete directions for the construction of stave silos and their foundations and contains sug- gestions for determining the proper size. [A new pea and bean thresher], F. C. Quereau {Tennessee Sta. Bui. 79, pp. 26-28, fig. 1). — A detailed description is given of an implement which this station has tested for 2 years with very satisfactory results. It resembles the oi"dinary grain separator in general make-up but the distinctive differences are large knife-edged cylinder teeth and notched sharp-edged concave teeth. It is stated that in the tests, which included 200 bushels of cowpeas and soy beans, representing 8 varieties of the former and 2 of the latter, and with the vines in all degrees of toughness and stages of curing, a surprisingly high percentage of separation resulted. Electricity and agriculture, W. H. P. Cherry (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 11, pp. 869-S90, figs. 22). — This is a popular account of the manu- facture of atmospheric nitrates, calcium cyanamid, the Thwaite and other methods of electroculture, radioculture, experiments in electroculture by Lem- strom. Sir Oliver Lodge, by this Department, the Hawkesbury Agricultural Col- lege, and also in South Australia. The possibility of establishing nitrogen-fixing industries in Australia is discussed as well as the application of the electricity as power in household and farm work. A portable farm telephone is described. RURAL ECONOMICS. The agricultural and transportation industries, E. Lambert {U Industrie AgrieoJe et Vlndustrie des Transports. Paris, 1908, pp. S^Jf). — This book is divided into three parts dealing, respectively, with (1) the plant and the ^oil, (2) fertilizers, and (3) the relation between agriculture aud transporta- tion. It is pointed out in a prefatory chapter that agriculture has developed more slowly than other industries, but that it has greater futui*e possibilities and will undoubtedly outstrip them. A special plea is made for the more com- plete industrialization of agricultui'e, and to this end the general adoption of more scientific methods and improved transportation facilities to promptly de- liver supplies and move crops are -considered essential. The great advantage to agriculture of increased and improved water transportation is particularly emphasized. The book therefore deals with scientific methods of increasing and main- taining the fertility of soils and with improved methods and means of transportation. The position of agriculture from the economic point of view, Vibrans (Ztsehr. Landw. Kammer Braunschweig, 77 (1908), No. 31, pp. 36-^-367).— The author discusses the food values of agricultural products with a view of inducing interest by the government in a more rational system of taxation. It is believed that the government should encourage the branches of agriculture producing the necessaries rather than the luxuries of life. The author favors the higher taxation of beer and tobacco, the prohibition of or increased duty on the transportation of potash, the reduction of taxation on sugar, and the en- couragement of the production of staple crops, the ultimate aim being to make Germany a self-supporting nation. Note on agriculture in Japan, F. A. Nicholson (Madras: Govt., 1907, pp. VI +122, pis. 2, fig. 1). — The area of Japan is given as about 94,000,000 acres, of which only 12,778,124 acres, or 13.53 per cent, was under cultivation in 1905. The population was 47,812,702, and as Japan is practically a self-sustaining people, the whole nation secures its subsistence and other necessaries on an RURAL ECONOMICS. 689 area of 0.267 acre per head. Japan is a country of small hoklinjis. Farms below 2 acres formed r>5 per cent, those between 2 and 3J acres 30 per cent, and tho.*^e abtive 33 acres 15 per cent, the average for the country at large being 2..") acres. Information is also given regarding Japanese niannrlal practices, the jjrcpani- tion of composts, the governmental organization of agricultural education and research, experiment station work, and agricultural associations. Probably in no other country in the world are the latter so general and so well organized as in Japan. liecentJy there were in existence 58.547 associations in 47 prefect- ures, 03S counties, and 13.509 towns and villages. The extensive work imder- taken by the village associations is also described. Agriculture in Japan, F. A. Nicholson {Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 12 {lOOS), Xo. JO, III). .S2f>-3.li). — A summary of the above. Cooperative farming, W. Bul.strode {London, 1908, pp. 23). — This pamphlet outlines a plan of cooperative farming on a large scale which if put into practice it is believed would ofler a solution of the pi'oblem of rural depopulation in England and be of far-reaching and lasting benefit to national i)rosperity. The economic and social significance of agricultural cooperative associa- tions in Germany, M. Gkabein ( Wirti^cliaftlichc und sozialc Bedeutung der lUndlichcii (Jcnosscnschaften in Deutschland. Tilbingen, 1908, pp. VIII+196). — This is a history of the different kinds of agricultural cooperative associations iu Germany from their origin to the year 1907. Land and agricultural banks in European countries, A. K. Eckerbom {K. Landthr. Akad. Jlmidl. och Tidskr., J,7 (JU08), Xo. J, pp. lJ.3-].',5). The farm help problem, B. W. Potter {Agr. of Mass., 1907, pp. 139-163).— This is a paper read at the public winter meeting of the Massachusetts State Board of Agriculture held at Boston, December 3-5, 1907. The speaker discusses the causes of the scarcity of farm help in Massachu- setts, chief of which he believes is found in the unprosperous condition of agri- culture in the State. Among the remedies suggested are making life more attractive for the laborer on the farm, such as providing plenty of good food, comfortable sleeping rooms or separate homes, not more than ten hours of labor, treating him well socially, and giving him employment the year aromul; the use of more and better agricultural macliinery and the undertaking of those branches of agriculture such as meat production which recpiire the emi)loyment of less labor; the proper education of farmers' children to keep them on the farms; the payment of wages commensurate with or superior to those paid in factories and other town occupations; and the selling of products by farmers directly to consumers, either individually or through cooperative associations. The paper is followed by a discussion. [Agricultural labor conditions in Germany] {Ztsclir. AgrarpoUtik, 6 {1908), Xo. 10, pp. 't28-'}'i.')). — Sunnuiiries of otiicial reports relating to agricul- tural labor conditions in the difTerenl jtrovinces in 1907 and 190S are presented in this article. How can the ever-increasing scarcity of German agricultural laborers be prevented? Kayser {Deut. Landw. Prcssc, 35 (1908), Xo. 8}, pp. 882, 883).— The author shows how the numl)er of rural families have decreased in (lermany since 1S71 by endgration to America and other countries, removal to the cities, employment on railroads and in the industries, and sinular ways, and enumer- ates llie reasons for rural depoi)ulation. Tlu' only remedy in the autlior's opin- ion i.s tlie payment of higher wages t<> farm hands and giving lliem l)etter home Hurroimdings. To tliis end the autlior proposes to tax every farmer wlio employs a foreign farm laborer 50 marks ;i year. Tliis tax it is estimated would yield an Income of about 30,000,000 marks (about .'t;7,(»»t(».(i(Mt) wbich should be de- 690 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. voted to the buildinj; of better houses for farm laborers. It is believed that this proposal, in connection with the payment of higher wages, would ultimately result again in the increasing settlement of German agricultural families on the land and be a practical solution of the rural labor problem. Is the agricultural laborer in East Prussia a proletarian? A. Hoffmeister (ZtscJir. Agmriiolitik. 6 (1908), JHo. 10, pp. 516-522).— The author criticises the conclusions of Weber that the position of the farm laborer in East Prussia is constantly tending to a lower standard of living. On the contrary, from investigations made by the author and others on a large number of farms, the conclusion is reached that industrious families are able to save from 58 to 300 marks and even as high as 500 marks (about $119) annually from their earnings, and that "the economic and social condition of the farm laborer in East Prussia is constantly improving and is not forcing him into the ranks of the proletariat." The article contains a bibliography relating to the agricultural labor problem in Germany, with particular reference to East Prussia. Report of the international jury. Agriculture, horticulture, feeding stuffs, L. Grandeau (Rapports du Jury International. Agriculture, Horticulture, Ali- racnts. Paris, Govt., 1905-6, vols. 3, pt. 5, pp. Ill + 75 Jf, figs. 193; Jf, pt. 5, sect. 1, pp. 751, figs. 125; sect. 2, pp. 752, figs. 129; sect. 3, pp. 663. figs. 106).— This is a general treatise on the agriculture, horticulture, and foods and feeding stuffs of the 100 countries in the world, based on the exhibits at the Paris Expo- sition in 1900. These phases of agricultural economic life are separately dis- cussed, and the data having been compiled from official sources serve as useful comparisons of the population, agricultural production, and rural economy of the nations of the world at the opening of the twentieth century. Imports of farm and forest products, 1905-1907 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Bui. 70, pp. 62). — Detailed statements of imports of farm and forest products, including the countries from which consigned, are reported. The value of farm products imported in 1907 was $626,836,808, the value of forest products .$122,420,776, both being increases over 1906 (E. S. R., 19, p. 589). Exports of farm and forest products, 1905-1907 (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. 8tatis. Bui. 71, pp. 78). — Detailed statistics of exports of farm and forest products, including the countries to which consigned, are reported. The values of farm and forest products exported in 1907 were $1,054,405,416 and $92,948,705, respectively, as compared with the values of $976,047,104 and $76,975,431 in 1906 (E. S. R., 19, p. 589). Crop Reporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-S). — The condition of crops in the United States and foreign coun- tries, data on the farm values of principal crops and range of prices of agricul- tural products in the United States, and special articles on the monthly market- ings by farmers of important crops during the year ended June 30, 1908. and the monthly movement of wheat in international trade during 1908 in compari- son with similar data for the two preceding years, are reported. Ag'ricultural statistics of Ireland, with detailed report for the year 1907, W. G. S. Adams (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Agr. Statis. 1907, pp. XXXVII +lJi9). — Statistical data of crop areas and production, number and classes of live stock, number and size of holdings, bee keeping, iind forestry in Ireland during 1907 are reported. The holdings numbered 599,872, of which 516,298 exceeded 1 acre in extent, 153,728 contained between 5 and 15 acres, 135,233 between 15 and 30 acres, 74,799 between 30 and 50 acres, and 58,029 between 50 and 100 acres. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 691 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Progress in agricultural education, 1907, I>. J. Ckosby (U. .S. Drpt. Agr.. (iffii-i ll.iiit. Sins, liiil. mm. iti>. .i.ll-.i(n;, /ii/s. IS). — a review is given of the work of the diflert'iit educational afieiicies for the promotion of tigricultnre in this ••ountry and ai)road, with special attention to the fiftieth anniversary of I lie estaJ)lishnient of tlie first afjricultnral college in this country, the training (if teachers in agricnltnral colleges anrl normal schools, and descriptions of the agricultural features (if instruction in a number of liigh schools. Statistics of land-grant colleg-es and agricultural experiment stations, 1907, Makii: T. Si'KTiiMA.w ( r. N. /»(/*/. .1//;-.. O/Jicr IJ-r/tt. Stns. liiit. lUdl. i>i). I'.)!>- 2^()). — A compilation from otHcial sources of general statistics, courses of study, attendance, value of funds and i'(inipment. revenues, and additions to equipment of the land-grant colleges, and of the lines of work, n-vennes, and additions to ei|uipment of the agricultural experiment stations in the Unitt^l States. Statistics of educational institutions, 1904-5 (Osterr. Statis., 7.9 (1908), \(>. .i, pp. LA7y/+.i.'/S).— Statistics for 1904-5 similar to those for 1003-4 pre- viously noted (E. S. R., IS, p. 995). A successful agricultural high school (Pacific RumJ Press. 71! (I DOS). \ii. I.t. PI). I'.K], 20 'i, .iOr>, /ii/s. ()). — A description of the organization, equipment, and (nurses of study of the (\ilifornia Polytechnic School r.t San Luis ()l)ispo. Crookston School of Agriculture, W. Robertson (Minn. Farm Rev.. /'/ ( I'.IOS), .Vo. .9, pp. IG'i, 16.'). pf). 1). — A description of the l)uil(lings and work of this institution. For the promotion of the culture and uses of fruit (Bcr, Landw. Rcichsamtc IniKin \(!cnn(inif]. No. G, pp. r/ + /77). — This is a report of the German Pomo- logical Society on courses of instruction for fruit experts, oue of which was held in Dresden on September 10 and 11, 1900, and the other in Liilieck, July 29-ol, V.MlT. .•iiid on courses for fruit packing. School gardening in the province of La Union, X. II. Forkman (Philippine Agr. Rtr. [English al.], I i I'.IOS). .Vo. 2, /)/). 95-99, pi. i).— This extract from the report of the author, who is supervising teacher at Lubao-Aringay, gives a brief account of the school garden work in the province of La I'nion. Every 8chool has a garden in which instruction Is given in the use of fertilizers, culti- \ation of plants, use of products, and the saving of seeds. The success of the work is attributed largely to the fact th.-it each luipil was given his own indi- vidii.-il plat, thus giving him definite ownership and a right to use or sell the pHKlucts of his garden. Boys' com growing contest, S. .M. .Tokoan (Mo. lid. ,[gr. Mo. liiil.. (1 ' I'-iiiS), So. .'/, pp. 9, figs. 6').— Announcement of prizes offered, rules governing the contest, and of boys' and young men's short courses, and dire<'tions for planting, cultivation, ef<'. With a prosperity train in Georgia, S. M. Ram. ( World's Wdrl,-. ir, il9(is). \o. S, pp. 1 0 ',',.',- 1 0'l.l.i, figs. ,S)._This is an account of the six-weeks run ill the winter of l!K),s, of a special train manned l>y the (Jeorgia College of Agriculture. The farmers' institutes in the United States. 1907, .1. Hamilton (U. S. hept. Agr., Office llapt. Shis. Rpt. 1901, pp. .W7-.f.5 J).— This is the aiuHi.il report of the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Offlce for IIMJT. It Includes a dis- cussion of tlu' progress and proldems of the institute movement, an account of the annual meeting of the American A.ssociation of Farmers' Institute Workers, II disle June, lOOS. Index to papers relating to plant-industry subjects in the Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture, J. E. Rockwell ( U. S. Dept. Af/r.. Bur. Plant Indus, ('ire. 77, pp. 53). Classified list of available publications of the Bureau of Animal Industry ( f. N. Dept. Afjr.. Bur. Anini. Indus. Cire. 13.), pp. S) . — A classified list of the publications of the Kureau available for distribution September 1, 1908. A primer of conservation, T. Clevklami, Jr. (U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. cirr. 7.77, pp. 2)). — This contains excerpts frouj addresses given at the White House Conference of Governors, May 13-15, 1908, a discussion of the significance of the conference, the declaration of principles adopted, brief statements by men prominent in national affairs upon the subject of conservation, and the letter of the I'resident apjiointing tlie National Conservation Commission. Declaration of Governors for conservation of natural resources ( U. S, Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 3.'i0, pp. 7). — This contains the declarations of prin- ciples adopted at the conference referred to above. NOTES. Delaware College and Station. — A science club with weekly meetings has been organized among the members of the agricultural depai-tment of the college and the station staff. Georgia College. — ^A farmers' congress and a farmers' wives' congress were held at the college January 18-23. The dedication of the new agricultural building was a feature of the exercises of the week. Guam Station. — The first two loads of improved agricultural tools and imple- ments, most of which were entirely new to the agriculture of the island, have been received. It is planned to take up experiments with field and sweet corn, tobacco and coffee, and as to the use of leguminous trees and plants. A collec- tion of the mealy bugs threatening the cocoanut industry is being made. To bring the station closely into contact with the farmers from the start a circular letter of inquiry has been distributed, in which suggestions are invited as to the lines along which improvement in agricultural conditions is most essential. Iowa College. — .James A. King, assistant in farm crops in the agricultural extension work, has resigned to engage in commercial work. , Kansas College. — P. J. Newman has been appointed assistant in chemistry. Massachusetts Station. — James T. Howard has been appointed inspector in both the fertilizer and feed and dairy division of the chemical department, vice W. K. Hepburn, resigned. Michigan College. — The enrollment of short-course students reached 204, mak- ing the total enrollment of the college 1,364, and taxing the present accommoda- tions to the utmost. Nebraska University and Station. — The short winter course in the school of agriculture closed with an excursion to the South Omaha Stock Yards. Special facilities were available for the inspection and judging of the different types of cattle, and this was followed by a demonstration in cutting beef, pork, and mutton. T. A. Kiesselbach has been appointed adjunct professor of agronomy in the department of field croi)s, and Erwin Hopt has been appointed assistant in that department. Cornell University and Station. — M. V. Slingerland, assistant professor of economic entomology in the college of agriculture, and entomologist in the station, died March 10 at the age of 44 years. Professor Slingerland was graduated from Cornell in 1892 and had been associated with the entomological work of the institution since 1890. He was the author of an unusually large number of bulletins and other articles on entomological subjects, and served as president of the Association of Economic Entomolgists in 1903. Ohio Station. — Ralph E. Caldwell has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry. Oklahoma College and Station. — John A. Craig, formerly director of the Texas Station, has been appointed director of the station and has entered upon his duties. According to Breeders' Gazette, H. P. Miller has accepted the princi- palship of the short courses in agriculture and domestic economy. Oregon College and Station. — Alfred G. Lunu has been appointed assistant in the department of poultry husbandry. 694 I NOTES. 695 Porto Rico Station. — William Iless, foniicrly ^ardi'iuT of the t'lurida StatiDii, lias l)«'i>ii aii|»'i"l('(l cxpiTt pink'iier and lias eiiteivd njion Ills dulit's. Rhode Island Station. — TliiouKli the efforts of the station there has been i»rf,'ani/.ed in the State an a^^ricnltural experimental union. Each member ajirees to conduct one simple exi)eriment on his farm during the sunnner. and the results will be presented at an experience meeting to be held the following winter. I>ittle interest was manifested when the subject was first broached, l>ut the movement is now growing rapidly and is expected to result in a large and promising organization. The vacancy caused by the resignation of J. S. Irish, assistant biologist, lias been tllkMl by the appointment of R. C. Waite, a graduate of the Michigan Vermont Station. — Joseph W. Wellington lias been aiipointed assistant horti- culturist. Washington College and Station. — Ira P. Whitney has resigned as instructor in dairying and dairy expert to assume charge of a large dairy farm in Mon- tana. V. C. Thorn, demonstrator in physics at the Ontario Agricultural College and Experimental I'arm, has been elected soil physicist of the station, vice H. H. lierry, who has been appointed instructor in agronomy. Alex Carlyle has be<'n a|>pointed assistant cerealist of the station and entered upon his duties February l."i. Wisconsin University. — A tuberculosis exhibit consisting of the State exhibit at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, together with reproductions of the principal features of other exhibits at that congres.s, has been prepared by the department of bacteriology and the State antituberculosis association and is to lie sent out to cities in the State by the university extension division. The annual convclition of the State board of agriculture was for the lirst time held at the college of agriculture, the meetings taking place February .3 and 4. A number of State live stock associations also met at the time. The speakers included several members of the staff of the college and station, as well a.s of other institutions. The enrollment in the short courses reached 444, a gain *)f 51 over the previ- ous year. Nearly every county of the State was represented, besides S other States, England, Japan, India, and Tanania. At spe<'ial exercises held February l.'i in connection with the short courses. President Van Ilise, on behalf of the university, presented to Charles P. (Joodrich, a Jefferson County dairyman, Arthur L. Hatch, a Door County horticulturist, and Henry Wallace, of Iowa, editor of W'dlldcc'f! Fanner, engrossed testimonials setting forth the apprecia- tion by the university of their services to agriculture. This is believed to be the first formal recognition by educational institutions of the services to agricul- ture of jirivate individuals. First Pan-American Scientific Congress. — The following account of this con- gress is furiiishcd by .Mr. (Jcorgc .M. Kunimel, of the Itureau of Animal Industry of this Department, who was one of the delegates from the I'nited States to the congress. The first Pan-American Scientilic Congress was held at Santiago, Chile, from De<'eml»er '2'>, IIIOS, to January .^», liK)".). More than 200 delegates were present and every American republic except Halt! was represented. There had been lield iireviously three scientific congresses at which the liatin-American rejiub- iicH were r(,*presented — at Hueiios Ayn's, MinitevidtH), and Uio de Janeiro. Shortly aft«'r the last of these congresses an invitation was extended (<> the United States to participate in the fourth congress, and the invitation was ac- <"epted. Cidigress aiijiropriat ing .$.'!."i.(Mi(> early in I'.tOS to be used by the Secretary of State in defraying the ex|»enses of a delegation from this (Jovernment. 696 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Ten delegates were appointed by Secretary Root, seven being university pro- fessors, and the reruainder government otficers. The delegation was composed as follows : Prof. L. S. Rowe, University of Pennsylvania, chairman ; Prof. Paul S. Reinsch, University of Wisconsin, vice-chairman ; Prof. Hiram Bingham, Yale University ; Prof. A. C. Coolidge, Harvard University ; Col. W. C. Gorgas, U. S. Army ; Prof. W. H. Holmes, Smithsonian Institution ; Prof. Bernard . Moses, University of California; Mr. Geo. M. Rommel, U. S. Department of Agriculture ; Prof. W. R. Shepherd, Columbia University ; and Prof. W. B. Smith, Tulane University. The university men on the government delegation also represented their respective universities, and the following educational institutions sent deleii;ates direct or were represented by alumni residents in South America : Chicago, Cornell, Harvard. Illinois, Michigan, Minnesota, and Northwestern universities. The National Education Association and the Asso- ciation of American Universities were likewise represented. The congress attracted a great deal of interest throughout South America, and wherever the delegates went they were received with marked attention. In Chile itself the government and the public vied with each other in providing entertainment, while the press paid an unusual amount of attention to the pro- ceedings, publishing entire the official reports of each section. The congress was divided into the following sections: I, Pure and applied mathematics; II, physics and chemistry; III, natural sciences, anthropology, and ethnology; IV, engineering; V, medicine and hygiene; VI, jurisprudence; VII, social science; VIII, pedagogy; and IX, agronomy and zootechnics. The attendance was largest in the sections on medicine and hygiene, social science, and pedagogy. In the section on agronomy and zootechnics, the attendance was small but representative. The greater part of the time of this section was taken up with discussions of agricultural education, and the fadt is of the highest importance as showing the interest which our southern neighbors have in the training of young men to become expert farmers and stockmen or to engage in research work in agricultural science. The trend of discussion in this section can be best shown by quoting verbatim the resolutions on agricultural education presented by the section to the con- gress. They were as follows : Agricultural education for its development should be divided into three grades; superior, secondary, and practical-elementary. A. Superior agricultural education. — The section of agronomy and zootech- nics declares that it regards as indispensable that the American countries which have not already done so give to superior education in agriculture the character of university instruction. To this end a faculty of agronomy should be established with due provision that the institutions which give this instruction are supplied with the necessary laboratories and are located on property of their own, in which said instruction can be amply applied and demonstrated. 6. Secondary education. — The instruction of a secondary character should be theoretical and practical, and should be distinguished by its local character, confining especially the work done to the branches of agriculture peculiar to the region in which they are situated, and developing the teaching of them un- der a local management. The institutions which give this instruction should be established on farm properties of sufficient extent, conveniently located, and adapted to an economical development so as to train agriculturists and special- ists capable of directing work on a rural establishment. C. Practical-elementary education. — The practical-elementary education should be local and made specific in certain branches of agronomic science best suited to local application, developing the work in detail and supplying the proper ex- NOTES. 697 planation as each act is porfornicd. in all the operations wblcli deal with the plaiitiiifr, develo])nient. and niana;ieuiont of a fiirui property of the kind and iniportaniv which the school should have in mind. D. In order to complete agricultural education, the American countries should keep in view: (1) Supplementary establishments for agricultural and experi- mental development su"h as agricultural experiment stations, laboratories of vegetable pathology and vitology, special stations, agricultural statistics, etc. ; (2) the development of extension teaching through the medium of 'demonstra- tion farms, by the aid of local farmers, and, in general, by all the means of propaganda which enable agricultural instruction to reach the farmer himself so as to guide him in his work. E. The secondary and i)ractical-elenientary agricultural instruction, as well as the different activities involved in otHcial agricultural propaganda, should be organized systematically in accordance with the needs of the country, and should be placed in charge of the executive power, for the attainment of which I)urpose the government should possess a central administrative mechanism, capable of regulating the system and controlling its results; a ministry of agri- culture, with its dependencies, being the most eflicacious of all. F. In order to awaken and stimulate a desire for agricultural study, the section of agronomy and zootechnics believes: (1) That the primary schools in the country, and even in cities in agricultural districts, should include com- pulsory agricultural education as an integral part of their course of study ; (2) that in the courses of study in normal schools, instruction in theoretical and applied agriculture should be included, in order to render teachers capable of giving such instruction in the primary schools. The thought of the South Americans on this matter is readily seen to be similar to that of North Americans, and while the importance of agricultural education is not j-et so fully recognized as in the United States, nor the schools now established so well equipped, the foundations are being laid for excellent worl:. In research work, comparatively few papers were presented, but some inter- esting ones were read on veterinary science and zootechnics, horticulture, soils, and plant pathology. Experiment stations are not numerous in South America, but those which are established, as for example, at Sao Paulo in I'irazil. at Santa Catalina in Argentina, and at Santiago in Chile, appear to be doing good work, especially in agronomy. The action of the congress in selecting Washington as the meeting place for the second I'an-American Scientific Congress is of great interest to North American.s, and our exiteriment station men will then have an unequaled oppor- tunity to become acquainted with the agricultural leaders of South America. The congress will be held during the year 1912, the exact date being left to the organization committee, which as appointed by the Santiago congress is as follows: I'rof. L. S. Ki»we, University of Tennsylvania, chairman; Hon. John I'.arri'tt, I>irector Bureau of American Itepublics; Hon. E. E. P.rown, U. S. Commissioner of Education; Prof. W. IT. Holmes, Chief Bureau of Ethnology, Smitlisoiiian Institution; and Mr. (Jeo, M. Konnnel, P.ureau of Animal Industry of this ncpartnit'iil. Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry. — This body is to meet in London May li7 to June 2. The congress will be organized into sections of analytical chemistry, inorganic diemistry, metallurgy and nnning, explosives, organic chemistry and allied industries, industry and chemistry of sugar, Htarch industry, agricultural choniistry, hygi«'iie, medical and iiharmaceutical i-heiiiislry, bromatology, phot?o into the garden. Then they can go outside and specialize or work in the house entirely. Not more than 8 students, between the ayes of is and .'5(», are received for training at one time. Withdrawal of Phosphate Lands from Entry. — Following an estimate at a nvent meeting of the National Conservation Connnission by the (Geological Survey that at the present rate of production the known available sujiply of high-grade phosi)hate rock will last only about 50 years longer, about 7,.jOO square miles of public lands in Wyoming, Idaho, and T'tah believed to contain phosphate deposits were on December 10 withdrawn from entry by the Secre- tary of the Interior. It is expected that a further examination of these lands will be undertaken by the Geological Survey as soon as possible, looking toward their careful classification and the restoration to agricultural entry of such iiortions as are found to contain no phosphates. New Journals. — The Porto Rico Jlorticultural Neios is being issued as the otlicial organ of the Porto Rico Horticultural Society. Among the associate editors is I). W. May, Director of the I'orto Kico Station, and a recent number includes articles by M. J. lorns and II. C. Ilenricksen of the station staff. lioletin de la llnion Agricola dc Chiapas has been established as the monthly official organ of the Agricultural, Union of Chiapas, Mexico. The initial number of Mitteilungen des Kaiser Wilhelms InsUtuts fiir Land- tcirlschaff in Bromherg has been issued and contains an extended report by the plant pathologist of the institute on plant diseases and insect pests in Posen and West I'russia during 1907, together with several shorter conuiunii- cations. It is expected to issue from 4 to 6 numbers of the publication annually. The Journal of Industrial and Enfjineeriny Chemistry is being published as a monthly by the American Chemical Society, with W. D. Richardson as editor. The initial number contains editorials, original articles and brief notes on topics of interest to Industrial chemistry, quotations, book reviews, notes of the meetings of scientific societies, trade and industrial notes, and official regula- tions and rulings. The Journal of Home Economics has been established as the organ of the American Home Economics Association with its secretary as editor. For the*i»resent five numbiTS a year are to be issued. The initial number contains an account of the formation and purpose of the association: a report of the proceedings of the first convention and of the meeting of the teaching section of the Lake Placid Conference which preceded it; papers on Cost of Board on Minnesota F""arms, by T. P. Cooper ; Domestic Art Subject-Matter for Secondary Schools, by Anna M. Cooley ; Training of Dietitians for Hospitals, by Florence T{. Corbett: The Dietitian in Tubercular Sanitoria, by II. M. King; and The Visiting Dietitian, by W. S. (Jibbs; notes on illustrative material for domestic «<'i('iice and on domestic-science teaching in New York Citj' schools; brief reviews of books and other literature; miscellaneous notes; the constitution of the association; and a list of the original members. The Pacific Rural Press of December 19, lOOS, announces the opening early In I)e<'ember of the Imperial Valley Collegiate Institute at Heber, Cal. Agrl- cidture is to be one of the prominent departments of the Institute and has been placed In charge of Charles J, Pooth, a l'.K)S graduate of tin- California I'uivrrsity. Abstracts of English Experimental Work in Agriculture. — Peginning with the SfplcnilM-r number, the Journal of lite Hoard of Af/rieullure is including each month brief sunnnari«>s of exiteriuiental work recently re|tovttHl by the agri- 700 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cultural colleges, agricultux'al societies, and other agricultural research or- ganizations of England, Scotland, and Wales. It is planned to group these abstracts so far as possible by subjects, the September number reporting experiments with cereals and the October number experiments conducted dur- ing the last 2 years with root crops. Chemiker Zeitung. — Attention is called to the fact that beginning with the thirty-third year, this journal of scientific, industrial, and commercial chemistry will be issued three times a week instead of semiweekly as heretofore. This has been rendered necessary by the rapid accumulation of information bearing upon the relation of science to industry, no small feature of which, as shown by the pages of the Chemiker Zeitung, is due to the application of chemical science to agriculture. Miscellaneous. — Dr. G. Karsteu, custodian of the Botanic Garden at Bonn, has been chosen as successor to the late Dr. F. Noll, Director of the Botanic Garden and Institute of Halle. About 1,200 persons attended the lectures and discussions offered during farmers' week, January 25-30, at the St. Lawrence School of Agriculture, Canton, N. Y. The Tenth International Conference of Sheep Breeders will be held June 21 in Gloucester, England. The subject for discussion. How Can We Improve the Sheep Industry? will be opened by George McKerrow, of Wisconsin. The New York Botanical Garden has begun the issuing of a mycological journal to which the name Mycologia is given, volume 1, No. 1 appearing in January, 1909. It is issued under the editorship of W. A. Murrill, with a staff of associate editors, and is in continuation of the Journal of Mycology, pub- lished by the late Dr. W. A. Kellerman. The first number contains papers on Illustrations of Fungi, The Boletacefe of North America, Notes on North Ameri- can Hypocreales, A Bacterial Disease of the Peach, and The Problems of North American Lichenology. Sir Daniel Morris, who retired from the office of Commissioner of the Impe- rial Department of Agriculture for the West Indies on November 30, 190S, has been appointed to the newly created office of scientific adviser to the Secretary of State for the Colonies in matters pertaining to agriculture in the British tropical possessions. Sir Daniel Morris organized the Department of Agricul- ture of the West Indies in 1S9S, utilizing for. this purpose the various educa- tional agencies already in existence in the islands, but also introducing and training a number of young university science graduates in the work of the department. Among the most notable of the achievements of the department under his administration were the inauguration and holding of annual or bien- nial conferences and the reestablishment of the cotton industry, which had almost been extinct in the West Indies for about 100 years. The honor of knighthood was conferred upon him in 1903 in recognition of his valuable services as commissioner of agriculture. o II CONTENTS. Pago. Simple colorimetric method for determinatiou of formalin iu milk, Joues_ TOG Limits of experimental error in estimating moistnre in bntter, Sclioonjans__ 706 The detection of benzoic acid in bntter, Halphen 707 The unsaponifiable constitnents of cocoauut fat, Matthes and Ackerman 707 Microscopic examination of powdered cocoa and chocolate, Collin 707 Detection of vegetable albnmiu in sansage, Behre 707 The detection of plant protein in sansage, Schniid 707 The estimation of saltpeter in sansage meat and ham, Kreis 707 Normal occnrrence of citric acid in wines, Dnpont 707 The natural citric acid content of wines, Dnpont 707 Citric acid in natural wines, Astrnc 707 Citric acid iu natural wines, Deniges 707 New method for determining fixed and volatile acid in wine, Pozzi-Escot_ 707 The indirect determination of the acidity of wine, Favrel 707 The determination of succinic acid in wine and liquors, Pozzi-Escot 707 Physicochemical analysis of wine, Dutoit and Dubonx 70S The estimation of volatile bases in wine, Dutoit and Dubonx 708 Notes on essential oils, AVatts and Tempany 708 Oil of orange, Dowzard 708 Per cent tables for oil in cotton-seed products, Herty 708 Carrotene and substances which accompany it, Euler and Nordenson 708 Note on analysis of cutch and preparation of pure catechin, Singh 708 The technique of the chemical examination of human feces, 6efele 709 Quantitative determination of creatin in urine by picric acid, Barberic 709 Analyses of wines ^^ 709 Report of the analyst [for the year ending November 30, 1907], Lythgoe__ 709 Report of agricultural chemical control station, Saxony, 1907, Miiller 709 Miscellaneous analyses, Brnnnich 709 [Miscellaneous analyses], 1907, Rordam 709 [Miscellaneous analyses], Juritz 709 METEOROLOGY WATER. Meteorological observations by farmers, Grohmann 709 Sunspots and weather predictions 709 Accumulation and consumption of soil moisture in river plains, Oppokov 709 Climatic and soil moisture conditions in the Great Plains area, Briggs 711 Climate of the city of Buenos Aires Til The climate of Abbassia, near Cairo, Keeling ■ 711 The weather of Saxony during 1907 711 Damage caused by hail in Servia . 711 Amount and composition of drainage waters during 1906-7, Haymau 711 Variations in the substances in natural waters, Weigelt and Mehring 711 Some features of Iowa ground waters, Hendrixsou 712 Sterilizing water by permanganate of potash, Ferraud and Lambert 712 The Merthyr sewage farms, Harvey 712 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Studies on soils, Atterberg T12 The annual fluctuations of soil tempei-ature in different climates, Kiihl T12 Comparative temperature of soils, water, and air, Schnlze and Mehring T13 Behavior of organic matter of soils and osmotic pressure, Kouig et al — T13 The water problem in agriculture, Russell T14 The loss of water from soil, von Seelhorst T14 Studies of soil moisture in the Great Plains region, Alway T14 Soils of the Great Plains : Nitrogen and humus, Alway and Trumbull T15 A soil survey of seventeen counties of southern Indiana, Shannon et al — T15 Agricultural soils [of Maryland], Clark and Mathews T15 Canada's fertile northland. edited by Chambers T15 Phosphoric acid in bnntersandsteiu and the Black Forest, Brauhauser — T16 Soils, Ingle p6 Analyses of soils, Juritz J16 On eruptive soils, Mohr J16 Soils of nonsugar districts '^'16 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The nitrogen foiupoumls of tli(> fundnnicntal rocks. Hall and .Millor 710 ( »n llu' (iiit'stion of nitrili'-aliun in tlu' soa, Issa1sc*liL'nlachmauu Comiiarison of organic nitrogenous fertilizer with nitrate of soda, l*opp__ The use of nitrogenous fertilizers and of nitrate of lime, Mali)eaux Tests of the fertilizing value of synthetic calcium nitrate, I'asserini New sources of nitrogen, Gilchrist IJesults of fertilizer experiments with nitrogen lime, Bachmanu Kxperiments with lime nitrogen as a fertilizer, I)usserre Trials of calcium cyanannd in comparison with other nitrogen fertilizers. Intlueiice of .soil hunudity on action of calcium cyanannd, De (Jrazia Nitiilication of calcium cyanamid in various types of soil, De Grazia Absorption of calcium cyanamid in soil, Kajjpen l-^xperiments with calcium cyanamid and leucite, Handiiu Causes that determine liberation of potash in leucite in soil, Bernardini What are the laws controlling potash assimilation V Winnner et al Com|>arative value of ordinary suiieri)hosphate, dried and calcined phos- jihale and metaphosphate of lime. De Molinari and Ligot ^■alue of phosphoric arid in superi'bosiihates and slag, De Calnwe Factors which in II uence effect of dillicult l.vsoluble ]iliosphates, Siiderbainn_ Increase or decrease of nitrogen in the soil l)y manuring, (Jllchrist E(T«H-t of lime on availability of soil constituents, (Juthrie and Cohen lulluence of lime and magnesia on plants, liernardini and Corso Coojicralive fertilizer trials in T.KtT, Forsberg and Wt'ibuU Chemical manures in Italy, Towsey : The nitrogen (piestion in Germany, Caro \iiluation and extent of tln> nitrate of scjdu deposits of Chile, Bertram! The great nitrate lields of Chile ♦ 'omposition of some Chilean caliches, Dafert Nitiate facts and ligures, IIKIS, James Production of ammonium sulphate and gas from peat, Frank The idtrilication of peal, Wagner The nilrilication of jieat The nitiilication of peat, Neidianss Du the utilization of the nitrogen of distillation residues, Kffroiit The prei>aratioii and \dilizaliou of nitrogen compoinids, Eyde et al The lixaiion of atmospbeiic lutrogen as cyanamid Formation of nitrogen oxid in high tension arcs, Ilaber and Koenig < >xidalion of nllrogrn in liii,'b leiisiou arcs under reduced pressure. Ivoenig_ The manufacture of cyanamid in France. I'luvinage On the formation of lime nitrogen, .lacoby Uu the lixaiion of nitrogen by calcium curbid, Pollacci rV CONTENTS. Page. I.iino nitrogen and its manufacture, Kempski 730 Present status of the electro-clieniical manufacture of nitrate of lime 731 The origin of potash deposits, Erdmann j 731 The utilization of potash iu industry and agriculture, Krlsche 731 Use of crude potash salts in 1006 and 1JJ02, Siemsseu 731 The phosphate of Thomas slag, Kroll, jr 73) The phosphates of Florida 731 Phosphate In South seas, Dreher 731 Composition of the products of the eruption of Vesuvius in 1906, Paris__ 731 Australian fish fertilizer. Baker 731 Ash content of Ecldonia caaspcrata and percentage of lodin. White 732 Analyses of soils, guanos, and other fertilizing materials 732 Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, Hudson, Stalllugs, et al 732 The new Ohio [fertilizer] law 732 AGRICULTX7RAL BOTANY. Botanical features of North American deserts, MacDougal 732 Distribution of the roots of some annual cultivated plants, Kotmistrov___ 732 Specialization and alternatii)iii violet, Tiohutinsky-KriJcevci__ 745 The culture of SDhniuiii (■oinuursonii riolct, A. and I'. Andouard 745 Action servations on the hreeding of Vicia faba, Lang 749 Report on a test of varieties of wheat at Garforth, 1907, Seton 749 <'urreIations in the wheat stem of importance in hreeding, Alhrecht 750 The iMxik of wheat, Dondlinger 750 A short wheat survey of Bengal, Mookerji 750 Plant food ingredients in some connnon weeds, Stutzer and Seidler 750 Testing seeds hy means of electricity, Johnson 750 HORTICULTURE. Recent investigations on the grafting of h(>rliaceous plants. Griffon — 'I'he culture of early vegetahles: The role of glass sashes, Castet Climate, soil. ;ind fruit culture, Beclitle On friiit culture in Finland, Ileikel Commercial apple culture in mountain regions, Ilutt Strawiterry culture, AVangh Influence of the color of soil on the fruitfulness of grapes, Ravaz__. The reconstitution of limy soils, Sagourin Recent investigations on the shallow culture of grapes, Ravaz 'i'he fertilizer rtHpiirements of grapes. Chiiipaz The origin of the red color in grapes. Lahorde The origin of red colored grapes, Malvezin Transformation of coloring matter in grapes during ripening, Lahorde. Tea on the Congo I Investigations iu selecting aud breeding opium poppies], Hayiuau—. FORESTRY. The hardy conifers of Central Europe, Schelle 754 Form ami content of the (ir, Schiffel 754 Notes on the growth of i>ine frees at Greendale, Adams 7.54 Seeds of Litpliint lihihi from Sierra Leone 754 Timhers from T'ganda 754 On hardness tests of wood, Jailka 754 'i'ests of treated timhers 755 Reiiorf on the lumh»'r industry in the Russian Far tiist, Hodgson 755 Ceara ruldier from Portuguese Fast Africa ' 755 (Jerminafing period of I'linliinihi 7.5<» Fire.iiroUxliou ou the ticket-iialrul system, Avasia 75G VI CONTENTS. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Page. Diseases and injuries to cultivated plants in 1905 75G The potato black scab, Johnson 756 Soil sterilizing, Bordeaux, and poisons for tobacco seed beds, Home 756 Rust on wheat, Hayman 756 Peach leaf curl, yellows, rosette, and little peach, Woi'sham and Reed 757 Experiments for the control of Perouospora, Schellenberg 757 The chestnut bark disease, Sterling 757 The mildew of oaks, Mangin 757 Epidemic of oak mildew, Neger 758 Notes on some new diseases of Coniferse, Boi'thwick 758 Annual report of the literature on plant diseases, Hollrung et al 758 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The zoological record, Sharp 758 A study of the pocket gopher. Dare 758 Rats and their animal parasites, Shipley 758 The lei)rosy-like disease among rats on the Pacific coast. Wherry 758 Experiments on rat extermination, Saigol 759 The warblers of North America, Chapman 759 Our American flycatchers, Bowdish 759 The midsummer bird life of Illinois : A statistical study, Forbes 759 A native bird destroying the sparrow, Mnsson 759 The value of birds as insect destroyers, Parrott 759 Locusts birds. Gunning 759 Bufo foiclrri in northern Georgia, Allard 759 Report of scientific work in the field of entomology during 1906, Seidlitz 760 The new ideas on the origin of species by mutation, Cuenot 760 Notes on the value of introduced parasites or beneficial insects, Froggatt- 760 Report of the entomologist, Howard 760 Notes from Angola, Wellman 760 Report of the State nursery inspector, Stene 760 Report on suppression of giiisy and brown-tail moths, Stene 760 Notes on the work against the gii)sy moth. Felt 760 Description of new devices for rearing insects, Burgess 760 Field tables of lepidoptera, Forbes 760 Notes on the early stages of some Pamphila, Laurent 761 Katra (hairy caterpillars) in Gujaret, Patel 761 On the Proetotrypid genus Antieon, Chitty 761 ITpon the aphis-feeding species of Apheliuus, Howard 761 Notes on the Coccinellidfe, Casey 761 Coccidiie and other insects in Java and tropical western Africa, Newstead- 761 Present knowledge of the Odonata of Central America, Calvert 761 An army worm in the Transvaal, Thomson i 761 The seventeen-year cicada on Staten Island in 1007, Davis 761 A new predaceous enemy of the cotton boll weevil, Newell and Treherne__ 761 The first and last essential step in combating the boll weevil. Hinds 761 Notes on Transvaal tobacco pests, Howard 762 Insect pests of the mangel-wurzel, Lefroy 762 The earth flea, a common pest of winter vegetables, Jack 762 Grain weevils 762 Diseases and enemies of horticultural plants, Kriiger and Rorig 762 Experiments with remedies for insect enemies of fruit trees, Truelle 762 Massachusetts fruit trees and their insect foes, Fernald 762 Gosford-Narara fruit fly and codling moth control experiment, Gurney — 762 Paraffin remedy v. poisoned bait [for the fruit fly], Mally 76.3 Notes on a chalcid ( f^!mt(n))asi)is dnipanim) infesting apple seeds, Crosby- 763 The Smyrna fig and its pollinating insect, Lomisbui'y 76;] Report of the investigations of the olive fly in France in 1907, Chapelle — 76.3 The fight against the olive fly, Chapelle 763 The pear-tree cephid, Passy 763 Isolation of orange groves and fumigation for the white fly, Morrill 763 The parasitism of an aphid that attacks citrus fruits, Pierantoni 763 Cacao beetles and the use and application of lime, Anstead 764 CONTENTS. Vll Page. Termcn (jrstmi and other tcnnitos found on rubber estates, Pratt 7G4 The brown scale of the gooseberry and cuirant, Newstead ,_ 704 On an enchytraMd worm injurious to the seedlings of the larch, Hewitt 704 A new cecidoniyiid on oak, Kussell and Hooker 7G4 Life history of N//(///r///.s' intntilciis, a fern-eating weevil, Mangan 704 A new speeies of tick from the Transvaal, Neumann 704 The structure, development, and bionomics of the house fly, II, Hewitt 704 Observations on fleas with special reference to Piilcv cheopis 703 The part played by insects in the epidemiology of plague, Verjbitski 705 Insect transmission of bubonic plague: San Francisco, Mltzmain 705 I'reservation of plague bacillus in bedbug, .Tordansky and Kladnitsky 705 Report on the anatomy of the tsetse fly (Glossina pdlpalis), Minchin 705 lieproductiou and variations in the development of (I. ixilimlit^, lloubaud- 705 (lUissiiKi iiiilpiilis! in its relation to trypanosomes, ]Minchin et al 705 The ability of tsetse flies to c(mvey Tn/panosoma gambiense, Ross 700 Hescriptions and records of bees. Cockerell 700 Winter ventilation of hives, Dadant 706 [A digest and discussion of papers on bee keepingj__ 766 Keiiort of the State insiiector of apiaries, Darby 766 The Argentine ant, a possible pest of the apiary, Benton 706 The silk industry, Penafiel 707 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Rearing of the metabolism of Bengalis on problems of nutrition, McCay_ 767 Parsimony in nutrition, Crichton-Browne 769 I''ads and feeding. Read 709 Retail prices of food, 1S90 to 1907 709 Cost of living of working classes in industrial towns of Great Britain 709 Studies of the dinners served in Berlin restaurants, Kifskalt 709 Food in Asiatic Turkey : 709 The feeding of school children 770 'i'he f(XMling of the soldier 770 Diets in tulierenlosis, Bardsman and Chapman 770 Notes on scurvy in South Africa. Macrae 770 IIow to cure si)leens for food, Williams 770 The cooking of legumes 770 Tlie book of fruit l)ott]ing, P.radle.v and Crooke 770 Reciiies for the preserving of fruit, vegetables, and meat, Wagner 770 The household gas-cookery book, Edden and Moser 771 The up-to-date home. Labor and money saving appliances 771 Refrigeration on the homestead, Jackson and Lea 771 fanned meats, McCJill 771 On the nature and causes of taint in miscured hams, Klein 771 Dr.iwn V. undrawn poultry. Burke 771 The water content of sausage, Ilohrig 771 Water content of sausage. Kreis 771 Xnt sausage, Kappeller and Theopold 771 The origin, manufacture, and nses of extract of meat 772 Meat extract, Rfihrig 772 The food value of the herring, ^lilroy , 772 Added preservatives in fi si i goods, Kozyu 772 The i»enguin egg 772 Preserved egg goods, Rfihrig 772 Preserved o^i: yolk. Benz 772 lOxperiments on l)read fermentation, Vandevelde, Bosnians and Revljn 772 Tlie use of sugar in l)read making, Dnpont 772 A new type of bread for )icas.iiits, (;il)elli and Oriiner 772 Potei\tialities of ])lantain meal 772 How to prevent checking in l>iscuits jind crackers, Crocker 772 Tlie molecular weiglit ((f dexti-in of honey from Conifera», Barschall 773 The comiiosilion of pinea|)ples, Bonewitz 773 S|>oile Increased body temperature of men working in hot climates, Kurita 77(5 The minimum physiological energy requirement, Lefevre 77(5 Calorimetric measurement of minimum energy requirement, Lefevre 770 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. I I I The improvement of the Alpine region as a stock-raising country Hays of southern Italy, Scurti and De Plato 777 The available energy of red clover hay, Armsby and Fries 777 Preservation of frozen turnips as ensilage, Fiugeiiing 777 The grape as a feed for animals 777 The use of grapevine prunings as forage, Portele, trans, by Ottavi 777 Concentrated feeding stufl's, Maurizio 777 Feeding stuffs, Annett, Darbishire, and Russell 777 [Analyses of stock feeds], Ingle 777 Residual products of oil factories as animal foods, Nardini 777 Starch in feedstuffs, Davis 777 Gluten feeds — artificially colored, Gudeman 778 Cyclopedia of American agriculture. — Animals, Bailey et al 778 Heredity, Thomson 778 Inbreeding, Mendelism, and the elucidation of live-stock history, Wilson. 778 Color of Shorthorn cattle 779 The cost of producing beef in winter, Mackenzie 779 Feeding experiments with mature oxen and sheep 779 Breeding sheep for mutton, McKeown . 779 Sheep raising for the production of wool in western Africa, Henry 779 Goats JP The value of potatoes for pig feeding, Kellner et al 779 Pig feeding experiments with skim milk, Klein 780 Feeding experiments with pigs, Klein 780 The East Friesian horse. Gross 780 Public measures for advancing the poultry industry in Germany, Knispel- 780 Elementary analysis and distribution of nitrogen in eggshells, Buchtala__ 781 Investigations in animal nutrition in the second half of 1907, Zielstorft-- 781 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. Feeding experiments with milch cows, von Zweigbergk 781 Report of JMalmiihus County cow-testing association, 1907-8, Nanneson__ 781 Cow-testing associations in Norway, 1900-7, Funder 781 Milking appliances and milking machines, Rosam 782 CONTENTS. IX Page. .Arilkin.!: nuu-hinps. Rflf-'jiild 782 Diiiryiiijr in snutlirii)Ii>jri<'al studies of niilk|. Savaixc 782 Studies of the so-called sterilized market milk. Kniisel 783 Milk and its relation to infectious diseases, Trask 783 Supervision of milk supply in towns and cities, Bettendorf and Stier 783 Cliicajro pasteurizing; rules 783 Process and apparatus for keepinj; milk sound, .Moiliiij^er and Rompies 783 The .ludiriiifi of milk with the aid of the fermentation test, LiUuiis 783 Iiivestijrations on the fatty acids of butter, Sie;ifeld 783 fThe presence of acidity in cream starters], Monrad . 784 On the influence of feed on milk and cheese, Jensen 784 Intluence of feeding' root croiis on Swiss cheese. Henterud and Iversen__ 784 On Norwej^ian whey and goat cheeses and their analyses, Hals and Sunde 784 IGorgonzola cheese], Cornalba 784 [The use of Itaritine in cheese rind], Cutting, jr 784 The preparation of ri'nnet, Marise 785 Researdies on the chemistry of milk and dairying, Grimmer 785 Report on tlie progress of agrotechnic industries for 1!>04 and l!>Or», Bode_ 785 Keitort on investigations and progress in manufacture of sugar, Bock 785 The sugar industry, (Jrotewold 785 Metals in contact with wine, Bertoni 785 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Three diseas«' of im])ort;ince to the State sanitarian, Mohler__ 785 Report of the cattle bureau, Peters 786 Report of State veterinarian, Luckey 78G Veterinary notes. Cave 786 Report on the civil veterinary dei)artment, I'nited Provinces, Maxwell 786 Report of the Punjab veterinary college for the year ll)07-.s, Renouf 786 Report (»f the civil veterinary department, Eastern Bengal and Assam, for the year l!K)7-8, Harris et al 787 Rei»ort of the principal veterinary surgeon. Gray 787 Report of the government veterinary bacteriologist. Theiler 787 Animal diseases. Tucker 787 Connnon connnunicable diseases in tlie I*hilipi)ine Islands, Moberly 788 Intluence of symbiosis on pathogenicity of micro-organisms, Musgrave 788 Protozoa and di.«anosoniiasis, P>oyce and Breinl 789 Literary references — Tryiianosomiasis and sleeping sickness 789 Literary references — Plague 790 The cause and prevention of the spread of plague in India, Liston 7!)0 Report on experiments to discover whether the conunon domestic animals of India are affected by plague, Bannerman and Kapadia 7!>0 Filtration exiieriments with virus of cattle iilague, Ruediger 7'.i(> Re/). .767-^77/; nhx. in Chcni. Zcnthl., lUOS, II, Xd. Id. pp. I.il!), l.iSO). — Comparisons of tho jrravi- niotric method with tlu' orifiinal I'cniix'rton method and tlio IVnil)erton method niodiHe08), No. 9-10, p. r)J,G; abs. in Vhrm. ZnitbL, 1908, II, No. 16, p. 1S19; Jour. C'ltem. Soc. [London^, 9', (1908), No. .>).*, II, p. 896; Chcm. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 97, Rcpcrt., p. 6'.i0).— Results are reportiHl whi<-h show tliat phosithoric acid may be quite accurately determined by jtrecipitating with annnonium molybdate according to Woy's method, re- moving the ammonium nitrate by washing a few times with warm 70 per cent alcohol, once with strong alcohol, and finally with a few cubic centimeters of ether, and weighing the dried precipitate. The quick colorimetric determination of small amounts of water-soluble phosphoric acid, I. 1'ouget and I). Chouchak (Bui. Soc. Cliim. France, J/, ser., 5 (1909), No. 3, pp. 10.'t-109r Vhcm. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 70, p. 832; nh.^. in Analyst, 33 (1908), No. 392, p. -}'//). — The method is based upon the intensity of cloudiness produced in nitric ac-id (7 to S per cent) solution of phosphates by the addition of strychnin of known strength. Titration of phosphoric acid in the presence of chlorids, V. liouLEZ (Chcm. Ztg., 32 (1908). No. 67, />. 796; ab.^. in Chcm. Abs., 2 (1908), No. 21, p. 2917).— The author claims priority for discovery of a volumetric method for the de- termination of phosphoric acid in the presence of strong alcohol and chlorids. A simple method of determining' caustic lime, M. Popel (Zt.schr. Angcw. Chcm., 21 (1908), No. .',0, p. 2080; ulj.s. in Chcm. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 89, Rcpcrt., p. 573). — A method based on distillation with ammonium chlorid, collection in acid of the annuonia driven off, and titration is reconnnended. After the air is driven off carbon dioxid may be determined in the residue by adding hydro- chloric acid. On the determination of caustic lime, II. NowiCKi (Ztnchr. Angcw. Chcm., 21 (1908), No. .'/.7, p. 2318). — It is jjointed out that the method proposed by Ptipel and noted above is inaccurate because it is based upon the assumption of the indifference of calcium carbonate to -annnonium chlorid solution, whereas a very large proporti(»n of the :innuonia in annnonium chlorid is shown by the author's experiments to be driven off when the latter is boiled with calcium carbonate. Methods of water analysis, J. II. r>KEWSTER (Municipal Engin., 3-'> ( 1908), No. 3, pp. 162-167). — This jiaper explains brielly the possibilities and limitations of analysis and sanitary survey in judging of the sanitary quality of waters, and indicates the most reliable methods which have been proposed for this puriio.se. The determination of oxyg'en consumed in waters, K M. Ciiamot (A)ncr. .1(1111. I'uh. Ih/g., IS (1903), Sn. 3. pp. 2S0-28'i). — The procodin-e usi>«I in the laboratory of sauilary chemistry of Cornell I'liiversity is described as follows: "Two hundred cubic centimeters of the sample are i)laced in a 4(H) (•<•. Krlen- ineyer tlask ; lo cc. of dilute suljihuric acid (1:4) added and from a burette Htundard |)otassium i)ermanganate (1 cc. =0.0001 gni. available oxygen) intro- duciHl very slowly, drop by drop. As soon as a permanent pink color results the burette reading is recorded, and the tlask alloweears and persists for one minute. From the total volume of per- manganate the volume of oxalic acid usetl is deducted. " In order that the results obtained may always be comparable an excess of at least 2 cc. must at all times remain." Examinations of a large number of samples of water by this method indicate that oxygen consumption is of little value in judging highly colored surface waters. With ground waters which ai'e colorless or nearly so there appears to be a somewhat close relation 'between high oxygen consumed and high bac- terial flora and vice versa. Five minutes' boiling is thought to be sufficient to decompose all easily oxidizable organic matter, and this is believed to be all that is necessary to determine in such analysis. New methods of analysis {Mem. Dir. Foincnto [Peru], 1907-S, vol. 1, pp. S0-S8). — Methods used in the analysis of guanos and soils are briefly described. Further notes on humus acids, A. J. Van Schermbeek (Join: Pralct. Chem., n. ser., 78 (1908), No. 11-18, pp. 285-288). — The author reiterates his criticisms of the Tacke-Siichting method (E. S. H., 20, p. 308). The isolation of dihydroxystearic acid from soils, O. Schreiner and E. C. JSIHOREY {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 30 {1908), JSo. 10, pp. 1599-1607, pi. i).— The methods employed in isolating this body are described and tests of its toxicity in experiments with wheat seedlings are reported. It was found that the toxicity of the substance was "as great in a concentration of 100 parts per million as in a concentration of 200 parts per million, which is approximately a saturated solution, and the toxic effect is marked even when the concentration is as low as 20 parts per million." Organic chemistry for advanced students, J. B. Cohen {^ew York and Lon- don, 1907, pp. VIII+632). — Chemical theories and other related topics are dis- cussed in this volume. Special interest for students of nutrition attaches to the chapters on carbohydrates, fermentation and enzym action, the purin group, and the proteids, which summarize the more important work which has been done and the theories at present held. Physiological chemistry, W. D. Halliburton {Ann. Rpts. Prog. Chem. [Lon don], 4 (1907), pp. 226-260). — ^A critical summary and review of investigations reported on the chemistry of proteids and other questions of physiological chemistry. Hydrolysis of vicilin from the pea, T. B. Osborne and F. W. Heyl {Jour. Biol. Chem., 5 {1908), Xo. 2-3, pp. 187-195).— The results of hydrolysis of vicilin are very similar to those obtained with legumin, the most marked dift'er- ence being that vicilin yielded no glycocoll. Less alanin and arginin and more glutaminic acid were also found than in legumin. " It is probable that vicilin is a distinct protein or mixture of proteins and not an altered product of legumin, for the seeds of the vetch which contain legumin yield no vicilin." Hydrolysis of legumelin from the pea, T. B. Osborne and F. W. Heyl {Jour. Biol. Chem., 5 {1908), Ao. 2-3, pp. 197-205).— The products obtained by the hydrolysis of legumelin from the pea {Pisum sativum) were studied in com- parison with other pea proteids and leucosin of wheat. " The results of this hydrolysis show legumelin to be distinctly different in constitution from the other proteins with which it is associated in the pea. The properties and ultimate composition of legumelin closely resemble those of leucosin from the wheat embryo, and this resemblance extends not only to the ALIKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 705 ^(•ihmmI i)roporti()u of (ho several ainiiio-iicids, but also to the total (Hiautity obtained from each of these albumius. . . . "It is iii)t iuiprobahle that lefiuineliii is a constituent of the i)h.vsioloj.'icall.v active tissues of the seed, rather than a reserve food substance for the (h'velopinj; seedling. •"I'his supposition In regard to leucosin is supported by the fact that this all)nniin is located almost entirely in the embryo of the seed and that it resem- bles more closely, both in properties and composition, the proteins of physiolog- icjilly active tissues of animals, than those which unquestionably form the reserve food protein of the endosperm of other seeds. "As the lejinminous seeds do not contain a sharjjly differentiated embryo and endosi)erm, but are composed of tissues which combine the functions of both, it is not possible to locate any one of their proteins in any particular part of these seeds. The just-mentioned similarity, however, of legumelin to leucosin is sujifrest i ve of similarity also in their physiological functions." On the influence of temperature upon the solubility of casein in alkaline solutions, T. P.. lioinarrsox (Jour. Biol. Clicni., .7 ( I'JOS), \o. ^-.i, pp. I'll- hi.',). — The author has continued his researches ou the chemical properties of caseir (E. S. R.. IS, p. 87.3). " The solubility of the casein in alkaline solutions is considei-ably augmented by carrying out the jirocess of solution at temperatures above 40° ('. " It is pointed out that this fact is not in harmony with the view that a rise in temperature increases the degree of hydrolytic dissociation of solutions of the caseinates. " In explanation of this fact and of the increase in alkalinity and electrical conductivity of caseiuate solutions upon heating, which were observed by Osborne, it is suggested that the inMuence of heat upon proteins consists, among other effects, in shifting equilibria of the type : IIXOH+IIXOII^HXXOII+H,0 in the direction of higher com])lexes, and that heat coagulation is a result of reiK'ated condensations of this type. "The solubility of casein in solutions of various concentrations of jtotassiuni hydroxid. lithium hydroxid, and calcium hydroxid at. various temperatures has been determined." The establishment of the equivalent weight of casein and a new method for its estimation, (i. T. ^Iatthaiopoulos (Ztschr. Ainth/t. Cliciii., .',7 (IDOS), .Vo. 8, pp. .','.i.i-oOI ; ahs. in Annli/st, 33 (1908), No. 390. pp. 365. 36"6').— The author's niethcjd is based on the fact that casein behaves like an acid toward l»henolphthalein. Dilute sulphuric acid is added to milk until the casein is coagidated. The filtrate is titrated with sodium hydroxid and its amount conipareep^i". which tli«' authors proj»ose, involves the use of a 1 per <'ent solution of elal)le fat as an adulterant. Microscopic examination of powdered cocoa and chocolate, E. Collin (Jour. I'harm. it. Vliiiii., 6. set:, 28 (1D08), No. 7, pp. 295-303, flij. 1). — The microscopic structure of the anatomical elements of cocoa and chocolate is discussed and illustrated with a view to facilitating the judging of the character of such goods by inicrose(>|iic methods. Detection of vegetable albumin in sausage, A. Keiirk (lUr. Vlicin. Untcr- ■•^ikIi. Anit. Clirmnitz, 1907, p. I); alts, iti Ztscitt: UtitcrNUcIt. Naltr. u. (Utiuxxitttl., 16 (1908), No. 6, p. 360). — According to the analytical data reported vegetable proteid materials have characteristic forms and the presence of such material may be detect<>d with the microscoi»e. The detection of plant protein in sausage, A. Schmid (Jahrcsbci: Thtiri/du- is(li( II Kittiton. Lab., 1907, p. 7: (ihs-. in Ztschr. Untcrsiich. NnJir. it. (Itiitissttitl., 16 (1908), No. 6, p. 360). — The examination of a number of sorts of sausage did not indicate the presence of vegetable albumin. The estimation of saltpeter in sausage meat and ham, II. Krkks (Her. Clit'ti}. Lab. lUt-scl, 1907, pp. 20, 21 ; abs. in Zt-sciii: Utitefsiirh. Nalii: u. 0( tius.'untL, 16 (1908), No. 6, p. 36Y>).— Analytical data are reported. Normal occurrence of citric acid in wines, E. Dupont (Ann. Chitn. Attah/t., 13 (I90S), No. 9, pp. ,liS-3'i3). — A summary and discussion of the author's investigalions on the occurrence of citric acid in wines. The natural citric acid content of wines, E. Dupont (Rcr. Vit., 30 (1908), NoM. 765, pp. 173-177; 766, pp. 203-207).— A report of the examination of a number of wines which showed the presence of citric acid in certain samples. Citric acid in natural wines, M. II. Astruc (Ann. Chitn. Attalyt., 13 (1908), No. 6, pp. 22'i-226). — A contribution to the question of the natural occurrence of citric acid in wine. Citric acid in natural wines, M. (J. I>KNi(ir.s (Atiii. Chitn. Atiali/t., 13 (1908), \>>. 6, pp. 226, 227). — Tlu> aulbor claims priority in the identitication of citric acid as a constituent of certain wines. New method for determining fixed and volatile acid in wine, ^I. E. I'ozzi- EscoT (Hill. Hoc. Chim. liclg., 22 (1908), Non. 8-9, pp. 338-3-'i0).— Noted from another source (E. S. K.. 20. p. (512). The indirect determination of the acidity of wine. ,3-.{',6) .—.\ study of methods. The determination of succinic acid in wine and fermented liquors in the presence of fixed acids, M. E. I'ozzi-Escot (Itiii. Assttr. Chitn. Si«-t: ct Distill., 26 (I90S), No. 3, pp. 185, 186: Coinpt. I{rnd. .\iatl. Sri. \l'oiis], 1 >,7 (1908), No. I',, pp. 600, 601; .Vnti. Chitn. Analyt., 13 (1908), No. II, pp. .',39, // J« ; abs. in Chcm. Zriilbl., 1908, II, Nos. 10, p. 912; 18, p. lo'il ; Jour. Ho,-, ch, m. inJus., 77189—00 2 708 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 27 (J'JOS), No. 21, p. 1078). — The author proposes u rapid method of estimating succinic acid by precipitation with bromid of barium after the other substances have been removed by various reagents. Physicochemical analysis of wine, P. Dutoit and M. Duboux (Ann. Vhim. Analyt., 13 {1908), Nos. 11, pp. J,17-Ji27, figs. 5; 12, pp. 461-'J,68, figs. .',; Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.',7 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 13',-137; ahs. in Jour. Hoc. Chcm.'' Indus., 27 (IQOS), No. 16, p. 871). — By adding a solution of barium hydroxid in small portions to wine, and determining the electrical conductivity after each addition, it is possible to estimate consecutively the sulphates, total acidity, and tannin substances. The estimation of volatile bases in wine, P. Dutoit and M. Duboux ( t^chwciz. Wchnschi: Chem. u. Pharm., 46 (1908), No. .'/}, pp. 703-706, fig. 1).—The results of gravimetric and volumetric estimation of ammonia in wine do not agree, the discrepancies being ascribed to the presence of organic bases. The authors have continued the physicochemical methods noted above for the estimation of ammonia and organic volatile bases. Notes on essential oils, F. Watts and H. A, Tempany (West Indian Bid., 9 (1908), No. 3, pp. 265-277, dgms. 2). — In this article are described the character- istics of oils obtained from lemon grass, bay leaves, and camphor, with remarks on their distillation. A simple form of still is described and illustrated. Chemical analyses are given. Oil of orange, E. Dowzard (Anicr. .lour. Pharm., 80 (1908), No. 10, pp. .'/7J- .^76'). — The specific gravity and other constants were determined in IT samples of normal and adulterated sweet orange oil. " It is customary to report the rotation of orange oil at 20° C. It is not, how- ever, necessary to determine the rotation at this temperature, as by using the above corrections the constant may be determined at any temperature between 10° and 30° C. "Owing to the high rotatory power of orange oil, sojihistications such as turpentine and lemon oil are easily detected. In doubtful cases the oil should be distilled and the rotation of the first 10 per cent of the distillate determined. The rotation should be not at all or only slightly lower than that of the original oil. . . . " The common adulterants of orange oil are turpentine, lemon oil, terpenes of lemon and orange oils, and alcohol. All lower the rotation except orange oil terpenes. Alcohol may be detected by shaking a known volume of the sample with water. The alcohol is removed by the water, which of course is increased in volume. Resin has been used as an adulterant and may be detected by a residue determination. The residue on evaporation of pure oil is from 2 to 4 i>er cent." Per cent tables for oil in cotton-seed products, C. H. Herty (Chapel Hill, N. C, 1908, pp. 50). — A raind and simple method for obtaining the oil content is described. It is stated that by its use and that of. the tables prepared the oil content of cotton seed can be estimated in 30 minutes. Carrotene from carrots and the substances which accompany it, H. Euleb and E. Nordenson (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 56 (1908), pp. 223-235; abs. in Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 9Jt (1908), No. 550, II, p. 72^).— From 23 kg. carrots 0.7 gm. carrotene and xanthophyll were separated, as well as 13 gm. phosphatids, lecithin, etc., and 3.5 gm. of an unknown oil, 0.5 gm. daucosterol, and 1.3 gm. phylosterol, A note on the analysis of cutch and the preparation of pure catechin, P. Singh (Indian Forest Mem., 1 (1908), No. 1, Chem. Ser., pp. 20, pis. 6). — Con- sideration is given to the chemistry of cutch and catechin with special reference to the methods of extracting catechin from cutch. The methods of analysis are METEOROLOGY — WATER. 709 tliscusst'il ami atteiilion drawn to Uiu iiuportaiie-e of eiitiiely freeinj; culcli from catechin and removing all traces of tannin from the latter. A method devised by tlie anthor for the ciitiro isolation of iiurc tannin-fi'ec catecliiu is dcscrilxMl and disrnsscd. The technique of the chemical examination of human feces, F. (Ekele {'I'cilniih- (Icr ('licnii-scln n I' ntcrxiicltnnn (hs Mciisrtilichcii Kates. Lcii)sii\ l'.U)H, PIK tO.i). — Tin* systematic examination of the feces liy physical, njicroseoi)ic, and chemical methods is deseribed in this volnnie, which is desij^ned as a hand- hook and laboratory jrnide. The precipitation and the quantitative determination of creatin in urine by means of picric acid, M. Barhkkio {Rend. tiov. Vhim. Roma, 6 (lOOS), No. 10, pp. ir,H-W(l).—X study of methods. Analyses of wines {Anu. R. Staz. Agr. ForVi, 1907, No. 3(), pp. 1. 1 I).) — Analyses of a number of samples of wine are reported and data sunnnarized rejrardinu a number of wines, feedinj; stnfl^'s, and other materials analyzed. Report of the analyst | f or the year ending November 30, 1907 1, II. C. I.YTiKioi; (Ann. Rpt. JUL Health Mass., J'j ( IHOI), pp. JJ.'(-J,SO').— This report con- tains analyses and other data relative to milk and milk products, cider, maple products, moats, jticklos, and various other substances. Report on the work of the agricultural chemical control station of Saxony, 1907, H. C. Miuj.KR (Jin: Afjr. Vhoti. Kontmllstat. J/altc, 190'i, pp. o6).— During the year 3S,S21 samples were examined, including; 2o,0ol samples of milk and milk products, ~,\V.\2 samples of fertilizer, 4,S(»S samples of seeds, and 2,03(3 samples of feedint; stutTs, besides many other substances. Miscellaneous analyses, J C. Buunnich (Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. and ^tnclc [Qucvnsland], 1U07-S, pp. 68-71, 78-83). — Analyses are reported of butter, milk, whey, cheese, parchment papers, waters, dipping fluids, grasses, and forage plants. [Miscellaneous analyses], 1907, K, Rordam (Tidsskr. Landokonom., in08. No. 3, pp. l-'io-16.i). — A report of the chemist of the Itoyal Danish Agricultural Society, which contains analyses of butter and oleomargarine, feeding stuffs, artificial fertilizers, and soils, as made for members of the society. I Miscellaneous analyses], C. F. Juritz (Rpt. t>cnior Anat. Cape Good Hope, l'J07, pp. 88-lO'i). — Analyses of " vacca melk," " lacvitum " (a dried milk), wines, water, and sheei) and cattle dips. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Meteorological observations by farmers, (Juoiimann (HIks. fjindir. Ztg., J8 tlUOS), No. 82, pp. 70!), 710, fig. /).— ISrii-f directions for the simpler observa- tions are given. Sunspots and weather predictions (Rev. (icn. Agron., n. so'., 3 (1D08), N(k 9, pp. .f ).J .; J^).— The results of observations bearing on this subject are Itrielly sunnnarized in this article. These indicate in general that while there is ap- parently a relati(jn betwtHMi suns|iots»and weather conditions on the earth, this fact has not yet been made of much Importance In weather forecasting. On the accumulation and consumption of soil moisture in river plains, E. Ol'i'oKov (tiur IWcruniidation years, l.S7(» to 1!l(ir>. The low run-olf of wet years following dry years observed in these studies ij; ascribed to the fact that in dry years the sulderranean waters are lowered Jiiid in the w(>t years raised again to the normal level. This restoring of the Hjuilibrlum betweeu the subterranean waters and the moisture of the soil is 710 EXPERIMENT STATION llECORD. called " accumulation," and the following equaticm is given to represent the circulation of water in wet years following dry years : Rainfall — run-ofC=loss of water by evai)oration+accuiuulation. Years of drought are usually years of increased temperature and therefore of Increased evaporation, and the conclusion is drawn that the difference between rainfall and run-oft" does not represent the real amount of evaporation, but that some of the water evaporated is drawn from the subterranean waters. There- fore for dry years the equation for circulation of water would be: Rainfall — run-off+consumption=loss of water by evaporation, " consumption " being the term used to denote the amount of water taken from the subterranean supply during years of drought. This consumption of subterranean waters in years of drought is proved by lowering of wells and drying up of marshes during such years. This is due largerly to transpiration by forest growth and other forms of vegetation. This is confirmed by study of conditions in the upper basin of the Dnieper in the wooded belt of Russia. The hydrologic influence of forests under such conditions in years of drought is sometimes entirely injurious, for they become the chief agents of evaporation, although in cold and rainy years they may be useful, since they accumulate more water than they exi)end. On the other hand, the peaty soils of the marshes absorb moisture drained from higher ground and instead of giving it off to the rivers evaporate it into the atmosphere. Then they gradually encroach on the bed of streams and in the end turn them into marshes. Summarizing his studies, the author therefore concludes that during dry years, often two in succession, there is apparent a considerable consumption of the reserve moisture held in the soil of the basin and expended by evapora- tion. This expenditure is replaced by the rains of the following year. This consumption and accumulation is often as much as the run-off. The real amount of evaporation is more than the difference between rainfall and run-off in years of drought, but evaporation is not as much as the difference between rainfall and run-off in wet years. The run-off is relatively large in dry years and relatively small in wet years, because of the slowness of the movement of subterranean moisture. Forests and marshes of the basin may be considered the most serious agents of evaporation in dry years and their influence extends into the years following dry years. It appears that one should estimate the influence of the forests upon the river flow in the zone given, and generally in central Russia, as almost nil under normal meteorological conditions. This influence is almost negative in dry years in the south and central zones, but it may be that it becomes positive in the north and central zones in wet years if the forests are really capable of accumulating more moisture in times of slight evaporation than they expend in their periods of active growth. The part played by marshes in feeding rivers is negative in dry years, insig- nificant in normal years, and not as useful in wet years as one might expect. The draining of marshes lessens useless evaporation and helps to increase flow of rivers in summer. It must be admitted that marshes are not the most serious factors in the feeding of rivers by subterranean waters, but rather the sandy soils, which are perfect carriers of subterranean water, not alone to the rivers but also to the marshes, which have great need of them in dry years. The role of forests, marshes, and other sorts of vegetable coverings consists chiefly in evaporating the water of the basin and acts indirectly on the forma- tion of atmosi)heric precipitation. METEOROT.nnY — WATER. 71 1 Climatic and soil moisture conditions in the Great Plains area, L. .7. Rrtogs (Proc. I'niiis-Mix.sdiiri Dnj J'dniiinf/ Conn., l!)()S, jifi. I!>//-20'), dfjm. 1, map 1). — Tliis paper cDiitaiiis a brk'f statement of the cliaracter of the investigations on the physical conditions of soil and climate in cotniection with crop production, and gives some of the results which have been recently obtained on experimental farms conducted by this Department in cooperation with State experiment stii- tious in the (Jreat Plains area. Climate of the city of Buenos Aires (YearhooJ: City Buenos^ Airrft, 17 {1901), pp. 3-50, (Jfjins. 13). — This report contains a brief historical review of observa- tions in P.ucMos Aires, with conii»ilations of the results of these ()l)servations, some of which date back as far as ISOO. The data for 1!>07 include results of obser- vations on pressure, temperatnre, rainfall, humidity, velocity of the wind, sun- shine, and ozone, carbon dioxid, ammonia, and organic nitrogen in the air, as well as bacteriological analyses of the air and determinations of free ammonia, organic nitrogen, and nitrous and nitric acids in the rain water. The climate of Abbassia near Cairo, B. F. E. Keeling (Survey Dcpt., Egypt, Paper A'o. 3, pp. (il, pis. S). — This report summarizes observations made during the 35 years ending in 100.3, giving also the mean values for this period. "As far as possible the results have been summarized in the form of tables, the descriptive i)art being confined within the limits necessary for exi)laining them. At the end of the report are given summarized climatological tables, on the plan of the model tables given by Hann in his Climatology. . . . For each of the principal meteorological elements are given the necessary corrections to reduce the means deduced from the present readings made three times a day, to the true daily means publishetl before the closing of the observatory as a first-order station. "Two series of charts are given at the end. The first series shows the annual ctn-ves obtained from the monthly means of each of the princiivdl ele- ments, the second shows the mean daily curves." The weather of Saxony during 1907 iJalirc^her. Lnndw. Kiiiiiyr. Saeh.'i., 1907, pp. 2-23). — The weather conditions for the year at a number of places in Sax- ony are summarized in notes and tables. The mean temperature of the year was about normal, the highest temperature recorded being 31.9° C, August 6, the lowest, — 2T..">°. .January 2.".. The rainfall was Si!) nun. as compareil with a normal of 01-100(!) (»ii the temperature of the soil at deptlis of from 20 to 130 cm., of tLie water of the Oder Kiver, aiul of the air are summarized and eompared. The extremes of temperature at each depth were very nearly the same for the () years, but decreased in different cases with the depth in the soil. The greater the depth the greater the lag of the soil temperatures behind the air temperatures. The average annual teni|)erature of the soil at a depth of 20 cm. was S.7° C, corresponding very closely with that of the air (S.G°) and being about 1° lower than tliat of tlie river water. The mean temperature at depths of 40, TO, 1(J<), and 130 cm. was almost the same, I>.2 to 9.4°. The behavior of the organic matter of soils and the osmotic pressure of the same, .7. KoNio, J. Hasenbaumer, and H. Grossmann (Landw. Vers. Stat., 69 (lOOS), \o. 1-2, ijp. 1-Dl, figs. 5; abs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1908, II, ^o. U,, pp. 1198, 1199; Chem. Zty., 32 {1908), No. 86, Repert., p. S^fS; Jour. Chem. 8oc. [London], 9', (1908), No. 552, II, p. 888; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 23, pp. 1166, 1161; Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 2, p. 221).— In continuation of previous investigations, the authors studied 9 tyjiical soils with reference to their chemical and jdiysical proi)erties and the behavior of the organic matter of the soils under treatment with steam under pressure and when subjected to oxidation by means of hydrogen peroxid. The methods and apparatus used in these treatments are described and data are given for soil constituents dissolved by treatment with steam and with hydrogen j)eroxid and for the carbon dioxid evolved in the treatment with the latter substance. The laboratory experiments were supplemented by a series of pot exi>erinients in whicli treated and untreated .soils were used for the growth of barley and oats witli and without the addition of fertilizer mixtui'es of difl'erent kinds. The methods used and the results obtained in a series of studies of the osmotic pressure of the soil and of various salts, carbohydrates, etc., are given in detail. The results of the investigations were in brief as follows: (1) By treatment of soil with steam under pressure the plant food present in the form of comi)lex salts or inorganic matter is brought into solution. While the pH'ssnre to be used will depend ui)on the kind of soil, ,"> hours' treatment with steam under a i)ressure of ."> atmospheres (;"> liters of water to 500 gni. of srio(l of various crops. The crops were wheat, medic, and fall- sovvu rai»e followetl by corn. Samples of soil were taken from 0 to 10 in. and from 10 to 20 in. It was observed that the average amount of nitrates found in the case of wheat and of rape and corn was greater in the lower stratum, l)ut with medic, esiK'cialiy in summer and autumn, the average amount was greater in the upper stratum. For all crops named the smallest quantity was found in Febru- ary, Marcii, and .Tune, and the largest quantity from July to December. The author tliinks the greater amount in the upper stratum in the case of medic is due to the fact that the roots of this plant have tubercles which absorb less nitrates in the upper stratum of the soil, while wheat, rape, and corn have abundant absorbing roots near the surface. Determinations were also made of the nitric nitrogen in the soil moisture with the result that the least was found in March and .Tune and the most in August, that is, at the time when the soil has least moisture. These experiments were terminated at the end of the third year, so that sutlicient data were not obtained to warrant definite conclusions. White mustard in its relation to nitrogen assimilation, O. Lemmermanx and E. Blanck {Lnndw. Vcrn. Stat., 69 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 1 -',5-1 60). —The e.\i)eriments reported were conducted for the purpose of determining more definitely the influence of white mustard on the nitrogen content of the soil. The results and views of different investigators are briefly noted and the authors' own work is described. Tlie results of soil analyses made showetl that during the period of vegeta- tion a soil growing peas had a higher nitrogen content than the same kind of soil gi'owing l)arley and nuistard. It was further found that if during the l>eriod of growth any nitrogen assimilation in the soil took place the ipiantlty assimilated in the soil growing mustard was not greater than that in the soil Itnulucing l)arley. To samples of soil from these different iilats weighing 1,000 gni. was added 20 gm. of sugar as a source of energy to the soil bacteria. Analyses of these sjunpies were ma4 of tile Ontario Department of Agriculture (E. S. K., 11), p. 1121). Beneficial bacteria for leguminous crops, (J. II. Earp-Tiiomas (Proc. N. Y. Farmnn, l'JOt-8, pp. 23-J/l). — This article describes various methods which have been employed for the preparation of cultures of the orj^anisms of the root tubercles of leguminous plants, and reports particularlj' the successful use of cultures prepared by the author's method, in which the attenuated tubercle organism is restored to full vigor by inoculation through a series of young plants in succession. This is substantially a process of selection and results in securing organisms of high virility. The resistant power of root bacteria of leguminous plants and its impor- tance in soil inoculation, J. Simon (Jnhrcuhvr. ^'^•r. An(/cir. Hot., 5 (W07). pp. 132-160, Jig- 1)- — A study of the culture conditions most favorable to the pro- duction of active inoculation and nitrogen assimilation is reported. Among the conclusions reached is that for isolation of the organisms gelatin can not be dispensed with, but that for the further growth of the organisms soil and soil extract (with the addition of mannite and grape sugar) is preferable. Carbon bisulphid is a valuable means of restoring the biological equilibrium in soils and of promoting the growth of leguminous plants, but its use on a large scale is impracticable. Increasing' the yield of crops, especially serradella, by inoculation with Nitrag'in, Wp:stmann and IIiltner (Jahrh. Deut. Liindic. Ge-scU., 23 (HIOS), Xo. 2, lip. 2SI-30S).- — Very beneficial effects from the use of Xitragin, esi)ecially on serradella, are reported. IIiltner repoi'ts that his experiments .show that the addition of nutrient materials at the time of inoculation is not necessary on moor and other humus soils and frequently of no effect on other soils. Of the nutrient substances calcium carbonate is especially effective. Tricalcium jihos- phate, humus, and milk powder are also effective, while superphosphate and lime nitrogen are decidwlly injurious. Mixtures of peptone and grajie sugar have often shown their effectiveness, but peptone and cane sugar has frequently proved decidedly more effe Kellner's view that (>at'h plant has siKH-ial ne»'ds which are the ontcimie of its evolution under the conditions of the environment in which it has deveIope organic material and decoi.i- position of furfurol-producing constituents, vigorous formation of anunonia takes jtlace, and no loss of nitrogen either as ammonia or in a free state need be feared. Of manure in which favorable decomposition has taken place about one-third of the nitrogen can be taken up by the plant roots within a single montli, so that the ratio of availability of this nitrogen to that of nitrate of soda is about 50:100. Fresh manure shows in the .same year a greater after- effect than oii(. subjected to fermentation, but this is not enough to conii>ensate for the smaller increase of the first crop. The after-effect of stable manure which has fermented at various temperatures under aerobic and anaerobic conditions is slight in the same year, and the experiments reported show no noteworthy ditTcrence in the amount of this after-effect. 722 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Note on the absorption of atmospheric moisture by certain nitrogenous manures, G. Brownlee (Jour. Agr. Sci., 2 (1008), No. J, />/>. 380, 381, chart 1; alts, in Chem, Abs., 3 (1009), No. 1, p. 93). — "Ten gm. each of the manures sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, calcium cyanamid, and nitrate of lime (Notodden, 190G) were exposed to air in a room the windows of which were kept open during the experiment, and the changes in weight noted for a period of 29 days. At the same time barometric and temperature (wet and dry bulb) read- ings were taken dailj'. " The percentages of moisture ill the manures at the commencement were as follows : Sulphate of ammonia 4.52, nitrate of soda 2.85, calcium cyanamid 0.50, nitrate of lime 2.02. , , , " The sulphate of ammonia became rather drier during the experiment and was quite powdery at the finish. " The nitrate of soda was found at the end to be wettish underneath. Ap- parently its condition varies with the state of the atmosphere. In another experiment on a different sample of the ordinary commercial salt, when the air was very moist for many days in succession, nitrate of soda became (piite wet. Evidently this manure can not always be conveniently kept under ordi- nary conditions. " The calcium cyanamid remained unchanged in appearance throughout the experiment. It was, however, pai-tly caked, though quite dry and powdery to the touch. (H. von Feilitzen states [E. S. li., 10. p. 221] that calcium cyanamid prepared by the Polzenius i)rocess contains a slight excess of calcium chlorid, which renders the product very hygroscoi)ic, causing it to cake together in hard lumps and to burst the containing sacks.) On opening a bottle containing calcium cyanamid there is always a smell of ammonia, showing that this sub- stance would deteriorate if left exposed. " The nitrate of lime showed signs of becoming wet after a few hours' exposure and by the third day was quite liquid. It is, therefore, obvious that the Notod- den product as made in 190G must be deemed unsatisfactory from a farmer's point of view." The changes in weight and in atmospheric conditions are illustrated in a chart. Impurity of nitrate of soda and tlie use of crude nitrate, S. de Geazia (Staz. Hpcr. Agr. Ital.. J, I (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 258-269).— The author has already reported on this subject with reference to rye." In that rei)ort it was established that the impurities in nitrate of soda were beneficial, but the nature of the impurities was not determined. The experiments here reported were with wheat and barley in pots and in- cluded comparisons of various salts found in commercial nitrate of soda — sodium chlorid, potassium iodid, and magnesium sulphate. The conclusion i*eached is that the salts constituting the impurities of com- mercial nitrate of soda, except perchlorate of i)otash, are of value to plants, and that within certain limits a less refined nitrate is more profitable as a fertilizer than a purer salt. Comparative tests of sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, Bachmann (Landiv. Wchnbl. Schlcs. Hoist., 58 (1908), No. Jf2, pp. 108-112).— The results of 4 years' tests with rye, oats, barley, kohl-rabi, sugar beets, and potatoes on different kinds of soil are summarized. The results varied widely, particularly with the ammonium sulphate, showing that the fertilizing value of this material is particularly dependent upon tlie character of the season, moisture, tempera- ture, etc. «Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 39 (1906), No. 6-7, p. 529. SOILS KKHIIMZKRS. 723 Comparison of org-anic nitrogenous fertilizers with nitrate of soda, M. I'orr (Lanilw. Vers, t^tat., 68 (IHOS), Xo. 3-.',, pp. 233-300; abfi. in Chcm. Zig., 32 ilUOS), \o. .',S. Ifrpat.. p. 311; Vhcm. Znitbl., JiWS, I, So. 21), pp. 2I!)'J, 2200; Jnur. Vhcm. Hoc. [London], i)J, (1908), A'o. .-,50, II, pp. 727, 728; Chcm. Abx., 3 (l!)09), \o. 2, pp. 221, 222; Zcnthl. Af/r. Chcm., 37 (IDOH), \o. 12. pp. 796- 805; ZtHchr. .Angew. Chcm., 22 (1909). .\o. 5, p. 2(97).— Blood meal and horn meal wcro mixed in amounts furnisliiiiK <>.2 and 0.4 >;m. of iiitroKt'n with 2r»o jim. of soil and amnumia and nitrates determined in tlie water extract at the begin- ning and after 2, (>, and 12 weeks. Experiments in large cylinders to study the rate of iiitriticatiou and eflect on growth of rye, wlu'at, oats, and carrots in rotation were also made with these materials and with castor-bean meal, raw lioiie meal, dry ground tisli, meat meal, molasses mauur(\ ])oudrette, wool dust, leather meal, etc. There was very slight increase of anunonia until after 2 wtH>ks' time, and under the most favoraI)le conditions not more than 14 per cent was found. The .Mddition of cMlcium carbonate but slightly increased the rate of formation of ammonia. It was observed that by distillation of the soil extract the tot.il amount of anunonia present was not found, a certain amount, especially in the case of loam soils, being held so firmly that it was not washed out by the water. The dried blood uniformly yielded more ammonia than the horn meal. In no case V\as there a (•(tmi)lete transformation of the organic nitrogen into nitric nitrogen. T'nder the most favorable conditions 72 per cent of the nitrogen was thus trans- formed in the case of dried blood and in case of horn meal about 57 iier cent. The relative efficiency of the different materials in the cylinder experiments was on the basis of niti'ate of soda as 100: Blood and horn meal 70; fish meal, castor-bean meal, and meat meal tJO: iioudrette and bone meal 55; molasses manure 40; wool dust 25; and leather meal 10. The use of nitrogenous fertilizers and of nitrate of lime, L. Mam'kai'x {Jour. Agr. I'rat., n. -scr., 16 (1908), .Vo. ,?.7, pp. 265-267). — Comparative field tests of nitrate of soda, sulidiate of .inunonia, nitrate of lime, and cyanamid on wheal, barley, sugar bi'els, potatoi's, onions. ;iiid poppies during 1007 are re- ported. Tests of the fertilizing value of synthetic calcium nitrate. N. Passerini I 1/// /i'. A rend. Hcon. Agr. (Icorg. I'innzc, 5. xcr., 5 ( t9(f8), \o. 3, pp. 388- 392).- lu case of potatoes calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate were about tMpijiliy effective in increasing the total yield and size of tubers. The two nitrates were about eiju.nlly efl'ective in increasing the .vield of wheat. New sources of nitrogen, I). A. (iiLciiRisT (Countg Xorlhiimb. Ed. Com., Hill. II, pp. H2, 63). — In comparative tests of calcium cyanamid, sulphate of aimnonia, and nitrate of soda on mangel-wurzels it was found that the lime idtrogen gave poorer results in the dry season of 1005 and better results in the wet season of 11K)7 than the other nitrogenous fertilizers. In the case of oafs in 1007 the lime nitrogen compared favorably with sulphate of anunonia. The fertilizers were used at rates furnishing 50 lbs. each of nitrogen per acre. Results of fertilizer experiments with nitrogen lime, Bachmann [Lmidir. Wihiild. Srhlr.i. lloUt.. .^^' {1908), A'o. 31, pp. .')53-555). — Comi>arative tests of nitrogen lime iind sul|)hafe of anunonia applied in the fall and in the spring on rye, oats, potatoes, and grass are rei)orted. The nitrogen lime gave the best resnlts with winter grain when applied full ration in the fall about 8 days before seeding and harrowed In. The nitro- gen lime was com|)lefely absorbed by the soil and whr not washed «)Ut of sandy soils during the winter. A fop dressing with nitrogen lime on winter grain 771SO— W 3 724 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORI). gave good results when appliecl early in the spring. Fall application, however, is preferable. For summer crops the nitrogen lime should, if possible, be applied S days before planting and harrowed in. Its use as a top-dressing in this case is not to be reconnnended. Experiments with, lime nitrog'en as a fertilizer, C. Dusserre (Chron. Agr. Vaud, 21 (IDOS), Xo. 19, pp. 'il5-Jf21). — A number of cooperative experiments with farmers on cereals, grass lands, and potatoes are reported, the results in general showing that the lime nitrogen is a very efficient fertilizer on cereals and hoed crops, but is not well suited for top-dressing of grass lands. Prize contest in trials of calcium cyanamid in comparison with other nitrogen fertilizers {Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Fin'iizc, .J. .■^cr.. o ( I90S), No. 2, pp. 65-171). — In order to obtain extensive data on the comparative value of various nitrogenous fertilizers this contest was established upon the follow- ing conditions : Diplomas of honor and cash prizes to the amount of $320 were offered. The cash prizes were G in number ; one of $80 for comparative trials ou a total area of not less than 2i acres ; 2 of $60 each for total areas of not less than 11 acres; and 3 of $40 each for total areas of not less than J acre. The area of each plat on which calcium cyanamid was used was required to be not less than i acre. The nitrogen fei'tilizers to be compared with calcium cyanamid were to be the ones in use in the locality, and complementary fertilizers were to be used according to the needs of the crops or soils. There were 16 entries, but rejiorts were received from only 13. There are 0 reports each on wheat and corn, 5 on beets, 3 on potatoes, 2 on oats, and 1 each on flax, hemp, olives, and tobacco. The results are varied and a detailed study of the reports is necessary to arrive at any definite conclusions. Influence of soil humidity on the fertilizing action of calcium cyanamid, S. DE Grazia (Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital.. ',1 {1908). No. 2-4, pp. 115-126: «&«. in Chem-. Zenthl., 1908, I, No. 26, p. 2198).— A study of the effect of different de- grees of moisture on the action of various chemical fertilizers is reported. The experiment was carried on in pots, each containing 2 kg. of air-dried earth. Three types of soil were used, namely, clayey, calcareous, and sandy. The fertilizers used were calcium cyanamid, nitrogen line, dicyandiamid, and sulphate of ammonia, and the different degrees of moisture used were cer- tain percentages of the maximum quantity that each type of soil will retain by imbibition, as follows : 0, 10, ,30, 60, and 90 per cent. The fertilizers were well mixed with the soil on April 25 except the sulphate of ammonia, which was applied in solution on :May 19 and on ]\Iay 21. Eleven selected seeds of rye were sowed in each pot. The degrees of moisture mentioned above were maintained from the time the fertilizers were applied until about 2 days l>efore the sowing; then the pots were exposed to the air for nearly 2 days in order to have the earth in all the pots contain a like amount of moisture. Then such an amount of water was added as would give each type of soil 40 per cent of the quantity of moisture it would retain. This degree of moisture was maintained throughout the remainder of the experiment. In the pots without fertilizer the effect of the higher degrees of moisture befoi'e sowing was shown especially with clayey soil. The calcium cyanamid gave better results with larger amounts of moisture, the largest being on clayey soil. The nitrogen lime showed a similar effect of moisture, but gave a smaller px-oduct. The different degrees of moisture had no effect on the dicy- andiamid in any type of soil. The same is true of sulphate of ammonia. In conclusion the author recommends that calcium cyanamid should be ai)- plied when the soil is wet or when there is good prospect of rain, and that in SOILS FERTILIZEKS. 725 jiiiy case it slioiild lu' well worked into the soil, that it may have as much mois- ture as |iossil)!e. On the nitrification of calcium cyanamid in various types of soil, S. de (Jkazia (Stdz. Spcr. Af/r. Itiil., '/I ilHOS), Xo. .7-6', /)/). .l'it-.i.')~i ; nh><. in Chrm. /.(■'ithl.. I'.iiis. II. A o. 12. i>. lOtUI). — This is a report of pot exi)eriments on tiie nitritication of calcium cyanamid compared with sulphate of ammonia in sandy, clayey, huunis, and calcareous soils. The results obtained are summarized as follows : The nitritication of calcium cyanamid differs from that of snl])hate of am- monia chielly in the fact that until decomposition hej^ins the cyanamid has a harmful eft'ect on the micro-organisms of the soil. This is shown less in slow- ness of the action than in delay of its be^iinnin^. This specific behavior of calcium cyanamid can not bt> considered as inakinji it inferior to sulphate of ammonia, since no harm can result when the fertilizer is applied befoi'e the sowing. The nitrification of calcium cyanamid begins and is completed much more rai)idly in .soils rich in organic material (nonacid) and in clayey soils than in sandy and limy soils. Such marked influence of the nature of the soil probably depends on the degi-ee of fermentation and especially on the absorptive capacity of each type nf soil. Absorption of calcium cyanamid in soil, II. Kaitkn {L. ><(>^. It apjiears, theiefore, that the cliaracter of the soil exerts an Inlluence upon the assimilation of these forms of phosphoric acid. The value of phosphoric acid in superphosphates and in Thomas slag', r. DE Caluwe (Eiigrai.s, 23 (1908), No. J/o, p. 1075). — A review of the investi- gations of de Molinari and Ligot referred to above. The factors which influence the fertilizing' effect of difficultly soluble phosphates, H. G. Soderbaum (Landw. Vers. Stat., 68 {1908), No. 5-6, pp. .',.li-',r,() : nh>i. in Jour. Clicin. Soc. [Loiulon], 9't (1908), No. 550, II, />. 728; Chem. y.cuthl., 1908, II, No. 9, p. 819). — Tricalcinm pliosi)hate and bone meal combined with nitrogen in different forms (sodinm and annnoninm nitrate, ammoninm sulphate, and urea), and also with potassium chlorid and suli)hate and sodium carbonate, were compared with superphosphate on oats and barley grown In cylinders containing 25 kg. each of sandy soil. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 17, p. 1053.) On oats tricalcium phosphate gave slightly lower results with ammonium nitrate and slightly higher results with ammonium suli>hate than with sodium nitrate. On barley receiving bone meal, anunonium nitrate gave lower results than sodium nitrate, annnoninm sulphate reduced the yield 4(i.(> iier cent, and a mixture of sodium nitrate and annnoninm sulphate increased the yield (4.1 per cent) as compared with sodium nitrate alone. The addition of potassium sul- phate to the tricalcium phosphate and ammonium sulphate gave somewhat higher results (with oats) than when potassium chlorid was used, but with bone meal and ammonium sulphate, potassium chlorid gave distinctly better results (with barlej-) than potassium sulphate. In another series of experiments, annnoninm salts (both nitrate and sulphate) were more effective than sodinm nitrate in increasing the yield of oats when us«'d with tricalcium phosphate and bone meal, respectively. Kone meal and anunonium nitrate gave higher results with barley than sodium nitrate and bone meal, while tricalcium jibosphate and ammoniiun nitrate gave lower re- sults. Both phosphates, but especially the tricalcium phosphate, gave much lower results with anunonium sulphate than with sodium nitrate. The addition of soditnn carbonate ( furnishing sodium equivalent to that of the nitrate of so<> per cent below that obtained with sndinni nitrate and tricalcium ]ihosi)hate. With anunonium snlith.-ite and phosphates, sodium carbonate very slightly rwlnced the yield of oats as compared with ammoniinn suljihate and phosphates alone. While the author believes that the iihysiological reai'tion of the accompanying nitrogenous fertilizer plays an inii'ortant part in determining the fertilizing elTecl of fertilizers, as stated by rrianishnikov (K. S. li., IS, p. .">;{!») and others, many other factors, such as kind of iilani, soil, an. .\. (Jii.chri.st (Countii Northitiiih. Ed. Com.. Hill. II, pi>. 26-.29). — It is shown that in experi- ments on grass land during 11 years the use of phosphatic fertilizers increased the soil nitnigen about s."l lbs. per acre over that of soil ree«'lving no fertilizer. The plats receiving sulphate of auunonia and nitrate of so»la in atldilion to the 728 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. phosphatic fertilizers contained less nitrogen than those receiving phosphate alone. Note on the effect of lime upon the availability of the soil constituents, F. B. Guthrie and L. Cohen (Jour, and Proc. Roy. 8oc. N. 8. Wales, 1,1 (1907), pp. 61-66; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9J, (1908), No. 552, II, p. 889).— For an abstract of other repoi'ts of this work see a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 125). Concerning the influence of various relations between lime and magnesia on the development of plants, L. Rernardini and G. Corso (Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 41 (1908), No. 2-4, pp. 191-208).— Culture experiments with rye, corn, and kidney beans are here reported. Rye and corn were cultivated in a nutri- tive solution containing per 1,000 ec. of distilled water: Nitrate of soda 1 gm., mono-potassium phosphate 0.5 gm., potassium chlorid 0.25 gm., calcium sul- phate 0.5 gm., and iron chlorid trace. To this sulphate of magnesia was added in varying amounts to give the following proportions of lime to magnesia : 3, 2, 1, -h i. Rye gave the best result in the solution in which the relation of lime to magnesia equaled 1, and better results with the higher proportions than the lower ; corn gave the best result with the proportion of lime to magnesia equal to 2, and better with the higher than the lower, showing that an excess of lime does less harm than an excess of magnesia. In the pot experiments soil of known composition was used and the propor- tions between lime and magnesia wex'e made the same as in the nutritive solu- tion experiments and the same results were obtained with rye and corn ; with kidney beans the proportion of lime to magnesia equal to 3 gave the best result. In field experiments with corn 6 plats were manured as follows : I. 535 lbs. of gypsum per acre; II, 356 lbs. of air-slaked lime per acre; III, 1.070 lbs. of sulphate of magnesia per acre ; IV, 1,780 lbs. of sulphate of magnesia per acre ; V, 178 lbs. of oxid of magnesia per acre; and VI, none. Plat V gave the best return, but the differences were not so marked as in the solution and pot ex- periments. Cooperative fertilizer trials in Malmohus County, Sweden, 1907, L. Fors- BERG and M. Weibull (Malmo. Ldns K. HushaU. Sallsk. Kvrtlsskr., 1908, No. 1, pp. 123-140, dgms. 2). — Trials with different fertilizers for root crops, potatoes, small grains, etc., were conducted on 45 farms in southern Sweden on a plan similar to that followed in earlier years. The amounts of calcium carbonate and assimilable lime in the soils on which the fertilizer trials were conducted are reported. Chemical manures in Italy, Towsey (Dipl. and Cons. Rpts. [London], Ann. Ser., 1908, No. 4U5, pp. 30-32) .—From statistics given in a bulletin of the Italian ministry of agriculture it is shown that the chemical fertilizers pre- pared in Italy are principally superphosphates and sulphate of ammonia. Of the former, about 800,000 metric tons of mineral superphosphate and 50,000 metric tons of bone superphosphate were produced in 1907. Of sulphate of anmionia about 10,000 metric tons was produced as a by-product of the gas industry and 100 metric tons from other sources. Of organic nitrogenous manures there was probably produced about 40,000 metric tons. There were in 1907 82 factories in Italy for the preparation of sui)erphospliates. supplying practically all of this material consumed in Italy and a certain amount for exportation to neighboring countries. The sulphate of ammonia produced is about half of that required. In addition 41,900 metric tons of nitrate of soda, 7,000 metric tons of potash salts, and 100,000 metric tons of Thomas slag were imported in 1907. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 729 The nitrog'en question in Germany, X. Cako ( Die t^tickatnfffraffe in Deutsch- laitd. Iltrlin. lUdS. /v'. (>-l ftyx. (>.i : rcr. in HI. Ziickcniibcnbau, 15 {I90S), No. 15, I). 2'i'i). — This Is :\ second unrevisi'd edition of this p:iper. wliifli was jtre- sented before the Polytechnic Society of Mnnich in April. 1H07. It discusses the need of nitroj;en and the supply from various sources, particularly from the air; refers briefly to the Birkeland and Eyde process for making basic lime nitrate; and more fully describes the i)rogress made in the manufacture of cal- cium cyanamid by the Frank and Caro process. Valuation and extent of the nitrate of soda deposits of Chile, A. Bertband {Engrais, ;iS (tOOS), Xo. 28, pp. 601, 662; Rev. G6n. Agron., n. ser., 3 (1908), \o. 6-7, pp. 2.'t8-252). — This is a summai'y of a report of the insi)ector appointed by the Chilean Government to investigate this matter. This report combats the idea that these deposits are rapidly approaching exhaustion. The great nitrate fields of Chile {Bui. Intenuit. Bur. Amer. Repub. iEnglisIt Scet.), 27 iliXJS), Xo. 1, pp. 26-J,5, figs. 2/).— This article discusses briefly the extent, character, present output, and future possibilities of these fields. Composition of some Chilean caliches, F. W. Dafebt (Monatsh. Chem., 29 (1908), pp. 235-2.',.',; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 27 (1908), No. 13, p. 68',). — Analyses of 8 samples of caliche from widely different sources are re- ported and show that in all cases the water-soluble portion contained calcium, magnesium, potassium, sodium, nitrates, chlorids, sulphates, and iodates. " In most cases, perchlorates also were present ; and in the 2 specimens richest in nitrates, small quantities of chromate were found. In no case did the soluble portion contain bromid, borate, nitrate, ammonia, carbonate, phosphate, or iodid. The specimens richest in sodium nitrate contained also much potassium nitrate." Nitrate facts and figures, 1908, A. F. B. James (London, 1908; rev. in Chem. News, 98 (1908), Xo. 2536, p. 11). — The book gives statistical data regarding the niiuing and railway companies engaged in the nitrate industry. Production of ammonium sulphate and gas from peat, A. B^kank (Ztschr. AiKjitc. Chem., 21 (1908), Xo. 30, pp. 1597-1600; 0.sten\Chem. Ztg., 11 (1908), Xo. 16, p. 220). — Reference is briefly made to a process by which moist peat may be economically converted into sulphate of ammonia and gas for power purjjoses. It is claimed that by this process 2,000 kg. of peat containing 50 per cent of water can be made to yield 2,800 cubic meters of gas of 1,000 horse- power hours and 40 kg. of sulphate of ammonia. The great economic im- portance of such a process is pointed out. The nitrification of peat, J. I'. Wagner (Dent. Landtv. Presse, 35 (1908), No.s. 55, p. 5S7 ; 72, p. 762). — The utilization of peat for the preparation of niter iK'ds .iccording to the Bazin process (E. S. U., 20, p. 2.'{) and in compost with sewag*' is discussed. The nitrification of peat (Dcut. Landiv. Presse, 35 (1908), No. 70, pp. 739, 7J,0). — The processt's proiK)sed by Wagner (above) ai"e considered too ex- pensive to b(! profitable under present conditions. The nitrification of peat, (}. Xeuiiauss (Deut. Lnndw. /'/r.s-.sr, 35 (1908), No. .77. /». doin. — lOarlier uses of peat in the preitaration of niter beds than thiit (if the process proposed by Bazin are noted, but such processes ;ire consid- ere. U')S')-nO,i). — The literature of this subject is reviewed. The utilization of potash in industry and agriculture, P. Kriscue [Die Vrrircrtinig dcs Kalis in Industrie and Ldndirirt.sctKtft. Halle, 1908, pp. 181, pi. /. figs. 16). — This is a complhitiou of information regarding the i)rincipal sources of potash, the development of the potash industry, the industrial and agricultural utilization of potash, and the outlook of the potash industry. The use of crude potash salts in German agriculture in the years 1906 and 1902, Siemssen (Arh. Drut. Laiidir. GcsclL, IHOS. Xo. /.}7', p. XVI+2.',, miip 1 ; (lbs. in Mitt. Dent. Landw. GesclL, 23 (1908), No. 36, p. 2.9.9).— Statis- tics of the use of potash salts in agriculture in Germany are given in some de- tail, especially with reference to showing the extension of such use from 1902 to 1!>(X). The total consumption of potash salts in the German Empire in 1902 was about 1,1SG,743.75 tons, in 1906 2,028.072.97 tons, or at the rate of about 140 tons per 10,000 acres of arable area in 1902 and 234.18 tons in 1906. The phosphate of Thomas slag, V. A. Kroll, Jr. (Stahl u. Eisen, 28 (1908), p. 615; abs. in Cheni. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. o'l, Rcpert., p. 35Ji). — It is reiwrted that one of the i)rincipal constituents of Thomas slag is a hitherto unknown silico-phosiihate, a double salt of lime and ferrous oxid with 5-basic phosphoric .'iciil which crystallizes in hexagonal pyramids. The phosphates of Florida (.l//(c/-. Fert., 29 (1908), No. .',. pp. 5-9). — An account is given of the history and present condition of the Florida phosphate deposits, with data as to the extent to which the different classes of phosphate have been exploitetl. Phosphate in South seas, J. D. Dreher (Da Hi/ Consular and Trade Rpts. [U. .S'.], 1908, No. 321.',, p. 12).— \t is stated that deposits estimated at .")0.0(X).000 tons occur in Ocean and Pleasant islands in the (iilbert group. Smaller de- posits are rei>ort«'d frfmi a number of other islands. A London company con- trols and is beginning to exploit the larger deposits. The composition of the products of the eruption of Vesuvius in April, 1906, G. Paris (maz. Hper. Agr. Ital., J, I (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 321-328).— As a result of his own analy.ses and those of a number of other investigators, the author concludes that in the products of the eruption nitrogen comiiounds are found that form anunonia mider the intluence of a high degree of heat in the presence of sodii r)r of lime, and he c(»nclu5-9i)) .—ThQ ash of Ecklonia exas- perata was found to contain potash 24.59, soda 18.15, lime 5.5, magnesia 5.19, phosphoric acid 0.75, sulphuric acid 14.98, chlorln 15.62, and lodln 0.89 per cent. Analyses of soils, guanos, and other fertilizing materials ( Mem. Dir. Fomento [Pe7-u'\, 1907-8, vol. 1, pp. 62-69). — Mechanical and chemical analyses of a number of samples of soil from different parts of Peru, and chemical analyses of guanos and other fertilizing materials are given in tables. Commercial fertilizers and chemicals, T. (i. Hudson, R. E. Stallings. kt al. (Bui. Qa. Dept. Acjr., 1908, No. 1,6, pp. 207).— This report gives the text of the State fertilizer laws and rulings of the commissioner of agriculture under the law. general information relating to the culture and fertilizing of various crops, to methods of feeding stock and amount, and to character of feeding stuffs sold in Georgia, and analyses and valuations of 1,822 brands of fertilizers inspected up to August 1, 1907, representing estimated sales of about 840.000 tons. The new Ohio [fertilizer] law (A))icr. Fert., 29 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 10, 11).— This law took effect November 1, 1908. Its enfoi'cement is placed in the hands of the secretary of the State board of agriculture. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Botanical features of North American deserts, 1>. T. IMacDoitoal (Cftrnrf/ie Inst. WdsJiiiHiton Pub. 99, pp. Ill, pis. 62, pgs. 6). — A descrii)tion is given of the desert regions of North America, particular attention being paid to those between Texas and California and extending into Mexico. The geology of the region in the vicinity of Tucson, Ariz., is described, after which an account is given of the vegetation in that region. The temperature, water, and soil relations of desert plants are discussed at considerable length, after which the conditions contributory to the formation of deserts are described and their extent throughout the world traced. Distribution of the roots of some annual cultivated plants, V. Rotmistrov (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. E.rpt. Lnnflir.]. 8 (1907). Xo. 6. pp. 667- 705; 9 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-2J,).— The author has made a study of the vertical and lateral distribution of roots of a considerable number of plants of economic importance. The season's average growth of roots is shown in the following table : Vertical and lateral distribution of roots in the soil. Kind of plant. Barley, 2-rowed Barley, 6-rowed Wheat Oats (Continental sort) Oats (Canary) Rve Millet German millet Sorghum (black) Sorghum (yellow) Maize Peas Beans (Glory of Lyor) . Length of roots. Vertical. Latetal. Cm. Cm. 120 90 111 ISO 103 92 110 94 107 54 118 60 105 110 106 92 110 80 106 110 113 134 92 104 96 104 Kind of jilant. Beans (Princess of Orleans). Broad beans Do Poppy Flax Camelina Sunflower Castor bean Cotton Potato Beet Cucumber Length of roots. Vertical. Lateral Cm. 85 110 110 102 105 104 144 120 95 60 146 105 Cm. 60 84 90 80 64 96 120 100 104 100 110 84 AdKK TI.TritAI. l',/>. '>C>t-')l.i, /ii/x. •>). — A re- view is yiven of reeent iiul)!l<-;itioiis relatiuii to si)ecializatioii among Oei'tain species of rusts. The present status of agricultural plant breeding, C. Fruwirtii {Med. Klinik, // (HKhS), A'o.s. /.J. /)/*. r,(>l-.',().i; /J. /. ')S<.)-:)91).—The history of i)lant l)retHliiij? is lirieHy reviewed and the different methods of plant improvement hy means of selection and hybridization are described. Mendel's law is considereil in this connection and the use made of grafting is also noted. Notes on bud mutations of Solanum maglia, E. IIeckkl (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [/'«mi, 1.',7 (tHOS), No. l.'>, pp. Ulo-dll). — For several years the author has been carrying on exjieriments with a number of species of Solanum to determine if i)ossii»le the origin of the cultivated potato, and in the present jiaiier he gives an account of the third generation of a bud sport of >s'. ni char acferistics of the stock were transmitted in considerable degree to the gnift. The chlorotic foi-m when grafted upon the other developed normally and llowered early and aliuMdant ly. Tlie form that was green and in every way normal when grown upon its own roots when grafted \i|ion the chlorotic stock was alTn-led with chlorosis, the leaves were poorly developed, and llowering was retardiMl. In addition (o these gross dilTerences, niicroscopic tr;instormations w«'re also noted. A method for the quantitative determination of transpiration in plants, <^ F. Fri-.iman {lUit. da:.. ',i; (lUns). \i,. ,». pp. //X- /?.'». //>/. /».— A form of transpiratinii apparatus is deserihed wliieli is a niodilicalidu .MMd adai't:il ion of 734 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tliat used by Lamarliere and Verschaffelt. By its use, the transpiration of a jilant under known and constant conditions can be accurately measured, and it is possible to demonstrate individual differences in the transi)iration rates in diflerent plants of the same species. This apparatus is designed for securing data as a basis for plant selection and breeding. A new respiration calorimeter, G. J. Pierce {Bot. Gaz., ^6 (1908), No. 3, pp. 193-202). — The author describes experiments with Dewar flasks, both silvered and unsilvered, in which the temperature of germinating peas, growing yeasts, etc., was determined. These flasks come in several shapes and appear well adapted for use as respiration calorimeters where the heat and energy of respiration are to be determined. For class use they are said to be decidedly better than any forms of apparatus commonly in use. On endospermic respiration in certain seeds, 1*\ Stoward (Ann. Bot. [Lon- don}, 22 {1908), No. 87, pp. Jil5-It'i8). — Experiments with barley, maize, and castor beans have been carried on to determine whether or not the cells of the endosperm possess vitality. The view generally accepted is that endosperms of Graminejfi possess vitality and are endowed with the capacity of autodigestion. The experiments, which are described at considerable length, lead to the conclusion that the pure endosperm tissue of both barley and maize is capable of manifesting a gaseous exchange of a respiratory cliaracter. Whether this manifestation of respiratory activity is wdiolly or in part due to the vital activ- ity of living protoplasm, or to the agency of respiratory enzyms, is yet undecided. The evidence of the possession of vitality by the aleurone layer, which has hitherto been based on cytological and enzymic data, is substantiated by the results of the author's investigations. The vitality and self-digestion of the endosperm of some Graminese, Diana Bruschi {Ann. [London^, 22 (1908), No. 87, pp. J, 'i9-J,63).— Thin paper, which is an abstract of several preceding papers by the author, gives briefly accounts of experiments with maize, barley, wheat, and rye, which indi- cate that the starch endosperm of the grains investigated can digest itself in the absence of the scutellum and other parts of the embryo, although in differ- ent degrees. The self-emptying of the cells can go on in the absence of any vitality in the amyliferous cells, because the starch hydrolysis is accelerated by a strong amylase which arises, little by little, from a i)ro-enzym existing in the endosperm of the resting seed. This becomes active even though every trace of vitality has been removed from the entire endosperm or seed by mechanical means. The investigations further indicate that vitality is i)ossessed by the aleurone cells situated in the periphery of the endosperm, and it is also retained in one or several subaleuronic layers whence it lessens by degrees mitil it disappears toward the middle of the endosperm, as well as in the part near the scutellum. The influence of the concentration of sugar solutions on respiration, A. Maige and G. Nicolas {Coinpt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], 1J,7 (1908). No. 2, pp. 139-142). — Investigations were made on the effect of various concentrations of glucose, levulose, saccharose, maltose, and lactose on the respiration of young bean seedlings deprived of their cotyledons and of etiolated seedlings of broad beans. The normal respiration was determined by the quantity of oxygen ob- served, and the intramolecular respiration by the carbon dioxid given off by the jilants. The intensity of the normal respiration was found to increase with the in- creased concentration of all the sugars, except for lactose. Where this form of sugar was used, there was a gradual increase in the respiration activity up to a concentration of 1 per cent, after which the intensity of the respiration AGRKULTURAL BOTANY. 735 slowly diminished. The respiratory quotient increased with the concentration, alvays remaining, however, less than 1. The rapidity of growth, both in its eiurgy and respiratory quotient, varied with each kind of plant and siigar investigated. The energy of the intramolecular respiration increased progressiv(>Iy with tlu; concentration. The effect of inci-eased concentration of solutions is twofold : It decreases the turgescence of the cells as the strength of solution is increased : it increases the penetration of the solution into the cells, the penetrative power being more active with the stronger solutions. A physiological study of the development of fruits and seeds, W. I.t'Bimknko (Cninift. Uoiil. Acaih «SV/. \l'nris], 1 ',1 U'JOS), Ao. N. /;/<. '/.}.7--'/.}7 ). — Experiments with Colutca arhurcaccns showed an atmospheric pressure within the pods that was 0.15 to 0.2(> atmospheres greater than that of the surrounding air, and analyses sh<)wed that the contained gas differed fnmi that of the air. The carbon dioxid found in the growing pods aiiparently diffuses very slowly, and there is a greater or less accumulation of that gas within them. When sections of the pericarp of Colutea, peas, and Lathyrus were so made as to permit the free exchange of gases, the seed failed to develop any further, and the pods usually droi)ped off the plant in G to S days. If the pods after sectioning wt-re jtrotected jigainst drying, there was no development of the seed. The experiments seem to show that a confined atmosphere is necessary for the normal development of these seeds, and that one of the functions of the l>ericarp is to maintain within itself an atmosphere of fairly constant composition. A chemical study of the ripening of tomatoes, F. M. Albahary (Coinpt. RoHl. Acad. Sri. [I'liriH], 1J,1 (190H), \o. 2, pp. 1.',H, /'/?).— A study was made (tf the chemical changes taking place during the rii»cning of tomatoes, analyses being made of green fruits before the develojinieut of the seeds, green fruits when the seeds were fully formed, and fully ripe fruits. The author calls attention to the necessity of avoiding all oxidation and fermentation in inves- tigations of this kind. Detailed analyses are given, from which it appears that there is a i)rogressive increase in the organic acids, sugars, starch, and nonproteid nitrogen during the ripening of the tomato, and a falling off in the iiercentage of the proteid nitrogen and cellulose. The proportions of the other constituents remained practically uiicli.iugcd. The physiological role of fat in plants, DuBAQUifi ( Proc. Vnh. Soc. Sci. Plnja. it Xiit. Bordciiu.!-, r,)0()-7, pp. H^-UO, lUjm. 1). — The role of fat in plants has long been a subject of controversy, some investigators claiming that it is a form of re.serve material, others that it is a product of elimination, etc. Experiments by the author with artificial cultures of AspriflUlus nii/rr and Enrotiopais (jai/oni Keeni to indicate that fat is a reserve material which is drawn upon by the fmjgus at certain stages of development. i>articularly during siM>re formation. In experiments with Aspergillus, the maximum fat content was attained on the KiTond day, after which it slowly dwreased with tlu- increasing dry weight of the mold. The occurrence of fat in plants is ai»i)arently not associated so nnich with the ternary comiwunds in the culture medium as it is with the age of the plant. The effect of electricity upon plants, J. H. Priestley (I'roc. lirisfol Xat. fc'oc. J. .srr.. I ( HIGH), pt. .?, pp. 192-203; abs. in Bot, Cetitbl., 108 (t008). So. 2, p. 36). — An account is given of some exi»erimeuts made by J. E. Xewmau iu employing electricity as a stimulus to i)lant growth. 736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. lu experiments in 1904, 500 sq. yds. of Icitchen garden were electrified by the overliead discharge system. The yields as compared with the control plats showed that cucumbers gave a gain of IT per cent and strawberries from 36 to 80 per cent. Upon tomatoes there appeared to be no effect. An outbreak of a bacterial disease of cucumbers seemed much lighter upon the electrified plants. ■ In another experimental plat, carrots showed 50 per cent increase, and beets 30 per cent increase of crop with an increase of 1 per cent in sugar content. In 1906, 20 acres of wheat were electrified with discharge wires at a con- siderable height and with a high tension current. In this case an increase of from 29 to 39 iier cent over the control areas was recorded, and the electrified wheat is said to have given a better baking flour and commanded a higher price. The author carried on some laboratory experiments to test the nature of the electrical acceleration of plant development, but no satisfactory clues were arrived at. There was nothing to indicate that the electric current enables a leaf to form starch in the dark, as is claimed by Pollacci. Temperature and growth, W, L. Balls (Ann. Bat. [London], 22 (190S). Ao. 88, PI). 557-591, figs. 4, dgms. 7). — The object of this paper was to analyze the effects produced upon the growth process by the temperature factor. The research was initiated by a casual observation, but it developed into an attempt to determine the chemical effects of the temperature factor by studying the pathological portion of the growth-temperature curve, and hence to demonstrate that the time factor is chemical in its nature and that its effects can be simu- lated immediately. After describing the methods of observation and tabulating the results of a large number of observations, the author arrives at the follow- ing conclusions : "(1) The growth rate at various temperatures accords with the expectations of Van't Hoff's law. "(2) The decrease, and ultimate cessation of growth at high temperatures, is due to the accumulation of catabolic products in the cells. "(3) This cessation is distinct from the disorganization of the protoplasm by heat, which results on a further rise of temperature to the death point. "(4) The same products are formed at low as at high temperatures, but with greater rapidity in the latter case. "(5) To the rapid formation of these bodies is due the injurious effect of prolonged exposure to submaximal temperatures, commonly known as the time factor. This time factor is identical with the phenomenon of ' staleness ' in rich cultures of fungi. "(6) In the case of isolated cells these bodies diffuse out into the surrounding liquid. In multicellular organisms they have to be otherwise disposed of, probably by decomposition ; since the conditions under which this decomposition takes place must be fairly uniform in the interior of a higher plant, these latter show in consequence a well-marked ' optimum,' which is the expression of the internal struggle between the increasing rapidity of chemical change with rise of temperature, and the inhibiting effects of the accumulating catabolic products." As mentioned in the preliminary part of the work, this investigation was due to observed conditions in the infection of cotton seedlings with the sore- shin fungus. In a note appended to the paper, the author states that the artificial infection of cotton seedlings with the sore-shin fungus can be readily effected by placing the former on several layers of damp blotting paiier in a Petri dish and then placing a fragment of rapidly growing mycelium from a cool culture in contact with it. If the dish is then stored at 20° C, within 24 hours the seedling will be found to have rotted at the point of inoculation. If the trial is repeated at a temperature of 33°, a brown superficial scar AGKICULTrUAL IJOTANY. 737 is fdi-nu'tl, Imt the funjius doi-s not oxloiul its attack iiitu tbo inner layers of the cortex. At 3S° no infection can be secured. The influence of temperature on the action of poisons, L. Zehl (Ztschr. \Uii. I'ln/sioL, S (HWS), /)/>. I.',0-W0; abs. in Hot. CvntbL, JOS (1908), A'o. 13, lip. 3^S, ,U!)). — A series of experiments witli spores of AHixrgiUuH nigcr and rcnicilliiiiii (jlnucnin were conducted to determine the poisonous action of a. nnmlier of inor^'inic and organic compounds. Anions; the inorganic compoimds used were aluminium suli)liate, coi)alt, copper, lithium, nickel, and zinc, as well as boracic acid and potassium chromate. Of tlie organic compounds, ethyl alcohol, amyl alcohol, chloral hydrate, acetanilid, antipyrin, phenol, picric acid, etc., were used. The author found that raising the temperature increased the poisonous action (if the inoriranic compounds when used singly. In most cases the in- crease amounteil to o times the initial toxicity, but for temperatures between ;'>0 and 40° ('. there was found to be no correlation between increased toxicity and increase in temperature, the toxicity increasing much more rapidly than the temperature. The organic poisons acted in a similar manner. No definite cause for this action could be determined, but the author believes that it can not be wholly explained by the increased ionization of the salts at the higher temperatures. Where combinations of 2 inorganic salts were added to the culture media, the toxicity of the combined poisons was less than where the single salts were used. Where 2 organic or an organic and an inorganic i)oison were tested, the results were (piite variable, the relative toxicity being increased in some cases while it was diminished in others. Studies on germination and plant growth, 8. I'. 1'ickkrino (Jour. Agr. Sci., 2 (1908), No. .'i, pp. J/ll-'iS'i). — According to the author, experiments have iieen in progress at the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm on the effect of grass on trees, which have led to the conclusion that this effect can not be attributed to root competition, increased evaporation, differences in temi)erature. aeration, etc., but is due to some poisoning action exerted by the .grass. Whether such action is a direct result of the growth of the grass, or an indirect one operating tlirough the. medium of soil bacteria, is the subject of the investigations here described. The germination of a number of different kinds of seeds in heateil soil seemed to indicate that the detrinient.-il action of the grass can not be attributed to bacteria. Soils which were heated without drying to temperatures of from (><»" to l.">0° behaved unfavorably toward the germination of seeds, n'tarding and in most cases decreasing the total germinations. Sterilized seeds with and without inoculation behaved in the same way as unsterilized ones, and, aiccfU'ding to the author, the retarding effect of germination produced by heating the soil can not be explained by an alteration in the bacteria! condition of the S4iil, for the alteration extends progressively at temperatures beyond that siitHcient to destroy all bacteria. By heating the soil an increase in the soluble constituents w.is found to occur, especially in the soluble organic antl nitrogenous matter, and the increase of either of these was foinid to be directly jiroportional to the increase in the lime recjuired for germination. The increase in the sciluble constituents ap- pears to 1)0 due to the formation of a nitrogenous compound in the soil, which is inhibitory toward germination. Tills comi)ound is sutliciently stal)le for extraction in solution, and it does not seem to be destroyed when the soil con- taining it Is kept at ft low atmospheric temperature for some months. The Inhibitory substance is not of an acid nature, and the experiments do not settle definitely whether any of it is lu-esent lu the soil before lieatiug, but it 738 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. seems probable that such is the case. Preliminary experiments with apple trees under like conditions led to similar results. The toxic property of bog water and bog soil, A. Dachnowski (Bot. Gas., J,6 (1908), No. 2, pp. 130-1 'iS, figs. 6).— During an ecological study of a small lake in Ohio, the author was led to give attention to the toxic character of bog water and bog soils. The lake in question is characterized by two well-marked plant zones, and investigations of water from each showed that it had marked toxic properties. The water from the central zone was decidedly more toxic than that from the other, but in both it could be corrected by aeration and by the use of calcium carbonate and carbon black. Experiments were made on the germination of the gemma? of Marchantia pfihjmorpha and afterwai'ds confirmed with water cultures of wheat, corn, beans, and elm and buckeye seedlings. The plants grown in the bog soil ex- tract and in untreated bog water showed decided stunting in root growth, while the toi»s were more nearly alike. ^Marked differences in sensitiveness to the toxic action were sho\An by the different plants, the beans proving very plastic. The behavior of some of the plants was very similar to those grown in solutions containing strychnin, atropin, and similar substances. The author believes that the inhibiting action of bog water and bog soils is due to plant substances that are soluble and which are probably the products of decomposition, plant excreta, etc. These substances by retarding oxidation, decrease transpiration and result in stunted growth, or even in the death of lilants. On plasmolysis, W. J. V. Osterhout {Bot. Gaz.,.'i6 ( 1908) , No. 1, pp. 53-r).5) . — A discussion is given of the contraction of protoplasm within plant cells due to the chemical action of salts as distinguished from true plasmolysis. It is stated tliat the contraction of the protoplasm may often be prevented by the addition of substances to the nutrient solutions. Contraction caused by sodium chlorid may be prevented by the addition of a small quantity of calcium chlorid, although the osmotic pressure of the solution is greatly increased. Water dis- tilled from a metal still was found to produce apparent plasmolysis within a few minutes, but this could be prevented by the addition of various inhibiting substances. It is believed by the author that many of the contradictory results attributed to i)lasninly«is are due to chemical action. The concentration of g'reen coloring matter in plants and photosynthesis, W. LuBiMENKO (Rev. Gen. Bot., 20 (1908), Nos. 232, pp. 162-177, figs. 3; 233, pp. 217-238, fig. 1; 23',, pp. 2.53-267, figs. 3; 235, pp. 285-297, pis. 2, fig. 1).— Anatomical studies of leaves showed that the chloroplasts of shade-loving spe- cies of plants are larger than those of plants accustomed to grow in full light. The concentration of the chlorophyll was found to vary in different plants and in the same plant with the age of the leaves. In old leaves a greater absorp- tion of light is possible, due to a considerable concentration of the coloring matter, and further it is probable that the limit of absorption for mature leaves is not reached under the usual conditions of illumination. By means of spectroscopic analyses, the author was able to determine very accurately the variation in chlorophyll in the leaves of different species of plants at all stages of growth, and by a series of experiments he determined that the photosynthesis of the plant depends not only on the mass of the chloroplasts but on the concentration of the green coloring matter in the chlo- rophyll grains. In studies made with 9 species of plants at temperatures vary- ing from 20 to 38° C. and at 3 different degrees of natural illumination, it was found that the maximum of photosynthesis does not coincide with the greatest concentration of the coloring matter in chloroplasts. The maximum assimila- FIELD CROPS. 739 tion was found to corrospoiul to a concoutration of tho pigmpiit equaling that found in younp leaves of shade-loving and old leaves of sliade-shunning species. .Vduli leaves of tolerant species apsiniilate less energetically than adult leaves of those species which are intolerant of shade. From a biological standiioint, the concentration of chloroi)hyll in the chloro- plasts may he considered as a means for adapting plants to the different de- grees of illumination found in their habitats. Tolerant species, by increasing the concentration of their pigment, are able to withstand a relatively feeble illumination, and a brightly lighted situation is injurious to intolerant si)ecies in so far as they are unable to vary the concentration of color in the chloro- plasts. The intolerant species have a less concentrated chlorophyll in the natural state than the tolerant ones. Does the chemical substance called chlorophyll exist? M. Tsvett ( ROS\, .\(t. .}.J. pji. (n3-iisi!). — A summary and critical review Is given of some of the more recent litcriiture relating to the intiuence of nutrition, water, and light on plants. FIELD CROPS. Variety selection, seed culture, and plant breeding in Wiirttemberg'. < '. l-'RrwiRTii {Sorfin, Sadlfniclillxni iiml I'/lniKciiziiclitinifi in Wiirrtfcmlxrij. I'liriiinf/rn, tUOl. pp. 'i3). — This jiublication in discussing varieties, selection, and dissemination touches u|>on tlic earliest work of this kind, the variety tests made before and after the establishment of the plant-breeding station, the distrilmtion of the varieties in tho country, and the varieties connnonly grown. The history of se(>d production is reviewed, the promotion and direction of seed culture jit the iilant-bre<>diug station is described, and notes on the different establishments making a specialty of seed and i)otato culture are given. I'nder plant breeding the author discusses the development of breeding in Wiirttemberg aiirl other i>arts of (Jermany. and enumerates the farms which began jdant breeding by themselves, as well as tho.se which cooperated with the plant-breeding station. The methods of carrying on this work at the station are also outlined. Report of the government agrostologist and botanist, .7. IiURTT-I>AVY. I. H. r. Evans, and II. (J. Mi'Nuy ( Tniiisraul ftrpf. Aj/r. Ann. lipt. 1907. pp. 132-1 'iH, hl-'i-ni). — This report contains brief reviews of the different lines of work carried on during the y«':ir. Notes are given on veld or range improve- ment, tlie culture of a long list of miscelljineons crops, the prevalence of noxious w«hh!s and i>oisonous plants, jilant diseases and insect enemies, and the intro- duction of wH'ds and plants. In cultural tests with corn yields ranging from l,li(Ki to 4,(MMt lbs. |H*r ac-re an- reported. Dry fanning in Wyoming, V. T. Cookk (Tran.><- Missouri Hrii Farm. ('fnu/. Itiil. I. pp. 13, pi. /).— A bulletin published by the State Dry Farming t'om- niissi«)n and containing brief directions for farming dry lands in Wyoming. Rules for the uniform seeding of grains for comparative botanical investi- gations il'iiiiliii liiimu I'rihl. Hot., I {I'JOS), \t,. 1-2. pp. .S6'-^'.'/ ).— Uules are TTISIV- 00 1 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. given, through the application of which it is believed material for the study of morphological and biological varietal forms of grains may be secured. Cereal and leguminous crops, M. P. Cavalcante (O Brasil: Suas Riquezas 'Naturaes; Siios Industrias. Rio dc Janeiro: Ccntro Indus. BrasU, 1908, Por- tuguese ed., vol. 2, pp. 277-319). — The methods of culture practiced in Brazil and the general condition of the industry are described. Report on tests with varieties of oats and barley at Garforth, 1907, E. S. Seton {Univ. Leeds and Yorkshire Couneil Agr. Ed. [Pamphlet] 71, 1907, pp. 13). — The best varieties of white oats as determined by tests since 1900 were Abundance, Waverley, Tartar King, and Storm King. For rich land Tar- tar King and Storm King, two stiff sorts, are recommended and for land in a lower state of fertility. Abundance and Waverley. Of black varieties. Excel- sior proved the best. Taking both yield and quality into account, Standwell barley has proved the best on the average for the past 7 years, being closely followed by Goldthorpe, Brewers Favorite, and Chevalier in the order stated. The water requirement of beets, rye, and barley on loam soil in 1907, C VON Seelhorst {Jour. Landic, 56 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 195-198, pi. 1 ; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1908, II, Xo. 7, p. 631). — This is a continuation of observations on the amounts of water evaporated and used by plants during their period of growth ( E. S. R., 18, p. 629). It was found that 1 gm. of dry matter in barley required 504.5 gm. of water, in rye 307 gm., beets 461.S gm. For the production of 1 gm. of dry matter in grain 1.225.7 gm. of water was required in case of barley and 854.2 gm. in case of rye. The water requirement of lupines in the fall of 1906 and of potatoes, summer barley, and rye in the summer of 1907 on sandy soil, C. von Seel- KOKST (Jour. Landic, 56 (1908), Ao. 2, pp. 199-207; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1908, II, Xo. 7, p. 631). — For the production of 1 gm. of dry matter in lupines 402 to 424 gm. of water was required, in potatoes 491 to 829 gm., summer barley 562 to 583 gm., and rye 763 to 1.093 gm. The water content of grain furnished the German army from the crop of 1906 {Arch. Dent. Landw. Rats, 32 (1908), pp. 1,85-506, dgms. -J).— Tables are given showing the extreme differences in the water content of rye, oats, and wheat for each month from October to March, inclusive. Recent observations on the culture of serradella and lupines on heavy soils, B. Heinze (Jahresber. Vcr. Angew. Bot., 5 (1907), pp. 161-199, pis. 4, fig. 1). — It was found that serradella and lupines, although typical plants for sandy soils, developed well under certain conditions on heavy soils and gave yields only slightly less than crops grown on sandy lands. A high lime content in a friable loam did not act injuriously upon either crop. Botli made a poor growth after potatoes, oat.s, mustard, peas, and beans, and apparently had not produced any root nodules. On the other hand, a very good development was obtained of lupines following sernidella and of serradella after serradella. These results were secured without any inoculation of the seed or soil. Pure cultures were very effective in inoculating serradella on Lauchstedt soil in pot experiments, and gave better results in this regiird than inoculation with soil in field tests\ Inoculation with pure cultures in field experiments became effective rather late in the growth of the crop when numerous nodules appeared on the roots, but no increase in yield as compared with uninoculated serradella was obtained. The same results were secured with lupines where these had not been preceded by any leguminous crop. In one field test where serradella was grown for the first time and no legu- minous crop had immediately preceded it, inoculation with soil from an old ser- radella field was most effective in causing the production of nodules on the roots FIELD CHOPS. ' 741 and friyinjr m rcinarkably liiirli yield. The soil used in this iiistaiipo was the friable Laiichstt^l loam, while on an(»ther ])lat where inoculation with a sandy soil from another serradella field had lieen made the yield was not materially increased. The results are believed to favor Hiltner's view that the nodule organisms may be divided into two groups, of which one includes the organisms of serra- della. lupines, and .soy beans. The author further regards the work as showing the clo.se relationship, if not the identity, of serradella and lui)ine organisms and that these may be readily substituted the one for the other. It is stated that these organisms are present in the Lauchstedt soil in forms not as yet quite adai)ted to the two crojts but that such adaptation is in progress. Classification of brewing- barleys from a technical standpoint as well as their nitrogen content (.t/(/). Sci. Agran., S. scr., J {I!)OH), /. />/>. 2:n-32S). — A review is here given of the papers and discussions on this subject by Prior, Hubert. Chiss. and Wahl presented at the Eighth Internal ional Congress of ,\gricnltnre held at Vienna in lOdT. Investigations on the physical characters of barley from an anatomic- physiological standpoint. II. T. T.rown i/Jschr. (Icsiim. linniir.. 30 (W07). No. IS. i>. 2.',l : alts, ill Zcufhh Af/r. Chew.. 37 ( li)OH). Vo. 12, np. 3Jn-322).—Tho au- thor found that the fineness of the hull is correlated with mealiness of the grain. The thousand-grain weight of rough kernels was always greater than that. of the smooth grain. The rough grains also had a greater volume than those of the finer vari«'fies. The nitrogen content was foimd in general to increase with tin- di'^rree of roiijihness in the hulls. The distinguishing characters of two-rowed barley varieties. J. IJRoir.r {■luur. Ldiiilir., .',1! ( UtOS). Xo. 2, iij). 121-13!)). — The author di.scusses (he classi- fication of two-rowed barle.v varieties by means of the scar, the smooth bas(\ the l)asal ln'ard. the serrated character of the pair of nerves next to the keel in the outer glume, and by means of the hxlicules. Plants of each of IG varieties were examined. The construction of the ba.so of the kernel is considered a good factor in the classification of two-rowed barleys. The smooth flat base of the grain is a charaii. .'iS.',). — This arti<'le is a monograph on sino()th-awne.59). — The results of the investigations reiwrted show that 8tore per cent ]ier annum nor more than ir» p«>r cent. The accumulated I'fTect (if this ainiual crossing maintains the cotton crop as a mass of natural hybrids, and it aids in the dei)reciatiou of varieties when inferior strains are introduced by seed mixture. It was observed that many characters of cotton are intensified ria and «'stimates that an area of 24,(i()().(M)() acres in that country is available for this crop. Labor, transportation, and market conditions are con- sidered, :ind it is believed that an appre<'iable quantity of cotton will conic out of Nigeria within ;"> years of the opening of the Kano railway. The effect of lime nitrogen on flax, ('. IIokkmkister (I'laclifi u. Lciurn. /•> (I'JOH). \o. 170, I,/,. 3701-3703).— T]w results of the experiments here reported indicate that lime nitrogen as a source of nitrogen f(U' tlax may be us«'(l with profit. It was found tliat not only the yield of seed was increased but tliat iilso the length of the stems and the yield of fiber were considerably .lugmenti'd. With references to (piaiily, lim«' nitrogt'U acted like other sources of nitrogen in that it increas«'d the thickness of the fiber. Tli»> best results with tins lerlilizer are se/>. l-)3). — In these ex|HMi- nicnts I'robst«'i, Llgowo, Black I'resident, (Joldregen, Beseler II, Mesdag, atid New Market oats were grown on marsh, moor, and newly Itrokeu heath soil.s. 744 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Oil the heavy and sandy marsh soils about 2 bu. of seed was sown per acre, and on the moor and heath soils approximately 2.66 bu. The marsh soil was fer- tilized with superphosphate, and tlie low moor, sphagnum moor, and heath soils witli Thomas slag, kainit, slaked oyster-shell lime, and nitrate of soda. A heavy rain lodged the i)lats, and in this connection New Market, Beseler II, Goldregen, and Probstei were the most resistant sorts. On the sandy marsh as well as on the heath soil the crop lodged to a lesser extent than on the other soil types. Injuries from thrips were greatest on the heath plat, but Mesdag and Black President suffered little from this attack. Among the white varieties (ioldregen was injured most and Probstei least. All sorts rii>ened latest on the heavy marsh soil and earliest on the heath soil. The best results on the heavy marsh soil in the order of yield were secured from (Joldregen, Probstei, and Beseler II. New Market gave the lowest yield of straw and the highest yield of grain, while Black President was one of the jioorest yielders. On the sandy or light marsh soil the rank was New Market, (ioldregen, and Ligowo, while on the low moor soil Probstei stood first, followed by Bigowo and New Market. On the sphagnum mooi- soil, which was quite sandy, Probstei led m yield, followed by Beseler II. The yield of grain for all varieties was low on the heath soil. The heaviest weight per hectoliter on all soils was given by Black President and Goldregen. The different varieties, with the exception of Ligowo. showed a maximum difference in hectoliter weight of about 4 kg. (about 4..57 lbs. per bushel) on the different soil types. The highest average hectoliter weight was secured on the sandy marsh and heath soils, and the lowest on the heavy marsh and sphagnum moor soils. The investigations on the weight of the different parts of the plants and theiv relation during different periods of growth seemed to have indicated that in different varieties grown under like conditions the relation of the weights of the different parts at maturity is constant. However, in the case of Probstei oats this constancy was not established. A chemical study showed that relatively more organic nitrogen passes from the leaves than from the stems. The nitrogen content of the different varieties at maturity was practically tlie same for the stems, the leaves, and the heads. In early growth the differences between the nitrogen content of the 6 varieties was quite large, but from this period on there was a gradual approximation until later the difference was practically wiped out. The results further showed that the leaves and stems contributed a large part of their nitrogen content toward the development of the grain. On the sandy marsh and on the heath soil, the 2 types lowest in nitrogen, the development of the grain had drawn largely upon the nitrogen content of the leaves. Beseler oats I, II, III, H. Dommes {Mitt. Landw. Iii>it. Breslau, 4 (1908), X'). '/. pp- Jif>5-6'il), pis. 6. figs. 2. dgm. 1). — This is a monograph on these va- rieties of oats. The history of their origin is related in detail, and the char- acters of the embryos of the 3 varieties are described. In addition the principal phases of growth with special reference to the morphological development of the parts of the plant above ground are discussed, and the yielding capacities of the varieties are compared. Beseler I is adapted to mountain climates and matures rather late. The color of the straw and the grain is yellowish white. Beseler II may be profit- ably grown on rich valley soils in a high state of cultivation. It ripens early, stands up well, and is not injuriously influenced by heavy applications of nitrog- enous fertilizers. The color of the straw and grain is a very clear white. Beseler III is a pronounced yellow variety, leather ilrought resistant, and well adapted to the continental climate of eastern Germany. FTET.D CROPS. 745 A list of 43 referonces to literiitiir*' on ojits culture anil striKturo of tlio nat plant c'oiu-hules the article. Analysis of colonial oats, J. Lkwis (.!;//•. .Jour, Ca/x' (lnod Ho/k', .i-i ( lUOS), .\(i. .{, 1)1). d5S-,itJG). — Tables are given showing the manner of treatment in culture tests and the yields per acre of 52 samples of oats obtained from various districts of Cajie Colony. In addition, results of the dieniical analyses nf the samples are presented. The peanut, .T. Ai>am (/>r// />//«» :c/-, 12 (190S), \o. ,7, /(/*. 107 Ud). — This article discusses In detail rice culture in the Russian Asiatic po.ssessions. giving sjiecial itrominence to lowland rice, although ui)land rice is also grown in some sections. It is estimated that the cost of producing an acre of rice amotmts to about $14.(n, and that with an Jiverage yield of about 1,!)L'.'{ lbs. of grain and .'i,(J,"»S lbs. of straw per acre a profit of about .$1U.(»1) may be stn-urt'd. A report on experiments with potatoes, 1907, .7. (J. Stewart (I'nir. fjcni-t and Yorkshire Council Agr. Ed. [Pamphlet} 70, 1907, pp. 17, pJs. 2). — From the results of variety tests it is concluded that Midlothian Early and Ninetyfold are good early varieties. British Queen No. 2 and Dalmeny Radium medium varieties, jind T'p-to-I)ate, Dalmeny Regent, and Duchess of Cornwall good late varieties suited to cultivation in Yorkshire. Northern Star and Professor .Maercker were the most disease-resistant varieties. Seed from Scotland and Ireland yielded much better than seed introduced from other parts of England, and the Irish seed gave a better return than the Scotch. The vigor of the potato has not been increased by growing the crop alternately on loamy and clay soils at (larforth. A dressing of wet sawdust over the sets at planting time apparently reduced the amount of .scab. Sterilization of the soil pre- vented scab and greatly increased the yield. Experiments with Solanum commersonii and S. commersonii violet, (1. I'.om tinsky-Krizhvci i'/Jxchr. Lnndir. Vcr.snchsir. Ostcrr., II {WOS). Xo. 7. lip. G.')')-(;i;,i ) . — The results of these experiments showe plats an«l planted with jtota- t0S), \o. 10, pp. 559-575). — Attention is called to the fact that owing to the influence of soil, seed, fertilizing, and weather the potash consumption of the beet may vary greatly. As determined by the authors the minimum consumption amounted to 156.9 kg. for 400 quintals (about 3.92 lbs. for 1,000 lbs.) of beets. As a rule the consumption is much higher. The quantity of potash taken up by the plant was increased through fertilizing with potash salts and barnyard manure. Potash consumption is influencej. of l)eet soeil is only HO marks, the use of the (iiiaiitity of chicken niamne apiilied resnlted in a net profit |)er hectan' of api»roxiniately ;^3r> marks (abont .$:^2.r>() i»er acre). As the mannre conld be aitpiied at an expense of IS marks per hectare, this represents a profit of 1,958 l>er cent on the money ex|)endetl. Abnormally large beets, K. AndrlIk and J. I'rban iZtftchr. Zurhrrindux. liiilniicn. .U ilHOS), Ao. i), />/j. .'/.W-'/.W). — Analyses of abnormally large sngar beets dis<'losed a characteristically low sugar content, a high percentage of nitrogen. so«linm. and i-hiorin. and a low percentage of phosithoric acid and iron oxid. As compared with fodder beets they were richer in sugar, poorer in reducing sugars, and very high in nitrogen content. The sugar-beet seed breeding station of Wohanka and Company. Prague. Austria. (". W. dk Kkkowski (Detroit, Mich., lUOS, i)i>. .'i-i. iiis. H, flfi, l.)l ( I'.xn ). /ip. !i()-!)!l). — The results of analyses of sweet potato meal are given, and cultural tests with this crop in Germany are briefly reported. The attempts at growing sweet iX)tatoes in Germany have thus far not been very i)romising. Fertilizer experiments with tobacco, P. Wagner et al. (Arb. Deut. Lnndw. GeseU., 1908, Xo. J38, pp. 99). — The results of cooperative fertilizer experi- ments with tobacco are reported in detail and general conclusions are drawn. Plants grown with insufficient i»otash contained from 0.51 to 0.70 per cent of i)otasli in the dry matter of the leaves, while this factor in plants overfed with potash reached 10.15 per cent. The maximum yield showed a potash content in the leaves of 2.3 per cent. It is stated that 7 per cent of potash in the leaves is not to be regarded as extraordinarily high. In the average of all experiments the fire-holding capacity of fermented tobacco leaves grown with- out i)otash fertilization was 25 seconds, as compared with 4G seconds for those having received potash. Analyses and tests of 19 different samples to determine the relation between fire-holding capacity and ix)tash content showed an average of 0.9 per cent of potash in the sample, with little variation for all samples tested. This potash content is regarded as normal and sufficient to insure a good burn. The average chloriu content of these 19 samples was 0.553 per cent, and it is con- cluded that tobacco leaves should not contain more than 0.6 per cent of chlorin. as a higher percentage interferes with the burning of the leaf. This combination of potash and chlorin was apparently very good, for in all 19 samples the fire-holding capacity was so great that the leaves once ignited burned completely. It is stated that as a rule heavy potash fertilization under like conditions produces a tobacco of better burning quality than light potash fertilization. It is pointed out, however, that the chlorin content of the leaf must not be high if this result is to be obtained. It was observed that with the use of fertilizers containing little chlorin the chlorin content of the leaf may be reduced to 0.1 per cent, while on the other hand if fertilizers high in chlorin are used the chlorin content of the leaf may reach 4 per cent. The conclusion is drawn that for good burning qualities tobacco should contain from 5 to 6 per cent of potash and not more than 0.0 per cent of chlorin. The potash requirement of the tobacco crop per hectare for a yield of 1.500 kg. of dry matter in the leaf, corresiionding to about 1,800 kg. of air-dried leaves and stems, was found to be about 120 kg. (about lOO.S lbs. per acre). To supply this amount it is recommended that 40.000 kg. of barnyard manure and 100 kg. of potash in a readily available form be applied per hectare. Without the barnyard manure an average of about 200 kg. of readily available potash will supply this demand. The experiments show, however, that where barnyard manure was ajiplied alone about the end of April the chlorin content of the leaf was inci-eased and the burning quality reduced. It is advised to FTEIJ) CHOPS. 749 Mpply tlio ni.mnro in the f:ill in order that the chlorln may loach ont dnring thi> '.vintrr. Attcnticm is called to the fact that stock fed with heet leaves prod ice a niannre hiuh in chlorin, while feedinj? molasses or hay heavily fertilized with |potash prodnces a manure rich in potash, so (hat in a measure the chlorin and |iotash content of barnyard manure may be controlled. A comparison between sulphate of potash and silicate of potash, or martellin, showed 4.4 per cent of i)otash, 1^.2 per cent of chlorin, and a lire-holding capacity of 4 seconds in the leaf si'<»wn with sulphate of i)otasli, and (5.0 per cent of potash, 1.2 i>er cent of chlorin, with a tii'e-holdini;; cajpacity of (j() seconds for the tobacco grown with the martellin. The use of annnonium sulphate produced in all cases a greater lire-holding capacity than annnonium nitrate, the average results in .'! ditCei-ent tests being 41 and 34 seconds, respectively. The nature of tobacco fermentation, H. .Tknsen (Crnthl. Halt, [etc.], ,?. Aht.. 21 ilHOS). .\(,. I.')~ni, 1)1). .'itiit-.',.Sj, (l(/iii.s. J I). — The results reported show that t<»bacco fermentation is not prevented by treating the leaf with corrosive subli- mate, formol, or chloroform, and that fermentation is itromoted by weighting down the mass and by fermenting in large bulks. Fermentation was found impossible in small quantities of t(»bacco, even though air was forced through them or they were inoculated with fermenting leaf. The effects of fermentation either in part or in their entirety were brought about by heating with steam from 1(» minutes to 2 hours at a temjierature from 90 to 100° f\ Wet tobacco was brought to an active state of fermentation even when tli(> bulk was small. Fermentation was impossible in tobacco which had been treated with steam as well as in leaf which had already gone through the process. Forcing oxygen ilnough (he tobacco to be fermented did not jiromote fermentation. Tobacco, I). S. dk Cakvaliio {(). liru.sil: »S'm(/.s- Rnjiiczas Xiitiiidcs ; Suns Jiidu.'i- trias. Rio ats. aKhongh cliai-acterized by stiff s(raw of medium lengih an■'> (lUOS), \o. .',, pp. .i'.n^'iO.',. jils. >). — In contimiatimi of iirevious work (E. S. R., 1!), p. 37) grafting experiments were eoiuhicted with the Solanimis and other herbaceous plants to study the intlnence. if any. of the stock on the graft and vice versa. As previously reported, grafting does not appear to exert any specific or unusual influence on the iumiediate fruit of the grafted plants, and, as indicate. .')(j. pp. .>/. pix. 12). — A rei>ort on the general condition of Finnish horti- • ulture, together with discussions of varieties of apples, pears, cherries, and ]>lums. grown in Finland. Commercial apple culture in mountain regions, W. X. llrxr iBiiI. .\ . ('. nrpt. Agr., 29 (1908), No. 8, pp. 3-29, figs. .',, dgm. /).— A popular bulletin in which consideration is given to the adaptability of mountain regions to apple culture with reference to temperature and moisture conditions, atmospheric drainage, frost protection, etc., and discussing the v.irious phases of apple culture, including selection of site, .soils, planting operations, varieties, cultiva- tion, fertilizers, cover crops, itrotection from mice and rabbits, and spraying. Strawberry culture, F. A. Wauoh (Mass. Crop lipt., 21 (I90S), Ao. (i. pp. 30~S9, ftgx. Jf). — A popular article on strawberry culture, treating of soils and !o(aliti«'s, ])ropagation, planting, general culture, mulching, methods of manage- ment, fertilizers, diseases, insects, varieties, and marketing of crops. The influence of the color of soil on the growth and fruitfulness of grapes, L. Havaz {inn. ili-olc Sat. Agr. Moiitprliit r, n. scr., S { I'.IOS). .Vo. /. pp. 22 '/.'i. figs. )). — The author cites from several writers relative to the inlluence of the color of soil r»n the growth and fruit |)roduction of grapes :ind gives an .-iccount of investigations sl.-irted along this line in I'.hm;, with the results thus far secured. .\n experimental jiljit containing (Ml vines was <-ov«'red with .m concrete m.ide up of water, lime, and basic slag from 4 to 7 /;. jn'-5i2). — The results are given of ana- lytical studies made with grapevines and the fimlt at six different periods dur- ing the growing season with a view of deternuning a suitable fertilizer for grapes :is indicated by the amount of nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid, and lime re- moved from the soil. The data obtained show that about three-fom-tlis of the total amount of nitro- gen and five-eighths of the total amount of potash are taken up from the time growth starts to the llowering season. The absorptict nnted abo\e. The author thinks the red coloring in nature is brought ajxiut iiy ilie combined action (»f air. light, heat, and diastase. In white grapes the diastase may be absent and the color can not be jiroduced at ordinary tempera- tures, and therefore the red color may be jiroduced from white grai)es only when the temperatui'e is raiseil artificially. The transformation of the coloring matter in grapes during ripening, .T. I.AnoKDi: {('(iitipl. ffrnil. Acad. Sfi. (/Vn/.s|. I ',7 iltiOS). Xo. 17. pp. 7'>,i-7.').'>). — I >t'terminations of the soluble, insoluble, and total coloring matter in gi'ajies of (litTercnt sorts at diflerent stages of development are leiiorted. Tea on the Congo (liiiL Off. h'tat IiHlrpciid. Congo, 2-'i {tnOS), Xo. 10, Sup., pp. 3J7-.i.i(i). — Data are given on experiments in growing and manufacturing tea at (he Eala liotanic (Jarden. The results as a whole indicate that tea can be successfully gntwn in that region. [Investigations in selecting and breeding opium poppies], .T. M. IIavm.w I A'/;/. Cainiporr [India] Agr. Sta., 1U07, pp. /'/-/7). — Wiirk is being conducted :il the statictii in determining the extent to which the ofispring of seed sclerted from highly productive opium poppies reproduces the same indications of high production. The results of the first year's work are lu-esented in tal)ular form. Seed was procured from selected parents producing from 4 t») (5 grains of oi'iiini as against 2 and '.i grains in ttther cases. Comparing the average opium yield per plant of 1.120 seedlings witli that of the average opium yield per plant of 14 parent plants, the progeny showed a decrease In yield of only about 1 grain. The work is tste(l. with siiecial reference to the influence, if any, of cross-fertilization l»y liees. I'be results indicate that the ty|)es are distinct varieties and that bees have not thus far elTwted cross-fertilization. .Studies of the gnnvtli (pf iiopl'.v plants lead 754 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to the conclusion that the number of capsules per plant depends almost entirely on the condition of the land and the space allowed for the development of each plant. FORESTRY. The hardy conifers of Central Europe, E. Schelle (Die Winterharten NadcUwIzrr Mitteleuropas. ^tuitgart, 1909. pp. VIII+356, figs. 171, pi. 1, map 1). — This is a handbook for gardeners and garden lovers in which the author presents in concise form, aided by illustrations, the distinguishing char- acteristics of the native and exotic species and ornamental varieties of conifers adapted to the German climate. Consideration is also given to the habitat and niori)hology of conifers, together with cultural practices and methods of propagation. Form and content of the fir, A. Schiffel (Mitt. Forstl, Versuchsic. Onlfrr., 1908, No. S-i, pp. 96). — This is the fourth of a series of form and volume tables for conifers which the authftr has prepared by the form (luotient method ( E. S. R., 18. p. 1052). The tables for white pine have been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 746), and similar tables for spruce and larch have been published." The author is of the opinion that all other conifers can be cubed with sufficient accuracy by using the tables for one of the above-named kind. The form quotient method, however, can only be applied with safety to deciduous trees in computing the value of the bole up to where the crown starts. Notes on the growth of pine trees at Greendale, T. W. Adams {Ccniterhury Agr. and Pristorai Assoc: Jour.. 10 (190S). Xo. 5, pp>. 115-117). — Brief notes are given on the growth of some 50 species of pine on the author's plantation in New Zealand. Piniis Inricio, P. couiieri, P. insignis, and P. ponderosa are especially recommended for planting in that country. Seeds of Lophira alata from Sierra Leone (Bui. Imp. Inst., 6 (1908), No. 3, pp. 2-'fS-2-io). — Analyses are given of the seeds of L. alaia, a tree already known as one of the sources of the so-called African oak. The seed was tested relative to its value as an oil seed. The fat content ranged from 31.19 per cent to 43 per cent, and the oil was valued by a soap manufacturer at about $5 to $10 per ton more than cotton-seed oil under ordinary market conditions. It has not as yet been determined at what price the seed can be marketed. Timbers from Uganda (Bill. Imp. Inst.. 6 (1908). No. 3, pp. 227-239).— Descriptions are given of over 50 T'^ganda timbers including several new species and genera relative to the wood structure and probable economic value of each. On hardness tests of wood. (i. Janka (Centhi. Gesam. Forstio., 3.J (1908), No. 11, pp. Ji43-456, fig. 1). — In a previous experiment the author determined the relative hardness of several kinds of wood by pressing into the wood, both radially and longitudinally, a small half-ball sha])ed iron die (E. S. R.. 18, p. 341). A similar experiment is here reported, including the tabular results, in which the resistance of the wood of both conifers and hardwoods to the ball- shaped die was compared with its resistance to a cone-shaped die making the same sized impression at the surface of the wood. As in the former experiment, an inci'ease in the specific gravity of the wood was accompanied by an increased hai'dness. In all cases the hardness numbers with the ball-shaped die were greater than with the cone-shaped die. side im- pressions with the ball-shaped die giving the highest hardness numbers and end impressions with the cone-shaped die giving the lowest. The differences «Mitt. Forstl. Versuchsw. Osterr., 1899, No. 24; 1905, No. 31. FORESTRY. 755 Itelwooii tlio 2 (lies, however, were (luite variable even in tbe same species of wed die is more snitable for testing the hardness of wood. The author jioints out the simplicity of this impression method of testing the strength of wood as Indi- iate/). I.i, inap 1). — This re- iMirt contains a brief discussion of the forest areas of Eastern Siberia and Manchuria, the present status of the lumbering industry, the kinds of lumber, forest control and taxation, together with the regulations and scale of export duty in force in the Manchurian forest. The estimated forest area in the Amur and Maritime Provinces is 509,000,000 acres, of which 10,(^)0,000 acies belong to the Cossack administration. Ceara rubber from Portuguese East Africa (BiU. Imp. Insi., 6 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 2').'>-.l')U). — Analyses are given of 11 samples of ])]iintation Ceara rubber from Portuguese East Africa, together with data on their preparation and notes oti their commercial value. The results show that Ceara rubber of satisfactory quality and vahie can be produced in that country. The length of the germinating period of Funtumia elastica seeds and method of preparing the fruits for shipment {Bui. Off. J-Jiat Imlcpend. Congo, 2', (nm), Xo. 10. Sup., pp. 336, 3.37).— When F. cla.^tica fruits were stored at the Eala Piotanic (Jarden for S months from the time of harvest, 4,') per cent (if tlie .seed wliich was then sown germinateil. whereas of seed which was de- corticated and packed in cliarcoal. liunuis, sawdust, etc., only 12 per cent germinated at the end of one month after harvest. As a result of this investi- gation it is reconnnended that /•'. vJastica seed be shipped in the whole thor- oughly dried fruit either in tin cases or wooden boxes which should be left unsealed, in order to prevent sweating during the trip. Rubber of Forsteronia floribunda from Jamaica (linL Imp. Inst., 6 (tOOS), No. ,i, pp. .>','.), 260). — .V sample of rubber of the /•'. florihnnda vine, growing in the limeston*' districts of .lauiaica, showed a crude rubber content of 7!>..'> per cent iiixl a true rubber content in the dry rubber of SO p(>r cent. .Mthough tlie (piality is good and the rubber readily salable the supply thus far has been irregular and small. The science of Para rubber cultivation, H. WRmiiT (CoJomho, Cciilon, IW!, pp. in, pfs. .'/). — This is a series of lectures with the discussions following, de- livered by the nutlior on various occasions in Ceylon and Loudon. The follow- ing topics are included : Distance in i>lantlng and i)runiug ( E. S. 11., 18, p. 14.S) ; nature of the Para rubber tree and lat«'X «'Xtractiou; rubber cultivation and future production: rubber tapiiing demonslration : distance and inlerplant ing (E. S. ]{.. IS, J). SJI) ; iind rubber cultivation in the Prilish Empire. The International Rubber Exposition in London. September 14-26. 1908. S. SosKiN I'I'ropi n/liintrr liiihiflc, !l II'.KIS). Xn. 6. pp. 2Sr, .{.!6. pis. .i. cftiirt 77189—09 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, J). — 111 adflitioii to notes on the exhibits jind slvotclies of the rnl)lH'r industry in the several countries represented, consideration is given to the rubber indus- try as a whole relative to the total area planted to rubber and estimates of future production, the labor question and cost of planting operations, varieties, and methods and cost of harvesting and preparing rubber. Reports of the superintendent of forests for 1904-1906, W. F. Fox {N. Y. tiicitr Forest. Fish (iii." plants were secured that showed consider.-djle resistance. Peach leaf curl, yellows, rosette, and little peach, E. L. Worsiiam and W. \'. l{i;ia> (da. liil. Ent. Hid. .i(>, /ip. J J. /i;/s. //).—! )escript ions are j;iven of these di.scases of the i>each, with i)articular attention to the i)e;ich leaf curl. From the results of a .series of e.xiteriments for the control of the i>eacli leaf curl, in which the trees were s|)rayed with Bordeaux mixture, copper-sul]tliate solution, linie-suliihur washes, Oregon wash, and soda Bordeaux, it appears that Bordeaux mixtni-e, lime-sulphur wash, and Oregon wash, whidi is a modifica- tion of a lime-sulphur compound, were all effective in the control of the disease. The other diseases are briefly descriln-d and, where Icnown, suggestions given for their iirevention. Experiments for the control of Peronospora, II. ScuKi.i.iCNUEm; (Lnndir. Jitlnh. Svliuciz, ^.i itHOS), \o. 6, pp. 2S.'i-^S()). — The results of exi)eriments in spraying various fungicides on grapes for the control of downy mildew are given. In one series of experiments the relative efficiency was testetl of 0.5 and 1 per i-ent solutions of Bordeaux mixture and of different strengths of suli)hur .izmin and of Teiiax, which is said to be a mixture of copper sul[)hate, alumin- itnn sulphate, and soda. In these tests 4 and ;"» applications of thi' fungicides were given jit different periods dtuMng the season, and at the time of harvest- ing the .-iverage weight of grapes and the weight per vine were determined. In both instances the average weight of the individual grapes and the total production per vine were the highest where Bordeaux mixture had been used. In a second series of experiments 2 per cent Bordeaux mixture, a sulphur- copper preparation, and 2 strengths of soda Bordeaux were comi>are(l. The best results were obtained with soda ISordeaux containing 2 kg. of copper sul- phate Jind (!.!» kg. of soda to 1(M> liters of water. The chestnut bark disease, K. A. Stkhm-Nc; (IJiif/iii. AVwr.v. CO ( lUOS). .Vo. /.?, ;'/». .li.i, .i.}.i). — Attention is called to the disease jtopularly known as chestnut blight, whidi is due to the fungus Diiiportlic imnisitiin. The conunercial im- portance of tlie ra|)id spread of tins disease is pointed out as thre.-itening llie existence of the chestnut tree as a factor in .\merican forestry. The author .'Stales that the spread of the chestnut blight and the ultimate destruction of our chestnut forests will iirobjdtly mean an aniin.il loss to the I'uiti'd States of from .'j; j."..( H M ).( M M ) to .$;;(mmmi,(mhi. The promi't removjil and destruifion of infecte«l limbs and In^'s and the jiainting of wounds with tar |iaint will probably save individu.il s|K'cin\ens. but there aiip«>ais to be little promi.'^e that the di.scase can 1k> controlled in the «'x- lensive second-growth stands and mercliantable timber throughout the range of the spfcifs. The mildew of oaks, L. .M.v.noin (./(hii: .\i/i: I'nit., ii. .srr., II! (1!)0H), \n. 30, pp. lOH-tlO, flfix. 2). — Tlie mildew of <»aks due to Ohliiiiii (inrniinitn is descrii)e to be treated, it will be found iujiiraclicable tu allempt such means in forests or large itlanlations. 758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, Epidemic of oak mildew, F. W. Negek {Nuturtc. Ztschr. Forst it. Lditilic, 6 (J'JOS), yo. 11, Jill. .')S9-.5.'f.i). — An account is given showing tlie widespread epidemic of mildew of oaks in Enroi)e during the summer of 1908, and tbe rela- tion of tbe conidial stage of tbe mildew to tbe perfect form is discussed. A note by K. von Tubeuf describes briefly tbe occurrence of tbe mildew in Bavaria. Notes on some new diseases of Coniferae, A. W. Borthwick (Trnus. and I'roc. Bot. ,S'oc. Edinb., 23 (1907), pt. 3, pt). 232, 233). — Tbe autbor describes a new disease of Picca pungens, due to a fungus wbicb attacks tbe buds and pro- duces large black, conical swellings in wbicb tbe fruiting bodies of tbe fungus occur. Tbe bud is eitber immediately destroyed, or it may produce a niucb twisted cankered shoot which frequently dies at an early period. Tbe charac- teristics of the fungus are said to resemble those of tbe various Cucurbitaria. The second disease described is one of Abies pcctinata. In this case the fun- gus belongs apparently to the Ascomycetes and it affects the leaves of the current year's growth. At first they become light brown in color and finally dark brown. At tbe maturity of tbe fungus the fructifications appear as small black, spherical swellings on the infested leaves. This fungus has caused con- siderable damage to tbe species mentioned above. As yet neither of the fungi has been definitely determined and they are to be tbe subject of further investigation. Annual report of the literature on plant diseases, M. Hollrung et al. (Johnshrr. Pflnnzcnknnik., !) (1!)06), pp. ] III +298). —This report, published in 190S, reviews the literature which appeared in 1906 relating to plant diseases and insect pests, about I.SOO jiapers being noted by title or abstract. The gen- eral groupings of the literature are general plant pathology and pathological anatomy, special pathology, plant hygiene, and methods for plant protection, The detailed arrangement and method of treatment of topics are similar to those in previous reports (E. S. It.. 18, p. 746). ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The zoological record. 1>. Shakp (Zool. Rcc, ',3 (1906), pp. 7.3'/.S).— This volume contains tbe usual classified bibliographies covering the literature re- lating to all branches of zoology published during 1906, and in addition entries for 1901-1905 wbicb were received too late for inclusion in tbe previous volume (E. S. R., 18, p. 1058). A study of the pocket gopher, J. C. Dare (Orchard and Farm, S (190S), No. '). p. J I, fin. 1). — A brief account of tbe habits and economic importance of the ]iocket go])ber. Rats and their animal parasites, A. E. Shipley (Jour. Econ. Biol., 3 (1908), No. 3, pp. 61-83). — Following a discussion of the habits and economic impor- tance of rats, a complete list is given of all parasites, both ectoparasites and endoparasites, of wbicb rats are known to serve as hosts. The leprosy-like disease among rats on the Pacific coast, AV. B. Wherry (.four. Amcr. Med. Assoc., 50 (1908), No. 23, p. 1903).— Ont of over 30,000 rats examined 2 were found to be ill of a leprosy-like disease due to acid-fast bacilli. Both specimens were large female rats (Mus dectimanus). A note is appended stating that since tbe above report was written a male and female of tbe same species have also been found affected with the disease. From the male was taken a single flea (Ccratopln/llns fai^cidtiis). This flea was ground up on a slide and stained by the tubercle method, but contained no acid-proof bacilli. f ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 759 Experiments on rat extermination, R. (). Saigok (Indian Mai. (laz., Jf.i iJHOS). \it. 7. ii/i. J* J-.^M I. — "Alili<>iij.'h li()|t(' liad l»t'«Mi oxteiuUHl from many quiii'ters that rat I'Xti'riiiiiiatioii would hv praclicablc by (Miiitlnyin;; some micro- organism wiiich would not only prodiico a diseasi' in tlio animals dirwtly ex- IKM'imoiited upon, but an iufoctious fatal disease among the rat i>oi)nlatioii as a whole through these diseased rats Iteing let loose, this has not been borne out by the experiments given." The warblers of North America, F. M. Chapman (Xcir Yorlc, 1907, pp. IX+30G, pis. .i^). — This book has been i>rei)ared by the jiuthor in cooperation with other ornithologists to meet the demand for a fully illustrated work which will .serve as an aid to the field identification of warblers and to the study of ilieii- life liistnrii'S. Our American flycatchers, B. S. Howinsii (.S'c/. Amcr. .s'»/j., 6(1 (11)08), No. nil), pp. 2.iU, .iil. fii/s. 7). — The habits, peculiaritii's, an. .lO'i-HJif). — In continuation of earlier work ( E. S. li., IS, p. IHo), observations were made in southern, central, and northern Illinois, 2 observers marching at a distance of .'10 yards apart, covering a dis- tance of 42S miles. Itecords were made of the number of each sptn-ies of l)irds observwl and of their e<-ological distribution. Tlie number of native birds, Kurojiean sparrows excluded, was found to be 527 to the square mile. A total of 7.740 individuals was observed, among which were recognized sr> species. Of these, 85 i)er cent belonged to the 21 most common species. The relative occurrence of bird life in crops, based on these data, is sliown by the following table : Birds observed in crops in midsummer, 1907. Kind of crop. Number. Per cent. Number per square mile. Compara- tive densities. (Acreage fur entire State=l.) 1'a.vturea 2, 107 1,814 1,667 1 169 27.2 2;i.4 21.6 15.1 12.H 878 920 562 300 M<'u',. ji/i. 'iJ7 .'i.Un. .\ itrief accoimt is given of l>irds whi/>. .'/.'/(S). — A bib- liography is prt'souted of the literature on general entomology and the coleop- tera published during the year 1900. The new ideas on the origin of species by mutation, li. Cuenot {Rev. G6n. Bci., 10 (1908), No. 21, pp. 860-87 1, flys. 8). — The author discusses this sub- ject at some length. A brief bibliography is given. Notes on the value of introduced parasites or beneficial insects, W. W. Frogcatt (ires/ Indian BiiL, D {1908), No. 3, pp. 262-2().'i). — A paper read at the meeting of the West Indian agricultural conference in which a brief ac- count is given of an investigation of the value of parasitic insects in Hawaii and California. Report of the entomologist, C. W. Howard {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1906-7, pp. 193-217, map.s Jf)'. — ^The greatest duty for the past 2 years has been that of combating the locusts, other work being considered secondary in view of the need of solving this question so that the farmers would have con- fidence in entering upon the work. A detailed account is given of the cam- paign against the brown and red locusts, together with maps showing the flights and ai'eas infested by each species during 1!)(H; and 1!)()T. Miscellaneous notes are included on the enemies of fruit trees and garden crops, and of insect parasites of man and domesticated animals. Notes from Angola, V. (\ Weli.man {Jour. 'I'rop. M((l. and Jli/g. [London], 11 {1908) No. 8. pp. 111. 118, figs. .'/). — These notes are a continuation of a series which api)eare(l in T.km;. tiiirropsgila penetrans is mentioned as a factor in the ainhnm disease. A list of 21 species of Tabanids is given. The effects of the sting of the common Angolan scorpion { Uroplcctcs occidcnlalis) and some other venomous arthrojiods are described. Report of the State nursery inspector, A. E. Stene (.!>?». 7?/*^ Bd. Agr. R. I., 23 {1907), pp. 21-'i.'i, pis. 12, fig. 1). — Among the injurious insects of the year here reported are the army worm, codling moth, apple maggot, frosted lightning hopper {Ormenis pruinosa), maple phenacoccus {Plirnacocrus accri- cola), spruce gall louse {Chcrmrs abietcs), and rose scale {Aulacaspis ros(r). A^arious plant diseases are also reported. Report of the superintendent for the suppression of the gipsy and brown- tail moths, for the year 1907, A. E. Stene {Ann. Rpt. Bd. Agr. R. I., 23 {1907), Ai>p., pp. 1-')2, pis. 9, figs. 2, map 1) . — A general account of these two pests and the work of sui)pression carried on in Ivhode Island. Notes on the work against the gipsy moth, E. P. Felt {Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {1908), No. /f, pp. 275, 276). — This is a brief account of an examination made of the work being carried on in New England against the gipsy moth. Atten- tion is called to a 10-horsepower gasoline engine manufactured for automo- biles that is being used in place of a 6-horsepower engine weighing 1,800 lbs. formerly in use. A heavy l*-in. hose from 400 to SOO ft. long with a smooth ^-in. nozzle is used for work in woodlands, a pressure of 200 to 250 lbs. being maintained. The machinery, which is mounted upon a stout wagon with a 400-gal. tank, is drawn by 4 horses. It is said to be capable of spraying 14 to 16 acres a day at a cost of about .$10.20 jier acre where the wotwlland is fairly clear of brush. Description of new devices for rearing insects, A. F. Burgess {Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {1908), No. J,, pp. 267-269, pis. 2).— Several devices used at the (Jipsy Moth Pai'asite Laboratory in Massachusetts are here described and illustrated. Field tables of lepidoptera, W. T. M. Forbes {Worcester, Mass., 1906, pp. I'll). — Tables l>ased mainly uinni color markings are here given for the adults ECONOMir Z()()L()(iV KNTOMOLOOY. 761 and for tilt' l.nN.i'. l>jit:i .in- also iiK hulcil on tlu' food [)Iants and dates of aiipeanimt'. Notes on the early stages of some Pamphila, P. Laurent {Ent. Xcics, 19 {I90S), Xo. f>, /)/>. .'/WS--J/?). — Notos aro fiiven on the life bistory of 17 si)ecies of butterflies belon^'ins to tbe melius l>au)])bila. Tbe larvje seem to feetl more readily on tbe ((tarser sjieoies of grasses. Katra (hairy caterpillars) in Gujaret, C. IJ. Patel (Agi: Jour. India, 3 (/.'"AS), \o. J, 1)1). i:t.i-l()(), (If/Ill. /). — 'Ibe sjiecies Am-sacta moorei, A. hictinru. and .1. UnrnJa ai»i»ear after tbe first fall of monsoon rain and attack and do great damage to newly grown crops, especially to millet. A general account is given of the life history, parasites, and enemies of this pest. Remedial exin'i-inients arc rei)ortcd. On the Proctotrypid genus Antaeon, with descriptions of the new species and a table of those occurring in Britain, A. J. Ciiittv (Ent. Mo. M(i{/.. 2. srr.. 19 (1908), .Yo.s-. 222. i>p. I'll-I'i'i; 223, pp. l-',5, 11,6; 22'), l)p. 209-21')). Upon the aphis-feeding species of Aphelinus, L. (). IIowaiu) (Ent. Ydc.s, /.'' (1908), A' CI. 8, pp. J6'.5-J«7). — Four species of tbe genus Apbelinus are re- cordetl as parasitic upon apbids. of wbicb Aphelinus semiflavus and A. nigritiin arc liei-e decsribcd as new. A tabic is given for tbe separation of these species. Notes on the Coccinellidae. T. L. Casey (Canad. Ent., .',0 (1908), No. It, pp. 393-1,21). — Xotcs on tbe ladybirds with descriptions of one genus and several spifies and sultspecies new to science. On a collection of Coccidae and other insects affecting some cultivated and wild plants in Java and in tropical western Africa, K. Nkwstead {•Jour. Earn. Biol., 3 (1908), No. 2, pp. 33-.',2, pl/t. 2). — In addition to miscellaneous notes a genus, G siHJcies, and 2 varieties are described as new to sc-ience. The present state of our knowledge of the Odonata of Mexico and Central America, 1'. P. Calvert (Science, u. scr., 28 (1908), No. 72.',, pp. 092-t)9r>).— Tbe autbor here presents a summary of tbe main results obtained from studies on tbe f>donala and a conii)arison with jirevious worli done in tins field. An army worm in the Transvaal, F. Tiiomsen (Tranxraal Agr. Jour., H (1908), Xo. 2',, pp. .'}8')-'i89) . — Army worms wbicb may be Caradrinstigations conducted l>.v W. \V. Yotliers and tbe aiitlior uiion bibernation, a mort' detaibMl account of wbicb is to be issueHtrnction of stallis by some cfTiH-tive nietlio*! and as long as may l>e pos-slble before tbe n»>rmal time for weevils to enter hiberuatiou constitutes 762 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the most effective method now known of reducing the severity of the weevil attacli upon the following crop and that it therefore deserves general recog- nition and adoption as the last step in the treatment of each season's crop and essentially the first step also in the production of a crop with the minimum weevil injury during the following season." Notes on Transvaal tobacco pests, C. W. Howard (Transvaal Agi: Jour., 6 {1908), No. 2Jf, pp. 609-616, pis. 2, figs. .'/).— The only pests that the author considers at all serious are the cutworm, splitworm, and nematode. Notes are given upon the life history and habits of the splitworm {Phthorinuva opercullela) gall worm {Heterodera radicicoUi), cutworm, bud worm (Hclio- this armiger), pigweed caterpillar {Caradrina exigua), hornworms, aphis or green fly, green bug (Nezara viridula), and curculio beetles {Pcritclus ornntus and Strophosomus sp.). Remedies are considered and directions are given for their application. Insect pests of the mangel-wurzel, H. M. Lefroy {Agr. Jour. India. 3 (1908), No. 2, pp. 161-163). — The mangel-wurzel, while not one of the ordinary crop plants under cultivation in India, has been I'ecommended as worthy to be made such. The Insects which esi^ecially attack the plant are the surface weevil (Tanymecus indicus), which is followed by the surface caterpillar and later by the indigo caterpillar. The earth flea, a common pest of winter vegetables, R. W. Jack (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. 32 (1908), No. .). pp. 615-620, figs. ^).— An account is given of a species of mite belonging to the family Eupodidse which attacks nearly all commonly cultivated vegetables. It is stated that the injury can be largely prevented by clean cultivation and that the pest can be economically destroyed by spraying with the tobacco wash. Grain weevils (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 206, pp. Jf, fig. 1). — An account is given of Calandra granaria and C oryzw, with remedial measures. The diseases and enemies of useful and ornamental horticultural plants, F. Krxjger and G. Rorig (Krankheiten und Beschddiguiigen der Nutz nnd Zierpflanzen des Gartenbaues. Stuttgart, 1908, pp. VIII+212, pis. It, figs. 224). — In this book the author discusses the insect and other animal enemies as well as the plant diseases. Remedies are considered and indexes, of both 1)1 ants and enemies, are given. Experim.ents with remedies for insect enemies of fruit trees, Truelle (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 68 (1908), No. 7, pth 501-513).— X report is given of experiments with remedies for pests of fruit trees, particularly for Hypono- ineuta mainella. Massachusetts fruit trees and their insect foes, H. T. Fernald (Agr. of Mass., 1901, pp. 111-138, figs. 16). — ^An address delivered before the meeting of the State board of agriculture in which the insect enemies of fruit trees of the State are discussed. Gosford-Narara fruit fly and codling moth control experiment, W. B. GURNEY (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 7, pp. .581-584).— The life history of Ceratitis capitata, the regulations in effect in November, 1907, with the jienalty clause concerning care of fruit orchards, in connection with the codling moth and fruit fly, and an account of experiments to demonstrate to growers the practical value of carrying out the provisions of fruit fly regula- tions, are given. The orchards were found badly infested with .3 species of fruit fly, the Mediterranean fly (Ceratitis (■apitata), the Queensland fly (Dacus (Tephritis) tryoni), and the Island fly (Try pet a psidii), the species flrst named being the more numerous. The 2 latter species have been bred from native phun or black apple (Sideroxylon australc), berries of white ash (Schizoneria ovata), 1 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 763 iiiid wild Idack fiff ( I'iriis str^phnnocnrpa). It is thought, however, that rein- ftH-tion from the wild fruit does not to any great extent annul the value of work done in on-h.-irds to clirck tlu' lly. Paraffin remedy v. poisoned bait [for the fruit fly], C. "W. Mally (Agr. Juiir. Capr (looil lloin; 32 {190S), No. .7, pp. G09-(il.'i) . — In experiments con- ducted it was found that Cemtitis capUaia was not attracted to paraffir. oil in comparison with i)ineapple juice and treacle (molasses). Bees were at- tractetl to honey when sprayed on a hedge near a hive, l»ut paid no attention to utlier sweets. This fact is of importance in connection with the application of I'oisoned halt for tlie fruit fly. In a supi)lementary note, the government entomologist (C. P. Lounsbury) lirietly reports additional experiments. He considers that the experiments here reported show that sjiraying the trees with poisoned baits, as previously recom- mended, atfords greater protection against the pest than the exposure of vessels of parattin oil. Notes on a chalcid (Syntomaspis druparum) infesting' apple seeds, C. It. (KosiiY (.!//;(. Hut. Soc. Amcr., 1 (li)OH), So. 1, i). 3S). — This species, i»reviously known to infest the seeds of the wild ai)ple in Crimea, has been found gen- • ■raliy distributed in New York State where it infests the cultivated varieties as well as the wild apple (Mains coronaria). The Smyrna fig and its pollinating insect. C. P. Lqunsbitry (.l.r/r. Jour. (II pi- (loixl Jlopc. 3.i ilHOS). \epartment already noted (K. S. U., liO, p. .">.">». These show a wid«'r M|»pliiai»ilily for the white tly than at first sui)i>osed. An isolation of l'»MI or ■'!r more need not be deterreil from fumigating on account of an infesteil grove of any size adjoining on one side. There are comparatively few groves that nei'd lie considered impracticable to fumigate on account of their locatitm. Observations upon the parasitism of an aphid that attacks citrus fruits, r. I'lKKA.MoM (Atti R. Int. Incoragy. Xapoli, li. srr., .j9 (1907), pp. 1-7, pi. 1).— 764 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Aijhidiits auranlii. a brachonid attacking Tovoptera aurantii, is described as new to science. Observations upon the habits of the aphid and its parasite are accouii)anied by fignres of both. Cacao beetles and the use and application of lime, R. D. Anstead (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 8 ( I DOS). Xo. !>, pi>. 387-392). — Tlie cacao beetle (Stcirastoma deprcssiim) as a hirva does great injury to the cacao trees, bor- ing between the baric and the wood. Methods of preventing the injury are dis- cussed. Notes on Termes gestroi and other species of termites found on rubber estates in the Federated Malay States, H. E. Pratt (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 6 {1908), No. .5, pp. Jol-Wi)). — An account is given of injury by Termes gestroi to cultivated Para (llevea hrasiUensis) and Rambong (Ficus elastica) rubber trees. In order to distinguish this from other si»eeies a table is given for the separation of tlie common species met with on rubl»er plantations with descriptions of tlieir various castes. Because of the damage to rubber trees of all ages and the difficulty in destroying it this white ant is con.sidered to be the planter's most serious enemy. Methods to be employefl in combating it are discussed. The brown scale of the gooseberry and currant, R. Newstead {Jour. Bd. Agr. [fjindon], 15 {1908), No. 3, pp. J9.J-199, figs. .>).— The scale Leeamum persiea' ribis, is said to be generally distributed throughout England but is less known in Wales, Scotland, and Ireland. An account of its life history is given and also tlie formulas and directions for applying the caiistic-soda and paratfin-soda washes. On an enchytraeid worm injurious to the seedlings of the larch, C. G. Hewitt (.Jour. Econ. Biol.. 3 {1908), No. 2, pp. -'i3-Jio. pi. J).— A small white worm which was identified as Fridericia bisetosa is described as frequently attacking larcli seedlings. Its presence is readily discernil)le by the dead and withered appearance of the plants. Injections of carbon bisulphid into tlie soil at a distance of G or 8 in. on each side of the row in doses of 0.25 to O.oO oz. are recommended. A new cecidomyiid on oak, H. M. Russell and C. W. Hooker {Ent. N'-irs, 19 {1908), No. 8, pp. 3-'i9-3.32, pi. 1).—A new species of gall tly which works on the leaves of the black oak is described as Cecidomijid folioni. Its life history and a description of the immature stages are given. The life history of Syagrius intrudens, a destructive fern-eating weevil, J. Mangan {Jour. Eeon. Biol., 3 (1908), No. 3, pp. 8-'f-91, pis. 2).— This weevil is reported as a persistent and exceedingly destructive pest of ferns at tlie Royal Botanical Gardens at Dublin. The larvfe burrow through the larger portions of the stems and even in the hardest parts of the rhizome. The lavages appear to be strictly confined to hothouse ferns. The mi>st successful method of dealing with the pest is said to be that of soaking the roots in water. After a iieriod of 15 minutes' immersion, all the weevils in the soil will have taken refuge in the stems, wliere tliey can be picked off by hand and destroyed. A new species of tick from the Transvaal, L. G. Neumann {Arm. Transmal Mils., 1 {1908), No. 2, pp. 170-172). — The author here describes Rhipieentor vicinus, a tick taken from Erinaeeous frontalis at I'retoria, as a new species. The structure, development, and bionomics of the house fly, II, C. G. Hewitt (Quart. Jour. Mieros: Sci. \Ij>ndon\. n. ser., .')2 (1908). No. 208. pp. .'i9.5-5.'to, pis. Jf). — A second paper on the subject (E. S. R., 10, p. (>(54). Temperature, character of food, moisture, and fermentation are sliown to be the important factors in the development of the fly. I'nder favoraltle con- ditions, eggs may hatch as soon as .S hours after deposition, while if kei)t at a temperature as low as 10" C, 2 or i) days may elapse before the larvte ECONOMIC ZOOI,()(;V ENTOMOLOGY. 765 fiiuTKi*. The larval sfafro •■Duslstliif: of tlirci' iiistars may 1«' i)assed in r> days. Tlic pi-ocess of pii|)atii)n may he c-ompl<'ti'(l in (! horns ami the impal stage passed in '.\ or 4 days, althouuli it is usually 4 or ."> days. The shortest period in whieii developmeid took place was s days, when larvje were incuhated at a constant temperature of .'{">" ('. Flies iiecome se.Kually mature in Id or 14 days after emerfience and commence oviposltiou as soon as 4 (lays later. A hihiio'rraphical list is Klven. Observations on the bionomics of fleas with special reference to Pulex cheopis {-hnir. llyii. ICdiiibridffc]. S (1908), No. 2, pp. .i.i(i-2')9). — The life his- lury, hahits, disi)er.sal. and collection and exanunation of tieas are here cou- sideriHl. Longevity and other exjieriments are rejtorted. The part played by insects in the epidemiology of plague, 1). T. Ver.tiutski {■hiiir. III/;/. \<'(Uiibii(l()(\. S (HXIS). Xo. 2, i>p. l(>.i~2l)S). — Experiments were made l>y the author at Cronstadt and St. I'etei'shurf: with tieas and huj^s with a view of deternnning the connection between human plague epidenncs and plague epidenncs among rats. Infected fleas were found to communicate plague to healthy animals for 'i days and bugs (Ciinrx IcctuUiriiis) for fi days after iii- fe<'tion. The rat flea of Ilussia {'riiphlopsulla wufsriili) does not bite ninn. but the fleas infesting man do bite rats and the fleas found on dogs and cats bite both Inunan beings and rats. Fleas infesting man and fleas found on cats anil ilogs can live on rats as casual i»arasites and therefore can, under certain conditions, iilay a jtart in the transnussion of plague from rats to human beings and vice versa. Insect transmission of bubonic plague: A study of the San Francisco epidemic, .M. I'.. Mitzm.vin (Hnt. Neiri^, 19 (lOOS), Vo. ,s'. pp. ,?.>.f-.?;).0 ) .— An account is given of the fleas obtained in the exanunation of l.SOO rats. These exannnations were made in an attempt to locate the source of the rat and flea introduction into the infi-cted regions of California. Preservation of the plague bacillus in the body of the bedbug, V. .Tordax- SKY and X. Ki.ad.nitskv (.l/)/(. Iiixt. I'a.sfciir, .i.i (IHOS), Xo. '>, pp. '/.ll-'iliJ).— The work of other investigators is briefly reviewed, and experiments with rat.s are reiiortereserve-I22, JigK. 6). — .\ description accompanied by drawings of the general anaton.y of (lloxsiiia piilpiilis es|K'cially of its dig«'stive tract. This is of imi'ortance in the study of the evolution of tryi)anosomes within the body of their arthropod hosts. The reproduction and variations in the development of Glossina palpalis. K. HoiitAii) {('iniipl. h'onl. Ardil. Sci. \l'(irix], t.',6 { UWS) , No. 7, pp. .i(i2 M.'t : of was o|)taini>d that (I. palpiilix can i-onvey trypanosomes by means of its proboscis from an inftM-ttHl to a h«>althy animal if it giM's straight from one to the other. Infection was thus transmitttHl in I out of ."» ex|»erimeiits when t\ as the transmitting agent and once out of 4 exiieriments when a Stomoxys was used. It is shown thai the infecliou Is eunveycd by the con- 766 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. taniinatiou of the proboscis aud that if the fly be allowed to clean its proboscis by piercing the skiu of one animal, it is no longer infectious to a second. * Experiments seem to show that tlie nimiber of fly-bites required to produce infection is a very variable one, more than 1,000 flies having fed on a sus- ceptible animal without infecting it. The smallest number of G. palpalis with which sleeping sickness was produced by the authors was 1.34. "At 48 hours after feeding, the trypanosomes (T. gamhicnse) are still numer- ous in the intestine of the fly, and a type of more indifferent character begins to make its appearance. At 72 hours the trypanosomes are usually beginning to become more scanty and difficult to find iu the digestive tract of the fly, although in some cases they are still numerous and chiefly of the indifferent type. At 96 hours, in almost every case, not a single trypanosome could be found even after the most careful searching." So far as conclusions could be drawn from the observation it appears that T. gainhk'nxe becomes extinct in the tsetse fly after the third day. Two species of trypanosomes ( T. f/rayi and T. tuUochii) were found in freshly caught tsetse flies, the former iu 1.47 per cent and the latter in 0.17 per cent of 3,000 flies examined. These 2 species were found to have nothing to do with sleeping sickness and are not developmental stages of T. gamhienHC. Report on experim.ents to ascertain the ability of tsetse flies to convey Trypanosoma gambiense, 1'. H. Koss {Rpts. t>lccpiiig thickness Com. Roy. »S'of., J!)07, No. 8, pp. 80-So). — From experiments conducteil with Glosslna fusca and G. iKiUldiiK's, the author concludes that the former does not convey any species of trypanosoma, but that the latter evidently can. Having the work of Schaudinu in mind, the author searched but did not find an intracorpuscular stage of trypanosoma. (/. paUklipcs is said to attack as soon as one gets among them, while G. fusca shows no inclination to bite men. G. longipennis does not appear to bite during the day, but after 4 p. m. one is immediately bitten upon approach. Descriptions and records of bees, T. D. A. Cockerell (Ann. and Mag. Xat. Hist., 8. sir., 1 {1908), To.s. 3, pp. 2-J9-267; 4, pp. 3S7-3Jf.'i).—In the first article, in addition to descriptions of exotic species, 1 genus and 3 species from this country are described as new. In the second article 11 species from this country belonging to the genus Megachile are described as new. Winter ventilation of hives, C 1*. Dadant {Amcr. Bee Jour., .'/8 (1908), No. 11, pp. 333, 33Ji). — The author finds moisture absorbents over the cluster to be better than upper ventilation aud that a slight amount of upper ven- tilation is better than a tight ceiling impervious to moisture. Entrance ven- tilation in a moderate degree is considered necessary. [A digest and discussion of papers on bee keeping] ( Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 3, pp. 119-135). — A report and discussion of i)apers presented at the annual meet- ing of the Texas Bee Keepers' Association in which a number of subjects relating to apiculture, including varieties of bees, forms of hiv^es, location and management of colonies, storing and marketing of honey, effect of i>ure food law, prices, etc., are presented and discussed. Report of the State inspector of apiaries, M. E. Darby {Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr., J4O {1907), pp. 59-66, figs. 2).— Out of 215 apiaries and 3,028 colonies inspected during 1907, 82 apiaries and 297 colonies were found infected with foul brood. The Argentine ant, a possible pest of the apiary, R. Benton (Gleanings Bee Cult., 3(! (1908), Ao. 23, pp. l.'t32-lJt3.'i) . — The author records observations on the Argentine ant made in the vicinity of a colony of bees in California. He believes that the ants become sufficiently troublesome to interfere seriously witli the field work of the bees aud so prove themselves the cause of almost FOODS — liLMAN NUTRITION. 767 iiit'StiuiaMe loss. In corrospoiulonco, It has been learned that Newell has fonnd at Haton Ko>iKe. Lonisiana. that the ants vigorously attack the larvic in the hives and also earry away stored honey. These colonies have, however, been prote«'teil by the use of a stand having four legs, each resting in a dish of water. Mention is made of an ant which the author has observed in Mon- tana to attack an«l cut uit live bees at the hive entrance. The silk industry. K. L. Pexafiki. { I'rdcth-as dc I itfliistrin Hedera. Mddrid: lidit., I'.tin. pp. 103, p'ifs. 3S). — In this guide details are given of the raising of silkworms and of silk production. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Constituents of the urine and blood and the bearing of the metabolism of Bengalis on the problems of nutrition, I). McC.vy (.sV/. Mon. M/(. (il ) . — This coniitrehensive investigation was undertaken jiarticnlarly to study the relation of the native diet, low in nitrogen and high in nonnitrogenous constituents, to physical condition, body development, health and elticiency in comparison with the diet of Anglo-Indians and Eurasians in India. As a part of the investigation, analyses were made on four (U- live consecutive days of the urine of 28 native students and assistants of the higher castes and of l(i natives of other castes, all of these being adult Hindus upon their ordi- nary diet. Observations were al.so made upon the blood of 170 Bengalis, two- 1 birds of them students and the remainder of different classes, but all ai)par- cntly in good health and typical of the groups selected. The urine data showed that the average quantity of total nitrogen, urea, uric acid, and sulphates was lower than with Europeans according to the coniparison made. Differences were also noted in the blood. As regards the observed low blood pressure of Itengalis in comi)arison with Europeans, the author believes that it nuist affect their vigor anan origin: and yet froni the evidence we can find no cause iidierent In the Hengali as a rac«' for this deficiency: on the contrary, we consider that there may be a very close relationship between the lower physical devi'loimient of this iK'ople and the meager itroteid constituent of the diet on which they HMl)Sist." Studies are reixtrled iu detail of the nitrogen balance of 2 students living for 4 days on a diet consisting largely of rice and legumes. With the total <• jiutetl intake 'M.H4 and 42.24 gm. nitrogen, resiwctively. there wer»> gains of ().,S<» and ()..'il gm. The nitrogen of the feces was very large, constituting from 2.'{..s<; to 2."».42 i»er cent of that ingested. .\ similar .set of inve.sttgations followed ou 4 healthy prisoners for 35 days at Lard labor on a diet lu which 768 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. prnctically all the nitrofien was derived from rice and dliall (legimies). From 24.UT to 20.72 per cent of the nitrogen was excreted in the feces, bnt the nitrogen absorbed, iiveraging 0.185 gm. per kilogram daily, is believed to have been suf- ficient to meet all nitrogenous requirements. This large waste in the alimentary canal is deemed by the author exceedingly objectionable, not only from its economic aspects, but also in that it tends to permit excessive bacterial growth and the formation of toxic compounds, and he believes that it must be a factor in the prevalence of intestinal disorders and the causation of dysentery and kindred diseases. From records extending over long periods the character and" nutritive value of the diet of Bengali and Anglo-Indian and Eurasian students in Indian col- leges are reixirted. The native diet in accordance with the usual food habits ctmtained large proi)ortions of carbohydrate foods, and little animal food, while that of the Anglo-Indian and Eurasian students was liberal as regards animal foods and other food constituents. Data of this character are summarized in the following table : Nutrients in divtunj of students in njlteues in India. [(tuantit.v ix-r man per day. 1 Group studied. Number of persons. Bengali students I 5(i8 Bengali students (more deficient dietary) Anglo-Indian and Eurasian students Do ". 1 126 Protein. Gm. 67.1 43.6 87.6 94.97 Fat. Gm. 71.6 33.9 54.7 56.2 Carbo- hydrates. Gm. 548. 7 •200. 3 376. 5 467.0 Tabulated records extending over a large number of years were also avail- able to the author as to the physical measurements of the 5()8 Bengali students included in the above table whose dietaiy provided a protein intake of GT.l gm. per day of which 50.8 gm. was estimated to be digestible. Althou.gh these students entered colle.ge at an avera,ge a.ge of 17 or 18 years, the average increase in body weight from the tirst to the third year of their stay was but 2 lbs., only 1.5..3 per cent gaining continuously and 42.8 per cent showing a diminution. The chest girth also remained practically stationary, while the height increased from li to 24 in. It is concluded that " the metabo- lism of 0.148 gm. nitrogen per kilogram of body weight Is not sufficient to meet the nitrogenous needs of the growing Bengali, and in from 30 to 40 per cent of the 508 examined was insufficient to ]>revent the loss of formed tissue proteid as the loss in body weight would appear to mean." Similar data for 120 Anglo- Indian and Eurasian students in the same colle.ge showed that on the diet fur- nished them, which supplied 0.203 gm. nitrogen per kilogram the students gained 14 lbs. in the first 3 years, only 2 per cent showing a diminution in weight. " The two classes enter college at about the same age, live in the same climate and under very similar conditions . . . but the results at the end of their college career are very different. The Anglo-Indian and Eurasian boys develop into strong, healthy men quite up to the average of Eurojiean standards, while the Bengali students almost remain stationai'y as regards development." Interesting statistics are given and comjiarisons made regarding the physical endurance of Bengali and European laborers, which, according to the author, show the decided superiority ol: tlie Europeans. FOODS — HUMAN NUTKITION. 7G9 In (liscnssiiij; tlic flTcct of uiitive diet on healtli, it is pointctl ont that tin- low- est iiisiiraiicf rate for native Indians is SS jier cent hifilier than tiuit for Enro- peans in Knrope and tliat tiiere are many restrietions. Records of medical cases treated in the Medical College IIos|)itaI in Calcutta showed that the itro- portion of natives treated for kichiey diseases was a little over twice that of lOuropeans. Accordinj: to the author, it is surprisinj; to tind so great a preva- lence of renal disease '" in a country whiM'e scarlet fever is tndvuown." and in his opinion the ohserved facts do not indicate that " with a low proteid diet kidney function is less likely to become impaired. So far as the evidence goes, it would tend to show that, even with the exceedingly low nitrogenous intake of the population of Bengal, kidney disease is more conmion among natives than among Kuroiieans." Susceptibility to diabetes is also discussed. "Diabetes mellitus in Europeans is not accompanied in any very high percentage of cases by organic changes in the kidney — at least not in the earlier stages of the disease: whereas in the r.engali. albuminuria, even at the beginning of dietetic glycosuria, is fairly com- mon. We are greatly inclined to think that the explanation of these differences rests largely with the nutritive power of tlie plasma in tlie two classes of i)e()- ple; the |)oor nitrogen content of the plasma in the Bengali starving tlie renal cells and causing them to lose their physiological property of preventing a fil- tration of the serum albumin of the blood into the tubules. ... It would, therefcu'e. appear that tht' large carbohydrate intake rendered necessary by a diet poor in nitrogen, and of course much more so the great (piautities of sugar consumed by the Bengali, is even more likely to lead to injury and damage to the delicate tissues of glandular and other organs and to a dinunution in the resisting power of the system than any excessive nitrogenous intake." Parsimony in nutrition, J. Ckichton-Bkowne (Jour. Roy. Iiixf. Pub. Jlcdllli, hi (UtO.S). Xos. 8. pp. .'ilt-.'iHl; n, pp. 527-002).— \ critical di.scnssion of low liroteid diet which the author does not regard as generally desirable. Fads and feeding, C. S. Bkad [Lomlon, l!)OS, pp. 1(>3 ; rcr. in liiil. Med. ■I'tKi:. lOOS, Xo. 2o01, p. leS-ff). — A popular discussion of different systems of dift. Retail prices of food. 1890 to 1907 iliin: of Labor \U. ,s'.l liul. 77. />/). IHI-.i,i2). — A compilation of data regarding retail prices of fooil which on an average, it is stated, were higher in 1!M)7 than in any other year of the IS-ycar lieriod included, being 4.2 \)QV cent higher than in 100(>. Cost of living of the working classes in the prizacipal industrial towns of Great Britain [Hiir. of Labor \('. S'.] llul. 77. /»/*. .J.i^/^.f.T.n.— The data lici'e re;M»rted were presented to Bai'liament in December, IJM)?, by the Labor Depart- ment of the Itritish Boaid of Trade and represent the result of a comparative study of rents, prices paid for foods .ind other conun. 7-10). — A summary and discussion of data including legal enactments regarding drawn versus undrawn poultry. More extended legislation is recom- mended. According to the authoi*, arguments are all iu favor of drawing i«)nltry. As he points out, it should be carefully drawn and kept as clean as largi'r animals " not only for keeping qualities but for healthfulness and llavor." The article was presented at tlie twelfth annual convention of the Association of State and National FtMxl and Dairy Departments, 11)08. The water content of sausage, A. Kohrio (Ber. Vhcm. Untvr.such. Anst. j.iipzig, 1907, p. 13; ahx. in Zt.schr. Unicrsuvh. Xalir. ii. Grniissnitl., Ui (1908), Xo. 6, p. 3(!0). — IX'terminations of the water content of several sorts of sausage jirc n>porled. Water content of sausage, II. Kreis (Iter. Clirni. Lab. nastl, 1907. pp. 2f. 22; uhs. in yjuchr. Unlcr.'iUcli. Xalii: u. G. 370, .ill; ab.s. in Clicni. Zentbl., 1908, J I, No. 1, />/). 91, 92). — An analysis is reported of spoiled plum jam in conii)arison with analyses of 2 sami)les of norma 1 taste and ai>pearance. Olive oil, A. Mctiiu. {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. [Canada] Bui. 159, pp. 10).— Ot 82 sjimples of olive oil examined 64 were found to be genuine and 15 adulter- atetl. while .'} sanii)les which were sold as salad oil without the use of the word "olive" were designated as doubtful. New experiments on olive preservation, G. Frezzotti (Bol. Uffic. Min. Agr., liiiliis. r Coin, [h'onicl, 7 ( 1908). IV, No. 9. pp. ,s\W-89les. ■■ It would not, however, be sjife to Infer the use of alum in every case in which a reaction for iiMnnina was obtained. Owing to the proni> habit of cu- cumbers, and the liability to take ui>, in the creases of tlu' pericarp, minute 774 EXPERIMENT STATIOlSr RECORD. partk-les of clay, and further to the possibility of a slifjht solubility of such clay by prolonged contact with acetic acid, it may be that, where merely traces of alumina were found, these may be accounted for. as above suggested. It is, however, noteworthy that 124 samples gave no reaction with tests for alumina. This fact seems to warrant the conclusion that, where distinct traces of alum- ina are found in solution, the use of alum is indicated." Twelve of the samples gave reactions for salicylic acid and an equal number for sulphurous acid. No other preservative (except vinegar) was found. In the greater part of the samples the strength of the vinegar ranged from 1.5 to 3 per cent acetic anhydrid. Changes produced in mustard by proteus and the poisoning which follows, E. Bertarelli and M. Marchelli (Ztschr. Untersiich. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 16 (1908), Xo. 6. pp. 3o3-359). — An experimental study of the changes produced in mustard by the growth of micro-organisms. Adulteration in red pepper, P. Grandmont {Bui. Agi: Algerie et Tunisic, l-'f (1908). Xo. 17, pp. 436-.'iS8). — Data are given regarding the examination of :ululterated red pepper in comjiarison with a sample of known quality. Pepper adulterated with vetch seeds, Fleury (Trav. 8ci. Univ. Renncs, 6 (1907). \o. 1, pp. I'i0-l',.l\. — A sunmiary and discussion of data on this topic. Influence of preservatives and other substances added to foods upon health and metabolism, H. W. Wiley {Proc. Amen Phil. Soc, 47 (1908), No. 189, pp. 302-328. fig. 1). — A summary of the results of the author's investiga- tions with preservatives. His deduction is, that if the conclusions based upon ex])eriniental data are correct there can be no justification of the addition of chemical preservatives to human foods and, furthermore, " successful manufac- turing establishments have demonstrated beyond peradventure that better, mure wholesome, and niore permanent forms of food products cau be produced with- out the aid of any preservative whatever." Nitrous acid as an antiseptic, J. H. Shepard (BuJ. Kans. Bd. Health, ^ {1908), Xo. 9, pp. 225-231; Pure Products, // {1908), No. 10, pp. J,o5-J,63; Amer. Food Jour., S {1908), Xo. 9, pp. 11-1 -'t, fig. 1). — In a paper presented before the twelfth annual convention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments, 1908. the author reports the results of studies undertaken to determine whether nitrous acid hindered ferment action. "N'arying strengths were used in tests made with starch and diastase, with starch and ptyalin. with starch, pepsin, and egg albumin, and with starch and paucreatin, and it was found that even in high dilution digestion was retarded. "Any chemical in dilution of 1 part to 100,000 which will retard digestion nearly 25 per cent should not be permitted in any food product in any quantity whatever. And more especially is this true in the case of flour. . . . The addition of nitrous acid to flour is not only useless, it is dangerous." If white bread is desired, the author suggests that it be secured by thoroughly aerating the dough and not by bleaching. Benzoic acid, K. B. Lehmann {Chrm. Ztg., 32 {1908), Xo. 79, pp. 9'i9-9.j2).— A digest of available data regarding the nature and hygienic effect of this pre- servative. The influence of soaking on the boric acid content of canned goods, A. RoHRiG {Ber. Chem. UntersucJi, Anst. Leipzig, 1907, p. 13; aba. in Ztschr. Unter- such. Xahr. u. GenussmtL, 16 {1908). Xn. 6, pp. 359, 360). — The amount of boric acid in canned goods was found to be diminished by washing or soaking. Food analysis No. 16, E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson (Bui. Kans. Bd.\ Health, .) {1908), Xo. 6, pp. 1^8-150). — Data are given regarding the examina-j tion of beverages, extracts, vinegar, sugar, and baking i)owder. FOODS — [fl'MAN NUTRITION. 775 Food analysis No. 18. J. T. Wim-aud ( Hiil. Kun-i. lUI. JlctiUh, .'/ (1908), \o. !>. 1>I>. .iti-.m). — Kxiiiiiiiijitioiis uiiiiU' uiuU'r the Stato i)iire food law are reported of a larj;e number of sjiiiii)les of vinegar, luilk and eream, lee cream. l>everages, jind miscellaneous food products. In conni>ction with the question of testing for sulphites in foods, samples of ;,'reen sweet corn, raw and cooked in different ways, were distilled with dilute phosphoric acid. *' The distillate was o.xidized by bromin water and tested for sulphuric acid with barium chlorid in the usual way." In every case a precipi- tate was obtainetl. showing that some sulphur compound is cleaved from the fresh corn under the experimental conditions. The evolution of sulphur from \egetable substances was still further tested with fresh sweet potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, cabbage, string beans, peas, celery, and onions, and sulphur was found in the distillate in all cases except with cucumbers and peas. Foodstuffs, D. IIooi'KK {Ann. lipt. IikUuii Musi. IiuIhs. Sect., 1D07-S, pp. 19-21 ) . — An analysis of bark used as food is reported as well as data regarding the examination of samples of rice, ragi tailings, tamarind seed, castor meal, sugars, and a tea substitute. The new Kentucky foods and drugs act, M. A. Scovell {Amo: Food Jour., 3 {19(JS), \o. 9, pp. I'l, 13, 21). — In this paper presentetl before the twelfth annual convention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments. 1908. the author discusses legislation recently enacted In Ken- tucky regarding foods and drugs. Dairy and food laws of the State of Washington ( OJiiinpin. Wasli., 1901. pp. 3.'i). — A compilation of the dairy and food laws in the State of Washington enacted up to the close of the legislative session of 1907. Legislation for the control of adulteration and falsification of food products. .M. TovBEAU (La Lryishition Rrprcssirv des FraiKh •< ct Falsifications sur /r.s I'roduits Alimcntaires. Thesis, Univ. Paris, 1908, pp. 215). — An his- torical and critical digest of pure food legislation in France. In an appendix pure food legislation in some other countries is briefly summarized. Progress in the chemistry of food and condiments in the year 1907, 11. KvTTKNKEULER (Chcm. Ztg.. 32 (1908), \os. 59, pp. 693-695; 60, pp. 709-711: 61, pp. 720, 721). — A summary of investigations which have been reported along the principal lines of food chemistry. Food and nutrition laboratory manual, Isahkl Hkvier and Susaxnah I'siiKK {liostoii, 1908, pp. 7',). — In Ibis revision results of investigations pub- lished siiic»! the tirst edition apiiearcd (10. S. U.. is, ]». .")(;ii) have been included. On the assimilation of protein introduced parenterally, W. Cramer iJoiir. I'til/xiol., 37 (1908), A'o. 2, pp. t'i6-157). — The results obtained in the investiga- tions show, according to the author,, "that protein which has passed unchanged through the intestinal wall can be assimilatwl and evidence is adduced to show that this assimilation is brought about by the leucocytes ingesting the protein. "Tins Ic.'ids naturally t. Hawk (Jour. Biol. Chctn., .5 (1908), No. 4, pp. 355-359). — The conclusions drawn from the experiments reported follow : " The average daily excretion of uric acid for 10 men, ranging in age from 19 to 29 years, and fed a normal mixed diet was 0.597 gm., a value somewhat lower than the generally accepted average of 0.7 gm. for such a period. " The average daily protein ingestion for these same subjects, when permit- ted to select their diet, was 91.2 gm. or 1.33 gm. per kilogram of body weight." Experiments on the daily variation in the work of the kidneys on a con- stant diet, M. P.raet^ner (Ztschr. Klin. Med., 65 (1908), p. 438; abs. in Zcnthl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path Stofficcchsels, n. ser., 3 (1908), No. 20, p. 789).— Wide variations were noted in the nitrogen and chlorin excretion and the molecular diuresis on diets with both a limited and a normal amount of common salt. Increased body temperature of men working in hot climates, S. Kurita (Arch. Schiffs u. Tropen Hyg., 11, (1907), No. 21, pp. 682-683).— Observations made with stokers showed increased body temperature, pulse rate and rate of respiration as compared with engineers woi'kiug at a somewhat lower tempera- ture. After about 2 hours the body temperature again dropped to normal. The author concludes therefore that at least 2 hours' rest is essential after work has been performed where the air is excessively hot. The minimum physiological energy requirement, J. Lefevre {Jour. Physiol, et Path. 06n., 9 (1907), pp. 939-947; ahs. in BibUographia Physiol., 3. ser., 3 (1907), No. 3-4, p. 275). Direct calorimetric measurement of the minimum physiological energy requirement, J. Lefevre {Jour. Physiol, ct Path. G6n., 9 (1907), pp. 969-977: abs. in BihMographia Physiol., 3. ser., 3 (1907), No. 3-4, p. 275).— According to the author all heat iu excess of 1,450 calories per day eliminated by the I I ANIMAL I'HODrcrTON. 777 iiiiiiiaii IxKJy is Iu'.mI of tliomio-geiiesis ; that is, it is producetl for maintaining !li»' liciiy t«'n)pi'ratiiit'. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The iniprovement of the Alpine region as a stock raising country (Ann. Sti. Agnin., S. scr., S U908), I, i)/). ll.'i-lSS). — A report by various authors to tho i:i«hth International Congress, held at Vienna in May, 1907, which eiuplia- sizos the need of improving the pastures and other natural resources of the ref^ion adapted for stock raising. Hays of southern Italy. F. Scurti and (i. dk 1'i..\to (Staz. ^Sper. Ayr. ItaL, /// ( li)OS), \(). 7. III). JS.i-'iS.'i). — This contains tables showing the botanical and chemical analyses of 47 sjimples of hay collected fnmi different localities in southern Italy. About 50 per cent of the plants which composed the hay were true grasses, 25 per cent legumes, and 25 per cent of different families. Sam- ples with ai>pro.\-iniate!y this ratio of species contained from 7.09 to 13.89 per cent of protein. 10.10 to 22.59 carbohydrates, and 1.79 to 3.01 per cent of fat. A biblioirraphy is includcHl. The available energy of red clover hay. II. P. Armshy and J. A. Fries {Landic. Jahrb., 37 {I908\, No. S-Jf. i)i). J,^S-.'f95). — A German translation of Bulletin 101 of the liureau of Animal Industry of this Department, already noted (E. S. R., 19, p. SCO). Preservation of frozen turnips as ensilage, Fingkrlinu ( Wiirttvnth. Wclnibl. Ldnilic, inOS, No. 44, />• 739). — The author recommends storing frozen turnips, which would otherwise be wasted, in pits and mixed with straw and chaff. The hole should be covered with a plank or a thick layer of straw and heavily weighted. The grape as a feed for animals (Indus. Ijttt. c Zootrc. H { 11)08) , Xo. 20, /III. 2,i9, 230). — A discussion of the nutritive value of different parts of the grapevine, with analyses. The use of grapevine prunings as forage, K. Portele, trans, by E. Ottavi (Colttratorc, o'f (1908), \o. ///, ijp. .'i.59-.'i62). — The waste twigs cut from grape- vines pos.sess .55 to 60 per cent as much nutrient matter as meadow hay. They should be ground u]) and fed in uioderate cpiantities. Concentrated feeding stuffs, A. Mmkizio ( hniftfuttcnnittcl. Hanover, 1!)08, III). l\ +112). — A short treatise on animal feeding stuffs that have a higher nutritive value than hays. It includes gr.-iins. leguminous hay, molasses, meat in<';il. Mud fiictory by-products. Feeding stuffs, H. E. Annett, F. V. Dakiiisiure, and E. J. Russell (Jour. Soiithnt.'it. Ayr. Col. Wye, 1907, No. 16, pp. 201-214). — The substances analyzetl are linseed cak«', cocoanut t•akl^ maize germ meal, rice meal, edible seaweed, and siliige. [Analyses of stock feeds], II, Inolk (Tr(in,'. ..'/.'' ii)3). — This rt'iiort contains analyses of forage crops and of the ".ioege<'" bean, already noted ( E. S. R., 19, p, 1100). In addition, analyses .•in- given of peanuts, maraamas ( liauhinia sp.V), sugar beets, and chicory. Residual products of oil factories as animal foods, A. Nardini (Istria Agr., I ( l!>()8). .\ii. 22, pp. ■'i7()-'i7!)). — Analyses are given of the residues fnmi the manufacture of llnseiHl, sesame, peanut, and cocoanut oil.s. Starch in feedstuffs, M, II, Davls (Daily Vnnxular and Trade Rpts. \U. K.l. r.ios, \i,. .{.in;, I, ft, J, ,7). — American corn feeds may be imported t(» (Jermany frtM' of duty if they contain less than .".5 per cent of starch, but (Jerman methods of deternnning stan-h content are so different from American methods that a fetMl which passes in this country as containing '.VI to ."Jo per cent of 778 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. 8turc-li yields, when subjected to German tests, about 50 to nn per cent. The method of determiuation uow used in Germany is described in detail. It is known as the diastase method and was first described in the fifth edition of Max Maercker's Haudbuch des Spiritusfabrikatiou, in 1908. Gluten feeds — artificially colored, E. Gudeman {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 30 (190S), Jo. 10, pp. 1623-1626). — Examinations made during the past year of 90 samples of gluten feeds have shown that 68 samples, or over 75 per cent of those examined, have contained added coloring matter. "Of 6 samples received direct from manufacturers, only 1 showed a very slight amount of added color. " Examinations made on different kinds of corn, ranging from white to dark red, and on the component parts of corn (bran, germ, and gluten), in all cases gave negative results for added color, tested under like conditions with the gluten feeds. The evaporated steep-water often gives a faint color x-eaction, similar to caramel (sugar) coloring, on the first wool samples. . . . " The purpose of adding color to gluten feeds is only for deception, to make them appear better than they really are or to hide some inferiority, such as the use of rotten, burnt, or fermented corn." The methods of examination are described in detail. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. — Anim^als, L. H. Bailey et al. (Neio York, 1908, voJ. 3, pp. XVI +708, pis. 25, flgs. 681).— As in the first two volumes of this cyclopedia (E. S. R., 18, p. 1088; 19, p. 733) the various topics are written by specialists. This third volume is divided into three parts. Part 1, the animal and its relations, treats of the domestication, breeding, feeding, exhibiting and market- ing of animals, the physiology of the animal body, diseases and management, and wild life in its relation to farming. Part 2 treats of dairy products, meat and meat products, including the tanning of hides, and an account of the leather industry. Part 3 takes up at length the North American farm animals, and discusses the origin and characteristics of the various breeds of live stock uow found in the L'nited States and Canada. Heredity, J. A. Thomson (London, 1908, pp. XVI-i-605, pis. 15, figs. 3-'i).— This book, which is intended as an introduction to the study of heredity, includes 14 chapters, a representative bibliography of 48 pages arranged in alphabetical order, and a 20-page subject index to the bibliography. The subject is c6nsidei-ed under the following chapter headings : Heredity and inheritance, defined and illustrated; the physical basis of inheritance: heredity and variation ; common modes of inheritance ; reversion and allied phenomena ; telegony and other disputed questions ; the transmission of acquired characters ; heredity and disease; statistical study of inheritance; experimental study of inheritance; history of theories of heredity and inheritance: heredity and development: heredity and sex; and social aspects of biological results. Inbreeding, Mendelisni, and the elucidation of live stock history, J. Wil- son (Irish Nat., 11 (1908), iSlo. 11, pp. 2Ji3, 2//-',).— This is an abstract ofl a paper read at the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science. The author emphasizes the advantages of inbreeding, and cites the deer as an example in nature. " The strongest male retains command of a flock until he is ousted by some other animal, who is in all probability a younger brother or a son of the previous master male." The various theories of the origin of the Dexter breed of cattle are reviewed and discarded. " Mendelisni shows clearly that the Dexter is a hybrid breed, the original races being a slender black race and a stout red one like the Devon breed of cattle. . . . IMendelism is evidently going to be of great service to the historian of live stock." ANIMAL I'liODl'CTTON. 779 Color of Shorthorn cattle {('oiiiilij/ IJfc \ London]. >', ilHOS). \o. C/N, pp. \ L\ 1 1 1 . I.). — ]'.ru'f imtt's on Meiulclisin in Sliortlioni i-.ittlc. Offspring of wliil*' iiiul niMn jinoostors repttrted ms ml .t.'eiR'r;ilIy prove to have more or less wliite hair. Mendel's law reveals the importance of more accurate descrii)tious in the herd book. The cost of producing' beef in winter, K. .7. .T. .Mackknzik (Jour. fill. Ar/i: [I.ondon], 15 (t'JOS), No. //, pp. 2od-260). — A discussiou of results previously noted (E. S. R., 10, p. 773; IS, y,. (JOG). Feeding experiments with mature oxen and sheep (Landw. Wchtischr. Sdcliurn, 10 {190S), No. 38, pp. 3,i2, 33S). — A ration low in protein fed to 8 oxen for 3 months showed a total gain of 900 lbs., as compared to a similar gain of 72() lbs. on a ration high in protein. In the latter ration there was an actual loss of GO lbs. during the last 20 days of the experiment. When similar I'ations were fed to sheep, however, there was a total gain of 1,014 lbs. at a cost of s.O cts. per pound on the ration poor in protein, and a similar gain of 1,2G8 lbs. at a cost of 7.8 cts. per pound on the ration rich in protein. Breeding sheep for mutton, G. M. McKkown (Affi: (la:;. N. »S. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 6, pp. 489-^96, figs. 6). — Various crosses have been tried to ascertain the most profitable sheep for the small land owner in New South Wales. A lamb that can be sold at 4 or 5 months of age is desired, and so far the best results have been obtained from a Shroi)shire ram and a Lincoln-merino ewe. The author discusses the best crojjs for nnitton production. Sheep raising for the production of wool in western Africa, Y. Hknry (Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 8 (1908), No. U(J, pp. 182-192, figs. £?).— Methods of raising sheep and marketing wool as practiced in the Soudan are described. Goats (Jour. Jamaica Agr. Soc, 12 (1908), Nos. 4, pp. 102-10-',; 10, pp. 337- S'lO). — The tyi^es of goats kept on the island are the Maltese, Anglo-Nubian, and Swls.s-Toggenburg for milk, the common Jamaica goat for nuitton, and the Angora f. Berlin, 190S). — That potatoes are the best home-grown substance for ]iig feeding is rejiortt'd as the result of a cooperativi' series of experiments carried on at 17 different stations under the direction of the (Jerman Agricultural Society til estimate the value (»f potatoes when fed in varying i»roporti(»n with sup- lilemeutary jirotein fewls. Skim milk, meat meal, tish meal, bran of grains, husks of fruits, and oil cake were the su|)plements used. Tlie normal ration liropo.sed was G.2 kg. i)rotein per 1,000 kg. live weight for pigs weighing 20 kg., but tlie proi)ortion of jtrotein was decrea.sed as the animals grew older, so that when animals had reached l.'JO kg. in weight they would receive for the normal ration rmly 2.4 kg. jtrotein iier 1,(MM) kg. live weight. 'I'lie experiments showed that steamed potatoes were au excellent food for fattening swine, this agreeing with practical exp«'rience. It is staled that po- tatoes can compose HO to GO per cent of the digestible carbohydrates of the ration and in .some cases even more. An increa.se of |)rotein above tfie normal amount was found to l)e of no advantage, a large increase iiroducing lameness. .\ dtH-rease of 1") to 20 iwr cent of normal i)rotein diminished the live weight and increaswl the amount of carbohydrates consumed, yet where a slow fatten- ing with clieaii f I^* if< desirer vetches. Report of Malmohus County cow-testing association, 1907—8, L. Nanneson (Malnui. Lans Hu.shiiU. lroduce indol to any extent. Milk and its relation to infectious diseases, J. W. Tr.\sk (Jour. Anicr. Med. Aftsoc, .')1 ilHOH), Xo. IH, pp. 1 '/fil-l 'i96). — A review of investigations by differ- ent observers concerning milk and butter as carriers of typhoid fever, scarlet fever. dii)htheria. and tuberculosis germs. The supervision of the milk supply in towns and cities and the prepara- tion of germ-free milk for children, Bettkndohk and Stier (Ztschr. Flcisch 11. Mihlilijiff., 10 (n>OS). So. 2. pp. 6.',-75).—A lecture before the (Jerman So- ciety of Naturalists and Physicians at Cologne, September 20, IDOS. The stiin- gent supervision by physicians of the quality of the milk supply is insisted upon. The methods of detecting adulterants and estimating the bacterial content are reviewed. Directions are given for i>reparing milk for bottle-fed infants. Chicago pasteurizing rules (I'ucipc Dairy Rev., 12 {1!K)S), \o. Ji2, pp. It. I.{). — ('hicago is the tiist large American city to make pasteurization com- pulsory. Every pint of milk sold in that city must come from cows that have jiasstHl the tuberculin test or be subjected to pasteurization, and every pound of dairy products must come from such cows or made from i)asteurized milk. The rules are given in full. Process and apparatus for keeping milk sound, T. C. Moi.i.incik .md A. i{oMiMKs {IJnglish J'at. 2.')..i;i,t A or. /.). lUOl. ■/our. ,s'oc. ('hem. Indus., 28 ' UK)!)), \o. I, p. 3()). — A patented i)rocess Is d«'scribed by which nulk is pasteur- ized iiiid licrnietically sejiied in bottles. The judging of milk with the aid of the fermentation test, F. I^ohnis ( l/i7c// y.ti/.. .il (IHOS), So. 1,1. pp. ',S',. /,.S.7).— The author advocates the use of the ferm<'iitation test as an aid in judging the purity of milk. His recent exi)eri- nients indicate that 10 to 12° ('. is the best lempeiature for keeping the milk. Mis methods are described in detail. Investigations on the fatty acids of butter, M. Sii:(ikei.ii ( Mihlnr. Zrnthl., S inm\, .\o. 7. pp. 2!-2(i2 ; ('hem. ZUj., 32 {1908), So. ',2, pp. ,'iO.j, ,jOU). — I'-rom an investigation of the piopcrlies of fatty acids the 784 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. juithor thinks there is little, if any. stearic acid in butter. The high melting point and the molecular weight of tlie fatty acids in butter would indicate a consider- able amount of stearic acid, but it may be possible that this result is brought about by the formation of dioxystearic acid from the oxidation of oleic acid. [The presence of acidity in cream starters], J. H. Monrad (A'. Y. Produce Rev. and Antcr. Crrititi.. ^6 (1908). \o. 23, p. 9S6). — The maximum acidity advocated by butter maimers ranges from 48 to 60 cc. (Mann's test). This range in opinion is due, no doubt, to the fact that those who favor the lower figure are worliing with a different organism than are those who favor a higher degree of acidity. On the influence of feed on milk and cheese. O. Jensen (Alwlkeritid., 21 (1908), Xo. 38, pp. 665-689). — The author concludes that " the quality of cheese can be influenced by the feed : this influence is, however, to a less degree a direct chemical than an indirect bacteriological one. The main factors in the manufacture of good cheese, besides expert knowledge, are healthy cows, proper cooling of the milk, and scrupulous cleanliness. These factors are of far greater importance in the manufacture of cheese than in butter making." On the influence of feeding of root crops on Swiss cheese, Benterud and IVERSEN (Aarsber. Offetitl. Foranst. Landhr. Frcmmc. 1907. Statsforanstalt., pp. 51.'t-o39). — Experiments conducted at three different cheese factories gave results showing that turnips fed either in moderate quantities with considerable hay and straw and but small quantities of grain, or fed heavily in connection with a variety of feeds and considerable amounts of grain, did not protluce any deleterious effect on the quality of Swiss cheese. On the contrary, in most cases the quality was improved by the feeding of turnips, even when as much as 30 kg. per head were fed daily. A relatively small number of feeding trials with turnip leaves and potatoes gave results indicating a similar beneficial effect on the Swiss cheese produced. The contradiction between common Swiss experience and these results is probably explained by differences in the quality of the milk used. Norwegian milk requires the use of more rennet and a longer stirring after having been set than Swiss milk, and the cheese is spongy and filled with fine holes. If a higher temperature is used in after-heating the cheese becomes dry. This peculiarity of the Norwegian milk appears to be partly overcome by the feeding of roots. Apparently Swiss cheese produced from milk of root-fed cows can more readily undergo the correct fermentation than is the case when roots are not fed. On Norwegian whey and goat cheeses and their analyses, S. Hals and E. SuNDE (Tidskr. Kemi Farm, og Ten, 5 (1908). Xos. 13. pp. 8; 16. pp. 10).— Descriptions and analyses of the different kinds of Norwegian whey and goat cheeses are given. The authors studied methods of identification of goat-milk fat for the purpose of establishing adulterations of goat cheese with cows' milk. The most promising method of identification is the ratio between Polenske and Reichert-Meissl numbers, which appears to be narrower for goat-milk fat than for fat from cows' milk (1:5 as compared with 1 : 8 to 1 : 9), the Polenske number for goat-milk fat being as a general rule lower than for fat from cows' milk, while the saponification number is higher. [Gorgonzola cheese], G. Cornalba (Coltivatore. 5} (1908), Nos. J/O. pp. ^26-429; 41, PP- .'i62-',65: i,2. pp. >,8.5->i90; 43. pp. 519-523; 49, pp. 720-124; 50, 752-755). — A series of popular articles on the origin, importance, characteristics, and manufacture of Gorgonzola cheese. [The use of baritine in cheese rind], W. B. Cutting, Jr. (Mo. Consular and Trade Rpts. \U. S.], 1908. No. 337. p. 144; Pract. Dairyman, 2 (1908). No. 7, p. 76). — Baritine, which contains sulphate of barium, is sometimes applied to the rind of Gorgonzola cheese, being used priucii)ally on cheese exported during VETERINARY MEDICINE. 785 the Slimmer months. Tlio importation of this cheese uito France has recently been prohibited on account of the use of this material. A commission appointetl by the Italian ministry of a;:riculture has reported that sulphate of barium is innocuous because of its insolubility, but also recommends that white clay, powdered talc, brick dust, or some other substitute be used in its stead in order to remove any hindrance with the development of this important export. The preparation of rennet, S. MarisJo (Rev. Mens. Cdm. Merc, 8 (WOH), \o. 93. pp. 2'.>U-.i0.i). — Methods of pi'ocuring rennet from plants and animals and its i)reparation for use in powdered or liquid form is discusse.6 l)er cent nitrogen-free extract. 4.90 per cent total acids. 0.577 per cent volatile acids, 1.62 i)er cent cream of tartar, 1.10 per cent tannin, and 2.294 per cent ash. The same kind of wine kept in glass analyzed as follows: Alcohol 10 per cent, nitrogen-free extract 27.4 per cent, total acids .").r>5 i»er cent, volatile acids 0.72 per cent, cream of tartar 1.S2 jH'r cent, tannin 1.22 per cent, and ash 2.32 per cent. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Three diseases of animals which have recently assumed importance to the State sanitarian, .1. K. Mohi.kk {Amer. Vet. Rer., J.'/ (1908), \i>. 2. pp. 198-208). — Infectious anemia, mycotic lymphangitis, and chronic bacterial dysentery have recently be«'n found to have a greater distribution in this country than has heretofore been known. Infectious anemia, known al.so as swamp fever, and by several other names, has recently Ikhmi invest i gat e«l. An ultrami<"roscopic organism has iteen defi- nitely determined as the cause of the disease. Formerly su|»posi'd to l)e con- Hne/.. /.W7-N. /ii, iiart '2 to ihv treatUK'iit of disc^ase, auil part 3 to breedinj^ operations. Aiiionj; the diseases nientioiied as having occurred during the j-ear are glanders, surra, rinderpest, hemorrhagic septi- cemia, foot-and-mouth disease, black quarter, anthrax, and rabies. Tables are upiiended showing the miinber of deaths from contagious eriments with nian.v variations were pex*- formed in the attempt to transmit East Coast fever by means other than through the metlium of ticks. As these all failetl there appears to be no way of arti- ficially immunizing animals. The Tzaiieen virus used in the inoculation of mules against hoi'se sickness, for some unaccountable reason became inert during the year and the ordinary strain was resorted to. Since 1!K)."), S.KiCt mules have been inoculated with a mortality of .'521) or .3.7 per cent. From statistics at hand it is estimate,7S.3 horses and noninoculated iiniles died. Further investigations of horse sickness are reported. Ex|>erinients made show that equines can be inoculated against piroplas- niosis with a small risk of mortality providing certain precautions are observed. Virus obtained from the eleventh to eighteenth generations has been uschI successfully in inoculating against blue tongue in sheep. It is stated that the farmers are unanimous in testifying to the ellicacy of this vaccine. A dise;ise of s1i(H'|) known as gouw-ziekte which had appeared at repeati^l intervals from 1!m»4 to T.MMi was inv(>stigated and is believed to be a specitic disease. A dis<'ase known as stilT sickness or tlie ;i-days' sickness attacked cattle In several localities but was of e|»henieral luitiu'e and did not cause serious damage. There was an tnuisnal increase of XtnmgiihtK cfintnrtiis in many i)arts of the Transviuil. Besides these wirewornis. (Esitpliagoxtouta cDliiinhianinn were pres<'nt to a large extent. A detailed report is given of mi<'roscopic and anatom- ical examinations. Animal diseases, Tr( kkk {Ann. h'jil. Itipt. Agr. mid StocI: {(Jiiccnslanil \. i;K)7-f<. pp. I'l-IH). — A brief ai'c«innt is given of the diseases occurring dtiring the year in sheejt. calves, and yoniii: stock, adult cattle. ln)rses. and pigs. I{(>dw,Mter TTlS'.l— («) 7 788 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. is reported to have spread during tbe 3'ear into luiiufected territory, a heavy mortality i-esultiug, small dairymen in some cases losing their entire herds. Small outbreaks of pleuro-pueumonia occurred throughout the state. The animal returns for the year show 4.6 per cent of the cows and 5.2 per cent of the pigs slaughtered to have been wholly or partially condemned for tuberculosis. Actinomycoses is said to be a very common disease aud contagious abortion is becoming more evident in the dairying districts. Common dangerous coinmunicable diseases of dom.estic anim.als in the Philippine Islands, D. G. Moberly {['hilipinne Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 1 (1908), JVo. 3, pp. 110-135). — Information is given in the form of questions and answers on rinderpest, surra, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, hog cholera, glanders, hemorrhagic septicemia, aud ulcerative lymphangitis, with methods for disinfecting. The influence of symbiosis upon the pathogenicity of micro-organisms, W. E. MusGRAVE [PhiUppiiic Jour. ScL, B, Med. Sci.. 3 (IDOS), Xo. 2. pp. 77- 88). — Bacterial and animal symbiosis are discussed at length by the author. Many of the phenomena not now understood in the etiology and pathology of disease are said to be due to symbiotic combinations between micro-organisms. Variability in the virulence of bacteria is one of the most marked features and the reason for this variability is but partially understood. The author con- cludes that " the most promising field for laboratory research in the future will be the study of cause and effect, in the complex relations in which they occur In nature, of the interrelation aud interaction of micro-organisms with each other and in their environment of complex symbiosis aud the ever changing and multiple conditions found in hosts." Protozoa and disease, J. J. Clarke (London, 1908, pt. 2, pp. XII +138, figs. 53). — ^Attention is called to the great advance in our knowledge of the Sporozoa since the appearance of part 1 of this treatise (E. S. R., 15, p. 405). The causes and nature of several diseases of man make up the main part of this volume. The life histories of both nonparasitic aud parasitic protozoa are followed by notes on tropical diseases, ticks, and piroplasmosis. In the concluding chapter the author considers the infective genital tumors of dogs. The prevalence and distribution of the animal parasites of man in the Philippine Islands, with a consideration of their possible influence upon the public health, P. E. Garrison (Philippine Jour. Hoe., B. Med. Sei., 3 (1908), No. 3. pp. 191-209). — The results of examinations of feces of prisoners at Bilibid prison made in 1907, show the population of the islands to be almost universally infested with animal parasites. Of 4,106 prisoners examined, 3,447, or 84 per cent, were found to be infested. No particular part of the islands appeared to be subject to any excess of infection. The results are summarized as follows : Prevalence of . Wakh {Amer. Xat., hi (1008), Xo. ^08, pp. 3T.'i-387). — A general account of spiroche- tes and their relation to other spiral micro-organisms is here given. Fifteen sjie'-ies are re<\>gni7.«*d as belonging to the genus Spiriulia'ta. The life history of Trypanosoma equiperdum, J. E. S. Moore and A. Breini. {I'm,: Jx'oi/. Six: [LdihIoiiI, S, r. li SO {HXIS). .Vo. « o'lO, pp- 288-2f>8, pis. 2. figs. 2, (hjiu. V). — When Trijply and kill the animal about 4 daj-s after their tirst appearance in the blood, which occurs about 3 days after inoculation. A large number of slides were prepared at short intervals from the appearance of the trypanosomes up to death and for a short time afterwards. The results of prolonged investiga- tions indicate that the transference takes place by means of the ordinary trypanosome encountered in the blood, possibly through the existence of slight abrasions on the animals that become infected, or more probably through the capacity of the trypanosomes to invade a nmcous membrane even if it is intact. The authors conclude that "during the infection of rats with dourine, that is to siiy, with a form of trypanosome which under normal cii'cumstauces is not relatetl to two distinct hosts, there exists a life cycle among the parasites closely analogous to tJiat occurring during the successive positive and negative periods of infection of the same animals with T. gamhicnsc. " The iiarasites, after introduction into a rat, uiulti[)ly by longitudinal fission, accompanied by amitotic division of the nucleus. After this process an inter- action takes place between the extra-nuclear centrosome and the nucleus (sex- ual stage'r). Division again proceeds, and tinally the tryjianosomes are con- vertetl into round bodies, which correspond to the latent bodies of 7'. (unnhicnse, but possess two long and delicate fiagella." The fixation, m.ultiplication, and culture of pathogenic trypanosomes in the proboscis of tsetse flies, K. Koubaud (Compt. Rend. Acud. Sci. [Paris], I 'fG ( 1008), No. 8, pp. J/23-.'i25). — Experiments were conducted in which Glossina piilpnlix was fed ujion animals infected with Tii/pdiio.stinta t/innbicnsc, T. dinior- phon, T. bnicci, and T. cinulboui. It was found that immediately after this fly had fed uiton the blood of an infected animal its proboscis contained blond in which tryi»anosomes were moving actively. In a short time the trypanosomes attached them.selves to the wall of the proboscis and underwent changes of structure that were completed in about 5 minutes after ingestion of the blood. While conjugation was not observed the parasites multiplied actively. It is shown that the forms in the proboscis are not derived from trypanosomes legngitated from the digestive tract of the fly. The culture in the proboscis per- sisted fur 4.S hours in. T. brucci and for ."> or (! days in the otlier ."J species. Only about 10 p<'r c08), Nos. it, pp. I ',(i, / }7 ; 10. p. Ui2 ; II. pp. IHK ISO: I !. p. I'.ui), — These references Include literature Issued during the year HH)7. 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Literary references — Plague (Jour. 'J'roii. Med. and Hijs conuiiou and botanical names, habitat, poisonous proper- ties. ;ind. when known, the chemicMl substances present. The foot-and-mouth situation, I.. Teakson (Xat. Stockman and Farmer, ,U UDOS), Xo. 37, p. 870). — Extracts from a letter in which an account of the work of eradication of this disease in Pennsylvania is described. Up to December 7, 94 infected herds had been found in the State. It is stated that all of the infection in Pennsylvania traces to Buffalo from which at least 9 infected carloads wei'e sent into different localities about November 1. Johne's disease in cattle, W. L. Beebe (Amcr. Vet. Rev., 33 (tOOS), Xo. 6, /)/(. 7i/'.i-7l6, jiffx. 3). — Attention is called to the fact that chronic enteritis exists in the northwest, particularly in Minnesota. An account is given of several cases, of the symptoms, and of a post-mortem examination. The author concludes that there is very little room for doubt that the bacillus found so abundantly and so uniformly present is the cause of the disease, although attemi)ts by the author and others to infect rabbits and guinea pigs have failed as have also attempts to cultivate the bacillus on artificial media. The disease is regarded as infectious and of grave importance. The author recom- nn'uds that all affected animals be isolated, that the feces be deeply buried or liurncd, and that after a positive diagnosis has been made all animals be de- stroyed. References 1o the literature are given. Experiments with English and South African redwater, A. Tiieilkr (7'>y/h.s- rnnl Agr. Jour., G (1!)08), Xo. 2-'i, pp. 53)-5.'i3). — From experiments conducted witli heifers in England and South Africa the author concludes that English redwater is not always inoculable, and that it differs in this respect from South African redwater. An investigation in County "Wexford, of a disease in young- cattle, .T. II. NoKRis {Dipt. Affr. and Tdli. Instr. Ireland Jour., S (IDOH), Xo. Jf, pp. 633, ()3'i). — This is a final rei)ort. previous rei)orts having been noted (E. S. R., is, ]}. 77S). In these experiments 92 healthy calves were reared on S farms without a single loss, by keeiiing them from the other stock and t)n clean pasture. Tliese fiirnij-. in jirevious ye.-irs h;i tuberculosis acts of IS'.CJ jiiid 1904 and the amendment of 1S9.S jire reported and discussed. The p.issing of the State act of ISIJ.'J w.is cliielly due to tlie ]iroiM>s;\I of the jiutlior. who had been studying the ellicacy of tuberculin for indicating the i'xistence of tuberculosis among cattle and other est Organization of Agricultural Re- .search. by A. C. True. Thomas Kosntany, and F. W. Dafert ( E. S. R., is, p. 1()r>S) ; On the Effectiveness of Demonstration Trials in Pots or in the Field, by O. Reitniair; Statistics and Charts on Peat, by W. P.erscli : and New Practice in Moor Culture, by R. Tacke. Seventh annual general report of the Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland (Dcpt. Afjr. ami Tech. Instr. Ireland, Ann. (!(n. Rj)t.. 7 (t!>OG-li). pp. VI+GoS). — Along with administrative matters this report contains details of the department's work in agriculture, including agri- cultural instruction, and in technical instruction, including domestic science. Under agricultural instruction an account is given of itinerant instruction and spec'ial courses, and of the instruction given at the Royal College of Science, Cirencester: Albert Agricultural College, (Jla.snevin; agricultural stations, agri- cultural cla.sses and schools, Munster Institute, Cork; Ulster Dairy School, Longhry; and schools of rural domestic economy. The report on technical in- stru<-tion includes the organization of a system of instruction in experimental sslic E<'on(>niy and the Killarney School of Housewifery. The appendixes include a table showing the 11107 apiKtrtionment of funds for 4>ducational and other purposes, schemes of instruction in agricultural subjects. prosiKH-tuses of agricultural colleges and stations and schools of rural economy, program of experimental science, drawing, and domestic economy for day sec- 'Hidary s-7, and a list of s/>. /7.7-307).— This numl)er is devote*] to (1) the following special articles: observations on Forestry In- .vtnictioM, by .\. Cieslar: Th«' Development and Problems of Analyti<'al Chem- istry, by <;. \'ortniann ; Observations on Methods of Instruction in Seconp. iT^+LF).— This report contains (1) spe- cial articles as follows : The Importance of Vocational Schools, by L. Fleischer ; Vocational Instruction at the Eighth International Congress iu Vienna, by E. Vital ; Observations on Forestry Instruction, by A. Cieslar ; and Suggestions For and Examples of Practical Experimental Work by Agricultural Schools, by F. Schindler; (2) statistical tables including date of organization, length of courses, number in faculties, attendance, graduates, occupations of 1006 gradu- ates, stipends and special courses, of the agricultural and forestry institutions in Austria, and their geographical distribution; (3) Statistical Contributions to the History of Agricultural and Forestry Instruction : The Vocational Schools of Austria in 1903-^1, by E. Vital; and (4) review of agricultural literature and book notices. It is shown that in 1906-7 there were 195 agricultural and forestry schools in Austria, an increase of 0 over 1905-6. They included 3 high-school insti- tutes, 3 agricultural academies, 9 agricultural high schools, 5 forestry high schools, 2 high schools for viticulture, fruit culture, and horticulture, 1 high school for the brewing industry, 43 farm schools or elementary agricultural schools with one-year courses, 75 agricultural winter schools, 10 elementary forestry schools, 17 dairy and housekeeping schools, 23 elementary special schools for horticulture, fruit culture, viticulture, hop culture, alpine farming, and apiculture, 2 brewing and 2 distillery schools. [Agricultural and forestry instruction in Austria and other countries] {Land u. Forstu: UntenicJits, Zt(/., 22 (1908), No. 1-2, jrp. IJiS+LV).— This number is devoted to (1) the following special articles: Raising the Scientific Plane of Secondary Agricultural Schools, by A. Kulisz; Fostering a Taste for the Fine Arts in Secondary and Higher Agricultural and Forestry Schools, by J. Longo ; and The Question of Text-books for Elementary Agricultural Schools, by H. Knesch ; (2) an account of the present status and organization of agri- cultural and forestry institutions in the Kingdom of Saxony; (3) the organi- zation of agricultural and forestry instruction in Switzerland; (4) itinerant housekeeping schools in France, and the poultry school at Gambais; (5) review of agricultural literature, and book notices; (6) notes from the annual reports of the agricultural and forestry schools for 1906-7; (7) miscellaneous notes; (8) an appendix containing a list of all the agricultural and forestry institu- tions in Austria and their boards of instruction, and (9) statistical data for 1907-8 of the agricultural and forestry institutions in Austria correspond- ing to those given for 1906-7 in the preceding abstract. These statistics show ti net gain of 5 schools as compared with the previous year. This includes a decrease of 2 farm schools or elementary agricultural schools with one-year courses, and an increase of 5 agricultural winter schools, 1 elementary forestry school, and 1 elementary special school for horticulture, fruit culture, viticul- ture, hop culture, aljiine farming, and apiculture. Agricultural instruction in Saxony (Jalireshcr. Laiidic. Kiinigr. Sachs., 1907, pp. 83-103). — This contains brief reports for 1907 of institutions in Saxony giving instruction in agriculture and domestic science, and of special courses in agriculture, together with tables showing the attendance, by provinces, for 1907-8 at the elementary agricultural schools and the total attendance from 1875 to 1908. MlSCKLLANKorS. 797 School training for the home duties of women. III. The domestic train- ing: of girls in Germany and Austria i lid. i',iL [ LiiikIdh \. S/xc. Rpls. Ed. Subjects, lit {t!)07), pp. 12] + .\'VI). — This is tlio third aiul coneludin;; number of the special reports on the school traiuiuK for home duties for women. It in- chules (1) introductory and concluding articles on the general education of girl.s history of domestic training, and extent of domestic training in Germany and Avistria : and discusses (2) the teaching of domestic subjects in elementary and continuation schools: (3) the teaching of domestic subjects in secondary schools; (4) domestic subjects in technical schools and classes; and (ii) technical teachers in girls' schools. Twelve apiiendixes contain specimen accounts and lesson plans and extracts of syllabi and courses of study of individual schools, as well as summaries of regulations of several groups of schools. MISCELLANEOUS. Annual report of agricultural experiment station at Marburg for 1907-8. C. Hasklhofk iJalircsber. Landw. Vers. Stat. Marburg, 1D07-8, pp. 22), — This gives the organization of the station and an account of its work and publica- tions during the year. A brief review of the investigations conducted by the Government Agri- cultural Experiment Station, Groningen, from 1895 to 1907, U. Sjoi.lema ( Kort Ovcrzicht run ilc Oiidcrtochiiii/rii Verrlcht in het Rijkshindbouivproef- station te Groninycn, in de Jarrn lS9'>-j:i07. \(ironingrn\: Govt., 1901, pp. 19). Agricultural report for the year 1906, Y. IIknry ((Joiirt. Gen. Afrique Occident, Franc., Rap. Agr. 1906, pp. 310, figs. 63, maps 11). — This I'eport de- scribes the organization of the agricultural service, the ex[)eriment stations, and the agricultural resources and possibilities of western French-Africa. Agricultural writers, 1200 to 1800, D. McDonai.d ( London, 1908, pp. 228, ilhis. 91). — 'J'his consists of reproductions in facsimile and extracts from ilie writings of English agricultural writers from Sir AValter of Henley, 1200, to .\rthur Young, isno, together with brtef biographies and explanator.v notes. A chronological bibliouniphy is appended. Batten's agricultural directory (Xeic York, 1908, pp. 212). — A directory of the agricultural r)ress of the United States and Canada, with a discussion of agricultural conditions in these countries and statistics of farm jiroducts and values by States and Provinces. Index to the first twenty volumes of bulletin de I'Association des Chi- mistes de Sucrerie et de Distillerie, L. rii.i.ir { Assorintion d(s Cliinii.strs dc Sucreric et de Distillerie. Table des Mutieres drs Vingt I'nniiers ]'oluniefs, 1882-1902. Paris, 1901. pp. 203). General Index, Proceedings and Transactions of the Royal Society of Canada, first and second series, 1882-1906 ( Othttni. Toronto, and London. 1!»ix. lip. 1.f3). NOTES Arizona Station. — The Territorial assembly has appropriated $13,100 for the station for the ensuing bienniimi. Of this $4,500 is for the maintenance of the date orchards at Teuipe and Yimia. $2,r)0(t for farmers' institutes, $3,100 for publications, and $3,000 for dry farming experiments in two locations to be selected by the station. F. C. Kelton has been appointed assistant engineer and entered upon his duties January 15. Connecticut State Station. — A. F. Hawes, station and State forester, has resigned to accept a similar position in Vermont. Hawaii Federal Station. — D. L. Van Dine has been transferred to the Bureau of Entomology of this Department in connection with its investigations of sugar cane and rice insects. Idaho University and Station. — A demonstration train similar to that sent out in northern Idaho last summer made an itinerary of about a month through southern Idaho, beginning February 15. The illustrative material comprised dairy apparatus, including a dairy cow and a milking machine; spraying appa- ratus; charts; exhibits of grains, grasses and agricultural products; and an agricultural library of about 100 volumes, made up in part of station and De- partment publications. Indiana Station. — The State appropriation to the station of $25,000 per year was increased by the legislature at its recent session to $75,000 iier year. Of this amount $15,000 is to be used for soil and crop improvement, $10,000 for dairying, $5,000 for poultry work, $10,000 for other live stock interests, $5,000 for the investigation of hog cholera and other animal diseases, and $10,000 for horticultural work. The advisory board, which with the director is given the power to determine the specific lines of work to be undertaken in each case, was enlarged to include, in addition to the State Corn Growers', Dairymen's and Live Stock associations, representatives of the State Horticultural Society and the State Poultrj' Fanciers' Association. Of the remainder of the appropria- tion, $10,000 is to be available for general expenses and $10,000 for extension work. Louisiana Stations.— An arrangement has been effected whereby the secretary of the State Crop I'est Commission, Wilmon Newell, will become an active member of the station staff, devoting half his time to entomological investiga- tions under the Adams Act. Maryland College and Station. — George E. Gage, Ph. D. (Yale), assistant in the Yale biological laboratory, has been appointed assistant biologist in the station to pursue in^•estigations in poultry diseases. Dr. Robert B. Mayo, assistant pathologist of the station, has resigned to engage in hospital work in Mississippi. Dr. Joseph R. Owens, treasurer of the college since ISOO, died March 15, at the age of 70 years. Massachusetts College. — Carroll D. Wright, a trustee of the college since 1!)0(> and eminent for his contributif)ns to statistics and sociology, died at Worcester, February 20, at the age of 68 years. Dr. Wright had been president of Clark 798 NOTES. 799 ("iille;;t> sincf its cstablishiucnt in i'.nr^. a trustco of the Carnegie Institution of Washiufitoii. Iiiitt'd States C'oinuiissioiier of Labor from 1SS5 to 1905, president of the American Association for tlie Advancement of Science in 1904, and had held many other positions of prominence. He has been succeeded as trustee by 1 )a\ is ]{. I >f\vcy. Montana College and Station. — The college and station liave received increased appropriations from the lejiislatnre for the ensuinj; bienninm. Tlie college was granted .$7S.r>(i() for maintenance, an increase of .$12,r)(lO. and .$.500 i)er year to .$8,000 per year. E. T. Tannatt, iirof«'ssor of civil engineering in the college and engineer in the station, and K. W. Fisher, professor of horticulture and horticulturist, have resigned to engage in commercial work, their resignations becoming effective June 30. North Dakota College. — According to liirnlcrfi' (lazctlc. a fui! collegiate course in \ct('rinMry science and surgery lias been establisli(>il. Rhode Island College and Station. — ('. II. Coggeshall, incmber <>f the board of managers since the establishment of the college, has been succeeded by Charles W. Estes, of Warren. The board has been reorganized by the election of Thomas (J. Mathewson as vice-president, and Robert S. Rnrlingame as clerk and treasurer. Vermont University. — The first annual farmers' week ever attempted in Ver- mont was held .March S-12, with a registration of KM). The i»rogram consisted of lectures and demonstrations l)y several speakers from various jtarts of Xew EiiL'larid as well as members of the university faculty. Washington College and Station. — The State legislature, which has just ad- .journed. appropiiate of 4.21.^. .V new f«'ature of this train was a flat car equipped with a Inod«^l orchard in tubs, a large apple tree, and a power sprayer by means of which complete demonstrations of spniying and pruning were given. The South African Veterinary Congress. — The Vitvtiiinvn l{rrnrd of Feb- ruary 2i» and 27 contains a report of the (irst ran-.\frican Veterinary Congress wlilch <-oiivened at Pretoria on .Taniiary I.".. This congress was initiated by the Transv.i.ii Premier. General Botha, but iu his absence was opened by the 800 NOTES. Attorney-General, Hon. J. de Villiers, who described it as an epoch-making event. Other veterinary conferences have been held in British South Africa, but this is the first that has included delegates from other than British posses- sions. Representatives were present from Congo, Madagascar, Basutoland, Ger- man West Africa, Mozambique, Rhodesia, Natal Swaziland, Cape Colony, Bechuanaland, and the Transvaal, thus including South Africa nearly to the Equator. Among the important questions considered were the veterinary laws in regard to stock diseases (including Bast coast fever, glanders, tuberculosis, lung sick- ness, rabies, epizootic Ijmphangitis, scab, and trypanosome affections), meat inspection, and veterinary surveys. Many resolutions were formulated to be submitted to the various African governments, and a subcommittee was ap- pointed consisting of representatives of 6 colonies or states for the purpose of suggesting uniform regulations against animal diseases for the whole of Africa. Recommendations were also drafted in regard to veterinary surveys, with a view to protect the colonies from various vudiuown diseases from the interior. The importance of this conference is especially great, as the manj' contagious animal diseases have greatly crippled the agriculture of the colonies. Innes Bequest to Horticultural Instruction and Research. — The Gardeners' Chronicle recently gave full details of a bequest made by the late John Innes, which bids fair to prove of lasting benefit to British horticulture. Under the terms of this bequest, a body of trustees is to administer a sum approximating £10,000 a year for the purposes of establishing and maintaining an institution to be known as the " John Innes Horticultural Institution," and which is to have for its object the promotion of horticultural instruction and research. The direct management of the institution, and such other matters as the trustees may determine, devolves upon a council of twelve persons, of whom the three trustees are ex-officio members, and the remainder selected from specified socie- ties and universities in England. The house and a portion of the grounds of Manor Farm, Merton, England, have been bestowed for the purposes of the insti- tution and for the establishment of a horticultural station which is to be effi- ciently equipped, including the provision of buildings and lecture I'ooms. The trustees are further empowered to establish and equip similar stations in other parts of the country or assist in such work. The Gardeners' Chronicle points out the opportunity thus afforded for the development of a horticultural imiversity, in which research and advanced teaching are the primary objects, and deprecates any possibility of the insti- tution's becoming perverted into a school of elementary iustruction. Apicultural Station in Ontario. — A recent number of Gleanings in Bee Cul- ture announces that an apicultural station is to be established under govern- ment auspices at Jordon, Ontario, where a fruit station is already in operation. The object of the station is stated to be to conduct experiments in the fertiliza- tion of flowers by bees, to carry on apicultural investigations, and to provide courses of instruction in apiculture. o II CONTENTS. Page. Estimation of sugar in cow's milk, Van Driel 809 The estimation of inorganic compounds in milk, Allemann 809 Characteristics of oils from certain expressed seeds, Kochs 809 Characteristics of Japanese tea oil, Tsujimoto 810 Color reactions of sesame oil with aromatic aldehydes and sugars, Fleig 810 Technical chemists' handbook, Lunge 810 Leather trades chemistry, Trotman 810 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Weather forecasts 810 The occurrence of the foehn without subsequent precipitation, I\Iayr 810 A hailstorm following the coiu-se of an electric transmission-line, Violle 810 The action of electric power lines on hailstorms, Violle 810 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 81 1 Monthly Weather Review 811 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Lindblad. 811 Meteorological summary for 1907, Patton 812 The climate of Innsbruck, Fessler 812 The climate and meteorology of Australia, Hunt 812 Climate, Ward 812 Geology and water resources of a portion of south-central Oregon, Waring 812 Geology and water resources of the Great Falls region, Montana, Fisher 812 Preliminary rejjort on the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, Mendenhall. . 813 Ground waters and irrigation enterprises in southern California, Mendenhall. . 813 Water conservation and irrigation 813 The disinfection of drinking water with hydrogen peroxid, Reichel. 813 The industrial uses of ozone, particularly for purification of water, Perkin 813 The relative bacteriological contents of can, plate, and natural ice. Sparks 813 Water supply and sewerage 813 Sewage-grown crops 814 SOIL.S — FERTILIZERS. The storage of winter precipitation in soils, Widtsoe 814 Quantity and composition of drainage water, Norton 814 Distribution of water in the soil in furrow irrigation, Loughridge 815 The physical condition of the soil in relation to agriculture, Ilallissy 817 Investigations on the composition of the air of cultivated soils, Lau 817 The content of radio-active emanations in soil air, Gockel 817 The absorptive power of a cultivated soil, Rosen and Heller ." 817 The colloids of cultivated soils, Ehrenberg 818 Topographic mapping of bottom lands in Illinois, McCrary 818 Superficial and agricultural geology — Ireland, No. 2. — Soils, Kinahan 818 Soil analyses, Amos and Russell 818 Deli soils, Vriens _- 818 The value of mineralogical-petrographic soil analysis, von 'Sigmond 818 The alkali soils of the great Hungarian Alfold, Treitz 818 Lime and phosphates in Rhodesian soils, Cameron 819 Investigations on the fertility of noncalcareous soils, Paturel 819 The status of soil fertility investigations 819 Chemical principles of soil classification, Hopkins 819 Chemical principles of soil fertility, Hopkins 819 Bacteria for enriching the soil and increasing crop production, Banerjei 819 Notes on inoculation with Nitragin and inoculated soil, Heinze 819 Inoculation of gram seed with the tubercle-forming bacteria, Hayman 819 Protection of the soil in Hungary, Gonnard 820 Terracing of farm lands, Ashe 820 Improvement and management of eastern Virginia lands, Stubbs 820 Study of phosphoric acid and lime requirements of soils, Liechti 820 Fertilizer experiments at the Biological Agricultural Institute, Lommel 820 Manuring experiment on flooded (rice) ground. Van der Stok 820 Note on action of nitric acid in neutralizing alkaline soil, Symmonds 821 Artesian waters 821 Artesian irrigation: An antidote for alkaline waters, Symmonds 821 The most economical sources of nitrogen for plant food, Clinton 821 Behavior of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime m storage and in soils, Popp 821 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Experiments on the use of calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer, Stulzer 822 Influence of potash fertilizers on the relation of grain to straw, Clausen 822 Silicate of potash as a fertilizer, Wein 822 Wood ashes as a fertilizer. Ten Eyck 822 Kxperiments on methods of application of superphosphates, Malpeaux 822 The ai^ricultiiral value of low-grade Thomas slag, I)e Molinari and Ligot 822 The solubility of steamed bone meal in 2 j)er cent citric acid, Turk 822 The price and value of raw phosphates and so-called agricultural phosphates. . 822 The action of gypsum as a fertilizer, Soave 823 Mangane.se sulphate, De Molinari and Ligot 823 The action of zinc in pot experiments, Ehrenberg 823 On the mixing of commercial fertilizers, Schulze 823 The u.>*e of peat in the preparation of fertilizers, Rousset 823 Obtaining ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen by means of jx'al, W'oliereck. . 823 Nitrogenous fertilizers prepared from peat, Maizieres 824 Nitrate from ammonia, Juri.sch 824 On lime nitrogen, Bredig 824 Cvanamid or lime nitrogen 824 Chilean nitrate fields, Ilanna 824 Nitrate of soda 824 Peruvian guano 824 Phos])hate deposits of Christmas Island, Woodward and Simpson 824 Heposils of i)hosphates in the .Midland .\nalvses of commercial fertilizers, Frear 826 Fertilizers as sold, U>08, McGill et al 826 Manures, Annett, Darliishire and Russell 827 Ohio fertilizer law 827 AfJRICUI.TURAI. HOTA.NV. Solereder's Anatomy, trans, by Boodle and Frit.sch, revised l)y Scott 827 \ te.xt-book of general bacteriology, Jordan 827 .\ bil)liography of mycological literature, Lindau and Sydow 827 International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany 827 The development of the Uredineie and the origin of new forms, Fi.scher 827 Field, garden, and orchard crops of the Bombay Presidency, (iammie 828 Seeds and plants imported from January I to .March 31, 1908. Inventory No. 14. 828 The germination of gra.^^s .seed and a study of aleurone grains, (iuilliermond. . . . 828 Chemical ]»rocesses accompanying germination of .seeds, Scurti and Parrozzani 828 I)ry matter and chlorophyll under different intensities of light, Lubimenko. . . 828 The transpiration of evergreen plants, Puglisi 829 The respiratory pigments of plants, Palladin 829 The elimination of carbon dioxid from dead plants, Nabokich 830 ilelaiion of sugar and starch content of guard cells to stomata, Rosing 830 .V study of amolytic ferments in oats, Klemj)in 830 Keliiiion between phosphorus and formation of amino acids in {)Iants, Scurti. . 830 I'roieid formation in ripening seed, \\a.-ie back of })each shoots, Massee 848 The citrus fruit rot, Evans 848 The diseases of the tea plant, Maublanc 848 A root disease of Para rid)lH'r trees, CJallagher 849 The disease of iir trees caused by Phoint abietinn, Mer 849 The leaf rust of spruce, Delforge 849 Yellow stripe in daffodils, Darlington 850 Parasitic rose canker, (iiissow 850 A new lilac leaf disease in England, Giissow 850 ECOXOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The doci.oion of the Supreme Court on the sale of imported game. Palmer. . . . 851 First re])()rt on the economic features of turtles of Pennsylvania, Surface 851 Intluence of temperatures in limiting the distribution of insects, Sanderson.. 851 Ubservations on the social j)arasites and slavery of ants, Wasmann 852 A preliminary list of the lejndoptera of western Pennsylvania, Engel 852 .\ monographic catalogue of the Mymarid genus Alaptus of Haliday, Girault. . 852 Locust |)lague in Panama, Weitzel 852 .Notes on gra.sshopper swarms in New South Wales during 1907-8, Gurney. . . . 852 Li/silillar (Prpdettia littorali^), Lefroy 854 Melon aphis, Lounsbury 854 A few orchard plant lice, Gillette and Taylor 854 Orchard |)lant lice and their remedies, (iilielte and Taylor 856 Control of leaf Idisler mite in ap|)le orchards. Parrot t S56 Sidphur s|>rays for blister mile, llall 856 A note on the fumiuMiion of citrus trees with hydrocyani<'-acid gas, Thomsen. . 856 The castor semi-looper (Ojiliiiisa iiu lici rli ), Lefroy 856 I'l in/>hifjii>i hssfllala: Alternate host, migrants, and true st-xes, Patch 856 Chrysomeiid enemic>s of the osier and ex|)eriments with insecticides, Feytauil. . 857 .•\ brief account of the anatomy and classification of the Ixodoidca, Ponnet. . . . 857 .\ list of the ticks of South Africa, with descriptions and keys, Howard 857 A new genus (»f the Siphonaptera. Fox '. 857 Some Irish ex]»erimenls on warbh- (lies, Carpenter 857 The extermination of mr)S(|uiloes, Levy 867 The rehitioii of the etiology of l»ee diseasea to the treatment, W'hile 857 South African bee keepini/, .\ltridi.'i' 858 VI CONTENTS. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Page. Digestibility of starch of different sorts as alt'ected bv cooking, Day 858 Yeast, Ward • ' 859 Changes in stored flour, Bell 859 The character of old flours, Vuaflart 859 Milling and baking test. Tests of flour sold in North Dakota, Ladd 859 Chemically treated flours, Ladd 860 Effect of bleached flour extracts on rabbitts, Ladd and White 861 Experiments on the spoilage of tomato ketchup, Bitting 861 On the dietetic value of refrigerated foods, Rideal 862 Preservatives in food, Collingridge 862 Salicylic acid as a preservative, Christian 862 [Food inspection, etc.], Emery 862 [Food analyses], McCrae 862 Food analyses, Juritz 863 Food inspection decisions 863 Notices of judgment 863 Revised food and drug regulations of the Louisiana State Board of Health. . . . 863 Labels and rulings, Ladd 863 Model food law bill, Ladd 863 Proposed uniform food law for the States 863 Convention of Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments. . 863 Meat inspection and legislation on this subject, Martel 863 Practical hygiene, Ravenhill 863 Investigations of foot racers and bicycle racers, Pfeiffer 863 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The self-heating of hay, Miehe 864 Analyses of [South American] food and forage jdant.-:, D'Utra 864 Australian pasture herbs, Turner 864 Commercial feeding stuffs, Halligan 864 Investigations of feeding stuffs, Immendorff 865 Inspection and regulation of feeding stuffs, Kinzel 865 St. John's bread, a'competitor of molases feed 865 The Roseworthy Agricultural College flock in 1907-8, Perkins 865 Steer feeding experiments 1907-8, Mairs and Tomhaye 866 Rolled oats as a substitute for milk in calf feeding, Michelj. 866 A summary of reports on feeding experiments with diastasolin 867 Outlook for the beef industry in Canada, Grisdale 867 The wool industry and its improvement, Geldard 867 Causes of the hea\'y loss of lambs in 1908, Quick and Spencer. . .' 867 Goat breeding, Bodeker 867 Foods supplementary to corn in fattening pigs, Burnett 867 The effect of food on breaking strength of bones, Burnett 868 Comparative experiments with swine of different breeding 869 Pork production in Denmark 869 The horse: Its selection and purchase, Barton 869 [The small hunter] 870 Notes on horse feeding, Fredholm 870 The use of African elephants for transport service 870 Poultry fattening 870 The marketing of poultry 870 Some ostrich food plants, Burtt-Davy 870 The preservation of eggs in the Tropics, Vosseler 870 Improved egg preservation, Stephens 870 Insurance of live stock [in the different European countries] 870 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING — AGROTECHXY. [Feeding experiments with cows], Michels 871 The Canadian record of performance for piu'e-l)red dairy cattle 871 Improvement in dairy herds, Carroll 8/1 The dairy institute in Germany, Weigmann 871 Milking machines, Haecker and Little 871 [The milk bottle question] 873 CONTENTS. VII I'age. A note on the bacterial contamination of milk, Nash 873 The bacterial flora of milk, Knostlor 873 The bacterial fli)ra of Cheddar (Ikh'si', llardiiit^and Prucha 873 Strinj^iness in Eminenthal cheese, ilohl and Steinegj^er 875 Studies on fermented milk. I, Yojjhourt and matzoon, Kuntze 875 Alcohol industry in Germany, Thackara 875 .Micro-photojxraphic atlas of industrially important fibers, Herzog 875 Taper-making materials and their conservation, Veitch 875 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report on the distribution of animal plagues in the German Empire 876 \'eterinary department, 1907, Oliver 876 Tuberculosis in animals and its relation to ))ublic health, Robertson 877 Tuberculosis of retropharyngeal lymphatic glands, Jowett 877 The protection of cattle against tuberculosis, Heymans 877 Study of vaccination of bovine.s against tuberculosis, Calmette and Guerin 877 Economics as a positive factor in the dissemination of tuberculosis, Dyson. . . . 878 Control and prevention of bovine tuberculosis in individual herds, Moore 878 The stuggle again.st tuberculosis in cattle in Denmark, Bang 878 Suppression of tuberculosis among cattle on the continent 878 Bang's bacillus and its biology, Xowak 878 A contribution to the study of red dysentery of cattle, Zublin 878 The nodular disea.se of bo vines an csophagostomiasis, Marotel 879 Changes in blood of jjarasite-infested sheep on innutritions diet, Giltner 879 Does lime and sul|)hur injure wools more than other dips? Hollings 879 The caustic soda and sulphur dip 879 IJoviiie piroplasmosis observed on the Ivory Coast, Bouet 879 \'alue of agglutination reaction in diagnosis of glanders, Collins 879 Lamziekte on the Kaap Plateau, Spreull _. 880 Report on swamp fever, Ballah 880 Equine i)iroplasmosis in Sardegna, Baruchello and Pricolo 880 Equine ])iroplasmosis, Pricolo 880 Contributions to the study of Filaria irritans, Fayet and Moreau 880 A case of Sarcosporidia in the horse, Moussu and Coquot 880 A case of tuberculosis in a horse, Anderson 880 Tuberculosis affecting the dorsal vertebra of a mare, Brown 881 Control of hog cholera by serum immunization, Melvin 881 Inoculation against hog cholera, ( 'onnaway 881 Studies on hog cholera and preventive treatment, King 881 Bruschettini's hog-cholera vaccine and swine-plague serum, Wilson 882 The dog in health, accident, and di.sease, Barton 882 Experimental studies of acute ankylostomiasis in dogs, Cuille 882 Kala-azar; cultures; inoculaticm of dogs; etiology, Nicolle 883 Canine origin of Kala-azar, Nicolle and Comte 883 A disea.se of fowls sinnilating in some respects fowl cholera, Robertson 883 A ca.se of s})irill()sis of fowls in Bulgaria, Gareitschnoff 883 SpiriK'hetosis of ( 'yi^riote fowls, Williamson 883 Fowl snirochii'liasis in Tunis 883 Animal i)arasit('s and ])arasitic disea.ses, Kaupp 883 Endoghtbular hematozoa, Lutz and Meyer 884 Coexistence of a Lei)tomonaH (Herpetomonas) and a trypanosome in a non- puncturing mu.scid (Drosnn/iila con/urn), Chatton and Alilaire 884 Report on the di.sca.se cau.sea by the Strongylus parasite, Miller 884 Concerning Tn/ixtnnsnina corujolensc, Laveran 884 The transportation of live stock. Mayo 884 The Scahury cattle s|)raying machine, Loimsbury 884 Apparatus of service in experimental pathology, Gay 884 Some common disinfeetanis, I )orset 884 Filing system for bullet ins. jjamphlets, and clippings. Reynolds 884 RURAL E\(iINKERI\(l Cost of pumping for rice irrigation in Louisiana and Arkan.sas, (iregory 885 Pumping' for irritralion, Rabet/'' 885 Irrigation pum])ing, ('hatlerton 885 Irrigiition in Victoria, Mc Kinney 886 Experimental irrigation farm, Allen 886 VIII CONTENTS. Page. An Egyptian steam cultivator 88(5 New cotton picking machine 880 Destruction of concrete by alkali, Ileadden 886 The construction and filling of silos, Linklater 886 Greenhouse and conservatory construction and heating, Hasluck 887 Ventilation for dwellings, rural schools, and stables, King 887 RURAL ECONOMICS. Better agriculture and how to get it, Hamilton 887 The latent forces of country life 887 Farmers' demonstration work in its relation to rural improvement, Knapp 887 Cooperation true Americanism Hays 888 Agricultural organization, Smithells 888 Producers' associations and cooperative societies in France 888 A serious menace to agricultural associations, Hul)ert-Valleroux 888 The legality of the operations of agricultural associations. Worms 888 The agricultural associations 889 Concerning agricultural credit in Roumania, Gociu 889 The improvement of farm labor conditions in North Germany 889 Wliat influence has piecework on agricultural labor? von der Heyde 889 Farm laborer's wages 889 Cost of producing crops in the Hawkesbury district 889 Turkish land tenure 889 Crop Reporter 890 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The educational needs of country life, Bryan 890 The work of the agricultiu-al school in the scheme of State education, Soule. . . 890 Centralized schools in Ohio, Graham 890 Teaching agriculture in public schools, Spillman 890 Agricultural education with special reference to Ireland, Campbell 890 Agricultural education, Mukerji 890 The College of Hawaii: Its work and outlook, Gilmore 890 The State Agricultural Institute, Gembloux, Raquet 890 College course for florists. Page 890 A course in agriculture for the public schools of Michigan, French 89 Agriculture and school gardens, Kellehoi 89 Suggestions for school gardens, Williams 89 Improvement of school grounds, Hutt 89 Home nature-study course, Comstock 89 Nature's craftsmen, McCook 89 [Exercises in nature study] 89 Propagation of plants, Da\as 89 Tillage and cultivation, McCall 89 A corn primer. Knight 89 MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1908 892 Nineteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 190() 892 Twentieth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1907 892 Twenty-first Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1908 892 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1908 892 Report of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for 1905-6 and 1906-7 892 Report of the experiment station of the University of Jena for 1907 892 Memorial of the fiftieth anniversary of the experiment station at Pommritz . . . 892 Note on agriculture in Japan, Nicholson 892 Encyclopedia of agriculture, edited by Green and Young 893 The British yearbook of agriculture and agricultural who's who, 1908-9 893 American Agricultural handbook for 1909 893 The commercial products of India, Watt 893 Press bulletins 893 Experiment Station Work, XLIX 893 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. 8(J4 811 826 892 Stations in the United States. Colorado Station: Page. Bui. 132, Sept.. 1908 886 Bui. 133, Sept., 1908 8.j4, 856 Bui. 134, Sept., 1908 856 Connecticut State Station: Bien. Rpt. 1907-8, pt. 8 826 Illinoi.s Station: Circ. 123, Nov., 1908 819 Circ. 124, Nov., 1908 819 Twenty-lirst An. Rpt. 1908. . . 892 Kansas Station: Bui. 156, Oct., 1908 835 Bui. 157, Nov., 1908 881 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 114, Sept., 1908 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 239-240, Nov. -Dec, 1908 Mi.-i) 858 Bui. 203 (10 centiO 815 Note.— The publications of the United States De|)artment of Agriculture except those of the Weather Bureau, may be purchased from the Supi-rintendent of Docu- ment-t, Washington. D. ('. For the |)ubIications of the Weather Bureau recjuests ami remittances should be directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The price of Erperi- mnil Stiition Record is $1.50 per volume, or 15 cents ])er number. The prices of other technical |)ublications are given above. The publications of the State experi- ment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. \'(.i,. XX. April, 1001). No. 9. For soviM-al years the widespread [jopular interest in the work of the National Department of Agricnltnre has heen reflected in the extended consideration given by Congress to the act making appro- j)i'iati()n< for its sui)i)ort. As was pointed ont by Chairman Scott of the Committee on Agriculture in presenting to the House of Rep- resentatives the bill for the next fi>cal year, the act, " although one of the smallest of the great supply bills annually brought before the House, probably attracts more general interest in this Chamber than any other, and its provisions are more closely scrutinized and more carefully discussed. The reason for this is doubtless found in the fact that the activities of the Department are so widely extended and touch in a vital way the interests of so large a proportion of our people."' That this interest was fully maintained is indicated by the general l)articipation in the subsequent debates upon the measure in both the House and the Senate, the discussion being prolonged to such an extent that it was not until March 4. the final day of the session, that tile l»ill. oiiginally reported on January 25, received the signature of the President. As finally enacted the measure is substantially in the foi-m in which it was sul)mitted by the House committee. It also follows in a general way the corresponding laws of recent years, but it is even moi-e comi)letely a routine measure, iiuiugui'ating comparatively lit- tle new work and containinir |)ractically no matters of general legis- lation. An innovation as to the lump-fund appropriations hitherto made to the vaiious bureaus for their general expenses was adopted, under which in most cases these appropriations have been further sub- divided by specifying the amount to be expendeil foi' each of the l>rincipal lines of work. Thus, the Bureau of Entomology, which last year received a lumj) fund of $ir)8.S00 for entomological investi- gations without furthei- restrictions as to its division among the vaiious projects undei- way. is by the new law granted in its stead $4(i.t><)0 for investigations of insects allccting dccidii(>M> fi'uits, sol 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. $21,000 for insects affecting- cereal and forage plants, $42,000 for insects affecting southern field crops, $12,000 for forest insects, $16,250 for insects affecting truck crops and stored products, $10,000 for bee culture, $10,500 for insects affecting citrus fruits, and $34,050 for other investigations. With a view to providing for exigencies due to unforeseen conditions, however, a provision was also added to the bill under which 10 per cent of the appropriation for the miscel- laneous exj^enses of the work of any bureau is made available inter- changeably for expenditure on the objects included within the gen- eral expenses of that bureau, *" but no more than ten per centum shall be added to any one item of appropriation except in cases of ex- traordinary emergency, and then only upon the written order of the Secretary of Agriculture." The total appropriation carried hj the new law is $12,995,036. This is an increase of $1,322,930 over the previous act, or approxi- mately 10 per cent. It makes provision for the continuance of nearly all the lines of work now under way, and in many cases their exten- sion to meet the growing demands upon the Department. The Weather Bureau receives a total appropriation of $1,508,260. This is a reduction of $154,000, which is due principally to the com- pletion of the new buildings for the Mount Weather Observatory and the elimination of all appropriations for other buildings and equip- ment of new stations. The lines of work are essentially unchanged. The amount assigned to the investigations in climatology and meteor- olog}' is $125,000. The salarj- of the chief of the Bureau was in- creased from $5,000 to $6,000. An increase of $4,000 was allowed for contingent expenses, and the limit of cost of maintenance of the Bureau printing office was increased from $30,000 to $45,000. The appropriation of the Bureau of Animal Industry Avas increased $97,000, making a total of $1,427,860. Among the items authorized are $250,000 for the eradication of the cattle tick in the South; $625,000 for inspection and quarantine work (other than the federal meat inspection, which is now provided for in the permanent law) ; $149,000 for the work of the Dairy Division; and $43,000 for the work in animal husbandry. For investigations of animal diseases and the maintenance of the Bureau experiment station, $109,000 was provided together with $25,000 for the purchase of additional land. The appropriation of $50,000 made last year for experiments in animal feeding and breeding in cooperation w4th the State experi- ment stations Avas continued, but the language was so altered as to permit independent investigations by the Bureau as Avell. The Bureau of Plant Industry received one of the largest increases in the bill, $307,590, making its total $1,709,206. Of this $1,180,796 is for general expenses, which are further itemized to provide for EDITORIAL. 803 thirty-two lines of iiiqiiirv. Aiii()n— 09 2 808 EXPEEIMENT STATIOX EECOKD. " In conducting this hydrolysis, care was taken to keep account of the undetermined substance, in order to get a clearer idea of its approximate amount, and if possible to locate the large loss indicated by the low summation. " The substances making up the total are stated as the free amino-acids, and. in addition, a small amount of ammonia. The amino-acids are doubtless united in the protein molecule with the elimination of a molecule of water for each molecule of acid, and it is not improbable that the ammonia is combined with one carboxyl group of the dibasic acids." According to the authors' calculations, at least 30 per cent of the vignin is not accounted for after hydrolysis. " The substance obtained from the un- esterified and ether insoluble part of the products of hydx'olysis, which was examined for oxyprolin, weighed only 62.6 gm.. equal to 12.26 per cent of the vignin. Of this, 7.58 per cent is included in the 20 i^er cent of unesterified amino acids, leaving only 4.68 per cent for unknown substances. It would seem from these figures that the losses which are practically imavoidable in carrying out these analyses may have a larger share in explaining the de- ficiency than has been heretofore supposed. " It does not, however, seem probable that this apparently large deficiency consists to any considerable extent of products of decomposition already known. The amount of the substances that are determined directly, probably nearly represents the quantity in which they are produced by hydrolysis, for the de- terminations of glutaminic acid can be controlled to a certain extent by the results obtained by the ester method, and those of arginin, histidin, and lysin are, as will later be shown, accurately controlled by the nitrogen precipitated by phosphotungstic acid. The ammonia determinations are accurate. " The known protein decomposition products which were not determined in this analysis can not be relied on to account for this difference." An improvement in the technique in the hydrolysis of protein. The em- ployment of hydrofluoric acid and its advantages, L. Hugounenq and A. Morel (Jour. I'harm. ct Chim., 6. ser., 28 (J008), No. 11, pp. 4S6-.'t93).— According to the authors, hydrofluoric acid possesses a number of advantages as a hydrolyzing agent. A smaller quantity of humic substance is produced than is the case with sulphuric or hydrochloric acid and the cleavage of protein to ammonia is smaller. Concerning' the identification of sugars, J. J. Blanksma and W. A. Van Ekenstein iChem. WcekbL, 5 (1908). No. 42, pp. 77'7'-7'8i). — A summary and discussion of methods for the identification of sugars of different sorts. Identification of 5-fructose in the presence of other natural sugars, J. Pieraerts {Bui. Soc. Chim. France, ^. ser., 3 (1908), No. 18-19, pp. 966-98^).— A critical study of methods. The rapid determination of sugar in scum, H. Pellet {Betterave, 18 (1908), No. Jf65, pp. .'f02~j!fOJi). — The author describes a method which he has found sat- isfactory for use in beet-sugar factories. The Fieh reaction for invert sugar in honey, Drawe (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 14 (1908), No. 18, p. 352). — A controversial article. Concerning the biological method for the examination of imported meat, M. MtJLLER (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 19 (1908), No. 1, pp. 9-i2 ) .—According to the author, the biological method may be satisfactorily used for the identifi- cation of dried intestines from different sorts of animals. Sulphured fruit, H. Luhrig (Phnrm. Centralhallc. 49 (1908), pp. 831-8.54; abs. in Chem. CentbL, 1908, II, No. 19. pp. 1622. 1623).— The investigations carried on by the author indicate that the sulphur dioxid content of sulphured fruit varies so greatly in different portions that a large quantity should be available for inspection work rather than a small sample. AGRICULTTJEAL CHEMISTRY. 809 An electrical resistance method for the rapid determination of the mois- ture content of grain, L. J. KRiiiCis H'. »S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. I'liint Indus. Cii—. :<>. i>i>. N. //.'/>■. -i). — This cirt'ular describes an electrical method for deterniiniiifr tile moist lire content in wlieat, to which the exitcriments have so far been confined. It was fonnd tliat tlie eltn-trical resistance of wlicat contaiiiing l.'> iter cent of iiKiistnre is fifty times that of wheat containiny l-"> jier cent. Tlie teniperatnri' of tlie firain must be determined. The results show that tlie moisture coiiteiit can be ascertained by this method with a probable error not exceeding 0.3 per cent. The measurements to be made require only 2 or 3 minutes. The apjia- ratus is portable in character. On fat determinations in feeding- stufifs, .\ (J. PALMyrisr {Srrnsk Krin. Tidskr.. 20 ( lUOS). So. .7. /(/(. H.l-IO.i. fifjx. .i; Landw. Vers. Stat.. 69 (1908). \o. o-li. pp. .',(}l-',7.i; (tt)st. in Andli/sl, S'l (1909). So. 396, pp. 101, ]02).--Tho author recomiiieiids a method similar to the RJise-CJottlieb method for deter- mination of fat in feeding stuffs and perha|)s other substances. A 2 gm. sample of the finely ground material is heated direct on a water bath for 1 hour with 20 cc. 0.5 per cent hydrochloric acid in a flask the neck of which is graduated from 120 to 100 ce. The solution is then neutralized with o.."> gni. of marble dust, cooled to about 50° C, and 20 cc. of 92 per cent alcohol added. When thoroughly mixed, 40 cc. of ether (specific gravity 0.72) is added and the mixture lieatt'd on a water bath at 45 to 50° for 30 minutes, the flask being connected with a reflux condenser inside of which a stirrer is rotated rapidly by means of a water turbine. After cooling in water to 17°, 00 cc. of petroleum ether (volatile below 75°) is added and shaken with the solution. After standing for an hour. 51 cc. of the efher-fat solution is pipetted off from the flask, placed in a 100 cc. Phillips beaker, evaporated at a low temperature, and weighed. The volume of the remaining portion of the fat solution is de- termined by inverting the stoitjiered flask and reading the volume on the gradu- ated scale of the neck, and the total fat in the fee.'<. in ('Ik in. Zrutttl.. 1908, II, So. 18, p. t't'iO). — The protein in milk was found to contain an average of 14.3 i»er cent of nitrogen; hence, in estimating the protein content multiply the amount of nitrogen as shown by the KJeldahl method by (J.!)0. Estimation of sugar in cow's milk, C. Van Driel (I'liann. \\'((l:l>l.. 4'i (I90.S), So. ',J. pp. U98-130.5; ab.s. in Clirm. Zrntbl., 1908. II. So. F.(t(;Y \VATRI>. 811 /7 I I'.iii'.i), \i>. I. /). /'/). Kcfcrriiij,' to tlu' above article, the author sufjfiests the possibility of iisiii;,' this means for jtrotectii'ifr vineyards and crojis from daiiia;re liy hailstorms. Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory ( (/. .S. Dvpt. If//., livl. Moiiiit W rather Ohscn:. I (/.mS). pt. .',, pp. ^07-277 + 1\\ fign. J,, charts 6"). —This num- Iter contains tlio following; articles: I'yrheli(mieter and Polarimeter Observations (illus.), by II. II. Kimball: Recent Auroral Displays and Magnetic Disturbances, l)y W. U. (Jregg: Magnetic De<"Iination, by E. 11. Miller and W. K. y A. (J. McAdie) ; The Kite Station on Lake Constance (illus.), by E. Klein- schmidt (trans, by C. F. Talman); The Itetlecting Power of Clouds (illus.); I'^rly Meteorology at Harvard College, II, by B. M. Varney : (Jovernment Meteorological Work in Hrazil (illus.), by R. DeC. Ward; Meteorology at the American Association for the Advancement of Science; The Isothermal Layer of the Atmosi)here; Damages by Flood at Kansas City, Mo.; The Scientific .\spect of a Balloon Voyage (illus.), by II. II. Clayton; The Meteorological Wttrk of the Iniversitj- of .Inrjev (Dorpat), Russia, by E. Rosenthal: Prize otTered by the (ierman Meteorological Society: A California Cloudburst, by J. S. Douglas; and A Mercurial l{arogra]ih of High Precision (illus.), by C. F. Marvin. .\o. 1(>.— Detlecting Force Due to the Earth's Rotation, by R. A. Harris; Stu- dies on tlu' \'orti.i'.). 2'iO, pp. 'i each). — Sunnnaries of observation on pressure, tempera- ture, hnmidity. precipitation, wind, sunshine, clondincss, and casual phenomena during November and December. 1!Mts, are pn'seiited. I'lie gcniTal character of the weather of each month is brielly discussed, and the 1 >('((Mul)er bulletin gives a summary f(U- the yeai". The priniii>al data in this sunnnary are as follows: I'ressitri, reduced to freezing and sea levt'l (inches), — Maxiiniun, ."•(».s;{. Feb- ruary It; ndnimnm, •Js.st!. .January S; mean, .■{(l.f>^l4. .!//■ teniperatKre. in groimd slieller (degrees I'.). .Ma.xinium, ItC, .Inly 12; .Mininiuni. IL.'. February "> ; mean. 4T.(!. //h»(/(//7//. - Mean dew-iMiint. ."is.."; mean relative hnmidity. T.">.*^. /'/r(i/71 miles; maximmn »laily inov«>ment, .")',»} ndles, February 2; iniidmnm dally inovenu-nt, 10 miles, Octol)cr K!; maxndum pressure i>er stjuare 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. foot, 30 lbs., April 11, uortli-northwest. Dates of frost. — Last, June 3; first, September 16. Dates of snow. — Last, April 20 ; first, jVovember 3. Meteorological summary for 1907, C. A. Patton {Ohio Sta. Bui. 196, pp. 263-281). — This suumiary includes as usual notes on the weather of each month and tabulated daily and monthly records of observations at the station at Wooster, Ohio, on temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, direction of the wind, etc., and for comparison, similar data for 20 'previous years (1888-1907) at the station and for 25 years (1883-1907) in other parts of the State. The mean temperature for the year at the station was 48.4° F. ; for the State 49.6° ; the highest temperature at the station 90°, August 12 ; for the State 98°, July 22; the lowest temperature at the station — 14°, January 27; for the State — 19°, February 6. The annual rainfall at the station was 40 in., for the State 42.9 in. The number of rainy days at the station was 138, for the State 129, The prevailing direction of the wind was north-southwest at the station and southwest for the State. The climate of Innsbruck, A. Fessleb {Ber. islaturw. Med. Ver. Innsbruck, 31 (IDUl-S), pp. 3-'J6, charts 3; Appendix, pp. 67). — Observations at the meteor- ological observatory of the University of Innsbruck on temperature, air, and vapor pressure, precipitation, humidity, winds, and cloudiness from 1891 to 1905 are summarized in text, tables, and charts. The climate and meteorology of Australia, H. A. Hunt (Off. Yearbook Aust. I'JOl-l'JOl, pp. ll.j-l.'fl, (Ignis. 3, map 1; abs. in Nature [London], 78 (1908), No. 203), p. 6.33). — This is the first report of the Commonwealth Bureau of Meteorology of Australia, which was established something over a year ago. It gives a very brief general descri])tion of Australia from a meteorological standpoint, defines the meteorological advances of the country, and summarizes the results of observations on temperature, pressure, precipitation, evaporation, cyclones, storms, and winds. Special features are a comparison of the relative temperature and rainfall of different places and descriptions of certain charac- teristic storms. Attention is particularly called to forests as one of the more important factors affecting the climate. Climate, R. DeC. Ward (New York and London, 1908, pp. Xri+372; rev. in 8ciossil)ilities of cnltnre. Preliminary report on the ground waters of San Joaquin Valley, Cali- fornia, W. C. .Mendknhai.l (U. ,S'. Gcoh Surrcjf, Watcr-lf>upplif Paper No. 222, /ly ami sewerage, examimition of puldic watt-r supplies and rivers, water-supply statis- tics, and experiments on the i)urilication of sewage and water at the Lawrence 814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Experiment Statiou in 1907, Including purification of sewage and water filtra- tion. Sewage-grown crops {Agr. Econ., J,! (J 908), ^^os. 467, pp. 289, 290; J,(]8, pp. 311, 318). — A general discussion of crops suited to sewage farming. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The storage of winter precipitation in soils, J. A. Widtsoe (Utah Sta. Bui. 104, pp. 219-316, dgms. .'/). — This bulletin is based upon observations during several years on the variations in the moisture content of the soil, to a depth of 8 ft., on an irrigated farm and on several so-called dry farms. Detailed data are given for physical analyses of the soil and for their moisture content in fall and spring, with fall plowing and spring plowing of the land, with fall and winter irrigation, and with summer fallowing. The results em]ihasize the fundamental importance of conserving the natural precipitation and making irrigatiftfi simply supplementary to it. " The natural precipitation over the larger portion of the Great Basin, if properly conserved by summer fallowing, is sufficient to produce crops without irrigation. " The amount of moisture found in the soil in the fall depends on the crop grown, the total amount of water applied during the season, the summer pre- cipitation, and, on an irrigated farm, on the date of the last irrigation. On an irrigated farm as high as 95.56 per cent and on nonirrigated farms as high as 93.17 per cent of the total winter precipitation were found in the upper 8 ft. of soil. The average of the maximum percentages of the winter i)recipitation found in the upper S ft. for 5 years on an irrigated farm was 82.13; for 3 years on nonirrigated farms, just reclaimed from the desert, was 61.85. " The water capacity of soils under field conditions is low, usually not above 18 per cent. The drier the soil is in the fall the more of the winter precipita- tion is found in the first 8 ft. of soil." A comparatively small portion of the winter precipitation is lost from the soil by evaporation, but a considerable l)ortion of it passes down through the soil below the eighth foot limit. " In the spring irrigated soils to a depth of 8 ft. are fully saturated and nonirri- gated soils are usually so. . . . In the spring, less than 20 in. of precipitation are usually found in the upper 8 ft. of soil ; that is, not more than the precipita- tion of one and one-half years is stored in the upper 8 ft. of soil. " To make farming without irrigation successful, a considerable percentage of soil moisture must be carried over from year to year. Fall plowing tends to conserve the natural precipitation. Fall or winter irrigation is advisable on deep soils with good drainage. It should be practiced in moderation. . . . Summer fallowing conserves the soil moisture; the longer the fallow period, the higher the percentage of soil moisture. The reason why the beneficial effects of summer fallowing and fall plowing are not more evident in the soil moisture content is that the water capacity of most arid soils is small and that during the winter season a large portion of the water moves below the eighth foot limit reached by the soil augers. "Lands may be water-logged even when only a small surplus of water is applied at each irrigation. The surplus moves to considerable depths until an impervious soil layer is reached, where the accumulation of water begins." Quantity and composition of drainage water and a comparison of temper- ature, evaporation, and rainfall, J. H. Norton (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 30 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. 1186-1190).— The studies here reported were made in 1906 on the drainage basin of Richland Creek, covering an ai-ea of 84,954 acres in ]Madison and Washington counties, Arkansas, of purely agricultural lands on which no fertilizers had ever been used. The rainfall data were secured from j> SOILS — FERTILIZERS, 815 Wcallior P.iiroan stations noar tin- iMHiiulaiy <>f tlic valley. Stream ineasure- iiieiits were made aii|in».\imately every '2 wi'eks friuii .January (i to Decemlier 23, an'l samples of water were taken for analysis at the same time. Determina- tions were ma/>. Hi. /if/s. /.O).— This bulletin records the results of cooperative experiments carried on by this Office and the State of California to determine the extent in area and dei)th to which water l>ercolates beneath furrows, as well as the proportion retained by the soil for the use of orchard trees. The experiments formed a part of a general study of the losses of water in irrigation and their prevention, investigations on tvajHiration having already been re|torted ( E. S. K., 18. p. 1(»S7). The experiments were made mainly (»n sandy loam soils in citrus orchards near Riverside, Cal. The character of the soil and its moisture content to a depth of several feet were determined before the experiments were begun. To as(^'ertain the rate of movement of the irrigation water in the soil and the amount of moisture retained, trenches were dug across the irrigation fur- rows to a depth of 5 or 6 ft. and of convenient width. liy means of these trenches it was possible to trace the rate and ex'v'.it of percolation of the irriga- tion water and also to take samples at any desired depth for determination of moisture. In view of the somewhat niiusnal cliaraclcr of tli«> investJLrations. an imiiortant feature of the work was the development of methods suitable to the pur|>ose. The experience gained indicates certain im|)ortant improv«'ments in methtMls, which are described in detail. The principal results of the percolation studies are summarized as follows: "The preliminary examination of the land of the orchard before irrigalion showfHl that the upper 2 ft. held only about 3.5 per cent of frw water as the general average, while below this to the depth of 13 ft. the average was (5.16 F)er cent. Tlie roots of the trees were mostly conlined to the ui>iier 4 ft., and In this depth there was au average of 4.68 per cent, an amount suUicient to 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. maintain a good appearance in tlie trees but not to produce new growth : the application of irrigation water caused increased growth. " The unobstructed movement of water in loam soils is downward, with great irregularity in rate of progress and in the amount of water retained at various depths. The water beneath the surface does not move from the furrows toward the trees for more than 2 ft., and at a depth below 2 ft. the wet area is usually rapidly contracted to a cone shape. The soils in the tree rows, therefore, fail to receive any of the irrigation water, and the dry space increases in width and extent downward; the tree* roots, which usually are confined to the upper 3 ft., are thus only partially supplied with needed moisture. " The relative proportion of dry soil to that wetted by irrigation across 16 furrows and 4 tree rows in the sandy loam soil, was as 2 to 3 in a depth of 5 ft. As seen in the profiles, the proportions are as follows, taking the dry soil as the unit : Surface foot, 1 to 3.4 ; second foot, 1 to 4.3 : third foot, 1 to 2.3 : fourth foot. 1 to O.S : fifth foot, 1 to 0.4 : and sixth foot, 1 to 0.1. " The depth reached by the percolation of irrigation water deitends on the nature of the soils and length of time of flow ; in the unobstructed loose soil it was 26 ft. near the head ditch, 4 ft. In the middle, and about the same at 30 ft. from the end, and many feet where the excess was received. In the compact, semiimpervious soil it reached a depth of 4 ft., while in the imper- vious hardpan soil the depth was but little more than 12 in. even after 3 days' application. " The amount of water held by the soil when the downward movement ceased was always gi-eatest in the upper 2 ft. and diminished in percentage to the bottom. [The general averages of 9 furrows were] 9.95 per cent in the first foot, 11.19 in the second, 9.14 in the thii-d, and 8.27 per cent in the fourth foot. " The presence of an impervious hardpan near the surface causes sidewise seepage of the water, a greater wetting of the surface, and consequent in- creased Idss by evaporation and by accumulation and run-off at the lower end of the furrows. " Shallow irrigation furrows do not give as good results as deep ones; they allow a large part of the water to rise by capillarity to the surface on either side and thence to escape into the air by evaporation, while deep furrows enable the soil to receive and retain nearly all of the water applied. The furrows in [the principal orchard experimented with] had an average depth of 3 or 4 in. and from these the lateral seepage was so great as to wet about 85 per cent of the space between the tree rows. During the 3 days of irri- gation in which these soils were being kept wet the rate of evaporation was very high. After this the soil gradually dried out and the loss diminished. " On loose sandy loams water percolates with such rapidity near the head ditch that a great part is lost by passing far below the roots and possibly into sand and gravel strata, through which it fiows away. Thus on [one] orchard the depth of percolation was 26 ft. at a distance of 30 ft. fi'om the ditch. " It is extremely doubtful [whether] water at a depth of more than 5 ft. below the root systems will be of any benefit to the trees in times when needed, for the capillary rise is extremely slow, and especially so if the temperature of the soil be low. . . . " In orchards with shallow mulches it was observed that the amount of water in the soil 6 weeks after irrigation was about the same as just previous to the application of water. . . . " Percolation is influenced by the time that water is allowed to remain in the furrow. The water should be made to reach the end of the furrow as soon as possible, and then the flow so regulated that the whole line may receive prae- U SOILS FERTILIZERS. 817 tioally the same amount and to depths of 8 or 10 ft. If the movement is slow ami the so.il conditions favorable to percolation, then in the soil near the head ditch there is danger of loss by the percolation of the water far beyond the reach of the root systems." The physical condition of the soil in relation to agriculture, T. Hallissy {Irish Funning World, Jl (1908), Xo. 1081, p/>. ll^.i, //'/-}; Farmers' (inz., 67 (nW8), .Vo.s. .',7, pp. 1013, 101.',; .',S, p. /O.W).— This is a report of a lecture in which the intluence of the various physical factors on the fertility of the soil w.is discussed, but special emphasis was laid upon the relation of the soil to water. While not minimizing the importance of the chemical and biological conditions (if the soil, the author stated that " texture is what the farmer has always made the basis for his diagnosis as to its value, and modern science confirms his judgment." Investigations on the composition of the air of cultivated soils, E. Lau {licitrai/i ;///• Kcnntnis Urr Zuaatnincnsctzuitg der i»i Ack( rbodeii bcfindlichen Liift. Inaug. Diss. Rostock, 1906, pp. 34, pi. 1, fig. 1 ; rev. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., .il (1908), Xo. 7, pp. 433, 431/). — A series of investigations on the conditions which infiuenc*e the composition of the soil air is reported, from which the following conclusions are drawn : The soil air is richest in carbon dioxid in summer and poorest in winter, the amount apparently varying with the temiierature and the conseiiuent in- tensity of the decomposition of the organic matter and the formation of carbon ilio.xid. The maximum. carbon dioxid content was noted in the months of July and August, the minimum in February. The soil air is poorer in carbon dioxid at 2 o'cUx-k at night than at 2 o'clock in the daj\ The air of ssindy soils contains the least carbon dioxid, that of moor soils the most, the air of loam soils being intermediate in this respect. The carbon iliu.vid content varies with the humus content as well as with the i)hysical I>n>|>erties of the different soils. It is smallest at the surface and increases with the depth, the differences in this respei-t being greatest in case of moor soils and least in sandy soils. The oxygen content stands in definite relatiim to the content of carbon dioxid, that is. the richer the soil air in carbon dioxid the poorer it is in oxygen, this i»«'ing clearly due to the fact that the carbon dioxid results fx*om the oxidation of humus. riant root respiration has a marked effect upon the carbon dioxid content of the soil air. The air of soils bearing plants is decidedly richer in carbon dioxid than that of bare soils, and the carbon dioxid content is greater in the vicinity of the plant roots than below them. The carbon dioxid content in- creases with the growth of the i»lants and with the rise of temperature. Soils lK>jiring potatoes and lupines contain larger amounts of carbon dioxid than the s;inie soils bearing other crojis. This is attribuliHl to the fact that iiotatoes and legumes have a higher rate of respiration than other plants. The a])plication t»f barnyard nuinure is ininally as effei-tive as the ro»)t action ill increasing the carbon dioxid content of soil air. The content of radio-active emauations in soil air, A. Oockkf, (P/ii/.*. /.txdir., 9 (I90S), \o. 9, pp. 30 ',-306). —MviXMirvim^uls of the emanations in soil to a depth of 1 mett'r showed wide variations with different conditions of the soil and weather. The absorptive power of a cultivated soil. .7. Koskx and C. Hki.(.kr (lint. year the water containinij: this sulphate rises to the surface soil and the sulphate is there again converted into carhonate. It thus hapi)ens that the (•oniiK)sition of tlie alkali salts in tlie same soil is v«'ry variable at different seasons of the year. Lime and phosphates in Khodesian soils, ,1. Caaikkon { JflKjdcsian Agr. Jour., r> (IHOfO, .\o. .1. PI). I.',:, I. ',r cent of carbonate of lime, 3.5 per cent of plio.sphoric acid, L' jier cent of majiuesia, and 3 per cent of iron. It is believed that this material lias been fornie sam]tles of such soils, containing from 0.;>2 to 1.15 per cent of lime, are reported, as well as fertilizer experiments with one of the soils. A .'sample of one of the soils containing 0.4!) per cent of lime yielded one-Hfth of its lime (tn extraction with distilled water and 40 i)er cent on extraction with 1 per cent citric acid. 10xi)eriments have shown that these soils are benefited by applications of lime to only a slight extent, but that applications of phosphates produce marked results. It is thought that superphosphates are likely to prove more etiicieut on these soils than Thoiuas slag. The status of soil fertility investigations ( lUUiois Sta. Circ. t,i,i. pp. 3-.')6). — This is a collection of documents relating to the controversy in connection with the theories of soil fertility of the Uiu'eau of Soils of this Department. Chemical principles of soil classification, ('. G. Hopkins (Science', n. ser., 2S ( t;)08), \i). 12!), pp. 6'J7-.S(;.S).— This is an address delivered before the Ameri- <"in Society of Agronomists at Cornell University in July, 1908, discussing the (heories of the Hureau of Soils of this Department regarding soil fertility. Chemical principles of soil fertility, ('. (J. IIopki.ns (Nliiioix Sta. Circ. 12.'i, Pl>. III). See abstract above. Bacteria for enriching the soil and for increasing the production of crops, .\. .\. r.ANKK.iKi {Itrpt. .\tir. liciujiil. (^uiirl..l(ittr.. I ( I'lOS), .\o. }, pp. 22I-22S). — This is a l»rief account of exiterinients in inoculating seed and soil with dry iMilinres prep.-ired by this De|iartment and licpiid cultures |)repared in (Jermany for the pr< dnction of cowpeas. The results, while not conclusive, indicate that in certain cases decided benefit was derived from the use of the inoculating Ujaterial. Notes on inoculation with Nitragin and inoculated soil in the culture of leguminous plants and its importance in fruit and garden culture. H. IIkinzk i I'rushiiH. (fftslhiiii /.III.. I.i UUIIS), .Vo.s. (/, pp. .S7-.'/,J.- 7. /)/'. tOd-lDU). Inocula- tion by means of Nitragin or infeded soil is considered advisable in many ca.ses. Inoculation of gram seed with the tubercle-forming bacteria. .1. .M. IIayman ' /I'y-/. Cnunpuri [hnliii] .\ijr. Stu., lUdl, pp. (JJ, 0"}).— I'ut and Held experimeuts 820 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iu whicli seed was inoculated with cultures prepared from root nodules of the gram and planted iu sterilized and unsterilized soil are rei)orted. The benefit of inoculation was marked in the pot experiments but ucjt noticeable iu the field experiments. Protection of the soil in Hungary, It. (ioNNARD {Rev. lU-oii. Intcnutt., 5 (190S). /r, A'o. 1, pp. 67-98). — This article explains what is beinji done by organization and government suiiervision to protect and improve the soils of Hungary, more particularly by forest management and control of waters. Terracing of farm lands, W. W. Ashe (y. C. (icol. and Econ. Hiirrrn Bui. 17, pp. 38, pis. 6, figs. ,2). — Tliis bulletin brietly describes the coastal. Piedmont, and moimtain regions of North Carolina and discusses in some detail the value and characteristics of the soils of the Piedmont region, the extent and cause of soil erosion and its effect on the quality of the soil, kinds of soils subject to erosion, and methods of less-eniug erosi!. of straw 72 and 40. With stable manure the increase over the unmanured i)lats was IL'.r) and 1'> per cent of rice and 21 and 9 per cent of straw, for the 2 varieties used. Note on action of nitric acid in neutralizing alkaline soil, IJ. S. Svmmonds {.Jour, and I'roc. lioy. Stic. X. S. Wales, J/l (1007), /l, figs. 3). — These articles contain further discussion of the proposal of Symmonds, noted above, to use the power of flowing artesian wells to produce the nitric acid needed to neutralize alkaline soils and irrigation waters. Artesian irrigation: An antidote for alkaline waters, K. S. Symmonds (Agr. (!(i:. \. S. Wales, JO ( t'JOS), No. .S, pp. U0!)-G27, figs. 8, map /).— This is a some- what more detailed account of the e.xperiments noted above. The article calls attention to the frequent occurrence and injurious effect of alkali in artesian waters used for irrigation in New South Wales. The exjieri- nients reported show that this alkali can be neutralizwl successfully with nitric acid with great advantage in the growth of wheat. It was also found to be IKJssible tn manufacture successfully an efficient sujierphosphate by the use of nitric acid. It is suggested that the flow of the artesian wells may be made to furnish electric power for the production of the nitric acid needed, and data :ire given showing the power of flow of a number of such wells. The most economical sources of nitrogen for plant food, L. A. Ci.ixto.n ( l/iH. Upt. Conn. lid. Apr.. .',0 ilUOd), pp. i').l-Ui'i). — This article discusses briefly the relative value and economy of different materials used to sui)iily idtrogen in fertilizers, including nitrate of sod.i. ammonium suliihate. dried bloo«l, ttsh and tankage, and farm manures. Conditions controlling the nitritica- lioM and M\;iil;diility of nitrogenous fertilizers in the soil ;ire also briefly ex- plained. The behavior of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime in storage and in soils, M. ropi- ( Vhem. Zlg., 32 ( IMS), No. SO, p. 072; Osterr. Chem. Ztg.. II { l<)OS), No. 23, p. 317). — It is stated that losses occur wlien the lime nitrogen is stored damp in thin layers. I)e<-omiiosition in tlie soil depends upon the character and the bacterial activity of the soil. The conditions in loam soil seem more favorable than in windy soil to tiie ra|)id rendering of the nitrogen aviiilable. Excessive water chwks but does not stop tliis change. Small applications of the lime nitro- gen are more rajtidly transformed than large, and excessive amounts prevent bac- terial action altogether and are poisonous to seeds and higher plants. In iK»t experiments it was found that lime nitrogen was fM) \iev cent as effective as nitrate of soda and !»."• per cent as effei-tive as sulphate of ammonia. Twenty per cent of the effectiveness of the lime nitrogen may be lost by applying it 822 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with the seed or entirely as a top-dressiug to the growing cx'op. The best results followed application about 14 days before seeding, the material being deeply and thoroughly mixed with the soil. Dicyaudiamid, although not affecting germina- tion, has no fertilizing value, and plants taking it up make less growth than those without nitrogenous fertilizers. Experiments on the use of calcium cyanamid as a fertilizer, A. Stutzeb (Ztachr. Angcw. Chcm., 21 (1908), No. -',1, p. 2122; Chcm. Ztg., ,32 (1908), No. 80, p. 972; Ostcrr. Chem. Ztg., 11 {1908), No. 22, p. 306).— This paper, read before the eightieth convention of the Association of German Naturalists and Physicians, summarizes the results of experiments with lime nitrogen on vari- ous crops, showing that with proper precautions the material is as a rule an excellent fertilizer. The influence of potash fertilizers on the relation of grain to straw, Clausen (Deut. Laiidiv. I'rrssc. .15 (1908), No. 81. p. 8ol). — The author found in pot and field experiments that in case both of leguminous plants (peas and beans) and of cereals (oats and rye) potash fertilizers (kainit) increased the proportion of seed to straw to a marked extent. Silicate of potash as a fertilizer, E. Wein (DctU. Landio. Presse, 35 (1908), No. 76, pp. 801, 802). — This is a preliminary note on field experiments in which silicate of potash was compared with other common forms of potash fertilizers. It is stated that the results of 4 years' experiments have shown that the silicate Is an efficient potash fertilizer and that it is less subject than other potash salts to loss from leaching of the soil when applied in large amounts. Wood ashes as a fertilizer, A. M. Ten Eyck {Market Groicers' Jour., 3 {1908), No. 19, p. 11). — The fertilizing value and the best methods of using ashes are briefly explained. Experiments on methods of application of superphosphates, L. Malpeaux (Jonr. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 16 {1908), No. 39, pp. 396-398).— On wheat and crim- Bon clover superphosphate gave the best results when applied at a depth of 10 cm. as compared with application at the surface and at a depth of 20 cm. On barley the best results were obtained by applying in the fall and mixing well with the soil. On sugar beets also the superi)hosphate gave the best results when well mixed with the soil. The results in general were unfavorable to top-dressing and spring application. The agricultural value of low-grade Thomas slag, M. de Molinari and O. LiGOT {Ann. Gemhloux, 18 {1908), No. 10, pp. 555-558, pi. 1). — Comparative pot tests of two low-grade slags containing, respectively, 4.76 and 3.94 per cent of phosphoric acid, on oats on sandy clay soil are reporte. S. iii>. ',l.i-.:oo. fijjx. J: aits, in Chcm. ZrntbL, J!)OS, II. .Vo. UK p. 1027). — Tliis article c-ontains a geiioral disoussion of this subjoct and reports a series of pot exiu'riinents to deterinine the cheniicil efiect on soils of the api»Ii- cation of .iry|)snni and to compare the effect of jrypsuui with that of snlphate of iH)tash on corn and beans. The effect of gypsnni alone was insignificant. When combined with solnble potash, liowever, it seemed to produce a beneficial effect. Manganese sulphate, M. dk .Moi.inaui and (). Lkjot iAnn. ficmblour, IS {I'JOS), \o. 11. pp. ()09-6ll). — Tests of this material as a fertilizer on oats and barley grown in pots on soil containing 0.12 per cent of manganese are reported. No benefit from its use was observed. The same was true in similar tests of the sulphates of iron, copper, and zinc. The action of zinc in pot experiments. V. Eiirenberg (lbs*, in Chcm. Ztg.. 32 ilUOS). \o. 78, p. !>37). — This is an abstract of a paper presented before the eightieth convention of the German Association of Naturalists and Physicians, which reported exiieriments to determine the effect of zinc in the soil on the phj-sical and chemical properties of the soil and on the germination of seeds and growth of plants. Experiments were made with zinc plates buried in pots containing ditltTcnt kinds of soil and receiving different kinds of fertilizers. It was notee niixcil. The use of peat in the preparation of fertilizers, ammonium salts, and nitrates, II. Uoisskt (Rn: (l&n. Chitn., II (1908), Ao. 17, pp. .iO.-,~.ill. jig.t. .', : libs, in i'hrm. Ztg., 32 (1908), Xo. 8.',, Rrpcrt., p. 532; Ztsclir. Angcw. Chcm., 22 < 1909), \o. 5, p. .^07).— This is a study of the methods of Ricknuinn. Woltereck, Mfintz and (Jlrard. and (Jaillot and Rris.set. which are based upon the couver- Blon of pesit nitrogen Into ammonia and the formation of nitrates from the nnniiiiiil:i. Obtaining ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen by means of peat. II. (". NVoi.TKRKt K i.\bs. in Chcm. Ztg.. 32 ( 1908), Xo.78, p.9'il; Chcm. Xcus,98 (1908), \<>. 2.-,',9. p. 103 : .lour. Itil. Agr. \L»n* abstra in Ircl.'md H'arnlougii) in which ammonia is i)nMluced by passing air and water va|ior over peat at a low lieat In especially devised furnaces. Besides snlpliate of ammonia (amounting tti 5 per cent of the dry peat), other products, 7!)2ls— No. !i— 3 824 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. such as acetic acid, paraffin, tar, and aslies of considerable fertilizing value, are obtained. Nitrogenous fertilizers prepared from peat, Maizieres (Engrain, 23 (1908), yo. 39, 1)1). 92Ji--9.i6). — This is a brief review of methods which have re- cently been proposed for this purpose, especially those of Bazin and Woltereck (E. S. R., 19, p. 1124; 20, pp. 23, 523). Nitrate from ammonia, K. W. Jurisch {Chem. Ztg.. 32 (1908), No. 67, pi). 791, 792). — This is a review of investigations dealing with the oxidation of ammonia to nitric acid. The Ostwald method receives particular attention. On lime nitrogen, G. Bredig (Chrm. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 09, pp. 810, 811).— Studies on the rate of fixation of nitrogen by calcium carbonate with and with- out the addition of catalytic substances and with varying pressures are reviewed in this note. Cyanamid or lime nitrogen (Anier. Pert., 29 (1908), No. 5. pp. 18, 19, figs. 3). — This is an illustrated description of works which are being built at Niagara Falls, Ontario, for the manufacture of calcium cyanamid. It is stated that these works are to have a capacity of 15,000 tons per annum. Chilean nitrate fields, R. Haxna (Amei: Pert., 29 (1908), No. 5, pp. 10-12; Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. ^o-^T; Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3>,0, pp. iSi-i 8.5). —This article explains briefly how the nitrate industry is conducted and discusses composition, shipping methods, and available deposits. Nitrate of soda (Amer. Pert., 30 (1909), No. 2, pp. 8, 9). — This article gives in brief the official Chilean estimate of the extent of nitrate deposits in that country as reported by Consul R. Hanna. The estimate in 1906, confirming that of 1896, showed a possible production in the nitrate zone of 81,440,000 short tons. Peruvian guano (Mark Lane Express, 99 (1908), No. Jt024. PP. 525, 527, figs. 3). — This is a brief general account of the history, present supply, and characteristics of Peruvian guano, with suggestions as to soils and crops best suited to its use and methods of preparing and mixing the guano. Data are also given regarding the price and conditions of sale of the guano in England and its influence on British farming. Phosphate deposits of Christmas Island, H. P. Woodward and E. S. Simpson (Jour. Bept. Agr. West. Aust., 17 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. 552-556; 2, pp. 589-592).— Explorations which indicate the occurrence of at least 50.000 cu. yds. of phos- phatic shale and travertin limestone containing from 13.5 to 23.5 per cent of phosphoric acid are reported. Deposits of phosphates in the Midland districts [of Western Australia] (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 17 (1908), No. 3, pp. 676-682).— The discovery of deposits of low-grade phosphate is reported. Natal mineral phosphates, A. Pardy (Natal Agr. Jour., 11 (1908), No. 9. pp. 1090-1092). — Analyses of 5 samples of these phosphates are given. The percentage of phosphoric acid varied from 10.98 to 36.35 per cent. The richer sample, however, contained a rather high percentage of fluorin, which would be a drawback in the case of the use of the phosphate in the manufacture of super- phosphates. Acetylene plant residue, A. Pardy (Natal Agr. Jour., 11 (1908), No. 8, pp. 9Jf7, 9^8). — An analysis of the lime residue from the generation of acetylene gas is reported and its value as a fertilizer briefly discussed. The material was found to contain 60.1 per cent of calcium carbonate, 29.5 per cent of calcium hydroxid, and 7.S per cent of moisture, besides small amounts of magnesia, SOILS FERTILIZERS. 825 silica, iron, alumina, etc. The niatorial is considered a valuable lime fertilizer, l)Ut should be tliorou>;lily saturared with water and aerated before crops are planted <>n land to which it is aiiplied. This is best done by spreadiuf; on bare land in winter a considerable time before planting the crop. Utilizing the dogfish. A. .J. Fleming {Daily Consular and Trade Rpts. I /■. .S. I, IDOS, \<>. ,iSSi), i»iK 13, /./). — The methods and appliances used at Causo and Chirks Harbor, Nova Scotia, and at Shipegan, Xew Brunswick, for ex- tractinf: oil from dojifish and making; fertilizer from the residue are described. The Canso works are iilanned to reduce about 2.") tons of tish in 24 hours, and the Clarks Harbor plant will reduce oO tons of tish in 10 hours. The works have proved remunerative both to the operators and to tishermen. Utilizing stock-yard waste (Breeder's Gaz., 5'/ (IDOS), Xo. 20, pp. 90.i, iHMl). — This article briefly discusses the increased demand for and improved methods of handling the large accumulations of stock-yard manure. It calls attention to the fact that a product that was formerly dumped into the streams or pitten rid of by some other simple means can now be completely disposed of as a fertilizer at prices of from .$<) to $S per carload of coarse manure and of $1S per ton for assorted pulverized manure in bags. The disposal of sewage sludge (C'Jiein. Trade Jour., //.? (1!)08), A'o. 1115. p. SOU). — The (Jrossniann process in use at Manchester, England, is described. This consists essentially of mixing the pressed sludge with a small quantity of acid and subjecting it to the action of superheated steam. This removes fatty matter and leaves behind a dry, practically odorless material containing 2 per cent of ammonia and about 2 per cent each of phosphoric acid and potash. Sewage sludge as a manure (Times [London], 190S. t^cpt. 28; abs. in Jour Hoe. Chein. Indus., 27 (l!)(J8), Xo. 19, p. 995). — In this article reference is made to a report published in a i)arliamentary paper of experiments made by the Hritish lioard of Agriculture to test the fertilizing value of different kinds of sludge on mangels, turnii)s, and grass under ordinary farm conditions, and (m wheat in i)ot experiments. None of the sludges showed any particular value as a fertilizer. Chemicals and allied products, C. E. INIunroic (Bur. of the Census [ r. .S.l, Maiifrs. 190.'). pi. ). pp. ,i97-ol2). — This report gives statistics 'of lU'oduction, consumption, and imports up to and including T.K)"), the statistics of most in- terest fmrn an agricultural standpoint being those relating to acids, ashes, and other fertilizers. According to the statistics given the total value of the fertilizer output in the I'nited States in V.M') was $ij(;,(>32,sr»;i. an increase of 2().S per cent over the value in IJMM); the number of establishments was 4t)0. a decrease of about 5 per cent since 1!MK>. in the same time the cajtital invested (.$(« (.028.2(^4 in l!«rt) had increased about 14 per cent, the number of salaried oflicials had decreased ?».."» |»er cent, and salaries S.7 per cent: the number of wage-earners had increased 22.C. jier cent and wages 22.!) i)er cent, nf the total output, 1.(>70.;»7S tons, valued at .$!(;. |<.i.",.ii(K;, was suiici-i>liosi)hale : 7sl.;!.-.4 tons, v.ilued at ."?i;*..- (»2(».S2."», was annnoiiiated superi»hosphate ; 1,(>(>;!.S47 tons, valued at !f;il,;{()."),(>r)7, was complete fertilizer: and 4T.>,.S(»;{ tons, valued at !i;4.S2( ),()">(>, miscellaneous. The largest increase (over 4(X) per cent) during lUOO to 15)05 was in anmioniated superphosphate. The South Atlantic States lead in both quantity and value of fertilizer iirod- iicts. the No:-th Atlantic Slates b«'ing .swond, the South Central third, and the North Central fourth. 826 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. The auiouiit and value of fliffereiit kinds of fertilizing materials produced in 1!)05 as compared witU I'JOO are shown in the following table : Amount and value of fcrtilizinff materials iirodueed in the United Stutcs, IDOO and 1905. Kind of fertilizer. Fish Kainit Limestone Phosphate rock Pyrites , Sulphur Lime , Potash salts , Nitrate of potash Nitrate of soda Wood ashes Sulphuric acid Superphosphate Ammouiates , Ammonium sulphate . Common salt Cotton-seed meal Bones, tanliage, etc . . . Amount 1905. Tom. 923, 305 190,493 20, 281 888, 571 342, 962 4,210 6 22,131 122, 107 1, 160 42, 213 f> 17, 083 197, 865 320, 559 125, 888 10,540 2,406 Value 1905. Increase in amount lover 1900. Increase in value over 1900, I 1,891, 10, 4,244, 2,020, 92, 3, 3, 606, 39, 1,760, 2, 1,084, 2,912, 2,445, 600, 13, 2. 376, 5,094, Per cent. 101 248 183 13 19 Per cent. 379 J 263' 47] 19 i a 67 69 o66 292 16 31 116 21 148 ol4 12 o20 34 187 400 222 499 1,319 a 48 a Decrease. b Bushels. Italy's production of chemical manures, A. Menozzi (Ahs. in CJirm. Trade Jour., '/.i {1008), Xo. 1108, p. 1.52). — A report presented to the minister of agriculture on this subject is briefly reviewed. Fertilizers in Australia {Mark Lane E.x:press, 99 {1908), No. 1,023, p. ^97).— Attention is called to the rapid increase in the use of fertilizers in Australia, the imports in 1906 amounting to 150,360 tons valued at about $1,891,500. Artificial fertilizers in China {Chem. Trade Jour.. .',3 {1908), No. 1119, p. 398). — A brief statement is given as to the extent to which fertilizers are used in China and the iiossibilities of developing the fertilizer trade there. Report on commercial fertilizers, 1908, E. H. .Jenkins and ,J. P. Street {Conneetieut State Sta. Rpt. 1907-8, pt. S, pp. .'/.53-570+ 17//). —Analyses of 632 samples of commercial fertilizers and manurial waste products examined during the year are reported and discussed with reference to variation in composition and commercial value. The fertilizers examined are classified as follows : Con- taining nitrogen as the chief active ingredient, 185 samples; phosphoric acid, 10 samples; potash, 23 samples; nitrogen and phosphoric acid, i53 samples; mixed fertilizers, .305 samples; and miscellaneous fertilizers and manures, 56 samples. Inspection and analyses of cotton-seed meal on sale in Mississippi, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi ISta. Bui. 11^, pp. 3-35). — Itesults of inspection of 414 samples of cotton-seed meal during the season of 1907-8 are summarized. Very few shipments of meal showed marked deficiencies in composition. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, W. Frear {Penn. Dept. Afjr. Bui. 171. pp. 73). — This is a report of insiiection of fertilizers in the State from January 1 to August 1, 1908, and includes analyses of 625 samples of fertilizing materials. Fertilizers as sold 1908, A. McGill et al. {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 161, pp. 23).— Analyses of 119 samples of fertilizers collected in various districts of Canada are reported. Attention is especially called to the need of improvement in the Canadian fertilizer law with respect particularly to regis- tration and identification of brands. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 827 Manures, 11. E. Annett, F. V. Darbisiiire, and E. .T. Rvssell (Jour. Soutli- ivst. .If//-. Col. Wyr. ID07, AV>. 16, pp. 1S3-Z00) .—TMa article gives analyses with discnssions j»f the fertilizing value of fish, meat, and other guanos, bone manures, potash salts, nitrate of soda, sulphate of ammonia, rape dust, pond muds, septic tank deposit, seaweeds, greaves, waste products, shoddy, mixett manures, sewage sludges, lime, phosphatic manures, mineral phosphates, super- jiliosphate, and gypsum. Ohio fertilizer law (Off. Rpt. Ohio Dcpt. Agr. on Acrcdf/r and Condition of Croits. l!)l. /)/). 17-20). — Various amendments of this law which tooli effect Nuvcmlicr 1, 1!M)8, are given. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Solereder's Systematic Anatomy of Dicotyledons, trans, by L. A. Boodle and F. E. Fritscii, revi.setl by D. II. Scott (Oxford, 1908, toJh. 1, pp. XII + G',',, /ign. 153; 2, pp. ¥1+645-1183, figs. 36). — ^After an introduction dealing chiefly with the value of anatomical characters, descriptions are given of the anatomical features of the individual dicotyledonous orders, the arrangement of the latter being the same as in Bentham and Hooker's (Jenera Blantarum. Under the description of each order, after a short review of the anatomical characters, de- t.-iiliHl statements are given as to the structure of the leaf, structure of the axis, etc. Following the detailed descriptions a summary is given of the existing data regarding anatomical characters of plants. The book, in addition to its value to students of plant anatomy, will be useful to those interested in ai)plied botany, for the determination of raw vegetable products of unknown origin, and also to the i)hysi()logist who wishes to obtain iufiirmation on the anatomy of the plants used in his experiments and on the distribution of certain anatomical features which are connected with special functions. A text-book of general bacteriolog'y, E. O. Jordan (Phihidclphia and Lon- don, 1!)0S, pp. JJ7, fig-s. 163). — This book, which is the outgrowth of a series of lectures given to the students of the University of Chicago, describes the funda- mental principles and methods of laboratory work as fully as possible in a jaii)- iication of its kind, an exhaustive treatise within ordinary limits being impos- slitle. Following a descrii»tion of methods of studying bacteria, chapters are given in which llie biology of bacteria and their relations to organized life are dis<-uss»'d. Tlie moriihology, cultural characters, etc., of a number of groups of bacteria that cause disease in man are described at length. Chaptt'rs are given on dairy l)acteriology, bacteria in the arts and industries, the bacteria of air, ^'•il, and water, bacterial diseases of plants, etc. A bibliography of mycological literature, (1. Lindat and 1'. Svdow ( 77/r- ■yiitiriis lillrnihinr nigcuUtgiva- ct Uclirnoiof/ica' nitionc hahila pra'cipuc omnium t/ua- adhtti- xiripta -sinit dr miicoiugia appUcata. Lcipsic, W08, rol. 1, pt. 2, ]>p. 'lOI-ltU.!). — 'I'his imblication is a continuation of the previous number ( E. S. It., v.), ji. 1027), the titles listed being those of authors as far as Lyon. The toi:il nimilier of papers to the conclusion of the present nnmbi-r is ]li,142. International catalogue of scientific literature. M — Botany (hitcrnat. Cat. Nr-i. Lit., a (HKfS). pp. vm+S.30+8.',3).—Th\i^ is an author and subject cata- logue of the literature relating to botany, nearly 7,(KM) titles being listal. The ineihn,! ,,r tieatment is similar to that descril>ed before (E. S. II., 20, p. 4.%). Tlie literature Indexed is mainly that of IIIOC. The development of the Uredineae and the origin of new forms, K. Fis< iieu [Milt. \(itiirf. (Ic.srII. II, in, Umi, .\u. l6.t'.>-HU,>,. pp. t. Ul- 1. ',.',) .—'Uw author dis- 828 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. cusses the various generations of rusts and the relation of the uredo forms of some species to the other stages occurring in their life histories. Field, garden, and orchard crops of the Bombay Presidency, G. A. Gammie (Dcpt. A(ji: Bombay Bui. 30, pp. IV + ll'i). — Botanical diagnoses are given of orders, genera, and species of the field, garden, and orchard crops of the Bom- bay I'residency, 38 orders of plants being represented. The different orders, genera, and species are described in more or less botanical terms, and economic notes are given on each species and variety. Seeds and plants imported during the period from January 1 to March 31, 1908. Inventory No. 14 (U. S. Dept. Agi:, Bur. Plant Indus. But. 137, pp. 64 ) . — This is the fourteenth inventory of seeds and plants imported through the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction and embraces 778 items, the introduc- tions received between January 1 and March 31, 1908. Most of these introduc- tions were from China, being a portion of the collection of F. N. Meyei", agri- cultural explorer. The germination of some grass seed and a contribution to the study of aleurone grains, A. Guilliebmond (Arch. Anat. Micros., 10 (1908), No. 2, pp. 141-226, pis. .'/, figs. 13). — A cytological study was made of the aleurone grains, and especially of the globoids, of certain grasses, and the author records various phenomena in the germination of seed of barley, wheat, and maize. The aleurone grains of grasses are formed just as in the lupines from a funda- mental mass of proteids by the inclusion of globoids whose number and size vary with the different species. The globoids by their reaction appear to be nitrogenous material and resemble volutin. Aleurone grains are to be found not only in the cotyledons and embryo of the seed but also in certain secretory cells of the epidermis. They are formed in the vacuoles, the globoids first appearing, and around these are deposited the proteids in the form of minute granules. During germination, the aleurone grains are transformed, the pro- teid granules disappearing first, and the globoids persisting for 5 or G days. The globoids are to be considered as reseiwe material. The epidermal cells of the cotyledons, believed bj' Brown and Morris to be the seat of diastatic .secretion, also contain soluble starch, fat, and aleurone grains. Chemical processes accompanying the germination of seeds, F. Scurti and A. Parrozzani (Gaz. Chim. Itul., 38 (1908), I, No. 2, pp. 216-227; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londoti], 94 (1908), No. 547, II, p. .'/77).— A study was made of the proteolytic changes occurring in sunflower seeds, comparisons being made with the niti'Ogenous compounds found in etiolated shoots of the same seeds The authors identified xanthin, hj-poxauthln, arginin, histidin, lysln, and cholin, in addition to which the seeds contained a small proportion of tyrosin. The con- clusion is drawn that in so far as the proteids are concerned, natural germina- tion consists of an ordinary proteolysis quite analogous to that produced by the action of the isolated enzyms on the isolated proteins. In the authors' experiments, no asparagin was formed during the digestion of sunflower seeds, nor during the initial period of their natural germination, although it made its appearance during the more advanced stages of the germi- native process. This confirms the view that asparagin is not a direct product of the resolution of proteids, but is a secondary product formed by special transformations at the expense of the primary products. The production of dry matter and chlorophyll in the higher plants under the influence of different intensities of light, W. I>ubimenko (Ann. Hci. Nat. Bot., 9. ser., 7 (1908). No. 3-6, pp. 321-415, figs. 16).— In previous publications (E. S. R., 19, pp. 831, 930), the author has discussed various phases of his inves- tigations on the relation of light to chlorophyll, and in the present iiaper a AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 829 detailetl account is f^iven <»f bis exiKTiiuciits wliicli were carried on witli •» species of berltaccoiis plants and S species of trees. From the author's conclusions it appears that the jtroduction of dry matter by green plants is determined l»y tlie eni-rtry of the light and varies with the illunii- uation and tiie amount of chlorophyll in the leaves. The amount of cbbtrophyll in a given plant varies from time to time, the nuninunu being associated with full illumination in all the si)ecies studied. It increases rapidly with the dimi- nution of illumination up to a maximum, after which there is a gradual diminution if the light is still more reduced. In general the maximum of chlorophyll production corresponds to an illumination considerably below that which induces the formation of the maximmn dry weight of plants. The pro- duction of dry matter in ]ilants increases with the increased light absorbed ui) to a certain iioint, after which it decreases with accompanied greater illumina- tion. The oi)tinunn of energy absorbed for a given plant is constant for a given temperature, but diminishes when the temperature is increased. The optimum intensity of light for the production of dry matter varies accord- ing to tlie quantity of chloroi)hyll contained in the leaves. Under natural conditions of light the maximum production of dry matter in plants poor in chlorophyll takes place in full sunlight, while on the contrary, with those si)ecies ridi in green coloring matter the maxinnini production of dry weight corres|jonds to a considerable attenuation of light. In general the develojinient of a plant following its illumination is in proportion to the dry matter produced. The growth of the stem and roots seems antagonistic, for while the rate of development of the stem increases with illumination, that of the roots decreases. The development of the leaves is affected in a manner similar to that of the roots. With few exceptions, transpiration does not appear to have an appreciable effe<-t on the total dry matter produced. The proportion of dry to fresh weight decreases with illumination, and the illumination appears to exert a specific influence upon the water contained in a plant, irresjjective of transpiration. All plants seem to be able to regulate the absorbed light energy and to protect themselves against the unfavorable influence of an excess of light. From a biological standpoint, iilauts growing in mass are at au advantage regarding an increa.se in dry matter, since they are able to secure a considerable reduction in the amount of total illumination. The transpiration of evergreen plants, M. I'utiusi (Atti R. Arcad. Lined, h'liiil. ri. Sci. Fix.. Mill, r \ut., :>. scr., 11 {VMS), I, No. 10, pp. GGl-CUU!).— From a stu«ly made of a number of dicotyledonous plants with persistent foli- age, tlie autlKU- found that among the Lauraceie the energy of transpiration has a well-deflned p«'riod!city with a nnnimum stage during December and January, when cold weather and a ndninnnn of illumination coincide, and an optinunn in the sjiring of tlie yi'.ir, wlu-n vegetative growth is actively renewed and the surrounding conditions an* favorable. The curve of transpiration then de- creases through tlie summer's heat and drought, and at length reaches the winter condition of minimum activity. With I'ersea, Oreodapline, and other plants the energy of transpiration is highest during midsummer, but Is not always In proportion to the atmospheric conditions which favor the phenomena of transpiration. With the return of autumn rains, transpiration becomes Irregular but Anally reaches the level of the early si>ring condition. The respiratory pigments of plants, W. I'am.adin illir. I)i>. 12')-1.{2: Xtschi: I'lii/siol. Chrm., .5.7 {litOS), \o. 2, pp. 207-222; ahs. in Jour. Chriu. Soc. [IjOikIoh], .VJ (tUOS), No. 5'/7, //. pp. 'ilG. ■'iH). — During the autolysis of germinating wheat, kept under clilorofonii 830 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. water, a chromogen is formed, wbicli oxidizes at the surface of the liquid to a blackish-brown pigment. It is suggested that this pigment is formed from the anaerobic precursors by oxidation with molecular oxygen during respiration, and the name phytohsematin is proposed for members of this class. According to this view, the process of respiration is primarily anaerobic and results in the production of alcohol and other substances and of carbon dioxid and water. The absorption of oxygen is merely due to a secondary oxidation of some of the products of fission. The elimination of carbon dioxid from dead plants, A. J. Nap.okich (Bcr. Dciit. Bot. GeselL, 26a (1908), No. //, j)p. 3^-332).— A study was made of PeniciUiiim glaiicum, seedlings of Lupimis liiteus, sunflowers, broad beans, peas, and of the fruiting bodies of Agaricus campestris, which showed that under the conditions of the experiment there was a considerable evolution of carbon dioxid when the plants were placed in a vacuum after they had been killed in various ways. This indicates an anaerobic respiration that was entirely in- dependent of bacteria or enzyms. The relation of the sugar and starch content of guard cells to the opening and closing of stomata, Margery S. Kosing (Ber. Dent. Bot. (IchcII.. 26a (1908), No. 6, pp. JiSS-Jflio) . — A study was made of a number of species of plants to determine whether there is any relation between the starch and sugar content of the guard cells and the opening and closing of the stomata, but while some of the preliminary results seemed to indicate a correlation, there was not sufficient harmony in them to warrant any generalization on the subject. A study of amylolytic ferments in oats, P. Klempin {Biochem. Ztsclir., 10 (190S), Xo. 3, pp. 204-213, fig. 1). — The author made a study of an amylolytic ferment separated from oats, and in the form of glycerin extract its optimum effect was secured in temperatures between 40 and 70° C. It was found able to withstand higher temperatures, 90 to 95° being necessary to render it inactive. Digestion experiments with the ferment showed it to be relatively active. The relation between phosphorus and the formation of amino acids in the higher plants, F. Scurti {Staz. Sper. Agi: Ital., Jfl (1908), No. 7, pp. ^56- 470). — The author reports a correlation between the presence of phosphorus and the formation of proteid substances in plants, and states that the correlation is also extended to amino acids, which are considered a stage in the synthesis of albuminoid materials, phosphorus in all probability having an important function in their formation. Proteid formation in ripening seed, N. Wassilieff {Bcr. Dent. Bot. GeselL, 26a {1908), No. 7, pp. //.5-J-//67). — A study was made of lupines and some other leguminous plants to determine the source of protein in their fruits and seeds. When lupine fruits were separated from the plant the formation of proteids was found to continue both in light and darkness, and the increase in protein was accompanied by a decrease in the organic crystallized nitrogenous mateiial in the pods. At first the increase in proteids was made at the expense of the asparagin, but later the synthesis of proteids was at the expense of aniido acids, which are formed in darkness more abundantly than in the light. The author believes that the hypothesis that proteids are formed from asparagin is correct. It is thought probable that during the ripening process the amido acids are transformed into asparagin and this substance into protein. The role of the organic bases is similar to that of the amido acids, and their content diminishes with the increase of proteids. When the seeds were examined they were found to increase in their protein content with their development, part of the protein being derived from the amido compounds in the seeds themselves and part by translocation from the hulls. Seeds removed from the hulls increased in proteids at the expense of the asparagin and amido compounds. AGHICUI/rrRAT. BOTANY. 831 Some chemical changes in the maturity of fruit, F. Sctrti iind (J. Dk I'lato (Sliiz. SjKr. Aiir. Ihil., .)/ t HHJS), .\ o. 7, /r cent \n the other. The relation of the conforniation of the land to air currents, and hence the directlcm of smoke disper.sal, is discus.sed. The injurious effect on plants and soils of flue dust, K. Haski.hoki' ( t'iili- linf/'s l.anilir. Zti/., .77 (19118), Xo. IS, pp. (Hl9-lil.'i). — A discussion is given of (he effect of smoke jind fumes from blast furnaces, chenucal works, etc., on the growth of various pl.inls, together with data indicating the injury done by the eomponenis of smoke and llu«' dust on iteaiis, rye, and grass. Tbe elTect of the iiccunnilation of copjx'r and other substances from chemical works in the soil is also discussed. Analyses, exjieriments, and oiiservatiniis with various plants are reported indicating that the injurious effect of the dust is due to sul- pburuus acid. A registering photometer, E. A. Mitscukri.i{'ii (Lamtir. \'irs. Slat., 68 (/90S), \ii. .')!!, pp. ',ii7 'iii'.>. Jhj. I). .\ description is given of a registering Iihotomeler wbicii the author claims is esiu'cially adapted to experiments in connection with the light requirements of plants antl similar work. 832 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. FIELD CROPS. Report of the advisory committee on soil investigation, H. A. McKeene (Sprinyjicld, III: tstute, I DOS, pi). 3.2, (If/ius. ,7). — An act of the Illinois legisla- ture provides for the investigation and study by the experiment station of the soils of the State, and it further provides that a committee of five, appointed by the State I'armers" Institute, is to advise with the director of the station on the ways and methods by which this investigation shall be conducted. This publication contains a report on the inspection of the soil experiment fields at nine different points in central Illinois, and gives briefly the results secured on the different fields, together with answers by C. G. Hopkins, in charge of the work, to questions by the committee. Summary of results secured on the experimental field at Ploti in 1907, A. Winkler (Ghodlchnuil Otchet Ploty. Selsk. A7(oc. Opuitii. Stantzil, 13 (1907). pp. lG8-llJi). — In a comparison of methods of fallowing, the best yields of rye and winter wheat during the dry season of 1907 were secured on black fallow. Spring wheat after timothy gave much smaller yields than after sainfoin, alfalfa, and clover. The yield of wheat after sainfoin was lai'ger than after clover and alfalfa. It was also found that winter wheat after clover gave better results than spring wheat. The results of experiments with barnyard manure showed that 18,000 kg. per hectare (about 8 tons per acre) were practically as effective as 36,000. The use of superphosphate in quantities furnishing 30 kg. of phosphoric acid per hectare (about 2G.7 lbs. per acre) produced an increase in the yield of 240 kg. of grain. Deep plowing gave better yields of spring wheat, sugar beets, and potatoes than shallow plowing, but corn produced the best crop on shallow plowing with frequent shallow surface cultivation. Determinations of soil moisture 10, 30, 50, 70, and 100 cm. below the surface indicated a lower moisture content in the corn field at a depth of 10 cm. (about 4 in.) than in a wheat field, while at all other depths the moisture content in the corn field was above that in the wheat field. Report on the Cawnpore agricultural station for the year ending June 30, 1908, J. M. Hayman {Rpt. Cawnpore [India^ Agr. Sta., 1907, pp. 87). — This re- port describes the situation, area, and soil of the station and presents the re- sults of experiments with different crops and fertilizers. The average results of fertilizer tests with corn show that the best yield was obtained where an application of poudrette, furnishing 100 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, was given. The best yield of wheat was secured from an application of sheep dung furnishing 50 lbs. of nitrogen. Cotton gave the best yield where barnyard manure was given in quantities furnishing 50 lbs. of nitrogen per acre and superphosphate in applications supplying 50 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre. Potatoes led with a yield of 16,500 lbs. per acre on the plat fertilized with neem-cake furnishing 200 lbs. of nitrogen per acre, as compared with poudrette and cotton refuse supplying the same quantity of nitrogen. Hemp proved an effective green-manuring crop for wheat. Selection exiieriments with cotton are reported and the variations observed through different generations are re- corded. Work with rice, leguminous forage crops, cacti, fiber plants, and crop rotations is briefly noted. Cereal culture on the dry lands of central Tunis, E. Leloup (Bui. Affr. Algerie ct Tunisie, U (1908), 2Vos. 17, pp. 417-428; 18, pp. 441-U8) .—This article describes the requirements and methods for dry farming in central Tunis, and gives directions for its improvement. The rainfall of the country for a number of years is tabulated, and it is pointed out that the rainfall alone FTELI) CHOPS. 833 is uot alwaj's suftieieut in securing a protituble liarvest. In 1898 a good crop was growu with a rainfall of 135 mm., while in 1908 with the same amount of rainfall tlir croi) was an entire failure. In 1903. with a rainfall of 12.J mm., and in 190r>, with a rainfall of 110 unu., the yields were as satisfactory a.s in 1.S98. In 19(>4. when iirecipltalion amounted to Ho nun. tlie liarvest was poor, and in 19(»T. with a rainfall of V.)~t nun. it was very mediocre. Alopecurus agrestis, C Fkuwiutii (Arb. Dciit. Ltiiidic. (icscIL, IHOS, Xo. t3(j, PI). ^0. Ills, li, fi'i/s. J). — This publication contains a botanical description of this grass, a discussion of the life of the plant, and notes on its growth recpiirements, distribution, intluence on other crops, and uses. The basis for judging brewing barley, E. Jalowetz (Wiener LamUr. ZIy.. ;7.S iJ'.lUS), \(>. 7N. ii]>- 777-77J). — After discussiag the subject and reviewing observations and exi)erimental results with a bearing on the subject, the author concludes that the following points should be considered in judging brewing l)arley : Color, odor, broken and sprouted grains, sorting according to shape of the kernel, water content, nitrogen content in the sorted and unsorted portions of the quantity examined, the 1,000-kernel weight, fineness of the hull, mealiness or tlintiness, germination, and foreign matter. Comparison of plants of the field beet grown from seeds from the same seed boll, II. P.kiem {FUhlUn/s Ldiidir. Ztij., .77 (WOS), \o. 20, pit. ()!)',-lWS).— The weight of the seeds taken from seed bolls containing 4 or 5 seeds are given, and the results of exjieriments with the different seeds from single seed liolls are rejiorted. The weight of the beet and the sugar content of the same in each case are recorded. The results show in general that the heavier seeds produce the more vigorous and heavier plants. Corn culture (Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. Jf, pp. 7-116, map 1). — This bulletin con- tains a series of papers by different authors on the various phases of corn cnltnn' and the uses of the crop. Experiments on the improvement of cotton by seed selection in the Lee- ward Islands, F. Watts and 11. .V, Tempany ( IV'c.s/^ Indian Bui., 9 (1908), .\o. .i, pp. .i.iO-.i.i.i). — In the experiments reported selection of plants was based on strength and vigor of growth, freedom from disease, and yielding capacity, while the individual seeds were selected for the length, evenness, and strength of fiber. Of 100 plants growu from unselected seed of selected plants, 60 per cent produced a stai)le !•] to 2 in. in length. Similar selections fnun high-grade and itroductive c(»tton gave in one instance 43 per cent of the fii)er from lij to 2 in. long and 34 per cent of even fiber over 2 in. long. In another test 34 i)er cent of the tii)er itnuluced was over 2 in. long and (piite even, while 29 per cent was over 2 in. long and very even. In a cooperative test seed classed under c«'rtaiii grades i)roduced a crop of which SO per cent came under the .same gnides as the original see elements fiiund lacking. In a culture test a plat given shallow cultivation for 12 years, simply for the i)urpose of keei)ing down weeds, itroduced throughout a croi) greater than 834 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the ])lat receiving deep cultivation each season. A plat given shallow culti- vation for only 6 years did not produce as large yields as the one given shallow cultivation for 12 years. Beport from the select coniniittee on the hop industry (London, I90><. int. LIV+591, clgms. 2). — This report contains statistics and tables with regard to the acreage of land devoted to hops in England, the estimated yield per acre, and the total home pi'oduction, together with similar data for different hop-growing counties of the country. Tlie report further embodies the state- ments of 42 hop growers, dealers, consumers, and others heard by the committee. It deals mainly with the cultivation of the hop in England, but considerable attention is also devoted to the world's supply of hops and the international trade in the product. The German hop crop of 1908 (AUg. Bran. u. Hopfcn. Zig., .'/S (1908), \o. 293, pp. 3159-3162). — The acreage, average yield, and total yield of hops for the years 1S7S-190S, inclusive, are tabulated and data concerning the area and yields of the different hop-growing sections of the country in 1908 are reported. Duty on hops (San Francisco, Cal. [190S], pp. 20). — This revised report of a hearing given before the Committee on Ways and Cleans, with reference to an increase in the duty on hops, includes statistics concerning the crop. The ixtle and its relations, R. Endlicii (Tropcnpflanzcr, BciJicftc, 0 (1908), No. 5, pp. 221-283, pi. 1, figs. 6). — The botanical relationships, culture, and uses of the following species of fiber plants are discussed: Agave Jietcracantlia, A. lophanHia, A. univittata, A. falcata, A. striata, A. tequilana, SamucJa cai'nc- rosana, Hcsperaloe fimifera, Yucca trcciileana. Y. australis, Y. va-lida, Y. schottii, Y. elephantipes, Y. endUchiana, and Y. rostrata. The cultivation of ground nuts, H. C. Sampson (Dcpt. Agr. Madras, Bui. .IS. jtp. l-'i5-l.'i9). — This is a popular bulletin on the culture of peanuts in India. The methods of irrigation practiced in connection with the culture of this crop are briefly noted. Water culture method for experimenting with potatoes, J. J. Skinnkr (Plant World, 11 (1908), Xo. 11, pp. 2Jt9-2.'JJ,, figs. 3).— This article describes in detail the method used for growing potatoes under water culture for experi- mental purposes. Commercial potato growing, A. G. Cbaig (Washington >ita. Popular HuJ. II, pp. 7). — This bulletin describes in a popular manner the culture of potatoes under the climatic and soil conditions of Washington. A list of varieties adapted to the State is given and the methods of growing potatoes in the irri- gated districts are described. The cultivation of tobacco in Kentucky and Tennessee, W. H. ScHERFFirs, H. WoosLEY, and C. A. Mahan (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. S'/S, pp. 31, figs. 13). — This bulletin gives general directions with reference to growing young tobacco plants in the seed bed, selecting and preparing ground for a tobacco crop, topping the I'l^^iits, combating insects, selecting seed plants, harvesting, curing, stripping, grading, and marketing. The 4-year rotations and one 8-year rotation, practiced in the tobacco districts of these States, are outlined. The production of cigar-wrapper tobacco under shade in the Connecticut Valley, J. B. Stewart (V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 138, pp. 31, pis. 5). — A general description of the culture, curing, packing, grading, and mar- keting of shade-grown tobacco is given, and the improvement of tobacco obtained by 'seed selection and the value of sterilizing the seed beds are discussed. A detailed account of expenditures connected with the production of 3 acres of shade tobacco in the Connecticut Valley is reported, together with the proceeds from the sale of the tobacco grown. FIELD CHOPS. 835 The results of actual experiiuents show that tobacco can be produced profit- ably in the Connec-ticut \'a!ley under shade if a good strain of seed is secured and proi)er cultivation and lland^ln^' of the croi) is given. The best cloth to use for shade is one with ll! hard-twisted threads to the inch. This kind of cloth in an experiment produc«>d a higher yield and a better quality of tobacco than cloth which contained oidy S threads to the inch. It has been found in experi- ments, and subsequently in general practice, that sterilized setnl beds insure an abundance of good healthy i)lants. Sumatra tobacco: Culture, curing, marketing. E. Mathieu {Singapore, JiHJS, i>i). ')L piix. .i). — This publication briefly outlines the history and culture of the tobacco plant in Deli. The yellow berry problem in Kansas hard winter wheats, II, F. IIorerts and (J. F. Fkkkma.x {Kaii.sds Sfn. liiil. l')ii. pp. 33, dgm. 1). — This bulletin re- views the resulls obtained by other investigators of the yellow berry problem and reports experiments conducted by the authors to determine the causes of this dffftculty and means for their removal. The work of the Nebraska Station. partly fe viewed here, has been previously noted (E. S. It., 17. p. U4()). By the term "yellow berry" is meant the appearance of grains of a light yellow color, opaipie. soft, and starchy in hard winter wheats which normally produce a hard, flinty, translucent grain of medium size and of a clear, dark reddish amber color. S(»nietinies only a part of the kernel will show the yellow berry characteristics. It is ixiinted out that the data at hand indicate that the ordinary soft and starchy wheats of the Pacific Coast and the Middle and South- ern States average somewhat higher in weight per bushel than the hard winter and spring wheats, and that the yellow berry in this respect does not resemble the soft wheats, the weiglit as well as the specific gravity falling below the flinty kernels of the same variety. This is considered as reducing the question to what extent the production of yellow berries is inherent in the variety, and to what extent it is due to seasonal influences. In 21 varieties examined the average weight of the yellow berries per 100 was 2.r»'.)6 gm., and that of the hard flinty grains 2.740 gni. The average specific gravity of the yellow berries was I.IHH and of the normal grains l..'5H(J. It is linown that the yellow berry con- tains less i)rotein than the flinty kernel, and it is believed that the reducti(m in 8i>ecitic gravity is j»robably due to air cavities within the kernel and possibly to a rj-iluced starch content. To determine the relation bclwceu the amount of yellow berry pi'oduced und(>r the climatic couilitions of the particular season. 12S varieties of wheat were grown during l!Mir»-<> and lJ>0("»-7. The heads were harvested when considered fully riiie and dried under cover, so that the existence of yellow berry could not be attriltuled trecipita- tion for the <-orr«>sponding iieriods was 2r».72 and 21.11 in., respwtively. The average total vegetative season made up of the fall vegetative period, or the number of days from planting to January 1, and the spring vegetative period, or the number of days from .March 1 to maturity, was 2(57 days In 100(5 and 27!) days in 1007. The average percentage of yellow berry was Xi in I'.MMS and .'>!) in 1007. To interpret the results with regard to the relation of temi)era(ure, 836 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. light, air niovemonts, aiul precipitation to the growth of the wheat plant, and the possible share of each factor in the production of yellow berry, was found to be extremely complex and intricate. Relative to the influences of the autumn vegetative conditions on the produc- tion of yellow berry, the data for the 2 years show the same diminution in the percentage of yellow berry with the shortening of the fall vegetative period and a corresponding decline in the mean temperature for that period. The first year the planting season lasted over 19 days (from September 28 to October 16), cor- responding with which there was a decrease in the average amount of yellow berry of from 53.80 per cent in the highest to 19.58 per cent in the lowest case. The second year, when the planting season covered a period of but 4 days (Sep- tember 20-29) , there was apparently a correspondingly lower range in the average percentage of yellow berry from the different plantings of from 44.33 per cent in the highest to 32.63 per cent in the lowest. Apparently the reduction in the total length of the growing period with the later plantings, the consequent lower mean temperature for the period of fall growth, and the necessarily retarded and diminished development of the plants is in direct correspondence with the subsequent development of yellow berry, in so far as the data here secured are concerned. A^egetative spring conditions did not disclose any very definite relationships to the percentage of yellow berry. As the results were sometimes contradictory, and always complex and difficult of interpretation, it was concluded that hereditary tendencies in the varieties themselves might obscure results, and accordingly work was begun to demonstrate whether or not yellow berry is a heritable product. Among the many cultures of wheats examined, which were planted side by side at the same time and. which ripened on the same date, the percentages of yellow berry were found to vary widely. So-called commercial varieties, which were really mixtures of wheats, were grown under identically the same conditions In connection W'ith this investigation. Among them strains of differ- ent tyi^e w^ere found, w^hich showed distinct physiological differences so far as the production of yellow berry was concerned. The varieties grown in 1906 were grouped into those wheats producing from 1 to 25 per cent, from 26 to 50 per cent, from 51 to 75 per cent, and from 76 to 100 per cent of yellow berry. The crop of 1907 from these groups showed in general that the averages of the amount of yellow berry for each had the same relative position that they occupied in 1906. The minimum range of yellow berry in the varieties lay in those groups of 1907 that came from the minimum groups of 1906. Although the varieties low in yellow berry had progeny in 1907 which averaged 12.25 per cent higher than the average of the corresponding parental groups for 1906, on the other hand the varieties high in yellow berry had progeny which averaged 27.41 per cent low^er than the average of the corresponding parental groups for 1906. It was further found that the progeny from selected hard kernels from 8 apparently pure varieties planted in 1906 were much heavier than those from soft grains, and that as a rule the yields from the heavy hard grains were greater than those fi-om the softer kernels. The degree of inheritance of yellow berry in pure bred or pedigree wheats is discussed, and the results secured in work along that line are reported. In the first progeny group of the pedigree w^heats in 1907 a little over one-third pro- duced no yellow berry at all, and the average of all was but 3.9 per cent, whereas in the selections of spikes from the common commercial varieties, as well as in the selections of hard and soft grains from these varieties, there were no cases whatever where the offspring were free from yellow berry. The averages for the lowest groups in the case of the common commercial varieties HORTICULTURE. 837 and of the selected hard and soft grains from tlio comniprcial varieties were .'j(>.nr> and ir».4() per cent, respectivelj'. It appears in general from the resnlts that with the percentage increiise of yellow berry in the parents a mean percentage increase of yellow herry in the offs:»ring was ohserveil, and it is consideret. 3 C, pi). 19). — The results of these experiments, which were carried on in different parts 6f the country, show that in a dry year as a general rule four or five normal to heavj' applications of water are required for a full yield. At one point, Guara, lighter waterings gave the best results, and at Lyallpur two good and well-timed applications were sutiicient to produce almost a full crop. At (Juara this result is ascribed to the high level of soil water in the spring, but the cause for the variation at Lyallpur is not known. Varieties of wheat grown in the Central Provinces and Berar, (}. Evans i Drill, .[(jr. Cent. I'mr. and Jirnir [India Bui.], ijp. 2U, pin. ,.^ map I). — Descrip- tions, together with the classification, of the different varieties of wheat grown in these provinces are given. Figures are presented on the estimatcnl area in wheat for the years 1867 to 1907, inclusive. The wheat of Tomsk, Siberia, ('. Fi.aksbkkger (Tnidui lii/unt I'rlkl. Hot.. 1 il'.iOS), .\o. 7-.S, pi>. .ilA-'.U). — Botanical descriptions of varieties of Tritwuni rulffarc. T. rnmpnilum. 'J', tunjiditin. and T. dunini grown in tlie government of Tomsk are given, and the varieties grown in each of the 7 provinces of this goveruuieut are pointed out. HORTICULTURE. The modem kitchen garden, V. A. (Jressent (Lr I'atdi/rr Mndcrnr. Paris, I'Jin. III. td., pp. H.il), fif/.s. Ilih.—A treatise on the intensive and extensive cul- tiM-f of vegetables in the various climatic sections of France. The aim of this work, which first ainieared in 1S(>4, is to furnish a practical knowledge i.f vegelabic growing to the general i)ublic and institutions of various kinds ratlicr than to servo as :i guide to the professiijiial market gardener. Cabbages and cauliflowers: How to grow them, J. J. II. (jRKciORY (Boston, I'.iijs, pp. U.i, fif/.S). — I>ata are given on the production of citrons in the Medi- lerraneaii comitries, together with a descrii>tion of the method of i)reserving citrons in brine for future delivery. The estimatiil world's production of . ilroiis for the season of 190H-9 Is about «,OtX) tons. Mushrooms propagated from spores. M. ('. Cookk (-four. lioi/. llort. Soc. [London], J.J (lUOti), Aw, ^, pp. ^VJ-Z'l, /ly. i).— lu view of the general failure 838 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. resultins from attempts to propagate mushrooms by spores, the author cites two instances in which the species Agaricus vlvensis was propagated from frag- ments thrown away on the nalved soil and continued to tlourisli for many years. It is suggested that this species may prove of value to mushroom growers. Inheritance in tomato hybrids, H. L. Price and A. W. Drinkard, ,Tr. {Yir (J i Ilia Sta. Bill. 177. pp. 17-53, ?)?s. 10, figs. 5). — The experiments discussed in this bulletin were undertaken primarily for the purpose of testing for tomato char- acteristics Mendel's law of inheritance (E. S. R., 13, p. 744). The work was begun in the spring of 1906, and the main problem consisted in determining what form of inheritance existed for each particular pair of characteristics. The plan as outlined included 21 distinct crosses, many of which differed with respect to more than one pair of character units. All character unit crosses of similar nature, regardless of pai'entage, are grouped together in a single series and discussed. The fruit characters studied include those having to do with shape, color, number of cells, pubescency, and smooth- ness. Of the plant characters, the potato leaf was compared with a normal cut leaf, green foliage with yellow foliage, and dwarf stature with standard stature. Fi'om the data obtained the authors conclude than most character imits for tomatoes when hybridized exhibit in the first hybrid generation the phe- nomenon of dominance and recessiveness, and are subject in tlie second hybrid generation to Mendeliau splitting or segregation. These character units are independent in heredity, without respect to parentage. Reciprocal character unit crosses give similar results in the offspring. A list is given of 13 dominant and recessive vmit character pairs as determined for the tomato. Certain indi- vidual crosses are discussed from the standpoint of di- and tri-hybrids as bear- ing upon their utility in the development of new varieties. The authors conclude relative to character unit polyhybrids that the different character iniits are usually independently heritable, and that the re-combinations of characters occurring in the second generation of hybrids conform with Mendel's law for polyhybrids. Extracted recessives and selected homozygous dominants breed true in subsequent generations. Inter- and intra-specific crosses of tomatoes gave similar results in the hybrids. Of many desirable hybrids incidentally secured in this investigation the fol- lowing are described : Beauty-Stone, Beauty-Golden Queen, and Potato Leaf-Red Currant. On the influence of direct light on the chemical composition of fruits, G. Riviere and G. Bailhache {Jour. fine. Nat. Hort. France, .). so:, 9 (1908), Nor., pp. 627-630). — Analyses were made of the chemical composition of several varieties of pears, the sun-colored side of each specimen being compared with the unexposed side. In all cases the side of the fruit exposed to the sun showed a greater sugar content and a smaller acid content than the unexposed side. Similar analyses are given for the Chasselas dore grape, in which comparisons were made between the colored and uncolored portions of the same berries, and between colored and uncolored berries taken from different bunches. The results confirm those secured with the pears. California fruits and how to grow them, E. J. Wickson (i^aii Francisco, CaL, 1909, .',. ed., rev., pp. 433, jyls. 25, figs. 228).— This is the fourth edition of the author's work on fruit growing in California. The work has been enlarged and revised to embody the results of recent experience, observation, and re- search and is offered as a manual of methods which have yielded the greatest success, with lists of varieties best adapted to different districts of the State. The fruits discussed include deciduous and semitropical orchard fruits, grapes, HORTICULTURE. 839 small fruits. :mtl nufs. Conshleratiou is also given to fruit preservation and protection and the utilization of fruit wastes. Varieties of fruit for growing' in North Carolina, W. X. Hutt and S. B. SiiAW (liul. X. C. DS), Xo. 7N.7, pp. 7 W'- '«'•'>/). —The author continued for the season of 1908 his comparlsctn of nonnltrogenous and nitrogenous fertilizers for grapes, with results which contirm those reported for previous years (E. S. K.. 10, p. 94G). Annual report of the wine-making station of Haro for 1907, ^■. C. :M. ni; Zr.NKiA (Fslficifjn Fnolugira dr Haro. Mimoria ('(trrrsp(>iidi( nic al Alio 1907. Haro, 190S, pp. ,s,j. chart /).— This is a progress report on the work of the sta- tion for the yejir. including laboratory Jind field investigations, and is similar in character t(» tlmt noted for the previous year (E. S. U.. 10. p. 048). TOLMS— No. !»— O'j i 840 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Storage and transportation investigations with citrus fruits and grapes, A. V. Stubenrauch (Ice and Refrig., 36 (1909), No. 1, pp. 8, 9). — In the investi- gation reported, conducted by this Department during the summer of 1908, on the behavior of California Valencia oranges stored at different stages of maturity and held for different lengths of time at both 32° F. and at 40 to 42°, the oranges held in cold storage at these temperatures began to deteriorate from a mouth to 6 weeks after they were put in storage. Both the appearance and eat- ing quality of the fruit were affected. The deterioration was slower and less marked, however, at the higher temperatures than at 32°. The fruit was af- fected by various skin troubles, the nature of which has not been determined, but which are believed to be connected with low temperatures in storage, since some lots of fruit held in cellar storage at about 60 to 65° showed no trace of these diseases. Similar preliminary experiments in the cold storage of lemons showed that the fruit stored at 40 to 42° held in better condition longer than that stored at 32°, and indicated that when lemons are handled pi'operly they will keep for a long time when held in common storage at ordinary temperatures. Tabular data are given showing the results of 2 years' experience in the cold storage of table grapes in California. It was found possible to hold the grapes from 65 to 100 days in excellent condition when packed in fine ground cork, whereas similar fruit packed in the ordinary commercial way held but from 10 to 20 days. Shipping experiments with table grapes showed that the grapes rot least in transit and after arrival when the fruit has been picked and packed with great care and is shipped quickly after packing. The shipping quality of the grapes is improved by packing in cork dust, but tests made of various substi- tutes for cork dust indicate that redwood sawdust will prove entirely satisfac- tory. The results as a whole indicate, as in the previous work with citrus fruits (E. S. R., 20, p. 43), that much of the loss arising during storage and transportation is due primarily to improper methods of preparing the fruit for shipment. The decay of Florida oranges while in transit and on the market, L. S. Tenny, G. W. Hosford, and H. ISI. White {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Cue. 19, pp. 8, figs. 2). — During the season of 1906-7, the Bureau of Plant In- dustry commenced an investigation of the cause of decaj' in oranges shipped from Florida similar in nature, to the investigation recently reported on Cali- fornia oranges (E. S. R., 20, p. 43). This circular summarizes the results secured for the past 2 seasons. So far as the investigation has gone the re- sults appear to confirm those secured in California, and show that the decay of oranges is closely connected with rough methods of handling the fruit in the groves and packing houses. Numerous details of grove, packing-house, and transportation methods are to be given further attention. Orange trees for Texas, H. M. Stringfellow {Texas Farm and Ranch, 28 (1900), A'o. 2, pp. 10-12). — The author discusses the possibilities of oi'ange cul- ture in south Texas, as indicated by past experience. It appears that this section has been visited by killing freezes of short duration at irregular inter- vals several years apart. Among the methods suggested for the protection of tree trunks the author advocates the trial of sheet asbestos to be wrapped around the trunk of the tree. The circulation of air from beneath the wrap- ]iing is prevented by drawing a small amount of earth around the bottom and stuffing a little cotton between the tree and the wrapping at the upper end. A B C of lime cultivation, .J. Jones et al. (Imp. Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 53, 1908, pp. //n the lime tree and its products, are appended. Coffee in the State of Sao Paulo (Brazil), A. Laliere (Lc (Jaf6 dans VEtal (Ic Saint-l'aul (Br^sil). Anvers, 1909, pp. J/IS, pis. 93, dgms. 5, maps 3; rev. in Ann. Gcmbloux, 19 (1909), No. 1, p. 50). — The author discusses the statistics of coflee production in Brazil and elsewhere and gives a detailed account of the culture of coffee in Sao Paulo. The processes for preparing commercial coffee are also discussed, together with the economic factors of production, conunerce. and valorization. The fermentation of cacao and of coffee, O. Loew ( I'hiliitpiiic Ayr. Rev. [EiiijUsh I-J(1.], 1 (190S), No. 9, pp. 3.51-36',, pis. 2).— This is a reprint of the author's report on this subject (E. S. R., 20, p. 45). The future of cacao planting, H. H. Smith (Jour. Roy, Hort. Soc. [London'], J.J {190S), No. 2, pp. 193-218). — This lecture, together with some supplementary notes on cacao culture, has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20. p. .540). Report of the inspector of cocoanut trees. Department of Agriculture, for the year 1907, L. C. Brown {At/r. Bill. Straits and Fed. Malaii States. 7 {190S), No. 12, pp. 590-59(:). — The area i)lanted to cocoanut trees in the different Malay states at the end of the year V.HH is estimated at approximately 112,500 acres, or an increase of more than 7 per cent over the previous year. Notes are given ou the condition of the plantations, including areas, planting and cultural operations, the production of oil and copra, prices received, etc. All about cinnamon, A. M. and J. Fer(uson (Colombo, Cci/Ion [1908], pp. 'f3). — This pMuiiihlet contains considerable information compiled from various sources relativt' to the hist(u\v and botany of cinnamon, the importance of the cinnamon industry in Ceylon and elsewhere, cultivation and preparation for niarlcet. cinnamon suitstitutes, analysis of cimiamon and cassia oils, etc. Course on care of trees, (J. II. Allen (Boston, [1908], pp. .'lo). — This pamphlet presents a general discussion of the life and growth of trees, together with IM)pular descriptions of the more common trees and methods of planting, prun- ing, tree surgery, ami bolting. The common injuries of trees and their control are also discussed. Buying nursery stock iWis. Ilort. Soc. Bid. I',, pp. 3-23) .—Tln^ popular liulU'lin coiilaiiis suggestions relative to the purchase and selection of nursery sto UU08), No. (j, pp. 213-215, figs. 5).— A popular discussion of the important characteristii-s and value for garden purposes of a large number of evergreen and dcHJduous vines. Violet culture at Hyers and in the Mediterranean region, .1. Eoussat (I'nxj. Agr. rt Mt. (lUl. I'Fst-Cvntri), 29 (1908), Nos. .',6, pp. 582-591, figs. 5; .',1, pp. (!2l-(!28. ftg.^. .',; Prog. Agr. rt Vit., 25 (1908), No. .',8, pp. G.'>3-G(:2, figs. 1).— A detailed account is given of the culture of violets in the above-named regions, both for cut llowers and for (he manufacture of i)erfume. Manual of floriculture, I'. L. t)E Vh.morin (Maniid dr lloriculturr. Paris, l!i!>. \lll-\-',l(K figs. .?>}).— The purpose of this work is to meet the needs of the Miiialcur ill his desire' to raise n few llowers in the house or irardeii. I'arl 1 deals with the general iirlnciples of gardening, and part 2 contains an aliihabetical and descri[itive list of the more interesting plants, which are also 842 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. for the most part illustrated. P'or details of culture, except in special cases, cross references are made to part 3, which contains lists of plants grouped together according to their treatment. The work concludes with a list of the principal species classed by colors and flowering seasons. Gardening in California, landscape and flower, J. McLaren (San Francisco, 1909, pp. XIII+399, iJls. 29, figs. Ill,, dgms. y).— This handbook was prepared with special reference to California conditions, and is submitted to amateur and pi'ofessional gardeners of that State as supplementary to authoritative treatises and encyclopedias on landscape and flower gardening. The first 0 chap- ters deal with the location of site for house and garden, planning and planting operations, lawn making, etc. In several succeeding chapters jwpular descrip- tions and cultural notes are given of a large number of trees and shrubs, climbers and twiners, bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, palms, ferns, bam- boos, grasses, succulents, and herbaceous and bedding plants. Other chapters deal with the development of ponds, lakes, and the water garden, parlor garden- ing, the window box, the amateur's conservatory,, diseases and insects injurious to plants, general cultural notes, and sand reclamation. The work concludes with a calendar of operations for the year. Scottish gardens, H. Maxwell {1>1cw York and London, 1908, pp. X-\-252, pis. 32). — In this popular work illustrations ami descriptions are given of a representative selection of different types of old and new Scottish gardens. The colored illustrations, by Miss M. G. W. Wilson, are a prominent feature of the book which is presented with a view of stimulating an interest in garden development. Lists are appended of rhododendrons suitable to the climate of the west of Scotland, together ^with other shrubs which have proved hardy in Scotland and decorative shrubs, herbs, and bulbs. Some continental gardens and nurseries, W. J. Bean {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kcw, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1908, No. 9, pp. 3S7-Jf06). — Brief descriptive notes are given of several gardens and nurseries in Europe relative to the more interesting trees and shrubs growing there and the general landscape effects of the gardens. FORESTRY. Report on forestry, L. A. Thurston (Hniraii. Planters' Mo., 27 (1908), No. 11, pp. Ji66--'fl'l). — A review of forest conditions and operations in Hawaii pre- sented before the Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Association. In connection with the report an account is given of an experiment by L. von Tempsky in planting trees on cultivated versus uncultivated land. A 1-acre lot was planted to eucalypts by merely digging holes and planting 6 ft. each way, whereas a 3-acre lot was plowed and harrowed twice and thoroughly cleaned from weeds before planting. A crop of potatoes was also harvested from the 3-acre lot. Deducting the value of the potatoes which netted $69.19, the cost per acre of growing the trees on the cultivated land was $25.90 as against $18.40 for the uncultivated acre. One year from planting, however, the tallest tree in the uncultivated lot was 5 ft. 3 in. and the average height of the trees 3 ft., whereas on the cultivated lot the tallest tree measured 16 ft. and the average height was over 10 ft. These results appear to warrant systematic cultivation of the tree plantations in Hawaii wherever the location will render it possible. Report of fhe superintendent of forestry, R. S. Hosmer (Rpt. Bd. fUDiirs. Ayr. and Forestry Hawaii, // (1907), pp. 9-.'i6). — This is a report on the opera- tions in the division of forestry for 1907 relative to the establishment and management of forest reserves, forest extension and miscellaneous forest work. Brief statements are included from many of the district foresters relative to FOTtKRTRY. 843 {he work uiidor their oharpo. Notes are also given on the forest fire service and Hawaiian forestry in {xeneral. toj^ether with an outline of fnture worl<. One new forest reserve was added durinj; the year, making a total of 18 reserves with a combined area of 31)7,(^87 acres of which 252,818 are Govern- ment land. The data of importance relative to these reserves are given in tabnlar form. Report of the forest nurseryman, D. IIaughs {Ri>t. lid. Cotnrs. Agr. ami Forest III n (lira a. '/ ilUOl), pp. .'/7-J.'/).— This is a progress report on operations :it the (Jovernment Nnrsery, the Xiuianu Station, and the Tantalus Forest for the year ending December 31, l!t07. in continuation of lines of work previously noteil (E. S. K.. 18. p. lO.-.O). Schedule for forest description {Forestry Quart., 6 (1D08), Xo. .}. Pl>- •'i'^0- .iS^). — This is a full translation of an elaborate schedule of forest description compiletl by Albert and Schwappach at the instance of the Association of Ger- man Experiment Stations, and with a view of securing uniform usage. The lirincipal divisions under the description of site are location, climate, and soil, which are again redivided into many subdivisions and sections. The principal divisions under the descrii)tion of stand are species, management forms or systems, origin, age, density, condition of stand and numerical data. I'articular attention is called to the soil description, especially the section on humus and peat soils, which is based upon the new classification by Potouie. Suggestions are invited in th<' article as to improvements in nomenclature for use in this country. The basket willow, W. F. IIubbabd (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. S'll, pp. Jf.'), fig.s. J.J). — Tills is a condensation and revision of Bulletin 40 of the Forest Service of this I)ei»artment (E. S. K., 16, p. 101). The important phases dis- cussetl are the distribution and characteristics of the willow, its present culture in America, suggestions for improvement in culture, e.xpenditure and returns in American willow culture, systems of peeling, outline of the field experiments of the Forest Service, and varieties of willows for growing in America. An account is al.so given of the manufacture of willow ware in the I'nited States, together with suggestions for basket makers. The bulletin concludes with a sunnuary statement by (\ 1>. Mell of the essential considerations pertaining to the basket willow industry. Observations on the culture of Juglans nigra and Carya alba, Sciiwapp.\ch t Ztsritr. Forsl. u. ./agdtr., 'lO ( I!)(IS), \o. 12, pp^ ~i~i.l-lHJ). — Data are given show- ing the growth of the black walnut and shellbark hickory in certain experimental jilantations in Germany. It is believed that both of these trees are worthy of greater attention than has been given them in the past. The silva of Colorado. II, The poplars, aspens, and cottonwoods, F. Uamai.kv ( I iiir. I'l.h,. stidlii s, ', ( lUO-, ), .V(/. .i. pp. ISl-UH. figs. 0). — This is the second of a si-ries of pajwrs dealing with the trees and shrubs of (*olorado. The poplar.s, aspens, and cottonwoods are here treated in a mani\er similar to the pine family in tin- paper previously noted ( E. ,S. !{., l!l. p. l|s). Some rare or otherwise interesting trees recently observed in the western parts of Georgia, U. M. IIaki'KR (South. Woodhiiids. 2 (IDOS), Xo. 5, pp. 96- 100). — Descriptivi? notes are given of several trees recently observed in Georgia. The list of trees discusstMl is considered as supplementar.v to the catalogue of Georgia trees previously noted (K. S. K., 20, p. .3.3'.)). Forestry: Some practical notes on forestry suitable for New South Wales, Conifers, .1. II. .Maiih.n (/>>/»/. Agr. \. S. Wales, Misc. I'uJi. 11172, pp. S2, figs. M). — It is the imrpose of the author to publish lists of itlants suitable for culti- vation in New Soutli Wales, and the present publication contains a classified list of those conifene which It Is believed will flourish In some part of that country. 844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Tirlef practical notes are given on their habitats, leading characteristics, present occurrence, and probable value in New South Wales. Contribution to the knowledge of some timbers of the Eritrea Colony, L. Senni (BoL R. Orto Bot. Palermo, 7 (1908), No. 1-3. pp. 37-58).— Brief notes are given on the structure and other characteristics of the woods of several timber trees found in the Eritrea Colony, Africa. An analysis of Canada's timber wealth, B, E. Fernow {Forestry Quart., 6 (1908). No. 4, pp. 337-353, figs. 6, maps 2).— A preliminary survey of forest conditions, forest types, and timber areas in the Dominion of Canada, with esti- mates of the standing timber in the different provinces. The study is based partially upon the information available, but largely on a study of the geological and climatic conditions which predicate forest types and forest conditions. The author estimates the present supply of timber in the eastern provinces, under prevailing methods of lumbering, as 300,000,000,000 ft. and for the whole of Canada 600.000.000.000 ft., although it is believed that this estimate could be conservatively doubled with a closer utilization accompanied by adequate fli'e ]irotection. A compilation of the meager reports on timber conditions in northern Canada has been prepared by R. E, Young, Canadian Department of Interior, Ottawa, and as far as practicable the results have been mapped. By special arrange- ment this map accompanies the present article. The important features shown are the poor scattered timber, the fairly wooded and thickly wooded areas, the brule, the prairie, and the bare or treeless lands. Wood preservation by the open-tank process, E. F. Hartmann (Engin. Neivs, 60 (1908), No. 27, pp. 7^0-7 'i2, figs. J-i). — This is a general discussion of the subject of wood preservation with special reference to the open-tank process (E. S. R., 19, p. 150). Descriptions and illustrations are given of sevei'al open-tank systems in operation in this country. Experiments in tapping Ceara rubber trees, E. V. Wilcox (Haivaii. For- ester and Agr., 5 (1908), No. 12, pp. 318-320, fig. 1).—A brief summary of the rubber experiments which are being carried on by the Hawaii Station and the Territorial Board of Agriculture and Forestry in cooperation with private rubber-planting interests. The results obtained thus far in the experiments appear to indicate clearly that the Ceara rubber tree in Hawaii will not only grow and thrive but will also yield profitable returns. Further experiments will include tests of various tapping methods and trials of various species of rubber. A series of fertilizer experiments is also planned. Report on the cultivation of rubber in Ceylon and the Federated Malay States and Johore, F. T. P. Waterhouse (Haivavi. Forester and Agr., 5 (1908), No. 11, pp. 2-'t9-30Ji. figs. 32).— This is a report to the Hawaiian Board of Agriculture and Forestry and the Hawaiian Rubber Growers' Association, upon the status of the rubber industry in the above-named countries, together with the climatic and soil conditions, and the methods of planting, cultivation, tapping, and treatment of rubber in use. The various phases of the report are illustrated. The rubber industry in the territories of Manica and Sofala, W. H. John- son (London, 1908, pp. 39). — This is a report on the source, collection, and preparation of wild rubber, together with the present status of the rubber planting and experimental tapping operations in the above territories. The author concludes that, although Ceara rubber satisfactory in quality and value can be produced in Portuguese East Africa, it still remains to l)e de- termined whether the use of improved methods of tapping will increase the yield of rubber to the remunerative point. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 845 On the rubber extracted from the latex of Euforbia candelabro, O. Re- BUFFAT {Atti li. 1st. Incnrof/g. Xapoli, 6. ser., 59 (1907), p. 89). — According to analyses made by the autlutr, the latex of Euforbia caudduhro, which plant grows ai)iindantly in Eritrea, Africa, contains from 40 to no i)er cent of dry rnliber which coniiiares favoraltly in (luality with the best grades. Packing Para rubber seed for export, T. W. Main {A(/r. liitJ. Htmits and Fed. Malay States, 7 iHm), No. 11, pp. o'tS, 5.'/9).— The Botanic Gardens at Singapore have been highly snccessful in exporting large quantities of Para rubber seed packed in burnt rice husk. A layer of burnt rice husk is put in ithe bottom of a tin box and alternate layers of seed and husk are added until the box is full. The rice husk is slightly moistened before packing to keej) the seeds in a fresh state. The box is not soldered for fear of excessive moisture collecting inside. Of 10,800 Para seeds packed in this manner and shipped to Hritish (Juiana. G4.4 per cent germinated after being packed a little over 03 days. A much larger similar shipment later on gave a germination of approximatelj' 80 per cent. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report on economic mycology, K. S. Salmon {Jour, f^outheaftt. Agr. Col. Wye, 1907, .Yo. Hi, pp. 267-S32, pis. 23). — Notes are given on the gooseberry mildew {Spho'rothcca mors-uva;), brown rot of cherries {Sclerotinia frudi- gena), cherry leaf scorch (Gnomonia erythrostoma), apple scab (Fusidadium d^indriticum) , crown gall of alfalfa {JJrophlydis alfalfce), and other diseases. The effect of the different fungi on the host plants is described, and, so far as known, itreventive treatments are reconnnended. In connection with the alfalfa disease, the author states that the disease was tirst observed in England in 1906. Experiments were carried on in which a number (»f badly diseasetl alfalfa plants covered with galls were obtainetl from the locality where the disease was first noticed, and these galls were kept dry yi the laboratory through the winter. Later a number of the galls were soaked in water and ground in a mortar, and this material used for inoculating well- grown i)Otted plants of alfalfa, beets, mangels, and potatoes. Control pots were kept of each kind of plant by the side of the inoculated ones. The test plants were inoculated twice during the season, first when the growth was beginning to be active and later when the plants had attained full growth for the season. In November, when all the plants were examined, 5 out of 0 of the inoculated alfalfa plants were infested with galls, and in 2 cases the attack of the fungus had been so active as to destroy the plants. No formation of galls was ob.served on the control i)lants. or cm the inoculated or control jilants of mangels, beets, or potatoes. The report concludes with a discussion on the occurrence of the gooseberry mildew (N. niors-ura) in England and the need for legislation to prevent its spH'ad. On the occurrence of diseases and insect injuries on cultivated plants in 1907, U. ScnANDKR (.1////. Kaiser WiUidms Inst. Landic. liromherg, 1 (1908), \o. I, pp. 122, pis. .7, figs. 10, maps J).— I)escrii)tive notes are given on the di.s- oases and insect injuries observed on cultivated plants in Posen and West Prussia during 1007, the data l>eing groui)ed according to the host iilants, as cereal.s, root crops, forage plants, orchard and small fruits, vegetal)lcs. and forest plants. In addition to fungus and in.sect pests and their injuries, the author descrilu-s the injurious action of various meteorological phenomena, paying particular atteutiou to tlie injury foUowlug the wintering of cereals. 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Troubles of alfalfa in New York, F. C. Stewart, G. T. French, and J. Iv. Wilson {New York State Sta. Bid. 305, pp. 333-416, pis. 12, fig. i).— This bulletin gives an account of the various hindrances to the successful culture of alfalfa in New York, special attention being given to dodder, fungus diseases, and the impurities and adulteration of seed. Among the more serious troubles, aside from impure seed and improper soil, are dodder and the leaf spot. Dodder may be prevented to a considerable extent by thoroughly sifting the alfalfa seed before sowing. Apparently the dodder seldom ripens its seed in New York. Moreover, it is found to be a per- ennial and not an annual plant, as generally believed. Where dodder has be- come well established, the infested areas should be cut over and burned and the crowns of the plants cut oft" and destroyed. After this is thoroughly done, the area may be reseeded with clean seed without much probability of reinfesta- tion. Among the fungus diseases noted, the leaf spot {Pseudopeziza medicaginis) is the most troublesome and is, in fact, practically the only fungus disease of real importance. The appearance of the fungus, methods of dissemination, etc., are described, and suggestions given for its control. The only practicable method known is mowing the plants, but if close mowing is followed by a period of dry weather the plants suffer severely. When the disease makes its appear- ance shortly before the hay crop is ready to harvest it is advised that the plants be cut early to avoid the loss of leaves, which is sure to follow if cutting is delayed. Among other diseases described are wilt (Sclerotinia libertiuna), anthracnose (CoUetotrichum trifolil), root rot and damping off {Rhizoctonia sp. and Pythiitin deliaryanum) , downy mildew {Peronospora trifoUorum), Ascochyta leaf spot {Ascochyta sp.), Stagonospora leaf spot {S. carpatliica{'i)), Cerco- spora leaf spot {C. medicaginis) , Alternaria disease of seed, and frost blisters on alfalfa leaves. Alfalfa is sometimes attacked by nematodes {Ileterodera radicicola) , causing the root knot. A number of diseases of unknown cause are briefly described. A bibliography of more than 100 titles concludes the bulletin. Alfalfa troubles, F. H. Hall {Neiv York State Sta. Bui. 305, popular ed., pp. 3-16, figs. 2). — This is a popular edition of the above bulletin. A new smut on Bromus secalinus, P. Magnus {Hedirigia, ^S {1908), No. 3, pp. 145, 146, fig. 1). — A technical description is given of Tilletia belgrudensis, a parasite of B. secalinus, which the author thinks is specifically different from T. caries. The new species is believed to be widely disseminated in eastern Europe and Asia. Dry rot of potato tubers, G. H. Pethybridge and E. H. Bowers {Econ. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, 1 {1908), No. 14, pp. 547-558, pi. 1; abs.in Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. [London], 34 {1908), No. 2, pp. 282, 283).— X description is given of a dry rot of potato tubers. The authors have come to the conclusion that it is due to Fusariuni solani, acting independently of any other organism, and that the fungus is a true pai-asite. Many of the tubers attacked failed to produce plants when used as sets, and others became shriveled to dry hard masses when kept in storage. The results of numerous experiments with this fungus are given, and it is recommended as preventive measures that all suspicious-looking tubers should be rejected when the crop is dug and not stored. Stored potatoes should be examined from time to time and all affected tubers removed. Care should be taken to prevent wounding during the lifting and handling of the crop. No wounded tubers should be stored, and storehouses should be disinfected from time to time. DTSEASER OF PLANTS. 847 Potato rot, I. B. P. Evans (Traiisvuul Ayr. Jour., 7 (1908), No. 25, /tii. i!^. 65, III. J). — A (k>sorii»tion is {livon of potato rot due. to Xcctria solani aud the statement made that larjre (luaiitities of seed i)otatoes consigned to the Trans- \aal from l-'rauee and (Jermany were foinid to be affected by this fungus. Kxperiments carried on at the Botanical Experiment Station, Pretoria, showed tliat the disease was readily communicated through the planting of diseased miters, and prwautionary measures are suggested for its control. The fniit spot of apples, C. Brooks (Ncic Hampshire Sta. Sci. Vontrib. 2, nil. ■'i..'.i-','>(l. Ills. 7. ////.S-. .,'; liul. Torrcy Hot. Club, .i5 (lUOH), \o. 9, pp. .',23-'i5(l pis. 7, //V/.s'. 2). — As a result of studies, the author repftrts two distinct fruit siK)ts that occur on New Hampshire apples. The first, to which he gives the name fruit pit, is characterized by numerous sunlven areas from 2 to G mm. in diameter on the surface of the apple. These depressions are somewhat hemispherical in shape and have the appearance of brni.ses. At a later stage the tissues begin to take on a brown tint, and later the surface cells become dark brown. The author has been unable to detect a i)itter taste in the browntnl tissue of the fruit pits. The surface spotting is often acc(»nipanied by lirowuing of the tissue inmiediately surrounding the va.scular bundles. The surface spots may, however, occur without the internal browning, or the internal browning may be unaccompanied by any surface indications. Microscopical examination of a large number of fruit pits has given no indication of the presence of either bacteria or fungi, and it is believed that this form of disease is not very common in New England. The second form of fruit six)t of apples is said to be very connnon in the New Hampshire and Boston markets, often from 5() to 90 per cent of the fruit lieing spotted. It occurs on almost every variety of apple, but is worst on Baldwins, and the disea.se has been freipiently referred to as Baldwin spot. The tlisease makes its api)earance about the middle of August, and at this time one may notice spots of a deeper red color on the colored surface of the apple and darker green on the lighter portions. Usually they occur at a ienticel, but are sometimes covered with a smooth and apparently unbroken epidermis. The reil color gradually changes to brown or black, and on the green surfac«'s the sp«»ts may Itecome sunken, but the depressions are due to a lack of growth and not to any shriveling of the tlesh. The develoitment of the spots seems to depend upon seasonal and storage condltion.s. When the weather is damp and foggy during the last weeks before harvesting, the s|iots on the reples are placed immediately in cold storage there is little or no further deveio|iuient of tlie fruit spot. On withered fruit the green spots often stand alxtve the surrounding portions, forming elevations that are in marked contrast witli the yellow withered skin. The autlior has sectioue«l many hundred fruit sjtots and found a parasitic fungus constantly associjited with them. By means of inoculations he has deni(»nstnited that tliis fungus, tlie various <-haracteristics of wliich he describes, and for which he propo.ses the name Cpliiulrusporiuin poini n. sp., is the cause of tile trouble. The fungus gains entrance to the apple In July or early August, and wlien it finds Its way into the intercellular spaces, obtains its nourishment from the jtlant cells. It' tlic fruit is attacked Itefore the cells have lost thi'ir power to respond to external stimuli, the fungus is soon iiartially surrounded by a layer of brown, thick-walled cells which may serve as a 848 F.XPF.RT^rF.NT STATION RECORD. barrier to further growth. If. however, the fiiii>,'iis attaeks the host cells when thej' are nearly mature, it finds conditions more favoral)le to its develoinnent and the rt'sult is a more vifiorous unnvth of the fungus and a rapid browning and drying of the host tissue. Spraying with Bordeaux mixture has been demonstrated as a preventive of the disease, and applications made in June or early in July are as effective as those made earlier in the season. A"l)rief I)ibliograiihy of the literature of this disease is given. The apple-tree canker or black-rot fungus in South Africa. I. P.. P. Evans (Trausnial Agr. Jour., 7 (l{)08), Ao. 2.j. />/». 62-(i.'i, pi. 1). — Attention is called to the occurrence of Sijlurropfiis walorum on api»les from a number of districts in Cape Colony. It is apparent that the fungus is rather widely distributed and is causing considerable loss. The destruction of all decayed fruit, pruning out of cankers, and spi'aying with Bordeaux mixture are recommended as preventive measures. Die back of peach shoots, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. (iard. New, Bui. Mine. Inform., 190S, Ao. 7. pp. 269-271, pi. 1; ahs. in Jour. Ron. Hori. Hoc. [London^, SJf {1908), No. 2, p. 272). — The author states that during the past few years numerous inquiries have been addressed to the Kew (Jardens resi)ecting the die back of peach shoots. In the spring the leaf buds expand normally without any suggestion of the disease, but about the time when the blossom is fully expanded the young leaves wilt, turn bi'own, and die within a few days. At the same time the petals change to a rusty brown color and the flowers droop, but remain attached to the branches for some time, as do also the leaves. Finally the shoots assume a deep claret-red color and shrivel more or less as the season advances. About midsummer, when the dead leaves and tlowers have been removed by wind and rain, trees that have been badly diseased can be readily recognized by the appearance of naked shoots varying from 1 to 2 ft. in length. If these dead branches be examined during the months of May and June of the following year they will be found to be more or less thickly studded with minute, dull- orange-colored, tendril-like bodies, consisting of myriads of spores of a parasitic fungus. This parasite has so far failed to produce any other fruiting form than the conidia. and it has been identified as ywmospora crocea. Investigations have shown that the shoots are capable of infection only when quite young, but that when the mycelium has gained entrance into the tissues it spreads rapidly and affects the entire growth of the season. Success- ful inoculation experiments have been made, but when branches more than 1 year old were inoculated no trace of disease was produced. The spores of the fungus do not ajipear to retain their germinating power for more than 3 months. The citrus fruit rot, I. B. P. Evans (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 (1908), No. 25, pp. 60-62, pi. 1 ) . — According to the author, considei-able injury is being done to citrus fruits by the blue mold (Penicillium digitatum). A description is given of the fungus and its method of attacking the fruits, and. on the basis of information given in a bulletin of this Department (E. S. It., 20, p. 43), the author urges care in the management of orchards and in the handling of fruit in the course of preparation for market. The diseases of the tea plant, C. Maublanc {Agr. Prat. Pays Chauds, 8 {1908), Nos. 65, pp. 91-102, pi. 1; 66, pp. 227-2.1,1, pi. i).— A study is given of the various diseases to which the tea plant is subject, the information being largely drawn from notes of the late G. Delacroix. Among the diseases of the foliage described the most destructive are the gray blight {Pestalozzxa gurpini), anthracnose (Collctotricltuiii rameUia'), blister DISEASES OF PLANTS. 849 blight (Ewobasidium rc.rans), bninissuiv {HoroHitluvm thca'), and red rust {Ccphalciiros vircsccns). In addition a number of other species of funsi that are found upon the leaves are described, but they are said to be seldom serious in their attack. Among the most destructive diseases of the stem and roots of the trees are the thread blight (Siilbum iHinion), canker (Nectria ditissinia), a stem disease (Massaria theicola), horse-hair blight (Marasmius sarmentosus), root rots {RoseUiiiia radiciperda and Trametes them), nematodes, and phanerogamic parasites. A root disease of Para rubber trees, W. J. C4allagher (.1.^//-. liuJ. Stniits and Fed. Mahui States, 7 (JDOS), Xo. 11, pp. r,15~i)22, dfjni. /).— The author re- ports the rather conuuon occurrence throughout the Malay Peninsula of a fungus which attacks the roots of the Para rubber trees {Hevea hrasiiliensis). The disease is seldom distributed over an entire estate, but is confined to limited areas which appear to serve as centers for its distribution. The presence of the disease is not usually noticed until the tree is dead. The first symptoms are observed in the leaves becoming brown about the edges, and the entire leaf soon loses its natural color. Little or no latex will flow from wounds in the stem, and later the trees are blown down. This is apiiarently due to the desti'uction of the lateral roots of the trees. So far as the author has observed, the attack seems to be in the more superficial lateral roots, and on different occasions he has traced the mycelia of the fungus along the lateral roots to decaying jungle stumps. Thus far, owing to a lack of fruiting bodies, the identification of the fungus has been impossible, but it is believed to be one of the higher fungi similar to the bracket fungi. As remedial measures, the author suggests trenching about trees and destroy- ing the fungus by exposure to the sun and the application of lime. Recent investig-ations on the disease of fir trees caused by Phoma abietina, E. Mek (Bui. Soc. Sci. Xancy, 3. ser.. 9 (1008), Xo. 2. pp. 10',-l'f-',).—A discussion is given of the disease of firs due to P. abictiiHi. The author protests against the name rust or reddening of firs, as he states that the reddish-brown color is due simply to the oxidation of the tannins in the leaves followed by their destruction by the fungus. While there has doubtless been considerable loss in some regions due to the defoliation caused by this fungus, the author thinks it will seldom prove of a very serious nature. Where the fungus is abundant, it is reconunanded that the lower branches be cut from the trees and burned. This will not only improve the vigor of the trees, but through the removal of leaves weakened by lack of illumination, etc., the spread of the fungus will be checked. The leaf rust of spruce, P. Dei-forge (Bui. Soc. Cent. Forest. BeJg., 15 (lOnS), \o. 9; noted in Rn: den. Agrnn.,n. ser., 3 (1908), .Vo. 10. pp. .',2.'i-.',21).— A description is given of a leaf rust of spruce due to the fungus Clnijsomij.ra abietis, which has proved rather destructive in a number of localities in Europe during the past season. The mici'oscopical character of the fungus and its effect on the plants are described, the injurious action being apjiarently due to the consumption by the fungus of the elaborated material in the leaves and the diminution of their assimilating surface. I^ater the fungus causes a premature falling of the leaves, the amount of injury varying with the intensity of the attack, and in different years, regions, etc. As means f(U" i)reventiug the si)read of the disease, the author recommends thinning out the trees, so that there will be a better circulation of air, thus re- 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (luciiij; tli(> Iniiiiidity. Wlicii possilde the branclies tliat an» badly affected should be cut olT and. if tliis is done late in the season, burned in order to i)revent the frerniination of the telentospores. Yellow stripe in daffodils, II. K. Daulington (.Jour. h'ni/. Iloit. .S'or. | Lo/i- don], S'l (WOH), No. 2, pp. 161-166). — While daffodils are usually considered as exceptionally free from disease, the author calls attention to what is apparently a jihysiolosical disturbance which results in considerable injury to the plants. This trouble, which is called yellow strii)e, shows itself in a mild case as a scarcely perceptible discoloration or yellowing of the veins of the leaves, but in more seridus cases distinct bands of yellow may be seen running lenji;thwise of the leaves. In bad cases no flowers at all will be produceG.*., maps 7; Jour. Eeon. Ent., I {190S), Xo. .',, pp. 2'i5-262, maps 7).— This is a jtaper read before the section of economic zoology of the Seventh Interna- tional Zoological Congress, held at Boston in 1907. Examinations of the nests of the brown-tail moth collected in Maine and Xew Hampshire have shown that in those of average size 72 to 100 per cent of the larva? have been killed by a temperature of — 24° F. or lower. In large 'lests (tn oak, however, only .57 per cent were killed. Studies have been made of the miniinum isotherms. When these are compared with the boundaries of the life zones as ch.arted by the Biological Survey of this Department, many similarities become apparent, but also a number of important differences. •• Upon comparing the distribution of several well-known injurious insects with the average annual minimum isotherms, they were found to define the northern limits in some instances rather better than the life zones." Evidence is brought forward to show tint the sum of jiositive temperatures lefTective teniperatures| for the season of growth and reiiroduction is not the only or the most important factor governing disfriltutiou northward, but that 852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the iiiiiiiiiiuiu tt'iuiuTiiture is iterbups the moro iiuitortant factor. Among the insects whoso distribution is considered as more or less controlled by minimum temperatures are brown-tail n)oth, harlequin cabi)age bug, cotton-boll worm or corn earworm, West Indian peach, San Jose and other scales, asparagus beetle, elm-leaf beetle, Morellos orange fruit worm (Anaslrcpha hidens), rose chafer, and the striped cucumber beetle. It is concluded that the present upper austral s:one of the siu'vey does not extend far enough to the northeast and extends too far to the northwest. Maps are given showing the isotherms for minimum temperatures in the T'nited States and Europe and of the life /.ones and the distribution ot San .Jose scale in this country. Observations on the social parasites and slavery of ants, K. Wasmann {Biol. Vcntbl., 28 (1908), Nos. 6, pp. 257-271, fig. 1; 9, pp. 289-306, fig. 1; 10, pp. S21-333, fig. 1; 11-12, pp. 353-382; 13, pp. J,17-U1 ; abs. in Nature [London], 79 (1908), No. 2037, pp. 51, 52). — ^A series of papers giving the results of recent elaborate observations and experiments respecting the behavior of different species of ants, living together in the same nest, toward each other and their treatment of small beetles and other jiarasitcs which liv(> in ants' nests. A preliminary list of the lepidoptera of western Pennsylvania collected in the vicinity of Pittsburg, II. Engel (Ann. Carnegie Mas., .7 (l!Hl)S), No. I, pp. 27-136). — A list prepared by the author in which the nomencliiture and order given in Dyar's list is followed. Nearly 1,500 species and \arieties are enumei'ated and it is stated that more than 100 additional si)ecies from this section still remain in collections awaiting determination. A monographic catalogue of the Mymarid genus Alaptus of Haliday, with descriptions of three new North American forms and of A. icei-yse from type material, A. A. Girault (Ann. Ent. Hoc. Amer., 1 (1908), No. 3, pit. 179- 195. figs. 5). — Of the 11 species here listed, the host relations of 4 are Icnown, ."i having been roared from coecidie and 1 from psocid eggs. Locust plague in Panama, G. T. Weitzel. (Dailij Vonsiilar and Trade Rpts. \U. /S'.], 1908, No. 335I1, p. 5). — The plague of locusts against which the government of Panama has been fighting for several months has become a serious menace to the agricultural interests of the country, particularly in the district of Chejio, where great areas have been denuded of foliage and plants and crops almost totally destroyed. A commission appointed aj)]n"opriated the sum of $47.") per month to tight the pest. " The method of extermination most generally adopted has been to dig a trench about 50 ft. in length, 2 ft. wide, and 1 ft. deep, with perpendicular sides, in which the locusts are dri^•eu by men beating the grass and trees with switches. In this way millions are collected and are destroyed with a solution of strong lye soapsuds. The trench is then refilled with earth so as to allay the odor." Notes on grasshopper (or locust) swarms in New South Wales during 1907-8, AV. B. GuRNEY (Agr. Gaz. N. H. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 5, pp .'ill-4l9, pi. 1. figfi. 6). — Besides Chorloicctes tcrminifcra which is described as the most widespread and destructive, C. pusilla, Ocdalus scnegalcn.^is, Locusia danica, and Vyrtacanthacris cracia are mentioned. Sarcophaga pachytijU and 8. aurifronfi are ])arasitic upon these pests. In experiments with kerosene emulsion about 50 per cent wei"e destroyed. Poisoned bait consisting of Paris green and bran mixed in the proportion of 1 : 10 and made into a mash with water sweetened with molasses destroyed many. An emulsion of a carbolic shee|i wash was successfully used. Many of the larger hopiters were fomid eventually to recover from the effects of con- tact sprays. Locust destruction work in the Transvaal, I). (Junn {Transraal Agr. Jour.. 7 (1908), No. 25, pp. 75-80, maps 3). — A report upon the work against the brown ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 853 ami rod locust during 1907-8 in the various districts of the Transvaal, accom- jtanied l)y maps showing the areas infested. Treatment of cotton pests in the West Indies in 1907, H. A. Ballou (West Indian Bid., 9 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 235-2 '{2, figs. iO).— The attacks by Alabama aifjiUaccn were very severe during the year, except in St. Vincent, where it appeared for the first time. On this island the Jack Spaniard iPo- listcs annularis) proved a satisfactory check, while Calosoma caliduin was also of considerable benefit. The smaller cotton worm (Alctia luridula) was the prevailing pest in certain fields in Barbados and was also found in Antigua. llcliothis obsolrta occurred in greater numbers than in previous years and threatened to become a serious pest on a few estates in Barbados and Antigua. The corn eai'worm ( Laphi/ffnia frugiprnla) attacked cotton bolls to some extent on a few estates. Aphids were abundant in certain localities in Barbados. Ladybirds and the lace-wing fly, though abundant in most parts of the island, were lacking in others or not sufficiently abundant to prevent damage by this pest. Cut- worms (Prodenia spp. ) were less injurious than in previous years. l*oisou Ijait made of bran. Paris green, and molasses gave good i-esults. Cotton stainers (DysdcrcKs spp.) were not a serious pest generally during the season, although very abundant and injurious on a few estates. The practice of collecting and killing them was a sufficient check. The leaf blister-mite (Eriophyes gossypii) though present in nearly every cotton field in the island did not cause as much injury as formerly. Sulphur and lime gave good results. The red maggot (Porrichondyla gossypii) was not reported as doing great damage. The only remedy practiced is that of rutting out attacked stems and branches. The cotton black scale (Saissctia nigra) was a serious pest, but the native parasite, Zaiophotlirix miruni, has been increasing in abundance during the past 2 years and it is hoped that it may lirove an cllieient check. The boll-weevil problem, with special reference to means of reducing damag-e, AV. D. Hunter (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bill. SJ/J/, pp. 4S, figs. 9). — This is a summary account of the practical results obtained from investigations of the cotton boll weevil by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department and is intended to supersede Farmers' Bulletin 216, previously noted (E. S. K., 16, p. 991). Special attention is given to the life history and habits of the i)est. The methods of conti-ol, which are described in detail, are summarized as fol- lows : "Destroy the vast majority of weevils in the fall by uprooting and burning the plants. This is the all-important step. It results in the death of millions of weevils. It insures a crop for the following season. "Destroy also many weevils that have survived the preceding operation and are found in the cott(m fields and along the hedgerows, fences, and buildings. This is done by clearing the places referred to thoroughly. "As far as possil)le. locate the fields in situations where damage will be avoided. This can not be done in all cases l)ut can frequently be done to good advantage. "Prepare the land early and thoroughly in. order to obtain an early croi). This means fall plowing and winter working of the land. " Provide wide rows, and plenty of space between the rows and the plants in the drill, for the assistance of the natural enemies of the wet>vil. which do more against the i)est than tlie farmer can do hims<^lf by ;iny known means. Check- rowing, wherever practicaltle. is an exc«''llent practice. ■• Insure an early crop l»y early planting of early-maturing varieties, and by fertilizing wliere necessary. 854 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "Continue the procuring of an early erop by early chopping to a stand and early and freiiuent cultivation. Do not lose the fruit the plants have set by cultivation too deep or too close to the I'ows. " Where the labor is sufficient, pick the first-appearing weevils and the first- infested squares. Do not destroy the square but place them in screened cages. Hy this means the escape of the weevils will be prevented, while the parasites will be able to escape to continue their assistance on the side of the farmer. " I'Se a crossbar of iron or wood, or some similar device, to cause the infested squares to fall early to the ground, so that tlioy will bo oxiiosed to the imi)ortant effects of heat and parasites. "Do not poison for the leaf-worm miless its work be;,'iiis at an abnormally early date in the sunuiier." The red cotton bug (Dysdercus cingulatus), II. M. liEFROY (Mem. Dcpt. Agr. India, Ent. Ser., 2 {190S), No. 3, pp. .'/7-J8, pi. /).— This pest is described as the source of considerable injury to cotton in reducing the vitality through sucking the juices of young shoots and bolls, pi-oducing small bolls containing bad fiber. Its natural enemies include a tachinid fly that is parasitic upon the adult bug, a reduviid (Harpacf or costal is) and several birds, ])articu]arly the black-headed oriole (Oriolus melanoccphaliiK) . The cotton leaf roller (Sylepta derogata), II. M. Lefkoy {Mvm. Dcpt. Afjr. India. Ent. Scr., 2 (1908). No. 6, pp. 95-110. pi. i).— The life history and habits of this moth are here described. It is a source of injury through stripping the leaves of the cotton plant. An undescribed hymenopterous i)arasite is stated to be an important factor in checking the increase of the pest. The destruction of the rolled leaves with the caterpillars from the beginning of the season is said to be effective. Spraying with lead arsenate is reported to control the pest. The tobacco caterpillar (Prodenia littoralis), H. M. Lefroy (Mem. Dcpt. .\gr. India, Ent. So:, 2 (1908), No. 5, pp. 79-93, pi. 1, fig. /).— A detailed ac- count is given of the biology of this insect. In addition to the tobacco plant of which" it is a serious pest, it is described as injuring a number of other crops including rice, corn, and grass, but attention is called to the fact that while in Egypt it has been described as attacking cotton it has not been found to do so to any extent in India. Hand collection of the leaves within 3 days after hatching and the applica- tion of lead arsenate where spraying is possible are recommended. Where tho caterpillar is so abundant that it moves in swarms, digging trenches to isolate it is recommended, the trenches preferably to be filled with water and kerosene poured thereon. Attention is also called to the fact that the American boll worm { Chloridca obsoJcta). while abundant on other food plants has in India only twice been observed feeding upon cotton. Melon aphis, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape (iood Hope, 33 (1908), No. .), pp. Jf9l-yj6, figs. 2). — Aphis gossypii by reason of its great destructiveness at- tracted attention in many districts during 1907. In the Cape Peninsula whole fields of watermelons and cucumbers were killed by it, and these and other cucurbitous plants including the calabash were seriously injured by it through the southwestern parts of the colony. The principal South African ladybird feeding on this pest is said to be Chilomcncs liinata. Syrphus fly enemies of this insect are also said to be common and several species of internal parasites have been bred. Preventive and remedial measures are considered. A few orchard plant lice, C. P. Gillette and E. P. Taylor (Colorado i^ta. JJul. 133, pp. 3--'f7, pis. 2, figs. 3). — The authors report studies of the life his- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 855 tories. habits, and nature of tho injury to Coloi'ado orchards caused by several species of phmt lice with preventive and remedial measures. The woolly apple ai)his { Srliizonriira lanigera) is considered as serious a pest in Colorado as the codling moth. The greatest injury to the tree is due to the root attack, but direct losses are greatest from injury to the branches and fruit. But little injury appears to be done to roots that are more than 10 in. below the surface of the soil, which fact should be taken advantage of in setting trees. Succulent and rapid growing parts, especially grafts, are said to be very susceptible. In Colorado the Missouri pippin seems to be worst infested while Northern Spy is practically exempt. Care should be taken that only clean stock be set out. Experiments were conducted with insecticides from which the following directions have been formulatetl as to the best methods of treatment : " Just before the buds open in the spring, spray very thoroughly with a 7 per cent kerosene emulsion, black-leaf dip 1 lb. to 60 gal. of water (or some other strong tobacco decoction) or a good whale-oil soap, 1 lb. to 6 gal. of water. Spi-ay the entire trunk and also the ground .-ibout the crown of the tree. Imme- diately after treatment apply a tanglefoot band over cotton so as to prevent the upward migration. If the lice become very numerous at any time upon the toi)s, spi'ay them forcefully with the 7 per cent emulsion, or black leaf, 1 part in 70 parts of water. Root treatments are temporary in their effects. When the roots become very badly infested, treat as above described with 10 per cent kerosene emulsion, black leaf dip (1 : -W), 2 to .3 gal. to a tree, or, if the soil is (piite open and porous, carbon bisulphid." The green apple aphis (Aphis pomi). which is one of the worst orchard pests in Colorado, is the sitecies most commonly brought into the State in the egg stage upon nursery stock. The Missouri pippin is said to be particularly at- tacked by this species while the Northern Spy is rarely so. Experiments have shown that oil emulsions destroy the eggs only at very high strengths. Lime- sulphur mixtures have proven quite successful, however. Kerosene emulsions one-fifteenth oil and black-leaf dip 1 part in 70 parts of water, are said to be the two sprays most favoi'ed at the present time. The clover aphis (Aphis hnlcrri) ranks next to A. pomi in numbers as a leaf- infesting species of the apple. Wliile it appears to have a tendency to accumu- late in the apple blossoms, it is not as yet considered a serious pest in Colorado orchards. The European grain aphis (Aphis ( Sipliocorimc) (irnur) has been found upon apple, pear, and quince trees in the State but not in sufficient numbers to do appreciable harm. The rosy apple aphis (Aphis pi/ri) has appeared in orchards of the Grand Valley attacking the leaves and causing them to curl similarly to these affected by .1. pomi. The sweet-clover ai)his iApliis lucdicttfiinis) while preferring certain legumes, as sweet clovei's, locos, black locust, and wild licorice, lias been frequently found early in the season ujton tender new shoots of the apple and other fruit trees. It is not likely, however, that, the species will ever become a serious orchard pest. Two peach plant lice, the green peach aphis (Uyzus persicw) and the black peach aphis (Aphis prrsiccr-ninn) are considered. .1/. pcrsifO" is said to be by far the most abundant peach louse in the State. This siH'cies is said to have been reported in this country upon the peach, plum, cherry, and many succulent I)lants under different names. ,1. prrsicxv-nigrr was first observed in Colorado in 1005. While at present known to occur only in a few localities ou the west- 79218— No. 9—09 5 856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, eni sloi)e of the Stato it is expected that it will, in a few years, become dis- triiuited throiijrliout nearly all the important peach sections. Three imiutrtaiit plum lice considered are the mealy plum louse ( Ilynloptcrus ariin(Ii)tis) which is sometimes sufficiently numei'ous to completely cover the under surface of the leaves, the rusty l)rown plum louse (Apliis srtnriw) which is found particularly uiion red or American plums, and the ho]) iilaut louse (Phorodon humtdl) which inhabits the i)lum as a winter host plant. The black cherry louse (Myzus cerasi) is said to be generally distributed through the orchards of the eastern sh)pe of the Rocliy Mountains in Colorado. Directions for the preparation of the insecticides recommended in the bulletin are appended. Orchard plant lice and their remedies, ('. P. Uillettk and E. P. Taylor {Colorado St(t. Bui. I.l'/. pp. .i-Ki). — An abbreviated edition of the above. Control of leaf blister mite in apple orchards, 1'. J. Parrott {New York titate Sta. Bui. 306, pp. ^17-^38). — This is a continuation of worli previously noted (E. S. K., 18, p. J)55), The general spotting of apple foliage by this pest is said to have been an annual occurrence for several years, the pest having now become quite common throughout the apple-growing sections of western New York. It is also known to occur in Massachusetts. Pennsylvania, Illinois, and the province of Ontario. It is concluded tliat the experiments reported show very conclusively that the blister mite is not a difficult pest to combat and that it can be efficiently con- trolled by sulphur sprays, miscible oils, and homemade oil emulsions. Orchards regularly sprayed with such mixtures are not subject to injury by the mite. " Comparative tests of the boiled lime-sulphur wash, the homemade concen- trated lime-sulphur wa^h, and two commercial preparations gave equally satis- factoi'y results. One application of either of these sprays has practically pre- vented spotting of foliage by the mite. " With the increased availability of the sulphur sprays these are now prac- ticable remedies for the treatment of apple orchards for the blister mite. In employing these remedies for this purpose, a plan of spraying well adapted for the treatment of apple trees is an application of a sulphur wash as the buds are swelling and before the leaves appear, followed by the usual second and third applications of the Bordeaux mixture in their proper season." Sulphur sprays for blister m.ite, F. H. Hall {New York State 8ta. Bui. 306, popular cd., pp. 3-1). — This is a popular edition of the above bulletin. A note on the fumig'ation of citrus trees with hydrocyanic-acid g'as, F. Thomsen (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 {1908), No. 25, p. 74, pl. 1). — ^A description with illustrations of frame tents used in fumigating citrus trees. A table is given showing the quantities of materials to be used in the various sizes of of tents. The castor semi-looper (Ophiusa melicerte), H. M. Lefroy {Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Ser., 2 {190S), No. J,, pp. 59-77, pis. 2. fig. 1). — A general account of the life history and habits of this insect, which is the source of considerable injury to the castor bean {RiciHiis communis). In addition to several other plants, tea is occasionally attacked. A hymenopteron and a tachinid fly arc- reported as important enemies. Cultural methods, hand picking, and the application of arsenicals are described as remedial measures. Pemphigus tessellata: Alternate host, migrants, and true sexes, Edith M. Patch {Ent. Neivs, 19 {1908), No. 10, pp. ^S-^-^SS, pl. i).— From observations recorded by the author it appears that the maple is an alternate host plant of the alder blight {Pemphigus' tessellata) and that the maple forms described by Rilej' as P. acerifolii are P. tessellata migrants. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 857 Chrysomelid enemies of the osier and experiments with liquid insecticides, J. Feytaud (Rev. Vit., 30 (1908), Nos. 771, pp. 3U-3^tS; 772, pp. 37-',~378; 773, pp. .'f0.i-Jf09). — The 2 species of willow largely grown in the department of Giroude (Salix fragilis and S. viminalis) are attacked by a number of leaf- oating beetles. Tliese i)ests are said to reduce enormously at times tlie quantity and (piality of this important crop. Species belonging to the genera Una, l'hra"ora, l*h(Pdon, IMagiodera, etc., are the most injurious, particularly the spec u's Lina papiili, L. trcniiiUv, and Phratora vulf/atissima. Many of the adult beetles, particularly of L. populi. are easily destroyed l»y burning litter, etc., in the vicinity of the osieries, into which they crawl to hibernate. Hand picking is said to be practiced to some extent, but experiments conducted appear to show that tobacco decoction mixed with soap is the most effective means of control. L. popiili is said to be attacked by a tachinid fly (Exorista dubin), which deposits its eggs upon the larvte. A tachinid is also reported to attack /'. riilf/(tfissii)i(i, a parasitism of .30 per cent having been recorded. A brief account of the anatomy and classification of the Ixodoidea w^ith special reference to the French fauna. A. Bonnkt (Ai-cli. Par., 12 (1908), Ao. 2, Itp. 22Ji-267, flffs. .'/.'/). — The anatomy, biology, and classification of ticks are briefly considered. A table is given for the separation of the genera and species occurring in France, together with brief descriptions of each, and a biblio- graphical list. A list of the ticks of South Africa, with descriptions and keys to all the forms known, C. W. Howard (Ann. Transvaal Mas., J (1908), No. 2, pp. 73- li!9, pin. 70'). — An account of the ticks occurring in South Africa, their hosts and distribution, with descriptions and tables for their classification. A biblio- graphical list is given. A new genus of the Siphonaptera, C. Fox (Ent. Neics, 19 (1908), Xn. 10, pp. .'i.j2-.'i55, flg. 1). — A species of flea taken from Scapanus caUfornicus in San Francisco is described as. belonging to a new genus and species and named ConjpsyUn t>rnatiis. Some Irish experiments on warble flies, (i. H. Carpenter ( Irish Nat., 17 (1908), Xo. 11, p. 2-'i5). — Life history studies and investigations of the efficacy of commonly accepted means for checking the attacks of warble flies have been carried on during the past 4 years. Experiments have shown that the applica- tion of dressings such as carbolic dip, oil and tar smeai', and paraffin emulsion are of but little value in preventing egg deposition on the animal. In the spring of 1907 on one farm the maggots were systematically squeezed out and destroyed, 2.ono thus being obtained from 104 head of cattle or an average of over 10 per head. The effect was strikingly shown in the spring of lildS when an examination made on this farm of 1(56 head of cattle resulted in the finding of but (>!)4 maggots or an average of 4.2 per head. Two calves nniz/.led by day and tied l)etween stakes at night during the summer of 1907 were the only ones on the farm entirely free from warbles in the spring of lOOS. Hypodernia hovis seems to be more common in Ireland than H. linrata. In bi>. 33-i2). — In this paper, which was presented at the meeting of the National Hee Keepers' Association, held at Detroit, October 14, 1908, the author discusses the relation of the etiology of bee diseases to their treatment. The predisposing causes of disease considered include age. sex, heredity, race, cli- mate, and i»reexisting disease, while the exciting causes are found in food and micro-organisms. American foul l>rood, p]uropean foul brood, so-called "pickled brood." and paralysis are described and the importance of be(! keepers Itecoming acquainted with tlieir etiology is pointed out. South. African bee keeping, H. L. Attridgk (.If//'. Jour. Cape Good JIopc, 32 (WOS), No. 6, pp. 692-70.',, figs. 9; 33 {1908), Kos. 1, pp. J,6-oG, figs. 11; 2, pp. 156-170, figs. 12; 3, pp. 307-317, figs. 6; .'/, pp. .',38-.',60, figs, i.'/).— An extended account of bee keeping in South Africa, illustrated by many original photo- graphs. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Digestibility of starch of different sorts as affected by cooking, Edna U. Day {V. ti. Dcpt. Agr., Office E.rpt. >^tns. liiil. 202, pp. Jf2, figs. 6").— Artilicial digestion experiments, using malt diasta.se, (aka diastase, and saliva, were made with raw starch, starch cooked below the boiling temperature, and starch cooked for different lengths of time and in different ways: Potato, arrowroot, tapioca, sago, wheat, corn, rice, and barley starches were used in the experiment. The report of exiteriments is preceded l)y a review of previous investigations on the subject, particular attention being given to the JUiiyliKses and related substances found in raw starch grains. As the author points out, the starches used in the experiments had been sep- arated from the other substances with which they are ordinarily combined in foods, and this and the further fact that artificial methods of digestion were used should be borne in mind in considering the results. " Raw starch, as shown by the experiments reported, digests very nuicli more slowly than the starch in the forms of a paste. " Starch paste made below the boiling temperature of water is as easy to digest as that which has been boiled a few minutes, though it is not as homo- geneous. " Potato, arrowroot, and probably taitioca and sago starch pa.stes are not made more easily digestible by long-continued cooking. On the other hand, the cereal starches are made more easily digestible by long cooking, though the change occurs very slowly and perhaps the increased digestibility is not suffi- ciently great to justify the trouble, under ordinary circumstances at least, for sepai'ated starch such as is useti in cookery. However, in the case of starch still inclosed in cellulose cells, as in many starchy foods, the long-continued cooking may be neces.sary. The connnercial preparations of cornstarch recpiire 30 to 40 minutes' cooking because of the improvement in flavor which results. " Skin formation as well as lumps should be avoided in cooking starch — the latter contain raw starch, the former revex'ted amylodextrin, and both are very slow of digestion. " The selection of potato starch instead of coi-n or wheat starch for thickening sauces, in accordance with the custom of French cooks, is rational, since it con- tains no rose amylose and so forms a clearer and more digestible sauce, and since it does not require 40 minutes' bolliug for improvement in flavor, as is the case with cornstarch. " Increasing the proportion of diastase to starch in artificial digestion experi- ments markedly hastens the digestion of both blue and red amylose. It would appear, therefore, that eating stai-chy foods slowly, which would of cour.se increase the proportion of saliva and irtyalin to a given quantity of starch, would FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 859 be of niore value from the standpoint of dijiestion than wijuhl any cookni^' of stairh b('.vt)n(l the stajie of paste foruiation." Yeast, F. L. Waku [Bakers' II el per, 22 (I'^'OS), A o. 2i)0, ]t. 113',).— \ summary of (lata on the conditions which are consideretl essential for satisfactory yeast development, together with information regarding a conrse in yeast at the I'ni- versity of California which, though designed primarily for vineyardists and wine makers, is in the author's opinion also applicable to the baking industry. Chang-es in stored flour, H. G. P.kll {Opcr. Millrr, 13 (1008), Xo. 12, pp. .j'jl, 6!)2, jig.s. .',; Bakers' Helper, 22 (1908), Xo. 260, pp. 1132-113), figs. .})._ The acidity and baking qualities were studied of flours stored at high and low tem- perature with high and low humidity in each ease. "The warm, dry storeroom se<'nis to be the most desirable for maintaining the quality of the flours. The next best condition of storage seems to be where the storeroom is cool and comparatively dry. The worst condition is where the storeroom is cool and very damp. In such a place, bacteria and fungi or molds grow most readily and work destruction on the flour stored there. Then, to bakers and flour merchants we would say — do not store your supply of flour in danip underground or partly underground storerooms. If stored there it will get sour and poor in (piality in a very short time. Store supplies of flour in a warm, dr.^■ jilace or. if it can be kejtt dry. in a cool, dry place." The character of old flours, L. Vuaflabt (Ann. L'him. Aualyt., 13 (1908), Xo. 11, pp. .'fSJ, 438). — Data are reported and discussed regarding the examina- tion of 4 samples of new flour which in the character of their gluten and acid content resembled old flours. Milling' and baking' test. Tests of flour sold in North Dakota. E. F. Ladd (Xorth Ditkotii Shi. Bill. ,S2. pp. 711-793). — The investigations here reported were undertaken to determine the relative milling and bread making qualities of Fife and P.lueslem wheats as compared with durum wheats and for the pur- l)ose of bringing together data regarding the range and composition of wheats and flours from local grown products. Examination was also made of com- mercial flours on sale in North Dakota with a view to determining their composition and bread making quality, and also to secure data regarding the extent to which bleaching of flour is practiced. In the comparison of local grown wheats milling tests were made with 35 sami)les of Fife and Bluestem wheals and an equal number of samples of durum wheats. In general, " the durum gave a rather larger percentage of flour than did the Fife and Bluestem, and the average weight per bushel for clean wheat was greater, yet the amount of high-grade flours were in favor of the Fife and P.luestem. . . . " It takes slightly less durum to produce a barrel of flour than of Fife and I'.luestem. The percentage of bran is less in the durum than in Fife and Blue- stem, but the i)roportion of shorts is higher. The kernel of grain in the ca.se of durum averages nearer than for the Fife and Bluestem." .\s shown by the gluten tests, "the differenct-s in exjiansive properties are particularly marked between the several grades of flour. The introduction of the first clear into the patent, or the lengthening out of the patent, as is often done, must necessarily result in decreasing the expansive properties. When the patent and first dear are united and sold as straight, or, as is more often done, bleached and sold as jiatent, or. at least, in place of jtatent, we can not wonder at the lowering of strength now generally recognized in many brands of flours. "The expansive properties of the dunnii gluten are not ecpial to that from the Fife, as indicated in these tests, and this is further boi'ne out in the baking 860 KXPKKIiAJKN'l' STATION RECORD. tests with tlie two flours. 'Vhv physical prupertios of tho glnton from a patent or tirst clear also differ in many other res))eets not clearly indicaled by the above tests, but soon recognized by one who is enpitri'd in washinji out glutens." The analyses of the flour samples showed in Kt'ueral that " the durum wheats have shown higher percentages of total protein than found in Fife and Bluestem wheats. The analyses of the flours do not average as high for the same gi-ade of durum as for other wheats. On the othei- hand, analyses of previous years have shown the reverse order, but more markedly is this noticeable by com- paring the analyses above given with the average for the section beyond on counnercial floflrs as taken up in the markets of this State." From the baking tests which were made with the flours ground at the station and the commercial samples it appeared, that " the volume of loaf for the commercial flours averages higher than for the experimental lots tested, but on the other hand the amount of flour used per loaf is greater for the counnercial product and the number of loaves of bread per barrel is pro- portionately less than for the exi)erimental flours. In making comparison it is essential that all this datsi l»e taken into consideration. . . . " The commercial flours required a greater amount of flour to produce a dough of a given consistency and they made a less number of loaves of bread per barrel than any flour produced at the mill, including the Tlrst patent and the first clears. On the other hand the volume of the loaf, for the commercial flours, averaged quite a considerable above that of the test flours produced at the college. It should be said also that when several of the mill flours were blended better results w'ere secured in bread production than where the indi- vidual samples were tested alone." As regards the gluten tests made with the commercial flours, the results " show less of wet and of baked gluten for the commercial flour than either of the others and in expansion the gluten for the commercial flours is less than that produced from Dakota Fife and Bluestem wheats as a patent, but su])erior to that produced from the durum." Analyses of the commercial flours are reported as well as determinations of the acidity and the nitrogen present as nitrites. The data indicate on an average 2.05 mg. nitrites per kilogram of flour. According to the author, the investigations are to be continued. Chemically treated flours, E. F. Ladd {North Dakota Sta. Spec. Bui. 9, pp. 1-lJ,; .Jour. Biol. Clicin., 6 (WOO). .Yo. /, pp. 75-86' ) .—From artificial digestion experiments and studies of the elTect of bleaching on fiour constituents and from earlier w^ork on related topics, conclusions were drawn from which the following statements are quoted : " >.'itrous and nitric acid are two of the constituents formed from the bleach- ing of flour with nitrogen peroxid. The nitrites and nitrates, or nitrite and nitrate reacting material, are among the products formed in the fiour. Bread as baked in the home by the domestic method will contain from one-third to one- half of the nitrite reacting material found in the flour. " Oil properly extracted and purified from unbleaclied patent flour contains no nitrogen. Oil extracted from bleached flour and i)urified by the same meth- ods gives a strong reaction for nitrogen, thus confirming the statement made by Lewkowitsch. . . . Artificial digestion experiments with pepsin solutions show that the gluten from the unbleached flour was digested in 4 hours and 57 minutes, while under the same conditions the gluten from the bleached flour was digested in 8 hours and 40 minutes. "The baked gluten from the bleached and unbleached flours showed similar variations but not so wide, the time of digestion being much less; the same is true for the bread made from such flours. In pancreatic digestion the glutens FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION, 861 digested in 3.19 hours fruui Ijleaehed rtoiir. iiud iu 2..'I1 hours from unbleached Hour. The time of digestiou in pancreatic solutions of the l)alved gluten and iif the bi'ead was iu favor of the unbleached product. The experiments made with the keeping quality of bread made from bleached and unbleached tlour demonstrated the antiseptic effect of the bleaching agent. " It has been demonstrated that when the diazo or like action took place, the acid acted upon the gluten of the flour changing its comi)osition so that nitrogen gas was given oft" when the flour was treated with an acid." Effect of bleached flour extracts on rabbits, E. F. Lado and II. L. White (Nortli Dakota 8ta. Spec. Bui. !), iip. 15-26). — The authors have tested the effects on rabbits of alcoholic and aqueous extracts of bleached and unbleached tlour. Quotations from their conclusions follow : " There are produced in flour, as the results of artificial bleaching, toxic bodies. . . . Alcoholic extracts prepared from unbleached flour a Ad fed to rabbits did not affect them. Alcoholic extracts prepared in the same manner from commercially bleached flour and fed to the rabbits in the same way caused their death within a few hours. Alcoholic extracts i)repared from overbleached dour in the same manner and fed in the same way to rabbits caused their im- mediate collapse and death. "Aqueous extracts i)repared from overbleached flours when fed to rabbits caused their immediate collapse and death. Alcohol and aqueous extracts from overbleached flour, when neuti'alized with sodium bicarbonate, and fed to rab- bits, caused the death of the rabbits in a short time, demonstrating that it was not the acidity that produced the death of the rabbits. "In preparing aqueous extracts all nitrite reacting material disappeared; hence, the death of the rabbits, in this case, must have been due to the presence of other toxic material than that ° F. kept for .'") days (jii an average without any trace of mold api»earing; at 72° it kept for <> days; at 67° for 8 days; about 4(5° (refrigerator), 14 days; and at from y()° to 60° for 27 days. These figures represent the time at which the first 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. trace of spoilage occurred in (lie neck of the bottle^had this been removed the figui'es would be nuicli increased — and by no means represent the niaxiniuni time during which the ketchup could have been, used, the maximum figures, even under these conditions of observation, varying from 8 to 58 days. The keeping of the ketchup in warm storage at 70° for 150 days before opening hastened the average time of spoilage after opening about one day. The advisability of using small containers, to get the best results with a tirst-class ketchup, is ajjparent. " Sodium benzoate, even when used in the proportion of 0.1 per cent, is not always effective, and has an injurious effect upon the living matter of the molds, shown by the distortion and swelling of the tilaments, which are filled with a coarse granular protoplasm containing much fat." The use of the microscope to detect artificially colored ketchup and ketchup made from trimming stock, or from tomatoes that have been allowed to spoil is explained, and it is maintained that ketchup as ordinarily made from trim- ming stock should be so designated as to differentiate it from that made from sound fresh tomatoes, as the two products are radically different. On the dietetic value of refrigerated foods, S. Rideal (Cold Storage and Ice Trade Jour., 3G (1008), No. .'/, pp. 3.1, 33). — Various questions connected with the cold storage. of meats and fish, dairy products, and fruit are discussed in the paper which is here summarized. According to the author's exi>eriments on fermentation processes with reference to cold storage, the action of diastase is not entirely prevented by cold but is rendered very slow. The tenderness and maturing of refrigerated meat, according to the author, is attributal)le not only to the action of sarcolactic acid but also to the gradual and limited work of natural euzyms (pepsin and trypsin), which cause a certain amount of in-e- digestion. Preservatives in food, W. H. Collingridge {Meat Trades' Jour., 28 (1908), Xo. lOlo, p. 638). — Data are reported on the detection of boric acid in samples of sausage in amounts varying from 0.2 to 0.9 per cent. The author points out that the amount taken in sausage might readily be greater than the medicinal dose and also objects to the use of boric acid as a preservative as it permits the utilization of meat for sausage in which putrefactive changes have begun. Salicylic acid as a preservative, Christian (Hiig. liundsehau, 18 (1908). No. 22, pp. 1321-1331). — A summary and discussion of investigations on the use of salicylic acid as a preservative. In the author's opinion, this substance does not ordinarily produce very serious disturbances provided the daily dose is not greater than 1 gm. In the case of persons suffering with kidney disease it is very dangerous, but if the daily amount is very small, namely, under 0.1 gm., he believes that no effect on the normal functions of the body is noted, lie points out, however, that there is danger in the use of this preservative, since the total amount obtained per day is unknown and may be harmful. [Food inspection, etc.], J. Q. Emery (Hemiunn. liul. Dairy and Food Com. Wis., 1908, No. 13, pp. 152). — In addition to summaries of papers on various pure food topics and legal enactments regarding adultei-ation, this bulletin re- ports results of the examination under the pure food law of a large number of samples of canned goods, catsups, cheese, flavoring extracts, sirups, flours, honey, drugs, medicines, etc. Data are also given regarding the creamery and other inspection work. [Food analyses], J. McCiiae (Transvaal Govt. Labs. Ann. Rpt., 1906-7, pp. 13-1 ij). — Data are given regarding the examination of blown cans of con- densed milk, corn meal, edible oils, and extract of malt. The extract of malt was found to contain 9.28 per cent of proof spirit. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 863 Food analyses, C. F. Juritz (Rpt. Senior Anal. Vapr Good Hope, 11)07, pp. S7-97). — Tho materials analyzed imdei' the food and drug law Included milk and milk products, vinegar, brandy, whisky, etc. A number of general food analyses were also made including among others wines, spirits, lime juice, bush tea, " mealina," and American and colonial meal. Food inspection decisions {U. S. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decisions .97, pp. 2; its, pp. 2; t or to training or lack of it. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The self-heating of hay. II. MieiiI': (Die titihslerliUzung des Heues. Jena, 1907, PI). 1J7, Jiiis. .'!.'>; re r. in Zriitbl. I'hijsiol., 22 (1D08), A o. 17, p. 536).— With a specially constructed api^aratus the author conducted experiments which led him to conclude that the self-heating of hay is a bacteriological and not a chem- ical process as suggested by Boekout and De Vries (E. S. R., 17, p. 1001). The principal organisms concerned in raising the temperature to 40° are Bacillus coU and OuHuni lactis. Above 40° li. culfactor is most abundant and thrives the best at about G0° ('. Other species present depend somewhat on the nature of the i)lants comi)osing the hay. During the heating i)roc<'ss many vegetative and spore forms of molds and liactoria are destroyed. Analyses of [South American] food and forage plants, (i. D'Utra (Bol. Apr. [Sao Paulo], 9. ser., 1908, Nd. various crosses. " It Is not necessarily the lambs (Iropi)e(l earliest in the season that arc heav- iest in early sprlnj^. I'articularly was this noticeable in 11)07 in the case of half-bred Dorset-Horn lambs. Thus, with them we find the heaviest lambs of Sei)tember "> represented l)y those dropped between May 11 and 2'.i attaining at this time 7S^ lbs., while those dropped between April 21 and May 10 come sec- ond with an average weight of nearly 77 lbs., while those droi)i>ed between April 10 and 20 come third on the list with only 7;U lbs. of average weight. With a half-bred Shroiishire we find the lambs droi)i)ed in the second period about i lb. ahead of those dropped in the tirst period, while lambs of the third iieriod are a long way behind either of the fornwr. With the half-bred Southdowns. on tlie other hand, the average weight of the lambs is always directly proportional to the length of their days. . . . Short-wool crosses. Merino crossed with Dorset- Horn, or :Merino crossed with Shropsliire, and perhaps tlie smaller Merino crossed with Southdown, give the best tyite of ewe for our conditions." Steer-feeding experiments 1907-8, T. I. Mairs and W. H. Tomiiave (Penn- ■^yhdiiid Sin. liiil. N.s. />/^ .i-irt. //V/s-. (1. clKtrt.s 2). — To secure data as to the best ratio of total dry matter to digestible matter the authors compared, with 2 lots of 12 fattening steers, a limited grain ration with a full grain ration, each being fed in connection with corn silage, mixed hay, and corn stover for rough- age. The experiment began October 30 and ended February 6. " Both lots received the same Ivind of feed, consisting of brolsen ear corn and cotton-seed meal as concentrates, corn silage in the morning, and in tlie even- ing mixed hay to December 12, and corn stover from that time to the close of the exi)eriment. Lot 1 received all the ear corn they would eat, while lot 2 received about two-thirds as much as lot 1. Lot 1 received 2 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per steer j)er day and lot 2, 2.25 lbs. It was the intention to feed lot 2 twice as much corn silage as was fed to lot 1 when on full feed. Lot 2 was given all the corn silage they would eat with a limited grain ration. Lot 1 was given all the corn they would eat with a limited silage ration. The intention was to so apportion the feed that the 2 lots would get the same amount of digestible matter, but lot 1 should receive the more concentrated ration — that is, lot 2 should receive the greater amount of dry matter." The average daily gains per head were for lot 1 2.06 lbs., and for lot 2 1.87 lbs. The first 2 weeks lot 2 lost in weight, due to the change in feed. After that the gains of both lots were uniform. " When corn silage forms a considerable portion of the ration of fattening steers more care is required in getting them on full feed than when a dry ration is fai exclusively, or silage is fed in small quantities. " Slaughter tests failed to show any difference in the carcasses of the two lots that might be attributed to the difference in the feed. "At the prices for feed named in this article the steers receiving the smaller amount of dry matter made the more economical gains." Work on the effect of shelter was continued (E. S. R., 10, p. G74) with 2 lots of 12 steers each. Steers in an open shed made practically the same gain during the feeding period, November 1.'} to March 10, as those in a well-ventilated barn, but ate slightly more roughage. Rolled oats as a substitute for milk in calf feeding, J. Michels (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 199, pp. 12-16, fig. 1). — An experiment lasting 13 weeks was made to compare cooked rolled oats with skim milk as a feed for calves. Nine calves fed the rolled oats made an average daily gain per head of 1.143 lbs., whereas 2 calves fed the skim milk made an average daily gain per head of 1.21 lbs. " On the basis that 1 lb. of rolled oats is equal to 1 gal. of whole milk, ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 867 and tbat whole milk is worth S cts. jier quart to niilkineu, the cost of the milk for a 13-weeks-old calf receiving no rolled oats is $26.96. When roller oats (which cost 4.4 cts. per pound delivered in barrel lots) are substituted for milk as shown above, the cost of the calf feed for the same period is only $12.46. a saving of $14.50 in favor of the rolled oats." A summary of reports on feeding experiments with, diastasolin (Milch Ztt/., 37 (190S), No. -}7, ;)/). 553, 55'/). — Thtsc results indicate that diastasolin may be used to provide a cheap substitute for whole milk in calf feeding. Outlook for the beef industry in Canada, J. H. Grisdale (Frtrmcr's Advo- cate, .'iS (liWS), Xo. S-'i6, pp. 1889, J 890, figs. 5). — A general discussion of this subject. The increase in the dairy industry has led to the use of dairy sires and has retarded the beef industry. The possibilities of the business west of the Great I^akes are deemed enormous wlierever there is a butter market. Packing plants in Montreal or Toronto would help the situation. The wool industry and its improvement, H. Geldard (Transraal Agr. Jour., 7 {J908), Jo. .^5, PI). 15-20, pi. 1, flg. I). — Suggestions ai"e given as to improving the (piality of Australian and South African wools. Causes of the heavy loss of lambs in 1908, W. J. Quick and A. 1'. Sim:.\( i;h (Virginia Sta. Bui. 178, pp. 57-7//, figs. 7). — This bulletin contains statistics of the sheep industry in Virginia and reports the results of an inquiry into the causes of a lieavy loss of lambs during the lambing season of 1908. " In 73 flocks visited 961 lambs were lost out of 5,252 dropped, or 19 per cent. In 65 flocks reported by letter, 1.478 lambs were lost out of 8,068 dropped, or 18 per cent. Figuring on this basis for the State as a whole, 70.147 lambs, valued at .$;}.")( ),375, were lost in Virginia during the lambing season of 1908. The estimate-7 was for lot 1 2S1 Ib.s., lot 2 ;ni.7.~> lbs., lot 3 41:5.75 lbs., and lot 4 4(i7.7r» lbs. The average l)i-eaking strength of all bones per KM) lbs, live weight for the 20 pigs used in l[)()7-8 was for lot 1 325 lbs., lot 2 3t)0 lbs., lot 3 50!) lbs., lot 4 ,580 lbs., and lot 5 (i81 lbs. "The laboratory examination of these bones reveals a marked dit'lorence in fifth in cost of production at the prices for feed used in this bulletin. . . . " The laboratory tests have also shown that there is no apparent increase In the external measurements of the bones resulting when protein or mineral matter is added to the food nutrients, but that these additional nutrients, so far as they are assimilated, have greatly added to the thickness of the bone walls by accretion on the inner surface of these walls, thereby reducing the marrow within the bones. " The thickness of the bone wall increased about 50 per cent in those fed bone meal over those fed only corn. The percentage of mineral matter and the specific gravity in the green bones increased in nearly the same proportion as the thickness of the walls. " That foods rich in phosphates and mineral matter will increase the strength of bone is conclusively proven. " There can be no doubt about the advantage of feeding a sufficient amount of phosphates to build uj) strong, healthy bones, and a deficiency of phosphates during the growing period may materially effect the development of the growing animals. Bone meal and tankage may often be fed economically and the additional cost, if any, can profitably be incurred in the production of high- class breeding animals. "That an excess of mineral matter in the food may cause mineral matter to be deposited in the bones in excess of that actually needed for the healthy growth of the animal is also (piite possible, though not yet proven. " That such food will cause the animal to stand up scpiarely on his pasterns is not yet proven. It would seem that the conformation of the pastern will have most to do with this. Strong-boned pigs with short, ui»right pasterns will be most likely to grow out with good feet, while pigs with long or oblique jtasterns will generally go down. Excessive weight at early ages will affect all pigs unfavorably, and lack of exercise is also detrimental." Weighings and measurements of a number of bones showed that the nature of the feed has no distinct effect upon the length, circumference, or volume of the bone. " The first two lots | in 1007-Sl, which were fed only corn or corn and shorts, had bones of less weight, of lower sjjecific gravity, with thinner walls, and with a much lower content of mineral matter than those of the three other lots. These properties were characteristic of the entire bones as well as of the portions of the shafts where the fractures appeared when the strength was ANIMAT. PHODUCTTON. 869 being deterniined. ... II is apparent that the strong bones have hotli tliiclver walls in the shaft and more mineral matter in the ends." Comparative experiments with swine of different breeding (Bcr. K. VcL og Lan(ll)(tlianish sows and Yorkshire boars as to the period required to reach slaughterhouse weight and the utilization of the feed eaten by the swine. It was also the plan to study for these breeds the bodily conformation of the animals, the deposition of fat, and the quality of the pork as an export article. The report includes experiments with 1,083 different animals, separated into 202 lots, viz, 21 Yorkshire lots, 121 pure Danish lots, 50 tirst crosses, and 4 lots of mixed breeding. The main results of the investigation may be briefly stated as follows: The Yorkshire pigs required a little more feed for the production of a pound of pork than the cross-bred pigs and these again slightly more than the Danish pigs. The Yorkshires gave a larger proportion of export pork than the Danish pigs for the same live weight and less shrinkage at slaughtering. They also scored higher in regard to deposition of fat, depth of body, form of hams, and fineness of bone and skin, the crosses coming second with regard to these points. Within the Danish breed there were considerable differences between the dif- ferent lots as to thriftiness and quality, but by separating these into families it was found that for families where a sufficient number of different lots from each generation had been included in the experiments to enable one to judge of the thriftiness and quality of the separate generations, there was nearly always an indication that the feed consumption for a certain gain in live weight was increasing from generation to generation. In the same way the percentage of shrinkage at slaughtering was increasing, while the percentage of export pork was decreasing to the same extent with each generation. On the other hand, in the scores for the quality of bacon, depth of body, form of hams, and fineness of bone some progress was to be traced from one generation to another. The feed consumption per pound of increase in live weight in the experiments here reported was found to average for lots weighing from 35 to 75 lbs. per pig, 3.4 lbs. ; for lots weighing from 75 to 115 lbs., 3.8 lbs. ; and for lots weighing from 115 to 155 lbs., 4.4 lbs. The lower consumption of feed per gain in live weight in the experiment here reported as compared with the earlier experi- ments is considered to be explained partly by the fact that nearly all of the former experiments were conducted during the summer and partly by an im- provement in the average quality of the animals experimented with. Pork production in Denmark (fiiil. l/rH.s-. Off. Renxcig. Agr. [Paris], 7 (1908), No. 10, pp. 125-i-rl256). — Statistical information on the recent develop- ment of the swine industry in that country. The horse: Its selection and purchase, F. T. Barton (London, 1907, pp. X-\-252. p/.s. Ih"). — "The object of this book is to show buyers of horses what to select and what to reject when purchasing without professional guid- ance. . . . The chapter on conformation is intended to give the reader a general idea of the good and bad i)oints of the horse." The characteristics of the Shire. Suffolk, and hackney horses are described. There are cliapters on unsoundness, general hints relating to buying, and warranty, and examples are given of typical actions at law (English) relating to the sale and purchase of horses. 870 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [The small hunter] (Mark Lane Ejijitns, 09 (1908), No. J,n2-',, pp. ')31, 533, fig. 1). — The author thinks that the short-legged, compact, powerful horse, standing from 15 hands to 15 hands 2i in. is to be preferred to the larger horse in many places for hunting and for cavalry remounts. It is stated, how- ever, that the economic value of the small hunter is not appreciated by many, as this class seems lo be less numerous at shows than formerly. Notes on horse feeding', A. Frkdholm (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 8 (1908), No. 2, pp. Jpl-oOl). — A general discussion of the subject as applied to the local conditions. Analyses of feeds are given. The use of African elephants for transport service (Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 56 (1908), No. 2915, pp. 977, 978; 8ci. Aincr. Sup., 66 (1908). No. 1717, pp. 3.i7, 3.'i8). — Experiments at the elephant farm at Api, in the northern part of the Congo Free State, indicate that the African elephant, heretofore consid- ered untamable and valuable only for ivory, may in the future become a valu- able means of transportation in regions otherwise difficult of access. European stock does not survive in the tropical heat, and native carriers can be em- ployed to only a limited extent. In the region of vast plains cut l)y rivers and swampy streams of the Uele district there is an abundance of native grasses to furnish cheap feed for the elephants. Poultry fattening (Jour. Nat. Poultrn Organ. Soc, 2 (1908), No. .',, pp. UJ,, 115, pi. 1 ) . — A discussion of the conditions of this industry in Sussex, England. As a rule, poultry fatteners do not breed the birds themselves. The supply of suitable birds for fattening is inadequate. For a time this deticiency was made up by supplies from Ireland. It is hoped that the increase in the number of small holdings throughout the county will i-elieve the present short- age of fowls for the fattening pens. The marketing of poultry (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 201, pp. 4)- — The methods of preparing poultry for the English markets are de- scribed. Some ostrich food plants, .J. Burtt-Davy (TransraaJ Agr. Jour., 7 (1908), No. 25, pp. 4^-60, pi. 1). — An account of methods of feeding ostriches as prac- ticed in the eastern proviifbes of Cape Colony, with descrii)tions of native and introduced grasses and other food plants adapted for ostrich feeding. The preservation of eggs in the Tropics, .J. Vosseler (Pflanzer, .'/ (1908), No. 9, pp. 129-136). — Eggs kept in plant materials such as chaff, straw, etc., had a musty odor and taste which develops rapidly in moist, tropical climates. Dry sand gave much better results. Lime-water made the shell brittle and the albumin disappeared so that the egg could not be whipped. Collodion, shellac, varnish, gum arable, and glue were tried but were less satisfactory than potassium permanganate or a mixture of glycerin, alcohol, and water. The best results were obtained with water glass. Eggs so preserved kept for over a year. Improved egg preservation, J. G. Stephens (Daihj Consular and Trade Rpfs. [U. 8.], 1909, No. 3377, p. 16).— By immersing eggs in a vessel of hot paraffine wax in a vacuum the air in the shell is extracted and the hot wax pressed into the pores of the shell, thus hermetically sealing it. It is claimed that eggs so treated will retain their new-laid freshness for r> months. Insurance of live stock [in the different European countries] (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 (1908), Nos. 1, pp. 32-.'i',; 7, pp. 523-526; 8. pp. .-j72-579).— General information on insuring stock and methods of establishing live stock insurance societies in Holland, Belgium. France, Switzerland, Germany, Sweden, Denmark, Norway, and Great Britain. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYINCJ AGROTECHNY. 871 DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. [Feeding experiments with cows], J. Michels {North Carolina Sta. Bui. J 99, pp. 5-12). — Corn stover of rather inferior quality was compared with cottou-seed hulls as a roughage for milk production when fed with a grain ration consisting of cotton-seed meal, dried brewers' grains, and linseed meal 4:2:1. Seven cows were used for the experiment and the feeding periods lasted 22 days, exclusive of the preliminary feeding. "Averaging the results of the 2 stover periods, . . . the cows yielded 2,482 lbs. of milk during the stover period against 2,414.4 lbs. for the hull period. Similarly, the cows during the stover period yielded 11G.2 lbs. of butter fat as against 116.5 lbs. for the avei-age of the hull periods, showing in this experiment that cotton-seed hulls and corn stover had practically equal value as milk and butter fat producers On the whole it may be concluded that the cotton- seed hulls and corn stover used in the experiment had about equal value in maintaining the live weight of the cows. . . . Aside from their low nutritive value, cotton-seed hulls do not seem very well suited for dairy cows, on account of their low palatability and digestibility. With the cows used in these experi- ments it was found that a majority refused the hulls when they were offered them unmixed with concentrated feeds. When mixed with the concentrates the cows would eat them, largely because they were obliged to do so in order to get the concentrates. On general principles it can not be considered good feed- ing to thus force cows to swallow a lot of unpalatable material, especially when such material has such a low digestibility." In another experiment 6 grade cows, from 3 to 4 weeks in lactation, were used to compare corn meal with a mixture of corn meal and dried brewers' grains in equal portions as a supplement to cotton-seed meal for milk produc- tion. The feeding periods were 21 days each. The average yield for the 2 periods in which corn meal alone was fed was 2,933.1 lbs. of milk, and for the period when the mixture of corn meal and brewers' grains was fed, 2,859.5 lbs. The Canadian record of performance for pure-bred dairy cattle (Canada Dept. Agr.. Branch Live Stock Comr. Rpt. J, pp. ,32). — This contains the rules and regulations of standards for registration of the Ayrshire, French-Canadian, Guernsey, Holstein-Friesian, and Jersey breeds. Details of yields of pure-bred Canadian cows, which have been admitted to the advance registry, are included. Improvement in dairy herds, P. .T. Carroll (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 6 (1908), \o. 10, pp. 597-60-'t).— The author calls attention to the low yields of the average cows, and outlines a scheme for forming cow-testing associations. The dairy institutes in Germany, Weigmann (III us. Landw. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 81, pp. l-',9-1l51).—X brief history of these institutions and their significance. Milking machines, A. L. Haecker and E. M. Little (Nebraska Sta. Bui. 108, pp. 3-7,i, pl. 1, figs. .'/). — The milking machine in use at the station is described and the results of various tests with the university herd are reported. Tables are submitted which show the effect of the machine upon the yearly records of 20 cows. In at least one case the lactation period was shortened by the use of the machine. The amount of strippings left to be drawn by hand was very low, averaging about 3 per cent. Six cows milked out perfectly clean during the entire lactation i^eriod. "The average amount of strippings from the entire number of cows was only 220.7 lbs. This is less than 0.75 lb. each day per head. This item is significant only when we consider the performance of individual cows aiHi when wo learn that in almost every case the period when 79218— No. 0—09 e 872 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. stripplngs were obtained covered but .1 inontb or two during the entire lacta- tion." In a few cases the amount of stripijinjis was considerable. In one case there were 7!X).2 lbs. of strippings from one cow during Bio days. The machine was unable to draw the nulk satisfactorily from another cow Ix'caiise of a peculiar shaped udder. The cost of repairs and supplies of the nulking-machine equiiiment and o nulkers for 2 years was $SS.97. The effect of alternate hand and machine milking was tried with 2 cows, but the results were not satisfactory. " When machine milking and hand milking are carried on irregularly and interchangeably the machine will not draw all the milk and in consequence more strippings are obtained. It is very evident that we can not make a comparison between two methods of milk- ing by alternating these methods." In the case of hard milkers the sphincter muscle at the end of each teat was treated with a dilator until the milk could easily be drawn by hand, yet the machine was unal)le to remove the milk. The teat cups and mouthpieces need to be changed as the lactation period advances. An average of 6 milkings required 67 minutes to milk 20 cows, producing 157.7 lbs. of milk, 29.5 of which was removed in the strippings, which required 24 minutes. In this case three machines were operated by one man. In another test 12 cows were milked in 92 minutes with one milker. The quantity of milk did not materially influence the time required in milking. The liacterial content of milk drawn by hand was compared with that drawn by machine. "The aA"erage count in the case of the .'5 samples of machine- drawn milk shows 37,090 bacteria per cubic centimeter of milk, while in the hand-drawn milk there are but 3,310 in each cubic centimeter." When the machine parts were thoroughly washed, scrubbed, and steamed for 20 minutes each morning and at night rinsed in three waters and submerged in limewater the bacterial content was slightly less in the machine-drawn milk than in the hand-drawn milk. " The relief filters attached to the milkers when neglected are a continua'l source of contamination. Air rushes in through these openings to relieve the A'acuum caused by each pulsation of the machine and unless protected each inflow of air will carry bacteria with it. This is especially true of the connector relief filters which are suspended but a few inches above the floor while the machine is in operation. During the time of the experiments cited here absorb- ent cotton was placed in each relief just before milking. The use of these wads of cotton checks contamination from this source entirely, as they stop and hold all bacteria. " For soaking the tubing, lime has been used in every trial on account of its antiseptic pi'operties and convenience. Other agents, such as formaldehyde, would have undoubtedly given better results as their germicidal properties would aid greatly in reducing the number of bacteria, but the use of a substance of this nature is questionable if not dangerous and could not be recommended for general use. The limewater used for this bath should be renewed every 4 or 5 days. If the antiseptic is to be of any benefit in preserving the rubber and in retarding bacterial growth it must come in contact with every part of the tubing. . . . " Heifers in their first lactation apparently give better results by machine milking than do aged cows that have been accustomed to hand milking for one or more years. " Some cows are not adapted to machine milking. " Manii)ulation of the udder is absolutely necessary in some instances before all the milk can be drawn by the machine. " Two men operating 4 machines can practically do the work of 3 men milking by hand. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 873 " The man operatinjr the milkers must thoroufihly understand the care and management of dairy stock. Ho should also be persistent in the attention to details in order to obtain the best results. " I'"'rom these studies it would appear that the milking machine is fitted for large herds rather than small ones, and we believe it would be impracticable to Install them where fewer than 30 cows are milked the year round." Tables give the individual records of the different cows used in the experi- ments. From answers to questions received from 11 of the 13 milking plants in the State it is apparent that the milking machine is meeting with dif- ferent degi'ees of success in the hands of practical dairymen and farmers. The reports are not enough alike to permit of a definite conclusion to fit all conditions, but they show what may be expected of the machine milkers under various conditions and in the hands of different men. [The milk bottle question] {Maritime Fanner, JJf (1908), Xo. //, jrp. 70, 77). — The advantages and disadvantages of paper milk bottles are discussed. The author thinks that the use of paper bottles would reduce the cost of deliv- ering milk and that there would also be less danger of spreading comnnmicable diseases. A note on the bacterial contamination of milk as illustrating- the connec- tion between flies and epidemic diarrhea, J. T. C. Nash (Laneet [Londo»], 1908, II, yo. 23, pp. l(J6S, KUUI). — Milk exposed to flies for 5 hours on a warm day coutained about 3,500,000 more of gas-forming bacteria per cubic centimeter than the same quality of milk when kept covered. The chemical changes pro- duced by such largo numbers of putrefactive bacteria " may conceivably be very l)ro.iudic!iil and excite acute diarrhea." The bacterial flora of milk, G. Koestler {Kasereiteeh. Rund.^ehdK, 1907, Get.; ahfi. in Milehw. ZenthL, J, (1908), No. 8, pp. 379-381).— For practical pur- poses the author divides milk bacteria according to their ability to decompose lactose, casein, and fat. Those which attack lactose are subdivided according to the decomposition products, namely, acid-forming, gas-forming, and those which form other substances. For cheese makers the fermentation test is stated to be the only practical method for determining whether or not the de- sired kinds of bacteria are present. The bacterial flora of Cheddar cheese, H. A. IIardinc; and ]\I. J. Prucha ( .\>/f7 )'ork Ktdfc Stn. Trrli. liiil. 8. pp. 121-193, (Igms. 11). — This bulletin re- views recent studies of the bacterial flora of Cheddar cheese, and reports the results of a quantitative and qualitative study of the flora in 9 normal Cheddar cheeses during the ripening period. " More than 3(M) pure cultures were isolated and finally reduced to 33 groups according to the classification of the Society of American Bacteriologists. Ten of these groups disap])oare cords of wood are available annually as waste fi-om the lumber industry, liesides larjie quantities from other sources which can doubtless be obtainetl at low cost for cheaper grades of the product. Straws from oat, wheat, rice, and other cereals make a good quality of paper, but are now being used only in small quantities. " Malbon or Malva custiUa, a plant which grows wild over large areas from southern California to southwestern Mexico, is used by the Indians in making cordage, roi»es, and coarse fabrics. Examination of the fiber . . . indicates that it will yield about (10 per cent of pulp. Tlie individual fibers are from 0.75 to 6 nun. long, averaging 2 nun., and are suitable for making a strong white paper. . . . " One of the mpst striking points brought out ... in the examination of paper is that the quality of auy class is seldom as good as the materials and the technical skill of the maker can produce. . . . " On the whole it is a conservative statement that the quantity of paper now used in this country can readily be reduced 25 per cent by making from the materials now employed better paper and by using no heavier paper than is required by the service to be i)erformed. . . . Economic agricultural considera- tions indicate that the cultivated straws should only be employed [for paper makingj when the woods and textile and paper wastes can no longer supply the demand or are too costly. Flax liber, when it can not be put to more im- portant uses, should be »>nii)loy('d in pajier making." VETERINARY MEDICINE. Annual report on the distribution of animal plagues in the German Empire (JahvfHher. Verhr. Tierseuch. Deut. Reiche, 22 {1901), pp. yi-\-91+116, maps 4). — This is a report in which the extent and distribution of the important animal diseases occurring in the Oermau Empire are considered, particularly anthrax, symptomatic anthrax, rabies, glanders, pleuro-pneumonia, hog cholera, swine erysipelas, chicken cholera, fowl plague, scab, and influenza of horses. Details concerning the distribution of the.se diseases in the Empire are also presented in tabular form. Maps are appended showing the occurrence of rabies, glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, and sheep scab in Germany. The meat inspection regulations of Germany are given as are also the laws of the various countries relative to animal diseases. Veterinary department, 1907, A. Oliver {Rpts. Finance, Admin., and Con- dition /S'/a/«//, 1907, pp. 837-8't3). — The cattle plague which appeared to have been almost stami)ed out in the Sudan broke out again in the Kassala Province. Sarraja or contagious lymphangitis has become a serious problem over a great part of the Sudan. Trypanosomiasis of all classes of animals is said to be the most serious veterinary question in the province. Biliary fever of the horse and dog and a disease of fowls are transmitted by ticks, the latter caus- ing great loss of poultry in Egypt. Horse sickness was not very prevalent while mange prevailed throughout the Sudan, particularly in baggage camels. Very little progress has as yet been made in the improvement of the local breeds of horses and donkeys. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 877 Tuberculosis in animals and its relation to public health, W. Robertson (Agr. Jour. Cape (Inod Jlopc, 3J (tOOS), Xo. S, pp. ,i.'fl-J.')7, pl.s. 2). — An account is given of tlie disease with directions for the use of tuberculin. Tlie trans- mission of tuberculosis through the vehicle of meat and milk is discussed. Tuberculosis of retropharyngeal lymphatic glands, W. Jowett (Vet. Rec, 21 (IDOS), No. 1056, pp. 203, 20.',, pi. /).— Records are reported of 100 consecu- tive, post-mortem examinations made by the author of cattle which had reacted to tuberculin but wliich in the majority of cases gave no cliuical indication of being the subject of tuberculosis. Thirty-nine of the animals were found to have well-ni;irlm wise, conservative, and scientific advice given by the veteri- narian and followed by the individual owner of cattle. The struggle against tuberculosis in cattle in Denmark, B. Bang ( Vet. Rec, 21 {J90S). Xos. 10 ',6. pp. (),i-65 ; lO.'/l. pp. S2-S.J). — This is a paper pre- sented at the International Congress on Tuberculosis held in Paris, in 1905. Suppression of tuberculosis among cattle on the Continent (Jour. Bd. Agi: [London^. 15 (1908), Xo. 7, pp. .'t94-502). — A brief account is given of the work in Sweden, Norwa.v. Denmark, Holland. Belgium, Germany, and France for the suppression of tuberculosis in cattle. Bang's bacillus and its biology, J. Nowak (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 22 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 5'fl-i')5lj. /W.v. .i). — The author here reports experiments carried on with the bacillus which Bang described as the specific agent of epizootic abor- tion in cows. A method of cultivating this bacillus which the author considers surer and easier to carry out is described. Development has been obtained in an atmosphere of oxygen and in comi)ressed air. The bacillus has lived in a straight gelatin medium for more than 2 years. This viability explains the out- breaks of epidenncs in certain stables. The death of the fetus resulted in guinea pigs and rabbits inoculated subcutaneously, intravenously, and intra- peritoneally with the bacillus. Neither the ingestion nor the introduction of the bacillus into the vagina jiroduced the disease in these animals. Xo ex- periments were made with cows. A contribution to the study of red dysentery (coccidian enteritis) of cattle, E. ZuBLiN (Scfnoeiz. Arch. Tierheilk., 50 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 123-169, figs. 10; abs. in Vet. Rec, 21 (1909), Xo. 1072, pp. J,87, 7/8cS).— This is the report of an extensive, study based upon the literature and the author's experience with the disease in Switzerland. The disease is a febrile epizootic of young cattle that is localized in the large intestine, particularly in the rectum. It is caused by a specific coccidia known as Coceidium hovis. which is not found in healthy ani- mals. Though generally terminating in recovery it may cause the death of infected animals. Three stages of the infection are recognized: (1) The congestive stage in which the feces contain blood coagula and a few coccidia; (2) the stage of hemorrhagic diarrhea accompanied by fever; and (3) the stage of regeneration and abatement and disappearance of the symptoms. Animals are probably infected through solid food or fluids which contain the spores. Direct trans- mission from animal to animal does not seem likely. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 879 As the parasites are very resistant, treatment is purely symptomatic. The liyperemia is combated by repeated clysters of 1 per cent alum or i per cent tannin in solution. Afterwards astringents are given by mouth and cardiac weakness treated with stimulants and the system strengthened by the use of milk and eggs. The author has had recoveries in 95 per cent of the cases. It is said that the meat can usually be used for food. The nodular disease of bovines an esophagostomiasis, G. Marotel {Bui. Sue. Cent. Mi'd. Vet., So {I'JOS), No. 18, pi). .'i57-Jt61, fiys. ^).— Studies have been made of this disease through which it has been determined to be an esophagostomiasis and not an uncinariasis. The life cycle of the parasite has been followed and is here described. Changes in the blood of parasite-infested sheep on an innutritions diet, AV, GiLTNKR (Amer. Vet. Rev., 33 {1908), No. 5, pp. 557-561). — Studies made of the blood of sheep infested with (Esophagostoma eolumbianum and Hcrinonchus contoriiix are here reported. In the sheep studied the lesions produced by O. eolumbianum, together with the occurrence of the stomach worm in small numbers and a very coarse unbalanced innutritions ration, lessened the vitality of the sheep and led to a fatal issue after producing a marked alteration iu the blood. A decided anemia, polynuclear leucocytosis and almost total absence of eosiuophiles and mast cells are said to be the characterizing features. It is suggested that the change in the blood may be due to mechanical obstructions by the nodules of the absorption of digested nutrients or even the prevention of digestion. Does lime and sulphur injure wools more than other dips? S. B. Rollings (.l(/r. Jour. Cape (iood Hope, S3 (1908), No. 3. pp. 377-382). — Experiments were conducted with several dips in an attempt to ascertain to what extent if any the wool had been injured by dippings at different stages of growth. Under direction of an authority on wool each lot was scoured separately and treated up to and including the dyeing stage. The expert does not draw a conclusion, but from the detailed results reported, wool from sheep dipptMl in lime-sulphur appears to compare favorably with that from sheep dipped iu Cooper's powder and tobacco extract. The caustic soda and sulphur dip (Natal Agr. Jour., 11 {1908), No. 8, pp. 982-985, pi. 1). — Experiments here reported appear to show that the objection made to the use of this dip on the ground of injuries to the wool are not well founded. Bovine piroplasmosis observed on the Ivory Coast, G. Bouet {liul. aSoc. Path. Exot., 1 (1908), No. Jf, p. 23.'f). — Piroplasmosis is reported on the Ivory Coast in cows from Senegal and in bovines, particularly zebus, wliicli had re- cently arrived from various iKiints of the Sudan or Sahel and which must have there contracted the disease. In all these cases the blood contained more or less abundantly either Pirophtiona higeminum ov 1'. mutans. Blood from one of the oxen produced the disease when injected into a heifer. At the end of 15 days a Pi-roi)lasma of the Mgeminum type and at the end of 24 days a Piroplasma of the pnrimrn type appeared. The presence of Trypanomma eazal Itoul prevented a report of the i)athol()gical effect of the Piroplasma being made. A heifer was also infected by the attachment of ticks, jirogeny of f('niM!«'s taken on a bovine, and again /'. higeminum was found. The value of the agglutination reaction and of bacteriolog'ical methods in the diagnosis of glanders, K. IJ. Collins (.lour. Jnfeel. Diseases. 5 {1908), No. //, pp. J/Ol-Jill). — The apiilication of this reaction was followed during a period of 2 years iu which time 2,rM) horses were tested. The results, in the author's opinion, are not sntHciently conclusive from a practical standpoint to make it a means of absolute diagnosis. 880 EXPERIMENT STATION KEOORD. • 'I'lii' scnini of liorscs rciictinjr with liiuiUus niallci in dilutions of ]:1,0(Xt ami above indifatos a filaiulers iiifertitm whicli may be latent or active aeoord- ing to the accompanyiuf: symittoms and reaction to niallein. " Horses KiviuK a reacti()n of 1 : 500 to 1 : 1,000 are to be suspecteil and should, be testetl with niallein ; if no reaction occurs and the horse is apparently In healthy condition, it may be considered free from yliuiders." In connection with the experiments reported the author reviews the work of other investigators on the subject. Lamziekte on the Kaap Plateau, J. Si'kkijll (.l//r. Jaur. Cape (loud Hope, 82 {HIGH), Nu. 5, PI). ')SS~()00). — It is the author's opinion that the name lamziekte given to this disease by farmers should stand, sanctioned as it is by long usage in Cape Colony, although some writers have used the name pasteur- ellosis and, according to the type of the disease, it has also been called by several other names. The disease appears to be quite widespread in Cape Colony, being most severe in the coastal districts of the East Provinces, and it is the author's opinion that it must also occur in the Orange River Colony and western Transvaal. The author has cultivated the organism on'^artiticial media and has found it virulent on inoculation into healthy animals. It conforms in all respects except in its active motility with Lignieres's description of the Pasteurella, a cocco-bacillus. The disease appears in a number of forms of which the three more common are the edematous or throat form, the thoracic form, and the paralytic form. An account is given of these forms, of susceptibility, plurality of attaclvS, post-mortem lesions, treatment, and prophylactic measures. Experi- ments conducted, including drenching and the injection of body fluids and arti- ficial cultures, are also reported. Report on swamp fever, J. K. Baklah {Ann. Rpt. Dcpt. Agr. Pror. Saskatche- trun, 1901, pp. J23-2.^6, pi. 1). — Attempts to transmit swamp fever by injection of blood, gland juice, or other fluid have been unsuccessful. In the cases ex- amined the liver showed marked inflammatory changes leading in some cases to death of the tissue and formation of new connective tissue. In a considerable proportion of the cases examined special treatment of the tissue revealed bodies in the liver cells which the author believes to be protozoa and probably the specific cause of the disease. Equine piroplasmosis in Sardegna, A. Baruchello and A. Pricolo (.1/(h. /.s^ lii. try coiuuu)n seat of tuberculosis in the horse. Tuberculosis affecting the dorsal vertebra of a mare, W. Krown ( Vet. Rec, 21 (1!)()S), /Yo. 1052, 1)1). l.'io, I'll}, fltjH. 2).— A case of this affe'ction is reported iicconipanied by photographs. Control of hog cholera by serum immunization, A. D. Mklvin {Amcr. ^'et. Ra:. S.'f (/.WN), Xo. 1, pp. l.',-21).—lu this article, which was presented before the annual meeting of the American \eterinary Medical Association, an account is jiiven of the methods of ininumi/ation that have been worary immunity upon the treated pigs. This latter methcxl is adapted to the treatment of hogs in a herd in which cholera has already l)roken out but which have not themselves shown visible symptoms of the disease. It is estimated that the cost of the serum per dose can be brought to 25 cts., as there seems to be no objection to the use for food purposes of the carcass of a hyperimmunized immune. Experiments have been carried out upon farms under practical conditions. Some 2,(X)0 hogs on r>0 farms were thus treated during the fall of 1907 and the results show the efficiency of the method. The practical use is considered entirely feasible. Plans for the eradication of hog cholera by serum immuniza- tion are submitted. Inoculation against hog cholera, J. W. Connaway { Breeder's Qaz., 53 ( IHOS), .\o. 20, i>p. 1105-1101, pijs.. 7). — P^xperiments conducted by the author in which virulent hog-cholera blood and hyperimmune serum were injected sinml- taneously are here reported. Out of 50 head that apiieared healthy at the time of inoculation only 3 died. All of these are said to have been exposed as nuich as would ordinarily occur on the average stock farm. The injection of serum into sick hogs did not appear to modify the course of the disease. Studies on hog cholera and preventive treatment, \V. K. King {Kansas Sta. Jiul. 157, pp. .n-'.io, pis. s. ih/iiis. .}',). — The investigations here rejKirted were conducted in cooperation with Dr. C. T. McClintock, following unsuccessful attempts to attenuate virulent hog-cholera blood by various physical and chem- ical means. Negative results were obtained from attempts made to cultivate the filter- able virus of hog cholera artificially in normal hog-serum broth in the abdom- inal cavity of the rabbit in c<»llodiinn saes. As a large (piantity of innmnie serum is requin-d in the ordinary preventive treatment and sinc(^ relatively small amounts are secured from individual hogs, experiments were made with other animals in view of producing a serum 882 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. at Ji moderate expense. As a result of experiments with sheep it was concluded that under some conditions the virus was attenuated in such a way as to suc- cessfully vaccinate healthy ho^'s. but these experiments were suspended since it was found impossible to obtain a definite degree of uniformity or standardi- zation of the sheep-serum vaccine. Experiments witli the donliey, in which more encouraglnfi; results were obtaintnl. were followed by the use of the horse as a medium. This work was directed i)articularly toward the production of a horse-.serum hofj-cholera vaccine and not toward the production of a hoji-cholera antitoxin from the horse. The results obt.-iiiied have Ikhmi suniniarized by the author as follows : " \'irulent hog-cholera serum exerts a toxic influence upon a healthy horse when injected intravenously. Normal hog-cholera serum or virulent hog- cholera serum does not appear to produce an anaphylactic reaction when in- jected intravenously into the horse. The 2-hour horse serum (drawn from the horse 2 hours after the animal has received, intravenously, approximately 150 cc. of hog-cholera virus) w-hen injected subcutaneously into the healthy hog in small quantities produces an acute form of the disease. The 4-hour horse serum when injected into healthy hogs intravenously i)roduces acute hog cholera. The 4-hour horse serum, under certain conditions at least, when injected subcutaneously in small doses into healthy swine does not produce infection. The 5 to 7 hour horse serum when injected subcutaneously into the healthy hog does not produce the disease. The 24-hour horse serum in comparison with 4-hour horse serum, shows attenuated properties. The 24- hour horse-serum vaccine injected subcutaneously and intravenously, and 4-hour horse-serum vaccine when injected in small quantities subcutaneously, act as preventives against hog cholera. The 24-hour horse serum, however, is not constant in respect to its protective properties. A rough estimate shows that horse-serum vaccine can be prepared at a relatively low cost. " A'irulent hog-cholera serum in the liquid form becomes attenuated after a period of 9 months when kept at a temperature of approximately 10 to 15° C. Virulent hog-cholera serum dried under aseptic conditions at a tempera- ture of 37° becomes attenuated after a period of 8 months. Horse-serum vaccine retains its protective properties for at least a period of 6 weeks when kept at an api)roximate temperature of 10 to 15"." It is stated that experiments have shown that a hog once immunized to the disease will retain the protection for a period of from 3 to S months, or long enough to fatten and jirepare the animal for market. Tests of Bruschettini's hog'-cholera vaccine and Bruschettini's hog cholera and swine plague serum, James Wilson (U. S. Dcpt Agr., Office 8cc. Cire. 27, pp. 2). — In conformity with provisions made by Congress for the testing of samples of tuberculin, serums, antitoxin, and analogous products bought in the open market, tests were made of Bruschettini's hog-cholera vaccine and Bruschettini's hog cholera and swine plague serum. The results obtained indicate that neither are reliable agents for protecting hogs from hog cholera. The dog in health, accident, and disease, F. T. Barton (Philadelphid, [1908], pp. 197, pis. 12). — A popular work largely devoted to a discussion of the characteristics of the various breeds of dogs, but also briefly considering the accidents and diseases to which dogs are subject. Experimental studies of acute ankylostomiasis in dogs, J. Cvu.i.t. {Rev. Vet. [Touluuiie], 33 (1908), No. 10, pp. 613-U18, fig. i).— Studies were made of VETERINARY MEDICINE. 883 tjie symptoms niul lesions produced l).v iiifwtin>; doj^s with Anchyhtstomum t) igonocrphalnm. Only small dogs wore found to contract tlio acute form. In these thei-e is an acute enteritis resultinir in dysentery. It is accompanied by a marked anemia and soon terminates in deatli. New information on Kala-azar; cultures; inoculation of dogs; etiology, C. NicoLLE (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,6 {1908), ;Yo. 9, pp. .',98, '199).— The author has experimentally reproduced Kala-azar in the dog. Ou Septem- ber 21 and December 9, 1907, a young dog was inoculated in the liver and within the peritoneum with blood from the spleen of a child affected with the disease. On February 27, 190S, the dog was killed wdiile still in a healthy con- dition. Numerous typical l.eishman bodies were found in the spleen and bone marrow, and also, thougli more rarely, in the liver. These bodies appear to be identical with those found in the child. It is said that of 4 cases of the disease observed in children in Tunis, 2 had been frequently in contact with diseased dogs. The author is led to conclude that Kala-azar is a disease of the dog that is probably transmitted to man by ectoparasites. Canine origin of Kala-azar, C. Nicolle and C. Comte {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sri. [Paris], I'fG {1908), Xo. /}, pp. 789-791). — Of 40 dogs examined at the jtound in Tunis, one was found with Leishmau bodies in its spleen, bone marrow, and liver. The disease is said to be very difficult to diagnose, since the animals only occasionally api)ear sick and as it is difficult to detect the parasites in the l>erii)lieral blood. A disease of fowls simulating in some respects fowl cholera, W. Robebt- SON {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Uopc, 32 {1908), No. 5, pp. 577-579, figs. 2).— The author here reports an investigation made on a disease in which all classes of fowls are affected and in which the mortality is very high. It was found to bo due to a bacillus different from fowl cholera. The culture and blood from affected animals remained in a virulent condition for a long period of time. The infection is not conveyed by feces direct, and cages, etc., do not seem to spread the disease. A case of spirillosis of fowls in Bulgaria, G. Gareitschnoff {Vet. Sbirka, 1907, Xo. 7; ah.s. in Bui. Inst. Pastrur, (J (1908), No. 12, p. .5.5.5 ) .—This is the report of an observation gf the disease in Bulgaria. Spirochetosis of Cypriote fowls, G. A. Williamson {Jour. Trop. Med. and Hlig. [London], II (1908), No. 12, p. 181). — The mortality as reported was very high, probably between 80 and 90 per cent in chickens, although less among older fowls. A spirochsete, probably Spirochwta gatUnarum, was found in large numbers during the height of the disease. Ticks of the species Argas rcflexus were found, the larva on the fowls and the adults in the crevices of the wood of the henhouse. Ducks on the same run with the fowls have been observed with similar symptoms of spirochetosis and the same species of tick was found upon them. It thus appears that A. rcflexus as well as A. persicus transmits spirochetosis and suggests the possibility that K. gnUinarum and »S. anscrinum are not true species. Fowl spirochaetiasis in Tunis (Jour. Trop. Med. and Ih/g. [London], 11 (1908), No. I'), PI). 2.i9, 2'i0.) — Ticks of the si)ecies Argas persicus sent from a small place near Kairwan, Tunis, transmitted spirochetosis to fowls. Animal parasites and parasitic diseases, B. F. Kaupp (Chicago, 1908, pp. 207, figs. 7.i). — An ei)itome of animal i)arasites intended for use by the student and busy i)ractitioner. The sul)ject is treated in four chapters under the head- ings ectozoa, eutozoa, protozoa, and the preparation of specimens. 884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Endoglobular hematozoa, A. Lutz jukI ('. Mkykr (lirr. Med. Sao Paulo, 190H, May 15; ahs. in Bui. Imt. Pasteur, (! il!)08), No. 11, p. 76.9).— The author has observed o tyites of parasites il'roteosoma, Iliemoiiroteus, and Leucoeytozooin in the birds of Brazil. Of the 20 orders of birds recorded from the country representatives of 9 have beiMi found with heniatozoan parasites. Coexistence of a Leptomonas (Herpetomonas) and a trypanosome in a non- puncturing muscid (Drosophila confusa Staeger), E. Chatton and E. Alilaire (Coiniit. h'ciid. Sac. Biol. \Piiris]. (!.', [IDOS). Xo. 20, pp. 100.',-1006, fig. 1).— The autliors found 2 Flaj^ellates (a Herpetomonas and a Trypanosoma) occur- ring in Drosophila confusa, a fly very commonly met with in fermentation work at the Pasteur In.stitute. They consider this to be the first true trypan- osome to be reported as occurring in an arthropod that does not suck blood and as an argument against the vertebrate origin and in favor of the arthropod origin of trypanosomes. The government veterinary surgeon's report on the disease caused by the Strongylus parasite, J. D. Miller (Proc. Agr. Hoc. Trinidad and Tobago, 8 (I '.HIS), \o. 0, pp. 373-375). — A brief account is given of the Strongylus parasite as met with in the colony of Trinidad and Tobago. It is stated that the pure-bred zebu cattle resist the ravages of the parasite best and that sheep succumb more easily than other animals. Directions are given for the treatment necessary to prevent th6 ravages of the parasite. Concerning Trypanosoma congolense, A. Laveran {Compt. Rend. Acad, Sci. [ Paris \, i.'/7 (lUOS), No. 9, pp. J,52-455).— Two goats inoculated with T. congolense acquired complete immunity. These animals were then inoculated with T. dhnorphon, one having died and the other being seriously affected at the time of writing. The author concludes that the two trypanosomes are distinct species. The transportation of live stock, N. S. Mayo (Amcr. Vet. Rev., 3Jf {1908), No. 1, pp. 30-3Jt). — An account read before the American Veterinary Medical 'Association in which directions are given for the treatment of live stock be- fore and during transportation and after arrival at point of destination. Tlie Seabury cattle spraying machine, C. P. Lounsbury {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. 33 (1908). No. 3, pp. 336-3-'f0. fig. 1). — A description is given of this machine for use in the destruction of ticks, mange, and lice, and it is an- nounced that one has recently been imported into South Africa. Several hand- spraying tests are reported which indicate that in the application of dips power spraying must be greatly superior. Apparatus of service in experimental pathology, F. P. Gay {Jour. Med. Research, 19 (1908), No. 1, pp. 73-75, pi. 1). — An autopsy board for animals and a self-regulating water bath maintaining a constant temperature are de- scribed and illustrated. Some common disinfectants, M. Dorset ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 3)5, pp. 12). — This account has lieen prepared in order to con-ect much popular misconception in regard to the value and limitations of the various disinfectants sold in this country. Directions are given for the production of gas from forma- lin, from paraform, and from wood alcohol. The advantages and disadvantages in the use of formaldehyde, carbolic acid, and cresol are summarized for ready reference. Other disinfectants considered are compound solution of cresol, chlorid of lime, and bichlorid of mercury. Filing system for bulletins, miscellaneous pamphlets, and clippings, M. H. Reynolds (Amcr. Vet. Rcr.. .',.} (1908). N0..6. pp. 692-700).— An account and key is given of a decimal system for the filing of bulletins and other litera- ture of value to the veterinarian. RURAL ENGINEERING. 885 RURAL ENGINEERING. Cost of pumping from wells for the irrigation of rice in Louisiana and Arkansas, W. B. (Jrixoky (U. S. Dritt. A(jr., Office E.ipt. filafi. Bid. 201, pp. 39, fifl!^. 2). — 111 continuation of work pi-eviously noted (E. S. 11., 19, p. 86), this l)iilletiu gives the i-esults of tests made to determine the relative cost as well MS the efficiency of the methods and machinery used for irrigation pumping in Ivoui^iana and Arkansas, with a view to supplying data to enable rice growers to decide whether to purchase water or to install individual plants. The 18 plants tested are described in detail, with the results of each tabu- l:ited and peculiarities in conditions noted. The author notes that in cer- tain plants liMving submerged centrifugal pumps the efficiency of engines, pumps, and wells could not be segregated because of the lack of a vacuum gauge attached to the suction i)ipe, and where there was a poor showing made the fault could not be assigned. As a result of the tests the writer says, " it appears that under ordinary conditions there is a slight financial advantage in securing water from a canal." Pumping for irrigation, E. Rabete (Jour. .\f/r. Prat., n. scr., 16 {1908), No. Jil, pp. 6'-7-}-0".3N ) . — Two conventions were held rec-ently at Cahors and Villeneuve- sur-Lot, to investigate the economic \filue and make tests of the various methods of pumping water in large quantities for irrigation. The conclusions from the convention at Cahors are briefly summarized in the article, among them being that machines furnishing the largest output show the least cost of I'enewal, and that, other conditions being equal, slow-speed motors are the most economical. The results of the Villeneuve convention are given fully. At Villeneuve there were in all 16 pumping units tested. Of these 12 had motors of the explosive type and were operated in these tests on naphtha of specific gravity 0.7, 3 had electric motors operated by a continuous current of 230 volts, and 1 had a hot-air engine. In tables showing the experimental and calculated results three classes are observed: (1) Pumping units with an hourly output of more than 36 cu. meters of water lifted to a height of 5 meters; (2) between 5 and 36 cu. meters; and (3) less than 5 cu. meters of water. Many combinations of motors and pumps were tested, as, for example, in the first class were found stationary and movable motors with centrifugal pumps and electric motors belt-connected to centrifugal pumps. In the second class there were centrifugal, duplex, and triplex pumps with belt connections and also a diaphragm pump, all of which were operated by explosive motors. In the third class there were electric motors direct-connected and geared to centrifugal pumps, and also a hot-air engine operating a piston pump. A table gives the results of cost and output by the hour, and by 100 kg. raised 5 meters. The costs in each class per horsepower per hour were approxi- mately 0, 22, and 26 cts., respectively, with naphtha at 30 cts. per gallon and electric current at 5 cts. per kilowatt-hour. The high economy of units of large outimt, the advantages of electric motors of small and average output, and the practical merits of hot-air engines are noted as conclusions from the tests. Irrigation pumping, A. Chatterton {lipt. Drpf. A (jr. Mndrasi, JPOli-S, pp. 2.'>-.il). — This report contains infornuition on the installation of oil engines in that locality, the experiments made on government plants to determine the duty and a basis for the sale of water, and the governmental assistance rendered to irrigators in installing pumps. In a few cases the water is taken from streams, but mostly from driven wells. There is also a general account of well-boring operations as carried on in this district. 880 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Irrigation in Victoria, H. G. McKinney (Engin. Rcc, 59 {i!)()n), \n. 3, pp. (i2, 63). — This is a l)ri«'f historical review of irrigation in the State of Victoria, sbowiiiK the causes of failure of many of the promoting companies and Kivinj? an account of the work of the conuuission appointed to investif^ate the sul^jeet of irriKiition and rural water supply, and of its efforts to extend irrigation works in the State. Experimental irrigation farm, W. J. Allen (Agr. Gaz. zA'. S. Wales, 19 {1908), No. 11, pp. 927-937, figs. 17).— The author describes the Yanco irri- gation farm established by the government as the first to make use of the water provided by the Great Northern Murrumbidgee Scheme. The implements iind methods nse. VI + 128). — In the introductory chapter of this brief treatise, which is intended especially for parents, teachers, and school officers and the owners and caretakers of live stock, the author discusses the requirements of man and of animals and gives specific examples of the evil effects of insuffi- cient ventilation. There are also discussed the amount of air required, chemical changes and loss of sustaining power in respired air, and the influence and removal of moisture, and simple experiments bearing on these points are suggested. The second chapter, treating of the principles of ventilation, takes up air movement, the motive power used, and the influence of the wind in this respect. Experiments illustrating air movement are suggested, and the relation of air movement to ventilator construction is discussed. In chapter 3. on ventilating practice, are given designs of systems for dwell- ings, rural schoolhouses and churches, stables and poultry houses, showing the application of the principles involved. RURAL ECONOMICS. Better agriculture and how to get it. J. Hamilton {Harrisburg. Pa., 1908, pp. n). — This is an address given before the meeting of the Pennsylvania State Board of Agriculture at Harrisburg, January 22 and 23. 1908. It presents a comparison of yields of staple agricultural products in this country and abroad and shows that the greater yields in foreign countries are due in part to the better facilities afforded for itinerant instruction in agriculture. The latent forces of country life (.four. 8oc. Agr. Brabant rt Ilainaiit, 53 {1908), No. 52, pp. 1 1'/l-l l-'i9) . — This ;irticle is sununarized from a recent work by Tibbaut dealing with the in'oblcni of (he improvement of rural con- ditions in lielgiuni. The natural heaUhfulness of the country, it is believed, is not a sufficient inducement to keep farm laborers on the land, and the improvement of the economic and social conditions of country life to counteract the so-called attractions of town life is reconnnended. Among the needs of the rural jwpula- tion at the present time, the lack of credit is believed to be the greatest. If easier facilities for securing credit could be arranged, together with the affording of oi)portunity to the laborer of becoming a small holder, it is thought the rural jjopulation would greatly increase in numbers and vigor of life. Farmers' cooperative demonstration work in its relation to rural improve- ment, S. A. Knapp {U. S. Dcpt. Apr., Bur. riant Indus. Circ. 21, pp. 20).—T\w author discusses the necessity for imitroved rural conditions in the South and I 'resents the remedy offered by the farmers' cooperative demonstration work conducted under the direction of the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart- ment, with some of the results thus far accomplished. 79218— No. U— OU 7 888 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. T1k> dciuoiistratidii work at pri'scnt consists in iiractit-al fiolil inslruetioii to farniors in scientitic agriculture by means of field agents, the instruction being confined to a few essential subjects. AVhen the rudiments of jrood farming are mastered the farmer secures a greater income for his labor, and he is then taught that this greater income should bo applied to the n-duction of debt, the betterment of the family and the home, and the improvement of rural condi- tions. It is claimed that where cooperative demonstration farming has been carried }>. 11). — This is an address by the Assistant Secretary of Agriculture of this Department read before the Southern States Association of the Commissioners of Agricul- ture and Othei- Agricultural Workers at Columbia, S. C.. in November, 1907. The autlior describes the methods and extent of business carried on by various cooperative dairy, fruit, grain, irrigation, draiiuige, meat, egg, breeding, and credit associations in the Inited States and foreign countries, points out the advantages of such organizations in encouraging farm life and promoting national welfare, and urges the appointment of a nonpartisan federal coopera- tive organization conmiission to supervise, encourage, and assist the formation of cooperative enter])rises in the I'nited States. Agricultural organization, E. Smithells {Agr. Htudviits^'' Gaz., n. ser., l-'f {1D08), Xo. 2, PI). Jp-ol). — Notes are given on the general principles which govern in cooperation, and improvement in the agricultural industry in England is discussed from the following points of view : (1) That the cost of pi'oduction must be reduced; (2) that the returns for produce sold must be increased; and (3) that the general conditions under which farming is caiTied on must be im- proved. Cooperation among farmers is believed to be the only means to the attainment of these ends. Producers' associations and cooperative selling and credit societies in France to January 1, 1908 {Bui. Off. Travnil [Fninvc}, /.7 (MIOS), Xox. S, pp. ISO-lJfl ; 9, pp. 8-'f-'f-852; 10, pp. 978-085; 11, pp. 1109-1113).— Coiui^etc returns for the year 1907 are presented and discussed. The producers' associations numbered 414, as compared with 3(52 at the close of 1906 ; the selling associations numbered, respectively, 2,301 and 2,166 for the same periods; and the cooperative credit societies, including 17 district banks and 2.168 rural banks, numbered 2,185 at the close of 1907, a gain of 530 societies over the preceding year. A serious menace to agricultural associations, IIubert-Vallekoux {IJcon. Franr., 36 (1908), II. Vo. -'/N, pp. 787-789). — The author maintains in this article that the test cases made in the courts of France as to the legal standing and functions of agricultural associations must result in their disorganizaticm unless the government so amends the law as to permit the cooperative i)urchase of supplies and sale of produce in bulk for the benefit of members. The legality of the operations of agricultural associations, R. AVokms (Bid. t^oc. Xai. A(n: Fniuce. (i8 (W08), No. 8, pp. (;0(i-G29). — The author dis- cusses the decisions of the courts of Fx'anee with reference to agricultural associations, differentiates their functions from those of agricultural cooper- ative societies, summarizes the main points of the proposal made by the minister of agriculture relative to a law legalizing the oiteratious of " economic agri- RURAL ECONOMICS. 889 cultural associations" dosiffiiod to talc«' the place ()f the i)rosent associations, and points out the defects in the lU'oposal should it become law. The agricultural associations (FeuiHc Vin. (Jirondc, 3Jf (1901)), No. 2, pp. a, ?'). — A review of the development of these associations in France, together with the text of the proposed law and a discussion of its provisions. Concerning' agricultural credit in Rumania, D. Gociu {Obcr den laiidicirt- sclidftlicln n Knilit in li iiiiiUnicii. Iikiii;/. IHss., Viiir. JJildiif/cn, 11)07. pp. I\' + 96). — This deals with the history and economic signiticance of the dilTerent in- stitutions concerned with agricultural credit in Rumania. Among the benetits to the rural classes as a result of the organization of cooperative credit have been to reduce the amount of mortgages, to increase farm values and farm rents, and to lower the rates of interest. Befoi-e the establishment of mutual credit and other agricultural banks annual interest rates ranged from 60 to 070 per cent, but farmers can now secure loans through their societies at from 4 to 7 per cent per annum. The improvement of farm labor conditions in North Germany {Deut. lAiitdir. I'ir.ssc, 35 (Ji)08), No. 97, pp. 1015, 1016). — This article contains the conclusions reached by (ierlach in his book entitled Ansiedlung von Land- arbeitern in Norddeutschland, these being reprinted because of their important bearing on the farm labor problem in (Jermany. The results of the ln(iuiry relate particularly to the improvement of the economic and social conditions surrounding the life of the farm laborer and include suggestiims relating to the granting of land to farm laborers for the growing of their household supplies, the keeping of cows, pigs, and other live stock, regular hours of labor, better housing conditions, better schools for the children, etc. It is believed that the sense of proprietorship in land and other property on the part of farm' laborers will be the strongest factor in retaining the most efficient workers on tlie land. What influence has piecework upon the agricultural labor problem and hew can its most important features be carried out? L. von der Heyde (///«.s'. Luiidic. Zt(j.. 2S (190S), Nos. 9.'i, pp. 805-807; 95, pp. 813, 8IJ,).—The author shows from the oi)e"ration of a large farm that there is little financial advantage to the farmer who hires help whether he ]»ays by the year, day, or piecework, but that the moral effects upon the pieceworker and other laborers favor the last-mentioned method of employment. The modification of the con- ditions and pay of piecework, according to soil, weather, and other circtmi- stances, is advocated for the mutual advantage of both farmer and laborer. Farm laborers' wages (Agr. Gaz. \ London], 68 (1908), No. 1825, p. 389). — The wages of farm lal)()rers in Great Britain are discussed in this article. At present these range from 8s. Od. (about $2.10) per week in County Mayo, Ireland, to 2."s. ."jd. (about $().10) in Lancashire, England. Cost of producing crops in the Hawkesbury district (Agr. Gaz. N. »s'. Wales, 19 (1908), No. 9, pp. 732-73.^). — From tests made in Australia, the cost of producing corn was about £4 per acre, the estimated profit being about £2 5s. The corresponding figures for the cost of wheat for hay and for grain were £2 lis. 7d. and £1 14s. Od.. the in-ofits being estimated :it about £1 Ss. per aci'e for cmcIi irop. Turkish land tenure (U. .S'. Di/it. Agr.. liitr. Shilis. Crop Reporter, 11 (1909). No. 2, pp. 15, /6").-r-Xotes are given on the chief systems of land tenure in Turkey, namely, government ownership, eleemosynary ownership, and freehold. The greater part of the land devottnl to agriculture is owned by the State, the peasants working the land on shares called the " tithe," strictly tenderable in produce, although usually paid in money. The pasture land is held in common 890 EXPKniMKN'r station hkcord. fur llic use nf llic wlmlc vilhi;:(' witlimil liiniliil ion :is lu the iiiiiiiIm'I- of ciittlc lliiil iiiiiy l>(> iKliiiilliMl liy any one |i<>:is:iiil. Installers of colltHtiv*' fanning are also n'porlod. Not«'S an* also ^^ivcn on Uii' iiicthotls of transfrrriiiK land, taxa- tion, and otiicr t'conoinic f«'atnn's of tli«» Turkish system. Ci-op Keporter ( T. N. />(•/)/. Ii/y.. /tin: Slatis. Crop Ifrimrlir. II il'.XHI), So. li, lip. .'^-/O').— Statistics on tlit> niiinlKT and valiio of farm animals in tlie rnlted Stales, tlic stoclxs of potatoes on liaiid, tlie imports and exports of animals and animal products in I'.UiT and llios, and otlu>r data on the condition of crops ami live stock in forei^;n countries are reported, tojretlier with an article on tlio 'I'urkisli land tenure system noted aliove. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The educational needs of country life, 10. A. Hkva.n (I'dci/ic Ihnm xUnd, IS [HKtS), .\(). IS, p. ..\'/|. In lliis article the author advocates instruction in a;rricultiire in the iiuiilic scliools. the consolidation of small scliools, and tlie j?iviiij,' of aj^riciillurai instruction tludu;.'li extension work to the adult members of the community. The work of the agricultural school in the scheme of State education, A. M. Soi'i.K {South. IJd. AVc, J (IHOS), .\o. 7-,S, pp. IKt-ISd). — A i)aper advo- cating tlie consolidation (»f rural schools and the estal)lisliment of Congressional district M^'ricullural luj;li schools. Centralized schools in Ohio, A. 15. (Jh.mia.m (.1.'//". Col. Ilvl. Hiil. [Ohio Slate liiir.\, '/ {HHUI), Ao. 6, pp. 2'/, fii/x. }/, . p. UiOI. /if). I). — SuKJ-'estions for teacliiiiK agriculture in pub lie elemeiilary schools without the use of a text-hook. Agricultural education with special reference to Ireland, J. 11. Campbkm, (Dcpt. Aijr. and Tech. Jiistr. Inlmid, Jour., i) (IHOS), \o. I, pp. 3-18). — In this address, delivered before the I?ritish Association for the Advancement of Science at Dublin, Septemlier, 15)08, there are discussed (1) the want of harmony in methods of providinj; for and administering agricultural education in different countries, (L'» science as an aiil to agriculture, (.S) the a};ricultiiral w) afrricnltunil I'ducation for woiiHMi, ((ii a;;ricultiire and elemeiitarj' srhoois, and (71 ajiriculture and the universities. Agricultural education, N. (i. Mukkrji (llnndbook of Indian Ayr. Calcutta, t!K)7, J. ('S .Mnilics, I »ci-cIIiIm"|- 11, I'.KIS, s|IK>,'«'NIs !l ^•u|lt■^,'(• culirsi- Inr llnrisls. A course in rtgriculture for the public schools of Michignn. W. II. I'ui.m ii {Mich. Aj/r. i'ni., Dcjil. At/r. Nil. \ I'mniilihl \, llHtS, /*/). .Hi). -A hrit'f ■ ninrf dcliiilcd dirt'c- lioiis for mrryiiiK oil ixitniiifjil \vi(> for llic aKriciiltnral lilnary of Iii;,'li sriiools arc sii;,'iv»'s rcasoim for tt'aciiiiiK a^'ri(•llitllro aiitl sclioo! ;,'ard(MiiiiK and siiccilic dirtH-tioiis for jirc- pariii;: sciiool ;iard('iis. Suggestions for school gardens, .1. IJ. Wiii.i.vms {■/nniitird, lUiis, /,l-(!.',. fiifn. l.i: .i, pp. (;r,-ss. lUjs. /./).— Siiup-KtionH for tlie woric of fourth and fiftli year puiiils as outlined in the Syilaitiis of Xatiiic Study and A«riciiltnre issued hy the Xi'w York Stale Deparlineiit of lOdiicat ion. Tiiere are ^ivt'ii .'{ les- sons on the \vo on the niuskrat, n on the iioiieyhee, 1 on the walnut, and 1 on tlie sun. Nature's craftsmen, II. ('. McCook iSar Vml: mid Lomhiii. I'.iin. pp. \H-j-.H7, pi. /. /ii/n. !(>.{). — A collection of natun? stories concerning ants, ant- lions, hees, spid«!rs, hirds, wasps, cicadas, water-sl riders, and caddis worms, with two chaiiters disciissiiiK insects and civili/al ion and heneticial and in- jurious insects. [Exercises in nature study] (Agr. Col. Ext. lint. \()hio State IJnir.], Ji il'.XIX), XoH. :i, pp. /i-l2, fif/s. U ; //, pp. //-///, flf/s. /'/). — These? numbers contain the following articles: The Story of the Llf«? of a Moth, by F. M. Webster; What Makes the Wind Itlow. hy J. W. Smith; and A IJItle Lesson in SludyiiiK Sheep, by ('. .S. riiimh. Propagation of plants, V, II. Davis (Afjr. Col. Ilit. liiil. \()liiti State l'nir.\, // il'.X)'.)). \(,. .',. pp. It;, liiiH. It).— A study of the pro|»aKation of iilants by (1) setfds or spoics and (2) the vegetative method or division of the plant. Tillage and cultivation, A. ii. McCam, (Al/r. Cot. Il.rt. Itiit. \Ohio State Unir.\, /, (lOOU), No. 7. pp. //-//, /Igx. 7).— This dewribes and illustrates the pn»iM'r ciHtivation of the soil for water storage, aeration, and conservation of moisture, and siiKKests slm|de (>x|>eriments f«»r use In rural scliools. A corn primer, ('. S. KNKijrr (Afjr. hid. \hatiH. A(/r. Cot.\, 'I'eaeliers' and I'upils' Ser.. I (IHOH). No. I. pp. ',(;. /If/n. I.'',).— A Kiilde for teachers In helping their stiKlents to i)(><()me more familiar witli the characlerlstics of corn. Jt 892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (lejils with lh(> butaiiy of tlic pl:mt. its tyiu's or f^enoral classes, the types most conmionjy grown in tliis country and important varieties j^rown In Kansas, studies of the jiiant and tlie ear. and of the different parts of tlie Ivernel. and their nu'chanioal separation, corn as food, eonnnereial jtroduets of corn, its importanct' as a eroi», its imi)rovement l»y means of fertilizers, culture, and breediug. corn judgiug, and suggestions for corn experiments. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Report of Illinois Station, 1908 ( Illinois ,s7(/. h'pl. 190S, f>i). II). — This contains lists of the publications of the station issutnl since its establishment and during the fiscal year, a brief statement concerning the princi]ial lines of station work, and ;i linancial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1908. Nineteenth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1906 ( Mississiitpi Stii. Rpt. 190G, pp. 12). — This contains the organization list, a linancial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190G, and a report of the director on the work of the station during the year. Twentieth Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1907 (Mississippi Sta. Rpt. 1901', pp. 12). — Data corresponding to the above are presented for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1907. Twenty-first Annual Report of Mississippi Station, 1908 (Mississippi atu. Rpt. 190S. pp. l.'i). — Data corresponding to the above are presented for the fiscal year ended June 30. 190S. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of Ohio Station, 1908 (Ohio ^^ta. Rpt. J90S. pp. .YA7A'. pi. I). — This contains an announcement concerning the work of the station, the organization list, a report of the board of control, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1908. and a rejrart of the director summarizing the work of the station during the year. Report of the Imperial Department of Agriculture for the years 1905—6 and 1906-7 (Rpt. Imp. Dept. Agr. [India^, 1905-1907, pp. /r+76).— This in- cludes the reports of the inspectoi'-general of agriculture in India, the offici- ating director of the agricultural research institute, and the various heads of departments. An appendix contains a list of agricultural publications in India during 19().')-0 and 1906-7. Report of the work of the agricultural experiment station of the Univer- sity of Jena for 1907 (l{(i-lS81 being discussed by E. Heiden. and the subsecpient history to 1907 by G. I.oges. Note on agriculture in Japan, F. A. Nicholson (Madras: (Sovf., 1901, pp. VII+122, ph. 2, fig. 1). — Observations on agricultural practice in various i)arts of the southern districts of Japan, as based on a visit in 190G, are jiresented. The general conditions and characteristics of Japanese agriculture, the use of manures, and the forest conditions are set forth, with an account of new methods being introduced through education, the establishment of experiment MISCELLANEOUS. 893 stations, agricultm-al associations including agricultural banks and cooperative associations, and the supervision of fertilizers. Encyclopedia of agriculture, edited by C. E. Green and 1). Young (Edin- hiiryh and London. VMS, vol. S, /*/). yiII + (J33, pis. 17, fiffs. 157, map 1). — This ip the final volume of the general enc.vcl<)])edia of agriculture and contains articles on lopics nn-anged alpliabetically from Kainit to Zelkova. The British, yearbook of agriculture and agricultural who's who, 1908—9 {London, 1908, pp. r/+.7ower, assistant professor of dairying in the college and assistant dairyman in the station, and H. C. Ilorneman, in charge of the extension work in dair.ving, have resigned to engage in conunercial work. E. T. Bobbins has been succeeded as assistant in animal husbandr.v in the station by H. II. Kildee. Kansas College and Station. — Appropriations aggregating $071,500 were granted by the last legislature for the ensuing biennium, together with $12,60G.G7 additional to restore endowment. Among the items authorized are $375,000 for current expenses, $35,000 for the purchase of land, $100,0(X> for an armoi-y, gyuniasium. and equipment, $5,000 for an athletic field, $10,000 for a green- house, $30,000 for the station, $52,500 for farmers' institutes, $25.(KM) for engi- neering equipment, $10,000 for a dairy herd and building, and $29,(KM) for heat and power equipment, repairs, and imiu'ovements to the grounds. Kentucky Station. — W. H. Scherffius, head of the agricultural division, has resigned to take up work in South Africa, and I>. A. Brown, of the North Dakota Station, has been added to the staff as chemist in the drug division. Minnesota University. — Science announces a gift to the university by the Weyerhauser interests of St. Paul of 2,200 acres of land in Carlton Countj^ for experimental work in forestry. 804 NOTES. 895 Cornell TTniversity. — The exercises of Farmers' Week, held February 22-27, were very 'nrj^i'ly atteiitleil, the registration reacliiiig 1,275. The prograiiiiue in- eliuled a general reunion of agricultural students resulting in the formation of a permanent association, meetings of the State Exi)erimenters' League. Plant Breeders' Association, Poultry Association, the Cornell Horticultural Union, the Dairy Students' Association, the newly formed State Drainage Association, and other organizations, together with a corn congress, horse show, poultry insti- tute. lKnisekee]iers' conference, the second annual agricultural stage, and a large number of lectures and demonstrations. The total enrollment in the college of agriculture is 813, of whom 304 are in the three-months' winter course. The instruction in economic entomology, formerly given by the late Professor Slingerland, has been temporarily dis- continued, A bequest made to the university by the late Dr. Charles A. Ring, of Niagara County, the interest of which is to be used in the advancement of horticultural science, is announced. The recent death is noted of Dr. C. H. Roberts, the donor of the 5 scholarships for aiding needy students in the college of agriculture. A. R. Mann, formerly assistant professor in dairy industry, has been ap- pointed secretary to the dean. Allan Ferguson, assistant in cheese making, has resigned to engage in connnercial work. North Carolina State Station. — I. O. Schaub, assistant in soils at the Iowa Station, has been appointed to carry on similar work at this station and has entered upon his duties. Ohio University and Station. — The department of horticulture and forestry in the university has been divided. W. R. I.azenby retaining charge of the work in forestry. The first State poultry institute was held at the university March 9 and 10. In the station, recent appointments include J. J, Crumley, Ph. D. (Johns Hopkins), of Antioch College, assistant forester; John S. Houser. whose resig- nation from the Cuban Experiment Station is noted elsewhere in this issue, and Leonard L. Scott, assistant entomologists: and W. A. Lloyd, assistant experimentalist. Oregon College and Station. — The third demonstration train to be sent out was rec<'nt].v operated in southern Oregon, and in general interest and attendance was remarkably successful. Fully 30,(K)(» jieople visited the train during the 4 days it was in operation, this representing two-thirds of the total population of the district traverseil. The special features emphasized were horticulture and poultry husbandry. The two horticultural cars were filled with educational material, including niotlern sjiraying devices, orchard tools and imi)lements, specimens of correct and incorrect methods of grafting, pruning, budding, etc., frost-tighting appara- tus, mcHlels of greenhouses and cold frames, seed-testing equipment, a large collection of the various types of soils, fertilizers, cover crops, and charts of si>ecial value to the orchardist and gardener. In the poultry exhibit a flat car was inclosed with a portable poultry fence within which was a modern colony house and a tlock of 20 Harred Plymouth Rocks. A baggage car contained further exhibits of 12 breeds of i)oultry. l)oth live and dressed, varous types of brooder houses in operation, incubators, trap nests, bone mills, sjiray devices, egg packers and other .-ipijliances, and numerous charts containing data as to the value of different rations for egg production, systems of liousini:. and other to|>ics of interest. Utah College and Station. — Apitropriatious to the college and station aggre- gating .$2 Icgisialure. 'I'liis is nc.nrlv double the 896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. total amount granted 2 years ago, and represents the full anioniit r^^quested. TLe college received $132,000 for maintenance, $20,000 for remc-deling the women's Imilding, $.'>.r)00 for a veterinary hospital, $2,.'')()0 for a stock-judging pavilion, and $(i(Ml for an incultator cellar. The grant for fanners' institutes was iucreasiHl from if.'J.ooo to $10,000. The station was given .*.'),(K)0 for pub- lications, $10.0<»(» for dry-farming investigations. $11,0(KJ for fruit investigations, and $7,r)(M» for irrigation and drainage investigations. The various members of the board of trustees were reappointed, with the exception of A. S. Condon, who has been succeeded by Mathoniah Thomas of Salt Lake City. Under a new law the board is to be increased to 9 members, but the additional appointees have not as yet been announced. Vermont University and Station. — .SV/c/fcc announces that Williaui Stuart, professor of liorticnlture and horticulturist, has accepted an appointment with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, and will enter upon his duties at the close of the college year. Wisconsin University and Station. — An experimental forestry laboratory is to be established at the university by the Forest Service of this Department. A building to cost $30,000 is to be erected for the purpose at an early date by the university, on a site adjacent to the college of agriculture. The Forest Service is to supi)ly equijmieut and maintain a corps of investigators. It is expected that the laboratory will be available to the faculty and students of the univer- sity for research work, and that members of the staff will deliver lectures on forestry and related topics in the university courses as well as in a course for forest rangers to be established by the university. Amcmg the lines of experi- mental work to be taken up in the laboratory are tests of various woods for paper pulp and for building materials, and the distillation of turpentine, alcohol, and resin from wood waste. The new animal husbandry building and judging pavilion has been com- l)leted at a cost of about $7.5.000. The building is built of reinforcetl concrete and brick, with tile roofing, and contains offices for the departments of horse breeding and animal husbandry and the farm superintendent, veterinary demon- stration and operating rooms, stables for breeding stock and sale animals, an isolation hosjutal, and an arena 1G.5 by (j.'j ft., with a capacity of over 2.000. County branches of the State Experiment Association are being organized with a view to closer supervision of experiments and greater specialization in planning tests to meet local conditons. 'Wyoming University and Station. — The legislature has continued the biennial ai)propriation for farmers' institutes of $2,000 and has appropriated $1."),000 to complete the wing of the residence hall for women, and $S,000 for the con- struction of barns on the staticm farms. V. J. Tidball, of Laramie, has been apiK)inted on the board of trustees and the station committee, vice H. L. Stevens. Cuban Experiment Station. — Following the change in administration, the resignations of the following members of the staff were called fo.i-: Dr. N. S. Mayo, chief, and J. S. Montgomery, assistant, department of animal industry; AVilliam T. Home, chief, and J. S. Houser, assistant, department of vegetable pathology and entomology; K. S. Stark, chief, department of chemistry; Dr. H. Ilasselbring, chief of the department of botany: and C. F. Austin, chief; C. F. Kinman, assistant, dei)artment of horticulture: Ricardo Villaescusa, as.sistant, department of agronomy : and Richard Ilargrave, secretary. W. T. Home was i-eappointed, and the department of botany was placed in his general charge. County Demonstration Farms. — A bill has been passed by the Oklahoma legis- lature pi'oviding for the establishment of a demonstration farm of 40 acres in each county, under the general management of the State Board of Agriculture, NOTES. 897 with tho local supervision of the county faruiors' institutes. An annual ai)i)ro- priation of .$40,000 is pmvided for this work. A similar law has been enacted by the Kansas legislature. Under this measure, however, the county commissioners are to make application to the board of regents of the Kansas College, and upon their approval the farms may be established and conducted under their supervision. The county is to provide the land necessary, which is not to exceed 40 acres. The cost of main- tenancf is linilkHl to .$1,.")00 for the first year and ,$,")00 thereafter, together with the receipts from farm products. A brief summary of each j'ear's opera- tions is to be distributed to ejicli taxpayer of the county. Under the Missouri law of 1907, the first county demonstration farm in that State is to be established in .Tas])cr ("ounty in the near future under the joint supervision of the county court and the Missouri Station. The county con- tributes $.')00 annually for 5 years and the State assumes the remaining expense. A New Government Dairy Farm in South Australia. — The South Au.stralian government lias imrcbased 1.(500 acres at Turretfield. chiefly for the purpose of encouraging the keeping of improved breeds of milch cows and of demonstrat- ing the best methods in up-to-date dairy practice. P. H. Suter, the government dairy expert, will make the farm his headquarters and will give a special course in dairying to a few students. New Buildings of West Java Sugar Station. — An elaborate set of buildings for the sugar experiment station at I'ekalongan, West Java, has recently been com- pleted. The buildings include several laboratories and offices, a libi'ary, and a large museum. First International Domestic Science Congress. -r-An account of this congress, which was held at Freiburg, Switzerland, September 2!) to October 1, 1908, is given in a recent number of Mittcilungen der Fachberichterstatter des K. K. Ackcrbaaiainisteriums. The attendance reached nearly TOO, and while the majority of those present were interested in the organization and development of domestic science instruction in city schools, agricultural instruction in the rural domestic science schools was not overlooked, and at the second session it was I'esoived that domestic science instruction in rural schools should be given an agricultural trend. Brief notes are also given in the number concern- ing agricultnr.il domestic science instruction in Ilung.-iry, (Jermany. Switzerland, France. lOngland. Sweden, Norwa.v, and Belgium. The Automobile in Agriculture. — A recent number of T/Automobilc AgricoJc, a journal established two years ago to promote the use of mechanical motors In agriculture, announces that steps have been taken to organize an international congress of the agricultural automobile ;ind the ajipHcation of mechanical motors in agriculture. Prospective Agricultural and Educational Meetings. — Meetings of the follow- ing oi'ganizat ions are announced: .Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Kxiieriui'Mit Stations at Portland, Or.'g.. August 18-20; American Association of Farmers" Institute Workers, at Portland, August 10 and 17; National Educa- tion Association, at Denver, Colo.. July 5-9; Association of State and National Dairy and Food Departments, at Denver, August 9; and National Irrigation Congress, at SiM)kane, Wash., August 9-14. The National Corn Association is to hold its tbird sliow .at Omaha, Xebr.. December G-IS. University of Virginia Summer School. — The University of \'irgiiiia ofiers a summer term from June IS to July .'51. the courses including educ.-itional psy- chology, rural school problems, history of education, agriculture, domestic economy, manual training, natui-e study, school gardening, teachers' training 898 KXPERTMENT STATION RECORD. work, and several other lines of study. A detailed description of all the courses aiii)ears in the April number of the rnircrsitj/ of Virginia Record. Hampton Summer Session. — The Hampton Noinial and A^'rieultural Institute, Hampton, \a.. announces a four wtH'ks" snuuner session for teachers, Jinie 15 to July 1.'?, with courses in cookinj:, dressmaking, manual trainiuj;, nature study, iMMiltry keepini;, principles of teachinj^, and other academic subjects. Louis Queiros School of Agriculture. — A letter received from the director of this institution, Mr. V. I). Smith, formerly director of the Michigan Stati(»u, jlives numerous details refrarding tlie school, which is located at IMracicaba, State of Sao I'aulo. Brazil. A definite oi-ixanization has recently been eflected, muler which authority is concentrated almost entirely in the director, with the general supervision of the secretary of agriculture. The regular course of study is modeled in a general way after tliat at the Michigan College. It covers 3 years, with a jirejjara- tory year of arithmetic, Tortuguese, French, geography, and history, and a sub- sequent year of special elective work in any of the sciences or in practical agriculture. The three-year course includes '.', semesters each of botany, chem- istry and biology, and 1 semester each of stock judging, soils and plantations, harvests and seed selection, veterinary clinics, and carpenter and blacksmith work. The equipment includes a farm of SOO acres of excellent land, large barns, and botanical, chemical, physical, and zoological laboratories. The faculty numbers about 10 at present, among them being J. W. Hart, formerly of the I'niversity of Illinois. The number of students is rapidly increasing and is expected shortly to reach the limit that can be acconnnodated under present conditions. For the maintenance of the school $274,000 is available for the present year in addition to the receipts from farm products, which amount to about $15,000. Agricultural Instruction in Trinidad. — A recent number of The Agricultural Ncus states that a course of lectures in agriculture is being given at the Port- of-Spain Training School and the San Fernando Training School. The course consists of thirty-six lectures, each of one hour's duration. One lecture is given weekly at each sch(K>l. and an examination is held at the end of each twelve lectures. Nature Study. — The Xatnrr-Stutly Rrririr began in May, 100S, a series of num- bers, each of which is devoted to the nature-study work done in a particular State. The May number deals with California, the October number with New Jersey, the December number w'ith Illinois, and the number for February, irK)J), with Indiana. The California number presents the Place of Nature Study in the Normal School, Nature Study in the San Diego and Chico Normal Schools, the Present Needs and the Outlook for Nature Study in California, and a sununary by II. W. Fairbanks. The New Jersey number contains n surA'ey of nature study in the State, elementary science in the schools of New- ark, nature study at home, practical exi)eriments in the school room, a wilil flower garden, school garden lessons at Montclair, and several other interesting articles, including A Demand for a Philosophy of Nature Study by C. H. Ilobison. The Illinois number includes articles on nature and other subjects of instruc- tion, recent aspects of the nature-study movement, the nature-study situation in Illinois, school-room study of a robin's nest, and a review of the work of the John Swaney Ctmsolidated School. The Indiana number includes articles on nature study in Indiana, the character, purpose, and extent of elementary agriculture in Indiana, nature-study work in Elkhart and East Chicago, school gardens at Delphi, corn contests in Hendricks County, and nature study in a museum by the director of the Fairbanks Museum, St. Johnsbury, Vt. NOTES. 899 The .Tamiary mmiher is devoted largely to various pliases of school indus- trial work. The topics are introduced with a note by O. W, Caldwell, of the University of Chicago, who argues for the inclusion of elementary industrial worli in the regular school courses rather than the establishment of distinctive separate courses, because (1) efficiency in any line of industrial work requires a good general foundation in many subjects of study; and (2) general indus- trial education is needed to develop an understanding of the conditions of workers in other lines. " Industrial education should exist to make more efficient men and women. . . . We are in great danger of concluding that industrial educatiini is for the work rather than for the worlver." The value of poultry raising as a school occupation is illustrated by W. A. Baldwin, principal of the State Normal School. Ilyannis. :Mass., and C. H. Robison, of the State Normal School, Moutclair, N. J., suggests " urbindustrial " and '• agrindustrial" or " rurindustrial" as convenient terms for distinguishing the kind of industrial education i)roi)cr to city and rural conditions. Agricultural Legislation in Congress. — The principal agricultural legislation enacted at the final session of the Sixtieth Congress was embodied in the act making appropriations for this department, which is summarized elsewhere in this issue. In the diplomatic and consular appropriation act an appropria- tion of $4,S00 was continued for the payment of the annual quota of the T'uited States for the support of the International Institute of Agriculture. By a clause in the Indian appropriation act, the property of the Indian School at Morris. .Minn., comprising 2!M) acres of land with buildings and equipment, was trans- ferred to the State of Minnesota upon the condition that it be accepted by the State prior to July 1, 1910, for maintenance as an agricultural school to which Indian pupils are to be admitted without tuition and upon terms of equality with white pupils. By another act the University of Idaho was empowered to purchase 640 acres of land in the Coeur d'Alene Indian Reservation for use as a biological station, an encampment ground, and a forestry station. A joint resolution was passed authorizing the President of the United States to extend an invitation to the International Congress of Applied Chemistry to hold its eighth meeting in this country in 1912. New Journals. — Societe d'Etudes d'Agriculture Tropicale has established as its monthly organ UAfjronomic Troiiicalr. The initial number contains arti- cles dealing with the cotton situation, stock raising in the Congo, the witch's brof)m disease of cacao, a list of German organizations engaged in the exploita- tion and culture of rubber, and abstracts of publications dealing with tropical agriculture and animal husbandry. La Tcrrc Vaudoisc is being issued as a semimonthly by the Vaudoise Society of Agriculture and Viticulture, replacing Chronuiuv Af/ricolc dii Canton de \'tiud and Itnllctin dr la t^ocirte Vaudoise d'A of forestry; J. ('. Kendall, of the Kansas C'ollejie and Station, in eharsie of erops in tlie West; Thomas Shaw, formerly of tlie Minni'- sota University Station, in eliar.ue of crops ii» tlie North; H. F. Hall, formerly of the iS'ew Hampshire CoUejie and Station, in eharjj;e of horticulture; and Frank Benton, formerly of the Bureau of Kutouiolofry of this department, in charge of bee keeping. Jloni and Hoof is l)eiiig published monthly in the interest of dairy and stock farmers of the Northwest. The initial numbers contain luiiiieroiis .-irticlcs by experts from the agricultural colleges and this departui(>nl. The Illustrated I'oiiltiii R( eord is being |)ublished in I,oih1oii as a monthly. One of its sections is designated ti) education and experiments in which con- siderable attention is given in the opening numbers to work under way in North America. J. E. Rice, of Cornell University, is special correspondent from this country. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorolop;y, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. L Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. II. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. \V. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. lo. Editorial notes: Page. The extension of agricultupal instruction in the schools 901 Increased facilities tor training agricultural teachers 902 English attitude toward applied science and agricultural studies 905 Recent work in agricultural science 906 Notes 906 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. The rusting of iron, Tildon 906 Rusting of iron. Friend 906 (y'orrosion of iron, Burgess 906 The principles and results of plant chemistry, Euler 906 Concerning the value and synthesis of protein, Hofmeister 906 Milk proteins, Olson 906 Hydrolysis of hordein, Kleinschmitt 907 Distinguishing phosphoprotein from nucleoprotein, Plimmer and Scott 907 A modification of the character of gluten in presence of sulphurous acid, Dugast. 907 The constitution of starch, Gatin-(iruzewska 907 Further studies on the forms of milk sugar, Hudson 907 ( )n the sugar of colostrums, Sebelien and Sunde 908 Preparation of a standard solution of litmus and litmus media, Brown 908 The determination of nitrogen, Taurke 908 Report of the committee on the analysis of phosphate rock, Ilagedorn et al. . . . 908 Volumetric determination of ])hosphoric acid in fertilizers, Williams 908 The determination of cotton-sood hulls in cotton-seed meal, Fraps 908 Detection and determination of nitric acid in water and sewage, Klut 909 The determination of calcium carbonate in soils^and its importance, Votruba. . 909 .\ew method for estimation of lactic acid in animal organs and fluids, Jerusalem. 909 The quantitative estimation of creatinin in urine, Edlefsen 909 The cleterm illation of reducing sugars from the weight of cuprous oxid, Browne. 909 The precipitation of reducing sugars with basic lead acetate, Bryan 909 Errors in the polarimetric determination of sucrose when lead salts are used. . . 909 i II CONTENTS. PaRo. Kt'fractoiiu'tcr studicH, Wiechiiiaiiii 909 Doterininatioii of iionsacchariii orf^aiiic material in cane molaKseB, Ilazcwinkel. . 909 The resorcin liydrochloric acid react ion and it.s value, Riechen and Fiehe 909 The estimation of salt in imported |)iek]ed meat, (ironing 909 Detection of white corn flour in wheat (lour products, Carlinfanti and Salvatori. 91)9 An analysis of cloves, Ilodf^son 910 Ju(l<^in<^ black i)ep|)er, Graff 910 The nanitary comjiosition of cow's milk, Donsetf 910 The examination of milk for dirt and leucocytes, llevis 910 Determination of the Jteichert-Meissl number with glycerin-potash, Siegfeld. . 910 The analysis of cacao butter, llalphen 910 The estimation of cocoanut oil in butter, Ross 910 A method for detecting synthetic color in butter, Cornelison 910 The Rabild tube 910 Some constituents of saffron and a method for valuation, Pfyl and Scheitz. . . . 910 Composition of white lead and paints, Fraps '.Ml Report of State chemist, Knight 91 L Extracts from proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1908. 911 M ETEOKOLOO Y — WATE R . Relation of weather conditions to growth and development of cotton, Marbury. 911 Periodical variations in climate, Meyer 912 Study of the results of hail shooting, Godinot 912 Atmospheric humidity charts, Frohlich 912 Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1906-7 912 Meteorological observations 913 Meteorological records for 1907 913 Some climatic features of the Territory of Hawaii, Stockman 913 Climatological data, Belfort de Mattos 913 Swedish meteorological observations, 1907, Hamberg 913 British rainfall, 1907, Mill 913 Composition of Barbados rainfall 913 The chemistry of the River Nile, Lucas 914 Potable water and sewage 914 On the role of bacteria in the biological methods of sewage purification, Mair. . 914 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The mineral composition of soil particles, Failyer, Smith, and Wade 915 Contribution to the subject of kaolin formation, Hahnel 915 On the radioactivity of the soil, Bordas 915 Soils of the United States, Whitney 915 Soil investigations at Aarslev Experiment Station, Christensen 916 Data of analyses of some wet soils of lower Friuli, Caratti, and Bonomi 916 Analyses of soils from the Eden district, Guthrie 916 The meaning and value of the chemical analysis of soils. Watt 916 The absorptive capacity of some Russian soils, Zholtsinski 916 Pulverization and exhaustion of the soil in black fallow culture, Kulzhinski. . 917 Productivity of the black fallow in the steppes, Sokal'ski 918 Brief report of the Poltava Experiment Field for 1907, Tret'yakov and Verbetski 918 Brief report of the Kherson Experiment Field for 1906, Yanovchik 918 Fertility of various horizons of the soil, Sazanov 918 Zeolites and similar compounds, their constitution and importance, Gans 918 Soil moisture, Lehmann 918 [Effect of soluble salts in the soil on the growth of sugar cane], Harrison 919 The isolation of harmful organic substances from soils, Schreiner and Shorey... 919 The nitrogen problem, Perotti 919 Leguminous plants as fixers of the nitrogen of the air, Passon 919 [Inoculation for leguminous plants], Harding 920 Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by pure cultures of Azotobacter, Beijerinck. 920 The variation and nitrogen fixing power of Bacillus aslerosporiis, Bredemann. . 920 The mineral nutrients of plants, Vageler 920 Nature and use of commercial fertilizers, Fraps 920 The purchase and use of commercial fertilizers, Mar^s 920 Influence of the weather on the action of fertilizers, von Sycianko. 920 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Influence of precipitation on efficiency of commercial fertilizers, Grohmann. 920 Some results of the use of chemical fertilizers in Carnia, Honomi 921 Investigations on the composition of Peruvian guano, Maschhaupt 921 Studies on the preparation of nitrate, Jorgensen 921 Experiments on the action of nitrate of soda, ammonium salts, lime nitrogen, nitrogen lime, and the Norwegian lime niter, Schneidewind et al 921 Th(^ comparative fertilizer value of calcium cyanamid, ca4cium nitrate, ammo- nium sulphate, and sodium nitrate, Nazari 922 Lime nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda, Tancre 923 Contribution to the ammonia question, I, Ehrenix-rg 923 The injurious effects of crude ammonia in vineyards, IJerget 923 Ammonium sulphate, Lloyd and Bonelli 923 The production of ammonium sulphate, Atwater 924 Utilization of atmospheric nitrogen in production of calcium cyanamid, Frank. 924 The ammoniacal fermentation of cyanamid, Ulpiani 924 Experiments with calcium cyanamid, Bonomi 924 Lime nitrogen and its changes in the soil, Do Kruijff 924 Is it ec-onomically expedient to use potash fertilizers? l^onomi 925 Raw rock phosphate 925 Statistics of the ])roducti(m of y)hosphates in 1908, Maizieres 925 Withdrawal of western phosphate lands for protection of the industry 925 Florida phosphate deposits, Sellards 925 The phosphates of Tunis, Maizieres 925 The manufacture of superphosphate, (Jrueber 925 A test of manganese as a fertilizer, Bonomi 925 The fertilizing value of ashes, Pont 926 On the use of bracken as litter, Russell 926 A novel fertilizer industry, Judson 926 Fertilizer inspection, Woods and Bartlett 926 Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and bone, Cathcart et al. . . . 926 Inspection of fertilizers, Van Slyke 926 Analyses of fertilizers, fall, 1907, and spring, 1908, Kilgore et al 926 Complete report on commercial fertilizers for 1908, Stewart and Hite 926 Fertilizer control laws, Welch 926 AGRICULTURAL I50TANY. The heredity of acquired characters in plants, Ilenslow 927 A laboratory course in plant physiology, Ganong 927 An introduction to experimental i)lant morphology, Goebel 927 The absorption of rain and dew by the green parts of |)lants, Henslow 927 Root development, Booth 927 Some chemical processes in the germination of seed, Scurti and Parrozzani 927 The transformation of cyanogenetic glucosids during germination, Guignard. . . 927 Notes on plants containing hydrocyanic acid, ( 'ouperot 928 On the action of some organic substances on plants, Ciamician and Ravenna. . 928 The effect of alkaloids on regeneration in the scarlet runner bean, Morgulis 928 Studies on solanin from sprouts and flowers of th(> potato, Colombano 929 The influence of aluminum salts on protoplasm, Fluri 929 Effects of the rays of radium on plants, Gager 929 Influencing the growth of plants by electricity, lireslauer and Schmidt 930 On wind injury to plants, Noll 930 The formation of red wood in conifers. White 930 The distribution and occurrence of races of mistletoe in Bavaria, von Tubeuf.. 930 FIELD CROPS. Agricultural experiment", Ward, Bayley, and Dunstan 931 Work with field cnms, Hall 931 Report on field trials on the manuring of seeds hay, Blackshaw ' 931 Dates of seeding winter grains, Ilutcheson 932 Report on a field trial with varieties of barley 932 The blue gra.ss of southwest Virginia, Ellett 932 Selecting seed corn, ( 'arrier 932 Cotton culture in Palembang, (Jutteling 932 Supply and distribution of cotton for the year ending August 31, 1908, Roper 932 IV CONTENTS. Report on iifld trials on the iniuuiring of mangels, Blackshaw 932 [V'^ariety tests with oatsj, Moorhouse 933 Tests with I'anicum viaximum and Paspalum dilalalum in Dutch East India.. , 933 Field trials with potatoes: English, Scotch, and Irish seed, Blackshaw 933 Report on field trials on the manuring of potatoes, Milhurn 933 The "spineless" ])ri(kly jx'ars, Cirifliths 933 Tests of sorghums, Wheeler 933 Report on experiments on growing sugar beets, Milburn, Golding, and Paine. . 934 Sugar beets in li»(»S, Kllcil 934 The composition and production of sugar beets 934 Potash consumption of the beet during its first season, Andrlik and Urban .... 934 Experiments with seedling and other canes, D'Albuquer(jU(! and Uovell 935 [Variety tests with sweet i)otatoes], Morris 935 Tobacco ex{)eriments, Jensen 935 The relation of nicotine to the quality of tobacco, Garner 936 Alaska wheat investigation, i*'rench and Jones 936 Seed studies 937 Adulteration of seeds of alfalfa, clover, orchard and blue grass, Galloway 937 Feeds, seeds, and weeds, Jenkins 937 HORTICULTURK. Ilortirtdtural investigations, Booth 937 Vegetable-fruit seed distribution for 1909, Ilalsted 938 Mushroom culture, Novik 938 Fertilizer and irrigation experiments with onions, Waschka 938 Mendelian characters in tomatoes, Hedrick and Booth 938 Mendel's law a])plie(l in tomato breeding, Craig 939 [The influence of fertilizers on the structure of the tomato], Morris 939 Report of the South Uaven Substation for 1907, Taft and Wilken 939 Fifth biennial report of the Montana State Board of Horticulture 939 The small fruits: Information concerning their culture, Troop 940 Variety test of strawberries and cultural directions, Taylor 940 Some newer strawberries, Taylor 940 Culture 1'. nonculture with grapes, Vivier 940 The grapes of New York, Hedrick et al 940 Notes on the time of blossoming of fruit trees. Hooper 94 1 The American apple orchard, W'augh i>41 Planting apple orchards in Idaho, Shinn 941 Orchard survey of Jackson County, Lewis, Bennett, and \'incent 941 The practical culture of coffee trees, Fauchere 942 Some observations on modern coffee culture in Java, Schuurman 942 Holly, yew, and box, with chapters on other evergreens, Dallimore 942 The peony, Coit 942 Dahlias and their cultivation, Wroe 942 Mesembryanthemum and portulacas, Berger 942 The perfect garden, Wright 943 Garden book. Biggie 943 FORESTRY. Silviculture based on natural principles, Mayr 943 The fundamental principles of forest management, Hen/e 943 The range-officer syst em in German state forest administration , von Bentheim . 943 The value of normal yield tables in forest management, Ostwald 944 Forest conditions in Delaware and the forest policy for the State, Sterrett !)44 Report of the State forester of Wisconsin for 1907-8, Griffith 944 Forest trees of the Pacific slope, Sudworth 944 The afforestation of poor agricultural soils, Moller 944 The afforestation of the infertile lands of small estates. Beck 945 Moss cover and natural regeneration, Bohmerle 945 The plant biology of the Flemish dunes, De Bruyne 945 The future use of land in the United States, Zon 945 Forests and reservoirs in their relation to stream flow, Chittenden 945 ^^^lolesale lumber prices, 1886-1908 945 CONTENTS. V DISEASES OP PLANTS. Page. The development of plant patholojiy durinp; the past ten years, Solla 945 Report on plant protection 946 Botanical investif^ations, Stewart , 946 Disea.ses of field crops in Delaware in 1907, Jackson 946 Report of the actinp; botanist and plant pathologist, Evans 946 Report of vegetable pathologist, Tryon 947 Annual report of the government mycologist, 1907, Gallagher 947 The wood-destroying fungi , Schorstein 947 The destruction of fungi by grain-drying apparatus, Lang 947 A successful experiment in combating the smut of barley, Kiihle 947 Potato diseases in San Joaquin C\)unty, California, Orton 948 Spraying potatoes against blight and the potato beetle, Sandsten and Milward. . 948 Potato spraying experiments in 1907, Stewart, French, and Sirrine 948 Diseased potato seed 949 The ttranville tobacco wilt. Smith ; 949 The black rot of grapes, Ravaz 949 The control of the gray rot of grapes, Istvanffi 949 The white rot of grapes, Istvanffi 950 Lathrxa sr/namarin as a parasite of the grape, Faes 950 Apple scab or bhick spot, Salmon 950 Review of information relating to olive diseases, ('uboni 950 (Spraying peaches and plums], Morris 950 Peach rot 951 Studies in cacao disease, Hart 951 Inoculation experiments with Peridermium strobi from Pinus monticola, Neger. 951 The use of copper fungicides, von Tubeuf 951 Sulphur as a pest remedy, Juritz 951 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Index -catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology. Stiles and Ilassall 952 The otter in Massachusetts, Gordon 952 Invest igations of the department of entomology, Parrott 952 Re])()rt of th(! dci)artment of botany and entomology, Nicholson 952 Notes from Connecticut, Britton 953 The common red spider, Chittenden 953 The introduction of Jridnmi/nnex humilis into New Orleans, Foster 953 (Injurious beetles], Mayet 953 Notes on some Cecropia cocoona and parasites, Smith 953 The semitropical army worm, Chittenden and Russell 953 Notes on the lesser clover-leaf beetle, Houghton 954 Factors controlling parasitism with special reference to boll weevil. Pierce 954 A flea beetle attacking hops in British Columbia, Quayle 954 The leafho[)pers of the sugar beet and their relation to '"curly-leaf," Ball 954 The sugar-cane borers of Behar, Mackenzie and Lefroy 955 The grape-leaf skeletonizer, Jones 955 Sawfly larvie in apples, Webster 955 The peach-tree bark-beetle, Wilson 955 The orange thrips, Moulton 956 Thecilruswhiteflyof Florida consists of two species, Berger 956 The catalpa midge, Gossard 957 Th(i imi)ur1at ion of Telraslirhus xanthomelaenx, Howard 957 Notes on maple mites, Parrott 957 A mosquito which breeds in salt and fresh water. Banks 957 Mosquito comment, Ludlow 957 The house mosquito, a city, town, and village problem, Smith 957 Remedies for the San Jose scale, Taylor 958 Homemade soluble oils for use against the San Jos^ scale, Phillips 958 Cooperative fspraying[ experiments, Taft !)5H Si)ray calendar, Sanborn 958 Simiying calendar, Taft and Shaw 958 Homcniade oil emulsion, Taylor 958 Analysis of Paris green and other insecticides, Van Slyke 958 Tlie danger in the use of arsenicals as insecticides, Mestrezat 959 A brief survey of Hawaiian bee keeping, Phillij)s 959 The status of apiculture in the United States, Phillips. 959 VI CONTENTS. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Thirteenth report on food productH for 1908, Street etal 959 Inffuence of food preservatives on lu-alth. V, Formaldehyde, Wiley et al 961 Results of the liivestifT'itions ^howiiij^ the effect of formaldehyde upon health. . 963 Methods of {•aniHnl 902 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. At present eleven county high schools in the State are taking advantage of this cooperative plan. Each lesson given l)v the visitor presuj)poses the mastery of all former lessons, th\is making the work cumulative and capable of increasing technicality. The present series will be collected into a jirinted and illu.strated form which can -be taught to succeeding beginners' classes in each school without ttie necessity of much supervision. In this way the list of schools and trained teachers is developed together, and schools that drop out of the list are succeeded by new ones from the waiting list. Several important advantages at once suggest themselves in this plan, considered as a Avhole, and the legislature has indicated its approval of the experiment by passing an act granting financial aid to high schools introducing agriculture, domestic science, and mechanic arts. Such a plan makes effective use of existing second- ary schools. It takes these schools and teachers as they are, and develops the new w^ork without displacing their present mechanisms or personnel. It gives opportunity for the demonstration of valu- able results before calling for anything but nominal local expend- itures in support of the work installed. In short, it seems perfectly adapted to existing conditions while affording the means of con- stantly surpassing them through the new impulse which must come with the wnse introduction of agricultural instruction as a subject of general cultural value in secondary schools. We know of no other State institution that has undertaken such a plan, and the experiment will be watched with much interest. The view-point which regards agriculture as a legitimate and valuable addition to cultural school subjects, in addition to its A'alue for prac- tical application in later life, seems to be gaining increasing ad- herence. It rests upon a much more secure foundation than do the arguments which suj^port the importance of so-called manual train- ing as a general school subject. Aside from its informational value for the student of whatever future calling, the purely practical aspect of agriculture includes much more than merely a vocation. And this view of the subject is clearly set forth in a quotation from an official announcement of the Tennessee plan : Agriculture " is not only a business but a mode of life, and no preparation for that mode of life could be complete that does not include not only farm husbandry, or agriculture in its strictest sense, but also much of the manual train- ing peculiar to rural pursuits, hygiene and agricultural economics, and even rural society, education, and general culture." The need of providing special assistance and instruction for teach- ers who have not heretofore appreciated the educational value of agriculture in the common schools, recognized in this Tennessee plan of agricultural extension work, is receiving increasing recognition in EDITOEIAL. 903 a iiuihIht of other States. Thus Louisiana, for example, has recently made provision for a chair of agricultural education with Prof. V. L. Roy, formerly parish superintendent of Avoyelles Parish, as the first incumbent. One-third of his salary is assumed by the State Board (ii Agriculture, one-third by the State Department of Education, and the remainder by the State university. He is expected to" work under the coordinate direction of these three authorities in bringing agricultural instruction into the secondar}- and elementar}' schools of the State. As a means of encouraging the establishment of agricultural courses in high schools, a S3'stem of recognition of certain high schools for State aid has also been established. Each of these schools re- ceives $500 annually from the State treasury on condition of meet- ing certain specified recpiirements concerning laboratory equipment, the course of study, and the selection of a competent man to give the instruction in agriculture. Twenty-five schools have already applied for such recognition, and probably at least twelve, properh^ dis- tributed over the State, will ultimately receive it. Last year the State superintendent held a number of summer normal courses for the benefit of new teachers of agriculture, and at least five such courses will be given this year. A chair of rural education has also been established in the Univer- sity of ^Missouri, with Prof. R. H. Emberson in charge. Professor Emberson's time will be given entirely to the rural school problem, and his business will be to bring the college of agriculture and the rural school into close touch and S3'mpathy, to inti-oduce agriculture into the curriculum, to assist teachers in making this work successful, and to interest the boys of the school in corn growing, corn judging, live-stock judging, and such other subjects as may be found feasible. His work will all be in the field. Within a few weeks Minnesota has adopted a definite policy for the encouragement of vocational teaching in its public schools. A bill passed by the legislature appropriates $25,000 a year for the next two years to encourage the establishment of agricultural departments in State high schools and graded or consolidated rural schools. These agricultural departments must be provided with trained teachers of agriculture, maiuuil training, and domestic science, and with not less than 5 acres of land foi- educational and experimental purposes. Schools which have met these requirements (not to exceed one in a county nor ten in the State in any one year), and have been desig- nated by the State High School Board to receive State aid. will get an amount equal to two-thirds of their actual expenditures upon departments of agriculture, ])rovi'\ i)r(ilong('d standing. " Physiologically the enzyniic properties are most active at a temperature of 05° C. At .S0° C. the ferment was destroyed. "The filtrate obtained after the removal of the new protein also has digestive properties. "The influence of chemicals and sterilization tend to slightly modify the soluble nitrogen compounds of the milk. "The addition of digestive bacterial cultures to sterilized milk in the pres- ence of chloroform caused proteolysis. " The decomi)()sition products formed in the presence of the new protein are similar to those formed in the presence of galactase and bacterial enzyms under the same conditions. From these facts it is believed that the characteristic digestion of the new protein and galactase are of bacterial origin. " The enzymic property of the new protein is one of incorporation," Hydrolysis of hordein, A. Kleinschmitt {Hyclrolyse cles Hordcins. Inaug. DUs. Univ. Jlcidclbcrg, 1907, pp. 3.3; ahs. in Biochcm. ZcnfbJ., 7 (1908), A'o. 21- 22, p. SO.'t). — Hordein, the chief protein of barley, differs from other known products, according to the author's conclusions, but is closely related to both gliadin and zein, being midway between the two in its characteristics. The article contains data on the cleavage products obtained from hordein by germination as compared with those of acid cleavage. A reaction distinguishing phosphoprotein from nucleoprotein and the distribution of phosphoproteins in tissues, R. H. A. Plimmkk and F. H. Scott (Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 93 (1908), No. 5.52, pp. 1699-1721) .—Accord- ing to the authors the results of their experiments show that " phosphoproteins may be distinguished from nucleoi)roteins by the action of 1 per cent sodium hydroxid at 87° for 24 to 48 hours ; the phosphorus is completely separated in this time as inorganic phosphoric acid. " Phosphoproteins are present in milk, egg yolk, and in the ova of fishes, that is, in the substances which constitute the food stuffs of the embryo bird and fish and the yotnig mammal. "A small quantity of phosphoprotein is present in the pancreas." A modification of the character of gluten in the presence of sulphurous acid, J. DUGAST (Coinpt. Rend. Acad. »S'r/. {Paris:], tJ,G (1908), No. 2), pp. 1287, 1288). — The author concludes that sulphurous-acid gas produces a great change in the cliaracter of gluten and modifies its baking qualities. The constitution of starch, Z. Gatin-(Jruzkwska (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Z'ari.s], UJ^ (1908), No. /,. pp. 178, 179; ab.s. in Jiiorhcm. Znitbl., 7 (t90S), No. 21-22, p. 765). — The addition of concentrated potassium hydroxid solution and a little alcohol to warm starch paste caused a precipitate which is identical with the aniylopectin of other investigators. From the filtrate another body was isolated, called by the author aniylcm, which is soluble in water. The pi'operties of these bodies were studied. I'revious work has been noted (K. S. R., 20, p. 110). Further studies on the forms of milk sugar, C. S. Htdson (Jour. Amcr. Chcm. Soc, 30 (ID08). No. 11. pp. 1767-1783. figs. 2).— The solubility relations of milk sugar, the vapor pressures of saturated solutions of hydrated milk S2304— No. 10—09 2 908 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. sii«iir, 11it> iiillueiico of (.•oiK'Oiili-Mlioii .'i). — A standard was prepared by dissolving 2.5 gm. of azolitmin in 100 cm. of distilled water. Litmus was then dissolved in distilled water, heated, filtered, and the filtrate compared with th6 standard. From experiments with different samples of litnuis it ai>i)eared that there was a close correspondence between the solubility and the strength of the blue solution. The determination of nitrogen, F. Taueke (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 97, J), ma; al)!,: in Jour. Chciii. >S'oc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 555, II, pp. 91, 92; (J hem. Ahs., 3 {1909), No. 7, p. 759). — The author proposes to use in the Kjeldahl method a burette graduated as usual on one side from 0 to 50 cc. and on the other from 25 cc. at the top to 0 at the bottom. Using half-normal acid, fourth-normal alkali, and an aliquot of solution corresponding to 0.7 gm. of substance the readings of the latter scale give percentage of nitrogen directly. Report of the committee on the analysis of phosphate rock, C. F. Hage- DOKN KT AL. (Joitr. Indiis. and Enfjin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. I, pp. Jfl-J/^). — This is a summary of the rejiort of the committee on this subject appointed by the National Fertilizer Association. Comparative tests by a number of different analysts of the official gravi- metric method, the so-called Pemberton volumetric method, the citrate method, and the Gladding method for phosphoric acid, and the Smith, Gladding, acetate, Glaser, and Wyatt methods for iron and alumnia are reported. Good results with the A-olumetric and the Gladding methods are reported, but the conclusion reached is that " at this time there are not sufficient reasons for substituting either of these for the present official method. •' In the case of the methods for iron and alumina, the results indicate that the niethods most generally used are those employing a KOH solution in the sepa- ration of the iron from the alumina, viz, the Smith and the Gladding methods. In the other methods, the iron and alumina was determined by weighing the combined phosphates. Of these the acetate and the Glaser methods are the most important, and it is our opinion that some modification of the acetate method could be worked out which would be extremely satisfactory, as it ap- peals to chemists on account of its simplicity as comjKired with other methods." Volumetric determination of phosphoric acid in fertilizers, R. Williams (Chem. Engin., 8 (1908), pp. 97-99; abs. inAnah/st. 33 ( 1908), No. 393, p. .',S3).— Objections to the American official volumetric molybdate method are stated and modifications of the method to overcome these objections are described. In the modified method the total phosphate is pi'ecipitated in an aliquot part of the acid solution containing as slight an excess of acid as possible, by adding 1 cc. of mixed ferric and calcium chlorids (10 per cent of each in solution) and sufficient ammonia to render the solution slightly alkaline; 150 cc. of boiling water is then added, the liquid allowed to settle, and filtered. The precipitate is washed once with hot water, then dissolved in 100 to 125 cc. of hot dilute nitric acid (70 cc. of strong acid in 1 liter). The solution is nearly neutralized with ammonia, precipitated with 30 to 35 cc. of molybdate solution, added to the stirred hot liquid, and the process carried out as in the official method. The determination of cotton-seed hulls in cotton-seed meal, G. S. Fraps (Amcr. Fcrf., 29 (1908), No. 6, pp. 30, 3i).— Xoted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 510). AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 909 Detection and determination of nitric acid in water and sewage, Klut (Mitt. K. Prilfunytianat. Wasscrvcv. u. Abwasacr. Berlin, 11)08, At». 10, pp. 85- 101 ; abs. in Chcin. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 97, Repert., p. 632; Brewers' Jour., 33 (1909), No. 3, p. 107; asnrUits. Ingcn., 32 (1909), Xn. 16, p. 271).— An n qualita- tive test for nitric acid brucin is preferred to diplienylaniin. For quantitative determination the Scliulze-Tieniann method is rccouuuended. 'i'he I'isch metliod is considered tlie next best. The determination of calcium carbonate in soils by the Bernard and Treitz method and its importance in the selection of vineyard soil, K. VoTRUBA (Allg. Wcin Ztg., 1908, No. 30, pp. I); abs. in Chem. Zcntbl., 1908, II. No. 12, pp. 1065, 1066; Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 96 (1909), No. 555, II, p. 95). — The Treitz method, which depends upon the determination of the calcium carbor.ate removed in suspension when soil is shaken with water, is preferred to that of Bernard as a means of selecting vineyard soils. The lime in tine soil is apparently of more importance than that in coarse lumps. Ac- count must also be taken of other physical proi)erties in selectinjj vineyard soils. Ne .V method for the estimation of lactic acid in animal organs and fluids, E. Jki';:salem (Bioclicin. Ztschr., 12 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 361-389, figs. 2; iihs. in Annlgst, 33 (1908), No. 393, pp. 47 Jf, ^75).— The author extractep. 252'i-2o27).—A critical discussion of methods and a description of the procedure which the author reconuneuds. The determination of reducing' sugars from the weight of cuprous oxid, C. A. Browne (Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 10 (1908), No. 119, pp. 557-5-} 0).— Accord- ing to the author's experiments, it is more accurate to weigh copper in sugar determinations as CuO than as CU2O. The precipitation of reducing sugars with basic lead acetate, A. H. Bryan (Intermit. Xiigar Jour.. 10 {1908), No. 120, pp. 602-605). — A contribution to the subject of methods. Errors in the polarimetric determination of sucrose, when lead salts are used as clarifying agents {Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 10 (1908), No. 120, pp. 581- 583). — A digest of recently published data on this subject. Refractometer studies, F. G. Wiechmann (Internat. Sugar Jour.. 10 (1908), No. 119, pp. 5.'f5-55.'i). — From the large number of determinations reported the author concludes that " if the refractometer is to find a permanent i)lace in the sugjir laboratory, it will be necessary to prepare a table of the i-efractive index values of chemicallj' pure sucrose solutions, at some standard temperature, say at L'0°." The determination of nonsaccharin organic material in cane molasses, J. J. Hazevvinkkl (But. Aasoc. ('him. Sucr. et Distill., 26 (1908), No. .}. pp. 230- 247). — A study and comparison of methods. According to the author's observa- tions, large quantities of mannose and glucose do not exist in defecation mo- lasses. The resorcin hydrochloric acid reaction and its value in honey analyses, liiEciiKN and I. FiKiiK (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 90, pp. 1090. y^>.'//).— The authors defend this reaction from the criticisms which have been made of it and state that their studies of the reaction are being continued. The estimation of salt in imported pickled meat, G. (jRciNi.No {Ztschr. Flcisch. u.'Milchhyg., 19 (1908), No. 1, pp. 12-15, fig. i).— The author describes the ai»i)aratus and method which he has found convenient. The detection of white corn flour in wheat flour products, K. ('ARLiNFANrr and (J. Salvatobi (Arch. I'armacol. Spcr. c Sci. Aff., 6 (1907), No. 8-9, pp. .'i58- 910 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. .'/(/.s'; (ihs. in liiochvm. ZcnIhI., 8 (JDOH), No. 1-2, pi). HI, »^).— The luetliod »l(>scriln'd (U'poiiils upoii llic (leteriiiinatlon of Ibc iiitroficii content of the nwiteri.il exiriictcd l>.v iso-aniyl alcohol. An analysis of cloves, T. K. IlouciSON {Amcr. Jour. Phann., 81 (l',)0'J), Xo. 1, Jill, (l-H). — Acconlinj; lo Die antlioi', the three dcterininations on which the great- est reliance can be iilaced in the analysis of cloves are ash, nitroj^eu, and oxygen etiuivalent. "The determination of the alcoholic extract is of no practical value, the deterunnatiou of the crude fiber and moisture may in some cases be of considerable use. whereas in others it may be of uo value whatsoever; the determination of the ether extract is advisable." Judging black pepper, (J. Graff (Zfxcli. Offcntl. Chvm., IJ, (1908), Xo. 22, PI). .'/.,'.7-'/ J7 ). — Accordinj; to the author's analytical studies and critical sum- mary of the work of other invest ij^a tors, the determination of crude fiber content, in addition to the ash and sand content, atl"ords the best data for judfiinj; the (luality of jiepper. He recommends that 37 to 17.5 per cent crude fiber be adopted as a standard for whole and ground pepper. The sanitary composition of cow's milk, M. Donsktt {Pure Product.^, 5 {1009), Xo. 1, pp. 7-10), — The author insists that milk inspection not be con- fined to the content of nutrients, but should extend to the dirt content. The sedimentation and the Gerber filtration methods of estimating dirt conten't in milk are described. The examination of milk for dirt and leucocytes, C. IIkvis {.Jour. Rrts of the committees on recommendations of referees, with the action taken by the association in each case, together with resolutions adopted and a list of the officers, referees, and connnittees for the year 1909. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Relation of weather conditions to growth and development of cotton, J. r.. Mahbury (Cotton, 73 (190S), Xo. 2, pp. 51-53, figs. 5; 73 (190'.)), So. 3, pp. SS-HO. fij/s. 3). — It is stated that "cotton, though a sensitive plant, is of all sunnner-growing crops of the South about the least affected by ordinary changes in the weather. Its long period of growth, fruiting, and maturity affords it anijile opportunity to recover from a number of temporary setbacks. During the protracted season from planting in April to the completion of its harvest in November it is exposetl to manj' varieties of weather, and it seems to endure the bad as well as enjoy the good. Such a thing as ' half a crop ' is unknown. Statistics show that the crop is seldom curtailed by more than one-fourth or one-third." The relation between rainfall and temperature and the growth of cotton at ilifferent jK'riods is explained in diagrams and in the text, liainfall seems to bt? th(! stronger influence in the development of the cotton plant. " Well distril)- uted showers during the spring months serve to keep the soil in a condition well suited for the best development of the young plant and to cause the roots to sink deep into the earth, thus enabling the plant to maintain itself against the dry periods of the following sunnner. A very wet spring causes the development of a large number of the surface roots to the sacrifice of those roots which nat- urally tend downward, and the droughty conditions which prevail freipiently during the summer soon cause the plant to wilt and shed its foliage and fruit, since the dry surface soil does not furnish suthcient nourishment for its gmwtli." Sunsliin(» is also an important factor. The author states that "the normal conditions (tf tenii>erature and rainf.-ill tliroughout the cottcm belt are, as a rule, most favorable fortant faelor. averajiinu about 78° for the former month and 80° for the latter. There is a marlied uniformity in tlii' averajje temperature amonj? all the States in the eotton belt." When the bolls beyin to ojien (in August) "an abundance of lij^ht, well dis- tributed showers and warm sunshine is needed. If too much rain falls, the results are peculiarly disastrous; the weed will befjin to grow rapidly, to the detriment of the fruit ; the plant will cease to make new blooms and the .scpiares .already formed will drop; the bolls will decay on account of the accuninl.ated moisture which they absorb; the fiber iu the open bolls will be either beaten out or discolored. " September and October are the months for picking;, and, of course, dry weather is needed. Only sutlicieut moisture is then required to nourish the growing bolls and opening flowei'S, and much of this can be secured through the roots, provided the weather early in the season has been such as to cause the roots to i)enetrate deep into the soil. Under normal conditions the rainfall is very light during the months of September and October throughout the major portion of the cotton belt, affording line opportunity for securing the matured eroj)." An analysis is given of weather conditions during years of greatest yield. Periodical variations in climate, G. Mf.yer {(Jaca, .'//f (1908), No. 10, pp. ,588-591). — This article attempts to show whether there is a relation between tlie moon and the weather. The general conclusion reached is that the phases of the moon have a greater and more certain influence iipon variations in climate than the appearance of sunspots, at least for the region covered by the study reported. Study of the results of hail shooting, L. OoniNOT {Aun. ^oc. Agr. >SVi. ct Indus. T.i/dii, imn'. pp. S.i~92). — This is a review of the i)resent status of this subject based mainly upon official reports of government commissions ainiointed to investigate the matter. Atmospheric humidity charts, A. Frohlich (Gsndht.'i. Ingen., 31 (1908), Xo. '>0, pp. 790-792, cliart.^ 3). — Charts showing the atmospheric humidity corre- si)onding to different temi>eratures from — 20 to 100° C. are given. Report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau, 1906-7 (U. S. Drpl. Agr., Wnitlirr Bur. Rpf. VJOC-l, pp. XLI II +-',02).— Ai> usual, i)art 1 of this docu- ment consists of an administrative report reviewing the operations of the Weatlier liureau during the year and including statements regarding additions to eiiuipment and extension of the work; part 2 gives a list of observing stations and changes therein during inOG, and twice-daily observations for 29 selected stations during 1906 ; part 3, monthly and annual meteorological summaries for 189 stations; part 4, monthly and annual means and annual extremes of tem- perature and dates of first and last killing frosts, 1906; part .5, monthly and annual precipitation, 1906, and monthly and seascmal snowfall, 1906-7; and part 6, miscellaneous meteorological tables and reports. Among the more imi)ortant subjects receiving attention during the year were research at AIouTit Weather, more particularly with reference to upper air in- vestigations by means of kites, solar radiation, solar physics, and magnetism; forecasts and warnings; seismological observations; investigation of evai)ora- tion in connecticm with the Salton Sea (E. S. R., 19, p. 1112) ; river and flood service; climatological service; ocean meteorology; and wireless telegraphic weather service. METEOROLOGY — WATER. * 913 Meteorological observations {Michiyan Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 161-119). — Tabu- liitcHl daily and monthly suniniaries are K'veu of ol)servations during 1907 on tcniporaturo, pressure", precipitation, humidity. cioudiiK'ss, wind movement, etc. Meteorological records for 1907 {New York iitatc Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 1, pp. 833-3Jf3). — Tables are given showing daily readings of maximum and minimum thermometers at 5 p. m. for each month of 1907; tridaily readings of the stand- ard air thermometer during each month of the year; a monthly summary of niaxin)um. inininnnn, and standard thermometer readings; average monthly and yearly temperature since 18S2; monthly au(i yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from iss."! to 1907, inclusive; and rainfall l)y niontlis since 1882. Some clim^atic features of the Territory of Hawaii, W. H. Stockman {Hono- lulu Chamber Com. Ann., 1908, pp. y0-9.'t). — Data regarding temperature and rainfall are summarized, attention being called especially to the great diversity of climatic conditions in the Territory. These vary " from the eternal spring obtaining at sea level to the invigorating, ideal temperatures experienced at altitudes ranging from about 500 to 2,500 ft. on all the islands, and the freezing weather which obtains on the u()per slopes of JNlount HaleaJ^ala on Maul, and Mt. Mauna Loa and Mt. Mauna Kea on Hawaii ; and from the torrential rains and moist atmosjjhere of the higher levels on the windward sides of all the islands to the light rainfalls and small percentage of relative humidity on the leeward sides. " The topography and altitude of a place or district of these islands has a decided effect on its climatic conditions, but the controlling factor — other than latitude — is, perhaps, the directness with which the warm, moisture-laden trade winds pass over it, for any obstacle that deflects from their true course these winds — which here blow with great steadiness and considerable force — has a marked effect on the rainfall, and a modifying one on the temperature and Inunidity conditions." Climatological data, J. N. Belfort de Mattos {Sec. Agr. Com. c Ohraa Puh. Extado Sao Paulo, Secc. Met. [Pub.], Ser. 2, No. h, pp. 6, pi. 1, charts 8). — This is a record of climatological observations in the State of Sao Paulo, Brazil, during 1907. Swedish meteorological observations, 1907, H. E. Hamberg {Met. lakttaij. Srrrifjc [Oh-svrr. M^t. Surd.] K. Srmsh-a ICtcn.sk. Akad.. J,!) {1907), pp. X + i'j9). — This report is divided into 3 parts: (1) Daily observations at IS sta- tions of the second order, (2) monthly and annual sunuimrles of all the meteor- ological elements furnished by 41 stations of the second order, and (3) 5-day means of temperature at the 41 stations included in part 2. British rainfall, 1907, H. R. Mill {London, 1908, pp. 100+280, pis. 5, figs. 25; rev. in Nature [I.ondon], 78 {1908), No. 2033, p. 6C//).— This report is in the usual form and "deals with the distribution of I'ain in space and time over the British Isles during the year 1907, as recorded by ujore than 4.000 voluntary observers, and is supplemented by articles upon various branches relating to that subject." Among the special articles are a discussion of the typical thunderstorms of July 21-22, " showing distinctly the linear arrangement of heavy rainfall in such storms and its disregard of the configuration of the land," and a note on mapj)ing rainfalls (E. S. li., 20, p. 213). There are also discussions of droughts and rain spells. Composition of Barbados rainfall (lii)t. Agr. Work Barbados. Imp.* Dept. .\fir. W'cxt Iitdiis, 190')-1!KI7, pt. 1-2, p. 3). — The amount and coniposilion of the rainfall from December, 1905, to May, 1907, are given. "The total amount was 914 • EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, 70.r>3 in. and supplied Mitproxiinatcly 17r» ll)s. of clilorin aiul l>.r» Ihs. of nitrogen I)pr iicre." The chemistry of the Biver Nile, A. Iatcas (Survey Dcpt., KfJiipt, Paper A^o. 7, pp. 78, (hjm. 1, map. J). — This paper briuRS together what lias alreadj' been publisbod on the water of the Nile eliannels and the matter susi)ended iu it (E. S, K., IS, pp. 421, 424; 10, p. 1013) as well as records of the results of further worlc recently done in the Survey I)ei)artiuent hiboratory of Egypt, and gives a brief outline of work on tlie water iu the soil of the Nile Valley as a basis for future investigations. Appendi.xes give data on the following sub- jects: Bacteriology of the Nile water, preliminary microscopic examination of Nile silts, physical analyses of sauii)les from well borings, chemical analyses of Nile water, and chemical analyses of water from desert wells. A bibli- ography containing 71 references to literature of the subject is given. It is stated that " the whole body of underground, water in the valley is simply a lateral continuation of that in the river and is in contact with it and supplied from it." Analyses of these underground waters show wide variations at dift'erent places. "This is only to be expected, since, owing to the varying nature of the soil through which the water percolates, it will naturallj' come into contact with, and will dissolve out, more salts in some places than in others." Potable water and sewage (Rev. G6n. HcL, 19 (1908), No. 22, pp. 905-908).— This is a brief review of progress in methods of procuring pure water supplies and in disposing of sewage. Among the methods especially referred to are filtration through submerged, and unsubmerged sand, filters, rapid American filters, and sterilization by means of ozone and iron. The growing use, partic- ularly in England, of the septic tanlc for disposing of sewage is also referred to. On the role of bacteria in the biological methods of sewage purification, with special reference to the process of denitrification, W. Mair (.Jour. Uyii. [Cambridge], 8 (1908), No. 5, pp. 609-6.53). — The investigations reported in this paper were carried out in connection with an experimental plant built by the Corporation of Belfast for the purpose of discovering suitable methods of deal- ing with the sewage of that city. The investigations included " an examination of the experimental contact beds, and of the sprinlcler, with reference to the disappearance of certain groups of bacteria," and. a study of " the occurrence of denitrification in sewage with reference to the bacteria concerned in the process, with isolation in pure culture of certain of these bacteria and a study of their chemical effects upon nitrates." The investigations on denitrification included more particularly the isolation and study of typical denitrifying bacteria, especially of the Bac'iUuH hypo nit ro.su.roportion of the organic nitrogen disapi>ears as gas as a result of alternate nitrification and denitrification. In the sprinlvler the free exposure to air renders it uulilvely that any appi-eciable amount of denitrification occurs." The general conclusion is reached " that the role of bacteria in the purification of sewage is a somewhat limited one, which by no means justifies the application of such terms as ' bac- teria betls' and 'bacterial purification.' . . . " There is, however, one other stage in the process which may with great probability be ascribed to bacterial action, the stage, namely, of nitrification," but thQ author finds it difiicult in view of the results obtained in these investi- gations " to correlate the nitrification which occurs in nature, and in particular that which occurs in sewage purification, with the activity of" the nitrite and nitrate bacteria as isolated and studied by Winogradski. SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 915 SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The mineral composition of soil particles, (4. II. Failyer, J. G. Smith, and H. It. Wade ii'. s In a general way the most notable acbieve- iiK'iits during tliat i>eriod. coni)Ied witb suggestions for furtber researcb in the lundaniental field of soil study." It sums up tb<> more important of tbe con- clusions of the Bureau, as in the main already pul)lislie. 2-i; abs. in Zlun: Oiiidtn. Agron. [Rusft. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 (1908), No. 2, p. 311).— The author calls attention to the lowering of yields of winter cereals on black fallow as compared with the April fallow and even with the May fallow, on the unfertilized three-course rotation section of the Poltava Experiment Field. This lf)wering began to be observed from the year 1900, when the third cycle of the rotation was commenced. Earlier, in the period ].SV>.5-1899. the winter cereals on the black fallow gave the highest yield. The data for moisture in the upiM'r layer of the s it was higher under the winter cereals on the black fallow than in the April fallow, while the reverse was the case in the period 1899-1904. The mechanical analysis of the soil in the later period gave in the black fallow more silt particles and con- siderably less clay particles than in the April fallow. The chemical analysis showed more humus, nitrogen, and phosphoric acid in the April fallow than in the black.' It was found that at the time of the cultivation of the fallow nitri- fication was strongest in the black fallow but weakest in the spring. On the basis of these data the author supposes the diminution of the yield of the winter cen-als on the black fallow to be due to the fact that, owing to the intensified mellowing in the black fallow cultivation, the soil imdergoes more weathering and pulverization. In consequence higher crops are at first ob- tained on black fallow than on other fallows. Then as the .soil becomes ex- hausted by such high yields and its physical i)roperfies deteriorate (due to very tine pulverization), conditions arise which are unfavorable for th»' accumn- 918 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. latioii niul conservation of moisture niid for llio f(iriii:ili s])ring months and the crop of winter wheat. The ratio expressing this relation forms the coefficient of productivity. With the aid of this coefficient tlie size of the crop in a given locality can be predicted in May. In the o])inion of the author, the accumulation of moisture, if such a condition is brought about by the black fallow cultivation, does not affect the productive- ness of the soil. He thinks that the favorable effect of the l)lack fallow culture is due to the fact that this mode of culture increases the availability of the nutritive substances of the soil. Brief report of the Poltava Experiment Field for 1907, S. Tret'yakov and Verbetski {Zhur. Opiiit)i. Agron. [Ruf^s. Jour. Expt. Lundiv.], 9 (190S), A'o. 2, pp. 308-311). — Data for 12 years show that larger yields were obtained on early fallow than on black fallow. Brief report of the Kherson Experiment Field for 1906, F. Yanovchik (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [72».s'.s. Jour. Expt. Landiv.], 9 (WOH), No. 2, pp. SOU- 308). — Mean results for 15 years gave better crops of winter wheat and rye on early fallow than on black fallow. Experiments on different modes of cultiva- tion, fertilizing, etc., are described. Fertility of various horizons of the soil, V. Sazanov (Trudui Ivanov Sclxk. Khoz. Opuitii. tStanizil. 1907. \o. 3, pp. 111-122; uhs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 {1908), No. 2, pp. 302, 505).— Vegetation experi- ments show that the fertility of the soil tested diminished from the upper to the lower layers. Zeolites and similar compounds, their constitution and importance in technology and agriculture, Iv. Gans (Jnhrh. K. Pnuss: Clro], Landcsdnst. u. Bergakad. Berlin. 26 {1905), No. 2, pp. 179-211; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 {1908). No. 23, p. 3216; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2, p. 102).— The char- acter of zeolitic silicates extracted from different kinds of soils are described and classified according to the substitution of their bases, as, for example, by ammonia. From a study of these and other changes the conclusion is reached that a fertilizer containing phosi)liates or carbonates is preferable to one containing sulphates and nitrates becansi^ with the former there is no unnecessary exchange of bases in the zeolitic compounds of the soil. Other results from exchange of bases due to addition of various fertilizing materials are given. Soil moisture, A. Lehmann {Dept. Agr. Mi/xore, Ann. Rpt. Agr. Chem., 8 (1906-7). pp. 25-30, 57, 58). — The results of studies of the effect on soil moisture of different kinds and amount of cultivation are reported, and indicate that keeping the surface of the soil loose not only conserves the moisture of the soil but has other beneficial effects. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 919 [Effect of soluble salts in the soil on the growth of sugar cane], J. P.. IlAKKisoN ( West IiHlian Bill., 9 (1008), Xo. I, pp. ID-Sl ; ahs. in Jntcnidt. t^iigur Jour., 10 (1908), Xo. 118, pp. 500-509; Chcm. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 87, Repert., p. 55}). — The author discusses, on the basis of exiieriments extending over a nuuiber of years, the effects of lonR-contiuued applieatious of sulphate of am- monia and nitrate of soda on the productiveness of the soil, the effects of culti- vation and of manures on the composition of the soil waters of the sugar cane fields, the relation l>et\veen temporary and permanent alkalinity of soil waters, the proportion of nitrogen in troi)ical soil waters, and the concentration of the subsoil water. The general reaction of the fertile heavy clay soils of British Guiana is slightly alkaline, and a decided and comparatively rapid Increase of the alkaline salts in the soils under experiment was observed. This concentration of salts exerts a decidedly injurious effect on the physical proi)erties of the soil and on the growth of cane, but promotes the activity of nitrifying organisms. The alkalinity of the soil may explain why sulphate of ammonia gives better I'esults than nitrate of soda when applied in large amounts. The I'emedies suggested by the author's exiieriments are deep drainage and the application of gypsum, calcium phosphates, and other neutralizing materials. The isolation of harmful org'anic substances from soils, O. Schreiner and E. C. Shouey (U. S. Drpt. Agr., Bur. Soils Bid. 53, pp. 53, pis. .',). — This bulletin presents briefly the evidence of the occurrence of harmful substances in the soil, reviews previous attem]its to isolate the toxic comjiounds. and rei»orts investigations relating to the isolation and toxic properties of a number of organic bodies, products of the decomposition of organic matter of vegetable and animal origin, in unproductive soils. The isolation of four well-defined crystalline bodies is reported. The first of these, picolin carboxylic acid (E. S. R., 19, p. 419), possesses faint acid properties and also has the power of acting as a base toward strong acids. In exi)eriments with wheat stHnllings it was found to be harmful in concen- trations of 300 parts i)er million, but like many poisons had a stimulating effect when present in small quantities. A second body, dihydroxystearic acid, isolated from unproductive soils (E. S. R., 20, p. 701) " was injurious in all concentrations tested and ulti- mately caused death of the plants in concentrations of 100 parts i)er million." The two other crystalline bodies isolated were agrosterol and agroceric acid (E. S. R., 20. p. 509). " Neither of these substances appears to be harmful to wheat and [they] are of interest in the study of soil fertility chiefly with regard to their possible conniption with the generation or destruction of injurious or l>eneficial comi)ounds. although it is not impossible that they may be themselves harmful to plants other than that tested." The nitrogen problem, R. I'ebotti (Hot. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital., 13 (1908), Vo. 23. pp. 1 18(1-1 19(!; 1.', (1909), Nos. 2, pp. ^8-62; 3, pp. S.'/-/00).— This is a L'<'neral discussion of the natural ])rocesses by which the soil acquires or loses nitrogen. Tender the head of gain of nitrogen, bacteria, molds and alga\ and legumes are considered, and under loss volatilization of ammonia and denitrifi- 'Mtion are briefly treated. I'ractical methods of promoting th<> natural processes of increasing and • ■unserving the nitrogen supjily of the soil are also discussed. Leguminous plants as fixers of the nitrogen of the air, M. Passon (Bol. Inst. Agron. [Ftdo Paulo], 1 (1908), N. IIU, in, pi. 1 ). — in a review of the bacteriological investi- gations of the New Yorlv State Station, the results of tests of c«)muiercial c-ultiircs for legnininons idants and of experiments in the use of inoculation and lime in tlie culture of alfalfa are l)riet1.v summarized. As already noted ( E. S. K.. 17. p. 04.S ; IS. p. S20), the commercial cultures exaniiniHl were found "wortliless for jn-actical purposes" and the results of inoculation of alfalfa seed were found to he entirely negative. On the other hand, the application of soil from an alfalfa field at the rate of KX) to 20() lbs. per acre almost invariably gave good results. Applications of lime or ashes at the rate of 1.500 Ihs. of stone lime or its eciuivalent per acre were found to be beneticial. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by pure cultures of Azotobacter. — Dis- tribution of the organism, M. W. PiKmkkixck (A. Akud. Wclciixch. Ainxtcr- dani, l'i(H\ tJf (1908), No. 5'>3, II, pp. i)li), .'^70').— Contrary to the opinion formerly held by him, the author now finds, as a result of improved technique for the deter- mination and study of the distribution of the organism, that Azotobacter fixes nitrogen, and that there is a distinct relation between the distribution of this organism and Icgtnninons plants. Investigations on the variation and the nitrogen fixing power of Bacillus asterosporus, U. Rrkdemann {Ceiitbl. Bukt. [c/c.]. 2. Aht.. 22 (1908), No. 1-S. pp. -'i-'i~89, pl.s. 2, fiy-s. 3). — Studies made with 27 cultures of different origin are reported in detail. A bibliography of 24 references bearing upon the subject is also given. The mineral nutrients of plants. P. Vagei.er (Die mineral ischen Ndhrstoffc dcr I'flanzc. Leipsic, 1908, pp. VI + UO, flya. 3). — This book, which gives a general survey of the subject, contains an introduction discussing briefly the general relatier acre, and the sulphate of potash at the rate of 180 lbs. per acre. Two plats were used for each combination and for check plats. The complete fertilizer gave the largest absolute gain, but the best result economically was obtained from the super- phf»sphate and nitrate of soda. Investigations on the composition of Peruvian guano, J. (i. Maschhatjpt (Enf/rais, 23 {1908), A^o. 51, p. Ul)). — The results of 40 analyses of Peruvian guano are summarized, showing the variations in soluble potash, phosphoric acid, oxalic acid, uric acid, anmioniacal nitrogen, nitrogen in form of sul- phate of ammonia, and total nitrogen in jnire guano, leached and decomposed guano, and mixtures of guano and sulphate of ammonia. It is shown that the composition even of pure guano is so variable that it is impracticable to fix a standard for it. Studies on the preparation of nitrate, J. Jorgensen {BoJ. Sac. Fomento Fabril [ChUc], 25 ( lOOH), Xo. It, pp. 6-2/-626).— Studies of the solubility at dif- ferent temperatures of caliche containing varying proportions of sodium nitrate, sulphate, and chlorld are reported. Thes" caliches are divided into 3 general groui)S : (1) Those containing a large amount of sodium i-hlorid : (2) those containing a large amount of sodium" suli)hiite; and (.'>) those containing carl)onate (lei) in addition to chlorid and sulphate. The first group presents no difficulties. For the second group the use of steam of low pressure is recommended. The preparation of the third group is com- plicated and not more than 50 j»er cent of the nitrate is usually recovered. The author states that considerable nitrate is lost in the liquid remaining after the i)resent jirocesses of extraction are complete, and that much of this loss may l)e jivoided by careful cheniic:il aii:ilyses and improved methods. Experiments on the action of nitrate of soda, ammonium salts, lime nitro- gen, nitrogen lime, and the Norwegian lime niter, W. Schneidewind et al. 922 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Alb. Dent. Landxc. GesclL, JDOS, AK. I '/ti, pp. 118; abx. in Mitt. Dcut. Landtc. Gc^cll., 2S ili)08), No. 36, p. 300; Mark Lane Express, 9'J (1908), No. J,02l, p. J,i5; Cliem. Zig., 33 (1909), No. 18, Rcprrt., p. 79).— This report gives an account of lalKiratory, pot. and field experiments with these fertilizinj,' materials duriiiK the years liM)". to 1007. The lal)orat(>ry exiieriuients dealt with the study of losses of nitrogen when lime nitro}ien was mixed with soil and witli peat and other coarse materials, and when lime nitroj^eii and suli»hate of ammonia were applied as top-dre.ssing. The pot experiments were made in the ordinary way with oats, rye, and potatoes. In the Jield experiments the crops used were rye, wheat, barley, potatoes, and sugar beets. Nitrate of soda in general produced the l)est results. Sulphate of ammonia was on the average about 00 jter cent as effective as nitrate of soda in tield exi»erim(>nts and 03 per cent as effective in pot experiments. In the field experi- ments ammonium sulphate was always used in combination with suiieri)hos])hate in tlie belief that with such a combination there was no danger of lo.ss of am- monia. The Norwegian basic lime nitrate gave practically the same I'esults on most of the crops as nitrate of soda, although on wheat the latter was slightly superior. Calcium cyanamid did not give good results, especially with beets, on sandy and sandy loam soils. It gave good results except in case of beets on the better class of soils, although it did not prove etpial to nitrate of soda. When used on wheat on good soil the efhciency of lime nitrogen was SO per cent of that of nitrate of soda in field experiments and 85 i)er cent in pot experiments. Under the same conditions its efficiency was 02 per cent of that of ammonium salts in field experiments and 01 per cent in i»ot experiments. In comparative tests of autumn and spring top-dressing nitrate of soda gave the best results when applied in the spring, but these were little better than those produced by fall application of sulphate of ammonia on good soils. On light soils, however, the results with spring application of nitrate of soda were much better than with fall application of sulphate of ammonia. The results in- dicate that on tlie light soils the sulphate of ammonia applied in the fall is con- verted into nitrates and lost from the soil during the winter. Late spring top- dressing with nitrate of soda reduced the sugar content of sugar beets. The results indicate, therefore, that in general ammonium salts are not well suited to fall application, and suggest that lime nitrogen is probably better suited to this purpose. The comparative fertilizing value of calcium cyanamid. calcium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and sodium nitrate, V. Nazari {Atti R. Ac-cad. Lined, Rend. VI. ."N'r/. 7'/.s-.. Mat. r Nat.. 5. ser.. 17 (1908). II. No. 7. pp. 33'f-3'i2; rt&.s. in Chcm. Zenthl., 1908. II. No. 22. pp. 178.'), ;7.SY)).— This article gives the results of plat experiments with wheat on different liinds of soil to determine (1) the effect of humus on the action of cyanamid; (2) the best depth of apitlication of c.vanamid; (3) the effect of various phosphatic, potash, and calcareous fer- tilizers on the action of cyanamid; and (4) the comparative effect of cyanamid and the other nitrogenous fertilizers. On sandy calcaref)us soils receiving applications of 44, 131. 27. and 45 tons per acre of stable manure sjiaded in to a depth of 10 in. 13 days before the planting of the crop the yields uniformly increased with the increase in the amount of manure added both when the manure was \ised with cyanamid (17S lbs. per acre) and without it. Cyanamid alone increased the yield of grain from 45 to 50 per cent. The best results were obtained when the cyanamid was applied 10 days be- fore the planting of the crop at a depth of 8 in., and the poorest at a depth of 2 in., on sandy calcareous and clayey calcareous soils. SOILS FEKTILIZEKS. 923 The results of the exiteriuients with various coniliiuatious of fertilizers were too complex for definite eonclusious, hut it was found that of the phosphates, including hone meal, mineral i)hosphate. and Thomas slaj;, the hone meal gave the hest results, and of the potash fertilizers, including sul])hate of i)otash, nuiriate of potash, and lencite, the sulphate and leucite were nearly equally etiicient. (Jypsnm was less effective than lime. The greater efficiency of the bone meal is attributed to the fact that it furnished the most favorable con- ditions for the action of micro-organisms which render cyanamid available. In the comparative tests of the different nitrogenous fertilizers on clayey calcareous soil applied in various ways the two nitrates gave very nearly the same result as sulphate of ammonia. In case of the latter the most favorable method of application was half at sowing and half as a top-dressing later. With the cyanamid. api)lication slK)rtly before sowing and thonsugh mixing with the Soil gave best results. Field experiments with lime nitrogen, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda, TANCRfi {Landw. Wchnbl. Schles. Hoist., 5fi (1908), No. 51, pp. S70-S7S). — Comparative tests of these fertilizers with rye, oats, barley, and beets are reported. The results in general were very favorable to the lime nitrogen, even in rainy seasons on heavy soils, the physical properties of which were injuriously affected by nitrate of soda. Contribution to the ammonia question, I, P. EHRENBERG(Lrt»//H7. Vers. Stat., (i9 WJ(hS), Xo. 3-'i, pp. 2o9-.>i]ity, also u])on plant growth, makes itself felt in a poor soil for a longer time than in a fertile soil. (4) Lime nitrogen, with good management, is equiva- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 925 lent to nitrate of soda and sulitliate of aninionia as an artificial fertilizer. (5) On some soils the use f)f lime nitrofjen is not reoonmiended. Is it economically expedient to use potash fertilizers? Z. Bonomi {Ann. R. t^tnz. irt is ^iven on tests of the effect of suli)hate of potash on clover, medic, n.itural iieiiiianent meadow, and wheat and clover. The amount of sulphate of potash used was ISO ll>s. iter acre on all the plats except one of clover and one of medic, which received i;);j Ihs. per acre, and one of clover, which received 22.") lbs. jter acre. Every plat showed an increased product. This increase was enough to j^ive a profit over the cost of fertilizer in the first year on some of the jtlats of clover and medic, and on the wheat and clover. The second year showed enough increase to leave a profit except on one plat of natural iiermanent meadow, which was a special soil. Raw rock phosphate (Amcr. FerL, 29 (1908), No. 2, pp. 5-9). — This is a statement by the Xational Fertilizer Association summarizing conclusions reached from various exjieriments as to the relative efficiency of raw and dis- solved phosphates. The general conclusion reached is that " the experience of the (Jerman experiment station.s, conil)ined with a majority in this country, show emphatically that raw rock phosphate has little or no fertilizing value, land that] the method of applying followed by users of this material in this country is most extravagant and \vasteful." Statistics of the production of phosphates in 1908, MAiziiiRES (Engniis, 23 (1908), Xo. 50, pp. 1189, i/90).— Statistics are given of the production of American and Tunisian phosphates. Withdrawal of western phosphate lands for protection of the industry {Amcr. Fcrt., 29 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 12, 13; Tradesman, 60 {1909), No. 9, p. //.T()8), Dec. 25, p. /). — The present state of development of these deposits is briefly reviewed in this article by the State geologist of Florida. The phosphates of Tunis, Maizii^kks (Engrais, 23 (1908), No. 51, pp. 1213, 121 'i). — This is a brief review of a recent report on the deposits of Djebel- (Jouraya. The manufacture of superphosphate, Gkukbkr (Die Huperpliosphatfahrika- lion. Halle, 1901, pp. 83; rev. in Ostcrr. Chem. Ztt).. 11 ( 1908). No. 22, p. 307).— One of a series of monographs on chemical-technical manufacturing methods. A test of manganese as a fertilizer, Z. Bonomi (Ann. li. Staz. Spcr. Agr. Vdine. 9 (1908), pp. 52-51!). — In an exiteriment witli hors(> beans all the pots received Tiiomas slag supplying 50 lbs. solulde i)hosi)horic acid per acre, sul- phate of potash furnishing (Mi lbs. oxid p<'r acre, and nitrate of soda at the rate of 27 lbs. nitrogen per acre. In addition alternate pots received sulphate of 926 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. manganese at the rate of 65 lbs. per a<-re. Tlio Ik'juis showed the action of the nian;riinese to be quite favorable. The fertilizing- value of ashes, E. Tont (Bui. Mens. Hoc. Cent. Atp:. Jlmt. ct Accliiii. .\u<: 4S ( l<)08), \o. //. pp. J'iS-.i.',,i). — This article briefly summarizes information rej^arding the con)i)osition and fertilizing value of leached and unleached wood ashes and coal ashes. The variation in the coni|)osition of the ashes <»f different kinds of wood, leaves, bark, tobacco, nut shells, and peat is also shown. The average composition of wood ashes is stated to be (i to 7 per cent of potash and 3 to 5 per cent of phosphoric acid. It is stated that coal ashes may contain as high as 5 per cent of potash, but that the percentage is fre- quently much lower than this and that such ashes are always poor in phosphoric acid. On the use of bracken as litter, E. J. Kusskll (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], /."> {1!)0S), Xo. 7, lip- 4.S7-.'/.S7; ahs. in Mark Lane E-rprcss, f)9 (If)OH), No. .',02.',, J). 5').j). — This article discusses briefly the suitability of bracken as bedding for animals and its fertilizing value, particularly as conqKired with straw. It is stated that bracken contains on the average 1.44 per cent of nitrogen, 0.2 per cent of phosphoric acid, and 0.11 per cent "of potash, and is thus richer in fertilizing constituents, especially nitrogen, than wheat straw. It is a better absorbent than straw, but manure made with it decomposes less rapidly than straw-made manure. A novel fertilizer industry, L. B. Judson (CornrU Coiinfri/mnn. 6 (I'JOS), No. 3, pp. 7.?-76', pys. ij). — The machinery and methods employed at a place near Hackettstowu, N. J., for preparing peaty soil for use as a fertilizer tiller are described. Fertilizer inspection, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett ( Maine Sta. Bui. IGO, pp. 275-310). — This is a report in the usual form of results of analyses of fertilizers collected in the open market in the spring of 1908 by the station representative. Analyses and valuations of commercial fertilizers and ground bone, C. S. Cathcart, V. J. Carberry, and C. li. Pfersch (Xcw Jcr.<0>\, 2. ed., pp. VI-\-2(J5, pis. 3, figs. 68). — This edition of the laboratory guide has been rewritten and much extended from the first edition. The objects, as stated by the author, are to lead students through a good laboratory course in plant physiology, to provide a handbook of information upon all phases of plant physiology having an educational interest, and to serve as a guide to self- etlucation by ambitious teachers or students who are unable to obtain regular instruction. The book is not designed as a compendium of physiological knowl- eilge nor as a handbook of investigation, but rather as a guide tt) the acquisition of a physiological education. An introduction to experimental plant morphology, K. Gokbkl {Einlcitiing in die r.riH'rhin'iifcUc MorpUolofiic dcr r/ltnizcn. Lcipsic (tnd Berlin, ]!K)8, pp. Vlll + iUO, figs. 1,35). — After discussing the general i)roblems of experimental morphology, the author considers at length the influence of external and internal conditions on leaf formation, the conditions necessary for the formation of terminal and lateral axes, the regeneration of tissues, and the influence of polarity, etc., on plants, the book in its present form being an expansion of a course of lectures given by the author in inO('»-7. The absorption of rain and dew by the green parts of plants, (i. IIknslow {Jour. Roy. Ilort. ^oe. [London], ,3'/ ilDOS), Xo. 2, pp. 167-178). — By a series of exi>erinients with detached i)ortions of various species of plants, the authen deficient, ab- sorbetl and utilized to supplement the normal root supply." Root development, X. O. Booth ( Xeic York ^St(lte Stu. Rpt. 1907, pt. ,3, pp. .3'i.'j-.3'i9). — A summary is given of investigations carried on at the station, most of which have been printed in tin? earlier reports, showing the distribution of roots in vertical and horizontal directions in the soil, the variation of root distribution due to cultivation, etc. Some chemical processes in the germination of seed, F. Sci'rti and A. Pab- ROzzANi {(iaz. Vhim. Ital., 38 {1908), I, No. 2, pp. 2 1 6-227 ) .—The authors de- scribe some of the chenncal changes which take i»lace din-ing the germinatiou of sunflower seed, and the action of light and darkness upon the changes noted. The exjieriments were conductetl iirincipally to determine the transformation of proteid nitrogen. The transformation of cyanogenetic glucosids during germination, L. (JiKiNAun (Coniiii. Rend. Aciid. Kci. \l'(iris\. I ',7 (HKIS). Vo. 22. pi>. fO'.i 1028). — In order to determine the question of the transl'ornintion of cyanoge- 928 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lu'tic },'lnc()si(ls during,' ^'fi-iiiiiijition. :i stiiily wms iiiiide of tbe seeds of Phaseolus lunutus, in whk-h seeds and seedliiifjs were examined at regnlar intervals. It was found that the total amount of jtlufosid in the seed diminislied. fully i of it beinj; used ui» during f^ermination and growth of the seedlings for 30 days in the dark. In tlie seedlings n <>f tlie phaseolunatin was foinid witliin in days after germination. In the seedlings kei)t in the light tlie loss of the glucosid began to be restored in about 10 days through the synthesis of hydro- cyanic acid under the action of chlorophyll, and this formation increased with the development of the leaves. The question of the occurrence of free hydrocyanic acid in the seed was investigated, and the author states that if any free hydrocyanic acid is formed during gennination through the action of the glucosid it innnediately disap- pears to form other coinbinations. Notes on plants containing' hydrocyanic acid, E. Couperot (./our. I'Jidnn. ct Chim., 6. .scr., 28 (1908), No. 12, p. 5Jf2). — A list is given of 14 species of plants which the author has found to contain hydrocyanic acid, 8 of them being grasses. These species are in addition to those formerly reported by different authors. On tlie action of some organic substances on plants, G. Ciamician and C. Ravenna (Gaz. Chim. Ital., 38 (1908), /, No. 6*, jjp. 6"82-6.97 ) .— The authors describe experiments made with a view to studying the formation and biological significance of glucosids in plants. In cultures containing various aromatic compounds and glucosids, corn and beans were grown to ascertain how these substances w'ould react upon the plants. Among the aromatic compounds used were benzoic aldehyde, salicylic aldehyde, hydrochinou, methyl salicylate, beu- zilic alcohol, and vanillin. The glucosids used were amygdalin, salicin, and arbutin. The results show that the plants tolerated the glucosids much better than the aromatic substances. In some of the experiments with corn the glucosids were partially broken down and seemed to be utilized by the plants, as only a frac- tion of the original substance could be recovered after the experiment was con- cluded. In the case of amgydalin less than 0.1 was reclaimed at the end of the experiment. The authors state that glucosids in the plant are to be considered as reserve materials, and in this form poisonous substances can accumulate that in the free state would not be tolerated by the plant. The effect of alkaloids on regeneration in the scarlet runner bean, S. Mor- GULis (Ohio Nat., 9 (1908), No. 2, pp. Ji0/i-Jfl2, flgs. 5).— Experiments are de- scribed in which the effect of the sulphates of atropiu and strychnin, pilocarpine hydrochlorid, and digitalin on the regeneration of scarlet rimner beans was studied. The seeds of the beans were germinated in sawdust, and the seed- lings transferred to jars covered with black paper, in order to protect the roots from sunlight. The plants were subjected to different strengths of the alkaloids, and after an interval of 2 days in the solutions were cut off just above the cotyledons and the I'ate and amount of growth, transpiration, etc., determined. The transpira- tion and fresh and dry weight of the plants are showm in tables. Seventeen days after the first mutilation of the plants, the stems were cut a second time near their ends, and the same factors of growth again determined. It was found that the alkaloids exert a stimulating influence upon regenerat- ing plants^ increasing the rate of their regeneration. Comparisons were made with the effect of alkaloids on sea-urchin eggs, and with the -single exception of the stronger solution of strychnin the beans were found able to live in concen- trations which would prove fatal to animals. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 929 The action of the alkaloids upon plants varies with the nature and strength of the solution, but on the whole there is a general rise and intensification of the vital processes, as seen in the increased transpiration and higher rate of regeneration. The rate of regeneration after consecutive operations shows that after the second operation there is a considerable decrease in the power of re- generation and, conse(iuentl,v, a slowing down of the process, as well as a lengthening of tlie period intervening between the operation and the first ap- pearance of regenerated tissue. Studies on solanin from sprouts and flowers of the potato, A. Colombano idaz: Chint. ItaL, 5,S {li)08). J, A'o. 1, pp. 19-37). — A study is reported on the solanin occurring in tlie sprouts and flowers of the potato. The methods of isolation and characteristics of the alkaloid are described, and comparisons drawn between solanin obtained from the cultivated potato (Solanum tuher- osiini ) and tliat isolated from S. sodomwum. The influence of aluminum salts on- protoplasm, M. Fluri (Flora. 99 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 81-126). — Experiments with Spirogyra, Elodea. and Lemna in cultures containing sulphate, nitrate, chlorate, and bichromate of aluminum, yttrium nitrate, and lanthanium nitrate are described, .which showed that there was a marked reduction of starch in plants grown in the light. While these substances in nearly every instance checked assimilation, the assim- ilatory processes were not wholly inhibited. These chemical compounds seemed to exercise a kind of jjlasmolysis on the protoplasm without any con- siderable contraction. The action is not believed to be a chemical one, as the amount of the compounds present in the cells was very small. The aluminum salts appar- ently act upon the diastases, which will account in some degree for the reduction of starch. If grape sugar, glycerin, or isodulcite is added to cultures containing aluminum compounds the injurious action of the chemical is inhibited. Effects of the rays of radium on plants, C. S. Gageb (Mem. N. Y. Bot. GarcL, .', {1908), pp. TIII+278, pis. l-'i, flijs. IS). — After describing the discovery and nature of radioactivity, a review is given of previous investigations on plants and animals. From these investigations the conclusions are drawn that radium rays and Roentgen rays modify the life processes of plants and animals, the sensitiveness varying with the different species of plants and animals as well as with the strength of the rays. The younger and especially the embryonic tissues are more sensitive to the rays than the mature tissues, and with few exceptions cell activities are retarded or completely inhibited. The evidence for and against radiotropic response is conflicting, and internal changes appear profoundly modified by the i)resence of chlorophyll in the cell. The activity of enzyms is retarded by radium rays. The author carried on extensive exi)eriments with a number of species of plants to determine the effect of radium rays on the growth of seeds, on germination, synthesis of carbohydrates, respiration, alcoholic fermentation, tropistic response, histology, nuclear division, etc. The exposure to radium rays of lupine and buckwheat see,-',; al)s. in Mark TAine Exprcxs, 99 (190H), No. J,031, p. 131; Chem. AJ}s., 3 (1909), No. 6, pp. OS^, 685). — These articles discuss experiments by liemstrom and Lodge (E. S. R.. 20, p. 630) and by one of the authors. Breslauer, of the Technical High School of Charlottenburg. They describe an installation similar to that of Lodge's, which was set up on a farm near Berlin with the object of testing the practical character of the method. It is esti- mated that the necessary apparatus may be installed and operated for about S21 per acre annually. On wind injury to plants, F. Noll (Sitzlxr. Natiirliist. Ver. Preuss. Rhrin- landc II. Wcstf ulcus, 1901, No. 2, Sect. A, pp. 5S-68, fiy. 1). — A preliminarjk' account is given of some experimental investigations on the effect of prevail- ing winds on plants. The formation of red wood in conifers, Jean White (Proc. Roy. Soc. Vic- toria, II. ser., 20 (1907), No. 2, pp. 107-12Ji). — A study was made of a number of species of Australian and other conifers to determine the cause of the formation of red wood, which is sometimes conspicuous in parts of the trunks of these trees. It has been previously suggested that the formation ot rvd wood is due to a morphogenic response to a gravitational stimulus, and the experiments described were conducted with plants so rotated on a klinostat as to remove the action of gravity. So far as the author's investigations go, they seem to confirm the theory that the formation of red wood is due to the stimulus of gravity. Where the lesser tliickness shown by the walls of the red wood tracheids was compared with similar tissues in the white wood, the stimulus seemed to be photomorphic, the response being somewhat similar to etiolation in character. The distribution and occurrence of races of mistletoe in Bavaria, K. von TuBEUF (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst n. Landto., 6 (1908), No. 12, pp. 561-599, figs. 28, map 1). — A study was made on the occurrence and distribution of mistletoe (Viscnm alhnm) in Bavaria. The author claims that there are 3 biological races of this species, one occurring on the pine, a second on firs, and a third on deciduous trees. Among the latter species, much injury is done to the apple, poplar, willow, and maple. FIELD CROPS. 931 In combating the mistletoe, consideration must be given to the fact that there nre bitWogical races of the parasite and attciition iiaifl to the trees liable to infection by the particular form present. FIELD CROPS. Agricultural experiments. R. Ward. S. II. P.aylky. and W. K. Dunstan (Rpt. Hot. danl. Olid OiuUriiccm. School I'unn lirU. (luiitna, l!)0ti-7, it/). J-I.i\. — In fei'tilizer experiments with sugar cane it was found that the substitution of nitrate of soda for suljiliate of anmionia on unlinied hind continuously manured with sulphate of anunonia reduced the increased yield from 12.1 tons to 1()..'> tons per acre, while the substitution of sulphate of ammonia for nitrate of soda on the nitrate fields produced an increase from S.G tons to 9.2 tons. The apparent ill effects of the long-continued use of nitrogenous fertilizers were far more noticeable after nitrate of soda than after sulphate of ammonia. On the lighter lands manured continuously for 30 to .50 years with sulphate of ammonia the decreases in yield are considered as probably due to the action of this substance. This injurious effect is remedied by the use of lime and not by simply substituting nitrate of soda for the sulphate of anmionia. The results of these experiments have also led to the conclusion that if heavy clay soil yields more than 0.008 per cent of phosphoric acid to 1 per cent citric acid solution under conditions of continuous shaking for 5 houi'S, it is probable that manuring with phosphates on that particular soil will not produce com- mensurately increased yields of sugar cane. Work with different varieties has shown that B. 208 is unsuitable for A'ery heavy clay soils, although in all the tests on the exiteriment fields this variety has been characterized by a high sugar content and a high purity. The results of fertilizer experiments with rice show that in 100 tests with and without applications of phosphates 03 were in favor of the use of phosphates. Basic superphosphate gave increased yields in 69 cases, superphosphate in 04, and slag phosphate in 52. Assuming that the plats were of equal fertility in- creases of 4.7, 7.3, and 9.6 per cent were due to the use of superphosphate, slag phosphates, and basic superphosphate, respectively. A large number of varieties of cotton were tested and the results are briefly described. Brief not€>s on the quality of each variety are given, and it is stated that all the varieties of cotton submitted for examination can be most success- fully cultivated in British Guiana. Work with field crops, F. II. Hall (New York State Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. .?. pp. 267-291). — A summary is here given of the work conducted with field crops at the station dtn-ing the first 25 years of its existence. The crops entering into this work were alfalfa, barley, corn, oats, onions, potatoes, sugar beets, tobacco, wheat, and forage cro])s. Report on field trials on the manuring of seeds hay, .1. F. Blackshaw (Midlinifl Affi: niid Dnirii Col. lint. I, 19U7-H, pp. II). — Fertilizer experiments with rye grass and clover are reported. The results indicate that the use of commercial fertilizers in a favcu'able season and on good ground may be profitable and that it is better to apply a complete dressing than an incomi)lete one. Unit for unit, the nitrogen in sulphate of anmionia and nitrate of soda was of equal value to the crop. •Muriate of potash was the only form of potash giving a profitable return, and then only when applied during the earlier part of March. The results indicate that 1.30 lbs. of sulphate of ammonia and 210 lbs. of superphosi>hate applied during the earlier jiart of Ai)ril, and 105 lbs. of muriate of jiotash applii'd during the earlier p:irt of Mari-h is likely to give the most itrotitable yields of the different fertilizer applications com|iared. 932 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dates of seeding winter grains, T. I?. Hitciikson ( Virginia fita. Circ. 3, pp. 8, figs. 2). — Brief notes are ;;iven on work previously reported (E. S. K., 18, p. 927). Report on a field trial with varieties of barley (Midhnid Agr. and Dairy Cdl. liul. 2, HXns, pp. l.')-,!2). — Tlie trials here rt'ported indicate that Chevalier \arieties produce the heaviest yield of yrain, hut that on some soils and in nnfavornhJe seasons the quality is not of the best. In general, barleys of the (kddthorpe type produce better grain than the C'hevalier barleys. The Wue grass of southwest Virginia, W. B. Ellett {Virginia 8ta. Bui. ISO, pp. UO-iHi). — A chemical study of blue grass in the southwestern part of \ irginia as compared with other localities is reported, with reference to the cLiim that the grass in this region is superior to any similar grass grown else- where for tinisliing cattle without grain for export trade. The blue grass and the blue-grass hay from southwest Virginia averaged 35.85 per cent in protein content, samples from the Valley of Virginia 12.67, and those from eastern Virginia 13.42 per cent. The green grass from the southwest averaged 17.82 per cent, from the Valley 15.10 per cent, and from eastern Virginia 16.15 per cent of protein. The average of samples of hay from 7 other States was 11.54 per cent of protein as compared with 12.67 per cent for A'irginia and 14.53 per cent for southwest Virginia. Samples of grass from New York, Pennsylvania, and Wisconsin averaged 16.54 per cent as com- pared with 16.36 per cent from Virginia and 17.82 per cent from southwest Virginia. The young grass from all parts of the State averaged 16.36 per cent of protein, while grass ready to cut averaged 12.67 per cent. Samples of grass taken from a grazed meadow at Blacksburg on different dates con- tained the following percentages of protein on a dry matter basis: May 26, 16.92; July 6, 17.09; July 13, 20.86; July 20, 20.27; August 3, 18.09; August 17, 14.95; August 24, 14.87; September 4, 17.93; and October 19, 17.45. Selecting seed corn, L. Carrier (Virginia Sta. Circ. 4, PP' 2-12, figs. 3). — This circular contains brief directions with reference to time to select seed corn, the kind of plant and ear to select, and the care of seed corn after harvesting. Cotton culture in Palembang, W. M. Gutteling (Jaarh. Dept. Land. Neder- land. Indie, 1907, pp. 170-178). — A brief description of experimental work with cotton is given and brief notes on the culture of several tree cotton varieties are presented. The results with Caravonica cotton led to the cf)nclusion that the climate is too wet and changeable for this variety. Rough Peruvian (Gossypium peruvianum) and Brazilian cotton (Gf. brasiliensc) produced no seed. Bourbon cotton (G. purpurascens) and G. mexicanum were also culti- vated, and their behavior during the season is described in detail. Supply and distribution of cotton for the year ending August 31, 1908, D. C. RoPEB {Bur. of the Census [U. S.] Bui. 97, pp. ^0, pis. 2, dgms. 3).— The total supply of cotton in the United States for this year is given as 13,358,707 running bales. The cotton consumed by manufacturers amounted to 4,539,090 bales, of which 2,187,096 bales were used in the cotton-growing States and 2,351,994 bales in all other States. The exports reached 7,."3.349 bales. The different topics treated in the bulletin are supply and distribution, dif- ferent cotton stocks in the Ignited States, the world's consumption of cotton, the trade in cotton and its manufactures for selected countries, the history and description of cotton manufacture, utilization of cotton mill waste, water power, future dealings in the staple, and the grading and classification of the fiber. Report on field trials on the manuring of mangels, J. F. Blackshaw {Midland Agr. and Dairy Col. Bui. 8. 1907-8, pp. 79-96). — Experiments con- ducted in 1907 show that it did not pay to use more than 90 lbs. of phosphoric FIELD CROPS. 933 acid, nor more than (iO lbs. of ijotasli, per acre for mangels. Both phosphate and potash were better applied sliortly before seeding rather than in March. It is recommended that 100 lbs. of sulphate of amnH)nia, 715 lbs. of sni)eri)hos- phate. and 127 lbs. of sulphate of potash be applied at seeding time, 130 lbs. of nitrate of soda when tlie croi) is thinned, and 2S0 lbs. of common salt in March. [Variety tests with oats], L. A. Mookiiouse (Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. i'l, J/'), 7'). 76). — Four varieties of oats were tested in 190") and lOOO. The average yields per acre were as follows: Texas Red 42.35 bu., Khersou 41.37 liu., Lincoln 38.07 bu., and Culberson 33.54 bu. In lOOO imi)orted Iowa seed (>ats gave a yield of 2.').ir> bu. per acre. Culture tests with Panicum^ maximum and Paspalum dilatatum in Dutch East India (Jaurh. Dipt. Laiulb. Ncdiiiund. Indlv, 1907, pp. S6, 87). — ^Plant- ing I'ankiiin majimuin at different distances resulteil iu the best yields where I»lants were placed 90 by 50 cm. (al)out .36 by 20 iu.) apart. As this plant comes into bloom about every 2 mouths, cutting every 2 months instead of every month is recommended. PuHpalum dilatatum in field culture gave poor results, but where sown in l)eds and later transplanted satisfactory yields were secured. This grass, which is a good meadow plant when sown thickly, is rankerodiK'inf? varieties came from South Africa and a few from India. After "> years' test only (i of tlie varieties were recommended as relial)le sirui> producers for tlie latitude of the station. Hut seldom was less than 12 per cent of total su^'ars in the juice found in the mature cane of any of the better varieties. The usi? of carbonate of lime as a fertilizer did not detiiiiti'ly show any ditt'ercnces in (piality. yield, and maturity. Report on experiments on the growing' of sugar beets, T. Milbukn, J. fJor.D- INC. and S. (J, Paink (Midland Ai/r. and Dairy Vol. Bui. !), J907-H,pp. 99-10!)).— The results of sugar-beet trials conductal in li)07 indicate that with regard to distance between rows it is advisable to adopt the narrowest width possible down to 12 in. It is further shown that in a damp and cold season digging should be delayed as long as possible, for iu every case roots dug in November contained a higlu'r i)ercentage of sugar than those dug in October. Sugar beets in 1908, W. B. Ellett (Virginia 8ta. Circ. .7, /*/'. //). — Brief reports on the sugar content and purity secured in cooperative cul'iure tests in different counties of the State are given. Of the samples analyzed the richest contained 1G.4 per cent of sugar in the beet, with a purity of lto.4 iicr cent. The highest pui'ity coefficient recorded is 92.7 per cent. The composition and production of sugar beets CNew York State Sta. Rpt. J907, pt. 3, pp. 23()-^,i2). — A summary of exi)eriments with Kleinwanzleben and Yilmorin Improved sugar beets conducted from 1897 to 1901. In lsi;7, about 140 sam])les of beets from different parts of the State varied from 12 to 1S.5 per cent in sugar content, the general average being about 15..3 per cent. The next year beets from 16 different localities contained from 10.1 to 18.5 per cent of sugar, with an average of 15.5 per cent. In 1899, 1900, and 1!K)1 the sugar content in beets grown at the station varied from 12.3 to 18.5 per cent, with an average of 15 per cent. In the several years of work the coefficient of purity varied from 72.5 to 90.2, averaging about 83 per cent. Additional details as to these cultural tests and also of fertilizer trials have been previously noted (E. S. R., 11, p. 238; 13, p. 1042). Potash consumption of the beet during its first season of growth, K. Andklik and J. Urban (Ztsclir. Ziickerindn.s. Bohmen, 32 (1908), No. 10, pp. 559-575). — In the series of experiments conducted with reference to this problem it was found that the quantity of potash taken up by the sugar beet in its first year of growth varies with the season, the soil, the fertilization, and the seed. The minimum quantity determined was 156.9 kg. in 400 quintals of beets (about 7.84 lbs. per ton of beets), but the consumption in general was much greater. The use of potash salts and barnyard manure increased the quantity of potash taken up, while dry seasons apparently reduced it, but the dry years also iiroduced small yields of beets and sugar. It was also observed that beets fi'om different kinds of seed, grown under identical conditions, varied in potash consumption, and that beets from the same kind of seed but grown under different conditions also varied in this regard. A high potash consumption did not indicate a high yield of beets or of sugar, but was rather correlated with a heavy yield of leaves. The ])roportion of potash taken up to the quantity of sugar produced was not constant, the range de- termined being from 2.1 to 5.8 parts of potash to 100 parts of sugar. The roots contained from 32.1 to 41.5 per cent of the potash consumed, showing that the larger portion goes to the leaves. However, wlien the plants used large quan- tities of potash an increase in the potash content of the roots also took place. In the beets showing the minimum content of potash the proportion of potash to sugar was 0.75 to 100, while in the beets containing on the average 177.5 kg. of potash per 400 quintals, the proportion of potash rose to 1.01 parts, and in the beets containing 303 kg. of potash per 400 quintals, to 1.72 parts per 100 FIELD CHOPS. 935 parts of siipar. Some varieties of seed produced more potash and others less in the root. The differences ohserved ranged from 0.2 to 0.7 i)arts of potash per loo parts of sugar. Experiments with seedling and other varieties of canes, J. I*. D'Albu- giKRQUE and J. K. Bovell (Rpt. Agr. Work Jiarhados, Imp. Dcpt. Agr. West Indicfi, 1900-1901, pi. 3, pp. 99). — This publication is the customary tabulated report, with brief comments, on this work carried on under the direction of the Imperial Dei>artment of Agriculture for the West Indies. The period covered is for the season between 1905 and 1007. The experiments were conducted in the same maimer as previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 333). On the black soils cane B. 3690 ranked first, with a yield of 2,045 lbs. of saccharose jier acre in excess of that secured from White Transparent, the standard cane. B. 208 i-ankwl second and B. 147 third, with increased yields of 1,494 lbs. and 922 lbs. of saccharose, respectively, over White Transparent. On the red soils, as plants and rattoons, B. 1566 stood first with 8,.394 lbs. of saccharose per acre as plants and 6,645 lbs. as rattoons, while White Trans- parent as plant canes gave only 6,006 lbs. and as rattoons only 5,736 lbs. per acre. The average results from the best varieties during the past 4 seasons indicate that B. 3696, B. 1753, B. 1529, B. 147, and B. 208 are apparently the i>cst varieties for the black soils, and B. 3405, B. 3412, B. 3390, B. 1566, B. 208, B. 1529. and B. 376 for the red soils. The seedling canes origina((>d, selected, and tested in these experiments show a marked sui)eriority in many instances. On the l)lack soils the average results for 3 and 4 years, arranged according to saccharose yield, show that White Transparent stood last in a list of 90 with 6.670 lbs. of saccharose, while the seven best varieties gave an average of over 9.000 lbs. [Variety tests with sweet potatoesl, O. M. Morris (Oklahoina Sta. Rpt. 190H, pp. Li, 13). — The following varieties of sweet potatoes, with the yields per acre reported, were grown on thin upland soil of poor quality with a hard- pan subsoil : Black S])anish <;,795 lbs.. Blooming .5,094 lbs., Early (Jolden 17,771 lbs.. Extra Early Carolina 9,460 lbs., Hanover Yam 11,585 lbs.. Red Bermuda l.~.,;i09 ll)s.. Red Nancemond 4.K07 lbs.. Red Nose 9,889 lbs.. Southern Queen (i.l43 lbs., Vineless 981 lbs., Vineless Pumpkin Yam 10,371 lbs.. Yellow Jersey 6,328 lbs. Tobacco experiments, IT. Jenskn (Jaarb. Dcpt. Landb. l^'cdcrland. Indie, 1907, pp. 199-211, phs. 3, dgiii. I). — The results of experiments here described indicate that rultber .solutions can not be used for comliating phytophthora. In a jilant breeding test it was found that the chances of securing a fixed broad leaf variety from an individual jilant showing this characteristic were very small. It is believed that the jilant with which the test was begun was a cross between a narrow and a I»road leaf plant, and that for this reason the progeny broke up into many forms. A cross between Canary and Deli tobacco i)roduced good plants practically free from mosaic disease, although the mother plants had been so attacked by this disease that they had iniproi)erly developed and were almost dwarfed. Reciprocal crosses between White Burley and Peru followed MeiKlel's law in part only. Some of the indivi^liials showermediate between the male and female parent in the first generation. The veins of the pure White P.iirley jilants were light in color, which is regarded as a r<>cessive character, while the veins of the crosses with Peru and Can.iry were normally green. With reference to the base of the leaf and the size of the plants the crosses were intermediate. The leaves in the hybrids had long stems, which is a char- acter iirevailing in Peru tobacco, and is therefore looked upon b.v the author as probably a (Uuninant character derived from that variety. 936 EXPEHI.MKXr STATION KKCOKl). After srowiufj t()l)act'() (((iitiiiiKHisly for r» years on the sauie soil green manur- ing gave good results, tliiis sliowing tliat fertility had declined. Crntalaria rctuxil as a green-niannring crop produced a good growth early enoiigh In the season to he plowed under at the jjroper time. Irrigation increased the leaf surface of plants ahont lOf) per cent. The relation of nicotine to the quality of tobacco, W. W. Garnkb (U. K. Uept. Agr., Jim: I'Irint Indua. liuL l.'/l, pi. /, pp. Hi). — 'Plie variation in the nico- tine content and its relation to the quality of tohacco are discussed, and the results of experiments reported. Extraction with p(»troleuni ether of a sample of domestic filler tohacco pos- sessing a peculiar pungency or harshness was fomid to remove the oh.jectionable qualities. The ether extract, however, contained only a portion of the nicotine in the tobacco. The nicotine was apparently present in at least two forms, one of which is soluble in petroleum ether while the other is practically insoluble. The total nicotine present in a sample of Connecticut wrapper-leaf tobacco before fermentation was 3.39 per cent and after fermentation 2..S9 per cent, representing a loss of 0.5 per cent in the fermentation process. The nicotine soluble in petroleum ether before fermentation was 1.00 per cent, while that soluble after fermentation was 1.01 per cent. The loss of total nicotine in fer- mentation therefore corresponds very closely to the difference between the amount soluble in petroleum ether before and after fermentation. The author concludes that "the undesirable sharpness or pungency contained in the smoke from certain types of cigar-filler tobacco and which constitutes one of the two factors included in the term 'strength,' as applied to the smoke, is due almost entirely to the volatile, easily soluble form of nicotine which acts as if it were in the free state. On the other hand, tlie true physiological effects of the smoke, as embodied in the term ' fullness,' are proportional to the total quantity of nicotine." It was found that "the pungent, harsh quality of the smoke is partially, but not entirely, removed by protracted I'esweating and aging of the tobacco, whereby the easily volatile nicotine is largely expelled. This undesirable prop- erty is entirely removed by extracting the tobacco with petroleum ether, which simply dissolves out the volatile nicotine. Finally, the addition of sufficient citric acid to the tobacco to combine with all of this easily volatile nicotine efficiently overcomes the sharpness or pungency of tlie smoke." Alaska wheat investigation, H. T. French and J. S. Jonks {Idiihn Sta. Bill. 6'5, pp. 3-12). — A classification of this wheat is given, the claims made for it are reviewed, and tests made at the station are reported. Analyses made of the gi'ain and the flour of Little Club and Alaska spring and Alaska winter wheat showed that in total protein and protein in the form of gliadin the Alaska wheat flour in both cases was somewhat higher than that from Little Club, which is described as a soft wheat, ranking probably about halfway between the best and the poorest milling varieties. The gluten in the Alaska spring wheat flour was rather hard to wash out. but when once obtained it seemed to be of i)ractically the same quality as that secured from either of the other flours although somewhat less in amount. The water required to make a dough out of 310 gm. of flour for the different wheats was as follows : Little Club 180 cc, Alaska spring 182 cc, and Alaska winter 182 cc. In baking tests both Alaska wheats gave noticeably whiter bread than did the Little Club. It was concluded from these tests that the gluten in the Little Club flour is somewhat stronger and quicker acting than that of the Alaska flours, Init on the whole there was very little difference in the baking qualities of the flour obtained from the different wheats. The yield of Alaska wheat grown in HOKTICULTURE. 937 the vicinity of the station nnder field conditions is estimated at from 20 to 40 bu. per acre. Seed studies {Neiv York State Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 3, pp. ^330~iii't) .—This article is a review of the seed worlc of the station during the tirst 25 years of its existence. A description of the (ieneva germinator is given, and the results secured in germination tests with field and garden seeds are tabulated, and the conclusions drawn from the investigation are pointed out. The adulteration and misbranding of the seeds of alfalfa, red clover, orchard grass, and Kentucky blue grass, H. T. Galloway (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Sec. Circ. 28, pp. 5; Bur. Statin. Crop Reporter, 11 {1909), No. 3, pp. 21, 22). — The number of seed samples secured and analyzed was 1,471 and analyses of the 102 samiiles which were found to be adulterated or misbranded are hiere reported. Of the y5S samples of alfalfa seed secured se; contained seed of sweet clover, 70 seed of yellow trefoil, and in 107 dodder was i)resent, ranging from a trace to a sutticient quantity to sow 3,G00 seeds per square rod when seeding at the rate of 16 lbs. per acre. Only 8 samples contained yellow trefoil seed in sufficient quantity to be considered an adulterant. Of the 413 samples of red clover secured only 2 were adulterated with yellow trefoil seed, though a trace of this seed was present in 164 samples. Dodder was found in 223 samples, and it was found that in seeding one lot at the rate of 8 lbs. of red clover seed per aci-e 679 dodder seeds would be sown per square rod. By the use of other lots more than 3,.500 buckhorn and plantain seeds and 2,600 green foxtail seeds would be sown per square rod. Of the 343 samples secured as orchard grass seed 2 contained no orchard grass seed, 2 were adulterated with chess, and 49 with seed of rye grass, meadow fescue, or both. Of the 357 samples obtained as Kentucky blue grass seed 25 contained Canada blue grass as an adulterant, 12 were practically all Canada blue grass, and 2 were meadow fescue. It is stated that since this line of work reported here has begun, the im- portation of yellow trefoil seed and its use as an adulterant of red clover and alfalfa seed has practically ceased. Adulteration of orchard grass and Ken- tucky lilue grass seed is also much less common now than a few years ago. Feeds, seeds and weeds, E. II. Jenkins {Connecticut State Sta. But. UU, pp. 3-6). — This bulletin reports in tabular form, with brief discussion, the number and the vitality of weed seeds found in a pound of different proprietary feeding stuffs on sale in the State. The total number of weed seeds per pound in the 7 feefls examined ranged from 5,2.34 to 86,000. The seeds of Ch:nptochloa, Chenopodiuni, I'olygonum, Rrassica, Ambrosia, Panicum, Rumex, and Silene were found in most of them. The number of Chenopodiuni seeds found in the feeds capal)le of germinating ranged from 27 to 13,814. The number of germinalile Polygonum seeds was 453 in one feed and 522 in another, while from four samples none of these seeds grew. The vitality tests of the Chaetochloa seeds showed that the number capable of germinating ranged from 0 to 13,118 per pound of feed. It is pointed out that of the feed mixtures examined in some instances 100 and in others more than 20,000 seeds were alive. HORTICULTURE. Horticultural investigations, X. O. Rooth {Nexe York State Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 3, pp. 202-329, pis. .',). — This is a summary of Investigations which have been conducted with orchard and small fruits and vegetables at the station during the first 25 years since its establishment, including abstracts of the bulletins and other publications issued relative to the work. 938 KXPKHIMKNT STATION KKCORD, Veg-etable-fAiit seed distribution for 1909, H. I). Hakstf.o ( Xch- Jersey i (<) tiu)st» williiij; to ((Hiiitly witli tlie conditions several Ivinds of corn, t, eK^;i>lant, Itean and sciiiash seed, some 4') varieties in all, to- gether with an oinaniental, "White Star" phlox, which have l>een produced in connection with their plant-hreetliiiK investigations (E. S. R., 10. p. 103J)). One variety of sweet corn, 2 of bush snap beans, and 2 of squash are also offered for home I)reeding pnritoses. The tirst part of this bulletin discusses the varieties offered for trial. Part 2 contains su^rgestions for the improvement and breeding of veKetal>les at home, together with notes on the varieties offere-l!tO.">. inclusive, and by the authors jointly in the years l!)06-7. The work conqu'ised a conq)arative study of the standard and dwarf cliarac- ters of the tomato plant, and was pursued with the view of determining the pi'acticability of originating new varieties of tomatoes by the Mendelian methods. As a result of their work, the authors concluded that any 2 varieties of toma- toes differing in 2 or more characters may be crossed and forms secui'ed which will contain any and all combinations of these characters. The work also indicated that it was actually necessary to raise 7 times as many tomatoes as are theoretically necessary, according to Mendel's work with peas (E. S. R., 13, p. 744), in order to secure any desired combination. There was a strong tendency for the second generation hybrids to revert to the same combinations of characters as the parents rather tlian to form new ones. It was found that in raising tomatoes outdoors without the use of a greenhouse 3 years from the cross is sufficient time to form and fix any combination of characters, whereas it requires 8 to 10 years to fix types by the old method HORTICULTURE. 939 of selectiou. By usiiifr a jrrociilKnisc for (Uic ^ciu'ratioii a poar-shaiuHl. yellow fruit was transferred from a standard to a dwarf vine in a year from the time tbe orifriiial cross was made. Since these characters were all recessive no fur- ther fixing was required. Mendel's law applied in tomato breeding, A. G. Craig (Proc. Hoc. Hort. ScL, 1907. pp. 2.'i-27). — The results secured by the author in a test of Mendel's law as applied to tomatoes appear to have borne out the Important features of the Mendelian theory, althouj^h the numerical proportions of the different character combinations secured as worked out by Mendel for peas (E. S. R., 13, p. 744) did not appear to hold for tomatoes. The author is of the opinion that unit characters and correlation of characters can be determined only by growing the hybrids i-esnlting from any particular cross, except possibly where the {)edigrees of both parents are known. fA study relative to the influence of fertilizers on the structure of the tomato), (). M. Mokkis (Okhiliomd Hta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 13-15). — Experiments were conducted for 8 successive years to determine whether different projjor- tions of fertilizer inirredients applied to the soil would influence the relative amounts of seed pulp and solid flesh of the tomato. Several combinations of fertilizer and over 40 varieties of tomatoes were included in the work. The data secured indicate that there is practically no influence exerted by different fertilizers in increasing or decreasing the relative amount of solid flesh and seed pulp. The author also finds that the best varieties are not necessarily those that have the greatest projiortion of solid flesh in the fruit. Report of the South Haven Substation for 1907, L. R. Taft and F. A. WiLKKN (Mi {1901-H), pp. <;.?. /iys. J/). — This rejiort contains a review of the work done by the State board of horticultufe. statistics showing the volume and charactei- of tli<' fruit industry in Montana, and other information 82394— No. 10—09 4 940. EXPKHIMKNT STATKJxX RECORD. of iiraetioal value to fruit Ki'f>wers, relative to varieties, culturMJ met hods, and insert jiests and diseases and their oontrol. The small fruits: Information concerning- their culture, J. Troop (Indiana Stl!l-,i.iO\. — This Inilh'tin contains iiopnlar directions for {.'row- ini: strawberries, i-aspherrics, l)]ac] (HJOS), Xo. !>, pi>. Ul'H-dHl). — Daily observations were made durinR the spring of 190S on the condition of the blossoms of several varieties of fruit in the plantations of the Wye Agricultural College, with the view of ascertaining the period when the blossom is most susceptible to injury by frost. With the exception of apricots and Japanese plums, little damage was done to the blossoms !)y frost in 1!)08. The present notes, however, contain con- siderable information relative to early and late blooming varieties of the various fruits, as well as on the duration of the blooming i»eriod. The American apple orchard, F. A. Waugii CNcw York, 1908, pp. X+215, pi. 1, figs. 30). — This work is designed as a sketch of the practice of apple growing in North America at the beginning of the 20th century. Consideration is given to all of the important phases of apple culture, including the geog- raphy of apiile growing, soils, exposures, wind-breaks, winterkilling, planting operations, cultivation, cover crops, pruning, fertilizers, insect pests, fungus diseases and other orchard troubles, spraying machinery and spraying solu- tions, harvesting and marketing, the family orchard, renovation of old orchards, and selection of varieties. The work concludes with a list of the best-known varieties, with condensed descriptions. Planting' apple orchards in Idaho, J. R. Shinn {Idaho Sta. Biih 6-'f, pp. 5-37, pis. 11, maps 2). — This bulletin on the planting of apple orchards is de- signed to meet the needs of new settlers and other inexperienced growers. Practical suggestions are given relative to the selection of oi'chard sites and varieties, preparing the land, drainage, irrigation, various systems of planting, and care and ]irotection from injurious vermin during the early life of the trees. Orchard survey of Jackson County, C. I. I^ewis, S. L. Bennett, and C. C. Vincent (Orcyon Hia. Hul. 101, pp. 3-55, pis. 15). — The character of the survey reported in tliis bulletin is similar to that previously noted for Wasco County (E. S. R., 20, p. 3.30). Studies were made of orchard sites, soils, cultivation, fertilizers, irrigation, drainage, planting systems, kinds and varieties of fruit, age of orchards, pruning, thinning, fungus diseases, insects, yields, harvesting, marketing, and prices received. The total number of orchards in the county was found to be 473, containing t»,(>T5.4 acres, of which .").'.)72.1)7 acres were planted to apples. 2,1S1).43 acres to pear.s. and the remaind(>r to prunes, plums, cherries, apricots, almonds, and mixed orchards. Yellow Newton and Spitzenberg were the leading varieties of apples. Of the pears Bartlett was slightly in the lead, followed by Comice and Bosc. The orchard elevations varied from 1,200 to 2.G00 ft. A large percentage of the trees were under 0 years of age. The maxinuun yiehls were found in trees from 1~) to .30 years of age. Older trees were (lecliiung in yield bwause of neglect. Practically 74 per cent of the orchards received gf)od cultivation, however, and only li per cent, largely home orchards, were totally neglected. Only 5 per cent of the growers used conunercial fertilizer. ."» per cent cover crops, and 70 per cent stable comi»ost in very limited quantities. Ten per cent of the growers were irrigating and others I)reparing to do so. Eighty-three per cent of the growers favor winter pruning and 11 per cent prune both winter and sununer. Anthracnose was the most noticeable fungus disease, being found in til orchards. Other diseases noted in lesser (piantities were, blight, crown gall, shot-hole fungus, and iipple seal). Of the insects the codling moth was notice- ably present iu 141 orchards. San Jose scale was found in OS orchards, the 942 EXPKHIMKNT STATION KECOUI). aphis in HS. and borers in 81. orclianls. There was considerable difference of ojiinion as to the best date and nninher of appli<'ations to make in spraying for eodlin;r moth. Eijihty per cent sjtray when the itetals fail, 21 per cent wait nntil the moths appear. sr» jter cent nialve 4 applications, and 12 jier cent l)nt 2 api»lirat inns. The practical culture of coffee trees, A. F.vrciiKKi: (Culture I'mtit/uc ilii Vafcicr rt I'lcixinifiou du Cafr. I'aris. I'.iOS. jij). I'JS. /y/.s. l.i, jiqs. .n. dgiiis. .'/). — This is a treatise on the cnltnre and iiri'paralion of coffee for the market with special reference to the development of the industry in Madagascar. Consideration is given to the natnral distribution, history, sjtecies and varieties of coffee, climate and soils, details of cnltnre and management of coffee planta- tions, diseases and insects. The various ])rocesses in preparing coffee for the market, together with the eiinipment, are also described, and estimates are given on the cost of establishing and maintaining plantations. An appendix deals with the present importance and future possibilities of Coffca nrahka as a variety for growing in Madagascar. Some observations on modern coffee culture in Java, G. E. Schuubman {Indischc Mcrrurr, 32 (JOO!)). \o. 3, pp. 39-.i2). — A paper on this sub.1e<'t presented to the Dutch section of tlie Dutch-Indes Agricultural Society, January, 1000. Holly, yew and box, with, chapters on other evergreens, W. Dallimore (.Vc/c York and London. lUOS. /*/<. A'/T+JX'/, /;/.s-. .'/.Jl. — In tliis iiopular wirk the author describes the more imi)ortant hollies, yews and boxes desirable for ornamental purposes, and gives notes on their culture and uses, together with extracts from various works on the superstitions, legends, poetry, etc., attached to each group. Brief cultural notes and descriptions are also giv^n of several other useful evergreens. The peony, J. E. CoiT (Neic York Cornell 8tn. Bui. 2.')9, pp. 13-1. 'i.^i, pis. 20).— This is the second progress report (E. S. R., 19, p. 342), on the peony investi- gations which are being cooperatively conductefl by the American Peony Society and the Cornell Station, with a view to correct the confused nomen- clature and establish the botanical status of all Aarieties of peonies, as well as to determine the commercial value of different kinds and to worii out im- proved cultural methods. The station is testing an extensive uumber of varieties received from various sources. The pi-esent report deals with the history, culture, and classification of peonies, together with descri]»tions of varieties wliich produced typical bloonis at the station during the past season. The author outlines the history of the various si)ecies and discusses the early development of the peony as a popular flower. lie has worked out an artiticial key for classitication purposes based upon the descriptions of sjiecies made by J. G. B.iker in his .Monograph of the Genus Paeonia. Other i)hases discussed include propagation and culture; evolution and horticultural classification; diseases and insects; and the methods of describing varieties. A chronological bibliography of peony literature is also given. Dahlias and their cultivation, J. B. AVroe (London, 1908. pp. 100. ]d. 1. fif/s. 28). — This work is oB'ered as a ])ractical treatise on the history, culture, and propagaticm of various types of dahlias for exhibition and garden decoration, with hints on staging and judging of flowers, as well as selections of vai'ieties for all ])urposes. Mesembryanthemum and portulacas, A. Berger (Mesenihrianthcmen und Portulaeaccen. Stuttf/urt. 1908. pp. V+328. figs. 67). — This handbook contains descriptions and keys for classifying the important species of mesembryanthe- mum and portulacas, together with brief directions for their culture. FORESTRY. 943 The perfect garden, W. V. Wuifiiir {Loudon, 19()S, />/>. Xn-\-'iOR, pis. 30). — In this itopular work the iuithm" discusses garden making from lesthetic and cultural points of view and gives practical hints on economical management and the culture of all the principal flowers, fruits, and vegetables. The text is fully illustrated, and several plans for different types of gardens are aiipcndcd. Garden book, J. Bicgle (Philadelphia, 1908. pp. IS.'f, pi. 1, fiff.s. 8/).— This is a pocket handbook containing practical directions and hints for growing vege- tables, small fruits, and tiowers for pleasure and profit. FORESTRY. Silviculture based on natural principles, H. Mayr {Waldhan auf naturgc- setzlicher Qrundlagc. Berlin, 1909, pp. VII +568, figs. 27).— In this treatise on silviculture the author has aimed to bring the observations and results of scientific investigations and silvicultural practice into harmonious unison. The subject-matter is treated under the general headings of the natural principles of silviculture, forest formation, and care and rearing of forests. In part 1 consideration is given to the natural laws affecting forest distribu- tion; the natural foundations of the forest regions of the Northern Hemisphere outside of the Tropics ; the interior relations of these regions ; the nsitural re- quirements of individual species; their sllvicultural-physiological and silvi- cultural-biological properties; the scientific-silvicultural characteristics of the important foi-est trees and shrubs ; the biology of forest stands ; and altera- tions in natural forest conditions effected by man. Part 2 discusses the various systems of forest management; the factors influencing the choice of a system of management: natural and artificial regeneration methods; the culture of exotic species; and afforesting waste. lands. Part 3 deals with the care and tending of forests. In the concluding chapter the author advocates and describes a system of forest management, the small compartment woods (Kleinbestandswald). which system he believes will provide for forest development along both natural and econ(miic lines. In the small compartment forests the districts and com- ]»artments may be based on ttvhnical considerations, but the subcompartments, which may vary from 0.3 hectare to 3 hectiires (from 0.74 to 7.41 acres) iu size, each consist of a different species. The whole forest is then com- posed of a large number of small, pure stands. In certain situations, such as mountains, high hills, and sandy and wet lauds, it may be found desirable to increase the size of the subcompartments to 5 hectares and to grow the same sjtecies in neighboring compartments, although in the latter case the age-class of the adjoining stands should vary considerably. The fundamental principles of forest management, A. IIenze (Die Ilanpt- grnndxalzc dis Forxtbctrichcs. Hanover, 1908, pp. II.'), figs. 9). — This is a jtopnlar book treating of the elements of silviculture and forest management. The work is designed primarily for farmers owning woodlands, and as a text- Ixiok for agricultural scliools. The rang'e-ofRcer system in the German state forest administration, O. von liKNTiiKi.N! (I)as Obirforstcrsi/slcin in drn dciitsclirn StaatyforNtrcnralhtngen. Ihrlin. 1908, pp. 219). — In this work the author traces the development of the range-otiicer system in (Jerman forestry, and presents evidence to show that, nitliongh great impi'ovements have been brought about in forest management, the system has not i)een comjiletely developed. lie attril)utes many unfavorable existing forest conditions in (Jermany to this lack of comi)letion, and concludes with suggestions for a more thorough development of the range-officer system. 944 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The value of normal yield tables in forest management, E. Ostwald {Ztscltr. Foist. It. Jaydic, .',1 (l!)09), Xo. t, pp. l.'f-^7). — The author advances the oi)iiii(in th.if iiKisf of the yield data which have been gathered in experimental work have been formulated to meet the needs of scientific investigators ratlier than practical foresters. With the view of illustrating a system of formulating the data which shall be of value to practical foresters, he i)resents and discusses a series of S yield tnbles which are based on the yield data secured by Schwap- pach in his work with the iiinc ( K. S. K., 7, p. iXil ; 2(t, p. ()t4). Report on forest conditions in Delaware and the forest policy for the State, W. D. Sterrett {Dclaicare Sta. Bui. 82, pp. 3-5H, fiys, JO, map I). — liesults are given of a cooperative study of forest conditions in Delaware made bj' the station and the Forest Service of this Department with the purpose of recom- mending practical measures for the management of the various classes of wood- land and of formulating a definite forest policy for the State. The two general lines of action recommended and discussed are the encour- agement of forestry by private owners and the establishment of State forests. Lists are given of species indigenous to the State, grouped according to their commercial importance, together with remarks on their occurrence, and sug- gestions relative to the establishment and management of forest plantings. Most of the land in the State was found to be too valuable for agricultural purposes to be used for growing forests. The author points out the desirability of the woodlot on the farm, however, and also advises the planting of trees to serve as wind-breaks and shelter belts. Since Delaware has a climate and soils well adapted to extremely rapid tree growth and a favorable market for forest products, it is concluded that timber growing, with careful treatment, can be made a profitable enterprise anywhere in the State on lands not valued at more than $15 per acre for agriculture. Report of the State forester of Wisconsin for 1907-8, E. M. Griffith (Rpt. State Forester Wis., 1907-8, pp. 5-133, pis. 11). — This report discusses the con- dition of 'State forest operations for 1907-S, and contains suggestions for han- dling local forest problems of various kinds, such as reforestation, fire protec- tion, timber trespass, forest taxation, and necessary legislation. An appendix contains the State forestry laws for the years 1905 and 1907. Forest trees of the Pacific slope, G, B. Sudworth {JJ. 8. Dept. Agr.. Forest Serv., 1908, pp. .'flfl, pis. 2, figs. 201). — This volume, now withdrawn from circu- lation, contains an account of the tree species, 150 in all, known to inhabit some part of the region including Alaska, British Columbia, Washington, Oregon, and California, many of which trees occur wholly within this region. Since the work is nontechnical in character, the artificial keys of families, genera, and species are omitted, and the many full-sized illustrations of the leaves, fruits and seeds have been made a special feature for the purpose of identification. Each species is considered relative to its distinguishing characteristics, longev- ity, range, occurrence, climatic conditions, tolerance, and reproduction. The afforestation of poor agricultural soils, K. J. Moller {Aufforstiiiig Lutuliciitschaftlich Minderwertigcii Bodens. Berlin, 1908. pp. IV+102). — This work, which was given a prize by the department of the interior of Saxony, consists of a study of the expediency of afforesting lands which are either poor or of no value for jigricultural purposes with special reference to small estates. The subject is discussed under 2 general headings. In part 1 the author considers to what extent the afforestation of these lands is advisable. In part 2 he discusses ways and means for afforesting such lands on small estates. An appendix contains regulations and sample statutes for the organiza- tion of forestry associations. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 945 The afforestation of the infertile lands of small estates from the stand- points of agricultural and forest policy, K. Beck (Die Anfforstuny dcr iiitrrn- tablen FUichen des LandicirtschuftUcheii Kleinbesitses vom Agrar- und Forstpoli- tischen Stand punkte auti betrachtct, Berlin, 1908, pp. 99). — In this prize essay, which is similar in character to the one noted above, the author first considers the question as to what lands are suitable for afforestation purposes, and then discusses the ways and means for bringing about tbls afforestation. Moss cover and natural regeneration, K. Bohmerle (Ccnthl. Grsain. Forstic, 85 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 22-:il). — An account with the data secured is given of investigations conducted at the Mariabrunn Forestry Station relative to the effect of moss covered ground on natural regeneration. The results of this study indicate that a mossy cover, other conditions being equal, is not favorable for tbe germination of seeds falling on such ground. During periods of drought the mossy cover exerts a favorable influence as long as it remains moist by supplying the root systems with additional moisture. This influence is only temporary, however, and in tbe exiierimental areas tbe number of plants growing on moss-free ground was found to be considerably greater tban that growing on mossy ground. The plant biology of the Flemish dunes, C. De Bbuyne {Handel. Vlaamsch Xatuur en Ueneesk. Cong., 10 {1906), I, No. 1-2, pp. XXXYII-LXXX, figs. 50).— In this paper the author discusses the various plant formations existing on Flemish sand dunes and their value for sand-binding purposes. The future use of land in the United States, R. Zon iU. 8. Dept. Agr. For- est Seri\, Circ. 159, pp. 15, map. 1). — In this circular the author points out the importance of land as a natural resource and contrasts the present condition and extent of our agricultural, grazing, desert, forest, and intermediate lands with their probable condition and extent 50 years from now as influenced by the needs of an increased population. He shows that with an increasing de- mand for land for agricultural crops there is little hope of increasing the extent of forest land. He presents data drawn from forest conditions in our own and other countries to support the conclusion that the growing demand for wood material must be met by an increase in tbe productiveness of existing forest lands and a decrease in the waste. Forests and reservoirs in their relation to stream flow with particular reference to navigable rivers, H. M. Chittenden (Cong. Rce.. .'/5 {1909). Xo. .'/7. pp. 2102-2121). — An extensive paper on \:his subject which was prepared for discussion before the American Society of Civil Engineers. The autbor takes exception to the rather commonly accepted opinion relative to the beneficial influence of forests on stream flow, and advocates the preserva- tion of the forests independent of tbeir relation to tbe rivers, which latter he believes can best be regulated by the establishment of reservoirs. Wholesale lumber prices, 1886-1908 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv., 1908, folio). — Tbis is a scbcdule of market (piotations fci* various species and grades of lumber based on figures quoted by the Neir York Lumber Trade Journal, the Redwood Association, and the Yellow I'ine Manufacturers' Asswiatiou. The figures in most instances are based on the January prices for each year. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The development of plant pathology during the past ten years, R. Solla (Riv. Fatal. Veg., 3 (1908). No. 1-3, pp. 1-36).— A summary is given of the present status of i)lant pathology, and some of the more conspicuous discoveries and noted advances made during the past 10 years are described at some length. 946 F.XPKHIMKNT STATION RECORD. In (oiiiiiiling the information tlio autlior bas searcLcd tlii' literatnre quit*:' ex- l»Misi\ ely, anil a list of more than ITiU titles is given. Beport on plant protection {8. Jnlcnial. Lunihr. Koiiff. Wien, 3 (1907), Sect. \ If. A'f'/.s'. /, ])i). 81 ; 2, pp. ,i.i ; 5. pp. 21). — A series of jiapers is given that were presented to tlie International Agricultural Congress at its meeting in Vienna in 1!»UT. The papers discuss tlie means adopUnl for tlie control of plant diseases, insect pests, nematodes, etc., and the organization and results obtained in some of tlie countries re[)resented in the International Union for Plant Pro- tection. Among the i)ai)ers describing the status of the organization and work in different countries are the following : For Sweden, by J. Krilvsson ; Belgium, E. Marchal ; Denmark, F. G. E. Rostrup ; Germany, R. Aderhold ; Holland, J. Kitzema Bos; Italy, B. Moreschi ; Austria, K. Kornauth; Ru.ssia, A. Jaczewski : Switzerland, H. Miiller-Thurgau ; and Hungary, J. Jablonowsky. Summaries are given on the prevention of plant diseases through cultural methods and the utilization of individual and varietal resistance, by P. Sorauer. (J. Pannner, and E. Zederbauer. Reports on nematode control are given by J. Ritzema Bos and J. Spiegler, Botanical investigations, F. C. Stewart (Nciv YorJ: Stale Sta. Rpt. 1901, pt. 3, pp. 119-162, pis. //, map /). — A summary is given of the work in the in- vestigation of plant diseases and their treatment that has been carried on dur- ing the 25 years of the existence of the station. An account is in'esented of most of the important diseases of economic plants, together with suggestions for their control. The publications relating to fungicides and insecticides and si)raying machinery, the work on weeds, and some miscellaneous investigations are also brietlj" summarized. Diseases of field crops in Delaware in 1907, 11. S. Jackson {Delaware Sta. Bui. S3, pp. 3-25, figs. 12). — A popular account is given of some of the more prevalent field-crop diseases observed during 1907 in Delaware, together with observations as to their prevention. Among the diseas(>s described at some length ai'e clover dodder (Cuscnta rpithi/iitmu), anthracnose of red clover {CoUetot rich urn trifoJii). leaf blight of German millet i Piricularia fjriscd), oat smuts (Usiilago areiur and 1\ la'viM), corn smut (U. zca), loose smut of wheat (P. IritUi). powdery mildew of wheat (Erysiphc graminis), and leaf spot of cowpeas (Ccrco.spora crurnta). In addi- tion to the diseases mentioned above, the occurrence of a numlter of other fungi is reported. Report of the acting botanist and plant pathologist, I. P.. P. Evans {Trans- vaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 11)07, pp. 135-172). — After briefly reporting upon the botanical work carried on during the absence of the botanist, an account is given of the plant diseases which were investigated, the principal ones being the bitter pit affecting apples, rusts of cereals and other economic gi'asses. coffee rust with its allied fungi, and the South African locust fungus. In the study of cereal rusts, the author has shown that oats, which seem to be free from rust in India, are readily infested from cultures of Uredo coronifvra and U. graminis. Of the inoculated plants, those receiving spores of V. oro- nifera were much more severely attacked than those to which the other fungus was applied. A study was made of the rust occurring on Rhanmus prinoifles to ascertain whether it might not be connected with the crown rust of oats. As a result of inoculation experiments the author found that the jecidiospores did not germi- nate as ordinary jecidiospores but as teleutospores. A further examination of the fungus led the author to the conclusion that it is not Puccinia coronata. but belongs to the genus Endophyllnm, and the name E. macoicanianum n. sp. is DISEASES OF PLANTS. 947 proposed for it. The inoculation exiit^Mnicnts witli tins funj^ns on oats failed lo develoj) any pustules. A study was made of tlie coffee rust (Ifoiiilria ra>iiatii.r), which is said to have practically ruined the coffee industry of the Colony within the last 10 years. It has been suggested that the species IL uoodii, which occurs on native South African shrubs, might possibly affect coffee, but inoculation experiments have failed to show that this species would grow on coffee or that the coffee rust would infect the host plants of H. looodii. A new species of Hemileia, which is parasitic on another shrub, has been recently discovered, but inocula- tion experiments failed to infect the coffee plant with that rust. Notes are given on the occurrence of the downy mildew of grapes, which threatens to become troublesome in Southern Africa ; on the bitter pit of apples, upon which a report has been prepared, but which is withheld from publication until additional experiments are completed; and upon the locust fungus. Inves- tigations on the locust fungus have shown that no fatal effects can be attributed to the fungus Muvor critiosus, so far as locusts are concerned, the fungus probably lieing a purelj saprophytic one that was not distinguished by the original cultivators from Kiiiintsa gnjUi, a true parasite. Report of veg-etable patholog-ist, H. Tryon (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. and Stock IQuccHfyland], lUOl-S, pp. 8^-^.^ ) .—Notes are given on a number of diseases w'hich have been under observation during the year covered by the report. Among those discussed are a rust of alfalfa, due to Uromyces striatus; a tobacco spot disease, caused by Ccrcospora raciborskii, which is said to impair the value of the tobacco crop, and so far as known occurs only in Australia and Java ; a leaf blast of sisal hemp that is due to sudden meteorological changes; a disease of oranges caused by the fungus Mycocopron sp., which involves the rind of the fruit, causing it to be covered with minute black specks; and a disease of grapes caused by the fungus Strumella ritis. An account of the inspection work cariied on under the Diseases in Plants Act of 1896 completes the report. Annual report of the government mycologist, 1907, W. J. Gallagher (.4 .or. Bill. Straits and Fed. Malay ^states. 7 (l!WS). \o. 12. pp. 5 8S-5 90 ).— Br \et notes are given on the root disease of Para rubber trees due to Fomcs scmitofi- tus ; a bacterial disease of mangosteens, in which 2.'") i)er cent of the fruits were attacked: a disease of rice due to IldinlnthoxporUim sp., etc. The wood-destroying fungi, J. Schorstkin (Separate from Zt.schr. Ostrrr. Ingen. u. Architrkten Ver., 60 (1908), No. .'/.)-.'/6\ /)/). 7, figs. 22).— An illustrated account is given of some of the more common wood-destroying fungi, 22 species being noted that occur on dead or living trees and 7 species which attack tim- ber in houses and other structures. The destruction of fungi by grain-drying apparatus, 11. T^ano (JUiis. Landir. Ztg., 2S ( J90S), Xo. 70, pp. 603, 60.)). — A description is given of a modi- fied seed treatment for the prevention of smut of cereals. The seed after Ix'ing soaked for (5 to 12 hours in water at ordinary tempera- ture is i)lunged in hot water or sub.iecte7s. .77.'M. — A descri|itioM is given of experi- ments made to test the hot-air treatment for the prevention of smuts of wheat and barley. 948 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. It was I'oiiiul that an exi>osiiiv of smut spores for 12 uiimites to a temperature of 05° C. would destroy them. Further tests showed that barley would with- stand a dry heat of 90° and wheat 110° without injury to germination. Where grain did not contain more than the average amount of moisture it was found to readily withstand a temperature of (55°, and field tests showed that barley smut was entirely absent from plats the seed for which had been treated with hot air. The experiments with wheat were less successful. Potato diseases in San Joaquin County, California, W. A. Orton ( U. 8. Ifcpt. Aijr., Bur. Phuit Indus. Virc. ,i.i. pp. I.'i). — A study was made as to the cause of the failure to produce successful crops of potatoes on the tule or peat lands in the deltas of the San Joaquin and Sacramento rivers. These lands are apparently very fertile and produce phenomenally large crops when tirst planted, but in a few years the yield diminishes and the tubers become so rouf^h and scabby as to be practically worthless. The principal cause of the trouble was found to be due to the potato wilt {Fusarium oxyHporum). This disease, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 15. p. 1088), is again described and suggestions offered for its con- trol. A second cause of trouble is said to be the potato scab, due to Oospora scabies, while a third cause of considei'able loss is a decay of potatoes locally known as " leak " or " melters." This is due to the invasion of the fungus Rhizopus niffrtcans. The affected potatoes turn a dull brown outside ; the flesh is buff or brown and very soft and exudes a clear brown liquid. For the wilt and the scab, rotation of crops, the use of resistant varieties, etc.. are recommended, together with the disinfecting of the seed potatoes in the case of scab, while for the trouble caused by R. )ii(/ric(inH the author sug- gests care in handling the potatoes so as to prevent wounding, the practice of sanitary precautions to prevent infection, and the avoidance of placing newly dug potatoes in large piles where they will sweat. Spraying potatoes against blig'ht and the potato beetle, E. P. Sandsten and J. (i. Mil, WARD {Wisvonxiii l^ta. liuJ. IdS, pp. S-27. fi(js. 13). — The Wisconsin Station has been carrying on spraying trials for the past 5 years in the leading potato-growing counties of the State to determine whether the early blight (Alternaria sohnii), which is the only form of blight prevalent in the State, can be controlled by the application of Bordeaux mixture, and also to deter- mine whether spraying should be recommended as a profitable investment and insurance against blight. In all. over 200 acres have been under trial as described in the bulletin. Directions are given for the preparation and application of fungicides and insecticides. A test was made of dry versus wet Bordeaux mixture, in which a gain due to sjiraying with dry Bordeaux mixture of 10 bu. jier acre was ob- tained as compared to a gain for the standard Bordeaux mixture of 33 bu. per acre. For the control of the potato beetle, the authors recommend various poisons. The results thus far obtained indicate that the spraying of standard late varieties can be followed with an assurance of profit. Substantial increases in yields were obtained from spraying early varieties which were planted late, but the spraying of early varieties planted early seldom proved profitable. Potato spraying' experiments in 1907, F. C. Stewart, G. T. French, and F. A. SiRRiNE (Xrw York State Sta. Bui. 307, pp. .'f39-.i68). — This bulletin gives the results of the sixth year's work in the 10-year series of potato spraying experiments which were begun in 1902. The experiments were conducted along the same lines as in previous years (E. S. R., 19, p. 447), 40 separate experi- ments being reported. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 949 In the 10-year experiments at Geneva. H sprayings witli Bordeaux mixture and Paris green or Bordeaux mixture alone increased tlie yield 73.7 bu. per acre and 3 sprayings increased it 44 bu. notwithstanding tlie fact that the amount of damage done by blight and insects was seemingly small. There was no potato rot found. At Riverhead the gain due to 6 sprayings was 31.25 bu. per acre and to 3 sprayings 18 bu. In the cooperative experiments with farmers, which included 152.75 acres, the average gain due to spraying was 36.8 bu. per acre, yielding an average net profit of $17.07 per acre. In experiments conducted by 24 volunteers, gains averaging 30.5 bu. per acre are reported. Diseased potato seed (Jour. Dcpt. Af/r. West. Aust., 17 (1908), No. 5, p. 857, pi. 1). — A brief note is given reporting the presence in seed potatoes of a disease known as the spindle disease, due to Persola tomentosum. Potatoes affected by this disease put out weak sprouts and their value for seed purposes is greatly reduced. The Granville tobacco wilt, E. F. Smith (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bid. I'll. pt. 2. pp. 17-2.'i). — Attention was first called to this disease by publi- cations of this Department and also of the North Carolina Station (E. S. R., 15, pp. 084. 085), and the author states that the diagnosis given in the North Carolina publication describing the disease and attributing it to bacteria is correct. The bacterial origin of the disease is discussed and some recent experiments of the author's described, in which it is demonstrated that the disease is readily coimuunicated to tomatoes through the root system. The cultural characters of the tobacco organism are the same as those of Bacterium solana- cearuui derived from tomato or potato, and there is no doubt but that the Granville wilt of tobacco and the brown rot of the potato, tomato, and egg- plant are all due to the same organism. In the case of tobacco it seems prob- able that the main infection takes place through the root system. A very con- siderable extent of the destructive prevalence of the disease seems to be coincident with the abundant occurrence of root nematodes. For the control of the disease, planting tobacco only on uninfected land, reducing the amount of infectious material as much as possible, avoiding the wounding of roots in transplanting, and breeding resistant varieties as far as possible are among the measures recommended. The black rot of grapes, I>. Ravaz {Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., 3 (1908), II, No. 2, pp. 179-182). — This is a iiaper presented before the International Con- gress of Agriculture held at Vienna in 1907, in which the author gives an ac- count of the black rot of grapes and discusses means for its control. In France, it is said, the fungus has rather definite periods or cycles of ap- pearance during the season. For its prevention vines should be sprayed with some of the fungicides containing copper comi)ounds at intervals of 8 to 10 days (huing the early part of the season. Later applications are to be made whenever spots caused by the fungus are noticed on vines left unsprayed to serve as indicat<»rs of the presence of the disease. The control of the gray rot of grapes, G. Istvanffi (Ann. t!ci. Agron., 3. scr., 3 (1908), II, No. 2, pp. 196-230).— An account is given of studies on the control of the gray rot of grapes due to the fungus Botrj/tls ciiurcd. the conidial phase of Sclrrotinid fuvkeUnnn. The method of attack, development and liiolojiy of the fungus, varietal resistance of grapes to attack, etc., are described, after which the treatment by means of powders, liquid fungicides, etc., are discussed. 950 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. As int'cantionary and preventive measures the author recommends the col- lection and burning of leaves, dried j^rapes, etc.; the ai»]ilication of strong solutions of fungicides to the canes about 2 weeks before pruning; the reduction (if humidity where jHissible; the avoidance of nitrogenous fertilizers: thinning of the grapes: and the use of liquid fungicides which are as adherent as pos- sible and of powdered fungicides containing soluble copper and other materials which are readily decomposed. Among tlie solutions the best results were obtained with Bordeaux mixture containing gelatin or sugar, copper acetate solutions, and a solution of sulphate of nickel. Among the powders a mixture of copper a-cetate or copper sulphate and bisulphite of soda has given the best results. A bibliography is aiJpentled. The white rot of grapes, (i. Istvanffi (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., 3 (1908), II, No. 2, in). IS.J-UKj). — An account is given of the author's investigatons on the white rot of grapes due to Cfniiothyrium iJipJodiella, together with means for its control, based upon an extensive study of this subject, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., ]5, p. 164). Some additional information lias been gained re- garding the disease and especially concerning its control. Spraying with a 8 or 4 per cent Bordeaux mixture and later dusting with a powder containing some form of copper and bisulphite of soda is recommended for application to the young shoots and the grapes. All diseased leaves, shoot.s, and grapes should be collected and burned as completely as possible. The application of the fungi- cides to the grape clusters should be begun immediately after flowering. A brief bibiidgi'iiiiliy is appended. Lathraea squamaria as a parasite of the grape, H. Faes (Rev. Vit., 30 (190S), Xo. 783, p. 100). — In a brief note the author calls attention to the appear- ance of L. squamaria on the roots of grapes, previous investigators having con- sidered it of rare occurrence. In one locality the vines are said to have suffered severely. As the upper part of the i>arasite annually dies to the ground, the injury has generally been attributed to phylloxera, but the author thinks that, . at least in the instances described by him, the principal cau.se of injury is this phanerogamic pa i-a site. Apple scab or black spot, E. S. Salmon (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 182-19,5, figs. 0). — An account is given of the scab or black spot of the apple, due to Venturia pomi, a disease which is said to be causing considerable damage in the orchards of England. Attention is called to the vai-ying suscep- tibility of diffei'ent varieties to attacks of this fungus. For the prevention of the disease, thorough spraying with a Bordeaux mix- ture composed of copper sulphate 4 lbs., lime 4 lbs., and water 50 gal. is recom- mended. Where the disease appears late in the season, to avoid the discoloring due to Bordeaux mixture, ammoniacal copper carbonate solution is recommended. As additional treatment, the author suggests a winter washing of tlie trees with a rather strong coi)per sulphate solution. Review of information relating to olive diseases, Cuboni (Ann. Agr. [Italy], 1908, No. 236, pp. S.i-91). — In the repoi't of the consulting connnission on olive culture and oil making, an account Is given of the diseases to which the olive tree is subject, particular attention being paid to those due to the fungi CycJo- coninin olcagiiium, Capiiiidiuin saliciuuin. and i^tictis panizzci, and suggestions are given for their control, as far as definite means are known. [Spraying peaches and plums], O. M. Morris (Oldalioinu 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 16, 17). — ^A brief account is given of spraying peaches and plums with half- strength Bordeaux mixture for the purpose of protecting them from the attacks of brown rot. Four applications of the fungicide were given the trees, which DISEASES OP^ PLANTS. 951 practically pnitccttHl tliciu fidin tlie disease. Trees not sjirayed lost almost the entire croji. Peach rot (OklalKiiiia tita. Ri>t. JDOS, py. 78, 79). — Directions are given for the prevention of peach rot bj- the use of applications of Bordeaux mixture or au.uioiiiMcal copp(>r carl)onate. Studies in cacao disease, J. H. Hart {I'roc. Agr. Sac. Trinidnd and Tohayo, S (11)08), Xo. 11. pp. 303-508). — The author gives an account of an injury caused to cacao by the fungus Diplodia oicaoicoht. This fungus, it is said, causes the brown rot of the pod and die baclv of the branches, and also affects the roots of the trees. Atteuaon to plantations, pruning out and burning affected portions, and cultivation resulting in an active growth of the trees are recommended as jireveutive nuvisures. Inoculation experiments ivith Peridermi'i.ni strobi from Pinus monticola, F. W. Xkger (XdlKiir. ZLschr. Forst ii. Laiidic, G iltlOH), \o. Li, p. 605). — In order to determine the alternate host plant for the peridermium stage of Prii- dcrmiiim strohi from I'iiius monticola, the author planted in TDO.") a number of currant bushes among a vigorous stand oi IS-year-old trees of P. monticola. The si>ecies of Kibes jilanted were R. fianguincnm, R. alpiniun, R. nih im, R. avrcum, and R. grotamlaria. From 10<)5 to 1907 there was no trace of the uredo or teleuto forms on any of the plants. In 1908 the infection made its ap!)earauce but was found only on R. sangiiinciim. The investigations indicate that R. alpinnm is not the alter- nate host for the peridermium of the si)ecies that occurs on P. monticola, but probably is the alternate host for the forms occurring on the stone pine (/'. ccmbra). The use of copper fungicides, K. von Tubeuf (Xaturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 6 (1908), Xos. 3. pp. 200-203, figs. 3; //, pp. 229-23o, figs. 3; 5, pp. 281i-288, figs. 2). — The action of various copper fungicides is described and notes given on their successful use in combating a number of plant diseases, par- ticularly those of fruits, grapes, and potatoes. The fungi and the effect on their host plants are described, after which directions are given for the prepa- ration and use of copper sulphate soUitions, Bordeaux mixture, soda Bor- deaux, etc. Sulphur as a pest remedy, C. F. Jtjritz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 33 (l!)08), Xo. 6, pp. 719-730. figs. .3). — On acconnt of numerous inquiries regarding the kind of sulphur suitable for combating powdery mildew of grapes, sheep scab, and scale in orchards, the author has made a study of the different forms of sulphur found in commercial use to determine their value as remedies for these troubles. As the form of sulphur is of most importance in combating junvdery mildew, this phase formed the principal portion of the investigation. The action of sul|)hur when used as a fungicide is said to be due to the destructive effect on the mycelium and sjiores of tlie fumes whidi are given off when the weather is sufficiently warm. In order to have the proper effect it lias been found that the sulphur must be evenly distributed and must be in actual contact with all the diseased i)arts of the vine. Studies were made of the fineness, i>urity, diimpness, and presence of free sulphuric acid in the different samples, and it was found that sulphur, wlwtlier ground or in the form known as t1owei-s of sulphur, to be effectual for destroying mildew must possess the following physi<-al and chem- ical proiuMties : Fineness, uniformity of fineness, absence of clogging tendency, purity, freedom from moisture, and freedom from hygroscopic substances. In testing the comparative adaptability of the different forms, it was found that fineness is not the only consideration, as a large proitortion of the sulphur 952 EXPKKIMKNT STATION HKCOHIJ. applit'd to vines is wasted. At the same time, wilii Kood suii)hur distril)Utiii}; niac'liines, the superiority of the finer >;rades is distinctly manifest. In considerinj; sulphur to he used for seale washes and sheep dips, it was found that the cheaper Jtud, witlun certain limits, the coarser and less-retined article answers all the puii)oses of the finer and more costly form. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Index-catalogue of medical and veterinary zoology, ('. W. Stilks and A. Hassall (f'. /S. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Aniiii. Indus, liul. 3'.), i>ts. .li, />/;. III + IG25- niS; 23, pp. IfI+17J9-rsor)).—A continuation of the index catalofiue. i»art 22 containiufT the names of atithors from Paaren to I'feilsticker, and i)art 2.'}. names from rfender to Qvortrnp. The otter in Massachusetts, C. E. (Jorhon (Scicncr, n. sen, 28 {]908). No. 726, pp. 772-77'). map 1). — An account of the occurrence In Massachusetts of the North American otter {Lutra canadensis). Investigations of the department of entomology, P. J. Parrott {^eio York 8t(itc t^td. Rpt. 1907, pt. 3, pp. 238-266, pis. //).— This is a summary of the ento- mological investigations conducted at the New York State Station since their commencement in isn4. The garden insects which have received particular attention are the strii)ed cucumber beetle, squash bug, squash borei", boreal lady beetle (EpiUicliud horealis), melon louse (Aphis gossypii), imported cabbage worm, cabbage looper, diamond-back moth (PluteJIa maculipcnnis) , cabbage aphis, Thrips tabaci, and the harlequin cabbage bug. The fruit insects studied include the codling moth, San Jose scale. New York plum lecanium (Eulr'nanium crrasi- fex), pistol case bearer, plant lice, spring canker worm, grape flea beetle, tent caterpillar, forest tent caterpillar, raspberry sawfly, apple and pear mites {Eriophyes spp.), and others. The insect enemies of field crops, etc., investigated, include the army worm, Cottonwood leaf beetle (Una scripta), onion cutworm (Eu.roa messoria), and poplar and willow borer (Cryptorhynchus lapathi). Report of the department of botany and entomology, J. F. Nicholson (Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 19-Jt2). — The principal work of the department during the fiscal year in07-.S under rejiort was along entomological lines. The green bug which api)eared in January, 1007, destroyed 85 per cent of the oat crop and more than 75 per cent of the wheat crop. In experiments made to determine the effectiveness of natural enemies as many as 192 green bugs were consumed by a lady beetle in one day, while the parasite Tjysrphlrhus tritici was observed to deposit eggs in 30 green bugs in 11 minutes. In some localities in 1908 fully 25 per cent of the fall wheat was destroyed by the Hessian fly. The boll weevil appeared in sufficient numl)ers to become injurious and the webworm was esi)ecially destructive to alfalfa. Winter i)lowing of cotton ground, and clean cultivation in corn is reported to have given excellent re- sults against the liollworm. The best results, however, were obtained by plant- ing June corn in the cotton as a trap crop. Spraying work against the codling n)oth showed that fully 95 per cent of the fruit could be saved by a thorough system of spraying. The San Jose scale is reported to be well scattered over the State. The black locust borer is said to threaten the destruction of the locust trees of the State. A report of the nursery inspection work is also presented, 93 nurseries having been inspected during the year. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 953 Notes from Connecticut, W. E. Bkitton [Jour. Evon. Eiit., I (1908), So. J. pp. 313-315). — The fall cankerworm (Alsophila pometaria) is said to have caused uuire dainafie in various portions of Connecticut than for several years, shade and woodland trees, includins elm, maple, chestnut, hickory, California privet and oak as well as apple trees being fed upon. The peach sawfly (Pnniih Hills prrsicuni) was greatly reduced in numbers Ity spraying with lead arsi'natc. The common red spider, F. II. Ciiittknden ( f. .S'. Drpt. Agr., Jiiir. JJnt. Circ. 10.'/. {III. II. fifix. '/). — 'i ct rail lie liHH bimncuhitus. counnonly known as the red spider, is a si)ecies well distributed throughout the eastern United States which attacks a wide range of plants. Several predaceous enemies including Scijmnus punctuni. CcciOoinjfia coccidantin, Chijjsopa nifihtbri.s, and Tlirips .sexmaculata are reported. The following remedies are advised: " For the greonhouso and for general use, sulphur with neutral, whale-oil, and other soap solutions; kerosene-soap emulsion; and spraying with water. " For the treatment of trees and shrubs, the same as the above, with the addition of resin wash and the lime-sulphur and lye-sulphur mixtures. " For truck and garden plants, lye-sulphur wash and the same remedies as for the greenhouse, with the addition of clean gardening or farming, early fall plowing. keiM'iug down weeds, and crop rotation where practicable." ' The introduction of Iridomyrmex humilis into New Orleans, E. Foster (Jour. Econ. Eiil., 1 ilUOS), Xo. J, pp. 2SiJ-20.j). — The author discusses the probable manner and date of the introduction into this country of the Argentine ant. Since Xew Orleans has had no direct commercial intercoiu'se with Argen- tina and cargoes of coffee have l)een coming from Brazil since the passage of the Comi)romise Act in 1833. it is considered more probable that the pest was introduced from the latter country. [Injurious beetles], V. Mayet (Prog. A(/r. et Tit, (Ed. VEst-Centre), 29 (1908), No. .')0. pp. 110-716, pi. 1). — Five species of beetles (Cetonia spcciosis- sima, C. sqiiaUdd, C. cinctclUt. LrtJirus ccp/m/o/cs, and Liicaims paraUeJipipcdus) and the nature of their injury to vines are here described. Notes on some Cecropia cocoons and parasites, J. B. Smith (Jour. Econ. Ent., I (1908), A'o. J, pp. 293-291). — Ileports having come to the author in the fall and winter of 1007-S of an unusual mortality In Cecropia cocoons, collec- tions were made in New Jersey and on Long Island in order to determine the cause of death. Out of a total number of 1,002 cocoons exaniinetl .3(5 were found to be sound, adults had emerged from 34, 47 had dieil as pupse, 295 were parasitized, and 0."0 were dead from disease. Two parasites, Ophion macriiriim and an Ichneumonid form, were found. The hyperparasltes Spilo- cryptus c.rtrcDii.s, HpihxhiiUiH iniirUr. and DibrticJn/s hoiiclicaiiiis were reared in large nuniiters. Some insects injurious to truck crops. The semitropical army worm, F. II. CuiTTENDEN aud II. .M. lUssEi.i. (I . S. J)('pt. Ai/r., liiir. Ent. Bill. 66, pt. 5, pp. 53-10, figs. .'/). — Prodenia eridania is reported as the source of con- siderable injury to garden truck in Florida, including tomato, jiotato, sweet potato, eggjdant, pepitcr. okra. coll.-irds. and c(twpeas. It feeds normally on weeds, such as the pokeweed, spiny amaranth, etc., and is confined to semi- tropical America as a iiest. A description presented of its life history includes technical descrii)tions of the egg and C. larval stages by II. (J. Dyar. " Experiments show tliat the egg period may be passed in a minimum of 4 days, the larval period in 17 days, and that the entire life cycle, in an outdoor summer temperature, would be about 35 days or 5 weeks; also, that there are 954 EXPKJUMKNT STATION RECORD. 4 geiieratiuiis and jjussilily ."J iirucliic-fd in a year, the insect brcetliiiK iiractically continuously during the warm season." Seven itarasitic and six predaceous enemies are recorded, wliicli are said to largely control the pests in ordinary years. A number of experiments with insecticides indicate that a spray of ai'senate of lead used at the rate of 2 or .'{ Ihs. in r>0 gals, of water, is the best remedy. Notes on the lesser clover-leaf beetle, C. O. Hoiomton (■/'nir. Econ. IJiil.. I (tHOS), Ao. '). pp. 207-300). — PhutotiomuH nifjrirfistri.s is said to be quite common in Delaware, where with P. punctiitus it at times does considerable damage to clover. Biological notes arc given. Factors controlling' parasitism with special reference to the cotton boll weevil, W. I). Pierck (Jour. Econ. Ent., I {1008), No. 5, pp. .iir)-.li,i).— In the course of investigations made of the parasites of the boll weevil by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department the author has had opiun'tunity to study the factors intluencing parasitism in the wcovil.s. Sixteen factors of importance are i)resented in addition to the eight considered by Marchal (10. S. R., 19, p. lloD). A flea beetle attacking hops in British Columbia, H. J. Quayle (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 (1908), yo. 5, p. 323). — PsyUiodcs pmiclulata is repoi'ted to have been seriously injuring hops in British Columbia during the past year or two. The loss for 1908 in the Chilliwack and Agassiz valleys is estimated at about SO per cent of the crop. Some insects injurious to truck crops. The leafhoppers of the sug-ar beet and their relation to the "curly-leaf" condition, K. D. Ball (T. N. Dipt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 66, pt. J/, pp. 33-52, pis. Jf). — In cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department the author as entomologist of the Utah Station has investigated an affection of the sugar beet knowm as "curly leaf" or " blight." which occurs in the intermountain region, particularly in Utah and Colorado. T'ntil ll»0.~» the condition had been .supposed to be due to some fungus or bacterial disease, but in that year, w'hen an estimated loss of a half million dollars resulted in T'tah from the curly leaf, the beet leaf hopper {Eutettix icnclla) was noticed present in large numbers. The condition appears soon after an attack of the beet leaf hopper, a thicken- ing of the smaller veins of the leaf taking place which gives the under surface a thickened appearance. This is followed by a curling of the edge and a final rolling nil of the leaf, the upper surface always being rolled in. This results in the sending out of a large number of tibrous roots and in almost stoi)ping the growth. In bad cases the beet slirivels and dies;, while in a few instances there is a partial recovery and a new set of leaves, though the sugar content remains low. Curly leaf appeared in cages in which beet leaf hoppers were introduced. Whether or not the condition is entirely the result of the attacks of this pest is siaid to be an open question. E. tencUa is apparently a native of the south- western part of the United States, having been collected in Colorado, New Mexico, Arizona, I'tah, Idaho, California, and Oi'egon. Leaving hibernation, it appears in the fields about the time the beets are thinned and by the middle of June is well distributed. At I.ehi. Utah, oviposition began late in June and continued until late in August, each female depositing about 80 eggs. In cage experiments the egg stage was between 13 and If) days and the larval stage between 16 and 22 days. Nymphs that emerged from eggs the latter part of July are said to have changed to adults some 20 days later. It is concluded that the severity of the condition is dependent upon the number of insects present, upon the time of their appearance, upon the size of ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 955 the beets, and upon the temperature of the surface soil, together with the temperature and moisture of the surrounding air. Proposed remedies include the use of kerosene ennilsion (1 to 5), hopi)er-dozers, and other mechanical devices. Early planting and in some sections early and fre). — The author has studied Ilarrisana americana and here presents an account of its life history, including descriptions of its life stages, thus sup- plying many points whicli have been lacking. The pest is considered a native species since it feeds ui)on the Virginia creeper and wild as well as domestic varieties of grapes. It appears to be widely distributed, having been rei)orted from Canada and Mexico. Studies made at Washington, D. C, have shown that there are not 2 full generations in that vicinity. The moths from overwintering pupjie appear during the latter part of May or chiefly during the first 10 days of Jime. In 1908 eggs were first found on June 11, at which time a few had hatched. The average length of tlie egg stage was found to be 7.92 days, of the larval stage 40.;") days, of the pupal stage 14. S days, and the life of the moth .3.5 days. The minimum length of tlie complete life cycle was found to be 53 days. The chalcidid Prrilnmpuft pl, pp. 32-). S2.'i). — The author considers the citrus whitefly of Florida to represent two distinct and well-defined species. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 957 The catalpa midge, II. A. (Iossaku {Ohio »S7«. Bui. 1!)7, pit. 13, fiyn. 9). — Termiiiiil buds, leaves, and pods of the varieties of catalpa found in Ohio are said to lie considerably injured l>y the attaclcs of Vccidomyia catnlpw. Hundreds of spots were often found on sinjjle leaves and larjj;e fruiting trees so badly attaelvetl that from one-third 1o one-li.ilf of the leaves died from the injuries. The adults appear in May and in .Time larvje are found in abundance on the leaves and in the terminal buds. The larvae emerge in abont 24 hours after tlie eggs are deposited. In niidsuninier from 3 to 4 weeks appear to be required for the completion of the life cycle. The larvae are fed upon by lace wings and jiarasitized by the chalcid Zatropi.H ctitdljjw. As the larvje drop to the ground ;uid pupate near the surface of the soil, it is recommended that jilowing be done in the late fall or early spring and that cultivation be carried on through the sununer. The application of kainit l)eneath the trees or the drenching of the soil in early spring with kerosene emulsion (1 to 10) is also reconnnended. The importation of Tetrastichus xanthomelsenae, L. O. Howard (Jour. Econ. But., 1 (IHOS), No. 5, pp. 28{-289, fl iiios(iuit(» {('ulr.r iiiiiiciis) was present in tlie rities in j^reat numl)ers. The author ilesc'ril)es tlie life liistory and hal)its of this sjjecies and the many usual and unusual places in wliieli it l)reeils. As many female mosquitoes pass the winter in cellars, it is recommended that such i)laces be fumi>:ated eitlier with a mixture of e(pial parts of carliolic acid crystals and jium camphor (»r with Jimpson weed. In a municipal campaifiu all standing water should be located and removed by filling or diaining. The standing water in sewer cat<-h basins slionld be oiled frequently. Remedies for the San Jose scale, E. P. Taylou (U/.ssoHrt Fruit Sta. Cite. 3, Pit. '/). — This circnlai- contains formulas, methods of preparation, and direc- tions for the use of standard and connnercial lime-suli»lnir wasli. oil emulsion, and miscible oil sprays. Homemade soluble oils for uce against the San Jose scale, J. L. Phillips {Virginia Sta. Bui. J7!>, ii/i. 7.S-88). — The following conclusions have been drawn by the author from cooperative orchard tests: "Homemade soluble oils are rt 'ommended for trial in place of the lime- sulithnr wash, under certain conditions. Further tests nuist be aiade before we can recommend them unreservedly. For general orchard spraying the lime- sulphur is probably more satisfactory. " The various prepared or patented brands of soluble oils cost about three times as much as the homemade product containing the same percentage of oil. Our tests indicate that the homemade oil is as effective as the itrepared t)il. The cost of the homemade oil is about the same as the cost of ]ime-suli>hur. " The homemade soluble oil is more practicable for the coujuiercial orchardist than for the man who has only a few trees, unless one person will make the material for a neighborhood. " It is not quite as troublesome and disagreeable to make soluble oil at home as it is to make lime-sulphur. "Apply the soluble oil spray only in the doi'uiant season. The trees should not be pruned before they are sprayed, as the oil may injure the cut surfaces, unless they are painted. "The homemade soluble oil spray is recommended for trial against the San Jose scale, and the maple scale. It is not rec.000 lbs. other tojtics discus.sed include the inipoi'tance to American agriculture of the honey bee as a polleni/ing agent, the present sources of loss in bee keei)ing due to swarming, winter losses, enennes, disease and waste of wax and nectar, and (he need of furtlier investigations in apiculture. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Thirteenth report on food products for 1908. .1. I'. Stkkkt kt al. (Connecti- cut Sliitc siti. Wpl. I'.iins, pi. <). pp. .'i^.i-l !()). — I)m-ing the past year ()2r» sam- ples collected by the station were exandniHl, including among others arrowroot starch, cornstarch, diabetic preparations, ginger, infant and invalid foods, jams, 960 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. preservos ami similar j:'>«»*l«. nieat cxtracls, meat juices and other prei)ara- tions, yeast extracts, sirups, table salt, ammonia, and drn^s. Of these samples fi25 were found to l)e adulterated or below standard and (!'.» were compound. Of 771 samples colle<-ted b.v the dairy commissioner, including among other things spice.s. butter and butter substitutes, chocolate and coco:i. maple siruji. molasses, olive oil, vinegar and drugs, 233 were adulterated or below standard and 26 compound. The part of the investigation which has to do with meat extracts and similar goods and yeast extracts constitutes an exhaustive study of such products and includes data on the manufacture, chemical composition and food value, as well as on the status of such i)roducts under the provisions of the i»ure food law. A bibliography is apiicnded. In general, the comparative value of meat extract " is shown by determinations of water, total ash and its chief con- stituents, total nitrogen, and the meat bases. These data show the concentra- tion of the extract, the amount and nature of its ash, and the proportion of true meat extractives which It contains. There are a number of preparations on the market sold as meat extracts, which are i)repared wholly from yeast. These resemble meat extracts in taste and appearance, but slmw marked chemical differences. The important extractives, creatinin and creatin, are absent; on the other hand, the pnrin bases are comparatively abundant. The amount of creatinin and creatin found is, therefore, a valuable guide as to the source of an extract." The data reported showed that certain of the meat extracts examined " sat- isfy the legal standards in all particulars, some are deficient in one or more respects, while others, because of false statements concerning them, nnist be considered as misbrauded." The physiological effects and nutritive value of meat cxtracls, as indicated ])y their chemical composition are discussed. "The true value of a meat extract depends almost entirely ujion the salts and extractives which it contains and upon its flavor. "The characteristic salts of true meat extracts are potassium diliydrogen phosphate and potassium monohj'drogen pjiosphate, the former predominating. I'otassiiun chlorid is also present in considerable amount. . . . " [The extractives] may be classed as nitrogenous and nonnitrogenons. . . . Most of [the nitrogenous extractives! are basic in chai-acter. some are ami;ls. and all are classed under the somewhat loose term 'meat bases.' The most important iihysiologically are creatin, its anhydrid, creatinin, and the xanthin or purin bases. The imrin bases most commonly found are xanthin. hyiio- xanthin, adenin and carnin. "The nonnitrogenons extractive matters, in addition to the salts ali'eady considered, consist chiefly of lactic acid, lactates, and glycogen. Little is known as to the actual amounts of these ingredients present. " (Jlycerol. glucose, and uulk sugar are occasionally found in the extracts and must be considered as adulterants; preservatives are also sometimes eni])loyed. especially in fluid extracts." The fluid meat extracts were found to contain on an average considerably more water than the paste-like goods, the other constituents being similar in character but lower in proportion. The meat powders examined contained less water and a larger amount of salt and other substances, the different brands showing considerable variation in composition owing to differences in the I)rocesses followed in their manufacture. When composed chiefly of ground meat they naturally resemble water-free meat in composition. It is claimed that sometimes blood is incorporated in these substances, and this would have an effect on composition and nutritive value. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 961 "Ordinary meat ((intaiiis ahoiit 2r» per cent of solid matter; if all of the water were removed the residue would contain about 87 per cent of proteids and albuminoids. 8 per cent of extractives, and about H jier cent of ash. This more or less complete removal of water is the practice followed in the prepa- ration of meat powders. In some preparations, not only is the greater part of the water removed, but the proteid matter is treated by an appropriate ferment and a pi'edigested or peptonized product results. Unlike meat extracts, meat powders, if i)roperly prepared, are highly nutritious, and are the only means of securing the full nutritive value of meat in small bulk. Certain authorities have maintained that they are dithcult of digestion, but later exi)erinients have controverted this position, and they are now quite geuerallj' recommended as being readily digested and assimilated." The proprietary meat articles, meat capsules, yeast extracts, and the other goods examined are also discussed. Influence of food preservatives and artificial colors on digestion and health. V, Formaldehyde, H. W, Wiley, W. D. Bigelow. F. C. Webeb. et al. {U. N. Dt'iJt. Ayr., Bur. Clicm. Bui. S-J, pt. 5, pp. VI+1295-1500, figs. Jf).— In con- tinuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 464), similar experiments with healthy young men as subjects were undertaken to judge of the effects of forma Ideliyde on normal human beings. Formaldehyde, as the author points out, " is one of those preservatives the use of which in foods has been almost universally condemned by experts, phy- sicians, and the general public. Nevertheless, as formaldehyde has heretofore been used to quite an extent in certain foods, especially dairy products, and is still advertised under its own and other names for use in such products to a limited extent, it seemed wise to include this substance in the plan of investiga- tion." In the periods in which formaldehyde was added to the ration an aqueous solution was administered in milk. In the case of half of the subjects the preservative was added to the milk immediately before it was drunk, while with the other 6 subjects it was added to the milk 2 days before consump- tion in order that ample time might be given for any chemical union talcing place between the formaldehyde and the protein constituents of the milk. In the discussion of the experimental data such subjects as body weight, weight and water content of the feces, the urine, its volume, and the metabolism of nitrogen, jthosphoric acid, and sulphur are considered. Quotations follow from the author's summary. "The formaldehyde in the quantities administered did not produce any marlved symptoms until the third preservative subperiod, a lapse of 10 days; then headache and pain in the stomach and intestines became general, in many cases producing crami)s, and in a few cases attended by nausea and vomiting. Only two exceptions are noted. A burning sensation in the throat was rei)orted in the majority of cases. In four ca.ses out of eleven a well marked itching rash ai)iieared on the chest and thighs, causing great discomfort, slight symii- toms of this nature l)eing reported in a fifth ca.se. The general .symptoms, therefore, are headache and abdominal pains, while a slight tendency to lower the temperature may be noted as a minor symptom, and the development of the rash, thougli marked, occurs in only about half of the cases. " It is important to observe that in the case of healthy young men it re- quires some time for this drug to jiroduce an effect noticeable in a symptomatic way, as above described. That no effect is produced, however, until aft»>r 10 days would not ha a htgical conclusion. It is evident that the system is able for some time to control the development of conditions which later become 962 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. prououncod, but that no ill I'llVets nri" produced prior to lliiit time is not probable. . . . "A fioiuM-al study of all of the data loads to the conclusion that the admixture of formaldehyde with food is injurious to health, even in the case of healthy younjr men. It is fair to conclude, therefore, that in the case of infants and children the deleterious efl'ects would be more pronounced. The metabolic functions are disturbed in a notable way, both by the retardation of the nitro- gen and sulphur metabolism and the acceleration of i)hosphorus nietabolLsni. There seems to be a tendency to an increased absorjition from the alimentary canal, especially in the cases when the formaldehyde had stood in contact with the milk, and hence it is fair to presume that in so far as the digestive action in the intestinal canal is concerne/*. W>, figs. ■'/.) — A ^'t'Mci-al sununary and discussion of invest ij^ations noted above. A study of the methods of canning meats, with reference to the proper disposal of defective cans, C. N. McBryde ( U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. lil)f. 1007, inK 21'J-2'J6, fig. J). — From an extended study of defective cans of meat goods the following conclusions were drawn : "The majority of slow-leaking cans contain bacteria, which invariably set up putrefactive <»r fermentative changes in the contents of the cans. "The majoritj' of slow-leaking cans, when incubated for 10 days at a tem- perature of KK) to 110° F.. will develop into ' swellers." " Short-vacuum, overstuffed, and collapsed cans will not swell upon incubation Iirovided there are no breaks in the tins. "The swelling of slow-leaking cans upon incubation is due to the formation of gases resulting from the growth of bacteria within the cans. "The product contained in slow-leaking cans is not a safe article for food even though it be reprocessed." Report of a commission on certain features of the Federal meat inspection regulations (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indun. Rpt. 1907, pp. S61-37J,).—X report of a committee appointed by the Secretary of Agriculture to express opinion upon " the disposition of carcasses affected with various diseases and abnormal conditions." In general, the commission considers that the regulation on this subject already in force fully safeguards the public health in so far as the points contained therein are concerned. The quantity and distribution of phosphorus in certain foods, W. Heubneb and M. Kkeb (Arch. E.vpt. Path. n. I'lKirmakol., 1908, kiup., pp. 2l!r>-272).—The authors report and discuss determinations of the total phosphorus and its dis- tribution in a number of food materials. The analytical results are summarized in the following table: Kind and amount of i)lio.splioru,s in <■( rtain food matcridlM. Total phos- phorus. Form of pi losphori b). Kind of food. Phos- phatid. Soluble phos- phate. Water soluble pho.s- phate. Nu- clei n and proteid phos- phorus. Horse flesh Percl. 0. 192 .106 .015 .098 .097 1.452 .054 .028 .058 .026 Per ct. 0.039 .006 '"'.667' .004 .020 .004 .006 .009 .005 Per ct. 0.114 .032 .003 .o;J5 .004 .247 .027 .012 .027 .012 Perct. 0.010 .006 .003 "".'34ti' .015 .007 a.Oll a. 006 Per ct. 0 026 Milk .057 .009 .049 Rice .088 .062 .005 Beets .003 Kale .012 White cabbage .003 <■ Estimated. 964 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The bacterial content of cooked fish, II. Rruns ( Vbrr das haktcrioJogische Vcrhaltcn drs I'iscli/ifisclics ikhIi ihr Zuhmituni]. Innug. Diss.. Unir. Miinich, li)()S. pi>. JD: Arch. //)/;/.. ()7 {limS). Xo. .i. pp. ^*0!)-JS(i ).—Tho author studied the biU'terial couteut of the surface and interior of raw fish and lish cooked and l])in5i the fish in sterile paper and keeping at suit- able temi)erature. It was also found that cooked fish imbe«ided in jelly re- niaintvl free from bade Ma for a number of days. Edible fishes of New South Wales. I>. O. Stkad {Drpt. Fish(iiiuss)ntl.. Id ( 190S), Xo. 7. pp. 395-397). — Analyses of both white and black bread are reported and discussed. The behavior of ester compounds in the aging of wine, F. Sci^rti and G. CoRSO (Staz. Sper. Apr. ItaL. .'// (190S), No. 8, pp. 507-519; ahs. in Chem. Zeuthl., I90S, II. Xo. 19, p. 1622). — The author does not believe in the theory that the total amount of esters in wine increases on aging. The article contains a critical discussion of methods. Judging alcohol-free wine, J. M. Krasser (Ztschr. Futcrsuch. Xahr. u. Gcnussiiitl., 16 {190S), Xo. 7, pp. 39S-J,00). — The author believes that the term "alcohol-free wine" should only be applied to such products as are made by removing aU-ohol from natural wines and that sterilized fruit juices should be designated as such and not calle<; cents Chilean. Ration for the technical school, .1. Fkjukroa (Itnl. Min. hidiis. i Obrax J'ttb. [Cliilr], 7 (1008), \o. J, p. 8). — The ration proposed fur tin" irovcninM-nt tech- nical school and its divisions is given. (See above.) School luncheons. How and what to prepare for them, .Mr.s. F. Schoff (Sat. I'otni. Mothcts Mdi/., J ii:)08), No. 3, ijp. 8l-8,i). — A discnssion on pre- paring and packing school Innches and related matters. The new housekeeping', C. Barnard (Housckceftiny I'Jrjil. Hta. \(Jonn.] Jiul. //, 1)1). //). — A discussion of the use of alcohol as fuel and of preparing food with steam cooi^ers and tireless cookers. The importance of intestinal bacteria in nutrition, III, M. Schottpxiu.s (Arch. Ihj(). en {11)08), No. 3, pp. 177-208) .—The author concludes that intesti- nal bacteria are necessary for man and other vertebrates, and that normal in- testinal bacteria assist in the preparation of nutrients so that they may be resorbed, Induce peristalsis by stimulating the intestinal wall, diminish or de- stroy pathogenic bacteria in the intestine, and protect the body from bacterial poisons. The absorption of proteins, W. I). Halliburton { Lancet [London], 1909, I, No. 1, pp. 21-23). — A polemical article in which the author briefly summarizes present theories regarding jirotein cleavage in the body and metaljolism. The effect of adding meat to a vegetarian diet, P. Albkrtoni and F. Rossi (Arch. E.rpt. I'utli. u. I'hnnnakoL, 1908, Nh/>., pp. 29-38).— The authors briefly report the results of a series of investigations on the addition of meat to the diet of peasants of the Abruzzi region who have been users of an almost ex- clusively vegetarian diet for generations. An increase in' the power of assimilation and in body weight was noted as well as in physical strength and the hemoglobin content of the blood. Atten- tion is directed especially to the increase in red blood corpuscles, a result which is simila'r to that observed in the treatment of anemia and underdeveloped individuals. In discussing the results of their investigations in relation to the question of nitrogen minimum, the authors state that the distinction must be clearly drawn between a nitrogen minimum estimated on the basis of the balance of income and outgo and the practical minimum which enables the individual to carry on all the psychological and physical processes which are essential if he is to succeed in his environment. Concerning' the effect of maize diet, (\ Bkzzola (Clin. Med. IftiL, J/d (1907), No. 3. pp. tCl-ir,.',; ahx. in tiioclum. CrntbL, 7 (1908): No. 18-10, p. ()90).— In exjieriments with guinea pigs an exclusive maize diet did not prove adecpiate. When vegetables, etc., were added, better results wei-e obtained. I^ong con- tinued feeding of maize may l»e followed by serious consefpiences. Results were of the .same character whether a good or bad quality of maize was used. The author does not consider that his results are applicable to the di.scussion of maize as an artich' of liinnan food. On the available alkali in the ash of humrtn and cow's milk in its rela- tion to infant nutrition, J. II. Kastlk (.Anirr. Jour. I'hiisioL, 22 (1008). No. 2. pp. 28.'f-308). — The essential points of resemi)lance and ditferejice in the com- positi(m and properties of the ash of human and ctiw's milk are discussed in their relations to infant initrition. •• In .'i5 out of 50 specimens of cow's milk, in which the .-ilkaliiiity of the ash was determined, it ranged from O.lVXi cc. of tenth-normal sodium hydro.vid to 966 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 0.1788 oc. the averajre beiujr (•.ir>T4 cc, and iu 18 out of 26 specimens of human milk, in which the allialiuity of the ash was determined, it ranjied from 0.1196 to 0.1Ti>n c-c. of tenth-normal sodium hydroxid. the average l)e!ng 0.1513 cc, which numbers agree reasonably well with the average alkalinity of the ash of the two kinds of milk calculatetl from the complete analyses. '• It is evident, therefoi-e, that while cow's milk contains from 2.5 to 3.5 times as much mineral matter as human milk, the ash of the two milks contains approximately the same amount of available alkali. . . . The salient points of difiference between the two kinds of milk are: Human milk contains rela- tively more of its mineral matter iu utilizable form than cow's milk; it can supply the organism of the child with relatively larger amounts of available alkali in proportion to the proteid than cow's milk; it contains much less proteid ; and it contains a more readily absorbable variety of fat. ... It is believed, therefore, that while the primary cause of gastro-iutestinal dis- turbances following the use of cow's milk in infant feeding is due to the fact that the fat is not readily absorbed, the more remote and fundamental cause of these disorders iu infants fed upon rich cow's milk is an excessive proteid metabolism and an insufficiency in available mineral matter in cow's milk as compareil with human milk. . . . Some of the most valuable reconmiendations and practices relating to infant feeding, such as the feeding of skim milk and buttermilk, the addition of certain alkaline substances to the diet such as citrates, the dilution of cow's milk with barley broth, etc., or with water con- taining the white of egg as recommended by Lehmann, and the use of such substances as orange juice, as adjuncts to the infant diet, are in accord with the ideas herein set forth. Practically all of these aids to artificial infant feeding, based as they are uiwn the results of sound practical experience, have for their object either the reduction of the amount of fat In the milk or the addition thereto of mineral matter available for the neutralization of acids resulting from metabolism, or both. In this connec-tion it is interesting to note that the ash of white of egg and orange juice both contain considerably more available alkali than cow's milk." Tables of the alkalinity and the ash contents of milk are given. Nutrition processes during the growth, of the child, M. Rubneb (Arch. Hijfj.. 06 ilUOS). .Yo. 1-2. PI). Sl-126). — In this theoretical discussion of diet during the period of growth the author emphasizes the importance of energy considerations and gives reasons for his belief that the proteid retiuirement has been sometimes overestimatetl. The article is a very important contribution to the the. l.il-20S, chart. 'i 2; Sitzber. K. Prciis.s. Akfifl. Wiss., JOGS, II, pp. J2-.}7). — The author discusses rate of growth and duration of life of man and other mammals from the standixjint of ener- getics. With respect both to the amount of protein and energy required during the nursing period to double the body weight, man forms an exception to the other mammals included in the author's discussion in that on a uniform basis of comparison he rejuires smaller quantities of protein and about six times as much energy. According to the author's calculations, domestic mammals require on an average 4,S0S calories for building a kilogi-am of body material. A comparison is also made between man and other mammals with respect to the proportion of energy sui)pliep. 32). — The feed require- ments for maintenance, growth, fattening, milk production, and work are treated in this bulletin from the standard of energy values instead of the lialanced-ration method commonly used in popular works on feeding. The method for computing rations is presented in such form that it is intelligible to the practical farmer, though based on fundamental principles as revealed by scientific investigations. Feeds and feeding', W. A. Henry, trans, by F. ]M. Draenert (Forragcm c Xiitrkao. ^Cto Paulo, 1907, pj). XI\'+700). — A Portuguese translation of this work (E. S. R., 10, p. 82). Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, W. J. Jones, O. C. IIaworth, and J. B. Abbott (Iiuliuna Sta. Bill. 131, pp. 305-^65). — This bulletin contains the text of the Indiana feeding stuff law of 1907 and a discussion thereof, together with the results of analyses of 1,361 samples of feeding -stuffs, including wheat bran and middlings, red-dog flour, mixed feeds, rye products, buckwheat bran and middlings, corn bran, hominy meal and chops, gluten feed, linseed meal, flax screenings, cotton-seed meal, dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, pro- lirietary and molasses feeds, poultry and scratch feeds, animal meals, and con- dimental stock feeds. There is also a list of brands and guaranties registered by manufacturers in compliance with the law. " Since very few manufacturers had ever had their products analyzed it was to be expected that many would make their guaranties too high. In tlie ma.i'ority of cases the guaranty was based on the average analysis of the products as given in Circular No. 7 published by this station [E. S. II., 19. p. 67], and while a large number of samples failed to meet the guaranty, and there is much room for improvement in the character of the feeding stuffs offered for sale, a decided increase in the number of sami)les meeting the guaranty is noted in those now being secured and in the case of many others the guaranty has been lowered to meet the inspection analysis." The value of fodder plants at different stages of maturity and the proper time for harvesting the same, J. Konig and A. Furstenberg (Zcntbl. Agr. Chciii., 37 {litOS), \o. 11, pp. ?-'/5-7.'/.'M . — Analyses were made of grass and of clover hays cut before, after, and at the time of l)lossoming. Tlie results agreed with practical experience that hay should be cut when in blossom. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 969 Tropical fodder plants, A. Zimmermann (I'flanzer, // {1908), Nos. 15, pp. 225- 2S0: HI. pp. 2o0-25i;; 17, pp. 269, 270; IH, pp. 27.?-28/; 19, pp. 300-303).— Desfi'iptidiis of iiPJisscs mihI dtlicr ]il;ints uscil fof fnrimo in the Tropics. " Top feed " in Murchison and Gascoyne districts {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Ahst., 17 {I90S), No. //, /). 753). — Kesults of analyses of a sauiplt> of Wanyoo liusli or '• Sntrar lirotlier " and of a broad-leaf wattle. Defecation with a view to cattle feeding {Sugar Beet, 30 {1909), No. 1, pp. 31). 37). — This is an account of an old method which has recently been revived in Austria for use where the beets are to be fed to cattle. The beets are rasped, defecated with lime, and pressed. The i)ulp obtained has a higher nutritive vjilue than that otherwise obtained, being drier and tli(> sugar losses less than in diffusion pulps. The .iuices obtained are denser, and there follows also an economy of steam owing to the fact that the diffusion battery is done away with. The cost of the plant and its working is much less than with diffusion. Digestibility of kale, vetch hay, steamed and unsteamed silage, J. Withy- combe and (\ Vj. Bradley {Oregon Sta. Bill. 102, pp. 3-29, fig. 1). — This bulletin reports 2 digestion experiments on fresh kale and 1 each on vetch hay, un- steamed corn silage, steamed corn silage, unsteamed vetch silage, and steamed vetch silage. Each experiment contimied 7 days, in addition to a few days of preliminary feeding. The animals used were 2 dry cows, 1 a pure-bred Jersey and the other a Jersey-Shorthorn cross. Chemical analysis showed the kale to be rich in protein, averaging about 2.5 per cent on the fresh sample and 21 per cent on the dry substance. The ash content was high, being S.5S per cent in the stalks and 14.7 per cent in the leaves of the total dry matter. " Calculated to the acre yield of 30 tims, these values show that ap])roximately 22") lbs. of potash and 115 lbs. of phosphoric acid enter into the composition of each acre of kale. This shows the i)lant to be a heavy feeder on these plant foods and proves the necessity of a rich soil for its successful growth." Analytical data on the other feeds are reported. Both cows lost in weight in each experiment except in the vetch hay and the unsteamed vetch silage periods. Determinations were made of the energy values of tlu' food and feces but not of the urine. The following table sliows llic percentage of digestible nutritnits and avail- able energy of the different feeds : Coefficients of (lig(Nti1>le nutrients and nrailaJ)le energii of late, retell haij, and silage. Kiml of feed. Dry matter. Protein. Crude fiber. Nitrogen- free extract. Fat. Ash. Avail- able energy. Kale Per cent. 08.01 C4. 50 03.24 51.10 71.85 00. OK Per cent. 80.63 01.07 50. S8 14. 02 58.55 5.30 Per cent. 58.99 58.22 02. 94 • 51.46 73. 65 03. 26 Per cent. 75. 83 70.71 06.85 02. 83 74.90 71. 12 Per cent. 65. 85 OS. 01 77.34 02. 91 89.71 79. 27 Per cent. 38.81 58.98 47.28 37.71 42.58 9.01 Per cent. 71.76 Vetch liav 03. 08 Uiisteained corn .siltige 70.70 01. 75 ITiisteamcd vetch silage 62. 71 48.79 Experiments on the digestibility of prickly pear by cattle. It. F. Hare {\eir Me-rieo St '/N, figs. 3). — Noted from anolh(>f source (R S. K.. 20, i>. 171 K Steer feeding. II, Winter steer feeding, 1906-7. 1907-8, .J. II. Skinner and \V. A. Cochee [luiUnnu i. pp. 23J-27S). — The object of the 970 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiments reported was to study the iiiHuences of the various factors which determine the protits from feedinj; heef cattle. The work extended over a period of 2 winters and has involved the use of 212 cattle. In calculating the cost of gain the value of the different fei^ls has l>een estimated at the foll(»wing prices: Shelletl corn 40 cts. per bushel, cotton-seed meal $28 per ton, and corn silage $2.50 per ton. In estimating the profit the value of the pork produced from hogs following the cattle is included. The first series of experiments was to determine the influence of age on economy and protit in fattening cattle. A ration of shelled corn, cotton-sewl meal, clover hay, and corn silage was fed to calves, yearlings, and 2-year-olds, with the results as shown in the following table: Influence of age on eewioniy (Uid profit hi fattening steers in winter. Animals fed. Initial Year. Icost per I pound. 19 calves i 1906-7 10 yearlings do ..j 10 2-veHr-f)lds .do.. 20 calves : 1907-8 | 10 yearlings .do . . ■ 2-years-olds • •. ' . .do . . ! 4.50 4.15 4.2.5 4.50 4.15 4.00 I Aver- Initial ' age weight. I daily I gain. Lbs. 508.8 922.0 1,010.8 534.0 853.6 1, 123. 5 Us. 2.08 2.38 2.57 1.88 2.21 2.65 Selling Cost per price pound. per pound. CU. Cts. 5.35 5.35 7.62 5.60 7.59 5.60 5.86 6.30 7.85 6.50 7.90 6.70 Final weight. Profit per animal. Us. 883.0 1,351.6 1, 474. 5 872. 5 1,252.1 1,602.1 8('..13 9. 24 10.04 9.01 13.80 22.68 "The amount of feed consumed and the daily gain per steer increases with the age of the cattle." " The amount of feed requin-d to jirodnce a pound of gain on calves was much less than with older cattle." Two experiments were made with 2-year-old steers similar to those of the previous experiment to determine the feeding value of corn silage when fed with shelled corn and clover hay. In 1006-7 the experiment lasted 180 days. Ten steers fed shelled corn and clover hay made an average daily gain of 2.01 lbs., at a cost of 8.50 cts. i)er jionnd, and a similar lot receiving shelled corn, clover hay, and corn silage made a corresponding gain of 1.85 lbs., at a cost of 8.31 cts. per pound. In 1007-8 the experiment was repeated, lasting 1.50 days, when the steers fed the corn and clover ration made a gain of 1.9 lbs., at a cost of 0.13 cts. per pound, and those fed the corn, clover, and silage ration made a gain of 1.8 lbs., at a cost of 0.3 cts. per pound. " In the financial statements of the two lots fed in 1006-7 it will be seen that the profit per steer was pi-actically the same whether fed on corn and clover or on corn, clover, and silage. . . . The financial statements for the year 1907-8 show a profit of .$18.41 in favor of the lot fed silage." A second experiment was conducted to determine the value of a ration com- posed of shelled corn, cotton-seed meal, clover hay, and corn silage as com- pared with a similar ration without the silage. The initial value of these cattle was $4 per hundred in both lots. The initial weight was 1,123 lbs. in the silage- fed lot and 1.1.30 lbs. per steer in the lot fed no silage. At the end of the six months period, the lot receiving silage averaged 1.602 lbs., while that receiving no silage weighed 1,570 lbs. The 10 steers which received silage made an average daily gain of 2.66 lbs., at a cost of 7.91 cts. per pound. Those not receiving silage made an average daily gain of 2.44 lbs., at a cost of 8.75 cts. per pound. The results indicate that corn silage may profitably be made a portion of the ration for finishing cattle. AXIMAL PRODUCTION. 971 Two tests were undertaken to determine the value of cotton-seed meal as a supplement in fattening 2-year-old steers. In the first experiment, which lasted ISO days, the basal ration consisted of shelled corn, clover hay. and corn silage. With cotton-seed meal as a supplement the average daily gain of 10 steers was 2.5T lbs., at a cost of 7.59 cts. per pound. Without the cotton-seed meal supple- ment the average daily gain of a similar lot was 1.85 lbs., at a cost of 8.31 cts. per pound. " The addition of cotton-seed meal did not decrease the total amount of other feeds consumed, but seemed to stimulate the appetite of the steers to such an extent as to increase the daily feed consumed practically 3 lbs. per head." In the second test, lasting 150 days, with cotton-seed meal as a supplement, the average daily gain was 2.7 lbs. at a cost of 7.83 cts. i)er pound. Without the cotton-seed meal the average daily gain was l.S lbs., at a cost of 9.3 cts. per pound. In another test lasting 150 days no silage was fed. With cotton-seed meal as a supplement to corn and clover there was an average daily gain of 2.6 lbs., at a cost of 8.3 cts. per pound. Without the cotton-seed meal the average daily gain was 1.9 lbs. at a cost of 9.13 cts. per pound. In another experiment clover hay was comparetl with timothy hay as a roughage. With the clover hay and shelled corn the average gain was 2.01 lbs., at a cost of 8.5C cts. per pound. With the shelled corn and timothy hay the average daily gain was 1.50 lbs., at a cost of 9.27 cts. per pound. "The results of these experiments showed a much greater protit from fatten- ing cattle in the winter of 1907-8 than in that of 1906-7. "There is a marked difference in similar rations grown and fed in different seasons. " High grade, blocky, early maturing beef calves showing both breeding and quality, are necessary in making yearling beef. " Quality and type are not so essential in feeding aged steers as in feeding calves, provided the purchase price is proportionate. . . . " The amount of pork produced from the droppings increases with the age of the cattle. " When clover hay replaces timothy hay in the ration there is a greater amount of pork produced." Steer feeding. Ill, Results of short v. long feeding periods, J. H. Skinner and W. A. Cochel (Indiana »S7«. Bui. ISO, pp. 2,S /"-.i'V / i . — This bulletin reports the progress made at the station the past 2 years in securing data as to the rate and cost of gain, feed consumed, degree of finish obtained, and profits secured from feeding cattle through a long period of 180 days as contrasted with a short period of 90 days. In both series of experiments reported two lots of 10 steers each were fed shelletl corn, cotton-seed meal, clover hay, and corn silage. The corn was valued at 40 cts. per bushel. In the experiment in 1906-7, the Average daily gains per head were for the long period 2..57 lbs., at a cost of 7.59 cts. i)er pound, and for the short jieriod 3.16 lbs., at a cost of 6.9S cts. per i)ound. In 1907-8, the corre- sijondiiig average daily gains of the long-fed steers wei-e 2.66 lbs. per head, at a cost of 7.91 cts. per pound, and (jf the short-fed stiH'rs 2.85 lbs., at a cost of 7.83 cts. i>er pound. In the first test the total amotuif of corn necessary to finish each steer was 34 bu. in the " short-fed " lot and 54.6 bu. in the " long-fed " lot ; in the second test 42.5 bu. and 61.1 bu., respectively. In the " short-fed " lot it was necessary to i)ut on 285 lbs. i)er head in the first test and 318 lbs. In the second test to 82394— No. 10—09 6 972 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. uttalii tbo nijirketablo tiiiisli obtained fi'((in 4(i4 lbs. and 1T'.» ll>s.. respectively, in the " long-fed " lot. During the i)erio(l when both lots of cattle were in the feed lot there was a greater profit i)er head from feeding the heavier, fleshier steers. The gains were cheaper on the thinner cattle during the first 3 mouths of the test, but when fed to the same marketable finish the cost of gains was practically the same. In l!)0(i-7 the margin necessary to prevent loss on the "short-fed" cattle at the time of marketing was 48 cts. per hundred pounds; on the "long-fed" cat- tle at the same time, 50 cts. ; and on the " long-fed " cattle at the time of market- ing, $1.04. In 1!H)7-S the corresi)onding margins necessary were 92 cts., $1.01, and $1..'')4 per hundred pounds. Details are given of the method of feeding the carload lot of steers which won the first pri/.e in the 2-year-old champion class at the International Live Stock Show of 1907. These steers made an average daily gain of 3.25 lbs. per head, at a cost of 6.8 cts. per pound. Feeding- experiments with cattle and sheep, 1904—1908, D. A. Gilchrist (County North umb., Ed. Com., Bui. 12, pp. 39; ahs. in Irish Farming World, 22 (190!)), No. 1088, p. 29).— From Armstrong College, Xew Castle-ou-Tyne, sev- eral feeding experiments for the past 4 years are rei)ortetl. It is concluded that a daily ration of 56 lbs. of sweet tui-nlps per 800 lbs. live weight is suitable for fattening cattle. Egyptian and Indian-cotton cake have about the same feediug value. Delinting Indian cotton seed before the seed is crushed increases its feeding value. Peanut, sesame, and niger (Guizotia oleifera) cakes gave poor results and contained considerable amounts of sand. Analyses are given. Cattle breeds of Morocco, G. De Gironcourt (Agr. Prat. Putin Chauds, 8 (1908), No. 68, pp. 390-399, figs. 7/).— Morocco contains much fertile laud and there are vast pastures devoted to stock raising. From a zootechnical point of view it is more Irke Andalusia than Algeria. In northern Morocco the cattle may be divided into three ty])es. The grayish-black cattle along the river Loukkos are brachycephalic, with lyre-formed horns, and are a good beef cattle. On the plains of the Sebou is a brachycephalic type, with short thick horns. These cattle are red or reddish-brown in color and are a good dairy breed. Farther south, among the tribes of Zemmour, is a general purpose breed of a dolichocephalic type, with long horns curving downward. The coat color varies, but is usually a mixture of black and gray. The advantages of cattle raising in Guipuzcoa (Prog. Agr. y Pccuario. i4 (1908), No. 591, pp. -'i71--'i75, figs. 7). — An account of the native and introduced cattle breeds of this Spanish province. Caracul sheep and broom meadows, von Lepel (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 101, pp. 861, 862). — The author believes that caracul sheep may be successfully raised in Germany. Broom ought to be a good feed if small quan- tities are fed at first. Crosses with hornless native sheep give polled offspring, with pendent ears and coat characteristics of the caracul. Lamb feeding (Oklahoma Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 12, 13). — Notes on feeding and handling lambs under Oklahoma conditions. Market classes and grades of sheep, W. C. Coffey (Illinois Sta. Bui. 129, pp. 511-635, figs. Ip). — This bulletin, which defines and illustrates the classes and grades of sheep recognized in the Chicago and other large markets, is the result of a personal study of the subject at the Union Stock Yards at Chicago. The market classes enumerated are mutton, feeder, and breeding sheep. The subclasses of the mutton class are lambs, yearlings, wethers, ewes, bucks, and stags. Feeder sheep are almost exclusivelj' western and the subclasses are ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 973 lambs, yearlings, wethers, and ewes. The subclasses of breeding sheep are bucks and ewes. Each subclass is divided into grades based on differences between the best and the less desirable animals. In the mutton class these differences are l)ased on (luality, condition, weight, and form; in the feeder class on quality, form, condition, and weight; and in the breeding class on age, constitution, form, breeding, quality, and condition. The characteristics of the different classes and grades are considered in detail. Principles of modern swine breeding- (Landiv. Wchnhl. Schles. Hoist., 58 (1908), Xos. .',S. 1>1>- S.n-H2!>; J,9, />/'■ eders, has met with widespread adoption. The stud records of the breeding experiments in cooperation with the Colorado and Vermont stations, and the pedigrees of Department studs, are given in the article. " In the Department's work the individuality of a horse is the point given greatest weight in his selection, and strict selection to type is the policy in view. Wherever possible (as in the last Kentucky purchase), the inheritance of type has been combined with the selection of type in the individual, and naturally an animal that inherits good individuality from his ancestors and is himself a good individual is much more valuable for the Department breeding establishments than one without such an inheritance." Progress in Wisconsin ho'rse breeding, A. S. Alexander (MHsconsin Sta. Bui. 169, pp. 3-56). — This bulletin rei>orts the effects of the operation of the Wisconsin stallion law (E. S. R., IS, p. 764; 19, p. 774), upon the horse breeding industry of this State. As the result of this law 553 grade animals, many of which were unsound, have been retired from public service. The bulletin also contains a directory of owners of 225 pure-bred and o27 grade stallions and jacks licensed in 1908 and of the transfers of ownership of animals previously listed. French breeds and poultry culture in Russia, De Gontcharoff (Bui. Mens. Off. Rciiscig. Agr. [I'aris], 7 (1908), Xo. 9, pp. 1 113-11 20).— llouaau, Faverolle, La Fleche, Crevecceur, Bresse, Mans, and Barbezieux breeds have been imported by Russian breeders. The Houdan is more common but the Faverolle is more easily acclimated. The Toulouse goose has produced excellent results when crossed with native ))reeds. Rouen ducks are superior to native stock. Pigeons and rabbits are not extensively raised for table use. French turkeys are not hardy enough for the Knssian climate and the breeders are now importing the American lironze. The poultry work of the Bureau of Animal Industry. R. R. Slocum (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Upt. 1907, pp. 353-.i60). — This is a paper based on an address before the American Poultry A.ssociation at Niagara Falls, N. Y., August 11, 1907, and contains an account of the investigations on i)oultry hus- liandry and a list of puldications on this subject by this Deiiartment, with sug- gestions as to futiin- work. Mrs. Basley's poultry book, .Mus. .\. Ha.si.kv (Ao.v Angdrs, Cat., 1908, pp. 192, f'lgx. 50). — This is a general treatise for i)eople who wish to raise poultry on the Pacific coast, and is in part a synopsis of a previous work on Woman's 974 EXPERIMENT STATION RE(M1RD. Work in the Poultry Vanl. Xcnrly ]i;ilf of the Ik.oU is devoted to (lueslions and answers of a practiciil niiture. Cost of rearing- ducklings, K. and ^^'. I'.kow n {Jour. lid. A(/i: \ London], Jo {/!H)S), \(). !), /III. (iC'i-tni). — This is :i re|Mirt of results of experiments on the poultry farm at the T'niversity College, Heading, to deternune the cost of rearing ducklings conducted similarly to the previous experiments on the cost of raising chickens (E. S. li., 10, p. 297). Foi-ty Aylesbury ducklings were hatched April 28, 1908, in an Incubator from C>0 eggs. For 2 weeks they were fed a wet m.ish of bran, topjjings, biirley meal, linseed nie.Ml, and meat. Half of them were continuetl on this feed until !) weeks old and made a total gain of GO lbs. 10.88 oz. at a cost of 4.7d. jier pound gain. The remainder after the first 2 weeks receivetl the same mixture in a dry condition and made a total gain of GO lbs. 2.88 oz. at a cost of o.OOd. per pound. The total cost of rearing a duckling 24 weeks was nearly 5s. The rearing of ducks for winter marketing was, therefore, less profitable than the breeding of spring ducklings. Miscellaneous information concerning' the live-stock industry, .7. Rohkrts (U. .s'. Dc/it. Af/i'; liiir. Aniin. JikIiis. h'pt. IH07. pii. ,i7'>-'i 17 K — This article con- sists mainly of statistics on the live-stock market of 1907, Federal meat inspec- tion, our foreign trade of animals and animal products, home and foreign meat I)rices, registered live stock in the United States, certified pedigree record asso- ciations, standards for dairy products, and contagious diseases of animals in foreign countries. The development of the export trade in pure bred live stock, G. M. Rommel ( f. aS'. Dci)t. Ar/r., Bur. Anun. Indus. Ri)t. 1907, [ip. 3Ji5-3o2). — This is a paper presented at the meeting of the Missouri State Board of Agriculture at Columbia, January 7, 1908. The export trade of the United States in breed- ing animals is small. Among the obstacles in the way of foreign trade are the prevalence of disease in many foreign countries, inadequate means of trans- portation to some countries, especially South. America, and inconvenient methods of exchanging money and credit. A government breeding farm is recommended where American types can be bred and advertised as such. Experiments on the absorption of fat from an isolated loop of small intestine in healthy dog's, O. II. Pl.\nt (Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 23 {1908), No. 2, III). 65-80, p(i. 1). — Experiments were made on 3 half-grown female dogs. A loop of the small intestine was made in such a way as to eliminate the influence of the bile and pancreatic juices and yet not interfere with the blood snpi)ly of the loop or the general nutrition of the animal. The fats used were sweet cream, soap emulsion of neutral cotton-seed oil, soap solution of oleic acid and sodium hydroxid, oleic acid, and neutral cotton-seed oil. These substances sepa- rately, and also mixed with bile salts, were placed in the loop at different periods. " Bile salts greatly increase the absorption of fats from a mixture that con- tains free fatty acid or soap. They only slightly increase the absorption of neutral oil. " Solutions of .«;oap, in the absence of other fat, are absorbed from a loop of intestine in greater percentage than emulsified fats; this is also true of fatty acid dissolved l)y bile salts. "Neutral oil can be ab.sorbed without the action of either bile or pancreatic .inice from a loop of intestine where both these secretions are excluded. Under such conditions the neutral oil becomes markedly acid in reaction. " Taken as a whole, the results of these exiieriments favor the theory that fats are absorbed in solution rather than as emulsified fats." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYINC -AGROTECHNY. 975 Arsenic in the animal body, W. H. Hloemkndal {Arch. Pharm., 2.'i6 (1908), No. S. PI). .')!)!I-(HI)). — After adiniiiistratioiis of arsenic, post-iiKirteni examina- tions revealed its presence in all parts of the animal body, its relative pi-edom- inance beiiij; as follows: Nails, hair, s])loi'n, thyroid, skin, hmjis, liver, kidney, heart, bones, nmscles, sex orjians, and Itrain. In the human body a larger por- tion of the acid was excreted than in cows, goats, or rabbits. Rut little arsenic was found in the milk of the c kg. i)rotein and 1 kg. fat per 1,000 kg. of live weight. At different periods a portion of the protein, about 0!) kg. per day, was replaced by amids and by carbohycb'ates. The princi]>al amid used was an extract from malt sprouts. The results are suumiarized as follows: )ield of ntilJc and uiilk sulids iritli difjcrcnt protci)! siib.'^titutcs; as compared iritli flic yield on a protein ration. Kind of ration. Amids (Carbohydrates Asparagin Ammonium acetate Milk. Per cent. 81.9 78.0 86.3 93.7 Dry mat- ter. Per cent. 79.4 75.4 81). 8 98.9 Nitrogen. Per cent. 77.9 73.2 86.2 96.7 Fat. Per cent. 79.0 76.2 70.5 Carbo- hydrates. Per cent. 81.8 78.3 83.9 90.4 The largest amount of milk and milk solids was obtained with the ])rotein ration. Tlie amids of nialt-si)rout extract were much inferior in feeding value to those of the plant extract. The different rations had but a trifling effect on the quality of fat when tested with a refractometer. The protein was better digested when no amids nor carbohydrates were sub- stituted. With aspai'agin as a substitute the quantity of fat was reduced. During the amid period there was a larger amount of protein in the feces. The authors consider that the anuds were changed into indigestible proteids and tliat this transformation probably took place in the upper i)art of the small intestine. The absorption of drugs by milk in the mammary glands {Arcli. PJiarm., 24G (I'.KJS), .\o. S. pp. .-)!l.i-.',!>S; I'liarni. WeeLhl.. '/.'>{ HKtS) , \o. ',',, pp. I3r,7-t3()2; ahs. in Chcm. ZenthL, 1!)0H, II, No. 21. p. Il'i2). — Drugs were adnunistered through the mouth and by hypodermic injections. I^. \'an Itallie found that pliys(»stiginin, pilocarpi!!, n!orphin. ()pii!iii. sodium s.-iiicylatc salol. turpentine oil, phei!olpl!thaleii!, a!!d rhul)ari) did not appear in cow's milk, b!!t that potassium iodid, arsenic, and lluorescein were present in sn!all (p!antities. Arsenic, tluoi'escein, i)henolph;h:ilein, ai!d oxyni('thyla!ithi'achinoi!e we!'e fou!i(l in the excreta. Mrs. A. Keijst-S( heffei' fou!i(l that when iodin was adn!inistered most of it was excreted. Of that |)or(it>ii appeari!ig in the milk !!early all was found in the whey. There were truces iu the casein but none in the fat. 976 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A comparison of practical methods for determining' the bacterial content of milk, r. (J. IlKiNKMANN ;uul T. 11. Cii.KN'N {.lour. Jiifict. Discii.scN, 5 ilHO.S), No. J/, 1)1). 'iL! 4-'"' cliiiit I). — ExiH'iiiiu'iits were uiidcitaki'ii in urdiT to jiro- mote iniiforuiity in IalK)rat<>ry protvdiuv for conipariiif^ the various methods now in use. Many workers favor an iiuMihation temperature of 87° C. because it saves time, but the authors believe that incubation at 20° is superior because a higher count and a better differential count are obtained. At 37° acid formers, which are chiefly of fecal orijiin, are favored at the expense of the nonacid formers. " Some milk bacteria of the liactciiuin airogoic^ type form red colonies at first and then later these colonies assume the blue color again. This phenom- enon was not observed in dextrose agar. We conclude from this that dextrose is to be preferred as an addition to the medium to lactose. "Official bacterial standards for milk should include a statement of the methods by which the bacteriological control is to be obtained. Sinct* milk is usually consumed before the results of a bacteriological examination can possi- bly be reported, a gain of one or even two days is innnaterial. The l>acteriologi- cal and chemical examination of milk ought to be carried on chiefly with the object of improving the whole milk supply of a commonwealth rather than liunishing individual offenders. To this end the most accurate and scientific method of examination is the preferable one." A study of the determination of bacteria in milk in relation to the composition of the media, Z. Northrup and Bell Farrand (Michigan Sta. Rl)t. 1908, pp. 130-152). — To determine the media most favorable to the growth of germs in milk, media were prepared of agar, peptone, and salt and divided into four portions, adjusting them to 5°, 10°, 15°, and 20° acid, respectively, with normal sodium hydroxid. Milk from 0 to 0 hours old was used for plating and the accounts were kept at 21° and 37° C. A bacterial count was taken at intervals to ascertain the degree of acidity, the percentage of lactose, and the percentage of i)eptone most conducive to the growth of the milk germs. The results are sunuiiarized in the following table : Pcrccntagi' of minplcs groicing best under varioua conditions at 21° and 37° C. Peptone content. Tem- pera- ture. Lotl. Lot 2. 6°. 10°. 15°. 20°. 0°. 1°. 2°. 3°. 4°. 0°. 1°. 3°. 0°. 1°. 3°. °C. 21 37 P.ct. 5 14 P.ct. 21 22 P.ct. 64 47 P.ct. 10 17 P.ct. 15 20 P.ct. 27 10 P.ct. 22 m P.ct. 15 m p.ct. 21 35 P.ct. 22 27 P.ct. 6 61 P.ct. 72 66| P.ct. 35 35 P.ct. 38 23 P.ct. 27 42 As regards temperature. 03 per cent of the samples were found to grow best at 21°, 9 per cent at 37°. and the remainder indeterminate. "To check up the results obtained by plating the miscellaneous milk organ- isms, pure cultures of dairy germs (taken from butter), were grown on whey, ordinary and 4 per cent lactose agar. " Four per cent lactose agar was used in this experiment as it was found to support the growth of the milk germs better than the ordinary (1 per cent) lactose agar, at 37° C. The explanation for this is that the media, in the per- centage of lactose, reaches more nearly the composition of milk. DAIRY FARMING DATRYING AGROTECHNY. 977 " All media was made according to standard methods, and adjusted to 15° acid. . . . " The lac'tif pTms grow equally well on ordinary and on lactose agar, while the associative germs prefer the ordinary agar. However, the results are not especially marked in either case." Bacteria in milk, L. A. Rogees (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. SJfS, pp. 2If, fiiis. 6"). — This is a reprint from the Yearbook of this Department for 1907 (K. S. R.. 20. ]). 275). Investigations on the bacterial content of dried milk, A. Kossowicz (Ztuchr. LamUi-. Vcrsuchsuc. Ostcrr., 11 (1908), Xo. i), pp. 77.9-7^-'/; abs. in Chem. ZciitbL, 1908, II, Xo. 18, p. 1531). — Drying reduces the bacterial content to some extent. BaciUus sinapiiagus, B. prodiyiosus, and B. fluorescens ligue- fdcicns, however, are not destroyed. Dried milks may become reinfected if not kept in closed vessels. Milk and its products as carriers of tuberculosis infection, E. C. Schroedeb ( r. .s'. I)i pt. Ain:. Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1907, pp. 183-199; Circ. UfS, pp. 183- 199). — This is a paper presented at a meeting of the New York Milk Committee, New York, April 1]. lOOS. The author presents evidence to show that tubercle bacilli are frequently present in milk delivered by dairj-men to their city con- sumers ; that the manner in which tubercle bacilli are eliminated from the bodies of tuberculous cattle offers a strong reason to suspect that they will contaminate milk ; that the presence of tubercle bacilli certainly insures their in-esenee in cream, ice cream, butter, and cheese made from it ; and that we have no satisfactory reason for assuming that tubercle bacilli in milk and other (biiry products are harmless to human beings. References to the literature of this subject are appended. Some important factors in the production of sanitary milk, E. II. Webster (U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Anim. Indus: Rpt. 1907. pp. 161-178, fiys. 12; Circ. I.'t2, pp. 161-178, fiys. 12). — A popular article on this topic. The differences between a sanitary and unsanitary dairy equipment are illustrated. Other topics treated are the methods of caring for milk, the score-card system of dairy inspection, the health of the cows and the attendants, and the purity of the water supply in dairies. The classification of milk, A. D. Melvin (U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Anim. Indus, apt. 1907, pp. 179-182). — The substance of this article is contained in Circular 114 (»f the Bureau of Animal Industry previously noted (E. S. R., 10, I.. ;^,72). The chemistry of milk and milk products in 1907, M. Siegfeld {Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), Xos. 57, pp. 673-675; 58, pp. 686-688).— A review of the lit- erature of European investigations on the chemistry of milk for that year. On the characteristics of butter, 1.. Hoton (Rev. Internat. Falsif.. 19 [1906), Xo. Ji, pp. 115, 116; ahs. in Ztschr. I'ntrrsurli. Xohr. u. Gcnussmtl., 15 (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 611, 6/2).— Fats were compared with their fatty acids by means of an Abbe-Zeiss refractometer. The difference between the two figures in the case of butter was fnun 10 to 11, for (deomargariue V,\ to 14, and for cocoa butter 15 to 10. The author reports a number of determinations on the liciuid and semisolid i)ortions of butter. The Reichert-Meissl number for the liiiuid portion was 31, for the semisolid 28.5. Similar tests were also made of fresh butter, of butter that had been preserved for several years, and of butter e.\|)(»se0 test tubes. The bottom of the .jar is covered with excelsior and is kejit moist by A [ler cent mercury bichlorid solu- tion, which stands about 1 cm. high in the .j.ir. A convenient Petri dish rack is described. It is made from strijis of gal- vanized sheet iron, riveted togethei- to stand the heat of the hot air sterilizer. One of the side strips may be opened by a hinge and may be fastened with a hook. [Experiments in dairying and agrotechny], II. A. Harding and L. L. Van Slyke (Xew York State Sta. Rpt. 1907, pt. 3, pp. 110, 111, 11/,, 115, 117, 118, 163- 220, 233-237). — A summary of. the more important results found at this station during the first 25 years of its work. The best temi)orature at which to run milk flirough a continuous pasteurizer when tuberculous germs are suspected is lsr»°. The amount of protein in mottled butter is greater in the light portions and is the cause of the lighter color. Many experiments as to the composition of milk and its relation to the yields of cheese were made. In the process of cheese making the fat lost in the whey is independent of the percentage of fat in the milk. The casein is lost in the form of small particles of curd. Mill< tor cbcese making should be paid for according to the percentage of fat in the milk. The beneficial effects of cover- ing cheesi! with jiaraflin and curing at low temperattu'es were demonstrated. A number of factors influenced tlie amount of acid taken up by the casein during ri|)ening. In ripening the insoluble i>roteid is eventually changed to a water-soluble form. A fishy flavor in cheese was fo\nid to be due to a phys- iological abnormality in one of the cows. A bitter flavor in Neufchatel cheese 980 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. was caused by a Roriu. Sweet flavors in Cheddar cheese are due to yeasts. llaciUus rudciitii.s is the cause of rusty spot. The swelliufi of caiiued peas was due to a single species of l)acteria. Studies were uiade on tlie chemistry of apple juice and homemade cider viueKai". Process for transforming' milk into a solid substance, G. V. Fkyk (French Patent 389,835, May 2, 1908; abs. in Jour. Hoc. Clicin. Indus., 21 (1908), No. 20, p. 1026). — By a process which is patentetl, milk is subjected to the action of an electric current, then oxidized, and molded into various shapes and dried. Collodion and oil may be added to produce elastic substances. The product is chiefly of use as an electrical insulator. Preservation of unfermented fruit juice (Oklahoma Hta. Rpt. 1908, p. 71). — Directions are given for the preservation of the unfermented juice of apples and fjrapes. Sulphurous acid in wine making, E. Dupont (Rev. Vit., 30 ( 1908), Nos. 767, pp. 230-233; 768, pp. 253-257; 769, pp. 281,-289; 770, pp. 309-312).— X series of articles wa-itten for the use of the practical wine maker, and treating in a popular manner investigations previously reported (E. S. li., li), p. 9S0). Refrigeration in enology, B. Haas [Rer. Vit., 30 (1908), \o. 780, pp. 589- 592). — A popular article on the influence of temperature in wine making. The preparation of wine in Algeria, J. Foussat (Gouvt. (Jen. Alg^rie, Dir. Agr., Inform. Apr., Bui. 5, pp. J/l, figs. 10). — A popular account of wine making, with special reference to Algerian methods. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The effect of certain diseases and conditions of cattle upon the milk supply, J. R. MoHLER (U. >S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiim. Indus. Rpt. 1907, pp. lJf'>-l-','.i). — The diseases considered include tuberculosis, which is deemed probably the most important disease of cows from the standpoint of public health, actinomycosis, botryomycosis, foot-and-mouth disease, anthrax, cowpox, rabies, mammitis (mastitis or garget), gastro-enteritis, millv sickness, and septic or febrile con- ditions. Abnormal appearance and conditions of milk to be guarded against, such as slimy, stringy, or ropy milk, bitter milk, colored milk, poisonous milk, etc., are also considered. The author makes the following recommendations as the basis for laws and for regulations by public health officers : "That all cows on dairy farms pro- ducing milk for market purposes be tagged, tattooed, or otherwise marked for identification. "That all milk produced on such dairy farms shall either come from tuber- culin-tested cattle, wliich shall be retested at least once a year, or be subjected to pasteurization under the supervision of the health authorities in case the herd is not tuberculin tested. " That no additions to any herd, whether the herd has been tested or not, shall be made in the future without sul)jecting the additional cattle to the tuberculin test. " That no license for the sale of milk shall in future be granted except to applicants having herds free of tuberculosis. " That the milk of cattle showing any of the udder affections above men- tioned, or anthrax, i-abies, gastro-enteritis, septic conditions, or clinical symp- toms of tuberculosis, shall not be utilized as human food, even though the milk be pasteurized. Milk from cows 15 days before and 5 days after parturition and that from animals receiving . . . deleterious medicaments or foodstuffs . . . shall likewise be excluded. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 981 "TLiit veterinary iiisi)ectors of tlie liealtli deitartmeut make fre(iueiiL visits to dairies haviiiji untested herds, in order tliat tliey may discover all advanced cases of tuberculosis, or udder tuberculosis, .-is eai'ly as i)ossible. "That the vai'ious States i)ass laws firantinj;: an approjjriate indemnity to all owners of tuberculous cattle which come under their resi)ective jurisdiction, the said animals to be slaut^htered in abattoirs having Federal inspection." Foot-and-mouth disease, D. B. Salmon and T. Smith {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anini. Indus. Circ. I'll, pp. S). — This is a reprint with slight revision by D. E. Salmon and J. R. Mohler from the Special Report on Diseases of Cattle, previously noted (E. S. R., IG, p. 70S). Surra, R. J. Aeedham [Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 12 {I90S), No. 3, pp. 220- 223). — Attention is called to the importance of a strict inspection of all foreign vessels arriving at ports to prevent animals being landed from countries from whicli surra and other infectious diseases miglit be introduced. The influence of heredity upon tuberculosis, A. Latham {Lancet [London], JfiOS, II, Xo. 21, pp. I'>l2-I.jl 'i). — Some of the conclusions di'awn by the author following a general survey of the subject are as follows: "The hereditary transmission of the germ is so infrequent that it is a negligible factor. "The incidence of tuberculosis depends in the main on two factors — (a) exposure to infection, which in turn is governed by the dose received and the virulence of the particular strain of bacillus; and (b) tlie undermining of the resistance of the individual l)y insanitary conditions and by disease. . . . " There is some evidence to suggest that the diminishing incidence and mor- talty of the disease may be in part due to a partial immunity inherited in the course of generations from tuberculous ancestors in whom the disease has been cured. " The theory that there is an inherited predisposition to tuberculosis is based on insutficient evidence." The eradication of tuberculosis in cattle, A. D. Melvin {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1901, pp. 209-21.'/). — This paper was presented at the annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association, held at Kansas City, Mo., in September. 1907, and has been previously abstracted (E. S. R., 19, p. 199). The tuberculin test: Its method of application, value, and reliability, ,T. R. MOHLEK (U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Anim. Indus. Rpt. 1907, pp. 201-207).— This is a discussion of the tuberculin test, its origiTi, application, value, and reliability. It is stated that tuberculin is harmless for healthy animals and that it inter- feres in no way with the production of milk. The disposal of and indemnity for reacting animals is briefly considered, and a summary of directions for making the test is appended. The tuberculin test of cattle for tuberculosis, J. R. Mohler ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 3')1, pp. 8). — This is a roi)rint of the above article. The use of tuberculin in controlling tuberculosis in herds, C. J. Marshall {Amer. Vet. Rer., 3>, (1908). Xo. 2. pp. 220-227).— A paper presented at the International Congress on Tuberculosis, held at Washington, in which a detailed account is given of the use of tuberculin. Attention is called to the imitortauce of disinfection and sterilization of instrinnents, clothing, etc.. before and during the time of making the test that contagious abortion, tuberculosis, and other contagious diseases may not be carried from animal to animal or from herd to herd. The ophthalmo-reaction to tuberculin in cattle, K. Woleel ( iiertin. Tieriirztl. WeUnseUr.. I90S. Xo. 21. pp. 369-372; uhs. in Vet. h'ee., 21 il90H), Xo. 10'jS, p. 239). — The author concludes that animals which react to the sub- 982 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Mitjiiicous iiijfH-tiou . 33-.'i9 ; ahs. in Bill. Inst. PastGur, 6 (lUOS), Ao. 17. p. 766). — The original data here given include only investigations of the leucocytes of the well horse. In 1 cmm. of blood the author VETERINARY MEDICINE. 983 found in the castrated male an averaiLje of s,i;jr» and in the female 7.140. The extremes were for the male (!.!)(»(» to 9,300 and for the female 6,200 to 7,900. The (lij:esfive jieriod is accompanied liy hypei'lencocytosis. Strangles and glanders, C. E. (iKAY (Traiisraal Agr. Jour., 7 (1908), No. 2.), PI). 2'>~S0). — Strangles or nieuwe ziekte and jrlanders are frequently eon- fused in South Africa by horse owners. As such errors may lead to considerable loss and be attended by severe consequences, the two diseases are described the most marked jioints of difference indicated. The colic of horses. S. Wall {Die KoVik dr.s Pfcnlcs. Stockholm, lOOS. pp. VlI-\-n'.>, JhjK. .'/7. cluirts -'/). — This study is based upon the records of cases at the clinic in Stocklu)lm. In S34 autopsies, the cau.se of death of ,'}l.(j per cent was due to volvulus of the colon. 29.4 per cent to other disi)Iacements. includinfj hernias, volvulus of the mesenteries, etc., and 23 per cent to ruptures of the stomach and intestines. During ir» years, 0,078 cases were recorded, of which 503 or 8 per cent resulted in death. The length of the attack in the cases which recovered was from 12 to 24 hours in 56 per cent and 36 to 48 hours in 40 per cent. In the fatal cases 61 per cent died in 12 to 24 hours. The author classes colic under (wo heads — the first as chymostase or stop- page of the contents of the stomach and small intestines, and the second coprostase or stoppaj,'e in tlie colon, cecum, and rectum. Influenza in horses, S. S. Cameron (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 6 (1908), No. 10, pp. 619-6^.'/). — Influenza of horses is reported as epidemic in Melbourne and its suburbs. The present visitation is apparently more marked both in the proportion of the horses attacked and in the severity of its effect than that of ISDO. Dermal mycosis associated with sarcoptic mange in horses, A. D. Melvin and J. H. MoiiLER (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aniin. Indus. Rpt. t'JU7, pp. 259-277, pi. 1, figs. 6). — This paper was presented at the annual convention of the American Veterinary Medical Association held at Kansas City, Mo., September, 1907. The disease here described was first noticed in 1901 among horses on the rmatilla Indian Reservation near Pendleton, Oreg., at which time 2,500 out of ((.(KM) horses kept on the reservation were more or less affected. A Fusa- rium causing the disease was grown on a i)otato metlium and found to be the Fu.sariuui cquiuuni, described by Xorga.-ird. "All ages and breeds of horses seem ence in tlie snsceittibilily of well and jiooi-ly nourished animals, since weak, impov- erishtnl, unclean, and neglected liors«'s are more freiiuiMilly attacked than horses in better condition. The animals stand around the rubbing post all day indif- ferent about eating, and fiuiilly become anemic and debilitated to such an extent that they die." The mori)hology and cultural characteristics of the fungus are consideretl at length. Kei'oseiie is said to have been used lirst as a remtnly but later more sat- isfactory results h.ive been obtained from coal tar dijis. Experiments made by the Hureau of Animal Industry with a dip composed of suli)lnir and light dynamo ((il in the proportion of 1 lb. of the former to 1 gal. of the latter have given g<»od results. Infectious anemia or swamp fever of horses, .7. R. .Moiiler (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., liur. Aiiitn. Indus. Circ. I.{S, pp. .)). — In this circular the etiology, ss with a view of i)roduciTig a protective vaccine or serum. Researches upon the piroplasm.osis of horses in 1907, A. Belizkr and Makkinovski (Abs. in Jiiil. Jiisl. I'astcur, (! (IDOS), No. 17, p. IHJi). — Investiga- tions were pursued l)y the authors in the province of Kiotan, Kussia. All of the horses attacked were found to be infested with the si)ecies of tide determined by Neumann as Dcnnacciitor rcticulalUH. Native liorses are im- mune while imported horses are very susceptible and often die with the disease. In exjieriments in wliich diseased animals were treated with different chemical products, \\w best results were obtained from injections of a solution of bichlorid of mercury and sodium. Atoxyl proved to be much less etficient. Tlie authors found the different stages of Piroplasma descril)ed by Koch and Christoi>hers in the blood and intestines of the tick, and a t.vi)ical disease was produced by injections of blood from adult ticks. The inoculation of blood from imnnme horses gave good results and the authors state that inununity can be produced by the injection of small quantities of infected blood, which pro- duce mild cases of the disease. The administrative control of anthrax, F. \V. Exirich [Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 29 (1908), \o. 10. pp. 597-603). — Examinations made of over 600 samples of dust derived from soil have failed to convince the author that this source is an important factor in the dissemination of the disease in man. Anthrax has, however, been found in 15 per cent of tlie blood-stained wool and hair examined. The theory and practice of antirabic immunization, W. F. Harvey and A. McKendrick {ISci. Mem. Med. and ^anit. Dcpts. India, n. set'., 1907, So. 30, pp. 2-\--i3, pis. 2). — The authors Iiave summarized their conclusions as follows: " (1) There is evidence of a direct proportion between infectivity and duration of desiccation of rabies nei've material; (2) there is no evidence for this ex- istence of a rabies toxin ; (3) the quantity of living fixed virus and the duration of time of admiuistraticm are tlie only i)oints which need be considered in making out a scheme of antirabic treatment; and (4) there is great advantage in using fresh material in antirabic imnuniization (as in Hoyges' or Ferrans' methods) over dried or heated material, because the former method involves the intro- duction of less injurious foreign nerve substance and is more accurate as re- gards dosage than the latter." The curative influence of extracts of leucocytes upon infections in animals, P. H. Hiss, .Jr. (Jour. Med. Researeh. I!) {190S). Xo. 3, pp. 32.3-397). — Experi- ments were conducted in which the animals used for obtaining leucocytes and for most of the exiteriments were rabbits. The author concludes that " it does not seem unlikely that extracts of leucocytes (polymorphonuclear and mono- nuclear), and p()ssil)ly of the blood-forming organs, furnish us with means of com- bating infections incited l)y those micro-organisms generally looked upon as giving rise to endotoxin poisonings, and whicli have steadily refused to yield to the action of innnune sera alone." Annual report on progress in the study of the pathogenic micro-organism?, P. VON Baumcarten and F. Tangl (Jahrexher. Path. Mikroorgan., 22 (1906), pp. XlI + 96-'i). — Tlie authors i)resent in tliis work a review of the investiga- tions made during the year 1900 of the pathogenic bacteria, fungi, and protozoa, VETERINARY MEDICINE. 985 In this work they have been assisted by various specialists. Bibliojiraiiliies are given with each division and complete author and subject indexes are appended. A preliminary account of the Acanthocephales of mammals, A. Porta (Arrli. Far., 12 {1908), No. 2, pp. 268-282). — Thirty-three species representing the genera Echinorhj-nchus, Chentrosoma, Corynosonia, Bolbosonia, and Gi- gantorhynchus are notetl. The trypanosomes of mosquitoes and their relations to the Haemopro- teus of birds, I >. Mfzincksco (Coniiit. Rciul. Soc. liiol. |/V/r/.s-|. 6"'/ WJOS). A o. li), pp. Dl-i, .076"). — In the intestines of Culicid;e, particularly Culex richardi and V. fasciilu.s talven in Kouiuania, tlie author found Crithidin fascieulata to be very common and probably sometimes pathogenic. Tri/panoKoiiia ciilicin was rarely found. The inoculation of cultures (>f this trypanosome into lab- oratory animals, wild pigeons, and turtle doves resulted negatively. Further results of the experimental treatment of trypanosomiasis; being a progress report to a committee of the royal society, H. (i. Plimmer and H. K. Batkman (I'roc. Roy. Hoc. [London], .SVr B, 80 il<)08), No. B.5',3, pp. 'i77-.'i87). — A continuation of experiments in which rats affected with uagana and surra and dogs with surra, were treated with compounds of arsenic, anti- mony, and mercury. From examinations of rats which had been inoculated with nagana and treated with sodium antimony tartrate it appears that the bone marrow is the place where trypanosomes can live the longest and that the liver is also a place where they can find protection. This is stated to be borne out by experiments made by the authors upon trypanosomiasis in birds. Plain facts about the hookworm disease (/'/w/. Farmer, 23 (,1908), No. 'iS. lip. '/, .7, Id). — A ]K)pular account of the hookworm and the disease which it produces in man. Rocky Mountain spotted fever, A. A. Robinso?? (Med. Rec. [N. Y.], l.'f (1908), No. 22, pp. 913-922, figs. 2, map /, charts 6).— A general review of the literature with a report of a case. This disease is shown to have been reported from Montana, Idaho, Wyoming, Ne\ada, Oregon, Washington, Utah, and Colo- rado. It is suggested that the mountain moscpiito as well as Drrnwccntor occi- dentalis may transmit the disease obtaining the virus from tlie same source. A map is given showing the distribution of the disease and a bibliographical list is ajtpended. The development of the Leishman-Donovan parasite in Cimex rotundatus, W. S. I'ATTON ( .S'c/. Mem. Med. and Sanit. Dcpts. India, )i. scr., 1908, No. 31, pp. 2-\-25, pis. 2). — "In the female as well as in the male bedbug ((7. rotundatus) the parasites have by the third day passed through all (he intermediate stages of development described up to the formation of the mature flagellates. Rapid multiiilication l)y rosette formation is a characteristic feature i)f the develop- ment of the parasite in tlie bedl)Ug. As the male bug sucks blood it probably plays as important a role in the transmission of tlie disease as tlie female bug. "The infection accpiired by tlie l)Ug varies considerably, some ingesting large numbers of parasites, others only a few; and there is no evidence at present to .show that the development in the bug depends on variations in the tempera- ture. "The tendency tliat tlie disease has to linger in a house for a long time is prol)al)ly ex|tlained by the fact that the iiarasife may remain in tlie midgut of the bug for several days before lieginniug to develoj), and. as the iiymi)lis which take from 7 to 10 w-eeks to arrive at maturity, iiwiy ingest tlie parasites shortly after hatching, and as a rule fetnl only (Hice Ix'tween each molt, the 986 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. infection may remain for a considerable time in a house; there is no evidence at present to supiiort tlu' view tliat the infection is inherited ]).v the bujj." Tenotomy of the perforatus in recidiving or incurable sprains of tendons, A. gri-HHiAL' I ^''"■. I/''/- 1 '■/•. '"^'> W.ios), .Vo.s. //. 1)/,. ,{'i'.)-.{.',7 : i.i. i,i>. 'iLi-iiO; (lbs. in Amcr. \'. 2, pp. I')l-153). — As a result of experi- ments continuing for in years, the author, an army veterinarian, concludes that the advantages that the tenl). — Experiments made with alkaloidal extract of (Idstrolobiiim f/rainliflfiniDi which demonstrate the jioison- ous nature of the plant are repctrted. Disinfection and commercial disinfectants, M. 1'. Kavdinel and K. W. Smith ( Wi.sciynsm Sta. Bui. 166. pp. 3-l'J, fign. 9). — In this bulletin the author discusses various disinfectants and gives directions for their use. A number of commercial disinfectants were tested, organisms being exposed to different strengths at room temperature. They were then removed to fresh culture media and incubated at 37° C. the observations l)eing kept up 72 hours. "The results of these tests showed that a 2i per cent solution of cresol, international dip. carboleuni, chloro-naphtholeum disinfectant, zenoleum, germol, and daytholeum destroyed the germ causing pus and abscess {iitapliy- lococcus pyogenes aureus), hog cholera, and the typhoid germ in 1 minute in every Instance. A 10 jier cent solution failed to destroy anthrax spores even after 3 hours exposure. " Car-sul destroyed the germ causing pus and abscess, and hog-cholera germs in a 2i per cent solution in 1 minute in every instance. A 10 per cent solution failed to destroy anthrax sjiores even after 3 hours exposure. A 1 per cent solution failed to kill the typhoid germ after 2 minutes exposure, destroyed it after G minutes exi)osure, but failed to kill anthrax spores. " Dr. Robert's disinfectall killed the germ causing pus and abscess, and typhoid germs in a 2| per cent solution in 1 minute. It failed to kill the hog- cholera germ in this strength in 1 minute, but killed it in 3 minutes. It failed to destroy anthrax spores after 24 hoiu's exposure." Antiformin, a disinfectant which dissolves bacteria, Uhlkniiuth and Xylandkr { Berlin. Klin. Wehn.sehr., J,.5 (lOOS). Xo. 29. pp. 1346-1SJ,9; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 ( I90S), Xo. 20, p. 9.i6). — Antiformin is a trade name given to the alkaline liquid prepared by the addition of caustic soda to a solution of sodium hypochlorite (eau de Javelle). It has been used for some time as a disinfectant, esi)ecially In breweries for rapidly and thoroughly cleansing vats and pipes. The authors have found that a solution of 2 to 5 per cent will destroy most bacteria including Baeterium .^ui.^eptieus within 5 minutes. Spores of anthrax, however, resist its action. The disinfectant properties have remained for sev- eral months when kept in the laboratory. Even in dilute solutions antiformin was found to dissolve most of the bacteria without leaving a residue. The tubercle bacillus and other acld-iJroof bacteria show a remarkable resistance to Its action even in concentrated solutions, and attemi)ts have been made to utilize this fact in the isolation of a pure culture of the tubercle bacillus from sputum. Toxins and endotoxins have been destroyed by comparatively weak solutions. The authors recommend antiformin for disinfecting and deodorizing RURAL ENGINEERIKG. 987 excivta, ;iiul for (lisinfectiiiK liiinds, wmuikIs, aiul tlic skin for cutaiieoiis disensfs. It is also said to be of value in destroying the itacteria of potable water. Cremating- furnace, C. K. Marshall (MUliif/iiii »S7rt. Rpt. t!)08, ;>/>, J22-U5, (Igmii. 3). — After bavinj; bad jjrates of a creniatinK furnace burn out quite fre- quently it was found that 1\ in. tras jiipe could l>o used to support the material without sucli loss. Illustrations accompany the plans Kiven of the crematinj? furnace. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Wyoming, C. '1\ .Tohnstox ( I . S. Driit. Apr.. Office E.cpt. Stds. liul. 205, pp. 60, figs. 22. nntp.'i ,{}. — The principal i)urpose of tliis l)u]letiu is to present to parties contemplating settlement Kcneral information re.gardinjjr the opi)ortunities for settlenu'ut. tlie cost of land and water and of establishing homes on these lands, and rej^ardiuK the crops j;rown. Much of the data deals with the geojiraphic, economic, and climatic conditions. It is stated that "probably no locality in the world is situated to control as many drainage basins as Wyoming." and these are discussed. Future develop- ment is deemed to be possible along every stream in the State where storage works may be provided. Approximately I.OOO.OOO acres of land are now irri- gated, and with the total annual river discharge of Il.OOO.OOO acre-feet this may be increased to 5,000,000 or <>,000,000 acres. The extent of irrigated lands and their products are discussed. re|)orts fi-om farmers relative to profits derived from various crops being given. .V large part of the bulletin is devoted to specific information regarding the irrigation enterprises affording opportmiities for settlement. Following this suggestions are given as to the capital a settler should have, and the items of expense incidental to successful irrigation farming. In the latter connection estimates submitted by representatives of private projects are given. The bulletin includes also a summary of the laws governing the use and con- trol of water and their ai)plication. an account of the procedure under the Carey Act, ar.d a few remarks as to the ]»rosi)ects for the future of irrigation farming in the State. A report upon the drainage of agricultural lands in the Kankakee River Valley, Indiana, C. G. Elliott iU. S. Drpt. Af/r.. Office E-i-pt. Stas. Clrc. 80, pp. 2.i, figs. ii). — The problem presented here was to remedy the conditions in the lower Kankakee Valley arising from the isolated and localized attempts at imi»rovement in the upper valley. The valley, its topograi)hy. the nature of the drainage problem, and the progress and methods jtursucd in attempting the in)i)rovement are briefly described, folUiwed by a discussion of three possi- ble i»lans for comiileting the reclamation. The one deemed to be best adapted to the situation is to straighten and enlarge the channel along the line of most direct and greatest slope. Descriptions of this line which was surveyed, of the Yellow River and a discussion of its influence on the overflow conditions, and other factors affecting the determination of the required size of chainicl are given, together with tabulated data pertaining to the plan and estimates of cost. It is stated that no attemi)t has !>een made to discuss fully the engineering and economic features of the work, but rather " to bring before the owners of the valley lands the facts which are of most vital interest at this time, and to invite their consideration and criticism of the idan." . . . Kxanq)les of large laterals and subdisfricfs which are necessary adjuncts to the scheme projiosed are given at the end of the circular. .S28!)4— No. 10—09 7 988 KXI'KHIMKN r STATION lUK'OHl). A report upon the drainage of the agricultural lands of Bolivar County, Mississippi, W. J. McEatiiron and 8. H. McCrory (U. »S'. Dcpt. Agr., Office Editt. Shis. Circ. SI, pp. 2.S, fl(j. I). — This report embodies the surveys, investi- gations, and iilaiis for tlu' drniuaKe of 140,2r)(> acres (if land wliich is damaged by overllows from streams and hayoiis in llic Ya/.oo Delta In liolivar County, Miss. The general topographic features and tiie soil and climatic conditions are discussed in their relatit»ii to the drainage of the locality. The plans, which contemi)late the im])rovement of the natural drainage channels by cleaning, enlarging, and cutting off bends, are supplemented with estimates of quantities and costs and suggestions as to the manner of doing the work. The survey data given in the report include a list of bench marks established. The reclamation of waste lands in the Netherlands (\'erslag. en Meded. Dir. LnmJh. Dept. Lundh., ^Hjv. en Handel tDOH, No. 6. pp. 7-82).— Detailed statistics of the reclamation of such lands are given. These show that from 1897 to 1!)0T, !H).440 acres of waste land were reclaimed in the Netherlands, nearly one-tliird of wliich was wooded land and the remainder arable and grass land: 1,.';!)(),W)() acres were still unreclaimed in 1907. The principal causes of the awakened interest in the work of reclamation are the hiore extensive use of artificial manures, the extension of agricultural and silvicultural knowledge, the higher prices of agricultural products, and the greater interest in everything connected with agriculture and reclamation. The economic effect of this reclamatitm work has been to increase the rate of wages and to reduce the number of uneini»loyed in winter. Agriculture ha? benelited by the ac(piisition of more grass land. The j'.uthor takes up the various provinces and discusses the kinds of waste lands, the purjioses for which reclamation is carried on, the manner of reclama- tion, the circumstances which help or hinder the work, the results and their influence. The Netherlands Moor Society has had a large share in the work of reclama- tion. Reservoirs for irrigation, water-power, and domestic supply, J. D. Schuy- ler (Xcir Yorl,- and London. J!>OS, 2. cd., rev. and en]., pp. XXVI +573. plfi. 7, figs. 3SJ). — This is a second edition (E. S. R., 13, p. 194) in which the contents have been revised and considerably augmented by new material. Hydraulic- fill dams are treated more fully, there being over 100 pages, including illustra- tions, devoted to the subject. There are two new chapters, one on reenforced concrete dams, and one on structural steel dams. Another addition is a set of profiles of the leading and better known masonry dams, drawn to a uniform scale for graphical comjiarison. Farm methods of applying: land plaster in western Oregon and western Washington, P.. Hintkk HJ. »S'. Dci)t. Agr., Bur. Plant Indiix. Circ. 22, pp. IJf, figs. JO). — This discusses briefly the quantity of plaster to apply for the best results and the saving effected by a careful and uniform distribution. The larger j)art of the circular is occupied by a description of three implements used by farmers for distril)uting plaster, showing the construction in detail, with drawings. The value of land plaster in increasing the yield of leguminous crops in this section of the country, the benefits of uniform distribution, and the way to se- cure this by the use of implements are briefly discussed. Trials of potato and beet harvesters, 1907, C. V. Birk and M. Dall {I'idsshr. Landiikononi.. I<)I)H. Xo. (!. pp. 3.i7-S'>0). — Three potato harvesters, one potato plow, and three beet harvesters were included in the trials. Descrip- RURAL ECONOMICS. 989 lions of the iiiacliiiu's with illiistriitions. jiiul the coucliisioiis of tlie judj^cs with roferonce to their merits are given in the ease of each machine. Trials of self-binders and mowing machines at Constantinsborg, 1908, M. Dall ( 7'u/.s-.sA/-. Laiiiloh-oiiom., I90S. Jo. 12, /*/). oSo-GtS). — Several machines ( /'.)0!>). .Vo. /, jiii. I-II). — Tlie author discusses the origin, deveio])- ment, objects, and present status of the most iin|iortant agricultural associations and coo|)erative societies in Itelgium with particular reference to their i)earingon the nation's ec-onomic and social welfare. The following data show the status of these organizations at the close of 1907: Agricultural associations numbered 1,058 with 63,200 members; cooperative societies for the purchase of farm supplies 1.004. expending for this purpose about $4.(51,^,120; cooperative dairies 407. doing a business valued at about $0,905,357; Kaifteisen credit banks .523, loaning about $(>.~>7.970 ; and assurance societies 1.591, insuriiig live stock valued at about $2(>.S70.7.52. The cooperative principle in the organization of agriculture in Denmark, T. liKixK.MANX ( I'iihliiH/'s Ldiithr. Ztf/.. .77 (W08), Xo. 20, iip. (nS-d'.l.', ) . — The author discusses the position of Denmark with regard to the world's markets, its agricultural possibilities and conditions, the number and size of its holdings, and other features of its economic life which have had a bearing on the devel- opment of the cooi)eratve organization of agriculture in that country. The co- operative production and marketing of products are almost entirely limited to three fields — milk products, eggs, and bacon. The bulk of these products are shown to be raised on small holdings where marketing with profit would be impossible without cooperation, and the growth of the movement among the small farmers has resulted not only in developing the highest forms of agricul- tural cooperation to be found in Eui'ope, but also has contributed to the eco- nomic welfare and independence of the Danish peasant class. Jubilee of the Imperial Union of German Agricultural Cooperative So- cieties (Dciit. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 (I'.iOS), Xo. J. pp. 37-Ji2; Xatal Agr. Jour., 12 (1909), No. 1, pp. J^Jf, JfS). — .\ summarized account of, the I'.istory of agricultural coojieratiou in Germany and of the above organization in particular. Statistics of the development and business of the coojierative societies are presented, from which it appears that on June 1, 190S, there were 21.959 in Germany, of which the credit societies numbered 14,675, agricultural societies 2,138, creameries .3.132, and miscellaneous 2.014. Of the entire number, 17.627 belong to the imperial union. Farming on shares in the present system of rural economy, A. Serpieri (BoL Quind. Soc. Agr. Ital.. ].l (1908), No. 22, pp. J 028-1 057 ).—ThiA paper describes the different forms of share farming in various sections of Italy, l)oints out mider what circumstances and conditions of land and labor this system offers the best economic and social results, and discusses the ec-onomic limitations of farming on shares in Italy. The transformation of share farming into the tenant system, it is believed, will probably be intensified in the future and will be to the advantage of the tenant class. The paper is followed by detailed explanatory notes and a discussion. Agriculture and the tariff in England, O. BiJHLER (Lundic. Jahrb., 37 (1908), No. 6. pp. 961-1050). — This article discusses the governmental inquiry into the agricultural conditions of England in 1906 and the significance of the land laws passed in 11M17 for their imi)rovement. The agricultural holdings act, 1908 (dard. Chron.. 3. ser., .',5 (1909), Nos. 11-^9. pp. 11, 12; 1150, pp. 27, 28). — This is a discussion of the act which took effect January 1, 1909. regulating the i-elations between landlord and tenant in England. The act repeals the market gardeners' compensation act of 1895, and the agricultural holdings acts of 1883, 1900, and 1906. The provisions relate to RURAL ECONOMICS. 991 compensation for improvements, arbitration, daniafre l)y game, freedom of crop- ping, compensation for distnrbance, repairs to bnildings. and record of con- dition at the time of connnencing a tenancy. Tlie text of tlie act lias been l)revionsly noted ( E. S. R.. 20. p. 58S). Interim report of proceeding's under the small holdings and allotments acts for the six months ending June 30, 1908, T. II. Elliott (Bd. Agi: and Fisheries [Londoji], Interim Rpt. Proc. Small Hold, and Allot. Acts, June 30, jnOS, i)i>- 92). Holdings of farm laborers, Delius { Ijtndw. Wchnbl. Scliles. Hoist., 58 < 1908), Xo. o2, pp. S!)0, 891). — As a means of preventing rural resented and discussed. [Mexican farm laborers in the United States], V. S. Clark [Bur. of Labor [U. S.\ Bui. 78, pp. Ji82-.'i8.'>). — Notes are given on the number, distribution, kinds of labor in which emiiloyed, wages, mode of life, and social habits of Mexican farm laborers in the I'nited States. "The main value of the Mexican in agriculture is as a temporary worker in crops where the season is short, especially in harvesting cotton, grain, and sugar beets. Mexicans are not likely to be employed the year round by small faruHMs, because the.v are not eiitertaiiu'd in the family like .American. (Jerman, Scandinavian, or Irish laborers of the North. Yet they do not occu])y a position analogous to that of the negro in the South. They are not permanent, do not acquire land or establish themselves in little cabin homesteads, but remain nomadic and outside of American civilization." Agricultural imports of the Netherlands (U. S. Dept. Apr., Bur. Statis. liul. 12. pp. ■')3). — Tabulated data of the imiiorts of the Netherlands for the 10-year period l.S!»7- 1!)0(). with special attention to agrieiilttn'al imjiorts and the proportion of tliese |iroducts furnished by the United States, are reported. The 992 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. total imports from the T'liitcd States in UMM; were viiliicil at .$l'J(J,(;20,.S(i(), of which .$712,7! n.. SI (■», or 'u.~> per ciMit, were afiricultural prodiu-ts, as compared with an averajxe for tlie 10-year iicriod of (»2.2 per cent. Crop Reporter il'. N. D<. pp. '.)(), figs. i)2, dfftti.s. ,i). — This report classifies and describes the "forces at work " in country life mider the heads of better physical conditions of the farm home, better farm manajiement, transportation and c(»mnumication for the farm, farmers' or^'anizations and civic associations, the i)rintiu.u press, the country church, and the country school. There follows a chapter on outdoor art for country life, iucludinfi directions for school jiardenins and a synopsis of such work done in the county in 1908, and a chapter on indoor art for country life similarly exemplified. One important division of the report is a classified list of the books available in the Rockford (111.) Public Library on country life interests, including the farm and home, country schools, indus^trial training, the studying and teaching of agriculture, and occupations and amusements. Such a classification of the books in local liliraries would make them much min-e useful to teachers, and this report will be found helitful and suggestive to any plaTiuing for such classification. Seven pages are devoted to a review of the development of country high school work in Winnebago County, and some examples of recent consolidation in Ohio, and several pages on the Babcock milk tester as an educational and economic factor in a school are offered to illustrate "'some ways a city high school may enrich country life." The farmers' school. A, B. Graham (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 62 (1907), pp. Jil2~'i21). — This address I'eviews the history of rural school supervision in Ohio and dwells njion the provision made in recent years for the promotion of rural children to the oi)portunity for secondary training. The author also suggests many agricultural ai»plications of the facts and princiiiles learnetl in science study and jHiints out the opportunities for making school work the center of social interest and activity in each community. Si)ecial emphasis is laid ujxm the importance of securing the best possible teachers for the rural schools. The successful farmer's education, W. G. Owens (Ann. Rpt. Penn. Dept. Agr., 13 (liXH), pp. 22.'i-22S). — The needs of the modern farmer for instruction concerning up-to-date machinery and other special features of agriculture are pointed out, the importance of agriculture as an industry is emphasized, and the need of starting instruction in agriculture in tlie public schools is insisted ujion. Higher education for the farmer's wife, 'Sins. F. M. Jones (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr.. 6'2 (1907), pp. .'i56, -'/o7). — This paper makes an earnest plea for the introduction into the rural home of domestic time-aud-labor-saving conveniences comparable in value with those which the farmer commonly provides himself with for the out-door work of the farm, that the energy thus saved to the wife may be utilized in the better organization of the entire home life and in assist- AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 993 iun her to wholosdinc social U-adcrship for the l)i'tu>rineiit of the wliolc coiii- uuinity. One woman's work for farm w^omen, Jknnik Kukli, (Boston, HXhS, pp. 78). — This is a l)iof,'raphical sketch of the late Mary A. Mayo, dealing with her work In rural soeial movements, especially throngh the grange and in the women's sessions of farmers' institutes in Michigan. In the latter work Mrs. Mayo was the tirst woman leader. Agriculture in rural schools, A. M. Dunton (Norf Incest. A(jr., ^Jf (1909), Nos. I!, pp. 7. .s. fif/s. 7 ; 7, /). S). — An article on the development and influence of the agricnitnral liiirli school at Mclutosli. Minn. The Home Gardening" Association (Ann. Rpt. Jlonic (Idrd. Assoc. [Cleve- land], 9 ( 19US). pp. S'l, /hjs. J9). — A report of tiie year's activities of this associa- tion laying special emphasis upon the work of the "training garden" begun experimentally in 190G. This aims to give boys " practical experience in the preparation of the soil, the selection and planting of seed, the rotation of crops, and the sale of the produce " of school gardens. An important educati(mal feature of this plan is the keeping of an individual "garden diary" of all work done and produce sold. Such a diary, with experiments performed, is presented. School gardening and nature study in English rural schools and in London, SCSAN I'y. SUM': (('. ^'. Drpt. Aijr.. Office IJ'ijit. Stas. Jiul. 20-';. pp. ,il . fi(js. Jo). — This is a report upon some studies of methods of teaching nature study and school gardening in England conducted by the author in connection with a recent visit to Europe. An account is given of the nature-study book in the schools of Whitechaiiel, London, including a roof garden, nature-study museum, country-in-town exhibition, and a school nature-study union ; nature study at the Kentish Town Koad School, London: rural school gardens, including the work of agricultural insi)ectors, and evening and day school gardens: and teachers' courses and examinations, including sunmjer courses, at the Horti- cultural College, Swanley. Kent. A manual for high schools with special reference to science and agriculture, J. Main { Kno.ivillc, Tcnn., 1909, pp. 32, /itjs. 0, map I, dyni, J). — This is a tentative scheme for working out a practical and pedagogical correlation be- tween agricultiu-e and the other subjects commonly included in a good high schof)! curriculum, with special reference to tlie work in natural and physical science. One of the leading aims in the plan is to bring foi'ward each successive phase of agriculture at the season when it may be botli of the highest psycho- logical interest and greatest practical value. The manual includes an elaborate course of study, detailed plans for an agricultural school library, and a list of requifi'd laboratory e(|uii»nient. Teachers' manual of elementary agriculture, nature study, and domestic science (Boston and London, I90S, pp. 117, pi. 1. fifjs. .> ) . — This manual has betni prepared under the direction of the Colorado Teachers" Association, and is introduced in a foreword by F. E. Thompson, of the Colorado State University, which contains a statement of the teacher's jjroblem in the rural schools, with general and specific suggestions toward its solution. There follow brief chap- ters on soils. i)lant life, school gardening, field crops, insects and I»irds. live stock, and domestic science, each prepared b.v a specialist. The manual closes with a bibliograi>hy for agricultural and nature-study work. Public school agriculture, 1909 (Mass. Aj/r. Col., Drpt. Afjr. Ed. \raniphlct'\, 1909, pp. 32). — Tliis pamphlet is the work of a connnittee ait|>ointed at the chise of a conference f>n agricultural science at .\nd)erst. Mass., in 1!M).S. to prepare a series of teachable exercises on elementary agri\. distributed over llic study of soils, capillarity, drainage, evaporation, 904 EXPKHI.MKNT SI'ATIOX RECORD. ('.■irtliwoniis, |il;iiit 1i-;iiis|iir:iliiiii. I't-rt ili/.crs. lcj;iiiiumms fora^cc plants, seed scliH-liiiii, corn ficrniiMat ion. |ilaiil xariatinn, propajjratinn, f^raftinj;, itnininj:, Itonlcaux niixlnrc, milk liactciia. milU Icstin}:, etc. Twenty-fonr adilitidnal ♦•xtTciscs aro sntiKi'^ted, willi a list of licliirnl l)ullt>tins and l)ooks. Course in nature study and elementary agriculture for the ungraded schools of California. 1{. <». .Foiin.son ilCliico, Ctil., I!)()<)\, py, (j), — This is an ontliiu' for work in I lie nnu'radt'd schools, and inchuk's some suggestions cou- (•ernin.i; the adininisiration of a course in nature study and elementary agri- culture. lo};ether with a si»eciinen lesson conoerninjj: the cow. The study of the evergreens in the public schools, C. M. Wkkd (Boston: t7, 6'i~67. 90-9'). 10 'i). — This contains a report of the director of the station, a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1004 and June 30, lOO.^i. and a siunmary of the bulletins issued during that period. Annual Report of Iowa Station. 1906 ( loini t, 42. and 4.'!, previously noted. Twenty-sixth Annual Report of New York State Station, 1907 ( Ncio Yorh- Ktiitc S(/v. /. /*/>. y.V'-f ).3(; ,• J, /*/;. \]'+.'>li',; .3, pp. 17/4- 56^). — This rei)ort is issued in 3 volumes. Hart 1 contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the Federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, and for the State funds for the fiscal year ended September 3C, 1907. a list of the periodicals received by the station, meteorological observa- tions notetl on page 913 of this issue, reprints of H.ulJetins 2.S(i~290. 292. 293, and 295, Te<-hnical Hulletins 4-0, and Circular S, all of which have been previously noted, and an index to the first 25 annual reitorts of the station. Part 2 is made up of The (Jrapes of New York, and is noted on page 940 of this issue. Part 3 contains an extended review of the work of the station for the first 25 years, including an account of the twentj^-fifth anniversary exercises. The suniniarics of the experimental work are noted elsewhere in this issue. Director's report for 1908. W. II. Jordan ( .Vcip York iitntr Sta. liul. .ilO. pp. '}'>!i~o7!) ) . — This contains the organization list and a review of the work and publications of the station for the year. Seventeenth Annual Report of Oklahoma Station, 1908 iOkhiliotini Hta. Rpt. lUOH. ftp. SO). — This contains the organization list, a i-eport of the acting di- rector and heads of departments on the worlv of the station, a list of the station publications available for distribution, a brief digest of the station publications issued during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190S. The press bulletins summarized are in ]iart a rejietition of matter published in the regular bulletins of the station. Those not noted elsewhere in this issue are entitled Protecting Trees from Rabbits. Setting Trees, Vaccinate for Blackleg, and H.ee Culture in Oklahoma. Twenty-fourth Annual Report of the Bureau of Animal Industry. 1907 ( f '. N. Drpt. Agi:. Bin: .iniiii. hidux. Rpt. lUUl. pp. J,86). — This includes a re- port of the Chief of the Hureau for the fiscal year ended June 30. 1907, numer- ous articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue or pre^■iousIy noted, and a list of the itublications of the Bureau during 1907. An appendix contains the rules and regulations of the Secretary of Agriculture relating to animal industry issued in 1907. Report of committee on station organization and policy, H. J. Whkei^er ET AL. (U. »S. I)(^pt. .\gr.. Office IJ.rpt. Stds. Circ. />. /^>). — This report was presentetl to the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Exiieriment Stations at the convention held at Washington. 1). C.. November 1S-20, 1908, and has been noted editoiially (E. S. R.. 20. p. ,303). Index to the Yearbooks of the United States Department of Agriculture, 1901-1905, C. II. (jREATHorsE iU. N. Dcpt. .\gr.. Dir. /'h/>.s-. liul. t). pp. I(i6).~ This is a combined subject and author index in continuation of work i)reviously noted ( K. S. R.. 14. p. 509). NOTHS Colorado College and Station. — Tlie legislature has appropriated $119,000 for the ensiling bieiitiiuni, of wliicli $40,000 is for the completion and efiuipinent of n building for instruction in civil and irrigation engineering, and the remainder for farmers' institutes and station work. A bill was also i)assed establishing a substation at Ch<>yenne Wells. L. M. Taylor has been elected secretary of the State bimrd of agriculture, vice A. M. TTawley. Connecticut College. — The eighth annual session of the summer school will be held during the four weeks beginning June 2!). Courses in nature study, domestic science, agriculture and methods of teaching elementary agricidture have been planned to meet the needs of teachers, especially those in rural schools, as well as of others interested in nature and country life. Special practicMl courses iit poultry husbandry and fruit growing will also be given. Hawaii Federal Station. — The special agent in charge has been appointed by the governor of Hawaii a member of two special boards provided for at the recent session of the legislature. One of them is ou the allotment of a special tax known as the Natural Resources Conservation Tax, and the other a com- unssion to investigate fruit growing and truck farming in that Territory. An exhibit of station work was made at the recent poultry exhibition, special prominence being given to the work under way with cotton, tobacco, rubber, and rice, and to bee keeping. Iowa College and Station. — A single board of e. Foster, Ottumwa ; E. T. Schoentgen, Coun- cil Bluffs; I). I). Murphy, p:ikader; and (Jeorge T. Baker, Davenport. Of these, C. R. Brenton was a member of the former board of trustees of the college. A finance connnittee is to be selected by the board from outside its own mem- bei'ship, whicli will give its entire time to the business management of the institutions. Kansas College and Station. — W. A. Harris, of Lawrence, Arthur Capper, of Topeka, and W. J. Todd, of .Maple Hill, have been appointed to the board of regents, vice J. S. McDowell, A. M. Story, and (J. P. (iriffith. At a recent meeting of the board the horticidturist was appointed to the newly established office of State forester. The purchase of two cpiarter sections of land north- west of the college farm was authorized. Maine Station. — An .ict has been passed by the legislature retjuiring the sta tion t() conduct investigations in orcharding and the growing of corn and other farm crops, and appropriating $10,000 for the purchase and ear ago throuf?li tbe apiiointuient of F. W. Itaven as field agent, has met with encouraging success. Efforts have been directed mainly toward the organization of cooperative breeders' associations, with a view to the stimulation of Hve-stoclc improveuieut. During the first G months 10 associations were formed, representing 2,100 cows, and 51 registered sires were purchased. (). K. White has recently been ai)pointed field agent in horti- cultural extension work, and A. K. Potts for similar work with soils and field crops. William S. Sayer. assistant in bacteriology in the college and research assist- ant in bacteriology in the station since T.X)7, was drowned while canoeing April 30. He was graduated from Beloit College in lS'.)i), and engaged in graduate work in the University of Chicago for the two years following. He had served as chemist and bacteriologist to the Chicago Sanitary Commission, and later was in commercial work. He was 3.3 years of age. Maryland College and Station. — Frank Kent has been appointed registrar and treasurer of the college and treasurer of the station, vice the late Dr. J. R. Owens. Mississippi College. — The corner stone of the new administration building, to cost aiiiiniximaliMy .$100,000, was laid April 16, with appropriate exercises. The principal address was delivered by President AV. O. Thompson, of the Ohio T'niversity, who took for his subject Industrial Education. Nebraska University and Station. — According to a note in Science, the charter of the university has been amended by the legislatui'e to allow a reorganization into seven colleges, namely : The graduate college, the college of arts and sciences, the college of agriculture, the college of engineering, the teachers' college, the college of law, and the college of medicine. Of these the graduate college has hitherto been known as the graduate school, and the colleges of agriculture and engineering have constituted what was known as the industrial college. An apiirojtriation was made by the legislature of .$4."),000 for substations, $20,000 for farmers' institutes, and .$1(X>,000 for permanent improvements, the pureha.se of additional land, and other purposes. Cornell University. — '/'lie Rural Neio Yorker announces that the College of Agriculture is to cooperate with the Chantauciua Institution'in holding a coun- try life week at Chautauqua, August 23 and 24. This will take the form of a general conference of all ])ersons interested in country life with a symposium (»n its jiroblems. both by men in close touch with country life and those ])romi- nent in other activities. It is expected that many of tli(> agricultural colleges and schools of the country will be I'epresented. New York State Station. — A State appropriation of .$10,000 has been granted for a study of grape i)roduction in Chautauqua County. The investigations are to include methods of culture and the ravages of insect pests and fungi. Ohio University and Station. — The legislature has appropriated .$20,000 to amplify tlie extension work of the uni\ersify through the holding of traveling schools of agriculture. These schools are restricted in duration to one week, and not nuu'e than one school may be held in a county during a given year. Instruction is to be offered in soil fertility, stock raising, crop production, dairying, horticulture, domestic science, and kindred subjects. An agricultural train was sent out M:irch 2.3, which ma(U> a H-day trip through the south- western part of the Stat(\ Arrangements are Ix'ing mad" to siipplenuMit the variety tests of wheat under way at tin' staticMi with milling ;ind iiaking tests, and C. (J. Evans has been appointed assistant agronomist to have charge of this work. 998 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The vestry of a church in lioardnian, Mahoniii}; County, has dffered to the station tlie use of a tract of 10 acres for a test ticUl. and the county com- missioners and county agricultural society of Hancock County liave made a similar offer of a tract of liO acres. These offers have heen accejjfed and work ou the fields has been heuun. The calls for tlie station's fair exhibit from county fair assorintions have become so urgent that two exhibits will be put in the field during the coming fair season, tlie routing of tlie exhibits being jthiced in the hands of a com- Uiittee of the fair associations. The State approiirlations to the station aggregate .$11S,;)!)0, besides .$1,0<)() for stationery and an unrestricted amount for pai)er for publications. Tlie ai)propriations incln(l(> .$2S,.")(U» for administrative ])urposes, .^O.noO for agronomy, )t!l."),iri(» for animal liusbandry, .$."i,OU() for liotany, .$1."),()00 for coo|)erative experi- ments. $(;,f).".0 for entomology, ,$.S.()00 for forestry, .$8,000 for soils. .$.'},050 for chemistry. .$i),(!40 ft)r horticulture, .$.s.000 for nutrition, and ,$1,000 for equipment. Oklahoma College and Station. — A very successful week's short course was held at the college in January. About 400 farmers were in attendance, and 50 Women attended the course in domestic economy. The subjects presented included cotton, corn, and alfalfa growing, seed selection, road building, farm management, horse and swine judging, dairying, tuberculosis, Texas fever and its eradication, the silo and its uses, care of farm horses, orchard pests and Hl>raying. fruit growing and storage, and tree planting. A special feature of the week was a meat-cutting demonstration, conducted under a large tent in which all the retail cuts of beef, pork, and mutton were shown and their relative value explained. The State Dairymen's Association held its annual meeting during the week, and a corn growers' association was oi'ganized with over a hundred charter members. Extension work is contemplated through a boys' and girls' agricultural club and cooperative ex])erimental work among former students of the college. Several new buildings for the college and station are to be erected. John F. Nicholson, professor of botany, entomology, and geology in the col- lege and entomologist in the station, resigned February 10 and is engaged in commercial work. Pennsylvania College and Station. — The Pennsylvania IJailroad recently ar- ranged a special trip to the college for a company of 23 of its local station agents, for a day's study of agricultural matters of benefit to the farmers in the districts ti-ibutary to their stations. H. P. Raker, forester, has been granted leave of absence for IS months, beginning July 1. to be sjtent in study and travel in Europe and the Orient. Rhode Island College and Station. — By a recent act of the general assembly, the board of managers has been increased by the addition of the State commis- sioner of education and a representative to be elected from the State board of agriculture. It is expected that this change will bring the institution into closer touch with the general agricultural work of the State, and that it will tend to promote cordial relations between the board :uid the State board of agriculture. Tennessee University and Station. — The legislature has jiassed a bill giving 25 per cent of the State's revenues for education. Of this amount 7 per cent will go to the university and experiment station — .$10,000 being set aside for the suppoi't of the substation at Jackson, $5,000 for crop experiments in middle Tennessee. .$7,500 for the station at Knoxville, and the remainder, at present about .$40,00(». for instruction at the university. NOTES. 999 W. K. Iliiiitor li;is been appointed fci-tili/.cr and food clieiuist. vice \V. K. Grainger. J. K. Ilite, assistant in coopeiative cwiierinients at (iallatin, is no longer connected witli tlie station. Virginia College and Station. — Since November 1 five agricnltural trains have been sent ont over as many different railroads, with an aggregate attendance of about 25,000 people or abont 100 at each stoji. At least two more trains are contemplated before June 1. Tbe college and station are to furnish speakers and experts for two cars, one of which will be for live stocli. In return the rail- roads have agreed to run farmers' excursion trains along their lines to the college during the summer. The dairy division is now installed in its new quarters in the basement of the new agricultural building. Its equipment is considered second to none in the South. There is a connneicial creamery room 90 by 90 feet, with complete equipment, especially for the production of higli-grade cream; a farm dairy and butter-making room 90 by 90 feet, with most of the standard separators and chnrns; a pasteurizing room 80 by 20 feet, containing a duplex pasteurizer driven direct by motor; a bottling outfit; a wash room isolated from the creamery, with sterilizing apparatus; a room 20 by 20 feet, containing a brine tank with freezing capacity of If tons of ice in 3G hours; 4 cold storage rooms, 2 for bottling. 1 for cieam, and 1 for cheese, insulated with cork and refriger- ated with the annnonia absorption system ; a laboratory for dairy bacteriology 15 by 20 feet; a milk-testing laboratory and lecture room 90 by 90 feet, com- pletely equipped for ?>2 students, with room for 70; and a cheese room 90 by 90 feet. All the rooms have cement floors with center drain, and all machinery is run by electric n)otor. E. H. Fred, assistant bacteriologist in the station, has been granted a year's leave of absence to be si)ent in the study of soil bacteriology in Germany. Virginia Truck Station. — Recent changes in the governing board include the appointment thereto of J. M. Barker, of Axton, vice J. W. Churchman, deceased, and of N. W. Nock, of Onancock, vice C. W. Heater, and the selection of Presi- dent P. B. Barringer. of the Virginia College, as president of the board. Wisconsin University and Station. — In addition to the editing of all publica- tions of the college and station, the new editorial office is to serve as a press bureau for the i)repiiration of data to be sent out to newspapers of the State and the agricultural press of the coiuitry. A press bulletin containing news notes and articles on work of the college and station is being issued weekly by the university. Recent appointments in the college of agriculture include Ward M. Totmau as assistant in dairy husbandry, and Fred I.. Musbnck as assistant in soils, vice M. I. Tuttle and Roy R. Marshall, resigned. The station is again preparing to conduct spraying demonstrations for potato blight and cranberry diseases in cooperation with farmeis in the State. New York Conference on Secondary Agricultural Schools and Branch Experi- ment Stations. — At a conference of deans of the various State agricultural schools, held at Cornell I'liiversity during Farmers' Week, the function and scope of the secondary agricultural schools was discussed. The consensus of opinion favored so conducting such schools as to fit their graduates primarily for practical farm work and secondarily for teaching agriculture. The cor- relation of all such work into a general State system was advocate build- ings and etjuipment <>1' the New York State School of Af^riculture at Alfred University. Alfred. X. V. Of this sum $r>,(»00 is inunediately available for the purchase (if live stocU. daily supplies, and improvements on the State farm. Agriculture in Public Schools. — The I'ainiiont West Mrgiiiian of March 31, 1000, states that the lejjislature has passed a bill requiring West Virginia teach- ers to jiass an exanunation in agriculture for any grade of certificate. Michigan Farmers' Short Course. — The second anntial farmers' short course conducted by the Menominee (Mich.) County Agricultural School, March 10 to 10 was remarkably successful, no less than ^.odo persons being enrolled from ad.iac('nt counties in .Michigan and Wisconsin. Traveling Stock-judging Schools in Canada. — A new feature in farmers" insti- tute work was attemi»ted last year in the Province of Alberta, viz, traveling stock-.! udging schools.. Two cars with about 50 head of improved stock, loaned by the Lacombe Agricultur;il Society and leading stockmen of the province, were carried from place to jilace throughout the province and used for demonstration purposes. In selecting the stock the ob.iect was to have the popular breeds of horses, cattle, sheep, and swine represented. Owing to the risk in carrying the animals on the train for 3 months they w^ere insured, and at each place were stabled in liver.v barns. A hostler and two herdsmen accompanied the stock. Xine schools, of 1 or 2 weeks' duration, were held in comfftrtable class rooms, and from 4 to 6 speakers took part in the program at each place. At the close of each school a .iudging contest, open only to the members of the school. was held and prizes were offered. A membership fee of $1 was charged, the money being used for fitting up the class room and for prize mone.v. The scheme is reported to have been highly successful. New Journals. — ZcilHchrift fi'ir hiologixche Trchnik iind Mrtliodik is being issued at regular intervals under the direction of Dr. Martin Gildemeister, of Strassburg. It is to contain short original articles in the German language and original descriptions, notes, and abstracts of articles dealing with biological apparatus and methods. Si)ecial attention is to be given to plant and" animal physiology, physiological chemistry, bacteriology, fermentation chemistr.v, phar- macology, and experimental pathologj% psychology, and morphology. The American Pure Food and Drug Journal, "devoted to the enforcement of the National and State pure food and drug laws." is being issued as a monthly. The initial number contains the text of the Xational food and drug act and of the West Virginia i)ure-food law, insi)ection rulings b,v State authorities in Ohio and Kentucky, an account of legal cases arising in the enforcement of the National act, articles discussing various pure-food uuestious, and other data. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assutant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crop.'; — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Food.>^ and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XX, NO. ii. Editorial notes: Page. Breeding projects at the American stations 1001 Animal breeding as a subject of research 1002 Recent work in agricultural science 1006 Notes 1095 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Agricultural chemistry, Morgen and Fingerling 1006 Chemical industry in relation to agriculture, Frank 1006 Behavior of aluminum in milk, wine, and salt solutions. Von Fillinger 1006 On the precipitation of magnesium as ammonium-magnesium phosphate, Raffa. 1006 The theory of the titrametric determination of phosphoric acid 1006 Determination f)f water-soluble phosphoric acicl in superphosphates, Schucht. . 1006 The determination of nitrogen in calcium cyanamid, Girasoli 1007 Comparative deferminaticms of hardness in water, Klut 1007 The determination of the clay content of soils, Fletcher 1007 Shaking as a means of ])reparing soils for mechanical analysis, Kashinski 1007 Methods of testing the efficiency of ventilation, Richards et al 1008 Protein hydrolysis. Employment of hydrofluoric acid, Hugounenq and Morel. 1008 The hydrolysis of fish muscle, Osborne and Heyl 1008 Concerning the constitution of phytin, Neuberg 1008 Extending the use of the precipitin reaction, Fiehe 1008 Concerning the identification of starch, IMoemendal 1008 The polarimetric determination of starch, Lintner 1008 The alkalinity of meat a.«h and the ash of some casein ])reparati()ns, Kicklon. . 1009 The identification of horse meat by the biological method, Scliiiller 1009 Examination of sau.sage, Kreis 1009 Identification of honeys and detection of cano sugar, F'iehe 1000 The detection of formic acid in honey, Merl 1009 Error in the estimation of caffein, Lendrich and Murdfield 1009 I II CONTENTS. Theobromin content of coco and new nutlKid for estimating, Kreutz 1009 Judging ulcohol-frce wine, Krassor 1009 Use (if l''i('hc'sreac(i()ii fm- artilicial invert sugar in wine, Kiekton 1009 With what exactness can analytical data of wine examinations he represented. . 1009 Participation of reductase in th(M)n)cess of alcohol fermentation, Palladin 1009 Color reactions as testa for heateil milk, Ilerholz 1009 Different iat ion of enzyms in milkhy liych'ogendioxidand itste-!ts, Lawall 1010 On the biological dilTerentiation of niiik, J'niuer 1010 On recent rapid methods for estimating the fat content of cream, Rusche 1010 The estimation of the fat content in cream, (irimmer 1010 Butter and its adulterations under the microscope, Morres 1010 On the estimation of sugar in bagasse, Pellet 1010 Explanation of occasional abnormally high purity of Bome cane juices. Pellet. . . 1010 Determination of sugar in molasses feeds ancf denatured sugar products, Vauflarl. 1010 Application of gasometric method to exact determination of urea, Ilonchese. . . . 1011 Wood products, distillates and extracts, Dumesny and Xoyer, trans, by Grant . . 101 1 Leather industries laboratory book, Procter 101 1 A new mercury azotometer, Oarcia 1011 A simple ajiparatus for the estimation of catalase, Koestler 1011 An apparatus adapted toanumbcr of analytical purposes, Pozzi-Escot 1011 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Wireless telegraphy in the service of modern meteorology. Polls 1011 Wireless telegraphy in the service of modern meteorology, Herrmann 1011 Monthly Weather Review 1012 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and Lindblad . . 1012 Meteorological report, 1907, Auld 1012 Weather at Rothamsted in 1908, Willis 1012 Danish meteorological conditions in 1907-8, Willaume-Jantzen 1012 Meteorology J 013 Handbook of climatology, Hann 1013 Variations in climate, Arctowski 1013 Public water supjtlies, Turneaure and Russell 1013 Chemical and biological survey of the waters of Illinois, Barlow et al 1013 Bacteria in water, Koch 101 4 Features of rei)ort of Royal ('ommission on Sewage Disposal, Lemmoin-Cannon.. 1014 Purification and disposal of town and factory sewage, Reich 1014 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The agricultural soils of Cape Colony, Juritz 1014 The humus deposits in the limestone Alps, Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen 1014 Contribution to the study of the humus matter of peat, Roger and Vulquin. . . 1015 Recent results of investigations in soil bacteriology, Simon 1015 Legume bacteria, Edwards and P)arlow 1015 Investigations on the process of denitrificalion, Cingolani 1015 The action of heat and antiseptics on soils, Pickering 1015 The role of oxidation in soil fertility, Schreincr and Reed 1016 Soil improvement work, Conner 1017 Soil fertility. Hunt 1017 Theories of manure and fertilizer action, Hall 1018 [Miscellaneous fertilizer notes] 1018 Experiments with chemical fertilizers in 1908, Chuard and Dusserre 1018 Cooperative fertilizer experiments in Sweden, 1907, l>olin 1018 Results obtained with different forms of nitroaps 1022 Shall we use natural rock or acid phosphate for Illinois soils? Hopkins 1022 Phosphoric acid of varying solubility as a fertilizer for meadows, S^■oboda J022 Modern land-pebble phosphate-mining plants in Florida, Mendenhall 1022 Phosphate industry in Tennessee, Ruhm 1022 Agricultural lime, Jenkins and East 1022 Lime, Rowe 1022 Gypsum deposits, Rowe 1023 Lime and marl examinations in Jutland, 1908, Kristensen 1023 Magnesia, its function and use in agriculture, Rigaux 1023 Manurial value of sewage and sewage sludge 1023 Analyses of ashes discharged during eruption of ^'esuvius in 1906, Girasoli 1023 Consumption of fertilizers 1023 Fertilizers in South Australia, Summers 1023 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A statistical criterion for species and genera among the bacteria, Winslow 1024 Studies on bacterial enzyms, Zikes 1024 The proteases of plants, Vl, Vines 1024 Concerning fungus desamidase, Pringsheim 1024 Concerning hydrating ferments in various gums, Boucher 1025 Preliminary investigations on the oxidizing diastases of plant latex, Cayla 1025 The influence of agitation on the growth of some of the lower fungi, Sar'torv . . . 1025 The influence of light on the growth of lihizopus nigricans, Raybaud .' 1025 The effect of light on germination, Kinzel 1026 The chemistry of chlorophyll, Schry ver 1026 Studies in chlorophylls, Marchlewski ]026 The photodynamic work of chlorophyll extracts, Ilausmann 1026 Protein changes taking place in green plants kept in the dark, iUitkewitsch. . 1026 Chemical changes due to the wounding of plants, Friedrich 1027 The action of sulphur dioxid on plants, Wieler 1027 A new group of plants containing hydrocyanic acid, Greshoff 1027 Cenlaurea aupcra, a plant containing hydrocyanic acid, Gerber and Cotte 1027 Seeds and plants imported fiom April 1 to June 30, 1908 1027 FIELD CROPS. Dry farming investigations in Montana, Atkinson and Nelson 1028 Alfalfa for seed produc-tion in semiarid regions, Brand and Westgate. 1028 Alfalfa yields, 1908, Stevens 1029 Comparative variety tests with fodder beets, Vafiha and Kyas 1029 Tests with fodder beets and of Mauthner treatment of beet seed, Kyas et al. . . 1029 The sugar-beet crop in the principal European countries from J 898- 1908, Bureau. 1029 The American sugar-beet growers* annual, edited by Rodents 1029 Score cards for dent corn 1030 Fertilizer tests with cotton, Stevens 1030 Recent experiments with oats, Williams 1030 Varieties of jjotatoes grown in the ( 'entral Provinces, Evans 1031 Culture and j)rf])aration of si.sal, Marques 1031 The soy bean: A comparison with the cowpea, Mooers 1031 Food consunq)ti()n of beet and relation to sugar content, Andrlik and Irhan.. 1032 Experiments with varieties of sugar cane, Watta et al 1032 Manurial experiments, Watts et al 1032 Shelter-tent experiment with Sumatra-type tobacco, Frear 1032 Principles and practical methods of curing tobacco, Garner 1033 IV CONTENTS. rape. Foreign tobaccos, De Bussy 1033 The ])ro(luction of wheat in the IJritish Empire, Uumi)hries 1033 \Vhoiit and other cereals, Zulhi 1033 Wheat lieUls and markets of the world. Smith 1033 The grain prodnet ion of the world in 1908 1033 Cereal cnlture, Sehindler 1033 Principal crops of the world, A\arburg and \'an Soineren Brand 1034 HORTICULTURE. Ninth report of A\oburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Bedford and Pickering 1034 Contribution to the study of the injection of nutrients into fruit trees, Fron. . . 1035 A radical change in the method of determining fruit varieties, Janson 1035 The specific weight of fruit varieties, Zimmerman 1030 Papers read at the summer meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society 1030 French gardening, or intensive cultivation on the French system, Newsome.. . 1030 Sugar corn and tomatoes, Mcllatton 1030 [The selection of tomatoes for a higher yield], Troop and Woodbury 1037 Ra.'^pberries, blackljerries, and loganberries in ^^'ashington, Thornber 1037 Factors affecting keeping cjuality of grapes while in transit and in storage 1037 The Rixford : A new type of Smyrna fig, Swingle 1037 The first season with the peach orchard, Blake 1037 Report of progress with citrus fruits, Waschka 1038 Cacao culture in West Africa, Chevalier 1038 Relationship and classification of the Italian varieties of the almond, Biasco. .. 1038 Herbaceous perennials tested in the arboretum and botanic garden, Macoun. . 1038 Sweet peas and their cultivation for home and exhibition, Curtis 1039 FORESTRY. Report of Royal Commission on coast erosion, reclamation, and afforestation.. 1039 Investigations of forestry problems along the North Carolina banks, Pratt 1039 Second annual report on forest conditions in Ohio, Green 1040 Forest survey of Litchfield and New Haven counties, Hawes and Hawley 1040 Seventh report of the forest commissioner of the State of Maine, Ring 1040 FUth annual report of the State forester of Massachusetts, Rane 1040 Annual report on state forest administration in South Australia for 1907-8, Gill . 1040 Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine 1041 The timber industry in north Germany, Marchet 1041 Researches on the woods of African leguminous trees, Perrot and Gerard 1041 A Philippine substitute for lignum-\'ita3, Hutchinson 1041 Physiological principles involved in the tapping of rubber trees. Fitting 1041 On the plantation, cultivation, and curing of Para Indian rubber, Wickham. . 1041 DISEASES OP PLANTS. Examples of the use of the microscope in investigating plant diseases, Appel.. 1042 Two little-known Myxosporiums, Edgerton J 042 Investigations on diseases of cereals in 1908, Stormer 1042 Formalin for oat smut, Goss 1043 The rust of timothy, Kern 1043 The browning of the bracts of hops due to lime nitrogen, Wagner 1043 Varieties of potato scab 1043 Dry scab of potatoes, Massee 1043 Potato spraying ex])eriments in 1908, Stewart, French, and Sirrine 1043 Potato spraying in dry seasons. Hall 1044 Scab, early blight, and mildew, Johnson 1044 [Spraying exjieriments with cantaloups], Troop and Woodbury 1044 Melon wilt. Troop and Woodbury 1044 The gooseberry mildew, Eriksson 1044 Exosmosis in the roots of plants and combating chlorosis, Truffaut 1044 Apple blotch, a serious disease of southern orchards, Scott and Rorer 1044 Scaly bark of citrus, Fawcet t 1045 Fungus diseases of cacao and sanitation of cacao orchards, Stockdale 1046 Bud rot of the coconut, Copeland 1046 The blue rot of coniferous timber, Miinch 1046 A fir disease in Saxony, Neger 1047 CONTENTS. V Page. The white-pine blight in Maine, Morse 1047 The infections chlorosis of the Japanese euonymus, Baur 1047 The destruction of wood by fungi, Duller 1047 North American rose rusts, Arthur 1047 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Spring practice in economic zoology, Gossard 1048 Eighth report of the State entomologist, 1908, Britton 1048 Insect notes for 1908, Patch 1049 The apple leaf hopper and other injurious insects of 1907 and 1908, Washburn. 1049 Reports of orchard inspectors 1050 A European ant (Myrmica levinodis) introduced into Massachusetts, Wheeler. . 1050 Notes on Tenthredinoidea, with descriptions of new species, I, Rohwer 1050 A list of parasites known to attack American Rhynchophora, Pierce 1050 Notes on the life history of Nonagria oblonga, Walton 1051 A bit of contemporary history, Slosson 1051 Biological studies on three species of Aphididae, Davis 1051 Notes and descriptions of some orchard plant lice of the Aphidida;, Gillette 1051 The army worm at Durham, N. C, Metcalf 1051 Experiments for the control of the red spider in Florida, Russell 1051 Notes on the grass mite, Pediculopsis graminum, Hodgkiss 1051 Dimples in apples from oviposition of Lygus pratensis, Taylor 1051 Cronigrapha normani, Patch. 1052 The tussock moth in orchards, Schoene 1052 Orchards injured by tussock moth, F. H. Hall 1052 Must the calyx cup be filled? Slingerland 1052 Proprietary and homemade miscible oils for the San Jose scale, Jarvis 1052 Miscellaneous treatment for San Jose scale, Symons 1053 Notes on Aspidiotus destructor and its chalcid parasite in Tahiti, Doane 1053 Care of scale-infested trees. Surface 1053 Whitefly studies in 1908, Berger 1053 The saddled prominent {Heterocainpa guttivitta). Patch 1054 A new species of the Tortricidte, Fernald 1054 Work of the Bureau of Entomology against forest insects, Hopkins 1054 Tick eradication, Cotton 1054 Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick, Howard <• 1055 Notes'on fleas collected in San Francisco and elsewhere, Doane 1055 Notes on the hen flea {Xestopsylla gallinacca), Herrick 1055 The foul brood of bees and the foul-brood law, Herrick and SchoU 1055 Calendar for treatment of plant and insect pests. Green, Selby, and Gossard... 1055 Treatment of plant diseases and insects in South Carolina, Barre and Conradi.. 1055 Washington State College spraying calendar for 1909, Beattie and Melander . . . 1056 Cyanid as an insecticide, Woglum an*e of the Weather Bureau, may be purcha.sed from the Suix'iintendeiit of Docu- ments, Wa.shington, D. C. For the publications of the Weather Bureau requests and remittances should Ix; directed to the Chief of the Bureau. The pri(;e of Krpcri- meni Station Record is $1.50 j)er volume, or 15 cents per number. The prices of other technical jiublications are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XX. June, 1909. Xo. 11. The list of projects conducted by the experiment stations under the Adams fund inchides sixty-three which fall under the head of in- vestigations in breeding. This relativel}^ large number indicates the popularity of the subject, and an evident feeling that it not only presents large research possibility but is a line in which investigation is greatly needed. The attention which is being given to breeding is encouraging, and the number of enterprises suggests the possibility of material addi- tions to the general understanding of its various phases. As the Adams fund is known to be for work of research character, this expectation seems a reasonable one, for it implies a grade of work which is systematic and thoroughgoing, and Avill be continued to a definite conclusion. The men who have enlisted under that fund therefore have a certain responsibility resting upon them for the maintenance of a high standard of investigation, and for the charac- ter of the results which they secure. Like all Adams fund workers, their scientific reputation is at stake, and their conceptions of research as well as their ability in that line will be judged by the direction which their work takes. This will depend ultimately upon the atti- tude in which the man in charge approaches the subject, and the direction in which his real interest lies. It may be modified for a time by external influences, but in the end it will, like all investigation, be the product of the man. Quite wide dili'erences still exist in the conception of research and original investigation as applied to breeding. The subject is alluring on account of the practical possibilities it presents. Popular interest in the results of selection and breeding has led some men into it whose main interest apparently centers around the thing to be pro- duced rather than the method or the phenomena involved. There is a failure to distinguish Ix'lwecn the scientific or I'esearch phases and the practical phases of plant breeding — between the search for truth and the production of a material thing. 1001 1002 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The subject of breeding presents many excellent opportunities for research, but the breeding of plants and animals by experiment sta- tions or by practical breeders is not necessarily of that grade. The study of principles and the broadening of knowledge as to how desired results may be secured is one thing, and the intelligent appli- cation of such knowledge in the improvement of existing varieties is another. It is for the Avorker to determine which line he will under- take. Not all of the breeding Avork is necessarily confined to the research fund — in fact, only such as involves actual research features is appropriate to it. There is a place for the more practical kinds of breeding work, provided it is not merely commercial and contains experimental features. In a comparatively few cases does the breeding work of the stations actually deal primarily with underlying principles or methods; in some others it involves the more or less systematic study of phenomena observed in connection with the attempt to secure improvement, but in many cases the primary aim and the one largely influencing the conduct of the work is improvement in some particular by well- known methods, usually depending on the chance of favorable variation. There is danger, therefore, that the expectations aroused by the number of undertakings in breeding may not be fully realized in the scientific output. This seems quite likely to be the case unless more scientific features are introduced. This emjDhasizes the necessity of recognizing the proper distinction between various kinds of effort, and applying the proper terminology. The terms " investigation " and " original research '' have been used too loosely in reference to station work, and that practice is likely to bring a reflection on the scientific work in agriculture. These terms are not easily- defined, being largely a matter of feeling and spirit, but they stand for fairlv definite grades of work in the minds of scientific men. Of the 63 breeding projects of the experiment stations, only 11 relate to the breeding of animals. The small number of the latter is perhaps natural, both from the cost of animal experiments and the number of men who are especially interested in that phase of breeding studies. The subject is more complex because animals are more highly organized than plants and greater time is necessary to secure results. It is believed, however, that more investigation could profitably be undertaken in that line, but investigations of insufficient extent and thoroughness are to be discouraged. There are several quite large projects being carried on by the stations, and in addition to these there are a number conducted under other auspices, notably by Davenport, under the Carnegie Institu- tion, and by Castle, at Harvard. The field is a most appropriate one to the agricultural experiment stations and to the Adams fund. EDITORIAL. 1003 especially if this fund can be supplemented by State funds so as to _insure the conduct of the investigation on a sufficiently large scale. ^It affords excellent opportunity for the exercise of research ability and for investigation of the first rank. The results are needed not onl}^ for their practical application but as a basis for teaching. Breeding studies must go on in connection with the attempt to secure economy of production through the development and perpetuation of more efficient machines for converting food into products and the securing of greater special adaptation. From being largely a matter of good judgment of animals, suc- cessful breeding has come to have a more substantial basis in science. Bakewell's good judgment of stock enabled him to develop the Dish- le}' breed of sheej) and the Longhorn breed of cattle. Everj'^ feeder knows that the individuality of the animal is an important factor in feeding problems. The characteristics of animals of the same species are subject to so great variations that it is necessary for the successful stockman to be a good judge as to what animals will make the most economical use of feeds. The past century has witnessed a great increase in the number of good judges of stock. Under the present training in our agricultural colleges the average student after a reasonable amount of experience can jjick out the fit from the unfit, (iood judges of stock are becoming more common. But given a pen of good animals, the problem before the breeder is how to perpetuate the good (qualities — how can the abilit}' to make an economical use of feed be carried over to the next generation? Modern scientific investigation has contributed considerable light upon this point. Microscopic study of the germ cells and embryonic tissue has revealed the inner structure and the conditions which may influence the incipient organism. Biometric treatment of the phe- nomena of heredity indicates the degree to which in the long run a continuous variation may be inherited; and above all the discover}^ of Mendel's principles has made it possible to predict with a reason- able degree of certainty what characters may be inherited. Experimental evidence has shown that the unit characters of which each individual being is composed may be inherited independently; that some of these units are dominant over others; that the recessive characters can be inherited as a rule only when mated with recessive; that all ancestors of the same degree do not contribute equally to the hereditary qualities of the offspring. Mendel and other investigators have jjroved that each character of an aninuil may be broken up into its separate factors by experimental work, and that definite knowl- edge may be obtained as to which characters blend and which are alternative; which are dominant and which are recessive. 1004 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Once these facts have been ascertained, the breeder is no longer Avorking in a haphazard wny. AVhen Hurst can predict the difference between the resuU of mating two pairs of rabbits, externally iden- tical, because he knows the difference between their gametic constitu- tion, or Ca.stle can prophesy a new variety of guinea pigs, as reported on another page of this issue, the breeder has it in his hands to ac- com])lish his object more intelligently and with greater certainty. Davenport, Hurst, Bateson, and others have found that poultry ex- hibits numerous unit characteristics which are inherited in alternative fashion, many of which when correlated easily separate as a result of hybridization. Davenport has recently found that the crest of ca- naries behaves in Mendelian fashion, as in the case of poultry and pigeons. Spillman has indicated how a knowledge of Mendelian characters ma^' assist in fixing the white band and in eliminating the white feet of Hampshire swine without using black breeding animals. From a study of stud books Harper found that in Percheron horses the gray color is dominant over black, and the dam dominant over the sire in the ratio of five to four; and Hurst that the ba}' and brown colors of thoroughbred horses are Mendelian dominant over chestnut. Most of the work done in the determination of Mendelian prin- ciples has been applied to morphological characters, but the practical man has more concern with, physiological qualifications. If morpho- logical characters behave in Mendelian fashion, there is reason to sup- pose that the pln^siological characters do likewise, although this has been determined in but few cases. For instance, normal mice are dominant over waltzing mice; and Hurst has found that, at least in some cases, broodiness in hens is dominant over nonbroodiness. It has been the common opinion among farmers and stockmen that an acquired modification is inherited, but the study of cell division under the microscope indicates that functional variations are rarely if ever inherited, and that injuries and mutilations are not j^assed on. The lecture before the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Baltimore, by Professor Wilson, reported on page 1071, is an illustration of how microscopic studies of germ cells may throw light upon the vexed problem of the determination of sex. Eesults of aj^plying the statistical methods, as elaborated by Que- telet, Galton, Pearson, and their followers, to the problems of heredity are too well known to be described here, but as yet their value seems to have been less apprecinted by station Avorkers in animal breeding than in plant breeding. The breeding of the larger domestic animals is slow and costly, but fundamental principles remain the same throughout the animal kingdom, and much can be done, at least in a preliminary way, by working with small animals which reach ma- turity in a few weeks or months. Though the primary interest may EDITORIAL. 1005 be with horses and cows and the information sought is to be applied to their breeding, much time may be saved b}' experimental work with. mice, guinea pigs, rabbits, and other prolific mammals. The discovery of a dominant character in the color pattern of a rabbit may require nuiny generations of rabbits but only a compar- atively short space of time. Once discovered, the observations may be transferred to the horse to determine if the same character is domi- nant there, with a saving of much time. Such questions as the regulation of sex, telegony, maternal impression, and inheritance of acquii'cd characters are of great interest to biologists and j)i'actical breeders alike. Small animals lend themselves to studies of this kind, and may give both theoretical results and practical indications. Re- cently much light has been thrown on the subject of the determination of sex by studies with moths, grasshoj)pers, the cherry bug, and other insects. Conditions at some of the stations have been too unsettled to war- rant the inauguration of a work which may take many A^ears before appreciable results can be secured. The more stable conditions which now prevail, and the special research fund, offer many inducements for men who have the proper training and are content to work indus- trioush' and continuously along one line for a term of years. With our present knowledge there seem to be three main lines which offer great oj^portunities : (a) Experimental breeding with discon- tinuous variations; (b) statistical study of continuous variations; and (c) microscoj)ic study of the minute constituents of germ cells. P^ventually we shall have to seek explanations for the phenomena of heredit}^ in phj'siological chemistry and molecular phj^sics, but for the present there is abundant opportunity for studying experiment- ally the problems which bear more directly upon the practical work of the breeder. . RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Agricultural chemistry, A. ;Mow,en and G. FiNOEur.TNr. (Jalirh. Chrm., 11 il!)07), pp. 285-^99).— This is a review for the year 1907, and, as usual, contains biographical notes, references to imimrtant discoveries in analytical methods, and a review of chemical investigations relating to air and water, soils, fertilizers, and plant and animal physiology. Chemical industry in relation to agriculture, A. Frank (Jour. Soc. Chan. Indus., 21 iWOS), No. 22, pp. 1093-1100).— This article shows the close relation between chemical indnstry and agriculture, particularly in the production of phosphates, potash salts, and nitrogen compounds. Especial attention is given to the progress and present status of the manufacture of nitrogen compounds from the air by electric processes. The behavior of metallic aluminum in contact with milk, wine, and some salt solutions, F. voN Fillinger (Ztschr. Untersuclt. Xahr. u. Gcitu.^i^mtl., 16 (1908). \o. Jf, pp. 232-234)- — An investigation undertaken with reference to the use of aluminum for cooking utensils showed that fresh milk did not dis- solve an appreciable quantity of it, while the serum of very sour milk dissolved only traces. When wine was cooked in ahiminum none of the metal was dissolved. On the precipitation of magnesium as ammonium-magnesium, phosphate, E. Kaffa (Gaz. Chim. ItaL, 38 (1908), II, Xo. 6, pp. 556-566; ahs. in Analyst. 34 (1909), No. 395, p. 73; Ztschr. Angeic. Chem., 22 (1909). No. 9, pp. 397. 398; Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lnmlon], 96 (1909), No. 556, II, pp. 183, 18.',).— The author discusses conditions affecting the accuracy of the determination of magnesium bj^ precipitation with sodium-ammonium phosphate. A volumetric method is proposed as follows : To 40 cc. of half-normal sodium- ammonium phosi)hate in a wide-mouthed flask add rapidly 10 cc. of the solution in which magnesium (0.3 to 0.5 gm.) is to be determined; shake the mixture and allow to stand until precipitation is complete; filter through a dry filter or remove the clear liquid with a pipette. To an aliquot part of the solution add 1 to 2 cc. of concentrated acetic acid and determine excess of phosphoric acid by means of uranyl acetate in the usual way. If a gravimetric procedure is preferred, the precipitated ammonium-magne- sium phosphate (using 20 to 25 cc. of sodium-ammonium pliosphate) may be collected on a filter, washed with 2.5 per cent ammonium solution, ignited, and weighed in the usual way. The theory of the titrametric determination of phosphoric acid (Phnrm. ZcntralltaUc, .',9 (IH08), No. 51, pp. UI35-I037) .—TW theory and calculation of results of preciiiitation as ammonium phosphomolybdate and ammonium magnesium phosphate weighed as magnesium pyrophosphate are briefly explained. Volumetric determination of water-soluble phosphoric acid in superphos- phates, L. SCHUCHT (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 99, pp. 1201, 1202; abs. in 1006 AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 1007 Jour. Cheni. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 555, II, p. 92; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 3, !>. 210; Clidii. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 7, p. 763).— The perfected Jiiethod proposed by the author is in brief as follows: In 500 cc. of a superphosphate solution containing 20 gni, to the liter, precipitate the lime with exactly the amount of normal itotassium oxalate required (this is determined by previous titration of an aliquot of the solution), heat to about 70° C. until the granular precipitate falls to the bottom, cool in a stream of water, make the volume to 550 cc, filter, and titrate 110 cc. of the filtrate with one-half-normal alkali solution, using methyl orange or indigo methyl orange as indicator. To another portion of 110 cc. of the filtrate add 25 cc. of normal oxalate solution and titrate with the same alkali solution, using phenolphthalein as indicator. The difference be- tween the number of cubic centimeters obtained in the two titrations multiplied by 0.0,')55 and by 50 gives the percentage of water-soluble phosphoric acid. The number of cubic centimeters obtained in the first titration multiplied by the same factors gives the percentage of free acid. The determination of nitrogen in calcium cyanamid, D. Girasoli (Atti R. l.st. Incoiiujg. Napoli, 6. sei:, 59 (1907), pp. 13, l-'i). — The author reports a new method, easily executed, sufficiently exact, and time saving. The calcium cyanamid is put into a glass tube connected on one side with a flask in which steam is produced and on the other side with a condenser. The tube is heated with a Bunsen lamp while steam is forced through and the distillate is collected in a flask containing a known quantity of tenth-normal sulphuric acid. The reaction is comi)lete when the distillate no longer gives an alkaline reaction. The excess of sulphuric acid is titrated with a tenth-normal ammonia solution, using phenolphthalein as an indicator. A table is appended com- paring the results obtained with 3 samples by this and the Kjeldahl method. A maximum difference of 0.13 per cent is shown. Comparative determinations of hardness in water, Klct (Mitt. K. Priifiiiig- .sr/H.s7. Witsficrver. it. Abwasser. Berlin, 1908, No. 10, pp. 7-^-85; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 97, Repot., p. 632; Chem. Zentbl.. 1908, II, No. 25, p. 1953; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No, 556, II, p. 183; Csndhts. Ingen., 32 (1909), No. 16, pp. 270, 271). — Gravimetric analysis is considered the only absolutely accurate method of determining hardness. For quick determination Clark's soap method has value. The methods of Pfeiffer, Wartha, and Lunge are considered unreliable. For temporary hardness the author titrates with tenth-normal acid and methyl orange. "Carbonate" and "mineral-acid" hard- ness are suggested as substitute terms for temporally and permanent hardness. The determination of the clay content of soils, C. C. PYetciikr (Science, n. .st;-., 28 (190S). \o. 730, p. 930). — In the method described the amount of clay is determined, after removing the coarser particles bj- centrifuging, by evaporat- ing the clay water to dryness in enameled-ware cups having a capacity of about 300 cc. and weighing about 180 gm. The possibility of still further shortening the process by determining the percentage of clay by difference is suggested. Shaking as a means of preparing soils for mechanical analysis, P, Kashin- SKi (Zhiir. Opuitn. Agron. [Rush. Jour. Expt. Lttndir.], 9 (1908), No. .'/. pp. Ji88-'i93). — The effect of shaking as compared with boiling was studied in the mechanical analyses of three soils (one podzol, one alkali, and one chernozem). The results are sunnned up as follows: (1) Shaking gives less i)articles with the diameter less than 0.01 mm. and more particles of the diameter 0.25 to 0.05 than boiling does; (2) by increasing the volume of water in shaking these difterences grew less; (3) for alkali and podzol soils the values obtained by shaking and boiling are practically equal. The values differ strikingly iu the case of chernozem soils. 85670— No. 11—09 2 1008 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Methods of testing the efficiency of ventilation, Ellen H. Richards et al. (Tvchnol. Quart., ,il (I'JOS), Xo. 3, pj). 321-331, figs. 3; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (I'JOU), .\i). I. IK <)0). — Simple methods and apparatus for the collection of samples of air in occupied rooms and for the determination of carbon dloxid are described. From (he observations recorded the conclusion is drawn that when in a cntwded hall the temperature is less than 70° F., humidity less than 70 per cent, carbon dioxld less than 7 pai-ts in 10,000, and there is no api)reciable odor, the air is satisfactory. When tlie temperature rises to 80°, humidity to about 83 per cent, and carbon dioxid to 8 parts per 10,000, with a close odor, steps should be taken at once to imi)rove ventilation. Improvement in the technique of protein hydrolysis. The employment of hydrofluoric acid and its advantages, L. Hugounenq and A. Morel {liul. ,s'oc. Cliiiii. France, .). .sr/-., 3-.) {IHOti), No. 23, pp. ll-'iG-lJol). — The authors con- clude that hydrolluoric acid possesses many advantages for the hydrolysis of proteids in experimental studies of their cleavage products and structure. The hydrolysis of fish muscle, T. B. Osborne and F. W. Heyl (Amer. Jour. PhU.sioI., 23 (1908), No. 2, pp. 81-89).— Out of a total of 16.40 per cent nitrogen yielded by hydrolyzing halibut muscle, according to the method outlined, the different forms of nitrogen yielded the following portions: Nitrogen as am- monia 1.10 per cent, basic nitrogen 4.95 per cent, nonbasic nitrogen 9.96 per cent, and nitrogen in magnesium oxid precipitate 0.39 per cent. " The nitrogen contained in the histidin, arginin, and lysiu is equal to 4.16 per cent, or 0.79 per cent less than the basic nitrogen precipitated by phospho- tungstic acid. This difference is nearly the same as that similarly found for chicken muscle, and is probably largely caused by basic substances of non- protein origin contained in the muscle substance." Concerning the constitution of phytin, C. Neubekg (Biochem. Ztschr., 9 (J908), No. 5-6, pp. 557-560; 16 {1909), No. 4-5, pp. ^OM^O).— According to the results of the author's investigations phytin is to be regarded as an inosit- phosphoric-acid ester. Extending the use of the precipitin reaction, J. Fieiie {Ztschr. Vntct\wc1i. Nahr. u. Geniissmtl., 16 {1908), No. 9, pp. 512-515, fig. i).— Filtering and han- dling the serum used in this reaction, and similar questions of laboratory technique, are discussed and some notes are given regarding the use of the method for identifying fat l»y means of the muscular tissue present in it. Concerning the identification of starch, W. H. Bloemendal {Pharm. Weckhl., Ji3 {1906), pp. 12Ji9-1265; ahs. in Ztschr. Uittcrsucli. Nahr. u. Geniissmtl., 16 {1908), No. 11, p. 691). — The author endeavored to determine whether starches of different sorts showed differences in composition similar to those noted with cellulose, the general preference for arrowroot starch instead of potato starch as food, and the behavior of different starches to the iodin reaction and as regards paste formation indicating that such might be the case. Determinations of the specific gravity, carbon hydrogen, and water content and heat of combustion of potato, rice, wheat, and maranta starches gave identical results, or results which differed only within the limits of error. Judging by the ease with which /3-amylose (amylogranulose), for instance, is changed into a-amylose (amylocellulose) by simply drying, the author concludes that the difference between these substances is simply one of water content. He does not believe that a-amylose exists as such in the original starch grain. The polarimetric determination of starch, C J. Lintner {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. «. Geniissmtl.. 1 ', (1907). No. 3, pp. 205-208; 16 (1908), No. 9, pp. 509-512). — Data are given regarding a method devised by the author. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 1009 The alkalinity of meat ash and the ash of some casein preparations deter- mined by Farnstein precipitation method, A. Kickton {Ztxchr. Untersiicli. Xahr. u. OenussmtL, HI ( I'JOH), No. UK i)i>. 561-57 Jt). — A large number of deter- minations are reiiortcul and discussed. The identification of horse meat by the biological method, R. Schuller (Ztsrln: Fhiscli ». MUchhiK/., 19 (JDOS), No. 2, pp. J,I-J,S).—A study of methods. Examination of sausage, II. Kkeis (Clicm. Zt(j.. 32 (1908), Xo. 86. pp. 10'i2-IO-'i5). — A dif.'est of data and a study of methods. The identification of artificial and natural honeys and the detection of cane sugar and its decomposition products, I. Fiehi: (Chon. Ztg.. .li (1908), Xo. 86, pp. lO'fo, 10.'i6). — A contribution to the question of the resorcin-hydro- chloric-acid method for judging honey. The detection of formic acid in honey, T. Meel {Ztschr. Untcrsneh. Xalir ii. Gcniissmtl.. 16 (1908), Xo. 7, pp. S85-389). — A critical study of methods and progress report. An important source of error in the estimation of cafEein by the Juckenack- Hilger method, K. Lendrich and R. Murdfield (Ztschr. Unterstich. Xahr. u. (Icini.ssiiill., 16 (1908), Xo. 11, pp. 6'i~-658). — A critical study of methods. The theobromin content of coco and a new method for estimating it quantitively, A. Kreutz (Ztschr. Untcrsneh. Xahr. u. Gcnussmth, 16 (1908). Xo. to, pp. 579-58'i). — A progress report of methods for determining quanti- tatively the tlieoliroinin i)res(>nt in the free state and as a glucosid. Judging alcohol-free wine, J. M. Krasser (Ztschr. Untcrsneh. Xattr. n. (IciinssiHtl., 16 (1908), Xo. 7, pp. 39 8--'f00).— The author considers that only those goods should be called alcohol-free wine which have been prepared by removing the alcohol of natiu'al wine. The term, he believes, should not be applied to sterilized musts. The use of Fiehe's resorcin-hydrochloric-acid reaction for identifying arti- ficial invert sugar in wine, A. Kickton (Ztsclrr. Untcrsneh. Xahr. u. GcnussmtL, 16 (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 57-J-.57.0). — A critical study of this method. With what exactness can the analytical data of wine examinations be represented? (Bcr. K. Lchraust. ^Vvin. Obst. n. (lartcnbait Gciscnliclm, 1901, pp. 219-230). — A summary and discussion of analytical data. Participation of reductase in the process of alcohol fermentation, V. I. Pal- LADiN (Izv. Imp. Akad. Xauk [Bui. Acad. Imp. Sci. St. Petersh.], 6. ser., 1908, Xo. 8, pp. 667-672). — This article giA-es the results of the author's experiments, which indicate that reductases participate in the process of alcohol fermenta- tion. The reductases used were conunon zymin (yeast killed by acetone) and zymin poor in glycogen. When zymin was treated with an aqueous solution of sodium selenite and a few drops of toluene, metallic selenium was precipitated. A siinilai'ly treated portion when boiled showed no change. Other experi- ments showed that reductase particii)ates in the process of decomposition of glucose into alcohol and carbon dioxid. Color reactions as tests for heated milk, B. Herholz (Bcitrdgc zu hishcr hrkanntcn Itcalciioncn zur UntcrschcuJuny von rohcr nnd erhitztcr Milch mit Jtcsondercr Bcriicksichtignng der fluajakprohcn. Inang. Diss., Univ. Brau*is- hcrg, 1908, pp. 102 ; Mihhtc. ZcntbL, // ( 1908), Xo. 10, pp. .'/'/.>-'/ 72 ,• abs. in Chcni. Zcntbl., 1908, II, Xo. 18, p. 15'i0). — The author made tests of a large number of methods used for detecting heated milk, and thinks (hat parapbenyhMidiamin. m-sol, and guaiacol are trustworthy reagents for this purpose. The guaiac ring test is preferred, as it is simple and inexpensive and the reagent can be kei)t for some time without losing its characteristic properties. The intensity and duration of the blue zone that is formed is a test of the temperature to which the milk has been heated. 1010 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The differentiation of the enzyms in milk by hydrogen dioxid and its tests, C. II. Lawall (Amn: Jour. Pfninn., 81 {190!)), \o. 2, pp. .57-5.9),— Milk which was suspecled (tf having been pioserved with hydrogen dioxid was tested l>y l>uiiony's method and by the benzidin test of Wilkinson and I'eters. With both methods the preservative could be detected when present in vary- ing amounts down to O.o of 1 per cent. The author considers these methods superior to the use of potassium chromate and diluted sulphuric acid. Small amounts could be detected only within a few hours after the hydrogen dioxid was added. The author also found that hydrogen dioxid inhibits or destroys the action of the enzym reacting with the Wilkinson-Peters test much more rapidly than it affects the enzym reacting with the Dupoiiy test, and that eventually it destroys tlu> action of both of these enzyms and causes the milk to react the same as boiled or sterilized milk. On the biological differentiation of milk, J. Bauer {iliincJien. Med. Wchtmhr., 55 (1908), No. 16, pp. 8J,7, 848; ahs. in Hyy. Rundschau, 19 (1909), No. 1, p. 33). — The author used the "deviation of comi)lenient " process as a test for adulterated milk but found that it is unreliable, since unadulterated milk can retard hemolysis. The amount of water present can be approxi- mately estimated, however, with a titrated serum. On recent rapid methods for estimating the fat content of cream, Ruschk (Milchir. Zcntbl.. .', (1908), No. 9, pp. .385-7/09),— Methods of Gerber, Siegfeld, Sichler. and other investigators are reviewed and criticised. The estimation of the fat content in cream. Grimmer {Milchiv. Zcntbl., .'f (1908), No. 10, pp. .'i33-'iS9). — A discussion of the article noted above, relat- ing chiefly to the correct formula when estimating fat with the Gerber bu- tyrometer. Butter and its adulterations under the microscope, W. Morres (Osterr. Molk. Zig., 15 (1908), No. 23, pp. 312-31.',, figs. 12).— The author believes that a microscoi)ical examination of butter is an easy and reliable means for detect- ing butter adulterants. On the estimation of sugar in bagasse, IT. Pellet (Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 10 { 191)8), No. 119, pp. 55). 555). — A discussion of the determination of sugar with the Zameron apparatus. Correct results are not obtained unless precau- tions are taken to avoid the inversion of sugar. A single extraction always gives low results. Explanation of the occasional abnormally high quotient of purity of some sugar-cane juices, H. Pellet (Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 10 (191)8), No. 119, pp. 558, 559). — The author explains the abnormally high quotient of .«iome sugar juices as follows: According to the quality of the cane and the manner in which it has been treated the juices obtained are in a more or less viscous condition, and consequently the air which has become entangled in the juice during the process of extraction is held by the liquid in a state of an emulsion and is incai)able of escaping even after having stood for a comparatively long time. The Brix reading will, therefore, be more or less influenced by the presence of this emulsified air. It will, however, pass to its normal value when tha air is exi)elled by heating or by other suitable means. Determination of sugar in molasses cattle feeds and denatured sugar products, L. VuAFLART (liul. Assoc. Chun. Sucr. ct Distill., 2(> (1908), No. 5, pp. 339-3-'il; Intcrnat. Sugar Jour., 11 (1909), No. 121, pp. 38, 39; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 21 (1908), No. 21,, p. 1215).— The author states that polar- imetric methods are untrustworthy for determining sugar in these products, as there are optically active substances other than sucrose which are not pre- cipitated by basic lead acetate. He recommends a method for determining sugar METEOROLOGY WATER. 1011 in molasses feeds aud oue for denatured sugar mixtures containing linseed meal. Application of the gasom^etric method to the exact determination of urea, A. RoNCHESB- {Bui. /SVk'. Chiin. France, 4. ser., 3-.) (1908), Xo. 23, pp. Jt.J.'t- ii.;/).— Noted from another source (E. S, 11., 20, p. 807). Wood products, distillates and extracts, P. Dumesny and J. Noyer, trans, by D. Grant {London, 1908, pp. XVI+320, figs. 107).— A translation of a tech- nical treatise on the industrial chemistry of wood and its preservatives. The special subjects treated are the carbonizing or " coaling " of wood, the manu- facture of acetic acid aud secondary products of wood distillation, analysis of raw materials and finished products, the destructive distillation of olive oil residuals, and the manufacture and testing of tan wood extracts and their utilization in modern tanneries. Leather industries laboratory book, H. R. Procter {London and Xew York, 1908, 2. cd., rcr. and enl., pp. A'A'+'/O'O, pis. 3, figs. J/G). — This is the second edi- tion of a work which " is occupied mainly with the practical details of analytical processes aud makes no attempt to teach either chemical theories or the prin- ciples of leather manufacture." The chemical, microscopical, aud bacteriolog- ical methods described have been tested in the laboratory and include processes used in the examination of tanning material. The work is intended as a supple- ment to the ordinary chemical text-book. A new mercury azotometer, C. A. Garcia {Bui. Soc. Chim. France, Jf. ser., 3-If {1908), No. 23, pp. 1111-111',, fig. 1; ahs. la Analyst, 34 {1909), No. 395, p. 78, fig. 1; Jour. Chcm. &'oc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 555, IT, p. 92).— Au ap- paratus in which the air space is reduced to a minimum with a view to thus in- creasing the accuracy of measurement is described. A simple apparatus for the estimation of catalase, G. Koestler {llilchw. Zenthl., 4 {1908), No. 12, pp. 532-535, figs. 3; ahs. in Rev. (Jen. Lait, 7 {1909), No. 9, p. 21'/)- — The apparatus described consists of a graduated tube provided with au agar cork, which is forced upward as gas is formed. An apparatus adapted to a number of analytical purposes, M. E. Pozzi- EscoT {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 26 {1908), No. 4, pp. 267-271, fig.l).— The ai)paratus described is a small flask with accessory devices, which, as explained by the author, is adapted to use in a number of analytical determina- tions, including the determination of carbon dioxid in carbonates, amid, ammo- niacal and nitrous nitrogen, oxygen in water, analysis of persulphates, i)erbo- rates, percarbonates, and peroxids, hydrazin, and copper. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Wireless telegraphy in the service of modern meteorology, P. Poos {Hansa, 45 (1908), No. ii8, pp. 937, 938). — This is a brief account of the use of wireless telegraphy to secure a series of weather observations on a trip on a large ocean liner from Hamburg to New York aud return in August, 1908, and of the prep- aration of daily synoptic weather charts, with suggestions as to the aid a sys- tem of such observations would give in general weather predictions on sea and land. Wireless telegraphy in the service of modem meteorology, E. Herrmann (Ilansa, 45 {1908), No. 39, pp. 962-964).— The author questions whether weather reports from ships by means of wireless telegraphy, as suggested by I'olis (see above), will prove of very great value in determining the laws con- trolling the distribution of variation in atmospheric pressure over wide areas, upon which accurate weather forecasting on land and sea depends. 1012 EXPERIMENT STATION BECURD. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), Nos. 11, pp. 357-39',, figs. 2, tliarts 8; l.i, pp. 395-Ji3.'f, figs. 3, clidrts 9). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and croi) conditions, meteoi'ological tables and charts for tlie months of November and December, VM)H, recent papers bearing on meteorology and seismology, recent additions to the Weatlier Bureau library, notes from the Weather Bureau library, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes: No. 11. — The Climate of the Historic I'ast (illus.), by E. Huntington; Notes on the Climate of Eastern Asia, by A. J. Henry ; An Elementary Method of Deriving the Deflecting Force due to the Earth's notation for West-east Motion (illus.), by W. H. Jackson; Titles of Papers Read Before the German Meteoro- logical Association; Relation Between the Range of Air Temperature and the Distribution of Dand and Water, by M. Tsutsui ; A Comparison of the Changes in the Temperature of the Waters of the North Atlantic and in the Strength of the Trade Winds, by W. C. Hepworth; Kassner's Meteorological Globes, by R. DeC. AVard; Luminous Fog; Brilliant Gulf Waters; New System of Storm Signals for Norway, by F. S. S. Johnson ; Recent Progress in California ; Sug- gested Reform in INIeteorological Methods, by A. G. McAdie; and An Annotated Bibliography of Evaporation, by Mrs. G. J. Livingston. No. 12. — Studies on the Vortices of the Atmosphere of the Earth (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow ; Deficient Humidity Indoors, by F. El. Day; Wireless Telegraphy in the Service of Modern Meteorology, by P. Polls, trans, by C. F. Talman (see p. 1011) ; Remarkable Snowstorm at Grand Haven, Mich., by C. H. Eshleman; Tornadoes in AVisconsiu, November 25, 190S; Severe Windstorms in Ohio, Au- gust 12 and 17, 190S, by J. W. Smith; Severe Windstoi-ms in New Mexico and Oklahoma; A Luminous Meteor Cloud Observed at Urbana, 111. (illus.), by C. J. Kullmer; The Training School at Tokyo, Japan, for Meteorological Observers; The Class under Instruction at Washington; Formation of Dew at Tree Tops; Hurricanes Affected by Mountain Ranges; Is the Earth Drying Fp?; Tasmania and the Total Solar Eclipse ; Driest Tear at Portland, Me., by E. B. Jones ; Address to the Mathematical and Physical Section of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, Dublin, September, 1908, by W. N. Shaw ; The Baltimore Meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, by W. R. Blair; The Baltimore Meeting of the Association of American Geographers; and Tornadoes in Arkansas during November, 1908 (illus.). Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experiment Station, J. E. Ostkandek and R. C Lindblad (Massacliusctis Sta. Met. Buls. 2)1, ,i.'i2, pp. Jf eaeli). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pres- sure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during January and Fel)ruary, 1909. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological report, 1907, F. H. Auld (Ami. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Prov. Sas- katcheican, 1907, pp. 92-106). — This is a summary of observations on tempera- ture and precipitation at 40 meteorological stations in Saskatchewan during the year 1907. The weather of each month is described. Weather at Rothamsted in 1908, J. J. Willis (Gard. Chron., 3. set:, Jf5 (1909). Xo. ll')S, pp. 66, 67). — Observations on temperature, precipitation, and general weather conditions are briefly summarized in this article. The year was characterized by a deficiency of rainfall, the total being 25.31 in., as against an average of 28.12 in. for the past 55 years. The mean temperature of the year, 48.2° F.. was slightly, 0.3°, in excess of the average. Danish meteorological conditions in 1907—8, V. Willaume-Jantzen (Tidsskr. Lundokonomi. 1908. Xo. 13. pp. 660-689). — Conditions for each month from Octo- ber. 1907, to September, 190S, inclusive, are summarized. METEOROLOGY WATER. 1013 Meteorology {Xrw Zeal. Off. Yearbook 1008, pp. (;/S-6',^.3).— Tabular suin- niaries are given of observations on temijerature, rainfall, atmospheric pressure, and wind at 14 stations in New Zealand during the year 1907. Handbook of climatology, J. Hann (Handbuch dcr KUmatologic. Stuttgart^ l!)OS, 3. cd., rcr. and cnl., pp. XIV+394; rev. in Nature [London], 19 (1909), Ao. 20.'iS, p. 363). — This is the third revised and enlarged edition of this hand book. The most important revision is in connection with the sections on radia tion, cyclical changes of climate, methods of computing averages for tempera ture and rainfall from incomplete or short series observations, and climatic zones of the globe. Variations in climate, H. Arctowski {Compt. Rend. Aead. Set. [Paris], l->,7 (1908), No. 25, pp. U38-1U0; abs. in Rev. Set. [Paris], J,l {1909), I, No. 1, p. 27; Sei. Abs., Seet. A—Phys., 12 {1909), No. 13',, p. 72).— On the basis of ob- servations on temperature recorded during more than 50 years in different parts of the earth, but particularly fi-om 1S91 to 1900 in France, the author concludes that there are exceptionally warm or exceptionally cold years. Temperature differences are not alike in size and magnitude at different places, but in many cases the A-ariations at one place are the opposite of those at another. The amount of compensation between different stations is apparently insufficient to permit of the assumption of a constant mean temperature at the earth's surface. It is suggested that this is due to variations in intensity of solar radiation. Public water supplies, F. E. Turneaure and H. L. Russell {New York and London, J'JU8, 2. cd., rev. and enl., pp. XV +808, figs. 231). — This is the second revised and enlarged edition of this standard work. " The chapters relating to the purification of water have been thoroughly revised, that on mechanical or rapid filtration being rewritten and greatly en- larged. . . . Besides the matter relating to purification many other changes and additions have been made in nearly every chapter. The most important of these relate to methods of bacterial examination of water, the investigation of ground water and the construction of collecting works, data on the use of water, data on rainfall and flow of streams, the construction of dams, and the application of reenforced concrete to conduits, dams, filters, reservoirs, and tanks. The literature of each chapter has also been extended and brought up to date." Chemical and biological survey of the waters of Illinois, E. Bartow et al. (Univ. III. Bill., G (1908), No. .',, pp. 80, figs, i.j).— This report gives "a detailed description of the work accomplished during tlie IG months ending December 31, 1907, with a summary, by years, of the analyses made since the foundation of the survey to that time, and a summary, by months, of the analyses made dur- ing the last two years. The new quarters into which the survey moved during the summer of 1907 are described. " The progress of the cooperative worli with the State board of health, and with the engineering experiment station of the University of Illinois, tlie State geological survey, and the Water liesources Branch of the I'nited States (Jeolog- ical Survey, is reported. "There are included the descriptions of several exi)eriments or investigations carried on by the survey." Among these are Sanitary Chemical Examination of Water I'>acteria, by A. W. Sellards; Stand for Fermentation Tubes, by W. G. Bain; Laboratory Experiments in Water Treatment, liy E. Bartow and J. M. Lindgren ; Normal Waters of Illinois: Inve.stigation of .Manufacturing Waste at Wankegan ; and Character of the T'nderground Waters of Normal. From the study of normal waters of Illinois, the conclusion is drawn "tliat waters from deep rock wells though varying in composition at different depths 1014 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. aud iu different sections sliow an increase of mineral residue from north to south. This variation is shown at leiist from the northern border of the State to a line drawn from Quincy to Ottawa and probably to the southeast of the above line as indicated by isolated cases. "The deep drift waters are so very variable that such tests as free annnonia and consumed oxyj^en have little value as means for jud^inK their purity. Waters containing more sodium than is required to unite with the nitrate, chlorin, and sulphate ions predominate. " The streams are all turbid and impure. The turbidity is more persistent to the south. All must be treated before being used for drinking purposes." Bacteria in water, A. Koch {Jahresber. Gdrunffs-OrganifDUcn, 16 {1905), pp. 15.'i-171). — The literature of this subject appearinji during 1!)05 is reviewed. Some features of the fifth report of the Royal Commission on Sewage Disposal, H. Lemmoin-Cannon (Jour. Roy. Sanit. Inst., 30 {1909), No. 1, PI). 5S-G3). — This is a brief summary of some of the chief features of this report, which has been i)reviously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. (JlT), relating to sewage farming, processes in artificial systems, including preliminary treatment, c-hem- ical precipitation, septic tank treatment, and preparation and utilization of sludge, comparative cost of treatment by land and by artificial processes, and standards for sewage effluents. The conclusions of the report do not indicate any decided advantage of artificial treatment over land treatment either as regards efficiency or economy provided soil and other conditions are favoi-able to land treatment. Purification and disposal of town and factory sewage, A. Reich {Reinigung und Bescitigung stddtUcher und gewerblicher Ahwiisscr. Hanover, 1907, pp. 1.i9, pi. 1, figs. 30).— This is a concise summary of information regarding the nature of town and factory sewage, the collection and examination of water samples, the self-purification of streams, and methods of purification of sewage, includ- ing mechanical and mechanical-chemical methods, irrigation, biological processes, and electrical methods. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The agricultural soils of Cape Colony, C. F. Juritz {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope. 33 (1908), Nos. I, pp. 33-.'i5 ; 2, pp. 171-187, map 1; 3, pp. 318-335, figs. 2; J,, pp. .',73-1,90; 5, pp. 599-613, figs. 3; 6, pp. 7.',3-7.',9, figs. 3; 3.', {1909), Sos 1, pp. 6.1,-90, figs. 3; 2, pp. 166-lS-',, figs. 3; 3, pp. 277-29),, figs. 2).— This article discusses the value of chemical analysis as a means of determining the fertility of soils, describes methods commonly employed for such analysis, especially those used by the author in the examination of Cape Colony soils, presents an ai-gumcnt in favor of systematic soil surveys and investigation in the colony, and reports results of analyses of about 800 sami)les of soil from different parts of the colony, of which 442 were collected in pursuance of a systematic soil survey and represented 27,000 square miles, or one-tenth of the total area. Most of the soils were analyzed by the standard method based on extraction with hydrochloric acid of 1.115 sp. gr. A considerable number, however, were examined by the German official method and a few by the Maercker, Hilgard, and Dyer methods for comparative purposes. The humus deposits in the limestone Alps, Wilhelm Graf zu Leiningen {Naturw. Ztsclir. Forst u. Landw., 6 {1908), No. 11, pp. 529-538, pis. 2; 7 {1909). Nos. 1, pp. 8-32; 8, pp. 160-173; 5, pp. 21^9-273).— This article discusses Alpine peat dei)osits in general; the terminology of forms of humus: peat formation in wet aud dry places; relation of animal life, lower organisms and wind-borne matter, character of plants, character of decomposition, and pres- SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 1015 once or absence of lime to the nature of tbe liumus; nature of sul)soi]s under- lying peat deposits; plant food and free acids in peat; and classiticatiou of types of soil, vegetation, and humus in peat deposits. Contribution to the study of the humus matter of peat, L. Roger and E. ^ ULQUiN {Cumpt. Rciul. Acad. Sci. [Paris], lJf7 {190S), AV>. 25, pp. lJ,OJi- I'lOd] . — Studies of the humus matter obtained by extracting fibrous i)eat with 10 per cent soda solution are reported which indicate that the process of peat formation results in the accumulation of nitrogen and carbon in the products of decomposition of vegetable matter. Neither pentosans nor hexosans were found in the peat. A new fact observed was that the humus of peat has decidedly acid properties. Recent results of investigations in soil bacteriology and their value for agricultural practice, J. Simon {Neucre Ergchiiisse hodenhaldcriologischcr FovHvhungcn, ihr Wert fiir die landivirtschaftliciic Praxis. DippoJdisivalde, [li)OS], pp. 27, dgms. 2). — The author discusses the bearing of recent bacteri- ological investigations on the nitrogen cycle in the soil, soil inoculation, and the accumulation of nitrogen in the soil, and .the best practical means of increasing the activity of beneficial soil oi'ganisms. Legume bacteria, S. F. Edwards and B. Barlow {Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 169, pp. 32, figs. J/S). — Studies on nitrogen assimilation by legumes which have been going on about 5 years are summarized. Previous accounts of this work have been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 528). The results of practical tests of inoculating material prejiared and distributed by the authors are also summarized. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 19, p. 1121). During 1908 "2,113 cultures were distributed, and reports were returned from 634, or 31.7 per cent. Of these, positive beneficial results were stated in 397, or G2.6 per cent, and no benefit was apparent in 237, or 37.4 per cent." Investigations on the process of denitrifi^cation, M. Cingolani (Staz. Sper. Agr. Hal., ^1 (1908), Ao. 8, pp. 530-5.'i0; Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 2 (1907-8), pp. 27Ji-28J,; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 77, pp. 922. 923; Chem. Zcntbl., 1908, II, No. 19, pp. 1626, 1627 ; Jour. CJiem. 8oc. [London], 96 (1909), No. .j-')6, II, p. 171). — The author reports investigations in which he isolated from fresh calf manure 2 new denitrifying organisms which he has • named Bacterium poriicensis dcnitrificans a and B. porticcnsis dcnitrificans (S. The morphological and cultural characters of these organisms are fully de- scribed. When cultures were kept at a temperature of 97° F., intense fermenta- tion developed in from 12 to 48 hours and in 2 to 6 days the nitric acid (0.3 per cent) had entirely disappeared. The action of heat and antiseptics on soils, S. U. Pickering (Jour. Agr. Kci., 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 32-.',.'i ; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. ^, p. 212). — In continuation of previous work on the efi'ect of moist heat on the soluble constituents of soil (E. S. R., 20, i). 737), the author compared the effect of moist heat and various volatile antiseptics on the productiveness of soils. The experiments were made with kilogram samples not only of the Rotham- sted soil used in previous experiments, but also with various other kinds of soils, including a sample of unproductive soil from Takoma Park, D. C. The effect of the different treatments on solubility of the soil constituents and on the germination of seeds of wheat, rye, clover, mustard, rye grass, and fescue was determined. The results are sunnnarized as follows: " When soils are treated with antiseptics, such as carbon disulphid, chloro- form, benzene, ether, or paraffin oil, they undergo chemical change, and the soluble organic matter in them is increased, just as in case of their being heated; they also exhibit tbe same inhibitory effect on the germination of seeds that heated soils do. 1016 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Tlu* (lifloroiit aiitist'iitics diflVr in tbc inteusity of their action, but the in- hibitory substance formed is jirobably the same in all cases, and also the same as that formed by heat, for the quantity formed has the same effect on seeds, whether produced by antiseptics or by heat. "On keeping; treated soils for a few weeks at a summer temperature, some of the orpuiic matter which was rendered soluble becomes insoluble, and the inliiliitory action is reduced. This is also the case with heated soils, especially when repeatedly watered; though with unheated soils under similar conditions the soluble matter increases. " The treatment of soils with antiseptics induces a change equivalent to that obtainetl by heating the soil to 60° to 75°, and this may be sufficient to account for the increased growth observed in plants grown in them. "The jiroduction by heat of a substance inhibitory to germination appears to be a proi)erty common to all soils, twelve instances having been examined. The proportion of it formed depends on the iricrease in the amount of organic matter rendered soluble by heating; but the actual amount of the soluble organic matter in the heated £oil is not always a criterion as to the intensity of its Inhibitory action, and still less is the amount of soluble organic matter origi- nally present In the unheated soil, though in the majority of cases it may be so. There appears to be no connection between the fertility of a soil and the extent to which it is altered by heating. " Soils in their natural state appear generally to contain a certain amount of this inhibitory substance, as they act less favorably towards germination than pure water does. Whether in any cases soils can act more favorably than water — as the earlier experiments had indicated they could — is open to doubt, but the probability is in favor of their doing so. So far as the instances now examined are concerned, the richer soils, and those containing most soluble organic matter, as slightly less favorable to germination than the poorer soils." The role of oxidation in soil fertility, O. Schreiner and H. S. Reed ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. t^oils Bui. 56, pp. 52). — A series of experiments is reported in which the oxidizing power of roots of wheat seedlings grown in water extracts of soils of different kinds was studied by means of soluble cbromogens such as alpha-naphthylamin, benzidin, vanillin, vanillic acid, and esculin, which yield upon oxidation by the plant roots insoluble colored compounds which are to a large extent deposited upon the surface of the roots, and chromogens such as phenoli)hthalein, aloin, and leucorosollc acid, which are converted into soluble coloring matters in the solutions. The authors conclude from the results obtained in these experiments that wheat roots have an extracellular oxidizing power due chiefly to the enzyms which they secrete, and that oxidation is most active in the new^er regions of the roots. It was found to be more pronounced in plants grown in extracts of productive soils than in those grown in extracts of unproductive soils. " Treating the soil extracts with an absorbing agent is usually beneficial to oxidation. " The distillate of a poor soil extract which contains volatile toxic compounds was less favorable to oxidation than the residue I'emaining from distillation. " The process of oxidation is usually accelerated by the addition of nitrates to an aqueous soil extract. The addition of ammonium sulphate is less bene- ficial to oxidation than the addition of an equal amount of nitrogen in the form of nitrate. " Calcium salts were found to increase the amount of oxidation in cultures to which they were added. " The addition of potassium salts was not generally beneficial to the proc- esses of oxidation. In some cases their presence caused a material retardation SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1017 of the oxidatidii. Tlu> most of the rota I'dat ion was due to the action of the potassiuni itself and not to the formation of acid conditions in the solution. Sodium or anunonium salts of the same acid were more favorable to oxidation than the cori'esponding potassium salt. " Phosphates usually prodnceil material increases in the oxidation in solu- tions to which they were added. " Chlorids and sulphates, when combined with a suitable base, like sodium, are somewhat beneficial to oxidation, but are not as favorable as the corre- sponding? nitrate would be. "The presence of toxic orf;;anic substances in solution was extremely delete- rious to the oxidizing power of plants. The oxidizing power of the plants, especially in the in-esence of nitrates, was able to alleviate the toxicity of such solutions. "The process of oxidation by roots is largely, if not entirely, due to the activity of a peroxidase produced by the roots. This oxidizing enzym is most active in neutral or slightly alkaline solutions. The activity of the enzym may be inhibited by the jiresence of acid and also by the conditions in solutions where i)utrefacti()n processes occur." Soil im^provement work, S. D. Conner (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 39-^2). — A brief statement is made regarding the cooperative soil improvement experi- ments which have been conducted in 45 different localities in 3.3 counties of the State, and a fuller account is given of two such experiments on peat soil in Xewton and Henry counties and one on a clay soil in Scott County. The peat soils have been found to be greatly benefited by applications of potash, while in the clay and loam soils phosphorus ai»pears to be the element most needed. These soils are also much benefited by ground limestone and slaked lime. Soil fertility, T. F. Hunt (PcnnHyJi-ania Sta. Bui. 90, pp. 26, charts 7).— This is a summary of the results of a series of fertilizer experiments on a clay loam soil of limestone origin which have been carried on for 25 years at this station. The more important facts brought out by the results are that phosphoric acid is the only fertilizing constituent which produced an increase in yield when used alone. A larger increase, however, was obtained when both phosphoric acid and i)otash were used. The productive i)Ower of the soil was maintained during the 25 years by applying in alternate years 48 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 1(»() lbs. of potash per acre in a rotation in which clover occurred once in 4 years, but a material increase in yield resulted from the addition of 24 lbs. of nitrogen per acre to the mineral fertilizers. Nitrate of soda gave better results as a source of nitrogen than either dried blood or sulphate of ammonia. An acid condition, proving especially injurious in later years to corn and clover, resulted fnmi the continued ai>iilicatl<)n of sulphate of anunonia. The crop producing power of the soil was maintained during the 25 years without the use of any yard manure. " Without the addition of any organic matter to the soil, except the roots and stubble of the crops raised, the fertility has been fully maintained. In other words, a complete commercial fertilizer and yard manure having maintained the crop producing power equally well in a 4 years' rotation containing clover. Comparatively small quantities of yard manure applied on alternate years, viz, to the corn and wheat, have produced marked increase in yield comiiared with plats receiving no fertilizer. . . . The addition of 4,000 lbs. of quick lime applied once in 4 years to plats receiving no fertilizer has caused flu; decrease in yield, but when applied in connection with () tons of yard manure the products produced were e(iual to those produced by an application of 10 tons of manure without lime." The general conclusion arrived at is that economic farm management under the conditions obtaining in these experiments retiuires the use of yard manure 1018 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. suiti)lonu'iiteil by coiuuiercial fertilizers, and '" that the best results can be ob- tained only by a continuous and systematic use of fertilizers in connection with M well ordered method of oroi)i>inj;." Theories of manure and fertilizer action, A. D. Hall {Science, n. ser., ^8 (J'.)OS), No. Il23, pi>. 6n-i)28, fiy. I; Amcr. Fcrt., 30 {J<>Oi)), Xo. 3, pp. 23-30). — This is a lecture jrlven at the Graduate School of Afiriculture at Cor- nell I'niversity in July, 19()S, and discusses at some lenj,'th the various theories which have been advanced to explain the action of manures and fertilizers, the discussion being based mainly upou Liebig's geueralizatious and conclusions from the results of experiments at Rothamsted and of iuvestigatious of the Bureau of Soils of this Department. The author concludes that there is no direct proof of the supposition "that all soils give rise to soil solutions sufficieutly rich iu the elements of plant food to nourish a full crop did not some other factor come into play," nor convincing evidence "of the excretion of toxic substances from plants past the autotn^phic seedling stage. . . . " If, however, we give the theory a wider form, and, instead of excretions from the plant, understand debris of any kind left behind by the plant and the results of the bacterial action upon it, we may thereby obtain a clue to certain phenomena at present imperfectly understood. ... "Assuming that the persistence in the soil of obscure diseases ai^propriate to the i)articular plant can be neglected as the cause of these phenomena, there still remains some unexplained factor arising from a plant's growth which is injurious to a succeeding crop, and this may either be the excreted toxins of Whitney's theory or may be some secondary effects due to the competition of injurious products of the bacteria and other microUora accumulating iu the l)articular soil layer in which the roots of the crop chiefly reside." [Miscellaneous fertilizer notes] {Sugar Beet, 30 {1909), Xo. 1, pp. 18-21). — Brief notes are given on European investigations on the acclimatization of nitrifying organisms, the use of manganese as a fertilizer, the jihysiological function of potash in plants, the importance of soda in the growth of sugar beets. Thomas slag as a fertilizer for sugar beets, and toxic substances iu soils. The investigations on which these notes are based have already been noted. Experiments with chemical fertilizers in 1908, E. Ciiuaru and C. Dusserkf {Bui. Hoc. Yuud. A(jr. ct Vit., 1909. Xo. 2.25, pp. Jfl3-,W8).— Cooperative experi- ments with 10 farmers in 5 different localities in the Canton of A'aud to deter- mine the profitableness of applying sui)erphosphate, nitrate of soda, and potash salts on well manured soils of good productive capacity are reported. The results show that the chemical fertilizers gave profitable returns on wheat, oats, and maslin (mixed grain). Cooperative fertilized experiments in Sweden, 1907, P. Bolin {K. Landthr. Akiul. 11(1 inH. 0(7/ Tid.shr., J,7 (1908), Xo. J,, pp. 177-265, dgni.'i. 5). — The experi- ments, similar in plan to those of previous years, were conducted with spring grains, root crojis. meadows, and lupines. "Comparative trials with nitrate of soda and calcium cyanamid, and variety tests were also conducted. Results obtained with different forms of nitrogen, Clausen (Landw. M'clnibl. SchUs. Hoist., 59 {1909). Xo. /,, pp. 47-50).— Comparative tests of nitrate of soda, lime nitrogen. Norwegian nitrate, and ammonium salts with rye. barley, oats, and potatoes are reported. The Norwegian nitrate was fully as eft'ective as the better known nitrate of soda and sulphate of ammonia. The lime nitrogen was especially effective on potatoes and rye, but less so on summer grain. The high absorptive power of the Norwegian nitrate for moisture and the very finely powdered condition of the lime nitrogen interfere somewhat with their handling. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1019 Recent investig'ations of the nitrogenous fertilizers, C. Schreiber (Rev. 6V//. A'jrou., ,1. sri:, 3 (IHOS)^ Nos. 11, ui). JiSJ-i'iO; Po^- 2; 12, pp. -',81-486; 4 {190f>), -Vo. /, jip. .'/-.9, fig. 1). — Pot experiments with oats are reported which had for their object the study of the loss of nitrate of soda from sandy soils in the drainage. Previous experiments had shown that there was very little loss of nitrate of soda from loam soil in good condition thoroughly cultiv.ited, even when the nitrate was ai)plit'd two or three weeks before planting. The losses were" but little lai'ger in the sandy soil notwithstanding al)nndant rainfall during the season. Pot experiments with lime nitrate and lime nitrogen (calcium cyanamid) on oats 'on clayey and sandy soils showed that the first was about equal to nitrate of soda as a fertilizer, but that the second was decidedly less efficient (53 to 73 per cent). Lime nitrogen applied as a top-dressing at the time of seeding retarded germination and prevented growth of plants. When incorporated with the soil the day of seeding it produced less increase of yield than when culti- vated in 15 days before seeding. The use of lime (carbonate) with the lime nitrogen produced an injurious effect. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 428). In pot experiments with oats to determine the effect of calcium carbonate on ammonium sulphate used as a fertilizer it was found that decided losses of am- monia occurred when ammonium sulphate was applied as a top-dressing on soils rich in lime. On the loss of nitrogen in drainage waters, J. Graftiau {Ann. Gembloux, 19 (1909), yo. 2, pp. 69-75). — This article points out that the conclusions re- cently reported by Schreiber (see above) were drawn from experiments in which very large crops were grown and the drainage was very small. It is believed that the conclusions are not applicable to normal conditions of field culture. Loss of nitrogen by leaching of nitrate of soda, C. Schreiber {Ann. Gem- hloii.r. 19 {1909). Xo. .3. pp. 160-165). — This is a reply to Graftiau's criticism of the author's experiments noted above, presenting further data from field experiments in supiiort of the author's conclusions. Further note on the loss of nitrogen in drainage waters, J. Graftiau {Ann. Grmhirni.r, 19 {1909), No. //, pp. .21 ) -222) .-^This is a further contribution to the discussion of the above report on this subject by C. Schreiber. The author insists that neither Schreiber's experiments nor those of other investigators cited by him justify practical generalizations. The loss of nitrogen by seepage of nitrate of soda, C. Schreiber (Ann. Gnnhlon.r. 19 (1 909), No. 5. pp. .?27-3,??).— This is a further reply to Graf- tiau's rriticisni of tlio author's conclusions regarding this subject. Action of sulphate of ammonia containing 3 per cent of sulphuric acid on the growth of plants, O. Lkmmermann and A. Einecke ( Fiililing's Lnndw. Ztg., 57 (I90S), No. 23, pp. 7S7-791). — In continuation of previous exiieriments (E. S. R., 20. p. 429), the effect of the sulphate of ammonia alone and combined with acid phosjjhate was tested in pot exi)eriments with barley, with the result that nearly as good yields were obtained with the sulphate containing 3 per cent acid, cvc!! with the addition of acid phosphate, as with the acid-free sulphate. The agricultural use of calcium cyanamid, A. Mtntz and P. Xottin (Compt. lirud. .\c(i(l. S. 1-3; ahu. in Landic. Ztschr. Rheinprovinz, 10 {I'JOit), i\o. 7, p. 85). — Comimrative tests of suli)liate of potash aiul of a flne- {ironiul eriiittive rock known as jtlKinoIitli, contnininK about HO per cent of silica, !) to 10 piT cent of potash, and S jior cent of soda, on Italian rye grass, tomatoes, and mustard, are reported. The results show that the imtash of the ground iihonolith is very resistant to the solvent action of acids and of soils and roots. The potash is so firmly comhinetl with silicic acid that scarcely one-half of it is dissolved by 10 per cent hydrochloric acid and very little by the roots of plants. Soil fertility and phosphoric acid, G. S. Fbaps (Trans. Texas Acad. Sci., 10 (1!)07), pp. .'i0--'ij; Amn: Fcri., 30 (1009), No. 2, pp. 5-7).— This article is based largely upon results of experiments reported in a bulletin of the Texas Statictn (E. S. li., 10, p. 910), which have shown that the soils of Texas are es- pecially in need of phosphoric acid: that soils may contain phosphates which are equally soluble, but are assimilatetl with unequal readiness by plants; that two soils may contain equal quantities of phosphoric acid of equal value to plants and yet on account of variation in absorbing powers of the soil the amounts of phosjthoric acid dissolved from the two soils may be widely different; and that the same compounds of phosphoric acid may have different values for the same plant in different soils. The author Is of the opinion that soils deficient in phos- phoric add are widely distributed in the South. Shall we use natural rock phosphate or manufactured acid phosphate for the permanent improvement of Illinois soils? C. G. Hopkins {Illinois Sta. Circ. 121, pp. 23). — This is a I'eply to a pamphlet issued by a large packing house opposing the use of untreated rock phosphate. The results of experiments by a number of stations are quoted to show that under certain conditions such phos- phate may be profitably used. Phosphoric acid of varying solubility in citric acid as a fertilizer for meadows. II. Svoboda (Zlsrhr. Landic. )'(rsuclisw. Ostcrr., 11 (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 133-77.',; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., 32 {1908), Xo. 103, Rcpcrt., p. 67.',; Chan. Zentbh, 1908, II, Xo. 2.',, p. 1893; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), Xo. 556, II, p. 177). — Comparative tests, extending over a series of years, with Thomas slag of varying solubility in citric acid, bone meal, and rock phosphate are reported. The results show in general that while phosphates having a high degree of solubility in citric acid act more quickly, they are more rapidly ex- htiusted and on this account are not so well suited to the fertilizing of meadows as less soluble i)hosphates. Modern land-pebble phosphate-mining plants in Florida, II. I). Mendenhali, (Ent/in. Xchs, 60 (1908), Xo. 16, pp. 1,10-.',!',, fiff-s. 7). — This is an account of a modern phosphate-mining plant, of which there are about 20 in the land pebble district of Florida, each turning out from 50,000 to r)00,000 tons of phosphate a year. Phosphate industry in Tennessee, H. D. Rtjhm (Engin, and Alin. Jour., 87 {1909), i\o. 2, pp. 139, lf,0). — The situation in the Tennessee phosphate field during 1008 is briefly reviewed. Agricultural lime, E. H. .Jknkins and E. M. East {Connecticut State sta. Bui. 163. pp. 3-18). — This bulletin discusses, on the basis of examinations of samples collected in Connecticut, the sources, composition, and prices of agri- cultural lime in that State, as well as its action in the soil. Lime, J. P. Rowe {Univ. Mont. Bui. 50, pp. .'fO-.',2, pis. 6).— The limestone deposits of Montana and their utilization in the preparation of lime are briefly discussed. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1023 Gypsum deposits, J, P. Kowe (Univ. Moiif. Bid. .Ill, pp. .31-31), plx. J, firjs.S). — Econoiiiio (leiK>sits of p.vpsiun in what arc termed the north, middle, and south fields of Montana are briefly described. Lime and marl examinations in Jutland, 1908, M. K. Kbistensen (Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantcarl, J.j ( liWS), No. 5, pp. 6"^y-6V/-} ).— Analyses of a large number of samples of lime and marl are given, and the results discussed. Magnesia, its function and use in agriculture, F. Rihaux (/}»/. Af>soc. Vhim. t>iicr. ct Distill., .ir, [I'JOS), \o. (!, pp. iJ '/-} },S).--From analyses of a number of Belgian soils the conclusion is drawn that many soils naturally contain so little magnesia or are so reduced in this constituent by the methods of cropping pur- sued that they are unable on this account to produce maximum yields. Analyses are given which indicate that magnesia is an important constituent of crops. It is shown from e.xperiments by Pellet on various Belgian soils that as a rule the yield and quality of cereals, potatoes, sugar beets, and leguminous plants were improved by application of magnesia, and by Lawes and Gilbert, Stutzer, and others that the fertilizing value of ammonia salts is increased by the use of magnesia in connection with them. Manurial value of sewage and sewage sludge {Jour. Bil. Agr. [London], J.J (190S), \o. !), pp. 690-696). — This is a brief discussion based mainly upon the fifth rei'ort of the Koyal Commission on Sewage Disposal (E. S. R., 20, p. G17). Attention is called to the loss of nitrogen in ordinary methods of sewage disposal and the method of preparing sewage sludge is described. The sludge is mixed with o.n to 1 per cent of lime in the form of milk-of-lime and pressed by means of coni])ressed air into cakes containing from 50 to 65 per cent of water and from 0.89 to 1.28 per cent of nitrogen. The cost of the process is estimated at from 50 cts. to $1.25 per ton of pi-essed cake. The calculated fer- tilizing value of the material is stated to be from $1.50 to $1.75 per ton, " but the actual market value is insignificant, owing to tlie relatively high cost of carriage upon a mixture containing of necessity a large proportion of water, grit, and carbonaceous matter." Tests of the fertilizing value of the sludge on mangel-wurzels, beets, swedes, wheat, and grass at Wobnrn and at several agricultural colleges in England indicate "that unit for unit the nitrogen and the phosphoric acid of sludge seem to be of less value manuriallj' than the nitrogen and phosphoric acid of artificial manures; at any rate so far as the first year of application is con- cerned. It also api)ears that sewage sludge is not a suitable dressing for quickly growing plants, unless it is applied in very large quantities per acre." Analyses of the ashes discharged during the eruption of Vesuvius in April, 1906, I). (Jikasoi.i i 1/// /,'. Jst. IncoifKjfi. XapoJi, 6. srr., J.9 (1907), pp. 239-2.'iS). — The rain of ashes lasted froni April 4 to 21. During the first days the ashes had the apix-arance of coarse black sand, the next were much liner and grayiu color, and at the last there was an almost impalimble dust of a reddish color. A physical separation by means of electrical currents of dif- ferent strengths showed an abundance of magnetite with fragments of lava, vitreous sul)stance, augite, leucite, feldspar, and olivin, with some scales of mica. Chemical analyses of the different separates are given. Consumption of fertilizers {Aiiicr. Fcrt., 30 (1909), Xo. J, p. 6). — A table is given showing the consumption of commercial fertilizers in various States during 1!K)7. The total is given as 4,451, !")2;i tons. Fertilizers in South Australia, W. L. Summkkh (./our. Dipt. A(/r. So. Aiift., II (I90S), No. 12, pp. J 1 13-1115, fig. i ) .—Statistics of tho use of fertilizers since 1897 are given. 85670— No. 11—09 3 1024 KXPKRIMENT STATION KECORD, AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. A statistical criterion for species and genera among the bacteria, C E. A. WiiNsi.ow ^|{|(1. Tdniij Hot. Cltth, .id {I'JO'.h, Xo. /, ;'/'• •H--V.n. — Attention is called to the almost infinite numijer of variations in different groups of bac- teria and tlie difficulty of tlieir classification. Tlie autlior lias attempted tlieir classification by the statistical method and has de"Oted several years to work on the classification of the family Coccacea; (see p. 1079). He has found that others are pursuing the same method for limiting the species of other groups of bacteriii, and he concludes that in groups like bacteria and perhaps in some classes of fungi, which have differentiated along physiological rather than morphological lines, differences in metabolism may have the same systematic importance that is given to gross structural differences in other groups. The characters vary in each particular group and their value for classification must be determined by a survey of their relationships. The most satisfactory method of studying the systematic relations of these simple and variable forms is by obtaining quantitative measurements of a number of characteristic prop- erties in a large series of individuals and by statistical analysis of the results. The author believes that generic names may be given to the larger groups of organisms which have several apparently iudeiiendent properties in common, and specific names may be reserved for the smaller groups, characterized by variations in single uncorrelated properties. Studies on bacterial enzyms, H. Zikes (WclniscJir. Brau., 25 (1908), \o. 2.'i, PI). S6 1-366). — A summary is given of information regarding the occurrence and function of bacterial enzyms. The proteases of plants, VI, S. H Vines {Ann. Bat. [London], 23 (i;)09). No. 89, pp. 1-18). — This is the sixtli contribution of the author's on this .subject, those previous having been noted ( E. S. R., 19, p. 931). From his studies the author is led to reject the hypothesis of the occurrence of trypsin in plants, and he proposes in its stead the theory that the proteases of plants belong to two groups, the peptases and the ereptases, and claims that this view is sup- ported by considerable direct and indirect evidence. The ereptases are enzyms which are readily soluble in water and in alcohol up to about 65 per cent. Their digestive activity seems to be exclusively pep- tolytic and to be especially associated with acid media. Thus far the author has been unable to give an approximate reaction range for plant ereptase. The peptases are proteases the digestive activity of which is limited to the peptonization of the more complex proteins. There appears to be some ground for believing that there are two kinds of peptases, which differ from each other in the mode of their occurrence and in the relation between their respective digestive activities and the reaction of the medium. The first kind exists in the tissues of plants, fruits, seeds, latex, etc., and to this is given the name endopeptase. The other kind is found in the excretions of plants, as in the pitcher liquid of Nepenthes, and is designated as ectopeptase. The author concludes the series of papers by calling attention to the analo- gies between proteolytic enzyms of plants and those of animals. The enzym which he has called ectopeptase agrees in all essentiaT properties witli animal pepsin. It is not so easy to find an animal analogue for endopeptase, but it ar»pears to correspond fairly well with the peptonizing factor in trypsin. Concerning fungus desamidase, II. Pringsheim {Biocltcm. Ztschr., 12 {1908), No. 1-2, lip. 15-25). — According to the investigations of the author and others, various fungi, especially yeasts and Aspergillus niger, have the ability of split- ting off ammonia from nitrogen-containing substances, particularly from amino acids. The action is essentially enzymic, and the name desamidase has been AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 1025 given the enzyni. It retains its active properties to a limited dejcree when the fungi are treated with acetone and ether, but loses them entirely if expressed under press gum. Preliminary investigations on the oxidizing diastases of plant latex, V. Cavla (Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 65 (1908), No. 26, pp. 128-130).— A preliminary report is given of a stud}' of 18 species of plants, among them many of the best known rubber-producing plants, to determine the occurrence of oxidizing enzyms in their latex. The results thus far obtained indicate that the latex of all the plants contains oxidizing diastases, and in most of the species studied the form present was oxygenase. In some of the species peroxidase was found, while in a few cata- lase was recognizeii. The reactions observed indicate the presence of the same diastase in a given species, no matter what the source of the plant, although the oxidizing ferment was found to differ in a number of very closely related species. The influence of agitation on the growth of some of the lower fungi, A. Sartory (Etudes Experimentales de V Influence de V Agitation siir les Cham- pignons Infericurs. Thesis, Paris, 1908, pp. l-'f2, pis. 20; rev. in Rev. Sei. [Paris], .'/7 (1909), I, No. //, pp. lL',-116). — A study was made in liquid and solid media of a number of the lower fungi to determine the effect of shaking on their growth and development. A form of apparatus was devised that would violently shake the vessel containing the cultures at regular intervals. When subjected to relatively infrequent shakings, 10 to 20 times a minute, the species of Oomycetes, Ascomycetes, and molds developed with little change from the normal growth. When agitated at the rates of from 60 to 120 times per minute marked changes occurred. The thallus-like growth usually formed by the filaments became spherical, a supporting structure was developed, and important changes were induced in the reproductive organs of the fungi. The alcoholic fermentation of yeasts was favored by the agitation. The influence of light on the growth of Rhizopus nigricans, L. Raybai'd (Compt. Rend. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], (iJ, (1908), Xo. 23, pp. 1 172-117-',).— As a pre- liminary to a general study of the effect of light on the lower fungi, the author rei)orts the results of investigations on the effect of different colors of light on the growth and development of R. nigrieans, which, according to Van Tieghem, is neither g(>otroitic nor heliotropic in its growth. Cultures of the fungus were i)laced under clear glass and colored screens and the growth noted. I'nder clear glass jiliototropism was indicated after about 48 hours, and heliotroplsm under yellow glass in 4 days. Keil rays appeared to exert a peculiar effect. They retarded growth for a short time, but after development began the filaments assumed oblique positions and at the end of 1026 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nbniit rj (lays they curved downward on to the substratum, over which they spread in their subsequent developniout. Under no other kind of radiation was such behavior noted, \lolet colored lij^ht stiuiubited the production of more and lar>.'er sporangia, wliile tlie final vegetative growth was greatest under the blue and yellow screens. (Jrowtli under the green screens was retarded, the mycelium was less developed, and the siiorangia were very small. The effect of light on germination, W. Kinzel {Bcr. Dcut. Bot. GrscU., 26a {I'.iOS), Xd. !i. 1)1). (>.'>.j-fill.j } . — A study is reported on the effect of light on the germination of seeds of over 100 species of plants. The seeds were placed to genniuate under dlfl'erent degrees of illumination and the effect of light in retarding or hastening the germination is shown. A bibliography of about 80 titles ('(includes the reixirt. The chemistry of chlorophyll, S. U. Sciiuyvek {Sri. I')i>(/. TurntUth Cent., .? iltlOU), Xo. II, 1)1). Ji.i-')-.'i.'i9). — A sumniJiry is giv«'n of the present state of information regarding the chemistry of chlorophyll, and in the general conclu- sions the author states that chlorophyll is a magnesium derivative, from which the metal is eliminated readily by means of acid but with great difficulty by alkalis. The green pigment consists in most plants apparently of a mixture of niagnesiinn derivatives, a crystalline chloroi)hyll, and another chlorophyll or mixture of chlorophylls which are esters of the unsaturated alcohol phytol. The statement is made that there is a considerable amount of evidence which tends to show that an intimate chemical relationship exists between the green pigments of jilants and the red pigments of blood. Studies in chlorophylls, L. Marchlewski {BiochC))i. Ztschr., 10 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 131-166, pis. 3, dgms. 2). — Spectroscopic .studies have been made of chlorophylls from various sources and their behavior toward acids noted. The author concludes that chlorophyll, phneophyl, and phyllogen are identical substances, differing in all probability only in the methods of their isolation. He thinks that Iloppe-Seyler's name, chlorophyllan, should be adopted, and if distinctions between the two prominent groups are to be maintained. Tsvett's names, chlorophyllin a and /S (E. S. R.. 20. p. 739), should be used, or they may be designated as chlorophyllan and iillochlorophyllan. The photodynamic work of chlorophyll extracts, W. Hausmann {Bioclicm. Ztschr., 12 {1908), No. 3-4, pp. 33i-5J.'/).— The author shows that a methyl alcoholic extract of green plants has a marked effect on the red corpuscles of the blood. He experimented with extracts made from leaves of cabbage, maize, wheat, grass, beans, oak, clover, etc., and found that while comparatively inactive in the dark, the extracts induced complete hemolysis within an hour when brcHight into sunlight. From these experiments the author concludes that chlorophyll must have a marked photodynamic effect on the assimilation processes of the plant. The protein changes taking place in green plants when kept in the dark, W. BuTKEWiTscii (Biochnn. Ztscln:, 12 (1908), No. 3-.',, pp. 31 -',-330, dgm. 1; abs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [Loiuhm], 9.', (1908), No. 552. II, p. SSJ).— Experi- ments were conducted wMth beans and oats, in which the protein changes w-ere noted, the total nitrogen, proteid nitrogen, aspartic acid, and ammonia nitrogen being determined. In the case of beans the indigestible and other forms of nitrogen were estimated. The analyses were made of samples of the original material and also of samples which had remained for different lengths of time in the dark. It was found that there was a decrease of proteid nitrogen and an increase in aspartic acid nitrogen. The nitrogen which was due neither to aspartic acid nor protein first increased and then diminished. The conclusion is drawn that AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 1027 part of the aspartic acid was forniod by swondary fliaiif^es from ja-odiicts of protein degradation, whicli include lencin and lyrosin. Chemical changes due to the wounding of plants, K. Fkikdukh (('iiilbl. Bakt. [cic], 2. Abt., 21 (1908), No. JO-12, pp. SSO-S.',!- Ji2 in the dead Itasal leaves, to traces in the old stems and ntots. The glucosid is probably identical with amygdalin. Seeds and plants imported during the period from April 1 to June 30, 1908. Inventory No. 15 (11. ,S. Dcpt. At/r., Bur. riant Indus. Hal. l',2. pp. .S/).— This is tile hfteenth inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Ollice of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction, comprising 812 numbers imported between the 1028 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. dates of April 1 and Juno .'!<». T.KiS, and consistiuf; mainly of material collected by F. N. Meyer, agricultural explorer in northern and central China. FIELD CROPS. Dry fanning' investigations in Montana, A. Atkinson and J. B. Nelson (Montana Sta. Bill. 7//, pi). 65S0, pis. 10, map 1). — This bulletin presents data gathered during the past 4 years at several substations located in different Iiarts of the State. Data regarding precipitation, given in a table, were taken from observations made either at the substations or by the nearest Weather liureau stalion. (ieneral directions for dry-land farming are given. It is concluded from the results thus far secured that dry farming can be profitably practiced in many parts of the State. Turkey lied wheat sown in the fall gave the best yields of all crops grown. Yields of 55 and 58 bu. per acre ai'e recorded. Fall-sown rye also gave very good yields, over 40 bu. per acre being secured in some instances. Satisfactory yields of potatoes were ob- tained, the average being about 124 bu. per acre. Brome grass was the most jiromising forage croi) tested. Other experimental results indicate that using from 3 to 5 pk. of seed per acre in growing the different grains is better than using larger amounts, rianting grain crops to permit intertillage reduced the yield as compared with Itlanting sutliciently deep with the ordinary seed drill. Alternating grain with a properly cultivated summer fallow gave decidedly more jn'ofitable returns than continuous grain culture on the same land. The importance of keeping the sunnner fallow well cultivated was also plainly brought out by these experiments. Alfalfa in cultivated rows for seed production in semiarid regions, C. J. Brand and J. M. Westgate {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 2'i, pp. 2S, figs. 3). — Historical notes with reference to this method of culture are given, the principles underlying alfalfa seed production are considered, and directions for growing alfalfa in cultivated rows for seed are presented. It has been observed that isolation of alfalfa plants increases seed produc- tion, and this is considered due largely to the increased amount of sunlight available when the plants shade each other but little or not at all. At the Arlington Experimental Farm, plants secured from cuttings taken from a heavy- seeding plant jn-oduced a maximum of 38 pods when the area per plant was equivalent to a 7-in. s(]uare, and 90 pods when the space was equal to an 11-in. square, while the highest number of pods on plants in rows .'!9 in. apart and 18 in. apart in the row was 505. The authors and other investigators have found that alfalfa flowers tripped by any form of manipulation set seed much more readily than unexploded blos- soms. In an experiment at the Arlington PLxperimental Farm, plants the flowers of which were tripped by exerting pressure successively over the whole plant showed an increase of 25.5 i)er cent in the yield of pods over adjoining untreated rows. At Chico. Cal., an increase of 12!) per cent in the number of pods is re- corded. The results of two experiments have shown that the proportion of increase in the number of seeds is not so high as in the number of pods. Growing alfalfa for seed in cultivated rows promises to be more successful in sections with an annual rainfall of 14 to 20 in. than elsewhere. " The results obtained in the experiments thus far conducted indicate that it gives especial promise in Utah, in eastern Colorado, !ind in the western portions of Kansas, Nebraska, and South Dakota. Yields of seed at the rate of 5 bu. to the acre have been obtained." A number of methods used in the preparation of the seed bed, the seeding in rows, and the cultivation and harvesting of the crop FIELD CROPS. 1029 are doscribed. The yields jier acre when alfalfa is grown by this meth(xl are estimated as folluws: i:.stiiniitr(l ii'cld r,f hull (iiul srld the varieties grown ranked as follows: Maniut, Ked Eckeudorf, Oiterndorf, and Mauthner Olive Form. The dry matter content was found to be in i)osiiive correlation with the sugar content of the beet. The protein content showed no connection with these factors and was practically the same for all varieties. The sugar-beet crop in the principal European countries from 1898-1908, CJ. Dureau {Jour. Fabric. Hucr., 50 H909). .Vo.s-. ,), /;. /. chartK 2; J, /*. /, charts 2; 6, p. 1, charts 2; 7, p. 1, chart 1). — The production of sugar bwts in the prin- cil)al beet sugiir producing countries of Europe for the 10 years, 1S9S-1908, is discussed :tnd statistics comparing the dilTereut countries with each other are presented. The American sugar-beet growers annual, tslited by V. Uodkrus (Cliicayo, J 11., 1908, pii. 100, flgn. 115). — This publication contains a series of articles with reference to the beet-sugar industry in this country and presents numerous statistics concerning the jtroduction of sugar beets and beet sugar, together 1030 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with (lata regardinj; lln- i-niiiiiifric of this sl:i|ih' mid its iiriHlnction tliroughont the world. Score cards for dent corn {Ohio Sla. ('in: ,S'6', pi>. 3). — This circular i)rcsonts tlu' score cards for use in the final selection of seed ears, in the plant selection for seed ct)rn, and in judjiiiij; varieties of corn at husking time as adopted by the Ohio Corn Improvement Association November 24, 1908. Explanatory notes on all the points are given. Fertilizer tests with cotton, F. D. Stevens (Alabama Cancbral:e Sta. Bui. 26, pp. 3-18). — A computation is presented showing that by disposing of the lint and seed of IS hales of cotton itroduced on the station farm in 1907 there was removed from the land 574.2 lbs. of nitrogen, 188.1 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 27(J.l lbs. of potash, representing .$107.92, $10.72, and $10.20 in money value, respectively. A comparative fertilizer test on poor red prairie land indicated a net gain in value of lint of 58 cts. per acre from the use of 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, $3.56 from 240 lbs. of acid phosphate, and $3.70 from a combination of these two applications. The results of a more extended trial show the greatest net gain from using 160 lbs. of cotton-seed meal and 240 lbs. of acid phosphate. In this case the net profit was $4.52 per acre, w'hile the use of 1(X) lbs. of kainit in addition to this application resulted in a loss of $3.67. The use of the kainit alone produced a net gain of $1.53 per acre. The results of a third experiment rei)orted again show the value of applying cotton-seed meal with acid phosphate. An application of 230 lbs. of cotton- seed meal and 320 lbs. of acid phosphate was used at a profit of $5.75 per acre, which was surpassed only by the use of 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda giving a net profit of $11.57. On dark prairie soil the best net gain per acre was also made by using nitrate of soda alone, but it amounted to only $5.32. Applying the nitrate with acid phosphate in the scooter furrow before planting and using acid phosphate alone resulted in losses. In another test on this black calcareous prairie soil the largest net gain, $12.48 per acre, was secured where 200 lbs. of nitrate of soda and 200 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per acre had been given. The addition of 200 lbs. each of kainit and acid phosphate reduced this gain to $6.02. When the cotton-seed meal was omitted a loss of $7.97 was sustained, and when nitrate of soda was replaced by cotton-seed meal a loss of $9.21 per acre. The least ])rofital)le aiiplication consisted of 200 lbs. each of kainit and acid phosphate, which resulted in a loss of $10.60. Heavy aiuuial applicatitins of commercial fertilizers on land growing cotton tor five con.secutive years gave the largest increase in yield during the first 2 years, the returns being more than doubled as compared with the yields on untreated land. A comparative test of alfalfa and cotton showed that alfalfa was much more profitable. Alfalfa turned under apparently increased the yield of seed cotton of the follow'ing cotton crop by 622 lbs. Among a series of winter cover crops crimson clover seemed most efficient in incieasing the cotton yield. Crushed lime rock on poor red prairie upland reduced the yield. The cowpea sown broadcast in standing corn alternated with cotton was found efficient in maintaining the fertility of the soil. Recent experiments with oats, C. G. Williams (Ohio Sta. Circ. 8S, pp. 8). — Among the 25 best varieties of oats grown at the Ohio Station, Siberian, Sixty Day, Improved American, Illinois German. Joauette, Green Mountain, and Big Four led in productive capacity, the range in yield of grain being on the aver- age for the 5 years from 68.34 bu. for the last mentioned variety to 70.46 bu. for the first mentioned. FIELD CROPS. 1031 In 1908 a number of new varieties were introduced from abroad. White Ligowa and Ilvitling gave prtjuiising results. The seed of tlie.se selections tested above 40 lbs. i)er bushel and that of Gartons Regenerated Swedisii Select 4() lbs., but 1 year's growth in Ohio brought the weight per bushel down to that of noruial Ohio oats. Seed of Siberian and Joanette oats was introduced from Canada in 1904 and these varieties have been grown each season to 1908, inclu- sive. The results showed that this northern-grown seed gave about as satisfac- tory results as similar native varieties and they did about as well the first year as they did in succeeding seasons. The general average results of experiments with different rates of seeding showed that 11 pk. of seed per acre gave the highest yield of grain, the increase being a little more than needed to pay for the extra seed. Wideawake and Seizure produced the most straw in proportion to grain of any of the varieties reported. Barley and other spring grains were grown for the purpose of finding a substitute for oats or winter wheat, and of the different crops so tested Oder- bruck barley was apparently a close competitor of oats. A variety of winter oats has been developed by the station from self-sown plants of a spring crop and which went through the winter of 1905-6. In 1907 this strain of winter oats yielded at the rate of 40.41 bu. per acre, as compared with 44.24 bu. for spring oats. In 1908 the yield was 66.56 bu. per acre, while the average of all the spring varieties tested was 01.51 bu. The first year the bushel weight exceeded that of the spring varieties by 3.08 lbs. and tlie second year by 8.92 lbs. The variety also ripens from 8 to 10 days earlier than the average of the spring varieties. The variety will be tested further before it is recommended. Varieties of potatoes grown in the Central Provinces, (i. Ev.\ns ( Dfiit. Agr. Ccni. I'lor. and Benir [India Bul.'\. pp. 13, pJs. 2). — The four common varieties, Italian, Patna, Xaini Tal, and Deshi or Moolkhi, grown in the Central Provinces, are described and the methods of potato culture practiced are discussed. Culture and preparation of sisal, A. Marques {Culture ct I'repamtion du Sisal. Paris, 1009, pp. 97, pis. 11, figs. J/). — This book contains a description of the sisal plant (Agave sisalana), together with its culture and the preparation of the fiber, as observed by the author in the Hawaiian Islands. The soy bean: A comparison with the cowpea, C. A. Mooers (Tennessee Sta. Bui. -l'i, fi(/s. 2\. — Sumatra leaf was grown under shelter in 1905 at two locations on Penn sandy loam soil. Plants from commercial seed showed great diversity of type, while those from self-fertilized seed grown in Pennsylvania in 1904 showed a marked uniformity. Crops of cured leaf weighing 1,200 and 1,700 lbs. i)er acre were secured at Milton drove and Coca- lico, respectively. Sweating and assorting caused a loss of 21.7 per cent. " The tobacco was bulked on February 16, 1906; the temperature rose from 70° F., at the begin- ning, to 100° on February 25, and then fell to 96° on March 2. On March 3 the bulk was turned ; on the 4th the temperature was 84° ; on the 12th, 100° ; FIELD CROPS. 1033 aud on the 17tli. 92°. On March 18, oO (hiys after the beginning of the sweat, the bulk was taken up and assorted." The cured leaf consisted of about 75 per cent of wrapi)ers and 25 per cent " seconds." Of the wrai)pers 45 per cent were light, 30 per cent medium, and 27 per cent darlv. Sixty per cent of the leaves were over 16 in. long. In capacity, life, and burning quality the 1905 crop was superior to the crop of 1904, and showed a general rating above all domestic Sumatra-type tobacco except the better Georgia and Florida grades. The cured leaf was produced at Cocalico at a cost of 45 cts. per pound. It is believed that the cost per pound of producing the sweated and sorted leaf will not be over 05 to 70 cts. The items of exjiense are given in a table. Principles and practical methods of curing tobacco, W. W. Garner ( U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Plant Jndiis. Hul. I'l-i, pp. 5-'i, figs. 10). — This bulletin discusses the principles of curing tobacco and presents practical methods of curing as applied to the various tyi)es. The discussion of the principles of curing includes a description of the air-curing and flue-curing processes, as well as of the method of curing with open fires. The different types of tobacco considered are cigar tobaccos, shade-grown cigar-wrapper leaf, Burley, sun-cured, yellow, heavy exi)ort, and Perique tobaccos. Outlines of tobacco barn construction are given and appliances used in har- vesting, handling, and curing tobacco are described. Foreign tobaccos, L. V. de Bussy (Meded. Deli-Procfstat. Medan, 3 {1909), Xo. Ji, pp. 122-151). — Brief reports are given on culture tests with varieties of tobacco secured from different countries, including the United States. Among varieties from the United States, Cooley hybrid gave a much better product than Brewer hybrid. The production of wheat in the British Empire, A. E. Humphries (Jour. Roy. Hoc Arts, 57 (1909), No. 293.>i, pp. ^50-253).— This article discusses the production of wheat in the United Kingdom, Australia, Canada, India, New Zealand, South Africa, and British East Africa, and presents statistics for a number of years with reference to acreage, yield, and exports and imports of wheat. Wheat and other cereals, D. Zolia (Le Ble et les C4r^a1es. Paris, 1909, pp. yiI+29S, dgiHs. IS). — This book discusses the wheat industry of France from the standitoint of rural and national economics and considers in this con- nection the imi)orts and exports of wheat, the profits in wheat culture, varia- tions in price, and the influence of agricultural organizations on the i)rice. A chapter each is devoted to a special study of the Paris grain market and its commercial organization. Wheat fields and markets of the world, R. E. Smith (St. Louis, Mo., 1908, pp. J/IS, dgiiiff. 2). — Part 1 of this book treats of what in the woi-ld's com- merce and the possibility of increasing the world's wheat croji and reviews the conditions with reference to the production and commerce of wheat in dif- ferent wheal importing and cxiMJrting countries. Part 2 describes the princi- lial wheat markets of the world, such as the Chicago Board of Trade and the grain markets of Loudon, Berlin, and Paris. Descriptions of the London, Berlin, atid I'aris stock exchanges are given in an ai)pendix. The grain production of the world in 1908 (VcroffcntJ. K. Ung. Ackerb. Miu., J90S, \o. 15, pp. 108). — Estimates of the production of different grain croi)s in IG grain importing countries and 21 grain exporting countries are presented. Cereal culture, F. Schindler (Dcr (Irtrridehau. licrtin, 1909, pp. XII+.'/GG. figs. ,S«).^This book contains a general discussion of the cereals, with special reference to their botanical and agricultural characteristics, and gives descrip- 108 t EXPERTMKXT STATION RECORD. tutiis of rye, wheat, barley, oats, t-oni. millet, anil rice. Detailed eultiiral directions for eaeli erop are presented. Principal crops of the world. < ►. Wakiiuko and J. E. Van Somkken Bkand {hiilhiriijlanzcit dcr Wcltirirt.schaft. Lcipsir [I'JOH], pi). XIV+/,11, pis. 1.1, fi(i.s. li.'t.i). — Discussions of the following crops are presented: Rice, wheat, maize, sugar, graiJes, coftee, tea. cacao, tobacco, and cotton. HORTICULTURE. Ninth report of the Woburn Experimental Fruit Farm, Dukk of Bedford and S. V. I'u kkking (Woburn Ejpt. Fruit Farm Rpt., .9 (1908), pp. Vo + XLVll, pis. 6). — An account is given of an extensive series of exiieriments on methods of planting fruit trees which were conducted with the view of verifying the results secured by the authors along this line for the 10 years prior to 1905 (E. S. K., 17, p. 559), and in which the majority of the evidence went to show that trees which were carelessly planted, that is, planted with the roots just as they happened to come, into holes too small for them, filling in the dirt without working it around the roots and severely packing it, gave a more vigorous tree growth at the end of 3 or 4 years than trees carefully planted according to accepted methods. With the view of making the experiments sutliciently numerous to render the results accurate, 2,000 trees, planted by some 10 different hands in 17 different localities and in 8 different counties, were included in the work. The trees were for the most part dwarf apples, though some plums and bush fruits were used. The lesults secured in the various experiments are tabulated and fully discussed. An appendix to this report consists of the following papers by S. U. Picker- ing, which are elsewhere noted from another source: Studies on Germination and Plant Growth (E. S. R., 20, p. 737) ; The Action of Heat and Antiseptics on Soils (p. lt>l.")). In the comparative test of orthodox and careless methods of planting the trees the ramming process was very severe. The tree, with the roots just as they happened to come, was set in a shallow hole. The bole was then filled up and the earth thoroughly puddled with a heavy rammer until the whole mass " shook like jelly at each stroke." A shovelful of loose earth was thrown over the surface so as to render hoeing possible. Both rammed and unrammed trees were hoed and kept free from weeds. The ground about the rammed trees remained quite hard for the 12 months following the planting and could be distinguished even during the second and third years. Sunnning up the evidence obtained during the first 2 years from these recent experiments, it was found that although the ramming appeared to check the growth of the tree during the early part of the first season about 40 per cent more new wood was formed with the rammed trees during the first year after planting than when the trees were planted carefully. There was a still greater increase of new wood during the second year, but with some of the trees ex- amined during the third season the excess rate of growth appeared to be slackening. The excess of branch formation is attributed to a similar excess of root foi'mation. The actual shoots on the rammed trees were thicker than on the unrannned trees. The authors advance the opinion that the foi'm of planting which aims at avoiding all injury to the roots is really the one which should be designated as bad practice, since the object to be sought in planting a tree is to secure the development of fresh rootlets from the main roots rather than to pi-eserve existing fibrous roots, which, having lost their tips, are of little value to the tree. Ramming the soil hastens the development of adventitious roots by HORTICULTURE. 1035 creating an intiuiatp contact between the roots and the soil. Altbonjih soil which lias been pndtllcrt so severely is in an nnsuitable condition for vegetation, the rannning takes i)]ace only over the roots themselves, and before the end of the first season the new roots are found to have penetrated beyond the puddled earth. Trimming the roots back^ to i of their length was found to be advan- tageous since it stimulated the development of fibrous roots. It is conceded that rammed trees may fruit somewhat less during the first few years in con- stxpience of the more vigorous growth, although no such reduction was noted in some cases under observation. Ramming can have little or no effect in light, sandy soils. Unsuccessful attempts were made to secure beneficial effects similar to those which resultetl from ramming the tree by both plastering the roots with various substances and by surrounding the roots with very fine- sand. From the results thus far secured, the authors are of the opinion that trenching or deep cultivation will benefit trees only where it materially im- proves the drainage and where the subsoil is sufficiently rich to encourage fruit development. Autumn was found to be the best time to plant trees during the dormant season. In such early plantings the adventitious I'oots were in most cases formed before the following January. The formation of adventitious roots was greatest In cases where the roots had been most damageil in the lifting and where they had not been trimmed. The authors are at a loss to exjilaiu the benefit to be derived from not trimming the injured roots, and advise that they be trimmed, owing to the danger from penetration of fungi. Comparative tests of the hexagonal, square, and rectangular planting sys- tems resulted only slightly in favor of the hexagonal arrangement and were not suflicient to counterbalance the disadvantage of the narrower alleys between the trees. No material advantage was found in running the rows of trees north to south and east to west as compared with running them northeast, south- west, etc. Contribution to the study of the injection of nutrients into fruit trees, G. Frox (Jour. Soc. yat. llort. France, J/, set:, JO (W09), pp. .5'/-.5.'^ ftgs. 2). — The author reports on some experiments conducted during the i)ast 2 seasons in the injecti(m of nutritive fluids into the stems of fruit trees according to the method used by J. M. Simon ( E. S. R., IS. p. (536). He gives a detailed account of the wr)rk as conducted with some pear trees, in which sulphate of iron was used as a nutrient in one case and nitrate of lime in the other. Roth solutions appear to have increased the vigor of the trees. In most of the experiments, however, the improvement was confined to a small portion of the tree. The author is of the oi)inion that although this method of treating trees is of little \alue in practical fruit culture it might, if carried on for several years, serve as a guide for detcrniining which elements should be added to the soil. His experinit'Mts are t<» be continued. A radical change in the method of determining fniit varieties, A. Jaxson (Gartcnuclt, 12 (U)08), No. 63, pp. 7//6-7//S).— The author points out the diffi- culties of correctly identifying little known varieties of fruits, and discusses the possil)ilities of classifying fruits by means of their specific weights. rrdiminary tests of this method lead the author to conclude that, as soon as sutficieiit data have been gatlici-ed relative to the specific weights of the known varieties of fruit, specimens can be easily identilicd by a comparison of their specific and molecular weights. The desirability of further comparison with the poniological descriptions is i)ointed out. since there might be a similarity of weight between certain hybrids or little known fruits and some of the varieties which had iireviously been determined. The method is to be tested further. lO.'^G EXI'KIUMKNT RIATION HKCORT). The specific weight of fruit varieties, II. Zimmkkman ( (InrtniicrU, IS (1909), .\o. J, /*/'. .i'.t-'tl). — Tlu' author, having tt'stt'd the vahie of the si>ecific pravity of ai»i»les n.s a means of (lelerniiniiiK varieties, in accordance with the method noted (see p. 103")), arrives at the conclnsioii tiiat the si»ecific densities of vari- ous heavy fruits of the same Aariely arc not snlliclently constant to be used as n distinfinlslilnj? character. In order to determine wlictlier tlie differences in the size of the air spaces in the core influence the specific wei^dit, several apples were (piartered and the core removed. The specific density was then determined for each quarter. From th(> data secured it is concluded that the siiecific density is not affected by the air spaces In the core, but is influenced by the general structure and composition of the api)le. Papers read at the summer meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society {Ohio fita. Circ. 81, pp. 13). — This circular contains the full text of the various r.ddresses and papers delivered at the summer meeting of the Ohio State Horti- cultural Society, as follows: Orchard Renewal, by S. R. Gill; Spraying for Apple Scab in 190S, and Proposed Spray Mixtures for Orchard Use, by A. D. Selby : two papers on Control of I'ear Blight in Northern Ohio, by R. A. Hunt and W. Miller, respectively; and Experimental Notes of the Season, by H. A. (Jossanl. The last-named paper deals with spraying experiments with fruit trees. French gardening, or intensive cultivation on the French syste:n, T. New- some {London, 1908, pp. 83, pis. //, figs. 27). — A popular work on this subject in which the author discusses the principles involved in intensive French vegetable gardening, and gives the history of French gardens in England, together with the details of the equipment required for such work, and its cost. Sugar corn and tomatoes, T. 11. ]McHatton {Georffia tlanting operations, varieties, stock for citrus trees, notes on the behavior of the different citrus fruits at the station, cultivation, cover crops, winter protection, pnming, insects, and diseases. The Satsuma orange is the hardiest orange and will resist more cold than any other orange. The Dugat appears to be the next hardiest. Both varieties are young and heavy bearers. On account of its hardiness Citrus trifoliata is preferred as a stock for oranges, lemons, and grape fruit. Several varieties of grape fruit tested at the station proved to be heavy bearers the third year after planting. One-year-old lemon trees planted in February, 1904, bore as high as 164 lemons of excellent quality in 190S. The kumquats also are very young and prolific bearers, setting a crop of fruit the first year after planting. Cacao culture in West Africa, A. Chevalieb [Teg. Utiles Afriqiic Trop. Franc.. 1908. Xo. //. /*/). 2-'/.T. pi. 1, figs. 8). — This is a treatise on cacao culture with special reference to the develoi)ment of the industry in French AVest Africa. In part 1 general consideratifm is given to the botany, geographic distribution, production and consumption of cacao. Part 2 consists of a detailed account of cacao culture in the islands of St. Thomas and Principe. Part 3 discusses cacao culture in other countries of West Africa. In part 4 the author presents his conclusions relative to the best means of developing the cacao industry in the French colonies of West Africa. Relationship and classification of the Italian varieties of the almond (Amygdalus communis). A. Biasco (Separfitc from Ann. R. f>cuoJ(i ^up. Agr. Portioi, 2. scr., 8 (1!)08), pp. -}(?). — The author discusses the opinions of several writers relative to the relationship of the almonds, and proposes a new scheme for classification, according to which he has arranged the Italian varieties of almonds. List of herbaceous perennials tested in the arboretum and botanic garden Central Experimental Farm, Ottawa, Canada, with descriptions of flowers, and other notes. W. T. Macoun (Canada Cent. Expt. Farm Bui. 5. 2. sen, pp. 112, pis. 6). — The purposes of this bulletin are to assist in the correct nam- ing of varieties, and to bring into greater prominence such useful and hardy species as are worthy of general cultivation. The species and varieties are arranged alphabetically under their scientific n:>mes. Connuon names are given wherever known, as well as the native habitat of the plants. Other data I»resented are the year when planted, the height to which the plant grows, degree of hardiness, time of blooming and the color of flowers. Introductory notes deal with the planting and care of herbaceous pereanials. FORESTRY. 1039 Sweet peas and their cultivation for home and exhibition, C. H. Curtis (London, 190S, pp. 90, pi. 1, figs. i}). — A popular treatise dealing with the his- tory and development of sweet peas and their cnltivation for garden decoration, home use, and exhibition. FORESTRY. Second report of the Royal Commission appointed to enquire into and to report on certain questions affecting coast erosion, the reclamation of tidal lands, and afforestation in the United Kingdom (Ilmj. Coin. Coast Erosion and Afforest. [Ot. Brit.^ Rpt., 2 (1909), pt. J, pp. X+.',8).—A Koyal Commis- sion was appointed in July, 3900, to inquire as to the encroachment of the sea on various parts of the I'nitod Kingdom and to report on the best means of preventing this encroachment, and the reclamation of tidal lands. Subsequently the commission was directed to determine the advisability of establishing afforestation experiments on these waste lands as a means of increasing em- ployment during periods of depression in the labor market. Tliis report deals with the afforestation ]ihase alone. Section 1 discusses the present unsati.sfactory condition of British woodlands, the causes thereof, the nattiral conditions in the United Kingdom favorable to the growth of trees, and instances of successful results of British forestry. Some lessons are drawn from German methods and results, and considerable data from various sources are given relative to the scarcity of timber, and rise of price. The succeeding sections of the report discuss in detail unemployed labor in relation to afforestation, the nature and extent of lands suitable for this work, administration, finance, sni a summary of the principal conclusions and recommendat ions. The commissioners conclude that the soil and climate in the islands are favorable to the production of high-class timber if scientific methods of affores- tation be pursued, and that silviculture should prove a safe and remunerative investment. The amount of land suitable for afforestation not now under timber is estimated at about 9,000,000 acres, somewhat irregularly distributed throughout the United Kingdom. It is recommended that a special board of commissioners be appointed to carry out a national scheme of afforestation for this land. The annual sum required for the full scheme as outlined is £2,000.(jOn, the interest on the loan to be defrayed by taxation. It is calcu- lated that the net deficit will be £90,000 in the first year and will rise progres- sively to £3,131,250 in the fortieth year, after which period the forest will become more than self-supporting. The net revenue from the forest after SO years, based upon present prices, is estimated at £17..500,000. The best ro- tation to secure sustained timber yields requires 150,000 acres to be afforested annually. This will provide temporary employment to 18,000 men during the winter months, and iiermanent emi)loyment to 1 man per each 100 acres affor- ested, in addition to a large number employed in the incidental and subsidiary occuiiatioiis cniincfted with fin). iij). lOl-Liil. mail I}. — This is a ii'iioit on the progress made by the station ill forestry work durniK ltM».S, together witli a {ieiieral discussion of forest i>roblenis to he met in Ohio. The two principal lines of work c()nducted durin;: the year were the propa^'ation and distribution of forest tree seetllings and the niakiny of a i»reliminary forest survey through portions of some of the central counties of the State. During 1907 and 1908, 1,2S7 woodlots aggre- gating iol.Oss acres were examined and suggestions made for improvement. Forest survey of Litchfield and New Haven counties, Connecticut, A. F. Hawks and I{. (.'. Hawlky (Coinirciicut t). — The surveys here reported were made with the chief object of arousing interest in the forest lands of Litchlield and New Ilaveu counties witli a view to lead to the adoption of better methods of treatment. The counties are described relative to their location and physiograi)liic features, agricultural and forest lands, forest types, estimates of timber consumption and production, and local market conditions. Notes are also given showing the forest conditions of the individual towns of each county. Three principal forest types are recognized in the survey : The mixed hardwoods, white pine, and abandoned field types. General suggestions ai-e given for the management of each of these types, as well as for protection against fire and grazing. Seventh report of the forest commissioner of the State of Maine, E. E. King [Rpt. Forest C'onir. Maine, 7 (190H), pp. 103, pis. 6). — This report includes a resume of the forest fires of 1907-8, with conclusions and recommendations for future control, an article on white pine blight in Maine, by W. J. Morse, which is noted on page 1047 of this issue, the text of a decision of the State supreme court to regulate the cutting of trees, and a historical account of the wild lands of Maine relative to their acquisition and disposal. The report concludes with an extensive list of Maine islands conveyed by Maine and earlier by Massjichu- setts, showing the name of the island, situation, and date of conveyance to private parties. Fifth annual report of the State forester of Massachusetts, F. W. Rane {Ann. Rpt. Utatc Forester Mass., 5 (lUOS), pp. J/S, jiis. 8). — This is a progress report on forest operations in Massachusetts for 1908. It contains the text of recent forest legislation in Massachusetts, information on the examination of woodlands, and the practical assistance given owners, distribution of nursery stock, activities along forest educational lines, fire protection, publications issued, etc. Data are also given on the forestry work done by the Metropolitan Water and Sewerage Board in connection w'ith the construction of the Wachu- sett reservoir. This work was begun in 1898. In all, 1,330 acres were planted to coniferous and deciduous- trees up to .Tanuary 1, 1909. The cost of raising the trees from seed, preparing, planting, and protecting the lands planted until the trees were planted in the field, was .$14.92 per thousand trees, or .$18.98 per acre (1,390 trees per acre). The annual charge for maintaining efficient fire protection is estimated at 31 cts. per acre. The cost of an improvement thinning is $6 per acre, and it is calculated that such a thinning must be made twice during the first 10 years, after which time the trees should care for themselves. Annual progress report upon state forest administration in South Australia for the year 1907-8, W. Gill (Ami. Rpt. State Forest Admin. So. Aust., 1901-8, pp. 11, pis. 6). — A brief review is given of the year's planting and other forest operations conducted by the woods and forest departments for the year ending •Tune .30, 1908. The data given are similar in character to that contained in previous reports (E. S. R., 19, p. 1148). FORESTRY. 1041 Report on forest statistics of Alsace-Lorraine (Beitr. Forstfttntin. El.<<. jAipsic and \'iinna, IDOS, pp. VII-\-227, figs. 19, maps 2). — A study of the timber industry in various sections of north Germany, with con- siderable data on production, commerce, prices, etc. Researches on the woods of different species of African leguminous trees, E. I'ERROT and (.}. Gerard ( Vcg. Utiles Afnla. Rpt. J90R, pi). 11, i,S). — Atten- tion is CiiUed to tlie valne of formalin for treatment of seed oats for the preven- tion of smut. The rust of timothy, F. D. Kkrn {Toncija, 9 < tOOf)), Xo. J, pit. J-.T ) .— The occurrence of rust on timothy is said to have been reported in this country as early as 1.S81 or 1SS2. but it is only in recent years that it has been found in sufficient abundance to attract attention. In 190G timothy rust was found fairly abundant In several localities in New York and in 1!)07 it was also rei)orted from Delaware, West A'irginia, and Canada. In I DOS it was also reported from Michigan and Wisconsin. A study of the rust indicates that it is a physiological species of the common Puccinia gramiiiis or P. pociiliformis, as the author considers the species, and it is believed that there is little danger of the rust transferring to timothy from other cereals and grasses. It is thought probable that the disease will become more general in its distribution and may locally do considerable injury, but in spreading it will be limited to passing the summer spore stages on timothy alone. The browning- of the bracts of hops due to lime nitrogen, Wagner (Prakt. BI. Pflunzvnhuu v. Scliutz, n. sci:, 6 (If)OS), Xo. 11, pp. 126-129).— X descrip- tion is given of a browning of the bracts of hop strobiles following fertilizer experiments with lime nitrogen that has caused considerable injury. The injury was observed to be confined almost wholly to plants grown in light soils that had received ai)plications of lim.e nitrogen in the spring of the year. Autumn applications were followed with no injury, and the author advises the use of this fertilizer in autumn only. The quality of spring fertilized hops was a little better than where the application was made in the fall of the year, but the risk from the browning is believed to be too great to warrant the use of the fertilizer in the spring. The cause of the unfavorable action when applied in the spring is to be investigated. Varieties of potato scab (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 {1909), Xo. 10, pp. 7'/.''-7.J/, Ills. 2). — Descriptions are given of various forms of scab occurring on potatoes, among them the scab due to mechanical injury, the wart disease or black scab caused by ('hnjxophlyctiH endohiotica, the scab caused by milli- pedes or false wlreworms, the Oospora scab of potatoes, and the form of scab caused by ,Sponf/o.spora .scabies. Dry scab of potatoes, G. Massee (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1909, Xo. 1, pp. 16-18, fig. I). — A description is given of the dry scab of pota- toes, due to Spondglocladium atrovirens. The injury is confined to the tubers, and no indication of its presence is suggested by the foliage, which remains unaffected. The fungus causes disfigurement of the tuber, followed by local areas of a dry rot. The iiresence of the fungus is i'(n-ea!ed J)y the occurrence of blackish-olive patches, which soon become depressed below the general sur- face of the tuber, due to the drying and breaking up of the tissues. Frequently only one or two areas are present on a tuber, varying from half an inch to an inch in diameter. As the mycelium penetrates a considerable portion of the (uber, if is recom- mended that tubers showing signs of disease should not Iw used for planting, even if the portion obviously Infected has been cut away. This disease has been known for a ninuber ()f years, having i»rcviousIy been atiriliuted to /'litllonnicc" ■scirroliDplioriis, Potato spraying experiments in 1908, F. C. Stkwakt. (i. T. Fi{i:n( ii. and F. A. SiKKiNK (Xrip York Stale Sid. Bui. Ml, pp. dK).— This bulletin gives the results of the seviMith year's work in jiotato spraying in continuation of the experiments begun in V.)^rl. Twenty-seven separate experiments are rei»ortcd upon. 1044 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. At Geneva, G sprayings with Bordeaux mixture resulted in an increased yield of 'Si) Itu. per acre, while 3 sprayings gave an increase of 29.5 bu., although both early and late blight were wholly absent and there were but few flea beetles. The chief trouble in 11)08 was tij) burn. There was no rot observed. At Uiverhead the gain due to 5 sitrayings was 1G.3 bu. i)er acre and to 3 sprayings 10.75 bu. In the farmers' business experiments, including 200 acres, the average gain due to spraying was 18.5 bu. per acre, with a net profit of $S..")3. In 5 of the experiments, spraying was unprofitable. Eleven volunteer experimenters reported gains averaging GG.3 bu. per acre. Potato spr.aj-ing in dry seasons, F. H, Hali. {Nciv York titatc Sta. Bull. 307, 311, po/jitliir cd., pp. JO). — This is a popular edition of Bulletin 307 of the station iirevidusly noted (E. S. K., 20, p. 948) and of Bulletin ."Ml, noted above. Treatment for scab and early blight on potatoes and mildew on cucumbers and cantaloups, T. C. Johnson ( Virginia Truck Uta. Virc. 1, pp. 2-8). — The cor- ro.^ive sul)liniate and formalin methods of treating seed i>otatoes for scab, and the use of Bordeaux mixture for preventing the early blight of potatoes and for spraying cantaloui)S and cucumbers for the prevention of mildew are described. [Spraying experiments with, cantaloups], J. Tkoop and C. G. Woodbury (Indiuiiu tsta. lipt. 11)08, pp. 3')-31). — The results of spraying cantaloups with a 5: 5: 50 Bordeaux mixture for the prevention of rust are given. In these ex- periments 3.54 acres of cantaloups received 5 ai)plicati(ms of the fungicide, the tirst being made about the time the rust spots began to appear, which was a few days subsequent to the setting of the fruit. The other api»iications fol- lowed at intervals of 1 to 2 weeks. As a result of the spraying, a net profit of $11.49 per acre was obtained. Melon wilt, J. Troop and C. G. Woodbury (Indiana Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 30, SI). — Au account is given of an attempt to discover the means by which the bacterial wilt of cucurbits (Bacillus tracheiphilus) is carried from plant to plant. Forty hills of cantaloups were grown in pots sunken in the ground. The soil for half of the pots was sterilized, while in the others it was uusteril- ized, and half of the hills of both sterilized and unsterilized soil were covered with screens. From the results of the experiments, it seems probable that soil sterilization had but little effect and that the disease is largely spread by insects. The gooseberry mildew, J. Eriksson (Prakt. Bl. Pflanscnbua u. Schutz, n. scr., G (1908), No. 11, pp. 121-126). — An account is given of the introduction and distribution of the gooseberry mildew (Sphwrothcca mors-uva') into Europe and attention called to its destructiveness, the various host plants, the time and I)eriods of infestation, and the results of spi'aylng experiments. The author suggests the cutting out and burning of all diseased plants, so far as possible. Exosmosis in the roots of plants and combating chlorosis, G. Truffaut (Jour. Soc. \at. Hort. France, -J. scr., 9 (19118), Dec, pp. 109-113). — By means of hyacinth bulbs the author has been able to demonstrate the exosmosis of the sulphates of iron, potash, and magnesia placed in cavities of the bulbs. The sulphuric acid found its way into the distilled water in which the bulbs were grown through the roots developed by the plants. Acting upon this suggestion some fruit trees sutTering with chlorosis due to an excess of lime were bored into and sulphate of iron placed within the trunks. The sulphuric acid in the iron cominnmd was found to attack the lime deposits within the trees and apparently to permit the absorption of other elements needed by the plant. Apple blotch, a serious disease of southern orchards, W. M. Scott and J. B. RoBEK (V. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. lJ,.'f, pp. 28, pis. 6).— As a DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1045 result of demonstration experiments conducted in the Middle West in 1906, the :iuth()rs determined that apple blotch was far more destructive than apple scab and bitter rot combined, and their attention was turned to an investigation of the disease. This disease is well distributed over the eastern half of the Unied States, occurring in some regions to such an extent that fully 50 per cent of the fruit is rendered unfit for packing. The disease, which is of a fungus origin, was first described as occurring on the fruit in a bulletin of the Illinois Station (E. S. K., 13, p. 1059) and later its occurrence was noted by a number of investigators. In 1907 the authors pointed out the relation between certain cankers and leaf spots to the blotch on the fruit. About the same time similar observations were reported by Shel- don (E. S. K., 19, p. 348), who identified the fungus as PhiiUo.sticta .solitaria. Apple blotch occurs on the fruit, branches, and leaves, the form on the fruit being by far the most important from an economic standpoint. On the fruit, the first evidence of the disease is shown in small, inconspicuous, light brown blotches, which spread rapidly with an irregular, jagged, advancing margin. Where the spots are numerous they often coalesce and form large blotches, which may cover half the apple or more. The fungus kills only the superficial cells, so that continued growth results in the cracking of the fruits. Characteristic cankers are formed by the fungus on fruit spurs, twigs, and rapidly growing shoots. At first these cankers are rather small and inconspic- uous, ajipearlng as small purt)le or black blotches. As they increase in size they become brown in the center, retaining a purple margin, but may finally become gray. The Inirk soon cracks around the cankers,^ especially along the lateral edges. On the leaves the spots ai-e irregular, light brown, yellowish, or whitish, small, and are of comparatively minor importance. The fungus is believed to pass the winter in the twig cankers, these fur- nishing the chief source of infectiim. As in the case of other fungus diseases, the apple blotch is dependent more or less upon weather conditions, although it develops in cool as well as in warm weather. A wide range in susceptibility of different varieties of apples to this disease is noted. An account of the life history of the fungus, a description of its cul- tural characters, and the results of inoculation experiments are given. It was shown in 1906 that spraying with Bordeaux mixture was successful in i)reventing the disease, and in 1907 the experiments were repeated to deter- mine the number and times of ajtplication. In most of the experiments a 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux mixture was employed, but it is thought that i)robably a weaker solution or one containing a greater amount of lime might be advantageously employed. For the prevention of codling moth and other insect injuries, the addition of 2 lbs. of arsenate of lead or 6 oz. of Paris green is reeonunended. The principal iicriod of infection comes usually from 4 to (! weeks after the petals have la lieu, and 4 applications of Bordeaux mixture, the first .'5 or 4 weeks after the iM-tals have fallen, will ordiiuirily be found sufficient. By c*om- biiiing the treatments for insect enemies, bitter rot. blotch, leaf siiot and scab, II applications, the first when the cluster buds are begimiing lo show conspicu- ously and the last about the first of August, would be found advantageous for the control of all of the more imiiortant apple troubles. Scaly bark of citrus, II. S. Fawcktt ( ll( r'uUi Sl'/, I'JUS, [tp. .'/?). — In this pamphlet brief descriptions are given of the principal diseases of cacao and of the remedial measures that have proved to be most successful in dealing with these diseases. It appears that the fungus diseases of cacao are quite amenable to treatment, and as the recommendations are simple and practical in character, there should be no difficulty in carrying them out. Among the diseases described are the root disease, canker, die back, Lasiodi- plodia, thread blight, witches' broom disease, brown rot of pods, and black rot of pods. The publication concludes with suggestions for the proi)er sanitation of cacao orchards. Bud rot of the coconut, E. B, Copeland {PhUippinc Agr. Rev. [Englisli Ed.], 1 (1908), Xo. 5, pp. 210-220, pi. 1). — An account is given of investigations by the author on the occurrence of the bud rot of the coconut in the Philippines. The disease is reported to be very prevalent in 3 districts and present but doing less damage in several others. The disease is described, and, as a tree once affected is i)ractically valueless, the author recommends that in order to prevent the spread of the disease to other trees all those infected should be burned. A synopsis is given of reports on the occurrence of bud rot in other countries. The blue rot of coniferous timber, E. MOncii {Naturiv. Ztschr. Forst u. Landic, 5 {1901), No. 11, pp. 531-573, figs. 28; 6 (1908), Nos. 1, i)p. 32-1,1, figs. 3; 6, pp. 291-323, figs. 2). — A study was made of the cause of the so-called blue rot of the wood of various species of coniferous trees and the effect produced by the fungus on the tensile strength of infected timber. The author found the trouble to be due jirincipally to what has been called CeratostoDieUa pilifrra, but instead of there being a definite species under that name, it is really a group of allied forms, which have been separated and studied in detail. Thi-ee forms are recognized as new species, C. picecr, C. cana, and ('. coerulca. The first two species are associated with certain species of Graphium in their life cycles. In addition to the foregoing fungi, the author found Endoconidiophora ccerulca, a new genus of fungus, attacking pine, fir, and hemlock trees. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1047 The most injury is said to be due to attacks of C. pini and C. cfrrulea. The mycelium of the fungi was found to be able to attack and destroy the living tissues of conifers, growing much more rapidly in moist than in dry timber. The specific gravity and strength of timber was found to be decidedly reduced, due to the presence of the fungus. A fir disease in Saxony, F. W. Neger (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 58 {1908), \o. 2, pp. 201-225, pis. J, figs. 2). — For a number of years the fir trees of Saxony and other parts of (iermany have been sub.ie<'t to a disease which the authoi was commissioned in l!t05 to study and report upon. The disease is manifested upon the trees in the thinning of the leaves and the dying of the branches, the top of the tree being usually first to show the trouble, and by a water-soaked appearance of the heart wood. An investiga- tion showed that the disease was due to Agaricus mclleus attacking the trees through their taproots. No parasite of any kind was found on the leaves or in the injured twigs. The mycelium of the mushroom forms a dense network of rhizomorphs about the taproot and later enters the tissues, finally causing a rotting of the roots. Later the horizontal roots are invaded and the tree dies. The attack of the fungus is favored by anything that weakens the vitality of the tree, such as smelter fumes, checking the transpiration stream, resulting in a water-logged condition of the stem and main roots, lack of light, etc. Correcting these conditions will to a great degree diminish the spread and injury due to the parasite. The white-pine blight in Maine, W. J. Morse (Rpt. Forest Comr. Maine, 7 (li)07-S), pp. 20-25, pi. 1). — On account of the recent interest in the blight of white pine, the author was led to investigate during the past summer the injury to white pine in a number of localities in Maine. He found that there is no connection between the so-called white-pine blight and that recently de- scribed in a pamphlet of the Forest Service of this Department ( E. S. R., 20, p. 549). Practically all of the so-called pine blight in Maine in 1907 and 1908 is believed to have been due to adverse weather conditions duriug the past two winters. The infectious chlorosis of the Japanese euonynius, E. Baur (Ber. Deut. Bot. (JescU.. 26a (1908), No. 9, pp. 711-713). — In continuation of [trevious exper- iments (E. S. R., 18, p. 648), the author has made a study of the chlorotic forms of the Japanese euonymus and of variegated forms of privet. In some cases he has been able to transfer the infection by means of inoculation experiments, while in others he failed. On this account he is led to the conclusion that there maj- be an infectious and a noninfectious form of chlorosi.s. In a previous re- port he stated his belief that the infectious virus could be isolated, but thus far he has failed to do so. The destruction of wood by fungi, A. H. R. Buller (Set. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 3 {1909), Xo. 11, pp. 361-378, figs. 3).— A discussion is given of the de- struction of wood by fungi and attention called to a number of the more com- mon species of fungi that attack structural timber, decaying trees, etc. North American rose rusts, J. C. Arthur {Torreija, 9 {1909), A'o. 2, pp. 21-28, fgs. 3). — AccDrding to the auth<)r practically ail rose rusts in North America have been hitherto i)laced under two" si)ecies, Phnigmidium speeiosum and /'. siibeortieiiini. Subsei|nent studies, however, have shown that liiere are a iiuml)er of distinct species, and 0 are recognized, all of which are indigent)us but one. The distribution of these species throughout the United States is indicated. The spec-ies recognized are /'. umerivuniini, I', rosw-sctigerw, P. rosw-californiecc, P. roscr-arkanisana; P. montivagum, and P. disciflorum. 1048 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Sprint, practice in economic zoology, H. A. Gossard {Ohio »S7«. Bui. JfiS, pp. l;')-8H+yjH, fi(j.s. 10). — This is the second of a sorics of nianuiils of economic zoolojiy to be issued in 4 numbers correspondinjr with the seasons of the year. The winter number has been previously noted (E. W. R., 17, p. OT.'j). ruder farm niaiiaf,'ement the rotation of crops, fertilizers, and clean farniintj are discussed. I'nder natural friends and en<'niies domesticated animals, rats, mice, rabbits, moles, shrews, skunks, wooddiucks, toads, and various species of birds, and methods of attraction or destruction, as the case may be, are briefly considered. The insects attacking grasses, grains, and fruits are de- scribed and methods of treatment discussed. Similar data for the insects of the vegetable garden are presented in tabular form. Records of bird migration made at Wooster by S. Harry and A. I. Good are ai)pended. Eig'hth report of the State entomolog'ist, 1908, W. E. Britton {Connecticut State Sta. Rpt. J!KJ7~S, pt. 11, pp. \'I II+TU-i-S'i^^, pis. /,s\ fir/s. 12). — A resume of the entomological features for 1908 and a report of the nursery inspection work are first presented. In the report of the progress in suppressing the gipsy moth in Connecticut it is stated that the actual size of the area infested by the pest has been considerably reduced during the year. The spring and the fall cankerworms which were more abundant than in 1907 are considered at some length. The San Jose scale did not spread as much as usual due to the I)receding severe winter. From further tests of gases for the destruction of this pest on nursery stock, in which carbon disulphid, carbon tetrachlorid, and acetylene were used, it is concluded that hydrocyanic-acid gas is to be preferred. A report of an investigation of the mosquito breeding problem at tlie State Rifle Range at East Haven, and of the Beaver Swamp region, near New Haven, is presented in which it is concluded that for a few thousand dollars the entire region could be put in a salutary coTidition. Notes are also given on mosquito breefling places in the vicinity of Stamford. I'nder insects attacking cucurbitaceous plants in Connecticut the sipiash borer, striped cucumber beetle {Diahrotica rittata), corn root-worm, squash lady-beetle {Epilachna Ijorealis), squash bug, melon aphis, squash aphis {Xccturophora cueurbitu). and greenhouse whitefly are considered. The elm- leaf beetle is said to have been the source of more injury to elm trees than for several years. The fungus Sporotrichum globulifernm {entomophilum) which attacks the pup* and adults in late summer is one of the most important of its natural enemies. The green clover worm (PlatJtypcna scnhra) was the source of injury in June and July to bush and i)ole beans. In experiments made to determine the value of various substances and devices in the prevention of injury to cabbages by the cal)bage maggot, the best results were obtained from the use of tarred paper disks. Tests of homemade soluble oil has led the author to advise orchardists to purchase a prepared mixture. Under insect notes the author reports the snow-white linden moth to have been very abundant in July. The hickory tussock caterpillar {Halisidnta caryw) which was abundant during the summer was killed in large numbers in Sej)- tember and October by a fungus disease. Caterpillars of IT. tcssellaris and probably Estigmene acvcca were also killed by this or a similar disease. Lead arsenate was found to give better results than Paris green when used against the potato beetle. The thi-ee-lined leaf-beetle {Lema trUincata) which was more than usually abundant on potatoes was fed upon by the predaceous beetles Lebia grundis and Pterostichus lucublandus. The marsh golden-rod was eaten up in one or more localities by the beetles Trirhabda canadensis and Micro- rophala vittata. The ehrysomelid beetle Nodonota puncticoUis was destruc- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1049 tive to young chestnut trees at Stamford. The New York weevil {Ithyccrus noicboracensis) injured young jiear trees in one locality by eating out the base of the new growth. Other inse<"ts noted as a source of injury are Otiorlnjnchus sulcatus by eating the leaves of palms, lemon trees, etc., the strawberry weevil {Anthonomus signatus), the raspberry sawfly (Monophadnoides ruhi), apple leaf-folder (Ancylus nubeciilaua). the leopard moth {Zeuzcra pi/rina), the boll worm, and the pyramid caterpillar { I'l/njiJfiUa iiyramidoidca). Insect notes for 1908. Edith M. Patch (Maine Sta. Btil. J 62, pp. 351-368, pis. !l). — This bulletin contains brief accounts of the more important insects of the year IDOS. Nymphs of a predaceous bug, probably Podisus inodestus, are reported as occurring in the uests and feeding upon young, brown-tail moth caterpillars. The greatest amount of damage caused by any single sr)ecies was due to Jfrtcrocampa guttivitta. Associated with H. guttivitta were the rosy-striped oak-worm (Auisota virginiciisis [pcUucida]) and the green-striped maple-worm (.-1. [Dryocampa] ruhicunda), the former particularly on oak and the lat- ter upon maiile. The white tipped moth ( Symmcrista [Edema] alhifrons) was very prominent on oak, birch, and other trees. Argyroploce abictana injured spruce in one locality by eating out the inside of the leaves. Acrobasis (Phycis) rubrifasciclla was injurious to sweet fern and white birch. Galium verum was found to be a much preferred food plant of Deilephila galli which also feeds upon fireweed, strawberry leaves, etc. Datana major was numerous upon deerberry, while gall mites (Eriopltyes fraxiniphila and E. fraxini) are said ta have attacked red ash in the vicinity of Orono. Other insects reported include the beau worm (Ogdocontu cinrrcola), Alcothoe caudata on the blos- soms of Virgin's bower, Estigmcnc acrcea, Diucrisia (Spilosoma) virginica, Basilona impcrialis, the pine hawk moth (Jjupara bombycoides), Dibolia bure- aus, the raspberry cane borer (Oberea bimaeulata), Osmoderma scabra, Der- mestes vulpinus in tankage and curd from dried buttermilk, Corticaria fer- ruginea, Braehys cerosa, Dendroctonus terebrans, llonohammiis titillator and M. seutellatiix, Cryptorhynchus lapathi, Conotraehelus nenuphar, Aphrophora parallcUa, Eriopeliis festucw, Lcptoierna dolobrata. CanthoyliorutS einetus, Anasa tristis, Lygus praten.sis, Xcmatus erichsonii, Lophyrux abietis, plant lice and several si»ecies of grasshoppers. Tiphia inornata, a parasite upon the white grul), was very numt>rt arc reported. The best results were olitaiiicd by treating caulitlovver with a dtH'oction of white hellebore prepared by slcei)ing 2 oz. of the powder for an liour in 1 qt. of water and then diluting with water to make 1 gal. This was ajiplied with a watering jtot (from which the rose had been removed) a few days after the plants were set out, with a second ai»plication 5 days later, followed by a third 5 days after the second. Holland cabbage appears to be exempt from attack but red cabbage is not. Cabbage maggots were found to emerge from pupte which were buried 5 in. deep in the soil. PseudoeucoUa yiUvttci was the most common parasite that emerged from the puparia, other parasites, including Uomotrupus hicapillaris albopictas, Aphwrcta pcgomyicr, and Mcgaspiltifi siriatipes. From the results obtained with the worlc with the post during IIJUS and jtre- \ ious years it is concluded that "radishes grown iu the open ai'e apparently benefited by several api»lications of hellebore decoction (4 oz. of white hellebore steeped in 2 gal. of water) applied with a watering pot, first when plants are 1.5 in. high, and 3 or 4 later applications at 5 days' intervals; or by the use of tobacco dust with equal frequency in the same way." Spraying experiments for jtests of the orchard and garden are reported and discussed. " Spraying jihun trees with arsenate of lead and Bordeaux mixture (3:4:50) two or three times at beginning of curculio season, at intervals of a week or ten days will prevent at least 50 per cent loss of fruit from curculio injury, to which must be added whatever injury from fungi is saved by the use of Bordeaux mixture." Attention is called to the occurrence of crown gall on raspberries and that such comes under the Minnesota law relating to contagious diseases of plants. The irritating harvest mite or jigger Is described and preventive remedies sug- gested. White grubs { Lachnosterna rugonn and L. fiisca) are said to have been more destructive to lawns in the State in 1908 than ever before. The bee moth (Gallcria mrlloiicHn) is now under investigation. Foul brood is described and remedies briefly considered. Reports of orchard inspectors (Zoo/. Bui. Pcnn. Dipt. Agr., 6 (WOS), Xos. 8, I. IK .27I-,J00; 'J. itp. oO.!-J.ii). — A report by counties of the orchard inspection work. A European ant (Myrniica levinodis) introduced into Massachusetts, W. M. Wheeler (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 {190H), A"o. 6, pp. 337-339). — The author reports the discovery of M. levinodis at Forest Hills and Jamaica Plain, Mass. This species and the A'ariety previously described as hrursi with Tctramorium (CNpituin are the only species known to have been introduced into this country fronj Europe. As .1/. Icrinodi.s is very fond of attending aphids and prefers to nest in cultivated soil, it is suggested that it may become of economic importance. Notes on Tenthredinoidea, with descriptions of new species, I, S. A. lioinvEK (Canud. Ent., J,0 (JHOH), Xo. 6, pp. J7o-lS0). — A tirst paper in which 6 si>ecies from Colorado representing the genera Euura, Cephaleia, Empbytus, Hoplocampa, and I.,ycasta are described as new to science. A list of parasites known to attack American Rhynchophora, W. D. Pierce (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 (1908), No. 6, pp. SSO-396).— This list contains im- portant data that have been recorded since the preliminary list was published (E. S. H., 19, p. 757). The sources of the records are indicated and a bibliog- raphy is appended. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1051 Notes on the life history of Nonagria oblonga, W. ]{. AValton (Ent. Xetm, m (1908), No. 7, pp. 2!)5-29i), pi. i).— Infestation by this moth in 75 per cent of the stalks of the common cat-tail rush {Typha sp.) is reported as having been found near Ilarrisburg, Pa. The tachinid (Masicera myoidcea) has been reared from the larvte. A bit of contemporary histoi-y, Annie T. Slosson (Caund. Eut., J/O (1908), No. ?', pp. 213-219, pi. I, flys. ,i). — A description is given of I y not us aniyniaticus. This species has been recognized as a pest among the collections of the public luusi'um in Milwaukee. Wis. Miscellaneous papers. Biological studies on three species of Aphididae, .7. J. Davis (U. S. Drpf. Ayr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 12, tech. sen, pt. 8, pp. 123-168, /iy>i. .'/). — The author here rei)orts studies made of the biology of the corn root- aphis, corn leaf-aphis (Aitliis ntaiilis), and sorghum aphis (Sipha [Chaito- liltnru-s] ftava). Technical descrii)tions are given of the different forms in their various stages and- a complete bibliography of each species is appended. Notes and descriptions of some orchard plant lice of the family Aphididae, C. P. (iiLLKTTE {.Jour. EiDit. Eiit.. 1 (1908), Ao.s-. ,;. ;;/). 302-310. pis. 2; 6", pp. 359- 369, pis. 2). — In this paper, which is supplemental to Bulletin 133 of the Colo- rado Station previously noted ( E. S. R., 20, p. 854), the author describes the various stages and habits of Schizoneiira laniyera. Aphis pomi, A. persicw-niger, A. bakeri, Myzus persicce, and M. cerasi. Hippodamia convcrycns is said to be I he most abundant destroyer of the woolly aphis in Colorado. Various other lady beetles are mentioned as feeding upon, and Apheliiius nirill as having been (il)served ovipositing in, the woolly aphis. The army worm at Durham, North Carolina, Z. P. Metcalf (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 3'jJi, .i.jj). — The author reiiorts the occurrence of Hrli- (iphihi uniptcncta in August, 190S. In order to determine the percentage of infestation by tachinid ilies {Winthemia quadripustulata), 491 larvre were col- lected and observed. Of these 442, or 90 per cent, were infested with eggs of the parasite. Only 7 adult moths emerged, showing a total mortality of 9S.6 per cent. The 442 infested larvie yielded 709 parasitic puparia from which 556 adult flies emerged. Experiments for the control of the red spider in Florida (Tetranychus bimaculatus), IL M. Russell (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 ( 1908), Xo. 6, pp. 377-380).— 'I'lie red sjuder was the source of considerable injury to truck, general crops, and citrus trees in Florida during the si)ring of 1908. Experiments made with lime sulphur, Ij'e sulphur, sulphur, and kerosene emulsion, here reported, show that llie pest can b© controlled by spraying with any one of the four insecticides. Notes on the grass mite, Pediculopsis graminum, II. E. IIoijgkiss (Jour. Econ. Ent.. 1 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. .;7.7-.i77). — A brief account of the distribution of this mite and the injury which it jfroduces. The condition known in grass as "silver lop" is said to bo the result of the attack upon thi' stem by this pest. .V iiarasitic fungus ( Sporotrichunt poa) is said to gain entrance into the stems of gniss and buds of carnations with or following the entrance of this mite. Dimples in apples from oviposition of Lygus pratensis, E. P. Taylor (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 ( 190S), Xo. 6, pp. 370-37.1, ids. ^^ ) .— The author has found that an injury to apples resembling that of the plum and apple curculio is due to egg punctures made in the very early development of the ai)ple by the conunon tarnished plant hug. Many peach blo.ssoms were also observed late in March which had api)arently been blasted as a result of their having been feon leaves and the small grcHMi fruit of the ai)i)le. The tussock moth in orchards. W. J. Schoknk (Xew York Htnte Hia. Jiiil. Jl^, PI). 3!i-.'f9, ijis. d). — The white-marketl tussock-moth (Hemerocampa Icucos- tigiiia) is said to have a|)i)eared in destructive numbers in the vicinity of Lock- port. New York, during the summer of 190S. A description is presented of the biology of the pest. Cocoons collected or examinefl at Lockport were found infested by the hynienopterous ]iarasites Phnpla itKiutsUor and P. conquisHor and by tachinid tiies (Tdcliina clixioctnniKr and Sisi/ropa n. sj).). The insect may be efliciently controlled by collecting and destroying the egg masses and by the use of arsenical sprays. Orchards injured by tussock moth, F. H. Hall (A' no York State St a. Bid. 312, popular cd.. pp. 5. fitj-s. (>). — A popular edition of the above. Must the caljrx cup be filled? M. V. Slingerland (Jour. Econ. Ent., 1 (190rted. The former frequently overruns and destroys red and yellow Ascher- sonias, while the latter occasionally overruns pustules of the brown fungus, chiefly after the latter has become old or weakened from drought or cold weather. The food plants preferi*ed by the whitefly include two native species, prickly ash (Fagara clava-herculis) and the wild persimmon (Dioftpyros virginiana), and several introduced species, nameb*. all varieties of citrus, chinaberry. umbrella tree, cape jessamine, privets, and Japanese persimmon. The author 1054 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lists IS ndditionnl species of food plants wl^icli tlie whitefly sometimes infests, rhlii.ilu'ri-y and umbrella trees are consideretl as the food plants most to be ft'Mn-d by citnis-^rowiiiK communities. Investigation has shown that whltefly larva' and pu|i!i' can i-ontinuc to live on leaves which have dnjpped from trees dnriii),' winter if protected against complete drying up and that these insects may mature sntliciently late in the spring to infest the new leaves. Defoliation is not rivonun-'uded as a means of checking the whitetly in a grove except when the defoliation has already been in a great measure accomplished by a freeze. The author has found the citrus whltefly in Florida to consist of two dis- tinct species and here presents a description of the second, a new species to which he has given the name Alcyrodcs nubifera. The eggs of the new si)ecies are reticnlatinl instead of smooth like the eggs of .4. citri. Distinct ditferences also exist in the tirst and fourth larval stages and iu the puine. The adults of .1. villi have immaculate wings while those of .1. nubifera have a smoky colored area near the end of the wing easily visible in the living insect with the a ill of a k-ns. The saddled prominent (Heterocampa guttivitta), Edith M. Patch (Maine Sta. Bill. 161, pp. 311-350, i)1s. 8, fig. /).— The author reports H. guttivitta to have denuded vast areas of hard wood forests in Maine in 1907 and 1908. Studies made of the life history and habits and descriptions of the several stages are presented, with suggested means of control. But one generation occurs in Maine. In 1908 moths emerged in greatest numbers in May and early June, oviposition soon commenced and eggs hatched in al»out 9 days. The larvte become full grown in about 5 weeks, during which time 4 molts are passed, then enter the ground to pupate. The eggs are said to be deposited singly upon the leaves, the moths apparently preferring to oviposit upon the upper leaves of trees. Beech leaves were the favorite food of the species but other trees and succulent plants were also fed upon. Piinpla pednli.'i and lehneiimon siihlatus were bred from pupie, the latter sjiecies in large numbers. Of the predaceous wasps species of the Ammophilas were i)articularly abundant. The adults and larvsie of Calosoma were numerous in the infested woodlands, the larvje being particularly fond of fresh pupjie. PteroHtiehuH liiciibinndiis was abundant in the spring of 1907 under beech trees where the pup;e were hibernating. Podisus modestus was the most active of the predaceous bugs in feeding upon the caterpillars. Late in July and early in August various species of caterpillars were attacked by a fungus disease and in some instances practically the whole infestation of saddled prominents was wiped out. It is considered probable that P. modeMiis was an important agent in the transfer of the spores of this fungus. A list is given of 53 species of birds that are sui)i)osed to feed upon the pest in Maine. .\rsenicals .-ire reconnnended for use against the jiest in fruit orchards. The caterpillars are readily shaken from the branches, which fact has been made use of in some instances, the trees afterward being protected by sticky bands on the trunk. A new species of the Tortricidae, C. H. Fkrnald (Cannd. Ent.. J,0 (1908), \n. 10, pp. 3.'i!). 3')0). — The species here described ( Arfii/roplncc abietnnn) is reported as injuring small sjjruce trees in Maine. Work of the Bureau of Entomology against forest insects, A. D. Hopkins i./oiir. Eron. Ent.. I (I90S). \o. 0. pp. S'i3-3-'{8).—X brief account of the in- vestigations made of forest insects in this country. Tick eradication, E. C. Cotton (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 53-11, figs. 7).— The author has conducted an investigation of the cattle tick and here furnishes information regarding its life history and habits and their relation to extermi- native measures. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1055 The life cycle is illustrated iiraiiliically and shows tlic time reciuired at Kuox- ville to starve seed ticks that liatcli from e>,'j;s laid by the engorged ticks wliicli drop on Ai»ril 15 and Sei)teml)er 15. "After the ticks dro]) to the jrround on April 15, 10 days will elapse before ef;« laying begins. The ticks will continue November 1.3, a i)eriod of 4 months and 21 days (141 days). . . . For ticks laying until May 28, or 33 days, the eggs will begin hatching on June 2.5, an incubation period of 00 days, and the seed ticks will not all be dead until dropping from the host animal on September 15, the time elapsing before egg laying will be but 4 days and the tick will cease laying on October 15, an egg- laying period of 26 days. The eggs will not hatch, however, until March IT of the following si)ring, or an incubation i)eriod of 0 months (ISO days), iiiul the seed ticks will not all be dead until .Tuly 28, a i)eriod of 4 months and :; days (123 days). . . . Engorged ticks dropping from the host animals during I December, January, and February] will usually freeze to death before laying any eggs." The author considers pasture rotation as the most effective method of con- trol under general farm conditions, particularly where a rotation of crops is jiracticed. Examples of two rotation systems reciuiring 4 and 5 years are given as applicable to tick eradication. The feed-lot method is also explaineil. For those sections of Tennessee where the pasture rotation method can not be ai)i)lied. dipping and oiling are recommended. Life histories and habits of the cattle tick and dog tick are compared in diagrammatic and tabular form. Another chalcidoid parasite of a tick, L. O. Howard {Caitad. Eiit.. //O (UJOti), Xo. 7, 1)1). 2.J0-2.'il, pg. 1). — A second chalcidoid parasite of a tick is here described as Hunterellus hookeri. This species has been bred from en- gorged nymphs of the brown dog tick. Rliii)icrj)Ji(iJu>< tcxanusi, collected at Cor- pus Christi, Tex. Notes on fleas collected on rat and human hosts in San Francisco and elsewhere, R. W. Doank {CUuku}. Eiit., .',0 (1908), Xo. 8, pp. 303. JO', ).— Out of 1,300 tleas collected upon rats (Mus norvegicus) in California, t'eratoplnjllHH fasciatus was represented by S03 specimens, Pulcx irritans by 1G3, Lccmop^'iylla cheopis by 139, and Ctenopsyllus musctiU by 118. Out of 684 fleas collected on man f. irritnns was represented by 680.. Notes on the hen flea (Xestopsylla gallinacea), G. W. Herrick (Jour. Econ. Knt.. 1 (i!)OH), Xo. 6", pp. 3.').'t-3.')S). — The author reports observing more than 325 specimens of X. gnUiiiacca on a single fowl at Agricultural College, Miss. Engorged females were found to deposit all of their eggs on the day ft)ll()wing their [dacement in vials. An average of 3 eggs were deposited by 15 fleas thus isolated, 7 being the maximum number deposited. The eggs were found to hatch within 48 hours after deposition. The foul brood of bees and the foul-brood law, (4. W. IIkkrkk and E. E. Srnot.i. {Texan Hta. Kill. Uli, pp. 3-10). — An account of the American and European foul brood with directions for treatment, to which is ai)pended the Texas foul-brood law. Calendar for the treatment of plant diseases and insect pests, W. J. Green, A. I). Si:i,itv, and H. A. (Jossako [OIiU, Sla. liul. I!)!), pp. S!)-10:i). — This is a revised edition of Bulletin 147 of the station (B. 8. R., 16. p. 77). Fornuilas are given with directions for the use of insecticides and fungicides. Treatment of plant diseases and injurious insects in South Carolina, II. W. Harre and A. F. Conradi (South fUirolinn Stii. liul. I '/ 1 . pp. 3-').i, fig. /). — In this bulletin the authors describe spraying machinery, insecticides, anil fimgi- cides, and their use in conibaling the more importa'it insect enemies and itlant diseases of fruit trees, shrubs, v('g«'tab!( s. and field crojis. 85670— No. 11— Oy 5 1056 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Washiiigrton State College spraying calendar for 1909, K. K. Rkattik and A. L. Mii.ANDii! { \\'ri(tl()Ki<"il invcstiwitions of (Iniwii and uiulrawn cold sloni.w ponltry lod to the following,' j,'('iu'ral c-oncln- sions : "I'oultry kept at teniperatnres ran.yin.i: from -f-.")" to — 1 t° l\ under;;oes no deeouiposition as a result of baeteriai aetivity. " Freezinj: destroys tlie red and some of the white blond ic)rpnseies. "Freezinar temperatures as low as — 14° F. destroy a larj^'e percentage of tlie I'acteria present, but do not affect the more resistant ones. "When the tissues are tliawed, they become moistened l)y the ineitinj; ice crystals, and in this coTidition bacterial growth is facilitated and decomposition of the tissues and contents of the cells is promoted. "In the drawn chickens placed in cold storage aerobic conditions prevailed throughout tlie pleuro-i)eritoneal cavities. The undrawn chickens showed much smaller numbers of bacteria in the pleuro-peritoneal cavities. On account of the closed cavity, partial anaerobic conditions prevailed in these birds. " In decomposing meats, putrefactive aerobic bacteria may possibly produce the primary stages and prepare the way for anaerobes which possibly control the intermediate stages of decomi)Osition. By the combined action of both, decay is brought about, but it is probably finished by aerobic bacteria. " From these facts it appears that, given the aerobic conditions and the larger numbers of bacteria growing on the moist surfaces and tissues of a thawed drawn chicken, decomposition will proceed at a more rapid rate than with an undrawn one containing fewer bacteria existing under partial anaerobic condi- tions. " In freshly killed, unfrozen drawn chickens, the surfaces and tissues become dry within a very short time, and, although aerobic conditions prevail, the bacteria can not grow because of lack of moisture. " In freshly killed, unfrozen and undrawn chickens, on account of the closed pleuro-peritoneal cavities there is no drying of the tissues and surfaces, and facultative aerobic ai'd anaerobic bacteria from the intestines rapidly cause decomposition. "By the removal of the viscera williout the spilling of the contents of the alimentary tract decomposition can be prevented absolutely. The operation requires about two minutes. " IJriefly stated, decomposition depends largely njion the i)resence of moisture ill the tissues, for moisture is absolutely essential to bacterial growth. In fresldy killed birds, ordinarily or i)roperly drawn, the surfaces quickly become dry. In cold stoi-age birds, no matter how they are drawn, the tissues will be moist, because of the melting of the crystals of ice., If properly drawn, there would be but few bacteria jiresent capable of causing deccmiposition." Cold storage and its relation to food preservation, M. Buhk.vu (Ann. Sue. .\.s.n gni. in watered oysters. "It is contended by oyster packers who have been accustomed to shipi)ing iced and watered stock and who wish to continue to do so, that icing does not iiK-rease the volume of oysters appn^-iably if at all. This ((intention can not be correct, for by comparison the [lercentage of solids in the meat is in one 1058 KXPERIMKNT STATION IJKCORD, instance 17. (M; and in the watorotl stock l.'J.ol, a (llficicnco of 22.05 i)er cont in favor of the solid \r.ivk, and while the solid pack contains 20.7G per cent of water in tJie saniitle, the watered stock contains 43.50 ])er cent. The solid l)ack contains 78.24 per cont of meat and the watered stock 50.50 per cont, here ajiain showing a very decidetl advantage in favor of the solid pack. The average solid content of the solid pack oysters Is 13.40, and of the watered stock S.59, a difference in favor of the solid pack amounting to 35.9 per cent." On the basis of the analytical work the question of pecuniary loss to the consumer, legislation, and similar topics are discussed. Concerning changes in egg pastes when stored, G. Popp (Zfachr. Offintl. Chnii., I ) il'JOS), .A"o. .?.?, /*/). 'i:).i-'i().i). — The analytical data reported and dis- cussed have to do with changes in the quality of egg pastes. The author con- cludes that a knowledge of the conqiosition of the raw materials used in mak- ing such goods is absolutely essential for a perfectly trustworthy opinion. When this is known it is possible to estimate the amount of egg per pound with considerable accuracy. The amount used in the noodles is very small, perhaps one-third of one egg per pound. In judging the quality of egg pastes the author considers a complete analysis essential in addition to diite regarding cholesterin. Analysis of gases contained in swollen canned goods, F. O. Toxnky and J. P.. OooKKN {Amrr. Food Jour., 3 (UK)^), Xo. 6', /)/). 20-23, figs. 3).— The meth- ods followed in analyzing gases from swollen cans are described. The presence of carbon dioxid together with alcohol in a large number of samples indicates that in many cases the swelling is due to alcoholic fermentation which results from imperfect sterilization of the canned contents. Nitrogen occurred in most of the swollen cans, and its significance, aside from the small amounts due to the entrance of air, lies, the authors believe, in the fact that it may be regarded roughly as an index to the amount of proteid decomposition which has taken place. " In genoT-al it may be said that nitrogen Indicates putrefaction and carbon dioxid indicates fermentation. The two processes, however, were not often found to be distinct from each other. " T)»e presence of hydrogen, which was found in quantities varying from 0 to 58 per cent, is believed by the writers to be an especially valuable indication of ptomaine producing processes. . . . "Marsh gas was occasionally found in small amounts associated with hydro- gen. Its significance is probably similar. " Carbon monoxid, which was foimd in a few cases, jjrohably owed its pres- ence to the reduction of carbon dioxid by nascent hydrogen. "Oxygen in negligible traces was thought to be due to the entrance of small amounts of air. " One of the most noticeable facts brought out in the course of the analyses w^as the extreme variation in the amount and kind of constituent gases in the same type of goods. One can out of a lot may show simple alcoholic fermenta- tion, while its neighbor in the same box presents marked evidences of putrefac- tion. It is evident, therefore, that a favorable analysis of one or two cans can not properly be taken as a criterion for the safety of the lot." The question of the treatment of such goods and of swollen cans and their subsequent sale is considered. "The imssibility, or rather the likelihood of danger to a large number of persons, should be sufficient to exclude such prod- ucts from sale. And in the absence of any unfailing chemical tests for the toxic bodies themselves, the presence of conditions favorable to their formation and the presence of substances commonly associated with them must be consid- ered adequate grounds for condemnation." The manufacture of preserved meat goods, W. Dosquet (Die Fnhrikntion von Fleischkonscrven. Bntnsiciok, 1908, pp. 37, figs. 2; reprint from Deut. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 1059 Trtljschr. Offenfl. asaiidJitsitflcyc, 3i), \o. .'/, pt. 2).— A digest of data on tlietech- uiqiie of meat canning, with special reference to hygienic requirements, preser- vation of aroma ami (luality, in which the author has embodied the results of his e.\i)erience and investigations. "Vapor," a preparation for smoking meat, A. Juckknack (Ztschr. Untcr- suclt. Nahr. ii. (lonissiiitl., 11! (HlOS), \o. Li, pp. 7'.?/, 732). — A preparation tested in (Jermany for smoking meat, sausage, etc.. was found to consist of 1)2 per cent sulphur with oxid of iron and organic material, probably dried juniper berries. A new preservative for fruit juice, A. .Tuckenack iZtschr. JJntcrfiHch. Nahr. II. (Iciiiis.s-iiitL, (190S), A^o. J2, pp. 730, 731). — A new commercial i)reservative on the market in (Jermany was fouud to consist of a mixture of benzoic acid and potassium sodium tartrate. Contribution to the fruit juice statistics of 1907-8, A. .Tixkenack (Ztschr. UiifcrsiKli. Xdhr. ii. iloiii-ssnitl., Hi {190S), Xo. 12, pp. 7-'i2, 7//3). — Analyses of raspberry, cherry, strawlierry. and currant juices are reported. Fruit statistics 1908. IT. T.tJHRiG, P. Bohrisch and A. Hepner (Plninii. CcnfralhaUe, J,9 {1908), No. J,3, pp. 869-873).— Data are given regarding the examination of a considerable number of samples of raspberry, blackberry, and currant juices. Supplement to fruit juice statistics for 1908, A. Behre, F. Grosse, and C. Schmidt {Ztschr. T'litcrsuvh. XaJir. ii. (Icniixsnitl.. 11] (190S), Xo. 12. pp. 7'.?'/- 737). — ^Analyses of raspberry juice, blueberry juice, and red blll)erry juice are reported. Note on fruit juice statistics, F. H artel, P. Hase, and W. Mueller {Ztschr. Uutersuch. Xahr. u. (IcHussmtl., 16 {1908), No. 12, pp. 7J,.'f, 7-'/ 5). —Analyses of apricots, raspberries, and raspberry juice are reported. Note on fruit juice statistics, A. Gronover {Ztschr. Uutersuch. Xahr. u. GetnissuitL, 16 {ID08), Xo. 12, p. 7-'i5). — Analyses of wild raspberry juice are reiiorted. The composition of berries with special reference to the alkalinity of the ash, K. Fischer and K. Alpkrs {Ztschr. Untcrsiich. XaJir. ii. (Icniissnitl.. 16 {1908), No. 12, pp. 73S-7//Jf).— Currants, cherries, and berries of different sorts are included in this analytical study. Examination and judging- of lemon juice, E. Friscii {Arch. Pharni., 2'i6 {190H), Xos. 6, pp. J,72-'i80; 7, pp. //8;-/,8/,).— Analytical and other data are re- ported in Ibis critical study of the analysis and valuation of lemon juice. Composition of a number of natural wines from southern France, I. Fieiie (Chcm. Zlij., 32 {1908), Xo. 91, pp. 110.',, // 06'). -Analyses of 17 red, white, and half white wines are rei)orted. Swiss wine statistics for the year 1907 (.Inn. Agr. Snifise, 9 {1908), Xo. .), pp. 169-191). — Results of the exaudnation of Swiss wines are reported. Food and drug inspection (Ann. Rpt. lid. Health Mass., 39 {1907), pp. 337- 35.')). — A summary f)f the character and extent of tlie inspection work of the State board of health for the year ending November ;}0. ]!)()7. Report of the analyst, II. ('. I.ythcok (.Inn. Rpt. lUl. Health Mass.. 39 {1907), pp. 3.j7-.i86). — During tlie year a total of .'">,(;S4 samples of milk and other foods and drugs were examined. Of these 1,.">4(» were fouud to be adul- terated and 4,1.38 were genuine. The re|)ort contains the usual data regarding the different groups of pi'oducts examined. rstate food and dairy commission report] .7. Q. Emery {Semitnui. Itut. Dairy and Food Com. Wis., 1907, No. 11-12, pp. 21f2). — This volume contains a suiiuuaiy of the Slate laws, the rci)ort of the chemist, results of inspection of 1060 EXPERIMENT STATION I'.HCORD. ebet'so factories and croaiiicrii's. milk iiisjiccl idii, an accdtiiit of prosecutions under the law. and similar data. Chemist's analyses, II. Fisciii:k (Hcmidiin. IS id. Dniri/ a ml I'nod C'un. Win., I!>01\ .Vo. //-/..', /)/(. .'*-/0.i).— iMiriiif,' tlio year endinj; Decemiier 31, 1007, it is sfated tliat 2,ir»T sami)]es of food and drujrs were analyzed, of which l.OIJT wen- liroiiouncetl unlawful l)y reason of being adulterated or misbranded. " It should be emphasized that these figures and those given in the appended summary do not liy any means represent the true condition of the Wisconsin marleing adulterated. This was iiarticularly true of butter, cheese, cream, milk. oleomargarini> and canned goods, where the ratios of unlawful to lawful samples are very much higher than the actual figures. For example, while the actual number of sami)les of milk collected by our inspectors from creameries and cheese factories was 4.470, only 143 were sent to the laboratory as suspicious. Of these 143 samples, 12.3, or 2.75 jier cent of the total number, were found adulterated. In the case of drugs, how- ever, the figures in most cases show the actual conditirms of the Wisconsin market in respect to the kinds of drugs analyzed." fReport of the dairy, food, and oil commissioner of Wyoming], E. W. BURKK (Ann. R/it. Doinj. Food and Oil Cnnir. H'f/o.. ', tl!)()S], j,i). /-,'?./,)._A general account of the work of the Wyoming State Dairy. Food, and Oil Com- missioner. Summaries of infoi-mation on a variety of topics connected with i)ure food are included, as well as a discussion of conditions in meat markets and slaughterhouses, hotels and restaurants, and daires. Tlie author reconnnends that hotels and restaurants should be under the same supervision and by the same authorities as meat markets and slaughterhouses. Food inspection decisions (U. S. Dcijt. Agr., Food Ins/i. 7)fY'».s(o».s lO'/. jtii. .} : 105, pp. ^ ; JOG, pi>. 2). — These decisions have to do with the amendment to Food Inspection Decisions 7(> and SO, relating to the use in foods of benzoate of soda, the labeling of canned salmon and whitefish. and the amendment of Food In- spection Decision 77, particularly with reference to the definition of the terms "batch" and "mixtures." P\)od Inspection Decision 104 contains the report of the Referee Board of Con- sulting Scientific Expex'ts, appointed by the President of the United States, to consider the use of benzoic acid. "The main general conclusions reached by the Referee Board are as follows: "First. Sodium bcMizoate in small doses (inider 0.r> gm. per day) mixed with the food is without deleterious or ])oisonous action and is not injurious to liealth. " Second. Sodium benzoate in large doses (up to 4 gm. per day) mixed with the food has not been found to exert any deleterious etfect on the general health, nor to act as a poison in the general acceptation of the term. In some direc- tions there were slight modifications in certain physiological processes, the exact significance of which modifications is not known. "Third. The admixture of sodium benzoate with food in small or large doses has not been found to injuriously affect or impair the quality or nutritive value of such food." Notices of judgment (U. S. Drpf. Ar/r.. Xotirr.'^ of Jiidf/nirnt S8, pp. 2; .7.0-.'/.?. pp. 7; .'iS-Jil, pp. 11 ; .'iS-.'iiK pp. 7/). — These notices of judgment have to do with the misbranding of canned corn, corn and beans, canned peas, butter, meal, niaiile sirup, and coffee, and the j;dulteration of water and eggs, and the adulteration and misbranding of whisky and vanilla extract. Food legislation during the year ended June 30. 1908, W. D. Bkirlow and N. A. Parkinson ( T. N. Drpurtmrni Agr., Bin-. Chnn. liiiK 121, pp. 8.5). — This bulletin is a compilation of the food legislation enacted in the United States I FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 1061 and Canada dnriiis tlio year ended June 30, 1908. and supplements Ilulk'lin 112 of the r.ureau previously noted ( E. S. K., 10, p. 1108). Ohio food and drug laws, R. W. Dunlap (Coliimhus, VMS, /j/j. .'//). — Tliis C'oni|)ilation of Ohio State food and diui,' laws was prepared by the State dairy and f, and kidneys, and other meat and meat products imported into (Jreat Britain. Food inspection at ports of entry, W. F. Deardkn {.Jour. 7?o//. Hantt. Insi.. :2!> ( tUOS), Xo. 11, PI). ()H1-6S8). — The author discusses the provision.s of the i)ill which received royal assent in September, 1908, providing for the insjiection by port sanitary authorities of foodstuff's imported into England and AYales. The importance of pure-food laws for fruit and vegetable products with special reference to nutrition problems, T. Echtkrmeyku (Sclir. ro//.-.s(r. Ire. ohsi. II. (Iciniixivcrtrcrt. Dcut.. I'JOH, 'So. //, pp. 16). — A fieneral discussion of Die sul).ject [iresented at the Eii^lith International Con.ijress of Ajiriculture in Vienna. 19(^7. 'I'lie paper is i)receded by an introductory statement by J. Kochs. Essentials of diet in health and disease, Amy E. Pope and Mauy I.. Par- PKNTKR (Xrir York. IfiOS, pp. 2-30; rrr. in Dictet. and Hyg. Gaz., 25 {190!)). Yo. /. /*. //'/). — A discussion of food, dis^estion, and diet in health and disease, with a number ov recipes for the i»reparalion of food for the sick and convalescent. The volume is intended for use in nurses' training schools and in the home. The baby, D. K. P.uown {lioxfon, }!lO>i, pp. yi+200).—'ln this jicneral treatise (III infants there are chapters on the elements of food and di.irestion, lactation, sul)stitute foods, and substitute feeding. Carrot soup for infants, E. Moro (Miinchrn. Mrd. ^]'e1ln■ (IHOS). \o. (), pp. .'/7/-.'/N'/). — (leneral dietary conditions in .Tava, the character of the rations of dilferent gronjis of the native and foreign i)opulation, llie preparation of food, and related questions are discussed. The data regard- ing the nutritive value of rations and portions of food digested are given on the autlioi'ity of Eyckman. TFood of Dundee mill operatives!. AA'. A. (). Ci.ark {DaUp Conft. and Trade /,'pts. f r. ,s'. I. l!iO>i. Xo. .mo. pp. /-s). — In an article on the Dundee jute indus- try the author gives consideral)le data regarding the food supply and cost of food of Dundee factory operatives, liousing conditions, and related tojucs. [The new army ration, tireless cookers, etc.] (Rpt. Vominix. dm. \r. s. Arnii/l. t!H)S. pp. /^)-/.;). — Iiiformation is given regarding the new V. S. Army ration. I)ake ovens and ranges, kitchen cars, army training schools for i)akers and cooks, the ration for otiicers and civilians serving in tlie field, and related <|uestions. As regards tlie use of tireless cookers, the author states that lOO s|M>cially constructed cookers have been tested. " They were tried out on the march, on 'livonac. and in maneuver camps, and so far as reports have been received have proved liigbly satisfactory, with the addition of slight changes suggested hy actual experience, and which can he readily made. Some criticism has been made on the subject of adopting the tireless cooker, on account of its weight, as a part of the c(>ni|p;uiy held onttit. 1062 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. '■ 'rii('S(> codkcis (l(>sijj:iK>(l by the Subsistonce Deinirtiiiont conil)ine lightness of \vi'i,i,'lil witli siiihility of ((•iistruction. and are intended to stand long travel on rough roads and assure (lu> iK'rfcction of (he contents at the end of the .lourney. This method of t-ool^ing will insure hot meals of excellent quality on the march, on bivouac, or on the liriug line, save expense and labor, and largely contribute to the li(>alth and comfort of the troops." The up-to-date home. Money and labor saving appliances, M. Lk Hosquet illiiJ. Aiiicr. ScIkxiI Jlanic J'Jcon.. /S'cr. J., 190S, A'o. //, p/*, J/S, fif/s. 5-'i). — Kitchen aiiiiliances and laboi'-sa viiig devices, alcohol as fuel, electric cooidng, gas, laun- dry appliances, and other sinular questions are discussed in this summary of data which is based on tests made and information collected by the author. Experiments with an ash-free diet, II. W. Goodall and K. V. .Ioslin (Trans. Axsoc. Aincr. I'Jnixicians. 2,i (ttlOS), pp. D2-W(!). — The ash-free diet nse do i)articu]arly with these questions. Concerning " secretins," O. von Fuktii and C. Sciiwarz {Arch. Phifsioh \l'fliil/(r], W, (1908), No. 9-10, pp. // 27-.'/// 6). —The authors conclude tlu.t " secretin " is a mixture of substances of which choliu is one. Bespired air, W. Wkichakut (Arch. Hug., G-'> (1908), No. S, pp. 2-j.i-27-'i, pis. 2, fiffs. .'/). — I'rom his studies of respired air the author concludes that It may have toxic properties due to the presence of keuotoxins. Muscular work and pulse rate, T. A. Atlo (i^kaiul. Arch. Physiol., 21 (1908), No. 2-3, pp. IJ/O-IGO, fif/.s. 12). — From experiments with men the author con- cludes that neither kneading the muscles, passive movements, nor severe rub- bing of the skin, increases the pulse rate in any markeroduction value," I\ellner"s term for the value of the material fed in addition to a basal maintenance i-ation in tliree different ways, as follows: (1) Calories per KX) lbs., (2) pounds of flesh gained jicr 1(K) li)s., and (3i starch value per KM) lbs. The production values in calories for the various nutrients correspond to the jiroduction of a definite weight of body tissues, and in the investigations re- port«?d in tliis bulletin the value of each nutrient of wliich the cereal is com- posed is expressed in terms of pounds of flesh gainetl per 1(H) lbs. of fee, while that of the foreign is 1 : 7.0 to 1 : 7.3." Swedish select oats were gro^^^l in 20 States. From 4 Slates the protein was approximately equal to the foreign-grown oats, and only 4 out of the 20 fell below the foreign grown. Foreign-grown barley also was found to be poorer in i»rotein and richer in carbohydrates, higher in productive value and broader in nutritive ratio. " The maximum protein content was found in the 2 T'nited States samples of Kitzing [barley], namely, total, 15.25 lbs. per 100 lbs., or 10.07 lbs. digesti- ble, the carbohydrate in the same sample being 75.56 lbs. total and 09.51 lbs. digestible. The lowest protein content, on the other hand, was found in the 8 foreign-grown samples, namely, 12.52 lbs. total and 8.76 lbs. digestible, the cjirbohydrate in the same samiiles being 7S.03 lbs. total and 71.78 lbs. digestil)!,'. The pi'oduction value of the United States Kitzing was 21.03 lbs. of flesh gained or !>0.912 calories and of the foreign samples 21.19 lbs. of flesh gained or 91.<}04 (al<:ries, the nutritive ratio being 1:7.0 for the domestic and 1:8.8 for the foreign. " With both of these grains this increase in pi-otein is an improvement. It increases the high-protein, nniscle-producing value of the oats and raises the intrinsic food value of the barley, so that it becomes more nearl.v erjual to that of wheat. Selection and breeding for high-protein content in feeding barleys is a distinct improvement in their value for this inirpose." Analyses and production values are also given of emmer, einkorn, wheat, barley, proso, sorghum, and maize. "As feeding grains the cereals may be grouiied into three classes typified by our three most common grains, namely, (a) oat group, (h) wheat group, (e) maize group. " Of these thi-ee groups the oat group stands at one end as a tyi)ical muscle or energy producing food and the maize group at the other end as fat or heat jiro- ducing. The wheat group is intermediate between these two. " In the oat group belong the less common cereals, emmer and einkorn, and in the maize group i)roso and nonsaccharine sorghum. I I AXIMAL PRODUCTION. 1065 " I'ho two eci'eals omnier (TiUicum diroccum) and einkorn (Triliciiin vkjiio- coccum) belong to the same group as the oats and like it are characterized by high protein and relatively low carbohydrate. They have a lower intrinsic fodd value than the other grains, but a narrow nutritive ratio and consequently are muscle or energy producers. In ffiod value they are nearly the same as (lats. and their "cultivation where oats can not be grown is to be advocated. "The two cereals proso or broom-corn millet ( J'dnicuiii niilidcciuti) and the iionsaccharine sorghum (Andropoffoii sorghum) belong to the maize group, and though lower in food value than maize itself they equal the oat group. They are of great imi>ortance when maize can not be grown and when there is need for a high carbohydrate and heat or fat producing food. " P.arley and rye belong to the wheat group and are nearly equal to it in food value." Modern views concerning' the food requirements of farm animals and the principles of rational feeding-, N. IIanssox (Xord. Mrjcri Tidn.. ,?.? ( IDOS). Vo.s. .'i2, PI). -'i0.j-.'i97 : //.?, pp. 50S, .'kOD ; .',.',. pp. 520-.')22). — An address which dis- cusses the results of recent studies conducted by Kellner, the Copenhagen Ex- lieriment Station and others, of feeding problems and the nutritive effect of (litferent food comp!U, .S'r/(/. 15. lUOS; Jour. Nor-. Chcm. Indm.. 21 (IDOS), No. 2J,, p. 12 IG). — A patent has been obtained for a process of drying sugar beets. Tbe beets are so sliced and desiccated as to preserve tlieir sugar content in an un- inverted state. The slices are st)read in thin layers in a closed chamber in whidi a reduced pressure is maintained and the water is evaporated at a temjjerature of about 155° F. The desiccated slices, which should contain less than 80 per cent of moisture, are ground and may be preserved unchanged for an indefinite period. Steer feeding, J. M. Scott {Flonda 8ta. liiih fXJ, pp. 2U-S1, flun. 8).— In tlu> (■x])t'riinents reported in this bulletin 10 Sliorthoru native steers were divided into 4 lots and fed for 84 days. The feeds compared were cr.ib-grass hay. velvet beans, and sorghum silage, which were grown on the station farm and estimated to be worth $4, $0, and $3 per ton, respectively, which is about tbe actual cost of ])roduction. The other feeds were piu'c-hased in the market. The lot fed corn, cotton-seed meal, and crab-grass hay made an average d.iily gain per head of 2.5S3 lbs., at a cost of 9.07 cts. per pound, whereas for the lot fed corn, cotton-seed meal, sorghum silage, and cotton-seed hulls the correspond- ing gain was 2.GS1 lbs., at a cost of 10.05 cts. per pound, for the lot fed c(n-n, velvet beans in the pod, and cotton-seed hulls 2.022 lbs., at a cost of 7.55 cts. per pound, and for the lot fed cottou-seed meal and cottou-seed hulls 1.84S lbs., at a cost of 12 cts. per pound. Although all these steers were fed at a loss because of abnormal conditions, the author thinks " the feeding period retiuired to fatten cattle in I'lorida is shorter than in the Northern States. The average daily gain that may be ob- tained in Florida by proper methods of feeding is larger than the northern feeder can expect. A combination of corn, velvet beans in the pod, and some roughage ( such as cotton-seed hulls, crab-grass hay. or sorghum hay), with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 6 or 1 : 7, will give best results." Raising calves on skim milk, C. H. Eckles (JimoM/i Bd. Agr. Mu. BuL, 6 (lUIJS), \(>. (). pp. 3-1 'i, pfjs. 3). — A summary of information on calf raising gleaned from various sources and written for the practical farmer. The cost of raising young stock, F. Dettweiler {Dent. Landw. Pre^sc, 3.j (tllOS), Ao.s. 91, pp. 955, 956; 92, pp. 963, 96Jf; 9J,, pp. 982-98.',; 95, pp. 993, 99Ji). —Yvom. statistics gathered from a large number of practical breeders it was found that the cost of feeding a heifer the first 12 months varied from 85 to 208.7 marks (about .$20 to $70), and the second year from 71 to 255 marks (.$17 to ,$(;0). The total cost from birth to calving time varied from 105 to 024 marks (.$40 to .$150). The preparation of a herd book for cattle, A. Konig {Landw. Jahrb. Schiveiz, 22 (1908), \o. 12, pp. 625-708). — This is an elaborate i>lan originated by the author for keei)ing the pedigrees of live stock. The sheep industry from the market standpoint, W. C. Coffey {Illinois Sta. Cirv. 125, pp. Hi, flf/s. 3). — This circular presents data regarding the loca- tion and development of the principal sheep markets in this country, the nature of the supply of sheep received at the Chicago market, factors to consider in handling sheep and himbs intended for market, shipping sheep and lambs to market, and the jiurchasing of feeders and breeding sheep on the open market. Sheep husbandry in Canada, J. B. Spencer {Canada Dcpt. Agr., Branch Live titock Comr. Bid. 12, pp. 121, pis. 21, figs. 13). — This is a description of the breeds of sheep and a general treatise on sheep husbandry in Canada. The raising of sheep and goats for milk production, J. de Castro {Prog. Agr. y Pccuario, IJ, {1908), No. 591, pp. .'/61-.'i11). — A general discussion of the subject. Analyses of the millv of goats and ewes are given. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1067 Annual wool review, J. B. McPhkrson (Bui. \at. Assoc. Wool Manfrx., 38 (l!l(iS). Ao. 'i. lip. S.')3-3!)6, chart /). — A review of the wool iiulustry for I'.tOS with imicli statistical matter. In New Mexico and Arizona the iuuiil)er of sheep lit for shearing increasetl duriiij: the year. The price of wool was 1.5 per cent lower zhaii in 11)07. A stora.ue warehonse was bnilt at Omaha, where l.OOO.OOO lbs. of wool was stored until the market partially recovered. A movement is on foot to establish a jtermanent storasje warehouse in the Central West, where wool can be stored and sold directly to the manufacturer. On digestion of meat in the stomach, and small intestine of swine, E. I.oTscii iXiir Kcnntnis dcr Vcrdauung von Flcisch im Magcn u. DiiniKUirvir (/r.s- .s'c/wrr//(c.v. Jinnnj. Diss,, Univ. Lcipsic, 1D08', pp. 5.'i, fig. /). — Horse tlesh, from which all fat hi.d been removed, was ground, cooked for 1 hour, and washed until. the wash water showed no biuret reaction. Six swine were fed 500 gm. each of this meat, and the protein metabolism was studied by post-mortem examinations of the stomachs and small intestines. In all cases 2 hours after feeding time there was an acid reaction in all parts of the stomach, though from i to 1 hour after the feeding period near the opening of the esophagus the reaction was alkalin. Chemical analyses were made of different portions of the stomach. After I hour digestion, cleavage products of protein were found in all portions. The following table shows the cleavage products of the mixed contents in the stomach at different periods: Protein cleavage products in the stomach of sioinc. Hours after feeding period. Total ni- trogen. Coagu- lablenltro gen.o Total in- coagulable nitrogen. o Syntonin.o Albu- moses.o Peptone.a Other in- coagulable nitroge- nous sub- stances.o One-half Grams. 32. 93586 24. 86645 22. 29092 15.27238 14.02625 5. 88262 Per cent. 91.90 92.44 81.13 86.01 79. 08 89. 53 Per cent. 8.10 7. 56 18.87 13.99 20.92 10.47 Per cent. 0.58 1.11 .91 1.17 1.15 3.77 Per cent. 5.49 4. 82 13.70 9.62 12. 09 4.38 Per cent. 1.19 .66 2.87 .59 5. 64 1.03 Pa- cent. 0.84 .97 1.39 2.61 2.01 1.29 One Two Four Six Eight " I'or cent of the total nitrogen. The cleavage products in the small intestines at different intervals are shown in the following table: Protein cleavage products in the small intestine of swine. Hours after feey starting the pig on approximately 0.6 lb. of digestible crude protein per day \\qy 100 lbs. live weight, increasing tlie quantity to 0.7 during the first 7 weeks, decreasing to 0.6 the following 4 weeks, and then feeding 0.(5.5 lb. during the last 7 weeks of the growing period. During the first 4 weeks of the fattening stage this is reduced to approximately 0.33 lb., which is fed to the close." The deposition of fat and lean in hogs, R. R. Dinwiddie and A. K. Shout (Arkansas Nta. Bui. 103, pp. 237-250, pgs. !)). — Comparative tests were made of the lard and bacon types of liogs in the utilization of wnde and narrow rations. Iri all, 38 i)ure-bred hogs were fed, the lard type being represented by the roland-China. Berkshire, Duroc Jersey, and Ohio Improved Chester, and the bacon type by tlie Yorkshire and Tamworth. The rations fed consisted of corn chops, bran, middlings, blood meal, and tankage, and there were 6 feeding periods of 21 days each. With the lard type of hog 2 lots on a narrow ration with a nutritive ratio of 1 : 3, made an average daily gain per head of 1.42 and 1.21 lbs.", resiiectively, whereas 2 lots with which there was a wide nutritive ratio, 1 : S, made corresponding gains of 1.07 and 0.51 lbs., respectively, and 1 lot with a medium nutritive ratio, 1:5, made an average daily gain of O.S lb. per head. On similar rations the average daily gains per head were for 2 lots of the bacon type on a narrow ration 1.54 and 1.29 lbs., resj^ectively, for 2 lots on a wide ration O.Sf) and 0.29 lb., respectively, and for 1 lot on a medium ration 0.93 lb. The bacon hogs made more noticeable gains during the first half than in the last half of the test. " Measured by actual increase in weight and by increase relative to feed con- sumed, the lard type of hog possesses much the larger capacity for utilizing rations of wide nutritive ratio. "By the same standard the bacon hogs showed slightly the greater capacity for digesting narrow or proteid rations. . . . " In both types of hogs the largest increase in weight relative to feed con- sumed and api»arently the fattest hogs resulted from the feeding of the more nitrogenous ration. "Of all the breeds tested the Tamworth proved to be least adapted for growth on an exclusive corn ration. "At the close of our feeding experiments all the lard type of hogs both on narrow and wide rations, although varying in weight, were in a finished condi- tion, ready for the butcher. Moreover, the most tyi)ical ' fat back ' of all was a Berkshire fed on narrow ration. Of the 5 bacon hogs on wide ration 2 only (Yorkshires) were fit for slaughter." Pork production under North Dakota conditions. W. B. Richards (\nrlh Dnkdtd Sta. Bill. f^3, /*/). 197-831. fifjs. /6).— This bulletin describes the best methods of rearing and feeding swine in North Dakota, the information con- tained therein being based on results of experiments at this station and on the ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1069 exiterience of some of tlio host farmers. Tho toi)ics discnssetl are the practi- cability of swine ralsinj; In Xorth Dakota, bacon r. lard boj^s. the selection and nietliods of liandliiifi breedinj; stock, feedinj; and niana.ueuient of the ynnnj? I'li^s, the use of fora,ire crojis, boy fences, linisbing for market, sanitation diiiiiinji, etc., sbelter, and i)reventive ujeasures concerning bog cbolera and swine i)lague. Protein digestion in horses, E. Rosenfeld (Uber die Eiiccissi-cnluuiiii(/ im Magcn dr.s Pfcrdcs. Inauf). Diss., Univ. Leipsic, 190S, pp. 55, fig. 1). — Tbe antbor made iK).st-mort<'m examinations of tbe contents of tbe stomacb and small intestines of 9 borses, eacb of wbicb bad been fed 1,500 gm. of oats. In general, tbese results agree witb tbose of Grimmer (E. S. 11., IS, p. 1009). Tbe pyloi'us portion contained a larger percentage of water tban otber parts of tbe stomacb. One-balf bour after eating all portions of tbe stomach were alkalin, and tbe esophagus end of tbe stomacb remained alkalin for an bour. In one borse the reaction was neutral 3 hours after eating, whereas in all otber cases reactions were acid after one-half hour. Tbe i)ercentage of protein products in tbe stomach at different periods are given in the following table : Protein cleavage products in the stomach of hoiiscs. Hours after feed- ing period. Total nitrogen. Soluble nitrogen." Incoag- ulable nitrogen, a Syntonin -t-"soluble coagulable nitrogen." Albu- moses.a Peptone." Other soluble nitrogen." One-half Grams. 20.3875 19. 1172 17.8840 16.7199 21. 9480 9. 3743 Per cent. 31.45 27. 67 39.43 36.76 37. 26 47.77 Per cent. 19.93 19.74 28.72 22. 79 33.47 45. 60 Per cent. 11.52 7.93 10.71 13.97 3.79 2.17 Per cent. 10.89 10.10 10.30 Per cent. 4.59 3.75 11.69 Per cent. 4.45 One 5. ,'■9 Two Three 6.77 Four Six 16. 12 20.19 10. 42 17.37 6. 93 8.04 " Per cent of total nitrogen. Tlie cleavage products in tbe small intestines at different intervals are sliown in the following table: I'rotein cleavage products in the small intestine of horses. KourM after feeding period. Total amoutit of nitrogen. Total co- agulable nitrogen." Total inco- agulable nitrogen." Total albu- mo.ses.6 Peptone.'' Other inco- agulable nitrogen.6 One-half (frame. 4. 0353 4. 7961 7.6180 4.3600 5. K2G1 4.6469 3.3012 Per cent. 38.61 20.05 25.89 41.27 51. 25 22. 38 8.02 Per cent. 61.39 79. 95 74.11 58.73 48.75 77.62 91.98 Per cent. 35. 83 27.49 20.00 20.27 14.04 Per cent. 15.54 16.31 2.5.56 39.71 30 m Per cent. 48.63 Oue 56. 20 Two 54.44 Three 40.02 Four 54. 97 Six Three 34. 47 26. ■■>» 40. 64 39. on 38.95 20.46 " Per cent of total nitrogen. '• Per cent of total incoagiilal)lc nitrogen. At the beginning of the digestive period there were more products of protein hydrolysis in the fundus than in otlier portions of tlie st(Hnach, but this differ- i-nce did not continue for any considerable length of time. Protein digestion was very rapid in tbe small intestine. Albumoses were there far less in amount than the simi)ler compounds. 1070 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Diastasolin as a nutrient for horses, Sciiadk (Dciil. Tirriirzfl. Wrhnschi:, 17 ( IHOlh, .\i>. /, pp. '/J-'/.S). — The autlior adcknl small (luantilies of diaslasoliu to the ration of 4 eoacb horses. At the end of i) days they had jiaiiied an aver- ajie of 4.H k}i. eaeh in \veij;ht, thoufih they had been kept at work. Good results were also obtained by feeding diastasolin to sick horses. Egg records (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Iiisir. Ireland Jour., 9 (WOS), No. 1, pp. 1^1-128). — Kgg-hiyins statistics gathered from breeders of White and Brown Legliorns, Black Minorcas, Buff and White Orpingtons, White Wyandottes, Ply- month liocks, Faverolles, Iloudans, Light Snssex, and mixed flocks are reported. The best record was made by the Brown Leghorns, which laid an average of 3!».0 eggs each from July 1 to September 30. The Iloudans laid an average of lil.N, which was the lowest recoi'd of any breed. The egg trade of the United States, M. M. Hastings (U. tS. Dcpt. Ai/r., Bur. Aiiiiii. JndiiN. Cirr. t.'iO, pp. S'l, figs. 2). — This is a study of the. conditions which snironnd the production and marketing of eggs, made for the purpose of de- termining the causes of deterioration in quiility and consequent loss. The topics discussed are the importance of the poultry industry, quality in eggs, detrimental changes, methods of marketing and preservation, requisites for the jiroduction of good eggs, and how to effect improvement for the benefit of both producer and consumer. The author states that the enormous waste due to the actual spoiling of eggs is caused by ignorance of the correct method of caring for the product and because the farmer and storekeeper are not financially rewarded for taking greater pains. This latter condition will continue until the present method of bartering eggs for merchandise is discontinued for some plan of buying eggs on a (piality basis. Infection and preservation of eggs, G. H. Lamson, Jr. ( CU'nnrcticiit Storrs .S'/«. liid. 55, pp. 203-21-'i, figs. 7). — This bulletin reports bacteriological studies with reference to the cause of deeomi)osition and sources of infection of eggs, the part played by temperature, and precautions to be observed in i)reserving eggs. Dissections of liens were made by the author and the ovary and oviduct were examined. " Bacteria [were present] in the oviduct of the hen even in the upper portion, so that an egg may be infected in the earlier stage of its forma- tion, particularly at the time when the white or albumin is secreted. A dis- eased condition of the ovary of the hen may cause infection of the eggs. Poul- trynien, especially those who dress large numbers of fowls, frequently find hens that are so diseased. . . .' Unfertile eggs are infected as well as fer- tile. . . . "Eggs may be infected after they have been laid, as it is possible for the bacteria to pass through the pores of the shell. Moisture plays a part in such infections, for while the egg is covered with its normal mucilaginous coating and kept in a dry place it is difficult to infect. Infection is not a difficult mat- ter, however, when the egg is moist. Many egg shells are defective, caused by not feeding hens a sufficient amount of shell-forming food. Eggs are liable to be infected soon after they are laid." Nine species of bacteria were found in one nest, hence the author thinks that nesting material is a great source of infection, for if this has been allowed to remain unchanged for a long time it becomes foul and teems with bacteria. " Whatever the means of infection, it has been found that a larger percentage of the July, August, and early September eggs are infected or contain a greater ANIMAL PUODUCTION. 1071 mmiber of bacteria (at u time tlioy luay bo called 'fresh') than tlie eg},'.s of tlie other iiiontlis of the year, |>arti(ul;iily when conipan'd witli the ej,'f;s laid diirliij; the niontlis of April. .May, and June. This corroborates the oi)ini()n of cfifj packers, who invariably prefer April, May. and June eR.i,'s to those produced dnriny the other mouths of the year. . . . •'The fact.that an esg contains bacteria does not mean that it is worthless. The question is mainly whether or not they are present in large numbers, and if present iu small numbers, whether or not they are likely to multiply. " Bacteria which are commonly found iu eggs do not multiply at low tempera- tures. An egg that is kept at 34° F. is safe from dectmiiiosition. Repeated experiments have shown that the rapid growth of bacteria does not occur until the temi)erature is raised over n.j". While there is some growth at tempera- tures lower than 5;j°, it is very slow. At the temperature of 98.G° the bacteria in the egg nuiltiply rapidly. In order to demonstrate the rapid multiplication of liacteria resulting in decomposition, a dozen (January) eggs were taken, and in six of them snuill holes were made and into each egg bacteria from a rotten egg were introduced on a platinum loop. These holes were sealed with wax and the eggs thus infected, together with the six untreated eggs, were placed in an ineubator running at a temperature of 110°. In 48 hours tlie G eggs which had lie(>ii infected were so badly decomposed as to be very offensive and the re- maining six showed no changes in them." Directions are given for using water glass in the preservation (jf eggs. Humane slaug'htering-. Improved foreign methods (Mo. Cons, and Trade A*/''"--. I''. N-l, l!ii>^, .\o. J.i.s, pp. 10.'}-/ IS). —This is a report by American con- sular ofticei's on the methods of slaughtering animals for food in France, (lermany, Italj-, Belgium, United Kingdom, Austria, Russia, the Netherlands, British India, China, and Japan. The operations vary widely iu cities of the same country, there being api)arently no uniform laws, though the cities have regulations and restrictions. Recent theories and experiments on heredity and inheritance, II. Diunk- WATKij (llrit. Med. Jour., lUOH, \o. Zy.HK pp. l.l.iS-t.^'il ). — A review of the principal theories that have been propounded. The possibility of inheritance through the placental circulation instead of through the germ cells, F. T. Lewis (Amcr. Xat., .'i2 (HKJS), \o. J,!)',, pp. J.l'i~l.!(i). — Attention is called to the recent work of Theoludd Smith and others in the inheritance by mice, guinea pigs, and rabbits of innnunity to toxic substances. As this immunity is inherited through the females only it is suggested that immunity and also hemo]ihilia may be caused by a substance in the blood and thus be inherited through the somatic elements. As the next generation only are immune, it is not a case of inheritance t»f aoiuired char- acters as ordinarily understood by biologists. Recent researches on the determination and heredity of sex, E. B. Wilson (.S'f •(>•/( rr'. /(. scr., 29 { lUOU) . Xo. 732, pp. 53-10, fig.s. 2).— This is the address of the vice-president of the American Association for tlu; Advancement of Science, at Baltimore. DtK-ember, lOOS. Sex production is a phenomenon of heredity. Every form of heredity is in a sense a response of the developing organism to external stimuli. Male ami femah' arc? relative terms and denote teiulencies only. The work of earlier in- vestigators on this subject was not of sex delermination but rather of suppres- sion of one set of organs. .More recent investigation on insects, amphibia, manunals. I'.ryophyta. and pollen grains of higher plants has led to negative re- s.-,(;7()— No. 1 1 —OU 0 1072 KXI'KUIMKX'I' STATION RECORD. suits. Ill iiiniiy orsxiiiiisiiis llic IVrtilizi'd o;:.^ is pi-cdctcriuiiuHl as male, fpinalo, or hernial ill rod ite. The sex of the individual is mialterahle by external condi- tions. Double monsters, multiple embryos, and secondary embryos are always the same sex when derived from the same eiiu:- Cytolo;;ical studies on the dimorphic spermatozoa of insects, niyriopods, and arachnids show that sper- matozoa which do not contain the accessory chromosome are not fted for the production of males and females in equal number. A new color variety of the guinea pig, ^Y. E. Castle (Science, n. so:, 2~) per cent of fat. The milk sugar and other solidh' remained fairly constant. The acidity of milk, II. G. Chapman (Proc. Linn. Nor. X. »S'. Wales, 33 (1008), pt. 2, pp. //.%■-.', .',,j).— The acidity of fresh milk, according to the author, is not due to lactic acid but to phosphates and caseinogen. The capacity of milk to combine with sodium hydroxid is increased by heating and diminished by dilution. Investigations on milk serum, A. P.uru, F. ]\r, P.KRnFRicii, and F. I.autku- WALD {Milchw. ZcntbL, J, (}008), Xos. .',, pp. L',5-156; 5, pp. 210-237; 6, pp. 262-275; Malic. Ztg., 22 (1908), xYo.s. 15, pp. J,01-.'i03; 16, pp. .'i31, y,J2 ) .—Studies were made of fresh milk, skim milk, cream, buttermilk, pasteurized milk, and milk coagulated in various ways. Chemical analyses were made and the spe- cific gravity, percentage of acidity, and other projierties were determined. Special attention was given to the specific gravity of the sera of whole milk, skim milk, and buttermilk. The acetic acid method for coagulating milk is recommended as it is rajiid, does not affect the specific gravity of the serum, produces no fermentation, and all of the albumin remains in the serum. Ilennet is not a good cliemical pre- cipitant for raw milk and much less so for i)asteurized milk. The average DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 1075 ivsiilts obtained from uiipastt'iiri/.i'il milk, eroani, skim milk, biiltermilk. and milk .sera are summarized in the followiuf? table: Clicniirdl cinnitoxUion and iirojnrlUs of niUk. xkiin tnilU. rrcant, and buttcrnnU: and the sera therefrom. Nil 111- |;;-;f j Na.un.of ..,..,■... linns. Spec i lie gravity. Water. Nitrogen. Fat. Fat-free dry matter. Degree of aciditv (So.xlilet- Henkel). 8 Milk 1.0307 1.02S5 1.0277 1.0278 1.0284 1.0276 1.0274 1.00.51 1.0281 1.0262 1.0272 1.0297 1.0264 Per cent. 91.04 93. 39 93. 65 93.48 93.42 93.64 93.48 91.37 93.58 93.91 93.44 91.. 55 93. 81 Per call. Per cent. 3. .57 .24 .05 .11 .01 .03 .09 25. s:o .21 .04 .12 1.25 .11 'Per cenl. 8.63 6. 60 6. 35 6.51 6.58 6.36 6.51 6.76 6.47 6.09 6. .55 8.34 6.18 Whole milk sera: 8 Acetic acid 8 ' Spontaneous ... 4 1 Rennet 0.37 .98 1.09 .93 .97 1.11 26.9 24.8 4.4 2.5.7 23.7 4.3 1 Skim milk sera: 8 ' .\eetieacid 8 1 Spontaneous ... 4 ' Rennet 8 ("ream Cream sera: 8 .\< eticacirt 8 Spontaneous 3 Rennet .98 .95 1.14 39.4 21.4 4.6 s Buttermilk Buttermilk sera: ^ Spontaneous... .98 21.5 The serum from the acetic acid curd contained more fat than when the milk was otherwise coagulated. The acidity of the serum spontaneously coagulatetl at room temperatures was a little lower than that coagulated in an incubator, but llu' sin'citic .gravity W'as about the same in both cases. The specific gravity of pasteurized milk serum was also found to be slightly higher than that of the serum of raw- milk, but on allowing it to curdle spon- taneously the serum of the pasteurized milk was the lower. Pasteurizing low- ered the specific gravity of (he serum of cream and of buttei-milk. Tlie specific gravity of i)ure serum from mixed milk is never under 1.02G0. The ash content of serum sitontaneously curdled varies from 0.75 to 0.8 per cent, a smaller per- centage indicating watering. The use of the refractometer is also of service in detecting watered milk. The retractive jiower of siKintaneously curdled serum should not l>e less than S divisions on a Wollny refractometer. Ten per cent of water will lower it one degree. When the blue solution (copper-glycerin-potash) of Baier and Neu- mann is added to milk and the power of refraction is under 20 scale divisions the milk has been watered. Experiments on the g-ermicidal action of cow's milk. V. G. Heinkmann and T. 11. (Ji.K.XN (Jour. Infect. Disca.srs, ,5 (/.W,S). .Yo. .7. />/). r,3'i-5',t. /ir. Some of their conclusions are .-is follows : "Tlie decrease? of bacteria in fresli cow's milk is more decid(>(l if fairly large iiumliers are inoculated than if small numbers only are present. "The relative increase of bacteria in milk is more pronounced in milk In-Mted (o 75° r. or 10(t° ('. (ban in r:iw milk or in milk heated to .^)(i° C. " .Milk iiioi-ulaled wi(li imre cullures of b;icteria seems lo restrain (o a m:irked degree the muKiplicadon of these l>;ic(eria for several hours at .'{7° C, and for a somewhat longer ]teriod at room temiieraliire, excepdng in the case of Strciito- 107G EXPF-RTAIEXT STATION RECORD. coccus Idcticus, wiiicli incrcnsfs frdiii the hc^^'iimiiij;, :iltli<»ii;rli it may be iiiliibitod to some extfiit. " Iloatins milk to 5(1° ('. for oO minutes does not entirely destroy the power to restrain the nniltii)lication of bacteria; this power is weakened how- ever, and at 75° C. is destroyed completely. This fact together with the fact that milk serum agglutinates some species of bacteria in vitro to a marked degree seems to favor the assumittion that agglutinins arc in pari responsible for the ai»parent decrease of bacteria in fresh milk, since bactericidal siibstances ar(> destroytnl by heating to 5(5° C. for 30 minutes. "The agglutination of certain bacteria in milk serum seems to bear some relation to the apparent decrea.se in numbers of bacteria observed in fresh milk, but this is probably not the only factor causing such reduction." The bactericidal property of milk, ,T. S. Evans and T. A. Copk iU)iir. Pcnii. Med. Bill., 21 (1908), No. f), pp. 26-'i~27Jt, fig. 1, charts 8).— The contradictory conclusions of previous investigators on the subject are reviewed, and it is suggested that the varying results may be due to the variation in methods, as none of these investigators employed absolutely sterile milk. The authors obtained sterile milk by drawing milk from the teat with a cannula connected with rubber tubing to a bottle. The following results were obtained: " Streptococcus pyogenes. — At the end of 4 hours the bacterial content of the unheated milk had decreased 3.5 per cent; that of the milk heated to 55° C, 20 per cent ; that of the frozen milk 7 per cent ; while the pasteurized and sterilized milks had an increase in their bacterial content of 25 per cent and 10 per cent, respectively, the bouillon control increasing G per cent. At the end of 8 hours this wide variation in the percentages of increase disappeared. . . . "Staphylococcus aureus. — At the end of 4 hours the number of bacteria in raw milk had decreased about 20 per cent ; the milk heated to 100° C. showed an increase of 100 per cent in bacterial content ; in that heated to 68° C. there was an increase of between 10 per cent and 20 per cent ; in that heated to 55° C. there was found an increase of 4 per cent; while in that frozen there was an increase of 40 per cent. The bacterial increase in the bouillon control was 1 per cent. . . . " Bacillus coU communis. — At the end of 4 hours this organism decreased 40 per cent in the count in raw sterile milk, while it increased 10 per cent, 25 per cent, 100 per cent, and 2.000 per cent, respectively, in the counts in the milk heated at 55° C, the bouillon control, the milk heated at 08° C, and the milk heated at 100° C. At the end of S hours the bacterial content increased rai)idly, the raw milk, however, showing the smallest ratio of increase. At the end of 24 hours there was very little difference in the percentages of increase in the various specimens. . . . " Bacillus acidi lactici. — At the end of 4 hours this organism showed an increase of 6 per cent. 55 per cent, 250 per cent, 1,000 per cent. 3,.5O0 per cent, and 2.500 per cent, resi)ectively. in the bacterial content of the raw sterile milk, the frozen milk, the milk heated at 55° C. the milk heated at 68° C, the milk heated at 100° C, and the bouillon control. . . . " Bacillus suhtilis. — At the end of 4 hours this organism showed an increase of 5.5 per cent, 2.5 per cent, 20 per cent, 85 per cent, 4.50 per cent, and 60 per cent, respectively, in the bacterial content of the raw sterile milk, the milk heated at 55° C, the frozen milk, the milk heated at 68° C, the milk heated at 100° C. and the bouillon control." It would seem from these results that freshly drawn milk possesses a bacteri- cidal activity toward certain micro-organisms and an inhibitory activity toward others. This activity is destroyed at 68° C. and materially impaired at 55° C. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECIINY. 1077 Further trials sliowod that this l>acterial activity varied with different cows. It was also found that " coajiuhition and acidity of nnlk do not depend solely upon the bacterial content. They are influenced by natural properties of milk which are soon overshadowed by the metabolic products of bacteria." The authors look ui»on pasteurized or sterilized milk with disfavor, although realiz- ing tiiat at the present time it is a necessity under certain conditions. luvestigation of pasteurized milk, O. Galvagno (Centhl. Bakt. [ete.], 2. Abt., 21 (HI08), No. 20-21, pp. 632-().',1 ; ahs. in MUchw. Zrnthh, 5 (1900), No. 1, pp. 35, 36). — The work of other investigators concerning the eHiciency of pasteurizing as a method of destroying bacteria is reviewed. The author made many tests to determine the value of different reagents for testing milk at different temperatures. Arnold's tincture of guaiac method gave an immediate reaction at 25° C. Above or below that temperature the reaction was slower. Schardinger's methylene blue and formalin method is reliable but depends upon many factors besides temperature. The Neisser-Wechsberg method is reliable but requires a much longer time than the Schardinger method. Storch's paraphenylendianiin method gives an immediate reaction in raw milk and in milk heated to 70°, but is negative at temperatures above 79°. Saul's orthol reaction was immediate up to 70°. was retarded at 74°. and negative at 7S°. An iimid potassium iodid solution, to which a drop of hydrogen peroxid was addeil, gave an immediate reaction up to 70°, but at higher temperatures it was retarded, and 2 or more drops of hydrogen peroxid also delayed the reaction. The magnesium sulphate method proved worthless. These tests were also used in samples that had been kept G days, raw milk and milk heated to 05° C. being kept on ice and at ordinary room temperature. The preservation of the sample made little difference in the Storch or the amid potassium iodid-hydrogen peroxid methods. The guaiac reaction was retarded. The Saul method reacted as when the sample was fresh up to the fourth day, after which the reaction was slower. The Schardinger method was unaffected inxtil the third day, when the reaction was retarded in both the milks kept on ice, and accelerated with the milk heated at 65° and kept at room temperature. On the fourth day the reaction was accelerated in all cases except with the raw milk kept on ice. On the fifth day the reaction was the same in all cases as on the fourth day, except that the reaction with the milk heated at 05° was accelerated. On the sixth day in ;ill cases the reaction was accelerated. On the therapeutic action of fermented milk, C. A. IIehtek {Pop. Sci. Mo., 7// (1009), No. 1, pp. 31-Ji2). — A critical discussion on the therapeutic value of fermented milks of various kinds, especially milk fermented by BaciUits biil- gnricus. Many physicians report favorable I'esults from the use of milk that lias undergone lactic-acid fermentation, but little is known as to the nature of its action. By some it is thought that the beneficial results are due to the antiputrefactive action of lactic acid. The reduction of the carbohydrates to lactic acid and a change from a food containing a large ])rotein content will ilwrease the amount of putreH.ible material, but accurate data ;is to any direct action on the part of li. hiih/ariciis is wanting. See also a previous note (E. S. K.. 20, J). 4!»0). The effect of hydrogen peroxid on tuberculous milk, A. INIoxvoisin (Iter. (Jen. Lait, 7 il90H), Nos. '/, pp. 73-SO; 5, pp. 97-101). — (}uinea pigs were inocu- lated with milk treated willi hydrogen peroxid by the method of Much and Kfinier (E. S. It., IS, p. 8(!S). The results agreed with those* of Bergmann and Ilnltman, that tuberculous germs are not always killed ]>y sterilizing in this way. I'.acilli taken from yonng cultures were thus destroyed, but from older lullurcs they were more resistant. 1078 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations on the influence of salt on the bacteria, yeasts, and fung'i of butter, O. Fkttkk (CcittOl. BnUt. \rtc.\, .!. Abt.. .>.i (HKJS), Xo. l-.i, />//. 3Z- Ji'i). — The initial llora of unsalted butter consist cbiefly of bacteria and yeasts, but these bcRin to decrease in number in about 2 months. At first fungi are jiresent only in small numbers, but gradually increase for several months. In salted butter the fnngi disappear in .3 months. The number of bacteria and yeast's begin to diminish in the third month. The influence of saltpeter on the quality of cheese, A. Woi.kf and F. M. Bkrhkuich {Moll-. Zt(j., 2.> (I90S), .Yo. 52, pp. J.'iST, /',,S'.S).— Saltpeter is some- times used to prevent cheese inflation. The authors added 20 gm. of saltpeter to 100 liters of milk. For a time the cheese was normal, but after G weeks cracks appeared. The aroma and quality of the cheese was good except a slight yeastlike odor near the cracks. A bacteriological examination of the saltpeter revealed large numbers of cocci and a few yeasts. It is suggested that many common faults of butter and cheese may be due to bacteria contained in the salt. To prevent infection from this source the salt used in the manufacture of dairy products should be bacteriologically as well as chemically pure and should be kept in closed receptacles. Cracks in Cheddar [cheese] (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 27 (1908), No. 0, pp. SS.'i, 3S.j). — A symposium on this subject by practical cheese makers. The principal causes of cracking are: (1) too much acid; (2) too dry an atmosphere; (3) drafts blowing directly on the cheese; (4) too much fat in the curd; (.5) insufficient pressure; (0) dirty, greasy, or sour hoops and baud- ages; (7) careless carrying of the cheese to the press; (S) allowing the curd to get too cold; (9) extreme heat in the curing room; and (10) too much or too little salt. Concerning pear tannin and the changes it undergoes in fruit wine making, W. Kelhofee (Landw. Jahrb. Schweiz., 22 (1908), No. 7, pp. S^S-J/IO, pis. JIf, flgx. 5, dgm. 1). — The author reports the results of an extended study of the prep- aration of pear tannin, its physical and chemical chai-acteristics in comparison with other similar bodies, and the discovery of this tannin in must, with special reference to the making of fruit wine. Mannitic fermentation in fruit and grape wines, W. Bieubekg (Mitt. Wcin- haii a. KcUcriv., 1908, No. 7. pp. 109-112). — ^Slniuiite occurs in many fruits, but usually does not ferment in temi)erate climates unless the customary fermen- tations are checked. It occurs more frequently in overripe fruits containing a small amount of acid. To prevent this undesirable fermentation, fruits con- taining little acid should be harvested early or mixed with more acid fruit. The customary fennentation may be hastened by adding yeast and by regulating the temi)erature. Investigations on wine making with sterilized must, A. Ivosknstieiil (C/irm. /J(j., 32 {1908), No. 69, pp. 81J,, .S/5).— The author finds that the char- acteristics of wine are to a large extent independent of the i)ure yeasts used in fermentation. The participation of yeasts and the variety of grapes in the formation of the bouquet of wine, A. Rosenstiehl (Chem. Ztg., 32 (1908), No. 73, pp. 8Uo, 806; ahs. in Ztschr. Angcu: Clicm., 21 {1908), No. J,8, p. 2//67).— The nature of the bouquet depends upon the variety of grape, but its strength and develop- ment upon the ferment. Some ferments jtroduce no bouquet, while others pos- sess the power to some extent (anthogenous ferments). Musts contain a substance (anthophor) which varies with the variety of grai^e. Anthophor ex- ists in the plant in an equal amount whether or not the grapes are ripened in the best situation. The ferment, on the contrary, which develops the anthophor is present only when ripened in the best situation. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1079 With onr present knowlodiro. tlio best results in prnctice ore obtained by ster- ilizin.si the j;r:ipe jnice and ferment inj; with anthofjcenous yeasts at as low a teni- IK-rature as 20° ('. it possible. The oil trade at Marseille (Chcm. and Drug., 73 (1908), No. 1.503, p. 770; four. Soc. Chrm. Indus., 27 (WOS), No. 22, p. 1120). — Marseille now produces an averatre of 420.000 tons per annum of oil and oil cake -from vejietable substances. Tiiis output includes oils obtained from th(> olive, peanut, beachnut, cotton seed, lialm, karite. coconut, and castor bean, coco butter, Chinese vegetable lard, and various mixtures sold as salad oils. Rock salt [in Louisiana!, G. D. IIarkis, C. J. Maury, and I.. Rkineckk {dcii}. t^urvcy La. Bill. 7, pp. XI+259. pis. JfS, figs. 21). — The investigations re- ported in this bulletin were made under the direction of the Louisiana Experi- ment Stations. The reyort deals with the origin, geological occurrence, and economic imjiortance of rock salt deposits in I.,ouisiana and also contains brief notes and references to all known salt dejiosits and industries of the world. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The systematic relationships of the Coccacese with, a discussion of the principles of bacterial classification, C. E. A. and Annp. R. Winsi.ow iXcir Yorh- and London, 1908, pp. VIII+300, pi. 1, figs. 3; rev. in Science, n. ser., 29 (W09). So. 77/0. p. .387).— This book is stated to be the outgrowth of an attempt to classify certain bacteria of sanitary importance, belonging to the family Coccacete. An effort was made to discover natural types among the Coecacere liy a study of the numerical frequence with which various charcaters occur. From various sources r>00 different strains of Coccacete were isolated and sulv uiitted to 11 d.'liuite and (iuautita*^ive tests. The results were analyzed with a view to the centers about which each character varied in the series as a whole, and to the general correlation between ditterent characters. The authors conclude that bacterial groups can be defined, and can only be defined by a study of the numerical fre(pience of various characters in a large series of cultures. In the Coccacese, " two main series, or subfamilies, may be distinguished — one primarily parasitic and the other saprophytic. The groups differ in morphology, staining reactions, cultural characters, and biochemical powers. Within these 2 subfamilies are S minor groups which seem to merit generic raidc. Each is n'.arked Ity the correlation of several apparently inde- liendent characters, and the eight form, in general, a more or less linear series. <-onnecting such purely parasitic forms as the meningococcus with the sapro- Iiliytic cocci, so conunon in the air. Witliiii each genus are included o or 4 distinct sjiecific types, each marked by a single peculiarity but sharing the conunon characters of the genus as a whole. Species and genera alike are con- nected i»y numerous intergrading varieties; but the central types in each case are defined i>y the preponderating frecpiency of their occurrence." A key to the genera and sjiecies of the Coccace;p and a bililiography are appended. Practical bacteriology, blood work, and animal parasitology, E. R. Siirr (I'hiludclpliia, 1909, pp. Xl-\-29.'i, pU. J,, figs. 82) .—\\\ this manual, part I is devoted to bacteriology, part 2 to the study of the blood, part .'} to animal par.(Sitology, and part 4 to clinical bacteriolo,gy and animal parasitology of the various !)ody fluids and oi-gans. In an -.ppendix an' given nietlntds of prepara- til'i, p. GO'/). — This volume deals with 15 species, includinj; the bacillus of symptomatic anthrax, varieties of bacilli of malij^nant edema, the tetanus bacillus, and bacilli associated with epidemics of meat [joisouiug. The cultural characters of these various micro-organisms and diagnostic points of difference are considered in the first part of the booli. Data regarding the pathogenicity of the anaerobes and the anatomical and histological character of the lesions jiroduccd make up the remainder of the volume. The ultravisible viruses, J. M'Fauvean {Jour. Couipar. ralli. and Ther., 21 (UHlS), Nu.s. /, pp. 5S-G8, fig. 1; 2, pp. 168-17.5; 3, pp. 232-2.',2).— The author considers the ultravisible viruses at length. Attention is first called to the fact that the virus of contagious bovine i)leuro-pneumonia is ou the border limit of visibility, since it can .iust be made out with a magnification of 2.000 and a brilliant illumination. The mosaic or spotted disease of the tobacco plant appears to have been the first disease whose cause was proved to be of the nature of an ultravisible virus. Foot-and-mouth disease is the first animal disease sliowu to be due to an ultravisible virus, an account of which discovery was published in 1.S98. African horse sickness, fowl plague, yellow fever, cattle plague, sheep pox, epithelioma contagiosum of birds, hog cholera, rabies, cow pox, equine pernicious anemia, canine distemper, blue tongue, and leuco- cythemia in fowls are the other diseases known to be due to ultravisible viruses, and here considered. Immune sera, C. F. Bolduan (New York and London, U)OR, 3. ed., enh, pp. VIII-\-J16, figs. JO). — A third !ind enlarged edition of this work, which is a con- cise exposition of our present knowledge concei*ning the constitution and mode of action of antitoxins, agglutinins, hemolysins, bacteriolysins, precipitins, cyto- toxins, and opsonins. Some examples of malignant disease in animals, J. B. Cleland (Jour. Coinpar. Path, and Titer., 21 {1!)08), No. 3, pp. 2.'i2~2^5. fig. 2).— The author presents an account of cancerous conditions that have been met with during the past 2 years in western Australia, which he considers of interest particu- larly as showing the widespread distribution of such diseases. These include carcinoma of the breast of a lioness, carcinoma of the udder in a dairy cow, R(luamous epithelioma of the perinseum of a cow, e])ithelioma displacing the eye of a horse, epithelioma growing from the conjunctival surface of the lower eyelid of a horse and displacing the globe, alveola sarcoma of the mediastinum in a bullock, and a malignant disease (carcinoma) of the suprarenal gland of a sheep. Veterinary division, A. Grist (Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, Ann. Rpt., Jf (i.907-8), pp. 77-90). — Glanders is reported as greatly decreased in prevalence during the year under report. A single case of pleuro-pneumonia is said to remain from the outbreaks resulting from its introduction in 1907 from Cape Colony. Although East Coast fever has not yet extended to Orange River Colony, its spread is causing the department much anxiety. Hog cholera has not as yet been reported from the colony. Quarter evil is said to be very prev- alent during certain portions of the year, and geil-ziekte as prevalent in the spring. Some 7,000 sheep were vaccinated against blue-tongue during the year with Theiler's preventive vaccine with satisfactory results. Other diseases mentioned as having occurred during the year include anthrax, ulcerative VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1081 lynipliinii-'itis. scabies, t'plienioral fever, j^eel (likkop, wliilc scour in ealves, and jafi-ziekte. Experiments regarding the diagnosis of anthrax, (i. Mazzini (Arch. Sci. R. SoG. Accad. Vet. Hal. o (li)07), Xo. 7-.s'; Jour. Troii. Vet. Fici., 3 (l!)08), .\o. 2, pp. 207-21()). — The author concludes that "(1) the material should be collected from the animal before advanced laitrefaction occurs, preferably not later than 24 hours after death in the sununer; (2) the method of Heim, with 1 breads, or that of Fischo-der with 2-3 mm. of blood is the best, because putre- faction is thus arrested or impedetl; (3) the cultural test is made by sowing a l)iece of thread saturated witli spleen juice on a^ar; (4) the biolojrical proof on the guinea pig is less reliable on account of the presence of extraneous organ- isms; and (5) the failure of both these above tests does not exclude anthrax. Heating of the material to 00° C. must be had recourse to." Vaccination against syniptoniatic anthrax, E. Leclainciik and 11. Vallee (Rev. Gen. Med. V6t., 11 (1908), No. 131, pp. 625-635; .Tour. Comptir. Path, and Thcr., 21 {1908). Xo. 3. pp. 26.'i-269).—T\\e authors conclude that the method of vaccination against blackleg by the use of pure vaccines meets all (he require- ments of practice. " In infected areas, the combined use of inunnnizing serum and of a single vaccine enables the practitioner immediately to check the spread of disease and to vaccinate the contaminated animals without danger, even under conditions where vaccination projjcrly so-called would be dangerous and could only confer protection after considerable delay. "In noninfected areas, double vaccination with i)ure liquid vaccines is i)refer- able." The cause, prevention, and treatment of Mediterranean fever, P. W. P>as- sett-Smith {Vet. Jour., 6-'t (1908), No. 39.',, pp. J7.'/-/7.S).— This is a historical resume of recent woi-k on the disease. The author considers the terms " Malta " and "Mediterranean" fever both wrong and misleading, and prefers the term ■" undnlant " fever to " septicemia of Bruce " as lately used. Experimental study of the fate of tetanus toxin in the digestive canal, II. Vincent {Ann. Inat. Pasteur, 22 (1908), No. .',, pp. 3-'il-352; ahs. in Bid. Inst. Pa.sfeur, 6 (1908), No. 13, pp. 605-607; Centhl. liakt. [etc.], 1. Aht. Ref., .',2 (1908), No. 11-13, pp. 370, 371; Vet. Ree., 21 (1908), No. 10.19. p. 260).— The author l)as found that the tetanus toxin is destroyed in vivo in the stomach of the guinea pig in less than 1 hour. In the duodenum and large intestine it is destroyed after 2 or 3 hours. It was found that the gastric, biliary, jiancreatic, and enteric juices in vivo destroy the toxicity of the tetanus jioison. The author interprets this as a phenomenon of digestion, as he finds that the digestive aiul antitoxic i)roi»erties of the gastric .ind jiancreatic ferments vary in very much the same way under similar conditions. A report on trypanosomiasis of domestic stock in northwestern Rhodesia, R. E. MoNTfiOMERY and A. Kincihoun (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par.. 2 (1908), No. 2, pp. 97-132. pJx. .}, map 1). — The autlun's conclude that tryi)anosomiasis of domestic stock is very prevalent in the northern area of northwestern Khodesia. and that it is due to Trypanosoma dimorphon. T. vira.r, and a try- panosome mori)hologically allied to T. hrucei. While 7'. theUeri also occurs it does not apjiear to cause serious damage. These trypanosomes may be trans- mitted by CiloHsina morsitans, Htomo-ri/s caJcitrans, and. a si»ccies of Lyi)erosia. Reports of the " sleeping sicknesr, " expedition to the Zambesi for the years 1907-8, A. Kinciiokn and K. V.. Mo.ntcomkky (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 2 (1908), No. 2, pp. 53-76). — I)a(;i on (ho distribution of tsetse tlies are includod in this report. A note on the occurrence of a large trypanosome in the blood of native cattle in South China. ('. M. Hiamiv (Jour, ('ominir. Palli. and Ther., 21 1082 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, (lUOS), No. 2, pp. J78, ltd, figs. .'/). — A trypanosorue that corresixnuls in siz(^ with Trypanosoitiu tlicilcri, and also has the long tlagellnni and acutely pointed posterior extremity of that organism, has been taken from cattle at the cattle depot at IIoiig-Kong. A peculiar form, of streptotrichosis among cattle, J. I). E. Holmes (Jour. Trap. Vet. -S'ti., 3 (1908), No. 3, pp. 289-300, pis. J,, fujs. 5).— The anthor pre- sents a report of a study made of a disease that api)eared among army trans- ]>ort bullocks in Calcutta in 1907. The clinical features of the disease are said to bear a resemblance to equine ei)izootic lymphangitis. Bedwater in England and its carriers, S. Stockman {Jour. Compar. J'aih. and Thcr., 21 (1!)08), No. 3, pp. 22.')-232 ; Vet. Jour., C, (1908), No. J,OI, pp. 53S-5Ji8, charts /,; Vet. Rec, 21 {1908), No. 1067, pp. 391-/i01, charts 4).— This paper is based upon 3 years' investigations of the disease in (Jreat Britain in collaboration with J. McFadyean, a more complete report of which will be published later. Contrary to reports previously published in the United Kingdom, the author has found the disease to be inoculable in a way similar to the Texas fever type. Only two species of ticks (Ixodes 7-icinus and HwmaphysaHs punctata) have been met with in England on cattle and sheep. Each of these species drops for both molts. I. ricinus has been found the most often in redwater pastures. II. punclnta though much more restricted in its distribution than /. ricinus is more common in the southeast of England and has been obtained from redwater farms on which /. ricinus could not be found. The few experiments made with /. ricinus failed to show that infection passes through the eggs to the seed ticks, f^our experiments made with H. punctata in which larvte were engorged upon infected hosts and placed as nymphs upon susceptible hosts all resulted negatively. Similar results were obtained when the larvfe from an infected female were used. In both of two experiments, however, in which nymphs that had engorged oia infected hosts were placed as adults upon susceptible hosts, the disease was produced. The ditHculty in destroying the ticks is shown by the fact that the immature stages require but .*> or 4 days to engorge and drop. This hai)it of droiiping for the molts appears to be favorable, however, in that the ticks are not carried far to infect new territory. The author does not consider the number of ticks found on the animal to have any relation to the severity of the attack but considers such to depend upon the virulence of the Piroi)Iasma. The greater prevalence of the disease from INIay to August is said, to correspond to the period in th6 year at which adults are most numei'ous. As a prevention of the disease the author recommends that cattle be kept off infected pastures, that such i)astures be well stocked with sheep, and that the .sheep be dii)])ed or sprayed at intervals of 10 days, particularly during the season at which the adult ticks are in evidence. This recommendation is based upon the fact that 10 days or more are required for the female ticks to engorge. Investigations on the nature of hog cholera and methods for its control, I'HLENiiuTii ET AL. (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 21 (1908), No. 3, pp. .'i2.')-(ni; ahs. in Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Aht., Rcf., .',1 (1908), No. U-16, p. Ji80; Bui In'rompt action is taken when infection a|ti)ears. " Hog raisers generally throughout the Stat(> should be informed when this serum is available for distribution, and if necessary compulsory uotitication of the presence of disea.se in a herd should be imposed. " I'pon notification to the deputy in charge of the district or the State live stock sanitary board or State veterinarian that hog cholera has ait|>eared in a I erlain neighborhood the diseased herd or herds should be innnediately (luaran- tined, the premises disinfected as thoroughly as possible, and all hogs on the farm which have been exposed or which are not visibly ill slionUl ln' treated with the serum alone. All hogs on the farm which have not been exposed should be treated by what is termed the serum-simultaneous ni(>thod. and of course the i»rompt burning or burial of dead animals should be enforced. At 1084 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the same time all bogs on siuroiimliiij: fariiis should be treated by the serum- simultaneous metbod." Investigations into the hematogenous nephritis of swine, K. Degkn {Unter- SHcliungcn iihcr die hlhnatogcnc ]\lc]ihritis dcs Schwcinrs. Innug. Diss., Univ. UicNftcn, JH07 ; rev. in Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wehnsehr., 1008, No. 31, p. 5.'i8; Vet. Ree., 21 (1908), No. lO'/S, p. Do). — Tbe disease is not a specific one due to a sinjile micro-or}ranism but to a polybacterial infection. The author estimates thai ~> per cent of all swine slauiibtered in Dresden are affected. Infectious anemia of the horse, M. Francis and II. P. Marstellkk {Terns Sta. Bui. 119, pp. 3-19, figs. 8, dgm. 1, eltarts 5). — This is a preliminary report on the symptoms and post-mortem examinations of a number of horses and mules affected with an obscure wasting disease prevalent in the flat coastal district of Texas and similar to infectious anemia reported from Nebraska, JMlnnesota, North Dakota. Manitoba, and other localities. Intermittent fevers and emaciation are the conspicuous symptoms of this disease. The author estimates that SO per cent of the affected animals die within a few weeks. Inoculation experiments were conducted with a virus obtained in October, 1907, from a horse ( \o. 1 ) at Katy, Harris Count}', a summary of which is here given in tabular form. Results of inoculttthin e.rperiiiients. Animal. Infection. Effect. Remarks. Source. Form. Horse No. 2 . . Horse No. 3.. Horse No. 4.. Horse No. 5.. Horse No. 6.. Mule No. 7 . . Mule No. 8 .. Horse No. 1. Horse No. 2. Horse No. 3. Horse No. 2. Horse No. 5. Horse No. 6. Mule No. 7.. Mule No. 7.. Horse No. 2. 5 cc. of blood subcuta- neously, 5 cc. of blood intravenou.sly. 2 cc. in bouillon intra- venously, 1 cc in bou- illon subcutaneously. 10 cc. blood serum 2 cc. of blood subcuta- neously. 1 cc. of blood subcuta- ueously. 1 cc. of blood subcuta- neously. 4 cc. of blood subcuta- neously. 4 cc. filtrate subcuta- neously. Chronic type . . . Died on 61st day. Died on 20th day. Died on 25th dav. Died on 153d day. Chronic type ... Inoculated Oct. 25, 1907; alive Nov. 18, 1908, thougli very thin. Virus lived 48 hours at 37° C. before injection. Horse killed to end suffer- ing. Acute fatal type. Slow chronic type. Remained in good physical condition. Mule No. 9 . . Mule No. 10.. Died on 44th day. Mild reaction .. Died on 22d day. Not susceptible. Blood obtained from horse No. 2 l-'.i months after it wa.s inoculated. Horse No. 11. Horse No. 2. 2 cc. of blood subcuta- neously. A calf, sheep, goat, and pig were inoculated subcutaneously with 1 cc. of blood taken from horse No. 2, and one -271). — An account is given of exi)eriments conducted in association with ]•]. Levy and F. Blumenthal, based upon the idea that vaccines might be pre- ]iared by treating the bacteria with solutions of chemical substances which were indifferent to the bacteria but were capable of changing the osmotic pressure and thus enfeebling the bacteria without killing them, without seri- ously altering their constitution, or without modifying the antigens which are so important in i)roducing immunity. (ilycerin and urea are said to possess such properties. The attenuation of the virus of glanders in solutions of glycerin and urea is said to be propor- tional to the temperature and inversely i)roportional to the density of the enuilsion. Experiments were first made with the guinea pig, then with the horse. Enuilsions containing urea are most useful, as they can readily be evaporated to dryness and reduced to a powder which keeps for a long time, even at comparatively high temperatures. Complete immunity was produced in horses by a single injection of GOO mg. of dead bacilli or 2 injections of 300 mg. each of dead bacilli with urea. The immunity conferred lasts at least a year. In iiractice it is convenient to inject under the skin a dose of 100 nig. of the immunizing powder, followed at intervals of a week by doses of 200 and 250 mg. The malleiii reaction in nonglandered horses, H. J. Sudmersen (Vet. Jour., ll'f (190S), No. 39.'i, pp. 197, 19S). — "Immune horses rarely give any rise in temperature (3 cases in 50), and when such a rise does take place the maximum is reached at 12 hours after injection and the temperature rapidly falls and reaches the normal in about 24 hours." The author's exjiorience with glandered horses has been that the niaxinmni temperature is imt reached until the fifteenth hour and the fall is only gradual. '■(>nt of 20 horses with large loeal reactions, and which were shown to bi' glandered on post-mortem examination, 10 had considerable increase in leiii- lierature (average rise 2.7° F.) while 7 gave very little rise (average 1.1° F.). The local reaction obtained upon immune horses also differs from that of glandered animals." Preventive vaccination against strangles, F. S. H. Baldkey (Jour. Voniixtr. I'lith. (uiil Thcr., 21 (I9()S), No. 2, pi>. I.',S-]G2). — "As a result of these experi- iiieiits it would appear that subcutaneous vaccination witli either a broth cul- tin-e killed under toluol, or an agar culture in salt solution killed at a temperature of 58° ('., will have a very considerable effect in raising nu aniniars lesislanee to a strei)tococcic infection, and is therefore useful as a i)roventive to the disease. Control animals will show a more or less severe abscess when tested with a nonlethal dose of strangles streptococcus culture, whereas the vaccinated animal will suffer practically no ill effects." Investigation of an outbreak of horse surra with result of treatnaent with atoxyl, tartar emetic, mercury, and other drugs, .1. I >. K. Holmes {Jour. Trofi. Vet. 8ci., 3 (1908), No. 2, pp. l.')7-172, pis. 2).— The author reports an outbreak of surra in India in ](X)7 and the results obtained from treatment with atoxyl, mercury, and tartar emetic. Continuation of experiments on protective inoculation against equine piroplasmosis. A. Tfieilek (Jour. Compar. I'ath. and Thcr., 21 (1908), No. 2, pp. 97-l'i8). — The experiments, which are here reported in detail, have been 1086 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. colli imietl on a somewhat different line from previous ones, as a result of the cbservation, made in coinioction with Texas fever, that the inoculation of cattle with blood of a calf immune from the disease is not so frequently followed liy strong reactions and- mortality as when the blood is derived from a full-grown animal. "The inoculation of animals with horse foal lilood of the first, second, and third generations caused a mortality of <> out of 1S(;, or 3 per cent. "The Inoculation of animals with horse foal blood of the fourth, fifth, sixth, seventh, and eighth generations cMused a mortality of 1 in 22, or 4.~> per cent. "The inoculation of animals with donkey foal blood of second to sixth gt^n- erations caused no mortality amongst ITo animals. "The reactions caused by injection of horse foal blood were more severe than those given by injection of donkey foal blood. "No cases of relapses after discharge have occurred, proving that the im- munity given by the injection of donkey foal blood is as good as that afforded by horse foal blood. "For further immunization purposes, therefore, I recommend the passing of blood originating from a natural infection of a donkey with Piroiilnsina cqul through donkey foals, and to use 1 cc. blood from tlie fourth generation and upwards, bearing in mind the pi'ecautionary measures mentioned above. " Finally, all foals kept for tapping purposes, and used in connection with the inoculation, must be kept free from ticks. This precaution lias been carried out at this laboratory wtth all foals used in the experiments, as it stands to reason that a reinfection by means of ticks would increase the virulency of the blood which is to be used as vaccine." Typhoid fever of the horse — a piroplasmosis, A. Pricoi.o {Vet. Jour.. (>'/ (190S), Xo. J,00. pp. .'I'.lO-JfD.'i, fig. ^).— The author presents an account of the disease produced by Piroplnsma rqui. According to the autlior's exiterience and to the statistics of the Italian war department, this disease is spread over all Italy, including Sicily and Sardinia, but seems to be localized in centers from which it has little tendency to spread. The disease may be conveyed by injections of blood of diseased horses into healthy suscei)tible ones. "The morphological characters of the parasite, its manner of reproduction, transmission of the disease by injection of the blood, clinical features, and jiost- niorteni appearances slmw that Italian equine })iroi)l;isni()sis is identical with eipiine ])iroplasniosis described by Theiler in South Africa, and generally with all eciuine piroplasmosis found iu Africa and Asia." A resume of our knowledg'e of canine piroplasm^osis with an outbreak amongst the hounds of the Madras hunt, II. T. Pkase and W. D. (JuNN {Jour. Trop. Vet. ticL, S { I'.iOS), \o. 2, /*/). n'o-tUO, pi. /, charts .'/). — Following a review of the present knowledge of malignant jaundice of dogs the auth.or reports an outbreak of the disease in .Madras hounds. Temperature charts are presented. Acariasis as found in the transport animals employed on field service, Bakky {Vet. Jour., 6', (ni(),S), Xo. smi, pp. 2H0-20.',, //V/.s. .S).— Next to the horse the camel is considered the most important animal of transport affected, acariasis being very prevalent among them. ^lules are freiiuently used on field service, but in the author's opinion are less subject to scabies. The ass, sometimes used for pack pnri)oses, though receiving little or no care is not affected to any extent, and when affected it is usually with the psoroptic acariasis. On the prophylaxis of trypanosomiasis, with particular reference to the influence of the camel in India, R. E. Montoomeky {Jour. Trop. Vet. ScL, S {i908), No. 3, pp. 30I-S29).— The author discusses this subject at some length. Attention is called to the fact that the basis of trypanosomiasis prophylaxis is RURAL ENGINEERING. 1087 tin' prevention oi union between tbe throe essential factors — the reservoir, the transuiittiiif: ayent, and the receiitive host, a combination of anj' two to the :iliS(iliUe cxclusifiii of tlio third beinj; harmless. Concerning' certain parasitic protozoa observed in Africa, J. E. Button, J. L. Toni), and E. N. Tobky {I't. 1, Lircrpool t^chool I'l-op. Med. Mem. 21. 1906, pp. 87-97, pis. 2, fig. 1; pt. 2, Ann, Trop. Med. and Par.. 1 (1907), No. 3, lip. 287-370, pis. 13, figs. 35). — Protozoal parasites of mannnals, birds, reptiles, amphibians, fishes, and ai-thropods are bore considered. On some parasites in the museum of the school of tropical medicine, Liv- erpool, A. Looss {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1 {1907), Xo. 1, pp. l23-lo.'i, pis. 3). — Eifiht species of endoi)arasites, one of which is new, are considered in this account. The presence of Spirochaeta duttoni in the ova of Ornithodoros moubata, It. M. Carter {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1 {1907), Ao. 1, pp. 157-160, pi. 1).— The author concludes that ticks infected by spirochetes lay infected eggs, that nuiJtiplication of the spirochetes probably takes place in the eggs, and that iiiorpholoixical changes in the spirochetes also occur in the ejrgs. On the naorphology and life history of Spirochaeta duttoni. A. Breinl {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., t {1907), A'o. J, pp. //,i,5--'/38. pi. i).— "The life history of I he spirochete might be thus summarized: Just before the crisis the spirochetes disintegrate, certain of them coiling up into skeins, the majority of which are phagocytosed by the spleen. Some of them become encysted and break up into very small bodies, out of which the new generation of spirochetes is evolved." Contribution to the study of the Porocephalus moniliformis, A. Broden and .J. lioDiiAix {Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 1 {1908), No. ',, pp. .',93-50J,, pi. 1).— observations on the occurrence of this parasite at Leopoldville, in Kongo Free State, are here reported. A description is presented of the larvae. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in the Sacramento Valley, California. S. Fortier et al. {U. S. Drpt Agr., Office E.rpt. ^tas. Bill. 207, pp. 99. pi. 1, figs. 2)).— The investigations reported in this bulletin include a study of the present status of irrigation in the Sacramento A'alley, its advantages, possibilities, methods, and costs. That this \alley has not shared in the wonderful development which has taken place in nther fertile valleys of the arid region is believed to be due largely to two condi- Uon.s which have retarded the introduction of irrigation. First, that the climate permits grain and hay to be grown in the winter months and matured in the spring; and second, that the size of the majority of holdings is largo. In 1907 less than 1 per cent of the arable land was irrigated. Itegarding the general dovolopmont of the valley through irrigation, the authors believe that three operations are involved, namely : (1 ) Protective works to control floods, estimated to cost $24,000,000; (2) providing a water supply for irrigation, .$.".0,000,000; and fS) preparing the land for irrigation. $.3.5.000,000. In this connection the introductory chapter of the bulletin gives a review of the present agricultural situation, in which are discus.sed early efforts at develop- ment, soil, climate, overflow conditions, etc., and the general status of irriga- tion development. The method ffillowed in the investigations was to make detailed studies of representative localities and general observations of the remainder of the terri- tory. The localities selected were the lands irrigated under the Yolo County <'onsolidated Water System, Yolo County, under the Central Canal in fJlenn and Coluso eounties, under the P.utte County Canal In P.utte and Sutter countie.s, S.'30TO— Xo. 11— OU 7 1088 EXPERIMENT STATION IJECORD. and along Stony Crook in tlio vk-inity of Orlaiul. The roport of these investiga- tions inoludos a i»riof dosciiption of tlio eliiof foatnros. followed by "an investi- gation of the various subjects pertaining to tlie use of water in irrigation, ein- braoing the conveyance of water and its delivery to users, character of water rights, and cost of wate;*, seepage, and evaporation losses botli in tlie channels and on the fields, duty of water under main canals and laterals and on individ- ual farms, proper methods of preparing the land, methods of applying water, ascei'taining the right time to irrigate, the removal of waste water, irrigated products, etc." In connection with the investigations along Stony Creek there were conducted eight experiments to determine the amount of water used by farmers under usual conditions. In five of tlios-e exi)eriments devoted to alfalfa an area of (JT.9 acres yielded under irrig;ition an average of 5.38 tons per acre for the season at an average cost of $1.78 peK ton. The net depth of water applied as averaged for four of these and one other alfalfa experiment was 4.15 feet, this being the difference between the quantity entering the field and that wasted. In an ex- l)eriment with lemons the net depth applied was 1.76 feet. The results of the experiments led to the conclusion that an unnecessary amount of water, was used on the crops, and he gives at the end of the bulletin a few suggestions regarding the economical use of water. The hydrologic station of Abbeville, I'. Houllier and H. Pellet {Bui. Assoc. Cliiin. Siicr. et Distill., 26 iinos), yo. 6, pp. -'/~^T-'/.'/ '/, fiffs. 2). — An ac- count is given of the equipment and W'Ork of this station, which is connected with a beet-sugar factory of Abbeville. The station was established to stud.\ the relation between rainfall, evaporation, transpiration, and drainage, par- ticularly with reference to the water requirements of the sugar beet. It is e(iuipped with rain gauges, evaporometers. vegetation cases, and other appliances necessary for exact measurements of rainfall, drainage, evaporation, and trans- piration. The results of studies during 1906, 1907, and 1908 on evaporation from fallow soil and from soil planted to sugar beets are re[)orted, as well as of a study of the amount of water required for the growth of sugar beets. Earth roads, A. R. Hirst (Wis. Goal, and ]\^at. Hist. Survey Rami Pamphlet 1, pp. 32, figs. 13). — This is the first of a series of pamphlets issued by the Wisconsin Geological and Natural History Survey on the subject of roads. It is intended to give in a brief form the 1)est methods of earth road construction, and to point out how to obtain the best results for the amount expended. The earth road drag, A. R. Hirst (Wis. GcoJ. and \at. Hist. Surcey Road Poinplilct 2, pp. 2.'i, figs. .'/). — The object and benefits of road dragging are dis- cussed here, with an (explanation of the i)ropor construction and use of the drag. The material is largely compiled from re]iorts of the Illinois State Highway Commission, and from a bulletin on rural highways issued by the Survey. Stone and gravel roads, A. R. Hirst (Wis. Grol. -ind Xai. Hist. Survnj Road I'anipliU't 3, pp. 32, flgs. 12). — This is the third of the series noted above and considers briefly the main points to be observed in stone and gravel road con- struction. There are described and illustrated the approved practices in stone road construction, but it is stated that the bulletin should be considered more in the nature of a preliminary guide to prospective road Imilders than as a treatise. Culverts and bridges, A. R. Hirst (Wis. Grol. and Xat. Hist. Survey Road Pamphlet .}, pp. o'l, })1. 1, figs. 15). — The design and construction of culverts, with particular reference to the materials used, is taken up quite fully in thi.^ pamphlet, and directions for making concrete culverts are given in detail. RURAL ECONOMICS. 1089 The subject of bridges is treated in a general way, with illustrations and descriptions of tyi)es in nse and snggestions to communities regarding the selection of the most suitable kind. The material on bridges, it is stated, is largely taken from a rei)ort of the Illinois State Highway Commission. Implements and machinery at the Smithfield Show (finpl. and Much. Rev., S.'f {I'JOif), Xo. 1,05, PI). lOdS-llS'i, figs. 29).— In this report there are briefly describetl several new steam traction and portable explosive engines as well as numerous farm niai-bines and implements. Trials with seed drills and cultivators, C. V. Birk (Tidfistkr. Landokononii, 1008, Xo. 5, PI). 289-298).— Three 2-row seed drills and 17 different cultivators were included in these trials and were judged by the committee on trials of farm machinery of the Royal Agricultural Society of Denmark. Water aspirators for homes, T. H. Norton (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, Xo. S.'iO, pp. 208-210).— XQcovAmg to data summarized by the au- thor, an ordinary laboratory suction pump may be used with rubber tubing for dusting and cleaning in the home. Practical paint tests in 1907, E. F. Ladd (Xorth Dakota Sta. Bui. SI, pp. .777-77.'/, fi(js. It). — There is given in this bulletin an account of painting tests which were carried out in continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 18, ii. 209). Tests were made with specially prepared paints furnished by the Paint Manufacturers Association of the United States, and considered to be representa- tive of manufacturers' formulas, and al-so with commercial white lead sub- iiiitted by the manufacturers. The paints comprised the whites, warm drabs, and yellows of 18 difterent formulas. The paints and leads were api)lled in various maimers to fences made of four tyi)es of lumber and so constructed as to give a wide range of conditions. The substance of the bulletin is made up of detailed reports of these tests, covering formulas, directions for application, and data concerning the areas covered and the weight of paint used. The results are given of examinations which were made of the fences at periods of 6 months and 1 year, and of the condition of the paints after standing for about 8 months in the can. Tests were al.so made on a number of houses with practicallj^ the same paints as used on the fences, and these are described. RURAL ECONOMICS. Report of the Country Life Commission, L. H. Bailey et al. (U. S. Senate, 60. Von (J., 2. Session, Doc. 703, pp. Go). — This includes a special message from the President of the United States transmitting the report to Cougi'ess, and an ac- count of the purpose and methods of the commission in their inquiries into the economic and social conditions surrounding rural life at the i)resent time. In addition to a general statement, the report discusses the main special deficiencies in country life, as disregard of the inherent rights of land workers, highways, soil depletion and its effects, agricultural labor, health in the open country, and woman's work on the farm. According to the commission, the general corrective forces that should be set in motion are along the line of agricultural or country life surveys, a redirected education, cooperative effort, the country church, and personal ideals and locjil leadership. The report has also been discussed editorially ( E. S. R., 20, p. 001). Bural conditions in Maine, T. J. Lyons (Ann. Upt. Uiir. Indus, mid Lnhnr fitatis. Me., 22 (1908), pp. ,S''/-2.'».'M.— This article sets forth the rural cou.litions in every county and township in the State, the data being compiled by (he labor conmiissioner from the rei>lies to a circular letter of inquiry sent to representa- tive farmers. Special topics also discussed are the agricultural resources of 1090 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Maine, iibamloned farms, farm labor and iiiimi^iralioii with accounts of the Finn colonics near West I'aris and in South Tiioniaston, poimlation of towns and rural districts, farm wajrcs, and loss iif rural pojiulatiou. The avcrajie monthly farm watres in Maine in ]!i(»7 was $20.14, a j^ain of 42 per cent since 1S8T. With rejiard to the rural poi»ulation, the decrease " has n«it been so marked in the last 8 years as is shown by the census figures from 1860 to ]!I00." Farming west of the 100th meridian, James Wilson (lirrrdrr's Gnz., .'t'f ( l!i'JS\, \o. 12, i>i>- 12lo, l.iUi). — This is a description by the Secretary of Agri- culture of the work of this Department in soil surveys, the introduction and culture of crojjs. the conservation of soil moisture, and the utilization of the natural resources of the semiarid or dry lands of the Great I'lains I'egion. Agriculture in the Po Valley ( Economist, 6S {lOO'J), Xo. 3', 1 8, p. //JJ).— This is a review of S. Pugliese's book on Two Centuries of Agriculture in the Vercellese District of the Po Valley. The book treats of the economic conditions among the laboring classes in the district, system of agriculture practiced, changes in labor conditions during two centuries, systems of land tenure, rents, contracts, prices, and women's wages. Agriculture in Bavaria according to the latest statistics. Zaiinbreciikk iVrlUscJir. Bdi/cr. Ldiidic. Rut., 13 i IfiOS), Xo. .',, pp. 3 87 -301). —This is a com- parative study of the Bavarian census figures of 1882. 18J)5, and 1007, with special reference to the agricultural jiopulation. The percentages of the whole population engaged in agriculture in these years were 50.9, 45.8, and 40.3, re- spectively. The independent farmers in 1882 numbered 400.007 and in 1907 4.35,421, a relative decrease, when compared with the increase of population, of 1.4 per cent. The number of farm hiborers increased from 1,097,207 in 1882 to 1.2.57.510 in 1907, a relative increase of 1.3 per cent. [Land occupation, live stock, and agriculture in New Zealand], E. .7. von Dadelszen (Xnr Zeal. Off. Y(nrh<>(>lc 1008, pp. .'/(;.S- J.0.7 ). — Statistical returns in 1908 are presented and discussed. Of 73.307 holdings, 21,180 ranged from 1 to 10 acres in size, 12,147 from 10 to 50 acres, and 10,098 from 100 to 200 acres, the last alone being a decrease over 1907 (E. S. R., 19, p. 1089). Crop Reporter {V. S. Dipt. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 {1009). Xo. }, pp. 2'j-28). — Statistical data on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the condition and losses of farm animals, and the value and prices of agricultural ])roducts are reported. Scientific investigation and its relation to practical farm work, E. J. .Tames (Breeder's Gaz., 5', (lOOS), Xo. 12, pp. 1101, 1192).— The importance of science in promoting the progress of agriculture and national welfare by in- vestigations on soils, the culture and adaptation of crops, the prevention of animal diseases, the invention of agricultural machinery, and the use of elec- tricity on farms is discussed in this article. The problem of farm returns, A. Ostermayeu (Wiener Lnndir. Ztg.. o8 (1908), Xo. 98, pp. Oai-Od'i). — The data as to the returns from 10 different-size farms in the district of Miihren are discussed and compared with similar data from 29 other farms in the same section of country for the purpose of d<'ter- mining the system of farm management that will give the best returns to capital and labor. The supply of farm labor, G. K. Holmes (Ann. Amcr. Acad. PoUt. and 8oc. Set., 33 (1909), Xo. 2. pp. 362-312). — This article is an analysis of the situation concerning the supply and character of farm labor in the United States, with suggestions as to the best means of conserving, increasing, and improving farm labor. These means include retaining the children on the farm, the farmers' institute movement, practical demonstrati«m work among farmers by experts RURAL ECONOMICS. 1091 from tbis Department and the State experiment stations, tlie development of agricultural education, and the agencies which are at work to improve the dwellings of country people, their modes of living, their home life, and their social life. These influences, it is believed, "may he de]»ended upon to save to our agriculture all the labor it will need for the maintenance of our national self-sufficiency. ■■ A history of the English agricultural laborer, W. Hasbacii (London, J!>08, pp. WI+'/lO; rcr. in IJvononiist, US {IHd!)). \o. 3.',I2, .S'«/>., pp. V, VI ; Jour. Roy. Statis, Soc, 77 (1908). A'o. '/. /*/». 1.ii-7.i3). — A history of the agrarian problem in England to the year 1907. with particular reference to the develop- ment of the agricultural proletariat during the past two centuries. The breaking of contracts by agricultural laborers, F. Mkndkl.sox (Landw. Wrlinsviir. .sacliscn, 11 (I'Hj!)), \os. 11, pp. 1 1.5-117 ; 12, pp. 127, TiS).— Statistics are presented and discussed regarding the prevalence of contract breaking among different classes of agriculturiil laborers iu Saxony, the data being con- fined largely to the years 1!»0T and lOOS. Free agricultural employment agencies in Sweden, W. Muller (IUus. Landtr. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 93, pp. 799, 800).— The author describes the oper- ation of the free employment agencies that have been established in ten of the chief cities of Sweden since 1902. Their chief value lies iu locating on farms the unemployed in cities, particularly those persons who had left farms to seek employment iu the cities. A great number of laborers have already been won back to farm life, and the extension of the agencies throughout Sweden is urged in behalf of agriculture and the national welfare. State assistance to agriculture in Switzerland, L. von Hennet (Mitt. Fach- bvrivhterstiit. K. K. Ackerb. Min. [Vienna], 1909, No. .J. pp. 25-28; Jour. Bd. Affi: [London], 15 (1909), No. 11, pp. 86.), S6J).— The law of 1S93 for the pro- motion of agriculture is discussed. Subsidies under its provision are now granted for the following lines of work: Agricultural instruction, establish- ments for research and experiments, improvement and Insurance of cattle, soil improvement by drainage and irrigation, measures against plant diseases, and insurance against hail, and for agricultural societies and syndicates. The encouragement of agriculture [in Switzerland]. Mutual aid and agricultural education (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Pom], ,S {1909). No. 1, pp. 55-U'i). — Notes are given on the different forces in operation for the promo- tion of agriculture. These include the state inspection of plants and animals offered for siile, federal and state assistance for various imdertakings, and agricultural a.ssociations, expositions, legislation, and education. Data are presented regarding the date of origin, organization, membership, and state financial aid to the more important agricultural societies in Switzerland. The union of Swiss peasants (liiiJ. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [ ['aris], 7 ( 1908). Xo. 12, pp. 1559-1502). — This society was organized iu 1S98 and has for its object the furtherance of agricultural interests in Switzerland. In 1907 the organization had more than 9S.000 members and published two monthly jour- nals. One of its chief economic inquiries has rel;ited tti the determination of the profitableness of agriculture in Switzerland. acco\nits of which have already been noted ( E. S. K.. 19, p. (i91 ; L'O, p. f.ST). Concerning the establishment of a cential agricultural credit bank, \'. r.\MANM (Hoi. Qitinil. Nor-. Agr. Itnl.. 1 ) (1909), Xo. /. pp. 10-12).— Tho author favors the establishment in Italy nnder state supervision of a central bank serving both public and private ends, but with particular reference to the furnishing of credit to agriculturists. Report on the working of cooperative credit societies in the Punjab for the year ending June 30, 1908. S. Wii.iiian oiai; (Rpt. Work. Voop. Credit Soe. 1092 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. J'inijiih. axis, it]». I'/ + XJ). — Till' iiHiiiher of nuMl iiuitnal eroilit societies in- croastHl during the year from 174 to 253 and tlie surplus was 53,8(54 rupees (about )?17,450), or twice as large as in July, 1907 ( E. S. 11., 20. p. 3!)0). The rate of interest charged by the societies is less than 10 per cent, while private money lenders charge 25 per cent or ni<»re. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The college of agriculture and the State, L. II. P>aii.i;y ([Ithaca, ^^ Y.], mini. pp. JO' I. — A notable address on the functions of a State agricultural col- lege, delivered during Farmers' Week at Cornell I'niversity, February 20, l!i09, and intended to be preliminary to a State campaign for rural progress to supple- ment the work of the National ('ouutry I^ife Commission. There is preseuted an analysis of the agencies already at work, the relations of the agricultural to the genex'al educational system, and the relations of the agricultural college to present social problems. The author held that inasmuch as civilization develops out of industries iind occupations, and the agricultural colleges represent this civilization, they can not be properly considered as class institutions. The three-fold function of such colleges, the " discovery of fact, teaching it to students, taking it to all the people," was clearly emphasized and elaborated. The suitable training of agricultural teachers was characterized as the " greatest work now before this college." The present support of college education in agriculture in the State of New York was shown to be at the rate of only one sixty-sixth of 1 per cent of the property valuation of the State. Agriculture in secondary sch.ools, T. F. Hunt (Ann. Rpt. Pcnn. Dcpt. Agr., 13 (1907). pp. J-sJ-.i.'/.") ) . — A review is given of progress in introducing agricul- ture into secondary schools, and attention is called to available literature and other facilities to aid in carrying on such work. Rural education, A. C. TnuE (Ann. Rpt. Pcnn. Dcpt. Af/r., 13 (1907), pp. 231-237). — Attention is called to the desirability of introducing instruction in agriculture into the rural school curriculum, and examples of successful work along this line are cited. The education of the farmer, C. De Mar (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 62 (1907), pp. 572-575). — This paper, read at the farmers' institute held at Newtown, Ohio, December 6, 1907, discusses the value of farmers' institutes, the importance of home industrial training, recreation, and good, business-like farm management. Domestic science, Alice I'enkose (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 62 (1907), pp. J/78-Jt81). — This paper, read at the farmers' institute held at Damascus, Ohio, February 26 and 27, 1908, points out in detail the value for girls of this kind of work in furnishing immediate application in the home for the facts learned in school in the lines of cooking, chemistry, bacteriQlogy, and physiology. These applications are of great service in interesting the mothers as well in the advancement of modern domestic practice. The nature-study outlook, I>. II. Bailey (Naturc-Studu Rev., // (1908), No. 6, pp. 169-172). — This informal address considers several important considera- tions in nature-study work. The author maintains that the ordinary public school seems to lack motive power, being dominated too much by system, regu- larity, and college ideals, and that "the formal literary college entrance re- quirement is not an expression of the best activities of living." He believes that while nature-study work should be systematic, definite, and have relation, nevertheless it is easy to make it so formidable as to take the life out of it. "Laboratory teaching may be .iust as far from life as book teaching is; it all depends on the intention and the mode." I AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 1093 Wanted: A philosophy of nature study, C. II. Kobisox (Xafure-^tudij Rec, .} (I'JOS), Xo. 7, t>i>. JiKi, Jdl). — This iuiiinrtant theiue is treated suggestively rather than elaborately. Emphasis is laid upon the belief that the method of approach must depend on the philosophic basis of our theory "on whether we regard the child as a member of a present and a future society or as an iso- lated individual, as a social creature, or solely as an intellectual being." The author considers aims and theory as being still in a chaotic state, needing a master's treatment ; so that while the " what " is rather definitely imder- stood, the "why" leaves much to be desired, and the "how" must be largely conditional on a clearly worked out rationale. He concludes that much of our preseut iirocedure rests on faith rather than on definitely determined psycho- logical results. The training of teachers of nature study, .J. W. Siikpiierd et al. (Xature- IStudy Rev., Jf (1908), No. 6, pp. 113-182, 193-196).— The first of these papers points out that a large part of elementary science woa-k has been diluted col- lege work, that much of the laboratory work does not raise a personal problem for the individual student, and that the nature-studj' teacher must come over to the children's standpoint and concern herself with furnishing them rich, vital experiences, rather than developing scientific generalities. To this end the student-teacher should herself have experiences as a student with the same kind of material that the children will use in nature study. O. P. Delliuger, in discussing the same general subject, holds that the nature-study training course should dlfi:'ereutiate nature study from what it is not, make clear the aim of nature study as distinct from that of other related subjects, acquaint the student-teacher with the literature of the subject, give a few type outlines of lessons, and stratify the work for the different grades. M. A. Bigelow sets forth the belief that nature study should not be limited to any particular phase of the subject, that direct observational study is the essential method, that the study should be made from the standpoint of nature as it touches our daily lives, and that close imitation of the technical science of higher schools is highly undesirable for nature study in the elementary schools. C. F. Hodge contributes a pai)er the essence of which appears in the follow- ing quotation : " It would be far better if biology teachers in our normal schools he drawn from graduates of our agricultural colleges, or from the ranks of intelligent gardeners and horticulturists, than from those who have had the present biology course in many colleges and have been given no hint that it is not and can not be 'adapted' to the needs of normal-school students and grade pupils. If the colleges are to train normal-school teachers in biology, it i^! imperative that they supplement their present technical courses by Ji thorough course in biological nature study." Nature courses and science courses, W. F. Ganong (Xaiurc-Study Rev., Jf (1908), No. 8, pp. 2 -'i 2-2. 'f 6) .—This is a reply to a criticism offered by C. F. Hodge on the ordinary courses in secondary science work, as noted above. The author defends them on the ground that they are practicable of educational administration, that the information they imi)art is worth far more to the majority of students than that olTered as substitutes under the name of nature study, and that they give an intf'llcctual training far superior. Recent aspects of the nature-study movement, E. I)Avr;NroRT (Nature- Study Rev., Jf (1908), No. 0, pp. 26l-2li'i). — The author points out the advantage of agriculture as nature study in the fact that it utilizes the child's jiorsonal desire to produce something, and I bus awakens the three strongest impulses to activity — his observing powers, the possibility of exerting controlling influ- ence over natural processes, and the actual production of objects that had no 1094 EXPERT. MEN T STATION KECORD. [)revious existence as sueli. He believes th.-it the appeal of agriculture lies in its utility to the race, and that certain phases of agriculture, well taught in a good high scliool, are a valuable means of education for any man, as well as for the one who is to be a farmer. He suggests, for exami)le, that there is no plant linown to botany more significant in its histological and physiological aspects than is Indian corn, which has the added advantage of a deep signiti- cauce to our social and economic welfare; for "we learn more from inference, even in school, than we do by the direct method." A school-room study of a robin's nest, Jkssie It. INIaxx ( Xatiirc-Stiidu Her., Jf (I90S), y'o. 9, pt). 2U-J-271, fig. 1). — This study was undertaken as a definite attempt to answer questions raised by the children concerning the number of times a day joung birds are fed. wliether the father helps in the feeiling. what liiud of food the parents bring, and how long before the young will fly. Each pupil prepared ruled sheets of paper for the following items: (1) The nnml)er of the feeding for that day, (2) time of feeding, (3) the parent bringing the food, (4) the liind of food brought, (5) the nestling fed (numbered 1, 2, or 3 with ink on its bill), and (G) remarks. Complete all-day observations were made for 6 days — for 3 days in succession in the beginning and for the last 3 days before the birds left the nest when 13 days old. Progressive drawings were made of the dorsal view of the .young birds, the leg and wing structure compared with the human limbs, the development of feather growth and structure, and sketches of the alimentary canal with a stud}' of its functions. MISCELLANEOUS. Twenty-first Annual Beport of Arkansas Station, 1908 (Arkansas Sta. Rpt. I'JOS. pp. IG). — This includes the organization list of the station and a report of the acting director, the latter containing an account of the work and publications of the station and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30. lOoS. Twenty-first Annual Report of Indiana Station, 1908 {Indiana fpropriaf ions by the legislature fctr the ensuing bicnnium for the college and station aggregate .$5U5,0!t!).70. Among the items of expenditure authorized are )fl7(i.7S(j for the school of agriculture and the station, $109,050 for the school of engineering, .$0,.SGS for the main- tenance of the department of home economics, and $4,000 for the institute of animal nutrition. Porto Rico Station. — .Martin J. lorns. horticulturist since December. 1000, died in the hospital at San Juan, May 17. Doctor lorns was born in Louisiana in 1098 KXPKHIMENT STATION KECOHD. IsfiT. niid \v;is jrriuluatt'd fmni ("oi-iicll ( "ullc.m-. IS. specializing for three years in chemistry, botany, physics, and ger)logy, and serving as laboratory assistant. In 1000 he was appointed to the chair of science of Fort Worth I'niversity, Texas, and also served as lecturer in the medical college. This position he re- signed in T.)04 to enter the college of agriculture of Cornell University as a candidate for the degree of Ph. D.. choosing horticulttn-e as a major subject and physiography and soils as minors. Upon receiving the degi'ee in littM) hf served as assistant on the hydrographic survey of Iowa for the United States Geological Survey until receiving his Porto Rico appointment. The work of Doctor lorns in Porto Rico had been attended with much success and his death is a distinct loss to the horticultural interests of the island. He had under way a number of promising investigations which were being pursued with great energy and ability. He was joint author with the former horticul- turist of a bulletin recently issued by the station on Pineapple Growing in Porto Rico, a contributor to the newly established Porto Rico Horticultitidl A'cics, and the author of numerous shorter articles. His short career at the station was characterized by an unselfish devotion to duty and a warm-hearted sympathy with the people for whom he was laboring, which won for him the highest commendation. Rhode Island College.— By a recent act of the general assembly the name of the college has been changed from Rhode Island College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts to Rhode Island State College. The work on the new dormitory and assembly hall is projiressing rapidly, and it is hoped to have the building ready for occuiiancy in the autunni. Tennessee Station. — L. R. Xeel has been appointed assistant in cooperative experiments at Columbia. Texas College and Station. — The legislature has passed a bill establishing four new substations, one to be located in the western part of the State, one in the northwestern portion, one in the black-land belt of the north or central portion, and one in the southern or southeastern portion, together with such other sub- stations as the govei-ning board may determine. The sum of .$2r).000 annually for the biennium beginning Septeml)er 1 has been appropriated for the estab- lishment and maintenance of these substations. Work has been begun on the new .$35.fMlO station administration building, and it is expected that this will be completed by September 1. For equipment about $15,000 will be available from the surplus derived from fees collected under the State feeding stuffs inspection law. The new engineering building, costing $65.00(3. is to be completed al)0ut August 1. The departments of civil, electrical, and architectural engineering are to be quartered in this building. L. I.. Mclnnis. of the board of directors, has Iteen succeeded by A. K. .McCol- lum. of Waco. Vermont University and Station. — M. B. Cumraings, a graduate of the uni- versity in 1901 and at present assistant in horticulture at Cornell University, has been appointed professor of horticulture in the university and horticulturist in the station, vice William Stuart, whose resignation has beeu previously noted. H. L. Miner, assistant chemist, has resigned to engage in commercial work. Washington College.— A better-farming special train, sent out March 22-27 through five counties in the eastern part of the State, was visited by nearly ^'OTES. 1099 lO.WO i»ersons on its trip. W. I>. Fcisfcr lins liccii in-diiKitoil to tbo suiierin- tt'iitleiK-y of the colletio farm. Wisconsin University.— Tlio Student Fa ink r .innoiinces that the l)oarcl of I'ejrent.^ has nHciilly established two fellowships at $400 a year and two schohu"- ships at $22."* a year for graduate students in a^'riculture. These are to be open to {graduates of colleyes of recopiized standinj^ and otlier students with ecjuivalent education, and Itotli men and wf)nien are to be eliirible. United States Department of Agriculture. — C. B. Lane, assistant chief of the Dairy Division since 10(»3, has resigned to accept a position with a large dairy concern in Philadelphia, taking up his new work aliout June 15. James B. Rorer, of the fruit disease investigations of the Bureau of Plant Industry, has accepted a two-year aiti>ointment as mycologist and pathologist for the Board of Agriculture in Trinidad, and has entered upon his duties. Dr. C. C. Clark, associate statistician of the Bureau of Statistics, has resigned to become statistician of the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome. Fourth Graduate School of Agriculture. — The fourth session of the Graduate School of Agriculture is to be held during the summer of 1910 at Ames. Iowa, under the auspices of the State College of Agriculture and Mechanic Arts. The school will, as formerly, lie under the general management of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations through its com- mittee on graduate study, of which Dr. H. "P. Armsby has recently been made chairman. Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, has again consentes and practice of agricultural analysis, Wiley 1 102 Report of progress in agricultural chemistry in 1907, Dietrich et al 1102 Important articles on sugar chemistry in 1908, Von Lippman 1102 The solubility of lime in water. Moody and Leyson 1102 The decomposition of feldspar by water. Funk 1102 The different forms of nitrogen in proteins, Osborne et al 1102 Products formed by the decomposition of casein, Bisaeggerand Stegmann 1103 On the presence of isoleucin in casein, Weitzenbock 1103 A note on the constitution of phytin, Winterstein 1104 The inversion of cane sugar by invertase, II, Hudson 1104 Gravimetric determination of nitric acid, Hes 1104 Modification of the Kjeldahl method, Corradi 1104 The determination of potash as pota.ssium molybdic phosphate, Schlicht 1104 On the quantitative determination of potash, Kiihl 1105 Determination of insoluble phosphoric acid. Carpenter 1105 The determination of phosph(jric acid in Thomas slag, Romanski 1105 Determination of caustic lime, Philossophoff 1105 Report of committee on methods of analysis of water and sewage, Phelps et al. . 1105 The examination of waters in place, Klut 1105 Detection and determination of nitrates and nitrites in water, Tabuteau 1105 A new method of detecting nitrites in drinking water, Rochaix 1 105 The estimation of urea in urine, Benedict and Gei)hart 1105 The determination of total sulphur in urine. Gill and Grindley 110(5 Identification of horse meat by the biological method, Baier and Reuchlin 1100 The identification of horse meat in sausage, Behre 1106 The accumulation of tyrosin in preserved liver, Behre 1106 I II CONTENTS. The determination of malic acid in food products, Cowlcs, jr 1106 Estimation of tartaric in presence of malic and succinic acids, Gowing-Scopee. HOC The determination of bone acid with iodin, iJarthe 1100 Work of Commission for Uniform Methods of Sufijar Analysis, Wiechmann 1106 History, manufacture, and analysis of maple products, Sy J 106 The lead value of maple products, Sy 1 lOG Estimation of henzaldehyde in almond extracts, Woodman and Lyford 1107 The determination of aldehydes in oil of lemon, Bennett 1107 The d(>te(tion of caramel in vanilla extract, Woodman and Newhall 1107 A color reaction for mustard, Merl 1107 A doubtful color reaction, JMerl 1107 Decree relating to methods for analysis of wines, alcohol, brandies, and liqueurs. 1107 Analysis of milks, Hinard 1107 On the testing for ferments, especially in milk, Rothenfusser 1107 On milk judging, Christensen 1108 A new reaction differentiating raw from heated milk, Wilkinson and Peters. . . 1108 The freezing point of milk as affected by the addition of water, Fischer 1108 The freezing point of milk, Atkins 1108 Contrivance for determination of fat in milk by Gottlieb-Rose method, Rieter. 1108 The determination of fat in skim milk, Leze 1108 A study of the Leze prof^ess for the analysis of skim milk, Leze et al 1108 Rapid method for estimation of formaldehyde in milk, Shrewsbury and Knapp. 1109 Disadvantages of potassium bichromate as a preservative, Monvoisin 1109 The determination of the moisture content of butter, Bengen 1109 Studies on fatty acids in butter. Dons 1109 The Miintz-Coudon number in butters from the vicinity of Pavia, Monti 1109 Artificial means of increasing the Reichert-Meissl value of butter fat, Fincke.. 1109 The determination of sugar in molasses feeds by polarization, Herles 1109 Rapid determination of oil in cotton-seed products, Herty, Stem, and Orr 1109 The higher melting point constituents of Japanese fish oil, Okada 1109 Detection of savin ou, Beythien and Atenstiidt 1110 Characteristics of ergot and lycopodium oils and areca-nut fat, Rathje 1110 Miscellaneous analyses], Annett 1110 Miscellaneous analyses], Graftiau ] 110 Miscellaneous analyses], Sedgwick 1110 Miscellaneous analyses], McCrae 1110 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Introduction to weather forecasting, Van Bebber 1110 Constantly appearing secondary maxima and minima. Van Rijckevorsel 1110 The isothermal layer of the atmosphere and atmospheric radiation. Gold 1110 The isothermal layer of the atmosphere, Craig, Dines, Hughes, and Gold 1110 Recent observations in atmospheric electricity. Dike 1110 Origin of ozone and of variation of carbon dioxid in air, Henriet and Bouyssy. 1111 Analyses of air, Miquel 1111 [Meteorological observations in Trinidad], Hart and Millen 1111 The rainfall in Natal, Nevill 1111 Contributions to hydrology, Dessoliers 1111 Underground waters of Georgia, McCallie 1111 Dew ponds, Hubbard 1112 A phase of ground water problems in the West, Mendenhall 1112 The presence of nitrites and ammonia in drinking water, Van Eyk 1112 The removal of iron from well water, Peters 1112 The purification of ground waters containing iron and manganese, Weston. . . . 1112 Chemical purification of drinking water in the country, Laurent 1112 The recent Parisian experiments on water sterilization by ozone, Daage 1113 Sterilization of potable water by the mercury vapor lamp, Courmont and Nogier . 1113 Examination of water, Miquel 1113 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The soil. Hall 1113 The genetic classification of soils, Tulaikov 1113 Soil investigations, I, Bjorlykke 1113 Biochemical studies in forest soils, Albert and Luther 1113 Chemico-agricultural study of the soils of Poggiomarino, De Grazia 1114 CONTENTS. Ill Accumulation of nitrofron, carbon, and humus in a prairio noil, Alway and Vail . . 1114 Soil acidity in its relation to lack of available |)hosi)hal('s, Stoddart 1114 The problem of our unproductive lands, Cherry 1114 Effect of various mulching materials on the productiveness of soils, Clausen. . . 1 115 Fixation of free nitrogen, nitrification, etc., Koch 1115 Assimilation of free nitrogen by Azotobacter and Radiobacter, Stoklasa et al. . 1115 Nitrogen and nitragin, Ewart 1110 The inoculation of leguminous crops, Chittenden I IKj Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, Gimingham llKj Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, Keeble 1116 Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, Chittenden 1117 Nitro-bacterine, Ilenslow 1117 Experiments with nitro-bacterine, Bottomley 1117 Investigations on lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, Sabaschnikoff 1117 The chemical changes in lime nitrogen when used as a fertilizer, Kappen 1117 The decomposition of lime nitrogen, III, Lohnis and Moll 1117 Is dicyandiamid a poison for field crops? Loew 1118 An observation on calcium cyanamid, Aeby 1 11>. J, pp. 52-o!J). — A critical study of the sodium peroxid method for the determination of total sulphur in urine, which according to the authors shows a loss of sulphur when such methods are used "and probably in fact where any alkaline fusion methods are used. . . . Experiments are now being made in this laboratory to determine the nature and extent of the losses, if any, occurring in the determination of sulphur in foods and feces. Results so far obtained show that the determination of the total sulphur in footls and feces by the method of procedui-e usually employed in the determination of total sulphur in urines gives fusions which more or less fi-e- quently evolve liydrogcn-sulphid gas uiion being acidified." The identification of horse meat by the biolog'ical method, E. Baier and E. Keuchlin (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmiL, 15 (1908), No. 9, pp. 513-520). — On the basis of their investigations the authors conclude that this method is satisfactory for the detection of horse meat in dried sausage. The identification of horse meat in sausag-e, A. Behre (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. (lciuiss)nil., 15 (1908), Xo. 9, pp. 521-526). — According to the author's studies, the chief difficulty in ai)p]yiug the biological method is the preparation of a suitable antiserum. The accumulation of tyrosin in preserved liver, A. Behre (Ztschr. Unter- such. Nahr. u. G< luissintL, 15 {190>i), No. 9, pp. 525, 526). — The presence of free tyrosin in preserved liver indicates decomposition and goods showing it should not be offered for sale. The determination of malic acid in food products, H. W. Cowles, Jr, {Jour. Amer. Chem. »S'oc., 30 (1908), No. 8, pp. 1285-1288; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 1, p. 83).— N critical study of methods. The estimation of tartaric acid in the presence of malic and succinic acids, L. (iowi.NG-Scoi'KS (Analyst, .ij (190S). No. 3S9, pp. 315-319).— \ critical study of methods. The determination of boric acid with iodin, 31. L. Barthe (Proc. Verb. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Nat. Bordeaux, 1906-1, pp. J/l, ^2). — The author believes that under the usual laboratory conditions it is not possible to determine boric acid satis- factorily with iodin in the presence of glycerin and mannit. Resume of the "work of the International Commission for Uniform Meth- ods of Sug'ar Analysis, E. (i. Wiechmaxn (Internat. Suf/ar Jour., 11 (1909), No. 123, pp. 12'i-l33).—\ digest of data. History, manufacture, and analysis of maple products, A. P. Sy (Jour. Franklin Inst., 166 (1908), pp. 2J,9-280 ; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 (1908), No. 2.',, p. 3376). — The history of maple sugar making, the botanical classification and distribution of sugar maple, the physiology of sap flow, and other similar matters are discussed and an account of the development of processes for the manufacture of maple products is given. The analysis of maple products is also considered, and experimental work carried on in an attempt to isolate flavoring substances i)resent in maple sap is described. The lead value of maple products, A. P. Sy (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc., 30 (1908), No. 10, pp. 1611-1616; abs. in Chem. Abs., 2 (1908), No. 2',. pp. 3376. 3377), — By lead value is meant the amount of lead iu grams found in the pre- AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. HOT cipitate foriuod by adding lu'iitnil load acelalo to lUO ^mu. inaplo sugar or lUO cc. sirup. Investigation showed that concordant results can be obtained if the method is followed closelj-, and pure and adulterated products are readily differentiated. The method is as follows: To 50 gm. sugar, or 50 cc, sirup, add 200 cc. water, heat to boiling, add 20 cc. of a 10 per cent solution lead acetate (neutral), cover, heat again to boiling, let stand till cold, filter, and wash with 100 cc. water. Transfer lilter and precii)itate to a 400 cc. beaker and digest with 15 cc. HNO3 and 10 cc. HCl until colorless; cool, add 10 cc. ILSOi, heat to fumes; cool, add 50 cc. water and 100 alcohol; determine PbS04, as usual. PbS04X1.366=lead value, which should be not less than 0.250 and is usually over 0.300 for pure maple products. The results of determinations made with SO samples are given. See also a previous note ( E. S. R.. IS. p. 525). The colorimetric estimation of benzaldehyde in almond extracts, A. G. WooD.M.\N and E. F. Lyford (Jour. Amci: Clicm. Soc, 30 {U)OS), Xo. 10, pp. 1607-1611). — An adaptation of the fuchsin sulphurous-acid method to the esti- mation of small amounts of benzaldehyde is described. "A number of test analyses have demonstrated the accuracy of the method "and its convenience in the assay of commercial almond extracts. It is probable that it could be applied also to the valuation of almond oils." The determination of aldehydes in oil of lemon, A. H. Bennett (Analyst, 3.', (lUOfl). \o. S9.i, pp. i//-/7).— A study of methods. The detection of caramel in vanilla extract, A. G. Woodman and E. H. Newhall (Tech. Quart., 21 (1908), No. 3, pp. 280-287; Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 1, p. 86). — Comparative tests of pure and specified vanillas showed that the use of absorptive reagents such as fullei"'s earth, or the removing of the natural color by selective solvents, is of little value. The best results are obtained with phenylhydrazin and paraldehyde. A color reaction for mustard, T. Merl (Ztschr. TJntcrsuch. Xahr. u. Ge- nussmtL, 15 (1908), Xo. 9, pp. o26. 527). — Note on the detection of curcuma and coal-tar dyes in mustard. A doubtful color reaction, T. Merl (Ztschr. Untcrsucli. Xulir. u. Gcnussmtl., 15 (/90S), Xfi. !i. PI). .')2S. 529). — Note on nnistard analysis. Decree relating to methods for analysis of wines, alcohol, brandies, and liqueurs (Hiil. Mens. Off. RviisvUj. A;/r. \l'iiris], 7 (190:>), Xo. 5, pp. 522. 523).— Official methods are prescribed for determining the dry extract at 100° of ordinary wines and for the determination of impurities of alcohols, brandies, and li(]ueurs in accordance with the law of August 1, 1005. Analysis of milks, G. IIinard (Analyse dcs Luits. I'uri.s, [t909], pp. 190, figs. 6). — This handbook was written for the dairy chemist. Methoils for the physical examination and the chemical analysis of normal and adulterated milks are descrihetl. On the testing for ferments, especially in milk, S. Kothenkusskr (Ztschr. Untrrsiich. Xahr. 11. (Icniissnitl., Ill ilUIIS), Xo. 1-2, pp. (}3-7.'i). — The author re- views the various methods which have i»een jjroixtsed for ascertaining whether or not milk has been heated, and classifies them as folktws: (1) Those which precipitate casein .md fat by various agencies, (2) tests for oxidases, (3) tests for substances wliicli d('comi)ose hydrogen peioxid, and (4) tesis for reductases. There are also i)hysical methods which arc :it picsciii li0 ; IS, pp. (!!>0-(!!)2). — This paper contains a discussion of the reductase test as to the purity and lieopinj; (piality of niillc, originally proposed by Neisser and WechslxM-^. Tlie results obtained by Bartlicl ( K. S! R., 20, p. 12) are qnoted at len.^th. A new reaction differentiating raw milk from heated (pasteurized) milk, as well as for the detection of hydrogen peroxid, W. I*. Wilkinson and It. C. I'KTKRS (Join: Dcpt. Afjr. Victoria, G (JHOS), Xo. .',, pp. 251-253; Ztschi: Untcr- .-iitrfi. Xolir. II. (Icniissintl., Hi (1908), No. 3, pp. 172-nJi; ab-t. in Rev. Clin. Lait, 7 ( WOS), \o. 7, p. U)2). — This is a critical review of the methods which have been susflfsted for this purpose. The authors also jjive the results of their experiments with I)enzidin according to the following method: "To 10 cc. of the millc to be tested are added 2 cc. of an alcoholic solution of l)enzidin. then 2 to .'i drops of glacial acetic acid (just sullicient to cause coagulation of the milk), shake the whole, and finally add 2 cc. of a 3 per cent solution of hydrogen peroxid. If the milk is unboiled or if it has not been heated to above 78° C, an intense blue coloration is immedi- ately produced. Milk which has been heated to above 80° does not show any change by this treatment." The advantages of using the benzidin test are that the reaction is more relia- ble than either the guaiac or potassium-iodid test, and more sensitive and intense than the iiaraphenylendiamin test. The reagent is also cheaj) :iud will keep for a long time. "The usefulness of benzidin as a test for imboiled milk may be extended by reversing the reaction and applying it as a very sensitive test for hydrogen peroxid." The freezing point of milk as affected by the addition of water, P. Fischer (Pharm. Ztg.. 53 (1908), No. 5, pp. ^8, 49).— The author found the freezing point of 100 samples of milk to vary from — 0..54 to — 0..")S° C Whenever water was added the freezing point was raised, and he concludes that the freezing point of milk will vary according to the percentage of water added to it. The freezing point of milk, W. li. G. Atkins (Clicm. Xcir-s, 97 (1908), No, 2530, pp. 2J,1, 21,2; Dairy, 20 (1908), No. 237, p. 238; abs. in Analyst, 33 (1908), No. 388, p. 279). — The author found the mean freezing point of milk to be — 0.55° C. and fairly constant, the variations rarely exceeding 0.03°. If milk is skimmed the specific gravity will be too high, but the freezing point will be unaffectetl, as fats have no effect on the freezing point. If water is added to bring the specific gravity to the correct value, the freezing point will be nearer that of pure water. A contrivance for the determination of fat in milk by the Gottlieb-Rose method, E. IiIeteb (Hcliicciz. Wctnischr. Chcm. ii. I'hiirin.. .'/ 'i [liXHi), .Yo. 12. pp. 170-172, fig. 1; Ann. CJiim. Analyt., 14 (1909), No. 2. pp. 5-'i-57, fig. /).— This is a description of a tube used in the author's modification of the Gottlieb-Rose method of determining the fat content. The determination of fat in skim milk, R. Leze (Ann. Chim. Analyt., 13 (1908). No. 5. pp. 179. 180; abs. in Ztfichr. Untrr.such. Nahr. u. GcnussmtL, 16 (1908). No. 11, p. 701). — The author adds ammonia and sodium hydroxid to skim milk, which is then centrifuged and the portion containing the fat tested as in the case of whole milk. A study of the Leze process for the analysis of skim milk, R. Leze, Routines, and Duflos (Rev. G6n. Lait, 7 (1909), No. 9, pp. 193-W7).—In order .o overcome the variable results obtained in some cases by the LezC' method, noted above, the authors point out the conditions requisite for accurate determi- nations with this method. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 1109 A rapid method for the detection and estimation of formaldehyde in milk, H. S. SiiKKWsiuiiv :ijid A. W. Knaim' (.1/(«///.s7, ■{.'/ (/yc.V). .Vo. .WJ, /ip. I>-IJ,).— This is :i pniuT presented at the meeting of the Society of I'ublic Aii;ilysts ;ui-.:,Si).— The autlior used the ^liintz-C'oudon modification of the Polenske method in an examination of 70 sami)les of butter as to adulteration with other fats. A butter having a higher number than 13.3G is deemed free from coconut fat. Artificial means of increasing the Reichert-Meissl value and saponification value of butter fat, H. Fincke {Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. flcnussintl., 16 {1908), Xo. 11, pp. 666-673; abs. in Analyst. 3', {1909), Xo. 395, pp. 50, 51).— The author describes methods for the determination of acetin and triacetin when it is suspected that oils containing the.se glycerids have been added to fats for the jmrpose of imitating butter. The determination of sugar in molasses feeds by polarization, F. IIeri-ks {Ztschr. ZiicL-cruiilit.s. liolnncn, 82 {1908), Xo. It, pp. 626^628). — ^The autlior describes a method of determinhig the sugar content in molasses feeds which he has successfully used for the i»ast 10 years. Rapid determination of oil in cotton-seed products, C. H. IIerty, F. R, Stem, and .M. Oku {.lour. Indus, and l-Juf/in. i'hcni., 1 (1909). Xo. 2, pp. 76-81). — In this article the objections to the usual methods are enumerated and a new metlmd is described, in which the objections are said to be met. The higher melting point constituents of Japanese fish oil, II. ()kai>\ {Vhcm. Zt(j., 32 {1908), Xo. 99. pp. 1199-1201, figs. 2; abs. in Analyst. 3', ( 1909). No. 395, p. 62). — A fish oil derived fr(»m several species of herring was found to Lave a melting i»oint of li4 to 35° C. The sapop.ilication value was 1!).">.!). the 1110 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iodiii value was 20.7. and the refractoinotcr reading at 41 to 42° C. was 1.4545. The oil was found to contain oleic acid and solid acids which appeared to be a mixture of steiiric and isocetic acids. Detection of savin oil, A. Beythien and P. Atf:nstadt (Zt.schr. Untcrsuch. A'ahr. n. (Iniii.s.siiitl., JG (/.W.S), A"o. //. pit. Gll-iilU ; abs. in Aiiiilyxt, Sf/ {IHOit), .A o. ,i!)'). PI). G.i. U.'i). — A note (»n methods for difft'renlialin.u between savin oil, juniper oil, and turpentine. Characteristics of ergot and lycopodium oils and areca-nut fat, A. Katiije (.Ire//. I'iKinii.. .I'ld ilHOS). \o. !>. int. 6!).i-7(J!) ; ah>;. in Andli/st. .i', {IHO!)). Xo. ii!h'). !>. a.',). — Anai.vtical data are given on these oils. [Miscellaneous analyses], H. E. Annett {Ann. Ilpt. Dcpt. Ayr. Bomhay, 1907-S, pp. 27-31). — This is the annual report of the otticial chemist and contains analyst's of milk, cream, oil seeds, and other agricultural products. [Miscellaneous analyses], J. Graftiau (Rap. Lab. Anal. Louvain. 1906, pp. 17; 1H07, pp. 10). — These iire the annual reports of the otticial chemist and contain analyses of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and agricultural products. [Miscellaneous analyses]. T. F. Sedgwick {Mem. Dir, Fovicnto [Peru], 1007-8, col. 1, pp. 53-101). — This is the annual report of the sugar cane experi- ment station for the year ending March 31, 190S. During the year 447 samples of soils, fertilizers, sugars, and other agricultural materials were analyzed. [Miscellaneous analyses], J. McCrae {Transvaal (Jovt. Labs. Ann. Rpt. 1907-8, pp. 5-21). — This is the annual report of the government analyst and contains analyses of milk, meal, tlour, water, and other agricultural materials. IVEETEOROLOGY— WATER. Introduction to weather forecasting, W. J. van Bebber {Anlcitung zur AufstcUuny von Wetter vorhcrsagcn. Brunswick, 1908, 2. rev. ed., pp. VI +38, figs. 16; rev. in Beibl. Ann. Phys., 33 {1909), No. 5, pp. 306, 307).— A second revised edition of this pamphlet, which contains a brief popular discussion of the sub.iect for the use of schools and farmers. Constantly appearing secondary maxima and minima in the yearly course of meteorological elements, Van Kijckevorsel {Konstant uuftrctendc sec- unddre Maxima und Minima in dem jdhrlichen Vcrlaiif der meteorologischen Erschcinungen. Rotterdam, 1908, pt. 5, pp. l.'i. fig. 1, charts 3; rev. in Beibl. Ann. Phys.. 33 {1909), Xo. 5, p. 306). — Temperature, pressure, and rainfall curves are traced and discussed. The isothermal layer of the atmosphere and atmospheric radiation, E. Gold {Proc. Roy. Sac. [London\, Srr. A, 82 {1909), Xo. A55t, pp. .',3-70). —The topics treated in this article are the phenomenon of the isothermal layer and the experimental evidence of its existence ; the possible temperature distribu- tions in an atmosphere; experimental data on gaseous radiation and absorp- tion ; and general expressions for the radiation from the atmosphere and con- ditions of its e(piilibrium as ai)plied to an atmosphere of uniform constitution, the earth's atmosphere, taking into account the diminution of water vapor with height, and the day and night temperatures of the earth's surface. The isothermal layer of the atmosphere, ,J. I. Craig, W. H. Dines, R. H. Hughes, and E. Gold {Xatiire [London], 78 {1908), Xo. 2031, pp. 550-552; 79 {1909), Xo.^. 20.',5, pp. 281, 282; 20.i,7, pp. 3.1,0, 3J,1 ; SO {1909), No. 2055, p. 68).— The paper noted above is briefly discussed in this series of articles. Recent observations in atmospheric electricity, P. H. Dike {Atner. Jour. Sci., //. ser., 27 {1909), Xo. 159, pp. 197-209). — This is a paper presented before the Philosophical Society of Washington and is a critical review of recent work of investigators in this great field, which is said to be almost entirely neglected in this country. METEOROLOGY — WATER , 1111 The origin of atmospheric ozone and the causes of variation of carbon dioxid in the air, II. IIknkikt and M. Bouyssy (Ann. Observ. Munic. (Ohserv. Montsouri.s) [I'aris], 0 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 167-195).— Th\ii is a detailed ac- count of investi.t;ati()ns, a brief rei)ort of which has already been noted (E. S. R., 2C). p. 422). Analyses of air, P. Miquel (Ann. Obsvrv. Munic. (Ohsrrv. Montfiouris) [ I'd lis \. !) {I DOS). Xo. 1-2, pp. 7-28). — Numerous determinations of ozone and carbcm dioxid in the free air and more detailed examinations of the confined air of subways, tunnels, and buildings are reported. [Meteorological observations in Trinidad], J. H. Hart and H. Millen (But. Dipt. Trinidad Ann. Rpt. 1908. pp. 2.^. 23, J^-J7 ) .—Tables are given which show the monthly and annual rainfall at the Koyal Botanic Gardens from 1.SG2 to 1907; mean annual barometric pressure, temperature, and rainfall at the same place, ISnS to 1!M»T: and observations on rainfall during 19(»7 at 50 stations in Trinidad: besides miscellaneous meteorological observations during that year at various stations in the island. The mean annual rainfall at the botanic gardens, 1802 to 1007, was 72.39 in.; for 20 years, 1888 to 1907, 66.0 in. The mean barometric pressure for the 20 years, 1888 to 1907, was 29.90 in. ; the annual temperature 78.50. The rainfall in Natal, E. Xevill (Natal Agr. Jour.. 11 (1908). No. 12, pp. 1531-1533). — Attention is called to the fact that there is a distinct IS-year periodical tiuctuation in rainfall in Natal, the epochs of heaviest rainfall center- ing around the years 1855-50, 1873-74. and 1S92-93. The indications point to a similar exceptionally heavy rainfall centering around the year 1910-11. The excess of rain is usually spread over a period of about 5 years. These periods of excessive rainfall are attributed to the gradual northerly drift of the great rain belt, the normal position of which is to the southeast of Cape Colony. It is noted also that these epochs of heavy rainfall coincide " with that of the approach of the node of the moon's orbit to the i)osition of the vernal or spring equinox, when the inclination of the plane of the moon's orbit to the plane of the terrestrial equator reaches its maximum value, as if there were some con- nection between the two occurrences, and this coincidence points to a possible cause of this 18-year fluctuation in the rainfall. ... If the great rain belt has any tendency to follow the deformation of the atmosphere under the attrac- tion of the moon, as it should according to theory, then the greatest northerly drift will occur when the moon's node approaches the vernal equinox, and this is exactly what is indicated by the observations. It is to be noted that this is purely a local cause affecting Southeast Africa, and not necessarily holding of any other place. . . . " It is noteworthy that three 11 or 12 year solar periods of variation in density of rain belt are not very different from two 18-year lunar periods, so that every 35 or 36 years the two should coincide and give rise to a specially heavy excess of rain, similar to that which is recorded by the observations. Thus the excess of rainfall near 1855-56 and 1892-93 was much heavier than that at the intermediate 18-year epoch in 1873-74. If this be so, the coming heavy rains of 1910-11 will not be so heavy as those of either 1855-56 or 18! (2-93. " Contributions to hydrology, II, Dessoliers (Contributions Dirrrsrs d r/fi/drofpncsr. Attjicrs, 1908. pp. I(;8. pis. .), fifjs. .',). — This is a series of articles treating of sources and means of conserving and increasing the water supply. Underground waters of Georgia, S. W. McCallie (Choi. Sun-cy Oa. Bui. 15, pp. .no. Ills. 29, fiijs. 5, map /), — This report has an introductory chapter on the general conditions controlling the amount of water taken up by soils, dis- cusses briefly the physiograp'iy .ind geology of Georgia, and takes up in detail 1112 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the amount, composition and other ciiaracteristics of the underground water by j^eolof^ical formations and by counties. The rejtort is in [lart a revision of a paper on the artesian well system of (Jeorj^ia. iiuhlished in l.S!)S. Dew ponds, G. IIubbaru {Jour. Roy. Soc. Arl.s, J7 {1900), \o. 2DS7, pp. 330- 34O). — The article tells what dew i)onds are, explains the conditions essential to their eftlcient action, and discusses the possibility of their introduction with advantajre into arid rejiions. Accurate data are too limited to draw positive conclusions as to the latter point. S«h' also a previous note (K. S. li., 17, \). ^'ili). A phase of ground water problems in the West, W. C. Mkndkniiall {Ecou. GcoL, -'1 (JHO'J), Xo. 1, pp. 3o-'i'), fign. 2). — This article is based upon observa- tions on " the relation of the withdrawals of ground water by artilicial means to the recharge from precipitation and run-off" in the San Bernardino Valley, California, " where, during 8 or 9 years past, the total developed waters and the total waters that rise naturally in springs have been measured twice an- nually. The total water from both these sources, all of which is used for domestic purposes or for irrigation, has increased slowly, although irregularly, to kef»p pace with the increasing poi)ulation of the dependent communities, but the most striking fact brought out by the measurements is the general increase in the amount of developed water, accompanying an equally marked general decrease in the natural waters; that is to say, the flow of springs has lessened markedly as the yield of wells has increased. . . . " Detailed measurements have not been made for other of the many basins that together constitute the valley of southern California, but there is no doubt that were they to be had they would indicate about the same condition that exists in the San Bernardino basin." The need of " constant I'ccords of fluctuations in ground water levels, for com- parison with the average rainfall, or the average flow of the supplying stream," is emphasized. The presence of nitrites and ammonia in drinking water, S. Van Eyk {Phurm. Weekbl, J,5 {1908), A'o. .',1, pp. 1162-1165; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {190V), No. 6, p. 682). — The occurrence of considerable amounts of nitrites in water from a zinc-lined pump is reported. An investigation of the matter indicated that the nitrites were due to the reduction of nitrates by the zinc. The removal of iron from well water, Peters {Ztschr. Jlijg. u. Infcktions- l-rank., 61 (1908), No. 2, pp. 2'il-261 ; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 6, p. 6S2). — The method proposed is to pour into the well water which has been standing for some time in the open air and has become thoroughly aerated. The iron is precipitated by the oxygen thus introduced and the water may be pumped out and filtered. The purification of ground waters containing iron and manganese, R. S. Weston {I'roc. Amcr. Soc. Civ. Enyin., 3-J {1908), No. 10, pp. 1.U',-1S93, pis. 3, figs. 8; 35 {1909), No. 2, pp. 1.50-166, fig. 1; abs. in Engin. Rcc, 59 (1909), No. 6, pp. l-'i6-l.',8, fig. 1; Engin. Digest. 5 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2.5i-2.56).— This article explains that the method of deferrization which it is advisable to use in any given case depends upon the comp(!sition and character of the water. A careful study of the water is therefore a necessary preliminary to the application of etflcient methods. Methods which have been employed with success are described. The most important feature of all of these methods is thorough aeration. Chemical purification of drinking water in the country, J. Laurent {Jour. Pharni. et Cliini., 6. ser.. 28 (1908), No. 9, pp. 392, 393; abs. in Rer. Sei. [Paris], -'/? (1909), I, No. 5, p. 150). — I>irections are given for the application of a method based upon the use of permanganate of potash and alum followed by the addition of sodium hyposulphite and carbonate. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1113 The recent Parisian experiments on water sterilization by ozone, C. Daagk (Eityiii. lice, o9 (lUOD), No. 7, p. 1S3). — ExiKjriiueiits with Siemeus-de Frise ozouizers are reported. The treatment was found to be very effective in (lestroyiiiic or.sanisuis in the water. On the sterilization of potable water by means of the mercury vapor lamp, J. CouRMOAT and T. NoGiKK [Coinpi. Itend. Acad. tici. [Pari.'^], I'/S {1909), No. S, pp. 523, 52Ji). — Experiments are reported which show that by the use of the Kromayer mercury vapor lamp complete sterilization can be secured in from 1 to' 2 minutes, even when the samples are very highly polluted. Examinations of water, P. Miquel {Ann. Observ. Mntiic. (Ohserv. Mont- souris) [Paris], 9 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 29-62). — Detailed examinations of potable waters of Paris and environs, sewage and drainage waters, and rain water are reported. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The soil, A. D. Hall' (London, 190S, 2. cd., rev. and cnh, pp XV+311, pis. 13, pgs. -'i). — This is a second revised and enlarged edition of this work, which is described as an introduction to the scientific study of the growth of crops. The principal changes which have been made are a revision of the method of mechanical analysis of soils, modification of the author's views on the nature of clay and on the absorption of ammonium and other salts by zeolitic silicates in the soil, and enlargement and complete revision of the chapter on the living organisms of the soil, besides numerous minor corrections and modifications. The genetic classification of soils, N. Tulaikov (Jour. Agr. Set., 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 80-8-5). — This is a brief descrii)tion of the genetic classification of soils as worked out by Dokouchayev and Sibertzev in Russia (E. S. R., 12, pp. 7()4, 807; 19, p. 314) and partially adopted by Hilgard and Ramann. In this classification the word soil is taken to mean " the loose surface strata of the earth's crust in which general dynamic processes (weathering, erosion, etc.) have taken place, and are taking place in conjunction with chemieo- biological processes." The classifi(ati(m includes 7 tyi)es. as follows: Laterite soils, wind-blown loess soils, soils of the dry steppe, black soils (chernozem), gray soils, peat and ashy (podzol) soils, and fenland (tundra) soils. These 7 fundamental groups of soils "are spread over the surface of large continents in zones which coincide with the physico-geographical zones of those conti- nents." It is stated that notwithstanding the seeming complexity of this classification, " its fnndamentiil feature is the general statement that soil is the product of Ihe-conditions of its development, and that the pec-uliMrities of soils are closely interrelatetl." Soil investigations, I, K. O. Rjoklykkk (Tid.sKkr. Norskv Landhr., 15 (I'.XJS). No. II. pp. y.lG-oO.'i). — A discussion of the principles underlying the prol»lem of soil studies. In this article considerable attention is given to American work in this line, particularly to that of Hilgard. Biochemical studies in forest soils, R. Albert and A. Luther (.lour. Laudw., 56 (1908). No. .',. pp. .i.',7-370: nhx. in Chrm. ZcnthL, 1909, I. No. 7, /). 572).^ The studies, which were made with four diluvial forest soils, included deter- minations by Remy's method of putrefactive caitacity under different conditions of season and water supply, nitrifying power by the liuhlert and Ficki-ndey method, ferment.-itive power for soluble carbohydrates i)y the Reniy method, and physical and chemic-il «'xaminations of the soils. The studies reported are considered preliminary to fnrther investigations and tht'refore few con- 1114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, elusions are drawn. Tlic results in ,i:<'nci:il indiintc the usefulness of Keiny's methods of study. A certain parallelism was oi)served to exist helweS'»p. Agr. Portici, 2. se, ., 7 (HJOl), pp. 26). — Poggioniarino is a district in the province of Naples, its soils being of volcanic origin. The me- chanical auiilysis, litlio-mineralogical analysis of the coarse material, pliysico- chemical analysis (Schlocsing), and a brief cliemical analysis of soil from seven points in the region are giv(>n and discussed at considerable length. In general the soil of the region maj' be classified as fertile. A remarkable accumulation of nitrogen, carbon, and humus in a prairie soil, F. J. Alway and C. E. Vail (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., J {I'.IO!)), Xo. 2, pp. 7//-7'6). — Analyses of 2 types of soil, bowlder clay and lacustral clay, from the experimental farm at Indian Head are rei)orted. The samples of laeusti'al clay were taken from the summits of hummocks w^hich are a charac- teristic feature of the area under consideration, as well as from rifts between the hummocks. No marked difference was observed in the composition of the till and the soil from the summits of the hummocks. The rifts, however, con- tained nioi'e than twice as much humus (7.1S per cent), humus nitrogen (0.46 per cent), total nitrogen (0.84 per cent), and carbon (10.59 per cent) as the soil frou! the tops of the liummocks. Soil acidity in its relation to lack of available phosphates, C. W. Stoddart (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Cheni., 1 (1909), No. 2. pp. 69-7.'i; abs. in Jour. Sac. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 6, p. 320).— In a previous jiaper (E. S. R., 18, p. 1024; 19. p. 17) it was shown that acid soils are as a rule in need of phos- phates. Further study of typical acid and neutral soils, more particularly the relation of phosphoric acid to humus, showed that the phosi)horic acid content of the humus was about the same in both acid and nonacid soils. The acid soils con- tained a higher percentage of total phosphoric acid in combination with iron and aluminum and less in combination with calcium than the nonacid soils. Some of the results obtained indicate tliat the phosiihorus of humus may not be available to plants. Fifth-normal nitric acid was found to be an excellent indicator of soil needs with respect to phosphates, due to the fact that it deter- mines with accuracy the amount of calcium phosphate in soils. The general conclusion is reached that as far as Wisconsin soils are concerned, when the percentage of phosphoric acid soluble in fifth-normal nitric acid falls below 0.015 the soils will respond to phosphate fertilizer. The problem of our unproductive lands, T. Chkrry (Jour. Drpt. Agr. Vic- toria. 7 (1909). No. 1. pp. tS-25). — The lands referred to include "first approxi- mately 4 million acres of the inferior and poor parts of the Mallee; second, at least double that area of hilly country forming the main part of the (Jreat Dividing Range and its northern and southern spurs; and third, perhaps million acres of the sandy land along the coast. The total area is at least one-fourth of the entire extent of Victoria."' SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 1115 The composition of the soil of these areas as couiparetl with that of other parts of Victoria is shown in the following table : Results of (tinili/xcs (if \'ictorian noils. Nitrogen. Phosphoric acid. Potash. Rich western district land Average northern wheat land Average coastal phiin land Average hill soils Average Mallee soils Per cent. o.ajo .110 0.040- .3.'K) .025- .150 .025- .200 Percent. 0.150 .005 0.010- .100 .040- .080 .005- .100 Per cent. 0.300 .300 0.010- .150 .100- .300 .200-1.000 One prominent physie-al characteristic of these soils is the very slight differ- ence between snrface soil and snbsoil. Potash is as a rule very abnndant in the soils and nitrogen is generally fairly abundant, but phosphoric acid is deficient. Lime is a prominent constituent, in many cases running as high as 10 to 25 per cent. Practical trials indicate that the use of manure and phosphates and thorough cultivation are among the most efficient means of improving these soils. On the effect of various mulching materials on the productiveness of soils, Clausen (IUus. Laiidw. Ztg., 2S (1908), No. 99, p. SJfG; ah,s. in Chcm. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 6, p. 6S-'i). — Comparative tests of sand, peat, and sawdust are reported. It was found that the use of an amount of peat corresponding to only l.G per cent of the amount of soil increased the yield about 25 per cent. Fixation of free nitrogen, nitrification, etc., A. Koch {Jahresher. Qdrungs- Orgaimmcn, 16 (190.5), pp. 3.52-389). — This is a review of investigations re- ported during 1905 on fixation of free nitrogen, denitrification, nitrification, and related subjects, more particularly fermentative changes occurring in manure. Contribution to the knowledge of the chemical processes involved in the assimilation of free nitrogen by Azotobacter and Radiobacter, J. Stokl.vsa ET AL. (CentU. Bakt. [etc.'\, 2 AM., 21 (1908), Nos. 15-16, pp. Ji8/,-509; 20-21, pp. 620-632, pis. 3; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9ff (1908), Nos. 552, II. p. 880; 533, II, p. 915; Jour. Hoc. Chem. Indus., iJ7 (J908), No. 23, p. 1167).— This article discusses the morphology and biology of Bacillus radiobacter iu the light of recent investigations, and reports investigations on the isolation of this oi-f^anism and to test the behavior of Azotobacter and Radiobacter in mixed and iiure cultures; the rate of nitrogen fixation of mixed and pure cultures of the 2 organisms; the influence of different kinds of carbohydrates on nitrogen fixation; the behavior of the organisms in the presence of sodium nitrate; the consumption of carbohydrates in the assimilation of free nitrogen by Azoto- bacter chroococcum ; the intensity of respiration of A. chroococcum; chemical processes involved in the breaking down of glucose and manuite by the respira- lion enzym of A/.otobacter ; the nietal»oIism balance of A. chroococcum, Reije- rinck ; production of hydrogen in the metabolic processes of A. chroococcum. R. ; itehavior of phosi)horus of various phosi)hatic nutrients in the Azotobacter mass; nuclein in the bacterial mass of .1. cliroococcuin and in the organism itself; and chemical analysis of the bacterial mass of .1. chroococcum R. It is shown that these organisms are widely distributed in nature and are especially abundant in soils having vigorous growth of ])lue-greeM algje. They do not occur, however, in high-lying soils of the Alps. Radiobacter has only a slight power of fixing nitrogen as compared with Azotobacter, and the fixing 1116 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. power of the latter is but slij,'lill.v increased by symbiosis with Radiobacter. Of the sugars tested as Sources of carbonaceous food of tlie organisms, 1-ara- binose gave the best results, and rhamnt)se the poorest. With dextrose 99 to 224 gm. of sugar was converted into carbon dioxid for every gi-am of nitrogen fixed. The results obtained with the various sugars suggest that the fui-- fni'oids of the soil are the best source of food for Azotobacter. Nitrate of soda inhibited nitrogen fixation, but apparently was not as good a food as free nitro- gen. It was found that nitrite and anmionia were invariably formed when nitrate of soda was used iif the culture medium, liadiobacter was shown to be a powerful denitrifier, liberating free nitrogen from nitrate and exhibiting intense respiration. Analysis of the bacterial mass produced in the cultures showed ash 8.6 per cent, phosphoric acid 4.9 per cent, potash 2.4 per cent, and nitrogen 11.3 per cent. Nitrogen and nitragin, A. J. Ewart {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 7 {1909), No. 1, pp. 36-39). — This ai'ticle discusses briefly the nature and use of com- mercial cultures of organisms which assimilate free nitrogen, and explains the conditions under which such cultures are likely to be beneficial. The general conclusion is that in the present state of linowledge of the subject the use of these cultures is not to be recommended except under " very special conditions." " The net result of the activity of soil bacteria in rich, well-manui'ed soils is to produce a loss rather than a gain of nitrogen, and hence no advantage is to be expected by the addition of cultures of any kind of bacterium to such soils." The inoculation of leguminous crops, F. J. Chittenden {Jour. Roy. Hart. Soc. [London], 3-'f {190S), Xo. 2, pp. 231-25.), pi. 1, fig. 1; 3J, {1909), No. 3, pp. 491-Jf99). — In experiments at Wisley_ Garden in 1908 with peas treated with the inoculating material prepared by Professor Bottomley of Kings College, it was found in one series of experiments that " 7 out of the 12 plats on which inoculated seed was sown gave smaller crops than the corresponding uninocu- lated plats, and one gave an equal crop. . . .. The crop from the inoculated seed was not better in any way than that from the uninoculated, nor did it reach maturity earlier." In a second series of experiments " only 7 out of 24 I'ows of inoculated seed gave a greater yield than the uninoculated, one gave an equal yield, and 16 gave a smaller." Watering peas with the inoculating material gave like results. The general conclusion drawn is that the inoculation of leguminous crops with the material used is not likely to prove beneficial in ordinary garden soils. Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, C. T. Gimingham {(Sard. Chron., 3. scr., //.J {1909), No. 1152, pp. 59. 6'0).— Experiments with peas on very poor and on well manured garden soil at the Southeastern Agricultural College, Wye, are reported. "There was no evidence of any kind to show that the slightest benefit had been obtained by the use of 'nitro-bacterine' on either type of soil." Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, F. Keeble {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 1,5 {1909), Nos. 1150, pp. 20, 21; 1151, pp. 35, 36).— The results obtained by Chittenden (noted above) are discussed, and experiments of a similar character made on the grounds of the botanical laboratory of University College, Reading, are reported. It was found in these experiments that the increase of yield from inoculated seed was so small that it did not represent a sufficient increase of profit to make the use of nitro-bacterine on ordinary garden soils of practical value. To this extent the results confirm those reported by Chittenden, but they do not confirm the conclusion that inoculation generally decreases the yield. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1117 Experiments on the value of nitro-bacterine, F. J. Chittenden (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., J,5 {1909), No. 1153, pp. 68, 69). — Attention is called to certain errors which occurred in a previous report tending to exaggerate the reduction in yield from inoculated seed. Nitro-bacterine, G. Henslow {Gard. Chron., 3. scr., .'i5 {1909), No. llo-'f, p. 92). — Beneficial results from watering scarlet runner beans with culture solu- tions of the " nitro-bacterine " are reported. Experiments with nitro-bacterine, W, B. Bottomley {Gard. Chron., 3. scr., .'i') {1909), Kos. llo.'f, pp. 91, 92; 1156 p. J i-'/)-— Referring to experiments at Wisley, Wye, and Heading, noted above, the author calls attention to conditions of soil and fertilizing in those experiments which in his judgment account for the unfavorable results obtained. Investigations on lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, A. Sabaschnikoff {Mitt. Landtv. Inst. Leipzig, 1908, No. 9, pp. 77-123; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. -ji3-.'i.'i. Report., p. 202). — Previous investigations on this subject are reviewed and laboratory investigations on decomposition in soil and fertilizer experiments in the field are reported, as well as investigations on the character and work of the bacteria which cause decomposition of lime nitrogen. Among the more important results obtained were the following: It was again shown that a culture medium consisting of soil extract, 0.5 per cent of acid potassium phosphate, 0.1 per cent of asparagin, and 0.1 per cent of grape sugar furnishes a very good medium for decomposition experiments with lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime. Formation of ammonia occurs in media which do not contain asparagin and grape sugar, but the formation in this case is very slow. Heating the lime nitrogen solution produced no injurious effect, l)ut to a certain extent promoted the formation of ammonia. Neither on heat- ing nor on standing was dicyandiamid formed in lime nitrogen solutions. The substance produced by heating is very easily decomposed. It is apparently an isomer of dicyandiamid. Carbon dioxid does not cause the formation of dicyandiamid. It does not retard, but to some extent promotes the cleavage of cyanamid. Calcium cyana- nnd solutions which had not been heated were decomposed by pure cultures of bacteria only when absorbent substances were present. This fact is of great importance with respect to the action of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime on soils of low absorptive capacity, and the mixing of these substances with compost appears to be advisable in such cases. The intensity of the cleavage of cyanamid varied widely in the same soil in the course of the year, depending more upon the time of the year than upon the weather. The nitrogen of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime was con- verted in like amount into annnonia and its decomposition was brought about by the same bacteria. Among the very active organisms in the cleavage of cyanamid was Bacterium eriithrogenes, which also is active in the cleavage of urea. The chemical changes in lime nitrog-en when used as a fertilizer, H. Kap- PK.N- {CiHlbl. Jiakt. \(tr.], 2. Aht., 22 {1908), No. 7-10, pp. 281-298; abs. in Chem. Zintbl., 1909, I, N(». .'/, pp. 310, .i//).— This is a iiivther contribution to a con- troversy with LAhnis on this subject (E. S. R., 20, p. 123). The decomposition of lime nitrogen. III, F. I..011N1.S and R. Moll {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.\, 22 {1908), No. 7-10, pp. 2r,.',-281 ; nhs. in Chem. Zentbh, 1909, I, No. //, p. 310). — This article reviews previous observations and hyi)otlieses relat- ing to the deconii»osition of lime nitrogen, referring nion- particularly to the work of Kaiti)en ( E. S. R., 38, p. lOL'S) and reports fiutlier studies by the au- thors on the hydration of cyanamid, the influence of the soil on the decomposi- 1118 KXPKHIMKNT STATION JJKCOHI). liiiii of lime nitroficii, tlio fornuitioii and dt'c-oniijosilioii of dk-yaiuliauiid, and the relation of bacteria to the doconiposition of lime nitrogen. The authors conclude from their investigations that the decomposition of lime nitrogen in the soil takes place in the following way: Ky solution the calciuin cyananiid is converted into calcium dicyandiainid K'N.NII )i..C'a. On standing of the solution, or more quickly under the influence of heat or the absorptive power of the soil iiarticles, the lime of the cyananiid is set free. The cyanamid under the action of weak acids (carbon dioxid) or heating in the jiresence of basic substances (caustic lime) is converted into ammonium cyanate and finally into urea, the latter being converted into ammonium carbonate by the action of bacteria. As Ulpiani found, there is no direct bacterial action on cyanamid. Bacteria do not attack dicyandiamid either in dilute or concentrated solution. In ex- periments on the decomposition of lime nitrogen in which soil is used it makes no difference whether the solution is heated or not. Is dicyandiamid a poison for field crops? O. Loew (Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909). No. 3, pp. 21, 22; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 556, II, p. 177; Chcm. Zentbl. 1909, I, No. 9, p. 785; Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 10, p. 1197). — ^Pot experiments with barley on humus garden soil, comparing dicy- andiamid (0.75 gm. to 3.5 kg. of soil) on sterilized and unsterilized soil, am- monium sulphate, and no nitrogenous fertilizer, are reported. The results showed that on sterilized soil dicyandiamid gave the same yield as ammonium sulphate. On unsterilized soil the growth of the plants was seri- ously interfered with as a result, in the autlior's opinion, of the formation of injurious compounds from the dicyandiamid through the action of the bacteria. It was noticed in the case both of sterilized and unsterilized soil that the use of dicyandiamid resulted in a drying up of the tips of the leaves of the barley, a result attributed to the excessive accumulation of the dicyandiamid in that part of the plant. The structural formula of the dicyandiamid is discussed. An observation on calcium, cyanamid, J. Aebv (Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 17, p. l-',5; fl&.s. in Ztschr. Angcio. Chcm.. 22 (1909). No. 15, p. 687).— It is re- ported that a loss of 1.1 per cent due to the formation of acetylene was observed in a lot of calcium cj'anamid left exposed to damp air on the wharves at Antwerp. This is attributed to excess of calcium carbid in the material result- ing from imperfect methods of manufacture, and it is suggested that a guaranty of the content of this substance should be required in case of calcium cyanamid intended for extended transportation. The assimilation of potash, by plants, AY. IvRiTGER {Ztschr. Vcr. Dcut. Zuckcrindiis., 1908, No. 631. II, p/). 739-750; Jahrb. Dent. Landic. GchcU., 23 (1908), No. -',, pp. 633-649; abs. in Chcm. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 3, p. 350).— Fer- tilizer experiments with sugar beets, rye grass, chicory, barley, rye, peas, pota- toes, and other plants are reported, and the factors influencing the assimilation of potash are discussed. These are variety of plant, character and quality of soil, fertilizer, weather, etc., and the micro-organisms of the soil. Attention is called to the importance of the return of fertilizing constituents from the plant to the soil during the period of growth. The effect of good fertilization in offsetting injury from nematodes is emphasized. Lack of potash in the cul- ture of sugai' beets was not shown until the reserve of potash in the root had been consumed, when further development was chec-ked. Phonolith, so-called potash silicate, as a fertilizer, P. Wagner (Mitt. Deut. Landiv. Gesell., 2.'f {1909), No. 2. pp. 19, 20). — Comparative tests of this ma- terial and of sulphate of potash on grass and tomatoes on sandy soils are re- ported, the results showing that the rock meal furnished so little assimilable SOILS FERTILIZERS. 1119 pot.Msh that the potash-hiiiif^er of tho plants was not satisticd. Apparently the potash of this material was very resistant to the solvent action of acids, soils, luul plant roots. On the fertilizing value of the phosphoric acid of vivianite, O. Bottcher (Dcut. Landiv. Presse, 36 {W09), No. 7, p. 61; «b.s'. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), A'o. 2J, Rcpcrt., p. 118). — An impure vivianite derived from swamp deposits con- taining 15.02 i)er cent of phosphoric acid and 18.1 i)er cent of water was com- pared with superplios])liate In pot experiments with oats. Taking the efficiency of superphosphate as 100, that of the vivianite was 22 to 30. The phosphoric acid is slowly available and the material has some fertilizing value, but not sulhclent to pay for long transportation or much handling. The phosphorites of Gafsa, Tebessa, and Cape Leuca, R. Rossi {Ann. B. HcuoUi l^iip. Ai/r. Portici, 2. scr., 7 (1907), pp. 16). — The physical characteristics of phosphorite from these places are given, as well as a description of the prep- aration of the samples, processes of analysis, and tables showing the results of the analyses. The average percentages of calcium phosphate shown by the analyses were: Gafsa phosphorite 56.48, Tebessa phosphorite 43.53, and Cape Leuca phosphorite 17.31. The percentages of calcium carbonate in the phosphates were high, being 15.56 in case of Gafsa phosphorite, 36.39 in Tebessa phosphorite, and 70.73 in Cape Leuca phosphorite. Namban Creek phosphatic deposits, E. A. Mann et al. {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 17 {190S), Nos. J, pp. S05-810; 6. pp. flS0-9N2).— Deposits of phos- phatic guano occurring in caves in this district are described and analyses are reported showing phosphate of lime varying from 26.G to 45.25 per cent, and nitrogen from 0.2 to 1.65 per cent. The larger proportion of the phosphoric acid was found to be soluble in citrate solution. Phosphatic and gypsum deposits, A. Despeissis {Jour. Dept. Afjr. West. Aust, 17 {1908), No. 6, pp. 906, 907).— Statistics of the consumption of fer- tilizers in Western Australia are given, with notes on deposits of phosi)hate and gypsum which have been discovered in that colony. It is stated that 16,486 tons of fertilizers were imported into Western Australia during the half year ended June 30, 1908. The occurrence of extensive deposits of both phosphate and gypsum is reported. The present status of the nitrate industry of Chile, Gerlach {Ztschr. Aorated the results of many recent investigations and states the more recent theories on plant life and processes. The bio-chemistry of animals and plants, O. Rosenheim (Sei. Prog. Twen- tieth Cent., 2 (1908), No. 8, pp. 616-699; S (1908). No. 9, pp. 106-123).— This^ is a summary giving the present status of the bio-chemistry of plants and animals, the first part of the pai)er being devoted to a discussion of the nitrogen cycle, including nitrification, denitrification, and nitrogen fixation, the synthesis of proteids, and the history, occurrence, properties, classification, etc., of pro- teids. In the second portion of the paper the significance of proteids in the plant is discussed, and the occurrence and function of a number of other com- l)0unds, such as phytotoxins, toxolecithides, lipoids, inosite. organic phosphoric AGRICULTURAL BOTANY, 1121 acids, etc., are described. Tlie jiutlior concludes with a discussion of cliloro- pliyll and its relation to hemoglobin. Some problems and results of a study of the mechanics of plant anatomy, E. KisTEK (i'rog. Bot., 2 {I90H). \o. ',. pp. .',55-558, Jigs. ^//).— The author discusses some of the problems of cell and tissue develoimient in plants, the |)aper being based upon lectures given at the University of Halle in 1907. The literature of the subject is quite extensively reviewed. The effects of variations in the inorganic salts and the reactivity of the external medium upon the nutrition, growth, and cell division in plants and animals, 15. Moore, H. E. Roaf, and R. E. Knowles {Bio-Chem. Jour., S ( I DOS), No. 6-8, pp. 279-312, pis. '/). — The results of experiments with acid and alkaline salts on the growth, coll division, etc., of various plants, and their eftec-ts on certain animals are described. The inorganic salts used were sodium hydrate, hydrochloric acid, potassium hydrate, sodium carbonate and bicar- bonate, monosodium i)hosphate. and disodium phosphate. The plants experi- mented with were hyacinths and onions, the various solutions being made up on the basis of gram-molecular strengths. Marked effects were produced upon the dividing cells of plant rootlets by small variations in the alkalinity or acidity of the medium. The range of ionic concentrations compatible ',/ith plant growth was a very narrow one. Short of the lethal dose there was found a marked stimulation by the alkali which was not found with the acid. The kation present appeared to have a specific effect, and potassium was more stimulating than sodium to both rootlets and foliage leaves. The phosphatic anion had a special effect upon the tlower, causing an increase in size at optimum strength. At higher concentrations, irregular inflorescences with packed florets on dwarfed stalks were obtained. The cytological effects of the different inorganic salts were studied, and there was found to be an absence or depression of nuclear division with the acid, and a thickening of cell walls. With the alkalis there was an increase in nuclear division, changes in chromosomes, and the cell outlines became obscured. Both acid and alkaline phosphates at optimum concentrations caused in- creased growth in amphibia. In the case of the alkaline salts, higher concen- trations resulted in death, preceded by a stage of hyper-excitability. The effect on mammals showed that either alkaline or acid phosphates in the proportion of 0.26 to 0..38 gm. per kilogram of body weight caused an increased metabolism with diminishing body weight, and finally death. The distribution of the indispensable inorganic nutrients in bean seed- lings, II, L. VON PoRTHEiM and M. Samec {Flora, U'J {I'JOO). Xo. 3, pp. 2(>0- 27f;).—ln a previous pul)!ication (E. S. R., 19, p. 426), the distribution of the more essential inorganic substances in bean seedlings when grown in Knop's solution with and without lime was shown. In the present paper an account is given of the distribution of these same compounds in bean seedlings with refer- «'nce to the calcium and magnesium ratios. Analyses are reported showing the tlry weight; ash; percentage of lime, magnesia, potash, phosphoric acid, sul- phuric acid, chlorin, and iron oxid in the ash; and the weight of lime, magnesia, potash, and phosphoric acid in the ash of 250 of the seedlings. The data are grouped to sliow the amount of these different compounds in seedlings grown in distilled water and in normal solutions of the nitrates of lime and magnesia and various mixtures of these conii)ounds. The plants became diseased when grown in distilled water and in the solutions containing magnesium nitrate, the roots being stunted, browned, and often rotten. A mixture of the two compounds in the nutrient solution resulted in an increase in tic anionnt of magnesia taken up and a reduction in the proportion 8880(J— Xo. 12—09 3 1122 KXPKHIMKNT STAIIOX IIKCORD. (if liiiK'. Tlio sliprlit iiuri'iisc in tlic ui:ij;m'siii cttiiU'ut in the iilnnts jrrown in the sdliitidiis contMiiiinj: linii' iuid iiui^nesia is believed to be due to the protective or neiitraliziiif: action of tlie linii'. The phosphorus nutrition of plants, Cavalier and Artus (Trav. Hci. Uiiir. Rcnncs, 6 (1907). Xo. 1, pp. 132-13U). — A study was made of the availability of different sources of phosphorus for the nutrition of maize grown in sand and watered with nutrient solutions that varied only in the phosphorus compound employed. In the cultures, which were maintained for 92 days, the same ;imount of l)h()Si)liorns was added to each, the calculated quantity being 2.14 gm. The various sources of phosphorus were sodium ortho|)hosphate, pyroijhosphate, nietapliosiiliate. and phosphite as inorganic comi)oinids. and iiotassinm mono- ethylphosphate, sodium diethylphosphate, triethylphosphate, and monoallylphos- phate, and calcium glycerophosphate as organic compounds. The latter is said to be a commercial preparation, while for the others the author made and purified his own compounds. At the end of the experiment, the total weight, ash, phosiihorus content, etc., for the different plants were determined. All the treated plants were better developed than the checks, except in the lot where the glycerophosphate was used. This substance, or impurities which it contained, proved injurious to all the plants, greatly reducing their develop- ment. There was little or no difference in the proportion of phosphorus in the dry matter of the different lots of plants, but where an actual increase in phosphorus was noted, it was accompanied by an increased growth of the plants, hence by greater dry weight. The experiments show that plants are not necessarily restricted to the ortho- phosphoric acid salts for their phosphorus supplies, Ijut that maize is capable of taking phosphorus from a number of other organic and inorganic compounds. Phosphorus and the formation of amino acids by the higher plants, F. ScuRTi (^V(:. Chim. lUiL. SS iWOS). IL Xo. 2, pp. 272-27 J). —According to the author, a correlation exists between the presence of phosphorus and the forma- tion of proteids in the higher plants. This correlation is not limited to the proteid nitrogenous bodies, but also pertains to the amino acid group of com- pounds, and probably plays an important role in the synthesis of all albuminoid substances in plants. The decomposition of sugar during the processes of respiration, P. B. Jensen {Bcr. Deut. Bot. GeseU., 26a {1!>08), Xo. 9, pp. GGC,, 6-6"7).— The author states that the decomposition of sugar during alcoholic fermentation is not a single process but involves two stages. The intermediary product is said to be dioxyacetone. In the process of decomposition the dextrose is broken down into dioxyacetone, which may further change into carbon dioxid and alcohol, or, by the addition of oxygen through the action of oxydase, into carbon dioxid and water. On the " strength " and development of the grain of wheat, W. E. Brenchley (Ann. Bot. [London], 23 (1909), Ao. 89, pp. 111-139, pU.2, figH.5).— This investigation was inaugurated with a view to determining the question of the " strength " of wheat from a biological standpoint. The term " strength," according to the author, is by no means exactly defined, but for the purpose of his investigation it is taken to indicate the capacity of wheat to produce a large, well-piled loaf of bread. In the author's summary it is stated that no c.vtological differences can be observed between wheat grains of different varieties, grown under similar con- ditions, which produce flour of varying strengths, nor are there any differences indicative of strength to be found in the developing grains of one variety of wheat grown in the same field, under similar soil and climatic conditions, but AGlirt'ULTiniAL BOTANY, 1123 snhject to radical dinVronces in nianuriiii;. The ivi)ut»Ml difference in strength between jrrains of tlie same variety jrrown under identical conditions, but cut jjcreen and dead ripe, is not associated with any significant cytoiogical change. Examination of the different grades of flour obtained during the various processes of roller milling shows that the cells of the aleurone layer very rarely get into the flour, but remain attached to the bran. The endosperm of the seed during its development arises in the first place by free cell formation, but after about a week wall formation begins, starting from the periphery of the embryo sac and proceeding inward. The peripheral layer is marked off about two weeks after pollination, and develops into the aleurone layer. The deposition of starch grains begins in the middle of the flanks of the endo- sperm at the lower end of the grain and proceeds upward and outward. Reserve nitrogenous materials enter at the same time as the starch. During the i)rocess of ripening a disorganization of the endosperm nuclei takes place, caused by the increasing pressure of the surrounding food stuffs. The nuclei lose their nucleoli, become deformed, and. finally appear as a fine network spread out between the intruding starch grains. A study of the develoi)ment of the embryo was made, and it was found to be normal, but a fifth lateral rootlet is said to be formed in addition to the two pairs of laterals usually desc ril)ed. The presence of amylase in old seeds, Brocq-Rousseu and E. Gain (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris^. l',S (IDOD), No. 6, pp. 3'}9-26l).— In previous ac- counts (E. S. R., 20, p. 130), the authors have shown that the duration of diastases in seeds is limited. In the present report the results are given of a study of wheat taken from museum specimens that are known to be 50 years old. In this investigation dextrinase and amylase were found pre.sent and still capable of transforming starch into sugar. The experiments did not permit of definite conclusions as to whether the diastatic action w.is retained with its initial power for the entire period. They confirmed the conclusion, however, that the power of germination in seeds is not entirely due to the action of certain diatases, as the seeds in no case would germinate although the diastase was present. The presence of oxydases in india rubber, D. Spence (Bio-Chcm. Jour.. 3 (IDOH), Nos. .',, pp. la.'j-isi ; 6-8, pp. 351, 352).— A study has been made of the latex of Para rubber trees and also of fresh latex from Finitiouia ('lastica, from which the author is able to show the presence of oxydases in the latex. He believes that the darkening in color of raw rubber is due to an oxydase which is as.sociated with the protein or the so-called insoluble constituent of the rubber. Further experiments are to be carried on to determine how far the oxydase is resi)onsible for certain other changes occurring in raw rubber, such as decomposition, oxidation, and the like. The second paper reports an examination of 4 separate samples of latex from Hcvca brasiliciisis. I'ara rubber, in each of which was found evidence of the l>resence of an oxidizing enzym, the chemical properties of which have not yet been studied. The author suggests that the caoutchouc is probably a reserve food material for the plant, and that to account for its formation and subsequent decomposi- tion the presence of oxidizing eiizyms must be considered. Relation of plant growth and vegetation forms to climatic conditions. J. J. TiioKNriEK (I'hnit World, Li it!KHI), \o. I, pp. 1-1). — An account is given of studies on the relation of plant growth to climatic conditions in different parts of Arizona, jiarticnlar attention being given to winter and sununer annu- als. The author claims that on account of temperature conditions, it is impossi- 1124 expp:riment station record. ble to {j;row successfully (luriiij; the winter months the annual summer flowering plants which do not survive the intense heat of the summer, or to grow dur- ing: the suunner months the annual flowering plants generally referred to as winter-growing species. This also holds true for vegetables. Plant culture in diffused daylight, A. Burgerstein (Vcrhandl. K. K. Zool. Hot. Gcscll. W'icii, oS (l!)()!<), Xo. 0-7, />/>. 32,i-32!)). — Experiments are reported on the growth of about 20 si)ecies of ornamental plants in diffused light and in beds so situated as to receive direct sunlight for a few hours in the morning and evening and diffused light during midday. Almost without exception the growth of the stalks, leaves, flowers, and seed capsules was greatest in what is termed the mixed light. The plants remained green for a longer period, and flowered more abundantly. The dry weight of the plants which received the early and late sunlight was from 1.4 to 11.2 times as great as that of similar species grown in diffused light. Similar conditions were noted for flower and seetl iirodviction. The influence of light on the development of fruits and seeds, W. Lubi- MENKo (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,1 {1008). No. 2.',, itp. 1326-1328).— Studies by the author have shown that while a certain amount of illumination is absolutely essential during the early stages for the formation of fruit, after a fruit has passed a short stage of development it is possible to com- plete its development in greatly reduced light. If self-pollinated plants are inclosed before the pollination of their flowers in black or white bags fastened to the plants, in general but very few normal fruits will be formed, due to the insufficient illumination. In one instance 30 heads of wheat were inclosed in black sacks before the pollination of the flowers and only 3 to 5 grains were produced to the head, while heads in the same stage of growth inclosed in white bags gave from 16 to 25 grains per head. Similar results were obtained with peas. Studies made with a considerable number of plants show that there is an optimum for the illumination required for the development of dry matter in fruits and that this optimum corresponds to a somewhat attenuated illumina- tion. The maximum dx'y weight of seeds and pericarp of a number of fruits, such as currants, cherries, apples, pears, etc., corresponds to illumination slightly less than the maximum of light. It is shown also that the acidity of the fruit diminishes with the illumination. In the majority of cases fruit inclosed in s;;cks was less acid than that maturing in the open. On the contrary, the material reduced by Fehling's solution was greater in those fruits which were inclosed in sacks and less in those ripening normally. The infl.uence of radium rays on a few life processes of plants, C. S. Gager (Pop. Sci. Mo., l.'i (IHO'J), No. 3, pp. 222-232. figs. /.?).— This paper is a nontechnical account of some of the more striking results described in the author's memoir on the effects of the rays of radium on plants (E. S. R., 20, p. 929). The author summarizes his investigations, stating that radium acts as a stimulus to the various physiological processes of plants. If the strength of the radium, the duration of exposure, and other conditions are suitable, the response is an excitation of function, but if the radium is too strong and the exposure too prolonged, the result is a retardation, or a complete inhibition of function, or even the death of the plant. There were found to be differences in sensitiveness between individuals, and also between different species and different tissues. Electroculture, J. B. Martin (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 29 (1908), No. .'/l. pp. ^39-4.'f2). — An account is given of some experiments car- ried on by Lieutenant Basty for the past 7 years in the vicinity of Tours, AGKI("ULTURAL BOTANY. 1125 France, to determine the effect of electricity applied before germination and during the various stages of development of i)lants on the earliness, abundance, and quality of fruit. Tlie plants experimented with were potatoes, sainfoin, whi':e mustard, spinach, beets, hemp, llax, barley, and wheat. The experiments show that there is an evident stimulating action of at- mospheric, dynamic, and static electricity on the growth of plants, practically all of the plants being more vigorous, blooming earlier, and giving a larger yield of leaf, stem, tuber, or other part compared. Comparisons of the beginning of development of perennial and annual plants, G. ANDRfi {ComiA. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.',7 (1908), Xo. 26, pp. lIi85-lJiSl). — A study was madeof the walnut and horse-chestnut in the first year or two of growth and comparisons made with the dry material in annual plants. In the annual plant the dry material in the young root is relatively high, represent lug about one-tenth of the total weight of the plant. This weight diminishes toward the end of the period of growth, when it does not represent more than 3 to 5 per cent of the total dry weight of the plant. In the case of the perennial plants the weight of the root is relatively low and is much less than with similar annual plants. A study of the distribution of the mineral matter at different periods of growth showed that in annual plants it amounted to about one-seventh of the weight of the plant at the beginning of vegetative growth, and by the time of flowering to about one-fifteenth. With the walnuts and horse-chestnuts the proportionate weights were from about one-fiftieth to one-thirtieth. Studies were also made of the distribution of phosphoric acid in the roots. The content was found to be relatively high at all periods of growth, but the proportionate amount was somewhat less in the walnut than in the horse-chest- nut. The phosphoric acid continues to be taken up from the soil through the roots and supplied to the stem up to the end of active growth, when part of it is returned from the leaves before their fall. This translocation occurs in annual plants at the end of their period of growth. Perennial plants during the first and second years of their growth behave very similarly to annual plants up to the time of their flowering. The absolute weight, however, of the roots of perennial plants is considerably greater than that of the annuals, and the reserve mineral materials are greater, particularly in the roots, where i)hosphoric acid among the mineral elements is stored for use in later stages of growth. The perennation of the clover dodder (Cuscuta epithymum), F. C. Stewart and (J. T. Fkkxcii (Tornija, 9 (I'lO!)). Xo. 2, pp. 29, 30).— Most botanical writers are stated to have considered the species of Cuscuta as annuals, al- though as long ago as 18G8 Kiihn claimed that clover dodder lived over winter on clover and alfalfa plants in Germany. This statement has been questioned by a number of investigators and confirmed by others, but apparently until quite recently there was no published record of any dodder living over winter in the United States. The authors' investigations during the past 3 years have indicated that clover dodder lives over winter in New York alfalfa fields, hibt'niating on the crowns of alfalfa, red clover, and certain weeds, among lliem the tleabane {ErUjcnm annuiiH) and yellow trefDjl {.Midicuijo liipuliiw). It has also been found pass- ing the winter on dandelion. The fleabane and the yellow trefoil are generally classed as annuals, but they are regularly biennial in New York. Experiments have shown that it is quite possible, by placing the dodder- infested crowns of plants in a moist chamber for a few days, to secure an al)undant growth, indicating that the plant passes the winter in a viable state. It appears probable that this is the principal method i>y which it is proitagatearl);ulos is dcscrilx'd and tlio results of fertilizer oxperinients are reported. In deterininiu^ llie (|uanlity of niti'OKCu needed to produce the best results it was found that the most satisfactory yields were secured when nitrogen as sulphate of ammonia was applied at the rate of 30 lbs. per acre, the increa.sed yield amounting to 279 lbs. of seed cotton. In tiie phosphoric acid series 40 lbs. of phosphoric acid as superphosi)hate of lime produced the best effects, the increase in seed cotton being 2S1 lbs. per acre. The most satisfactory returns in the potash series were secured where 20 lbs. of potash as sulphate of potash was u.sed. In these tests the increase of seetl cotton i)er acre amounted to 1!)G lbs. Nitrogen fertilizer experiments on meadows, BACHSfANN (Latulw. Wchnbl. Sclilcs. llol.st., J.9 {l'.)0!)), Xo. 2, pp. 22-2Jt). — Cooperative tests are reported ill which sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, and nitrogen lime were com- pared. In one experiment the plats were 0.05 hectare (about J acre) in size and each received 25 kg. each of Thomas slag and kainit. The nitrogen was applied in 10 kg. of sulphate of ammonia and 10 kg. of niti-ogen lime, each substance containing 20 per cent of nitrogen. In 1!)()7 the average yield of hay from one cutting on the plat receiving no fertilizer whatever was 02.5 kg., and on the plat treated only v»'ith Thomas slag and kainit 80.5 kg. The plat receiving one-fourth of the sulphate of ammonia in the spring and three-fourths in the fall gave 110.5 kg. of hay, the plat receiving the entire application of sulphate in April 133.5 kg., the one receiving the sulphate in two applications in spring ITG kg., and the plat treated with the nitrogen lime in one ai)plication early in April 165 kg. In ]t>OS the yields of hay on these plats without further fertilization were 125.5, IGl, 1S3.5, 18!), 203, and 207.5 kg. respectively. The results of a second and a third experiment show that nitrate of soda given in two applications in the spring gave the best yields of hay, being fol- lowed by suli)hate of ammonia and nitrogen lime, each given in a single applica- tion in the spring. Manurial experiments on grass land, 1908, J. Percival {Univ. Col. Read- ing, Dcpt. A(jr. and Hort. Bui. .'/, /)/). 27). — The cooperative fertilizer experi- ments on glass land were conducted at 13 centers. Nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash were applied in different combinations, the applications con- sisting of 1 cwt. of nitrate of soda, 5 cwt. of basic slag, and 3 cwt. of kainit per acre, with the exception that in the complete applicaticm only 2 cwt. of kainit was used. Barnyard manure was applied at the rate of IG loads per acre. The increase in crop as due apparently to the different fertilizer treatments was as follows: Nitrate of soda alone, 5 cwt.; kainit alone, 5 cwt.; slag alone, 10 cwt.; the complete fertilizer application, 15.25 cwt.; barnyard manure, 13.75 cwt.; slag and kainit together, 10.25 cwt.; slag and nitrate of soda, 12.75 cwt.; and nitrate and kainit together, 11.25 cwt. The herbage grown with the commercial fertilizer was of a much better quality than that pro- duced with barnyard manure. It was observed that soils containing less than 0.025 to 0.030 per cent of available phosphoric acid generally responded freely to the use of a phosphatic fertilizer such as slag or superphosi)hate. Soils containing less than 0.010 per cent of available potash gave increaswl yields and improved quality of grass when kainit or snljihate of potash were used. Rotation experiment, K. B. Gkkki {Ahrrdcrn and N<>- of t<('ot. Col. A(jr. Bill. JO, pp. 1 1 -hi). — 'I'he nitatitash. The n'sults showed that super- 1128 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pliospliale save a prolil ol" lios. lu-r :uti'. bask- slat; 1"^. 'M- Jiiid ground Florida phosphate 5s. yd., and the use of bone meal a loss of 27s. .3d. per acre. When these fertilizers were applied with barnyard manure they all gave a profit, the largest £4 2s. 7d. per acre over the unnianured plat being secured from ground Florida phosphate. The utilization of straw, A. GRfiGOiRE (Rev. Econ. Internal., G (1909), I, No. 2, 1)1). -'/J6'-.'/.'/8). — The value of straw for litter, manure, and feeding is pointed out, and a resume of experiments on the effect of straw in barnyard manure and on the i)rei)aration of straw for feeding i)urposes is presented. Southern crops, edited by G. F. IIunnicutt {Atlanta, (hi., 1908, pp. 2Ji5, figs. 10).— This book treats of the culture of cotton, cereals, hay, forage and root crops, and also of several of the most common vegetables. Cotton production in Eg'ypt, F. C. Roux (Rev. Econ. liitcrnat., 6 {1909) I, No. 2, pp. S0S-S39). — This article discusses the history of cotton culture in Egypt, the progress in its cultivation, and the systems of irrigation and drain- age in use. and presents statistics on the production and commerce. International Cotton Congress, Paris, 1908 {Off. Rpt. Internat. Cotton Cong.. 5 {190S), pp. 3)1). — This is the official report of the Fifth International Cotton Congress held in Paris, June 1-3, 1908. The proceedings have a bearing on the various phases of the cotton industry, including statistics with reference to production and commerce, and papers on cotton growing in the United States, the Congo Free State, the French and German colonies. Asia Minor, and the Eritrean colony of Italy. Copies of the statistics i.ssued by the International Federation of Master Cotton Spinners' and Manufacturers' Associations in regard to the consumption of cotton and stocks of cotton in spinners' hands are given in an appendix. Potato variety tests by the German experiment station for potato culture, C. VON EcKENBRECiiEK (Ztuchr. Siiifit iisiiul U.S.. 191)9. Sup., PI). 3-.')6 ; ahs. in Dent. Landic. I'rcsse, 36 {1909), Ao.s. 15, pp. 159. 160; 16, p. i77/).— Cooperative tests wei'e conducted in 1008 in 27 different localities of Germany with 20 varieties of potatoes, and the results secured in each individual test are reported in tabular form and described. According to starch content the leading varieties were Agraria, Erste von Nassenheide, and Prof. Wohltmann, with 21.5, 21.,3, and 21 per cent of starch, respectively. The leading varieties in productiveness and their yields were as follows: Hassia. 27.040 kg.: Alma. 2.5,010 kg.: and Fiirstenkrone. 24,910 kg. per hectai'e. Arranged according to starch production, Prof. Wohltmann stood first with ;i yield of 5,180 kg.. Bohms Erfolg second with 5.000 kg., and Switez third with 4,920 kg. per hectare. Notes on the composition, disease resistance, keeping quality, and value for different uses of the varieties are given, and all results are tabulated in detail. Bojar, Switez, Brocken. Bohun, Bohms Erfolg, Erste von Nassenheide, and Prof. Wohltmann showed the highest keeping quality, and Alma. Bojar, Bohms Erfolg, Richter Imperator. and Brocken are considered the best varieties for eating purposes. Potato variety tests conducted by F. Heine at Hadmersleben, 1908, W. Oetken (Ztschr. Siyiritusindit.s.. 1909, Blip., pp. 51-66). — In 1008, 129 varieties of potatoes were grown and yielded on an average 28,640 kg. of tubers per hectare (about 25.500 lbs. per acre), containing 17.90 per cent of starch and producing an absolute average yield per hectare of 5.126 kg. (4.502 lbs. per acre). The beet-sugar industry, A. Blue (Census and Statis. [Canada] Bui. 9, pp. 75, figs. 3). — This bulletin describes the present development of the beet-sugar FIELD CROPS, 1129 Industry in run.ula. ontlini's its i)()ssil)iliti('s. and itresents statistics with refer- ence to su^ar jtniduction. consuniijtion, and connneree. Tobacco, J. G. Smith (Honolulu Chamber Com. Ann., J008, pp. 123, 124). — The ijossibiiities of tobacco culture in Hawaii are brietly discussed. It is stated that in 190S about 60 acres were ,i.'rown. It is estimated that the planting for 1909 will be from 300 to 500 acres and that the output for the next 3 years will be about n.OOO bales. Notes on tobacco, J. Van Leeniioif (Tran.waal Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 2, pp. 9, flys. 7). — General notes on tobacco soils and seed-bed management are presented. How to produce bright tobaccos, J. Van Leenhoff {Transvaal Dcpt. Agr., Fanners' Bui. 10, pp. Hi, Jigs. Jf, dgm. 1). — General directions for growing this type of tobacco and for curing it are given. Report on turnip experiment, 1907, R. B. Greig { Aberdeen and A'o. of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 10, pp. 1-10). — Nitrate of lime and calcium cyanamid were practically as effective as sulphate of ammonia. The cyanamid was applied with the seed and appeared to have no detrimental effect. Not taking the residual value into account. 5 cwt. of superphosphate was applietl at a loss as compared with 2J cwt. The results with high-grade and low-grade slag showed hut little difference. On the inheritance of strength in wheat, R. H. Biffen (Jour. Agr. Sci., 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 86-101, dgm. 1). — The statement is made in this article that Red Fife after having been grown in England for 6 years is still equal in strength to the same variety grown in Canada. Culture tests have shown that in some localities this variety produces better crops than the common English sorts, while in otliers its yields are not profitable. It has also been brought out th;it the straw is not as strong as desirable. These facts have led to attemi)ts to originate varieties having the productivity of common English wheats com- l»ined with the strength of the Red Fife. Varieties with soft starchy grains were crossed with the Red Fife, which produces hard and translucent kernels. Among soft varieties. Rough Chaff and Rivet when grown on i)oor soil have rarely produced translucent grains, while in Squarehead Master, Browick, Standup, and others opaque and translucent grains have often been found in one and the same head when the varieties were grown on jjoor soil. In the experiments referred to, Red Fife was u.sed more than any other variety as a strong parent, but a considerable number of varie- ties of Russian and Canadian wheats were also included. The F. 1 generation of plants raised from the hybrid grains produced a grain of undoubted strength, but no indications of segregation into strong and weak grains could be detected at this stage. The F. 2 generation was grown under uniform soil conditions and each i)lant harvested separately. The grain types were sorted out. and in the cases examined tlie segregation into strong and weak tyjies was perfectly obvious. On attempting, however, to count out the types re|)resented in the F. 2 generation it was found that some crosses gave sinqile .Mendelian ratios, while others could not be sorted with any accuracy. In one cross between Rough ChatT and Fife wheat 4 types of grain were present, strong red, strong white, weak red, and weak white. In the fii'st 100 samples the pro- portions of these were ."s : 1(1 : : IS : s, and in the second, oO : 18 : : IG : 7, showing a reasonably near apiiroach to the !):3:::!:1 ratio expected when the characters redness and wliiteness and strength and weakness are concerned. On the other hand, the F. 2 generation of a cross l»etween Red Lannnas and Red Fife con- tained plants with obviously strong :ind weak grains, but belween the extremes there was a long series of i)lants which could not be classified with any cer- tainty. 1130 EXPERIMENT STATION liECORD. From 30 to 40 plants wcro rnis(vl from iiidiv idnuls of the F. 2 sfiioration. these being selected for (he iiiosi p.iri Im- ircessivc (li;iff and color characters. The Ki'i^iii characters of iiareiil and pro^'eiiy were as follows: The F. 2 ^iMiera- tion jtlants of ItoiiKh Chaff crossed with Fife, which were used in the test, repre- sented 50 strong and 12 weak plants, and the types of the F. 8 generation showed 10 strong, 34 mixed, and 12 weak plants. In the case of the hybrid between Lammas and Ked Fife the F. 2 generation i)lants sown represented ;"() strong, 20 mixed, and 10 weak individuals, while the tyi)es of the F. 3 plants showed 50 strong, 3 strong and 17 mixed as corresponding to the 20 mixed in the F. 2 plants, and 10 weak individuals. It is pointed out that in the tirst case strength is dominant to lack of strength and that the heterozygotes are indistinguishable from the dominant honiozygotes, but that in the second case the domination is not so shari)ly marked and the heterozygous individuals can be distinguished with a certain degree of accuracy. These examples were typical of some 30 others, but in most of them it was not considered necessary to determine whether the recessive lack of strength was pure from the moment of its appearance in the F. 2 generation. Forty of 66 strong cultures proved homozygous in all respects. The grain of the F. 3 generation was iilanted and the result demonstrated the value of Mendeliau methods, for in this F. 4 genera- tion the types appeared perfectly fixed. The milling of these grains showed that they were strong wheats, and this character was so prominent that the miller without knowing the origin of the grain he was grinding noted that it ground like Manitoban wheat. Later, baking tests also confirmed the conclusion that strength and lack of strength segregate from one another in the F. 2 generation in the same manner as the morpho- logical characters already examined. In another experiment of this kind, a cross between Polish wheat {Triticum poloiiicion) and Rivet wheat (T. tingidum) was studied. The grain of the Polish wheat is brittle, translucent, and white in color, and has an average nitrogen content of 2.2 per cent, while the Rivet wheat is a typical starchy red wheat with a soft, mellow endosperm and an average nitrogen content of about 1.6 per cent. In the F. 1 generation the grain was uniformly brittle, translucent, and red. In the following generation the expected segregation into red and white, translucent and starchy grains occurred, but the mode was not as simple as in certain of the crosses referred to above. When the endosi)erm characters were taken into consideration it was found that many plants pro- duced grain which could not satisfactorily be placed in either the starchy or the translucent class. The results of a further examination showed that the dis- tribution of the nitrogen content is not affected by the shape of the glumes. It is stated that the failure to give sharp segregation into two or more groups in the F. 2 generation is not uncommon in crosses between cereals. In the F. 3 gen- eration it was shown that all plants selected on the basis of short or long glume character bred true to these characters, and that w^hen they were chosen from the intermediate series they proved heterozygous. The author points out that an analysis of the F. 3 generation is required to unravel the mode of segrega- tion, when it will be found that the heterozygotes can be at once distinguished from the homozygotes and that they occur in the ordinary Mendellan pro- portions. The analysis of the F. 2 generation showed that the grains with a translucent endosperm were high, and those with a mellow, starchy endosperm low in nitro- gen. Grains flecked with starchy patches generally showed an intermediate nitrogen content, but the percentages varied w'idely. A slightly flecked sample, for instance, did not always show a higher content than one in which the grains were starchy. The plants producing translucent grain were considered to be HORTICULTURE. 1131 homozygous with regard to Inpli nitrojjon rontont .•ind those with inollow j^r.iin were considiMHMl to l)e imre witli respect to low nitrogen eonteiit. Analyses made of sucli bnlk samples gave an average content of 2.4 and 1.(5 per cent of nitrogen, respx'tively. The remaining sami)les were mixtures of translucent, starchy, and tlecked grains, the last tyi)e being the most a])undant. The occurrence iu one F. 3 bunch of grain resembling each of the parental forms is tal high types distinguishable from the heterozygotes by analyses only. The total number of plants with low nitrogen content was 2G, 03 were apparently heterozygotes, and 21 were high in nitrogen. The baking properties of a number of hybrid wheats, as determined by other investigators, are discussed, and the results taken iu all are believed to indicate that the problem of breeding strong wheats suitable for English conditions offers no special difficulties. It is also believed that high yielding capacity and strength can be obtained in combination iu the same variety, although it still remains to be determined whether high and low yielding capacity segregates at the F. 2 stage. HORTICULTUEE. The scientific aspects of Luther Burbank's work, D. S. Jordan and V. Ij. Keij.ogo (San Francisco, I90'J, i>[k XlV-\-ll'), pis. /.'/, fiffs. 20). — This work comprises a paper entitled Some Experiments of Luther Burbank ( E. S. R., IG, p. 773), by D. S. Jordan, and one entitled Scientific Aspects of Luther Bur- bank's Work, by V. L. Kellogg. These papers were originally published in Popular Science Monthly, and are here reprinted in book form with the view of acquainting general readers with the scientific character and value of Bur- bank's woi'k. Vegetable growing in Cuba, C. F. Austin and E. W. Halstead {Estac. Cent. Ai/ron. Ciibd liiil. 13, pp. J/'i, pl-s. 6). — This bulletin reports the practical results secured by the station during the past 3 years in growing and marketing various kinds of garden veg<»tables. Brief descriptions are given of the differ- ent varieties grown, including statements relative to their adaptability to the soil and climatic conditions of Cuba. The home garden, E. E. Rkxford (Pfiiladelphin and London, 1!)09. pp. li)S, pis. 8). — This is a po[)ular wni-k on vegetable and small-fruit growing for the use of the amateur gardener. Report of the government horticultural experimental fields in South Hol- land for 1908, ('. II. Ci.AASsioN i:t ai.. {VcrsUit/ Rijksl iiinhouwprocfrcldcn Zuid-llollund, lUOH, pp. 120). — Data are given for IGl cooperative cultural, variety, fertilizer, and spraying experiments with fruits and vegetables con- ducted at various localities in South Holland in 1908, under the direction of the professor of horticulture at Boskoop. Several experiments are also re- ported in which fruit grown in i)aiier sacks was comi)ared with fruit grown without siK'b in'olcclion. Contribution to the physiology of the graft. Influence of the stock on the scion, (I. Rivikrk and (J. Bailjiacue (Jour. S(h: Xut. Hort. I'rancc, J/, scr., It) ilUDU), Feb., pp. /.i.i-/.;.7).— Analytical data secured in 1!»0S are given of the must of grapes of , p. ."».■{',»), tiiat the stock has a 1132 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. (Ircidi'd inllueuce iu either euliuucint: or detractiug from certain eliaracteri.stics of the scion, which in this instance is indicated by variations in the sugar and acid content of the must. New experiments in fertilizing grapes, J. Stoklasa (Wiener Landw. Xtg., 5i) [11)09), Nu. J8, p. hS2, fi(j!i. S). — In fertilizer experiments with grapes con- ducted at the Agricultural Physiological Exi)eriment Station, at Prague, Bo- hemia, the plat manured with a combination of superphos])hate and liainit gave larger yields of fruit and a higher sugar content in the must than tlie unfertilized plat. A complete fertilizer, composed (»f superphospliate, kaluit. and ammonium sulphate, gave still better results. The history of viticulture with special reference to the Rhenish Palatinate, F. P.ASSEKMANN-JoRDAN {Gcsclticlitc dcs W'einbuii.s untcr bvsondercr Bcriick- sichtigung dcr Bayerischen Rhcinpfalz. Frankfort-oa-the-Main, 1901, vols. 1, pp. SoO, pis. 10, figs. 66.; 2, pp. 351-600, pis. 7. figs. .i,.'j ; S, pp. 6!) 1-962, pis. .',, figs. 27). — This extensive work may well be considered an encyclopedia of German viticulture. Part 1 contains a general liistorical account of grape growing in Germany from the earliest period to the present time. Part 2 consists of a detailed historical study of grape growing and wine making. I'art 3 discusses the va- rious obstacles which have confronted German viticulture, of which the chief is shown to have been man by means of war, abuse of taxation, cultural restric- tions, wine falsification, etc. Part 4 treats of the history of wine utensils, and of different kinds of wine, and contains a considei'able amount of data relative to the cost of production, wages, yields, and returns in different periods. In part 5 the author has brought together and arranged in chronological order a vast number of more or less brief notes gleaned from documents of various kinds on wine growing, meteorological data, and wine prices covering a period of several centuries. Part G deals with the statistics of the wine trade and wine consumption. Part 7 concludes the work with an extensive bibliography of viticultural literature. Date varieties for the Southwest, J. E. Coit (Pacific Rural Press, 77 (1909), No. 11, pp. 201, 210, figs. 2). — Descriptions are given of 3 Arizona-grown seed- ling dates which appear to be sufficiently valuable to warrant further propaga- tion. Scheine for the classification of the races of olives grown in southern Italy, M. Marinucci (Schema di Sistemazione delle Razze d'Olivo Coltivate nelV Italia Meridionale. Naples, 1908, pp. 18). — The author presents a system for classifying olives according to the shape of the fruit in which they are grouped under 5 main types: Fusiform, circular oblong, elliptical oblong, elliptical, and obovate. They ai'e again subdivided into regular obtuse and acute, and irregu- lar obtuse and acute. In the final subdivision they are classified as pure-bred and mongrel. The coffee tree, E. P. Dieskldorff ( Der Kaffecbaum. Berlin, [1909], pp. 36, flg. 1). — This pamphlet contains practical notes on coffee culture in northern Guatemala. The mangoes of Bhagalpur, E. J. Woodhouse (Dept. Agr. Bengal, Quart. Jour., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 16S-187). — Horticultural descriptions are given of a large number of varieties of mangoes, including those commonly found in the market at Bhagalpur as well as several received from the Sabour Exi)erimental Farm. The characteristic shaiies of the different varieties described are indi- cated by outline drawings. The book of the pansy, viola, and violet, H. H. Cbane (Neic York and London, 1901, pp. VllI+106, pis. 15, figs. 1). — This popular work treats ir FORESTRY. 1133 detail of the methods of srowins various Ivinds of pansies and violets, both for {general purposes and for exhibition. Classified list of daffodil names, 1908 (London: Roy. Ilort. Soc, 1908, pp. 5/).--This consists of ;in alithabotical list of all known daffodils, prepared by the Royal Horticultural Society of London. The different varieties are placed in one of 7 arbitrary divisions, based principally on measurements, as follows: Long trumpets, short trumpets, large cups, small cups, flat cups, doubles, aud binich-flowered. This system of classification is commended for trial for garden and show purposes. The encyclopedia of gardening, T. W. Sanders (London [1909], 13. ed., pp. XV+'i(Hi). — This work consists of a dictionary of plants generally culti- vated in gardens. It gives in alphabetical sequence the culture and propagation of hardy and half-hardy plants, trees and shrubs, orchids, ferns, fruits, vege- tables, hothouse and greenhouse plants, etc., including the specific and common names. The present edition has been revised and brought up to date relative to cultural methods, varieties, nomenclature, etc. Garden design — comparative, historical, and ethical, T. H. Mawson (Jour. Roil. Ilort. Soc. [London]. .1', mm), yo. 3, pp. .361-372, 378-383, figs. 6).— This consists of two lectures on the above subject delivered before the Royal Horti- cultural Society in September, 1908. The practice of garden design, T. H. Mawson (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Lon- don], 3.'f (1909), xAo. 3, pp. 3S-',~^93, figs. 2).— The third lecture on the series Tioted above, in which the author offers several suggestions on the practical development of garden design. The Royal Botanic Gardens, Kew, W. J. Bean CNeio York, Paria, London, Toronto, and Melbourne, 1908, pp. XX+222, pis. GO). — This work contains a historical account of the Kew Botanic Gardens, together with a discussion of its aims, its work, and the leading principles on which it is conducted. Part 1 deals with the origin and development of the Royal gardens. Succeeding por- tions of the work discuss in detail English landscape gardening at Kew. Kew in its scientific aspects, plant collections (tropical and warm temperate), and the hardy plant collections. The work is well illustrated by reproductions in color and half-tone photographic plates. A park system for the city of Cincinnati, G. E, Kessler (Cincinnati: Hoard of Public Service, 1907. pp. .').',; pis. 15, figs. 6. maps 8). — This consists of a comprehensive plan for parks and parkways in Cincinnati, prepared by the author at the instance of the Cincinnati Park Commission. Maps and illustra- tions are given showing the proposed park system as a whole and the treatment of various sections. FORESTRY. Trees, II. M. Ward (Cambridge, 1908, vol. J,, pp. 10.1, pi. 1, fig.62; 266, p. .')86; 267, pp. 600-610; 2>i (1009), Nos. 268, p. 11; 269, pp. 36. 37; 270, pp. 58, 59; 271, p. 82; 272, p. 106).— The autlior briefly discusses the important features involved in the management and ex- ploitation of forests, and gives a reference list of some of the more important native timbers of Jamaica as well as such foreign timbers as might be grown to advantage. Each si)ecies of wood is briefly described relative to its distiu- guisliing characteristics, ocoiiomic value, and uses. Micrography of the woods of Javanese trees, J. W. Moll and II. H. Jan.s- soNius (Miknxjrapliie cics IIolzcs dcr auf Java vorknmmcndcn liaii marten. Lcydcn, 1906, vol. 1, pt. 1, pp. 368, figs. J,.',; 1908, vol 1. pt. 2, pp. 361)-568. figs. 30; vol. 2, pp. 160, figs. 21). — The authors have conducted since 1003 an exten- sive investigation relative to the wood anatomy of Javanese species of trees. In the 2 volumes thus far published descriptions are given of the wood anatomy of some 230 species. Under each description is given the important literature of the species, notes on the material used in the study and its preparation, the reagents employed, and a detailed micrographical description of the wood and its component elements. Figures are given showing the sections of all dis- similar W'Oods. Introductory chapters in volume 1 discuss the methods em- ployed in the investigation, the preparation of the material, the nomenclature used, etc. The pines of Mexico, G. R. Shaw (Boston, 1909, pp. 29, pis. 22, map 1). — This paper, which is the first of a series of publications of the Arnold Arbo- retum, consists of a systematic classification, botanical descriptions and draw- ings of the Mexican species of pines. The paper is based upon specimens col- lected by representatives of this Department and of the National Museum, and submitted to the author for identification, together with personal studies of these pines in their native country. Reference is given to the literatui'e on the vari- ous species as well as to the different collectors and the specimen numbers in the National Museum. The author finds that numerous forms previously de- scribed as distinct species are but several varieties of a few- species. Monterey pine, F. Albert (El Pino de Montcrei, Pinii.9 insigniis o mejor Piniis radiata. Santiago de Chile: Min. Indus., 1908, pp. 26. figs. 19; An. Agron. [Santiago de Chile], 3 (1908), No. 2-3, pp. 376-399, figs. 19).— A monograph on this species of pine with special reference to its culture in Chile. A list is given of its common names and synonyms, and the species is discussed relative to its botany, habitat, range, geographical distribution, the timber and its uses, climatic and soil requirements, methods of pi'opagation. and silvicultural treat- ment. Canary Islands pine, F. Albert (El Pino Tea de las Canarias o J'inus Canariensis. Santiago de Chile: Min. Indus., 1908, pp. 36, figs. H; An. .A.gron. [Santiago de Chile], 3 (1908), No. 2-3, pp. 333-361), figs. l.'i).—A monograph on this species of pine similar to the one noted above. Sand-binding plants, V. S. Iyer (Indian Forester, 35 (1909). No. 2, pp. 82-97). — The author gives a brief survey of attempts made in different coun- tries and at different times to l)ind drifting sand, discusses climatic and other influences affecting plant growth in sandy regions, and describes several FORESTRY. 1135 peculiarities of root systems, stems, leaves, flowers, etc., of sand-hiiidiiij; .ind other niaritinie plants. A Jist is also given of tj'pical sand-binding plants. Timber. J. li. Hatkrdkn (Loudon, 1908, pp. 351, figs. .T//). — A practical work consisting of descriptive notes on the economic timbers of various countries, together with a discussion of subjects of importance to the timber industry, including the causes of decay and destruction, seasoning and impregnation, defects in timber, strength and testing, and " figure " in timber. The work is based upon the author's personal experience, supplemented by information secured from various authentic sources. A bibliography is appended. Planting' and care of a forest of evergreens, A. Kneciitel (Drpt. Int. Can- ada, Fon'strij liranch Bui. 2. pp. S, pgs. .j). — A brief, popular bulletin on this subject whicli discusses the collection of seed, nursery practices, planting operations, thinnings, and the final cut. The new planting method in forests, M. Kozesnik (Die ncuc Pflanzung.^- Mcthodc iin Waldc. Mcnna, 1908, 3. ed., pp. 19, figs. 6). — This is the revised edition of a short paper on this subject which was first published several years ago, and in which the author recommends and describes in detail a method of planting young trees which closely corresponds to the careful methods employed by private gardeners in setting out plants. Forest valuation and forest statics. H. Stoetzer (Wnldirrrircchnung iind Forsilichv Statik. Frankfort-on-thc-Main, W08, -}. ed., pp. r///+.^'/N).— This is a manual of forest valuation and statics. In the introduction consideration is given to the importance, historical development, and literature of these sub- jects. Part 1 contains a general discussion of worth and price and treats in detail of the fundamental principles, execution, and application of forest valuation. Part 2 discusses forest statics relative to methods of estimating and their application. Is permanent forestry justified from a financial point of view? K. Fre- DENBERG (K. Lundthr. Ak(td. Ilnndl. och Tidski:. )?' (1908). Ao. .'>-(k pp. 289- 311).— The results obtained in the management of a number of Swedish crown forests are given with the view of supporting an affirmative answer to the above question. Report of the Pennsylvania Department of Forestry for the year 1907 (Rpt. Penn. Dept. Forestry, 1907, pp. 197, pis. 19). — This report includes a state- ment of the general oi)erations of the department of forestry and of specific forest administration by foresters and other officers of the department, together with several pniifi-s denliiig with iiractical phases of forestry. Report of the superintendent of forestry, R. H. Campbell (Dept. Int. Canada, Ann. lipt., 1908, pt. 7. pp. .'/«, pis. 12). — In addition to a general report of forest operations of the forestry branch of the Canadian Department of the Interior for the year 1907-8. reports are given by the officials in charge of the different divisions of the work. The Dominion forest reserves. A. Kneciitel (Drpt. Int. Canitdit. Forrstri/ Branch Bui. 3, pp. 19. pis. .'/). — This bulletin contains a general account of the Dominion forest reserves relative to their purpose and administiatiim. The following phases are discussed: Location and area, dates of formation, grazing on forest reserves, jirotecfion against fire, reforesting, removal of sciuafters, marking resjMve boundaries, forest survey, kinds of timber, timber estimates, removal of timber, and the reserves as pl(>asnre resorts. Report of the Rocky Mountains Park of Canada. II. Douglas and N. B. Sanson (Dept. Int. i'muidn. .\nn. lipt.. I9()S. pt. .'>. pp. 2(1, pis. 27). — This report embraces the anniial reports of the superintendent of the Uocky Mountains Park. Yoho Park, and (Jlacier Park reserves, and of the curator of the museum, for the fiscal year ended March 31, PJUS. The meteorological data for the year. 1130 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and nunuTons plates illustrating iilaiit lilV and vai-i/>. .iS, jif/s. .>l). — In this rejiort the author describes and jjjives maps of the various districts of soul hern Ontario, discusses the present condition of the waste lands, and presents tij^ures to show the financial possibility of artificially reforesting these lands at a i)rofit. The conclusion Is reached that on large areas where no seed trees of commercial species exist, it will be impossible to obtain satisfactory new natural growth within a reasonable time, and the ipolicy of putting these lands under forest management is advocated. Report of the superintendent of forestry, R. S. IIosmeb {Rid. lid. Comrs. A<)r. (iitd Forcstni, Uairaii. 5 (/.90.S), /iji. //-.7.5). — This is the customary annual report of the division of forestry. It discusses the present status of the forest reserves, the progress made in forest extension, miscellaneous forest work, the present status of rubber in Hawaii, and results of rubber tapping tests, which have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. S44). Reports of the dis- trict foresters and the forest fire service are also included, together with a sum- mary of reconunendations for further develoimient of the work. Report of the forest nurseryman, D. Haughs (Rpt. Bd. Comin. Agr. and Forestry Ilaaaii, 5 (1908), pp. 56-62). — A progress report on the work at the government nursery, the forestry experiment station at Makiki. the Nuuanu Station, and the Tantalus Forest, including a statement as to advice and assistance rendered for the year ended December 31, IDOS. Annual report of the director of forestry of the Philippine Islands for the period July 1, 1907, to June 30, 1908, G. P. Ahekn (Ann. Rpt. Dir. Foresiry P. /., 1008. pp. 26). — A progress rei)ort on the work conducted during the year by the divisions of administration and investigation, including a dis- cussion of new legislation and miscellaneous matters iiertalning to the I'hilii)pine forest service. The appendix contains tabular data relative to licenses, regis- tration of woodlands, utilization of forest products, timber cut by leading licensees, important timbers by species, imports and exports, revenues, and expenses. Para rubber cultivation, C. Mathieu (Culture du Caoutchouc dc Para. Pa7is, 1909. pp. 11+201. figs. J/B). — This work, which is offered as a manual of rubber cultivation in Malaysia, is printed both in English and in French. Part 1 deals with the problems which confront the prospective settler, such as the selection and acquirement of land, location and construction of dwelling houses and other buildings, methods of living, the labor question, etc. Part 2 dis- cusses rubber culture in detail, including the preparation of the land, nursery practices, planting operations, manuring, pruning and subsequent care, col- lecting latex, and preparation of rubber for market. Estimates are given relative to yields, expenditures, and returns. Distribution of [Guayule] rubber in different parts of the shrub, T. WniTTELSEY (.Jour. Iitdiix. and Engin. Clirm., 1 (1909), .Yo. .'/, pp. 2.'/7-2.'/9, dgms. 2). — Analytical methods and data are given of an investigation relative to the distribution of Guayule rubber in different parts of the plant. In a previous paper on this subject (E. S. R., 17, p. 257), Endlich reported that the ratio of the rubber found in the bark to that found in the wood is approximately 7 : 2. The data secured from the present investigation indicate that the trunk wood contains no rubber, although it does contain a small per- centage of a rubber-like resin which might be mistaken for rubber when the extraction is made directly with tetrachlorid. Analyses of the whole plant DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1137 gave 9.5 per cent pure rubber on a water-free basis, or, taking the mill weight of the material as a basis, S per cent. Inspection of the material prepared for analysis showed that the trunks were made up of 40.4 per cent bark and 53.6 per cent wood. Determinations made of 2 whole i)lants gave 54.6 and 57.8 l»er cent of bark, resi)ectively. [Rubber tapping experiments and mechanical tests of several Surinam woodsl, W. A. Van Asbkck {Dcpt. Landb. Hurinainc liul. /J. pi). 11). — This bulletin contains the results of tapping experinjents conducted with Jlcvea .^/(///a»r/(.s(.s' in 1008, including analyses of samples of the rubber, and notes on their valuation by diflerent commercial firms. Data are also given on me- chanical tests made with 5 Surinam woods. The direct utilization of latex in the industries, L. Morisse (Le Latex: Son UtUmition directe dans Vlndustrie. Paris, 190S, pp. 68J/, figs. 17). — This work is offered as a resume of the present state of our knowledge relative to latex. It consists of an exposition of the advantages of the author's secret process of coagulating latex, whereby the coagulated latex may be used directly for manufacturing purposes without first being converted into crude rubber. All of the author's early and recent papers on the subject of harvesting and coagulation of latex are included, together with the reports of the purely scien- tific latex investigations made by the author's two principal collaborators, V. Henri and G. Vernet. DISEASES OF PLANTS. A method of checking' parasitic diseases in plants, M. C. Potter (Jour. Agr. Set., 3 (1908), No. 1, pp. 102-107).— The author has i)reviously shown (E. S. R., 13, p. 467) that the organism causing the white rot of turnips owes its power to the fact that it secretes an enzym which acts upon the cellulose, dissolving the middle lamella and effecting the disintegration of the cell wall, while at the same time it produces a toxin fatal to the protoplasm of its host cell. Subsequent studies with this organism { I'sciuhjinontts dcstructans) have showed that it is possible that the toxin may be one of the waste products of bacterial metabolism. In a series of investigations, the author grew the organism in cultures, and after considerable growth was made he sterilized the media, filtered it, and steamed it, thus destroying the enzyms and all organisms present. Turnips were then inoculated with the organism causing the white rot, and the pre|)ared toxic solution was emi)loyed to determine whether it would check the rot after it had once become well advanced. Cultures were allow-ed to develop for sev- eral (lays, after which the toxic solution was plactnl on one half of an inoculated turnip, the other half remaining as a control. On the half receiving the toxic substance the growth of the organism ceased. Where weaker solutions were used the bacteria were found to l)e unable to grow in the solutions and they prevented further extension of the rot. The toxic solution prepared from the turnip was found not to be necessarily destructive of other organisms. Some investigations were conducted to determine whether this curative prin- ciple would apply in other direction.s, and cultures were made of PcnicHUum ilitUciim and /'. olirarcuni, which cause the rapid rotting of oranges and lemons. These fungi were grown in sterilized orange juice, and after prepara- tion of the toxic sul)stance a number of oranges were inoculated with the fungus. A few days later, when tlie characteristic color of the rot had ap- peared, the oranges were treated with the toxic .solution and no further decay was noticed. 8S800— No. 12—09 4 1188 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Mucor cultures, D. K. Sumstink ( ticicncr, n. xcr., 2!) (1900), No. 737, p. 267). — A study is reported of the common mold {Mucor stolonifer) made to detiM-iiiine the development or nondevelopment of zygospores. In all. almui I'.ooo cultures \A'ere examined and not a single zygospore found. C'ultuics were made on different media and placed under conditions where n.xygcii was wanting, to determine the necessity for oxygen in the growth of zygospores, but no zygosjiores were obtained. Further studies on anthracnoses, C. L. Shear and Anna K. Wood (Abs. iti Science, n. ner.. 2'.) (UK)!)), No. 7.J7, pp. 272, 27.i). — In continuation of previous studies ( E. S. K., IS, p. 1141) 2.'> forms of Colletotrichum and (ihjeosporium have been studied from different species of plants. Cultures have been made, the fungi compared, and cross inoculation experiments carried on. but no mor- phological characters have been found to be sufficiently constant to justify the segregation of species except perhaps in the case of the cotton anthracnose. The characters of Gloeosporium iGlomcreUn) rufotnacultiiix represent fairly well the essential chai'acters of all. Cross inoculations from forms on fruits seem to indicate that the fungus may soon adai)t itself to a different host and after a few generations develop almost as readily on one fruit as on another. All the so-called species are believed to be slightly specialized physiological forms of one omnivorous species. Cultures of Uredineae in 1908, J. C. Arthur (Abs. in Science, n. .scr., 29 (1909), No. 737, p. 270). — An account is given of the tenth consecutive season's cultures of various species of rusts made from the resting as well as the sum- mer spores. xVmong the various facts presented, the author states that for the first time in America the early or brown rust of rye was grown on Anchiisa sp., being sown early in July. A similar rust on wheat failed to germinate so soon after maturity, seeming to settle the identity of the so-called Puccinia dispcrsa of Europe and America. Trials with the rust of timothy (P. plileipratensis) failed to infect barberry plants, in this respect agreeing with European studies. During the season's investigation considerable information was added regard- ing the life history of species of Gymnosporangium, and the life cycle was dem- onstrated for one species from the Southern States, one from the Northern States, and one fi-om west of the Rocky Moinitains. Notes on Sclerospora graminicola, G. B. Traverso (Nuoro Gior. Bot. Itdl., n. .s-rr., /.'/ (1907), No. .'/, pp. 57')-57S). — A study was made of .s'. fjrnminicohi. a common parasite of Setahn itnJica. As a result of inoculation and other ex- periments, the author concludes that the form commonly occurring on the Italian millet is quite distinct from the species, and he describes it as S. gram- inicola ftetaricr-itaUccc. A leaf blig-ht of beans, T. Fkrraris (Riv. Patol. Vcfj., 3 (1909), No. 16. pp. 2'tl-2'i'i) . — A description is given of a disease of beans in which the leaves be- come dried and blackened. The cause was found to be the fungus Altcrnaria brassic {190!)), \o. 613, pp. 64-66, fig. 1). — -An account is given of a disease of tomatoes due to the fungus Scptoria Igcopersici. The effect of the disease on the different parts of the plant is noted with suggestions for its control. It is stated that the form I)resent in Europe differs from that originally described as coming from Argen- tina and that the former is probably .S. Ujcopersici otropccc. Studies of two species of Gloeosporium, E. Lasnier (RuL Trimcst. Soc. Mi/ci/l. France. 2) (190S). Xo. 1. pp. 17-'i3. pis. 3). — Studies were made of G. (■(tttlci/o' found on the leaves of certain species of Cattleya, and of (1. )nus(irum on banana fruits. The morphological and biological characters of each fungus are described, and the author concludes that they are both saprophytes. The perfect form of neither species has been recognized. The characteristics, as shown in culture media, are described at length. The species occurring on orchids somewhat resembles that descrilied by Cooke and Massee under the name (1. ranillfr. That occurring /.<. 3, figs. .'> ; 239, pp. 'i29-J,.',0. figs. .7; 2.'i0, pp. -',.'i9-.'i60, pl.rent fungicides for the control of 1140 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. mildew in IfOS are doscrilKHl. These exi»erinients were cnrriod on in a field connected with the dejiartniental hii»<»ratory at Chalons-snr-Marne, and the nieteorolofrical conditions are said to have been exceptionally favorable dnrin^ the snninier for the develoituient of the mildew. After describing the meteoro- logrical conditions for the summer of IfKKS, the exi)eriment3 are outlined. In these S lots of vines were given different treatments. The fungicides used were neutral copi)er acetate and annuonia ; copper acetate and liquid polysul- Iihids; cojtper acetate and sest results. In comparing the simple with the compound mixtures, the advantage was in favor of those fungicides which were compounded, receiving sulphur or polysulphids. The mildews of the grape, I. B. P. Evans (Traii.sraul Agr. Jour., 7 (JHOfl), A'o. ^0', lilt. .US-ill. pix. 2). — Descriptions are given of the downy mildew (Plasnwpara viticola) and the powdery mildew of the grape (Uncimtla spi- raJi-'i), and for their control it is recommended that Bordeaux mixture be used for the downy mildew and sulphur for the powdery mildew. Note on the European apple-tree canker fungus, I. B. I'. Evans (Trans- raal Atjr. -Jour.. 7 ( t'JO'.n. \o. .ii>. p. .ill). — A brief note is given on the occur- rence of the apple-tree canker fungus ( .Vro/r/a tUtiKsima) in southern Africa. Diseases of the olive, L. Navarro and E. Noriega (Prog. Agr. y Pccuario, 1.5 {]!)09), Ao«. 611, pp. 31-33. figs. 3: 612. pp. 'il-'i'-K figs. 2\.—An account is given of some new and little lino\^^l fungus and insect injuries of the olive that have been observed by the authors in Seville, Spain. Among the principal fungi noted are Glceosporiiun olivarum, ilacrophoma dalmatica, and Cycloconium oleaginum. In addition there are notes on the tuberculosis of the olive, the olive fly ( Dnriis olccr) and Diplosis olrisiign. The injurious action of calcium cyanamid on olive trees, F. Fbancolini (Itdliif Agr., IHOO, Xo. J. pp. 12-1',, pi. 1; nhx. in Rir. Patol. Veg.. 3 (l!)Ofn, No. 17, p. 268). — The results of 3 years' experiments are given showing the effect of calcium cyanamid on olive trees. In 190G one lot of trees was fertilized with 2 kg. of Thomas slag. 2 kg. of land plaster, and 1 kg. of calcium cyanamid. The check lot received 1 kg. of nitrate of soda as the source of nitrogen, and the same amounts of the other fertilizers as were given the test trees. Similar comparisons were made be- tween nitrate of soda and calcium cyanamid in 1907 and 190S. In every case the calcium cyanamid proved injurious to the trees, the injury being characterized by a browning of the foliage, the change of color iirogress- ing from the tip of the leaf toward its base. Later the trees lost considerable of their foliage and a large proportion of the fruit dropped from the trees. In clay soils and those rich in humus, the injury was not as pronounced as where the trees were grown in volcanic soils, which were poor in clay and lime. A bacterial disease of the peach, J. B. Roreb {Mycologia. 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 23-27). — According to the author, during the past 5 or G years peach grow- ers in various sections of the country have called attention to a shot-hole disease of peaches which in wet seasons has caused a great deal of premature defoliation. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1141 This WMS iK'lk'ved to l»e of biu-li'ri.il origin and was so rcportod by Clinton in T.X)3 (E. S. !{.. 16, p. G2). The disease Wiis asain noticed in lOon, and in !!)()(>, 1907, and 1008 the author undertook a detailed study of it throuKhoufr the South and Middle West. lu these sections it proved lo Ik- the c(tniuionest shot-hole disease of peach leaves, the Cercospora leaf sjjot heiuj; l)ut rarely met with. Numerous investi>:ations showed that the disease was of bacterial origin. A bacterial disease of peach twigs and of the fruit was also found, and it seems probable that they, as well as the leaf sjiot, are caused by the same organism. During the sunnner of 1007 a series of successful inoculation experiments with the organism was made. There appears to be but little doubt that the organism causing the leaf spot is the same as that described by Smith as liuciciium pniiii. the cause of the bacterial black spot of i)lunis and a ]tlum leaf spot (E. S. H.. 17. 157). As the fruit spot was not discovereil until toward the close of the peach season, little work has been done upon it. The immunity of Coffea congensis to Hemileia vastatrix, M. Dubard (Jour. Afjr. Ti(>i>.. )i {IDOS). A o. 'JO. /tit. 3U3, SG'i). — A description is given of the variety chaloti of C. vongcuHlK, which is grown at the experiment station at Tamatave, Madagascar, and which has proved to be decidedly resistant to attacks of //. lantatrlr. This variety seems to have originated from seed that has been under observation for a number of years in Madagascar, the original coming from the Kongo region of Africa. The variety seems not only more immune, but is of decidedly better quality than the Liberian coffee, and it is believed that it can still be improved hy breeding experiments. Witches' broom disease of cacao, C. J. J. van Hall and A. W. Drost {Rec. Tnir. Hot. Xrcrland., .J {PJOS), No. 'i, pp. 2J,3-310, pis. 11; Jour. Bd. Agr. Brit. Guiana, 2 (1009), No. 3, pp. 126-132; Roy. Bot. Gard. Kcw, Bui. Mi,^c. Inform., I'JO!), No. 5, pp. 223, 22.'f). — A study ou the origin, nature, and treatment of tlie witches' broom disease of cacao as it occurs in Surinam is reported. The symptoms of the disease are summarized, from which it ai)pears that the witches' brooms are hypertrophied branches, considerably thickened at the base, with rough surfaces. They are further distinguished by the leaves being small and stunteil. Another form of the disease is characterized by the hardening of the pods, a symptom not originally associated with this disease, but usually attributed to the fungus I'lii/tophlltora oninicora. The third manifestation of the disease is what is designated as " star flowers." These are borne on fruit branches which present the same pathological symptoms as the witches' brooms, but they appear as an agglomeration of a large number of flowers, having among them vegetative branches transformed into small witches' brooms. They seldom give rise to ripe i»ods. The disease, accoi-ding to the author.s, has been found to be due to the fungus C'()llctotriclnnn lu.iiflcunt, a description of w'hich is given. The effects of the disease are chiefly shown in the reduction of the crop, and for its prevention severe pruning, after which the trees are to be sprayed with liordeaux mixture, is recommended. The pruning in some of the experiments amounted to pvactically the cutting away of the entire top of the tree, after which all the diseased material was burned. This drastic treatment resulted in the practical loss of the crop for a year or two, but the tree recovered, and in a few yeai's had grown wt'll-developed tops. So far as the authors' investigations go, other species of trees are not subject to the attack of this species of Colletotricluuii. as has been currently re|>orted. Root rot, A. Despklssis (Jour. Ihi,l. Ai/r. \\'i If. Ills. 2). — According to (lie author, consideral)le trouble is reported in different parts of West Australia, due to the root rot of various orchard and 1142 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ollu'r tit'cs. liivestijiiil ii)ii sliowfd lliai most of it is fiiiis('y various species of uiusliroouis, the one most iiarticuiariy concerned being the lioney agaric (Agaricus mcllcus). For the prevention of injury, the clearing of lauds, in which all roots and stumps should be removed, and the draining and cultivation of the newly cleared lauds are recommended. When trees are found slightly affected they can be protected to some extent by uncovering the roots, removing the diseased jtortions. and spraying the sound parts with fungicides. Observations on the relation of wound parasites to the heartwood of the affected tree, P. Spaui.ding (Abs. in Science, n. scr., 2!) (JHO!)), Nd. 7J7, p. 272). — While studying various wood-rotting fungi, the author has noted an apparent relation between the wound parasites and the? heartwood of diseased trees, A striking instance of this was that of Fomcs inbis occurring on sassafras trees. In every case examined this fungus was found attacking the trees only in wounds where the heartwood was exposed by some injury. F. igniarius, studied upou the beech, was found to occur in a similar manner. Hundreds of blazed beech trees have been examined, but in not a single instance was the fungus found growing where the wound only extended into the sapwood. On the other hand, it was constantly found in wounds extending into the heartwood. The fungus rolystictus versicolor on catalpa and F. fraxinopliilus on the white ash can be traced to the heartwood through dead stubs or wounds. In a similar way vou Schrenk has called attention to the fact that F. rimosus, which attacks the heartwood of black locust, enters either through the dead stubs or through insect burrows. These investigations seem to indicate that the heartwood must be exposed before these fungi are capable of attacking the hosts. Rusts on the leaves of bamboos, S. Kusano {Bui. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imp. Univ., 8 {1908), Isio. 1, pp. 37-50, pi. 1, fig. 1). — A description is given of 5 species of Pucciuia known to occur on bamboos in Japan, the species being P. phyllos- tachydis, P. sasw, P. kiisanoi, P. kusanoi azvma, and P. longicornis. Notes are included on the distribution, economic relationship, and some of the biological characters of the different species. A new disease of oaks, A. Fiori {Bui. R. Soc. Toscana Ort., 3. scr., 13 {1908), Ao. 9, pp. 266-268). — A description is given of the mildew of oaks, which was very prevalent in the oidium stage in Europe during 1908. The author thinks that it is probably Microsphcera qucrcina, although the fruiting stage has not been found. Oak mildew in the southwest of France, Gard {Jour. Bot. [Pat'ts], 21 {1908), No. 10, pp. 253-256). — An account is given of the occurrence of mildew on oak trees in the southwest of France during the summer and autumn of 1908. The species Quercus tozza seemed most susceptible, although others were subject to attack. The most injury was done on the yoiuig trees, particularly where they were grown as coppice. The season seemed to have been especially favorable to the development of mildews, as the author reports mildews abun- dant on a number of other sjiecies of i)lants. Biology of the chrysanthemum rust, S. Kusano {Bui. Col. Agr. Tokyo Imp. Univ., 8 {1908), ISlo. 1, pp. 27-36, fig. 1). — A study has been made of the rusts which are known to attack various species of chrysanthemums in Japan, par- ticular attention being paid to the black rust {Pucrinia chrysanthemi) , the white rust (P. horiana), and the brown rust {Uredo autumnali.s). The author states that there is some (luestion as to the specific name of the first species as well as the host plants attacked. The white rust is of compara- tively recent scientific knowledge, although it is said to have been known by gardeners for a considerable time. It proves very destructive, particularly on DISEASES OF PLANTS. 1143 some forms of chrysanthomums, and is imicli more injurious than the hlaik rust because of its attacUinu tlie liost plants wliile quite young and also on account of its rapid iiropagatiou. The repeated use of Bordeaux mixture is said to be very effective in preventing this rust. All of the rusts mentioned occur on the wild chrysanthemum (L'liryfinnthc- mum decaisncanum) . They also have a tendency to occur on C. sinense, al- though in some parts of Japan there seems to be more or less specialization regarding their hosts. A bacterial gall of the daisy and its relation to gall formations on other plants, C. <). TowNSKND (Ab.s. in iSviciice, n. scr., 29 {1909), No. 737, /j. 273). — Investigations on the galls occurring on the Paris daisy have been carried on for some time by the author. After repeated efforts an organism was isolated, which has the ability to induce the formation of new galls upon healthy plants when inoculated into the stems and branches or even into the leaves of healthy daisy plants. This organism will also produce galls upon a large number of other plants, including the tomato, potato, tobacco, sugar beet, hop, carnation, grape, rasp- berry, peach, and ai).ple. The work has led to the isolation of pathogenic or- ganisms from the galls of peach, the hard gall of api)le, hairy root of apple, hop, rose, and chestnut. The organisms obtained from these galls are cross inoc- ulable and are very similar if not identical in size, shape, structure, and habits of growth with the organism from the daisy gall. These investigations, the author claims, leave no doubt regarding the cause of the crown gall of the peach as well as of some of the gall formations upon the apple and other economic plants. Leaf spot of Odontog'lossum, M. C. Potter (Gard. Chron., 3. .scr., .{.5 (1909), No. 1158, i>i). l-'io, l'i6, ftys. //). — The attention of the author has been directed to numerous black spots occurring on the lower surface of the leaves of O. uro- ftkiintcri. The .spots are found chiefly on the older leaves, the younger ones being almost, if not entirely, unaffected. Transverse sections through the region of the spots show an accumulation of a brown mucilaginous or gummy substance beneath the epidermis. In the initial stages this substance is present only in the respiratory cavities of the stomata, from which it exudes into the stomatal oi)enings. In more advanced stages it collects in large masses, spreading through the hyiuxlermal cells into the internal tissues of the leave.s. This leaf spot disease is said to differ in many respects from the common leaf spot of orchids, which is chai'acterized by the plasmolysis of the cells. No fungus. has been found associated with this leaf spot, but numerous bac- teria are present in the affected tissues. Thus far all attempts to induce the disease upon healthy plants by inoculation with bacteria have proved unsuc- cessful, but the author believes that bacteria play an important part in the develojinient of the disease, particularly in the formation of the gum. It is thought that unsuital)le cultural conditions are also largely responsible for the initial occurrence of the disease. The transmissibility of the cause of olive tuberculosis to the oleander, L. SAVA.STANO (liol. Aihoi. Iliil.. ', ( I'.iDS). \i>. 2. iij'. W. 87).— As a result of inocu- lation experiments with pure cultures of the organism causing olive tubercu- losis and of the insertion of fragments of olive tubercles into healthy oleander trees, the author states that the bacterial disease of the olive can not be trans- mitted to tlH' oleander. ,is claimed by ( ". < ). Smith i K. S. IJ.. IS. p. A~>:^). Beport of the Phytopatholog'ical Institute of Wag'eningen for 1907, J. ItnzKMA P.os (M(iii, 1908. pp. VII +298). — In this jilossary the French equivalents with fanuly. order, or class to which the siiecies belong are given for the German names of animals. Catalogue of the type-specimens of mammals in the United States Na- tional Museum, including the Biological Survey collection, M. W. I.yon. Jr.. and W. H. Osgood (U. .s. \at. Mus. Hid. 62. pp. X+325). — This catalogue in- cludes all type-specimens of mammals known to be in the U. S. National Mu- seum on July 1, 1908. A total of 1.405 type-specimens are here included, of which 092 are in the collection of the Division of Mammals aud 713 in the Biological Survey collection. A list is appended of 20 type-specimens that should be in the National Museum collection but of which no part can now be found. The fauna of Mayfield's cave, A. M. Banta (Carnegie Inst. Washington Pub. 67, pp. 11.',, pi. 1, figs. 13, map 1; ahs. in t^cicncc, n. sen, 29 (1908), No. 1.1,3, pp. 503, 50-',). — This cave, located in Monroe County, Ind., was visited by the author on an average of once a week during some 20 months, covering different seasons of the years 1903, 1904, and 1905. The collections, made are here re- corded under the headings of Mammalia, Pisces, lusecta, Myriopoda, Arachnida, Crustacea, Annelida, Mollusca, and Turbellaria. Of 138 species known to exist in Indiana caves, 110 are recorded from Mayfield's cave. Descriptions by C. F. Adams of 2 new species of fungus flies (MycetophiJa anaJis and M. incerta) are included. A bibliographic list is given of more than 130 works and papers consulted. Annual report of the chief inspector of rabbits, A. Crawford (Jour. DcpK Agr. West. Aust., 11 (1908), No. 6, pp. 9.35-939).— The total length of rabbit- proof fence erected Is said to be 2,023 miles with about 10 miles in the course of erection. Details are given of the work of the year. Plague among the ground squirrels of California, W. B. Wherry (Jour. Infeet. Diseases, 5 (1908), No. 5, pp. .',85-506, pi. 1, map 7).— The fact that a number of ground squirrels (Otospermophilus heecheyi) have been proved to be infected with Bacillus pestis in two widely separated sections of the State of California is considered as the most serious feature of the plague situation in this country. The Norway rat (Mus norregicux) was the principal species of rodent caught in traps set well within the burrows of the ground squirrel by employed trappers. The relation between squirrel plague and the origin of certain human cases is said to have been demonstrated. Pathological and bac- teriological features of the squirrel plague are here discussed. Experiments on the use of Bacillus pestiscavise as a rat virus, W. B. Wherry (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 5 (7.908), No. 5, pp. 519-553).— In a study made of this species it was found that when ingested by young rats (Mus norvegie.us) and mice (M. musculus) it is acutely pathogenic. A large per- centage of adult rats are naturally inmiune to the infection through the gas- trointestinal canal or w^hen infected they subsequently recover. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY, 1145 Outbreak of illness caused by vermin-destroying virus, W. CoLLiNCRiotiK {Puh. Health [London], 22 (1908), Ao. 3, pi). i>.'i-9U).— An outbreak of illness was traced to the virus that h.td been used for the destruction of rodents. The birds of Tierra del Fuego, R. Cbavvshay [London, 1907, pp. XL+158, pis. 4h fW- i' »i'^tp J)- — i^ix months were spent by the author in the investiga- tions here reported. In the preface the author briefly considers the flora and fauna including the mammals, fishes, spiders, insects, etc. Birds are the. most imi)ortant fauna of all, although the majority are only summer visitors. Thirteen orders and 70 si)ecies of birds are considered. Nests of the barred owl, red-shouldered hawk, and barn owl on Staten Island, in 1907, J. Chapin {Proc. Staten Isl. Assoc. Arts and Sci., 2 (1907-8), No. 1, pp. 3-S). — Notes are given on the habits of Syrnium varium, liutco lincatus, and Strir pratiucala. The food of some British birds, R. Newstead (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 15 (1908), yo. 9, t>iip., pp. y III +87). — A memoir based upon 871 post-mortem examinations of the stomach contents and the pellets or castings of 128 species of British birds. "We find that insects occurred in about 41 per cent of the total number of post-mortem records and pellets. If we eliminate t*he finches, the hawks and owls, ducks, geese, divers and the oceanic birds from this total, we find that the insects forming the whole or part of the dietary of the remaining birds amounts to between 70 and 75 per cent ; and it is important to note that those insects which are included in the injurious group vastly outnumber those which may be considered beneficial, and are almost twice as numerous as the beneficial and the iinioxious groups combined." Philippine ornithological literature, I, R. C. McGregor (Philippine Jour. Sci., A. Gen. Sci., 3 (1908), A'o. //, pp. 285-292) .—This list of 50 titles is said to be tlie first of a series of parsers having for its final object a complete bibli- ography of Philippine ornithology. Notes on a collection of birds from Siquijor, Philippine Islands, R. C. Mc- Crkgor (I'liilipiiinc Join: Sci., A. Ucn. Sci., 3 U9U8), \o. //, pp. 275-281). — A list with notes on species of birds collected from Siquijor, a coi'al rock island with an area of about 235 sq. km. (about 91 sq. miles) which lies in close proximity to the large Island of Negros. Priority and practical entomology, H. M. Lefroy (Jour. Econ. Biol., 3 (1908), A'o. .'/, pp. 105-112). — The author here reviews many of the changes which have been made in the names of insects of economic importance and suggests methods by which the names of the more important insects could be standardized. Insects: The role they play in the transmission of disease, H. Albert (Bicn. h'pt. Bd. Health loua, I'f (1908), pp. 13G-lJ,Ji). — A general discussion of insect transmission of disease. How best to control and eradicate insect enemies and pests, F. White- side (Bien. lipt. Mont. Bd. Hort., 5 (1907-8), pp. 2.>i-G3, figs. iS).— An account is given of the more important insect enemies and diseases of fruits with methods of confrol. A spray cMlendar is appended. New pests we should guard against, E. M. Ehriiorn (Cal. Fruit Croirer, 38 (1908), No. 1006, pp. 10-13). — Among the insects which have not yet been introduced into California and which are to be guardi'd against, the autlior mentions the terrapin scale or peach lecanium (Eulccanium nigrofasciatum), scurvy bark louse, the West Indian peach scale (Aulacaspis pcntagona), maple scale (Phenacoccus acericola), pear tree psylla (Psylla pyricola), cigar case bearer (Colcophora flctchercllu), the bud moth (Tinctoccra (.cclhina), Japanese ai)ple fruit borer (Lavcrna herellcra), pear fruit borer (Ncphoptery.c rubrir 1146 EXPEHIMKNT STATION RECORD. ziiii(llii). ui|is.v i.ioth, l)ro\vii-t;iil iudIIi, sciumsIi Iiorcr (Mdittin sati/riniformis), peach root borer (S(iiniiiioi;iiz\voriii, mikI iiciicli siiwtly { I'diiiithUiUH iicr.siciinn . A preliminary bulletin on some economic insects and plant diseases of Indiana, H. W. Douglass ( hididna polls, Ind., 1907, pp. 2S, /iys. 8). — A brief account of the more iiiiitort;iiit insects jind plant diseases including methods of treatment. The principal insects injurious to horticulture during 1906-7, M. II. SwENK (liul. Ncbr. St(tfc llort. fe'oc, Ao. U), pp. 2'i. flst insects. Insect investigations in Mexico, A. Koebele {Haicall. Planters' Mo., 27 {1908), No. 12, pp. 507-513). — This is an account of investigations made in Mexico by the author. The moth borer (Diutnra saccharalis) is said to be widely distributed in the country. It is stated that 50 per cent of the eggs deposited are destroyed by a parasite (Tru'hogramma pretiosa). While the pest does not occur in Hawaii, it seems quite probable that it will be sooner or later introduced, as it is a species widely distributed. The large Mexican sugar-cane leaf-hopper (Cyrtodlsca major) is said to be injurious in the State of Morel os. The Mexican sugar-cane hopper (Cgrtodisca sp.) is widely distributed, breeding throughout the year. Its eggs are de- stroyed to a large extent by fungus diseases and parasites. Other injurious ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY, 1147 insects coiimionly fiiuiid in caiu' fields iia-liuU' an earwij; {Siihinf/olnhi.s twniatii). tlie chinch bug (S//.s.s-h.s Icuroptcnis), and jassid and fulgorid leaf hoppers. Report of the entomologist and vegetable pathologist, II. Tijyon {Ann. li'lit. Dcpt. A(/r. and Stock [Queensland]. 1907-8, pp. 84-92). — A brief account is given of tlie more important insects, insectivorous birds, and plant diseases of the year. These are grouped under insects affecting agricultural crops, useful insects, insects and ticks affecting stock, human ecto-parasites, diseases of agricultural crops, and diseases of horticultural crops. An account is also given of the inspection and disinfection of plants exported and imported during the year. Annual report of the assistant entomologist, L. J. Newman {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Au-st., 17 {1908), .Yo. 6, pp. 940-9U)- — An account is given of work with parasites of the fruit fly, cabbage aphis, scales, etc., and vpith lady beetles. The prevalence of and injury by the more important insect pests are briefly considered. Insects and other Arthropoda collected in the Congo Free State, R. New- stead, J. E. DuTTON, and J. L. Todd (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par.. 1 {1907), No. 1, pp. 3-113, pis. 6, figs. 21, maps 2). — Insects of the families CulicidiTe, Chiro- nomidfe, Psyehodidse, Simulidse, Tabanidse, Sarcophagidte, Muscidie (particu- larly tsetse flies), Hippoboscidae, Pulicidae, Cimicidse, and several families of the Acarina, including Ixodidte. are included in this accoimt. A guide to the study of Australian butterflies, W. J. Rainbow {Melbourne, 1907. pp. 272. ids. 7. figs. 2i!2). — A small guide intended for beginners. Notes on the life histories of certain wood-boring lepidoptera, F. X. Wil- liams {Ent. Xews, 20 {1909), Xo. 2, pp. 58-62, pi. i).— The species here noted are Vespamina sequoUe. Sesia melUnipennis. 8. polygoni. and Ptcrophorus haccharides. Notes on the study of some Iowa Catocalae, R. R. Rowley (Ent. News. 20 (1909). Yo. /. pp. 12-tS). — Notes on food plants are included in this account. The fauna of British India, including Ceylon and Burma. Coleoptera (London, 1906, rol. 1, pp. XVII I +329. figs. 107; 1908, vol. 2, pp. XX+53-',. pis. 2, figs. 172). — Yolume 1 on the Cerambycidte is by C. J. Gahan and volume 2 on the Chrysomelidie is by M. Jacoby. The distribution of the North American species of Phytonomus, R. L. Webster (Ent. Xews, 20 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 80-82).— X brief account of the dis- tribution of the weevils belonging to the genus Phytonomus. Notes on Tenthredinoidea, with description of new species, II, III, IV, V, S. A. RoHWER (Canad. Ent., J,l (1909), Xos. 1. pp. 9-21; 3, pp. 88-92; -), pp. 106-112; 5, pp. I.'f5-l'i9). — In these papers species and varieties from Colorado. California, Nebraska. Nevada. New Mexico. Kansas, and the District of Colum- bia are described as new. The new genus I'rotemphytus is also erected. A note on the habits of Aphilanthops, C. N. Ainslie (Canad. Ent.. J/l (1909), Xo. 3. pp. 99, 100). — The author reports observing the wasp .A^philan- thops taurulus capture and carry away Pogonomyrmex borbafMS at Albuquerque, New Mexico. Notes on some Chalcidoidea, .1. C. Crawford (Canad. Ent., Jfl {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 98, 99). — Mcgorisinus flitehcri bred from Xeetarophora pisi at Ottawa. Canada, is described as new. The new genus Hemadas is erected of which Megorismus niihilipennis is designated as the type specl( s. A table is given for the separation of the various genera of the tribe. Two new seed-infestiug chalcis flies, C. R. Crosby (Canad. Ent., .'il (1909), Xo. 2, pp. .50-,').5, figs. 2). — Prodccatoma phytophaga, reared from the seeds of the Yirgiuia creeper (Parthenoeissus quinquefolia), and Eunjtoma /7ir>J.S", reared 1148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from siH'd.s of llic siunaf Uilius liiitti). wliic-li wore eolloL'ted at Ithaca ami Taufihanuock Falls, N. Y.. are dcscTihcd as now to science. A key to the species of Prospaltella, with table of hosts, and descrip- tions of four new species, L. (). IIowakd {Ami. iUit. Soc. Auk r.. I ( HK^S), Xo. J/, i)/). 2iS/-26V/). — The species I'roKiKiltclhi (/ucrcicola reared Xvom Ahyrodvn gcla- tinoHUs, P. kocbclci from A-sjiiiJiotiis loiKjispiiKi, I'. citrclUi from Alci/rudcs curo- iiatus, and /'. hruiiiicii from a species of Alcyrodes are described as new to science. Comparative ethology of the European and North American ants, W. M. WiiKKLiOR (Jour. I'Hiivhol. u. Neurol., IS {0)08), pp. Ji().'i-Jf.i.'}, pla. 2, figs. 6). — The author liist considers the composition of the European and North American ant fauna. For America north of Mexico -150 species, subspecies, and varieties belonging to 63 genera and subgenera are said to have been listed by the author. As a number of forms remain to be described, it is estimated that the total number will exceed 500. It is considered certain that the North American ant fauna is more than twice as rich as that of Enroi)e. Fossil ants, the nidi- fication of the European and North American ants, the luirasitic ants of Europe, and Myrmecophiles are considered at some length. Honey ants, with a revision of the American Myrmecocysti, W. M. WiiEKLKK {Bui. Amer. Mtis. Nat. Hist., 2Jf (1908), pp. 3J,5-397, flgs. 28).— To this account is appended a bibliographical list of 49 titles. The ants of Casco Bay, Maine, with observations on two races of Formica sanguinea Latreille, W. M. Wiiekler (BuL Amer. Mus. Nottom lands of medium fertility, well drained, rows 4 ft. apart, plants 15 in. apart in the drill." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 1151 Maize stalk borer ( Sesamia fusca), C. W. >Lvlt.y {Agr. Jour. Cape (lood H(il)<\ .li [IHOS), \(>. .'). ini. HHi-Ci'i. p'f/ft. 2). — A general account is given of this pest, includiiig niethotls of control. Insect enemies of cotton, F. Shkrman, Jr. (Bui. \. C. Dcpt. Affi:. 29 (190S), \'i. (>. pp. .').'i, figs. 2.'i). — This is an account of the more important cotton insects, their biology, injnry, and remedies. The author considers $2,000,000 a con- servative estimate of the injury annually done to cotton in North Carolina by insects. Cutworms are the source of considerable injury, particularly in the Pied- mont counties. Of 7 species reared to maturity. 4 are reported as having reached the moth stage in spring, and 2 in fall, while 1 was observed in sum- mer only. Injury by the cotton leaf-louse (.l/j/f/.v gossypii) is said to be rather general throughout the cotton-growing regions of the State. Aphis maidi- nidicis has been reported from several counties as the source of injury. The cowpea pod weevil (CUaJcodcrmus (rncits) was reported in 1907 from several counties as injurious to cotton. The new cotton beetle (Lupcrodes hrutuwns) has been the source of considerable damage to blooms and squares. The cotton red spider (Tctraniiclnts glorcri) has been at times a source of injury, i)rincipally in a belt about two counties wide extending across the State from north to south. The cotton worm (Alabama argillacca) has not often been destructive in the State. The bollworm while not considered a serious enemj' of cotton in North Carolina does some damage every year. The boll weevil is not as yet known to occur in the State. Several cotton insects of lessor importance are also considered. Notophallus haeniatopus attacking peas in Fr.mce. P. Marchal (Bill. Soc. Ent. France, 1008, Xo. 3, pp. J/1, .'i2). — This acarid is descrii)ed as causing con- siderable injury to peas near Gien in central France. Further biological notes on the Colorado potato beetle (Leptinotarsa de- cemlineata). including observations on the number of generations and length of the period of oviposition, A. A. Girault (Ann. Ent. Soc. Amcr.. 1 (1008), Xo. 2, pp. 100-178). — A continuation in 1007 at New Richmond, Ohio, of ob- servations made during 1906 in Georgia, previously noted (E. S. R.. 19, p. 159). Contribution to the study of the sugar-cane borers, N. Levy (BoI. Min. F'tnicnto [I'crii], lUr. Foineiito, 6 (1008), Xo. 7, pp. I-'/). — The species Dia- tnra striatalis and Scsiuina nonagrioides var. alhieiliafa are here cousiderml. Paper on the frog hopper, J. J. McLeod (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tobago, 8 (1008), Xo. 12, pp. .'>.^2-.556). — An account is given of part of the life history of a Trinidad spec-ies of cercopid. which the author considers the principal cause of the injm-y and disease of sugar cane throughout the island. As a remelds itc allowed to lie fallow for at least a year. Insects injurious to tobacco, (i. E. Anastasia (Boi. Tec. Coltir. Tabaechi [Scafafi], 7 ilOOS). Xo. 2. pp. 107-1 1), pi. /).— In this article the author con- siders the Thysanoptera or thrips known to injure tobacco, the nature of their injniy. natural ciicniics. and nietliods of control. A new vegetable pest — the tomato weevil, C. Fki:ncii, .Jr. (-/our. Dept. Agr. \'ictoriii. It ( I'.ios). \s. Annual report of the chief orchard inspector, T. Hooper (Jour. Dept. Agr. ires/. Amt., 11 {1908), No. 6, pp. !)33-93.5).—A remarkable reduction from that of the previous year is rejmrted in the quantity of fruit destroyed by the fruit fly. The use of kerosene for the destruction of these flies is considered as a valuable discovery, as many flies have been destroyed by it. A brief account is .siven of the more important orchard insects of the yt>ar. Observations on the oviposition of CEcanthus quadripunctatis Beuten- miiller, .J. P. Jensen {Ent. Neics, 20 {VJO't). No. I. pp. 25-28, pi. /).— Injury to blackberry and raspberry canes is said to be due to O. quadripunctatis and not to O. niveus. The woolly aphis of the apple tree, J. K. Inda {E.^tac. Afjr. Cent. [.Ue.cico], Cire. 2, pp. 6, pi. 1). — This is a general account including remedies for l^c]iizoii('M)-a Jairigcra. The apple blossom weevil, AY. E. Collinge (Jour. lid. Agr. [London], J5 (1008), No. 9, pp. 67 '/-6'7t. 2. fig. /).— A capsid belonging to an undetermined genus, VliriiplKtlu.s horridus, and Ccratiti.s anona; are described as new to science. On a new species of Kermes destructive to oak trees in North India, E. E. Green (Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 20 {1909), No. 229, pp. 10-12, figs. //).— The species here described (Kcrmc.'^ Irimalaijcnsis) is rei)orted as killing oaks (Qucrcus incana) over a considerable area. The large larch sawfly, C. (i. Hewitt (Jour. lid. Agr. [fjindon], 15 (1908), No. 9, pp. (iJi9-660, pi. 1, map 1). — The author here considers the life history of Ncmatu-s crichsonii. the nature and effects of its attack, its occurrence, natural enemies, and remedial and preventive measures. Birds and the field vole {Microtus \Arricol(i\ af/rcstis) are reported to be the most important factors iu the natural control of this i)est. In two lots of cocoons examined. 3.4 and 9.5 per cent, respectively, were found parasitized by the ichneumon Mesolcius aulicus. The Monterey pine resin midge (Cecidomyia resinicoloides n. sp.), F. X. Williams (Etit. News, 20 (1909), No. I, pp. 1-8, pi. /).— The author Ikere presents an account of the life history and habits of a species new to science. Biological studies on bark beetles, C. Hennings (Naturw. Ztsclir. Forst u. Landw., 5 (1907), A'o.s-. /. iip. (U;-75; 2, pp. 97-125; 12, pp. 602-608, fig. 1; 6 (1908), No. 9, pp. .'i69--'i8(>, fig. /).— In part 1 of this report the biology of Tomicus tjjpographus is considered. In part 2, Ip.^ typographua, I. sexdentatus, and Mgclophilus pinipcrdn are briefly considered. Part 3 has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 559). Part 4 .is devoted to a discussion of the life histories and feeding habits of bark beetles. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. 1153 The fumigation of nursery stock, B. W. Doutii.A.ss (Ind. Htatc Ent. Jiiil. 2, mi. !), ji(js. ,i\. — I)uriii,tr tlu> simiiuor of 1!)()7 over oO nurseries in Indiaim were found infested with the S:in Jose scale. The author describes a funiijiation house of concrete that was built for a nursery man at a total cost of less than ,$100. I'hotographs are jjiven of the house while under construction and after completion. Attention is called to the I'act that the formula j,nven for fumi,i.'ation Is based niton the chemically pure potassium cyanid and not ujion the connnercial brand, which averaiies less than HO iter cent pure. Examinations made of samples of ixttassium cyanid obtained from inirseries over the State where fumigation is carried on show that as a rule the article sold by the averaj^e drujiiiist is of the connnercial grade. Directions are given by the author for the fumigation of stock and by W. C. Keed for the fumigation of buds and scions. Descriptions of some new species and a new genus of American mosquitoes, II. C. DvAK and F. Knai; i Sinitli-sii. Mixc. Collect., 52, No. 1813, pp. 2.')3-.i(i6. ////. I). — The genus Dianamesus based upon the new species D. spanimi which was collected in the Canal Zone, I'anama, is described as new to science. Thirty- five species belonging to the genera Aedes, Bancroftia, Cnlex, Deinocerites, Wyeomyia, and Limatns are also described as new. Mosquito comment, II. O. Dyab and F. Knab {Canad. Ent., .'/l {1909), No.S, pp. 101, 102). — Culcx tnichycampa from the Canal Zone. Panama, and Acdes sunsoni from Baufif, Alberta, Canada, are described as new. On the larval and pupal stages of Anopheles maculipennis, A. 1 mms ( I'f. /, Jour. Hug. [C(i)iihrid(/c\, 7 ( 19(17). Xo. 2. pp. 291-318, pis. 2 : lit. uni- sltohnni. 1 (1908), No. 2, pp. 103-133. pis. 2).— The author presents a . ^tailed description of the internal structure of the larva and pupa of this mosquito. A Itibliography is appended to each part. Biology of Philippine Culicidoe, C. S. Banks {Philippine Jour, tici., A. Gen. ScL, 3 (1908), No. 4, pp. 285-258, pis. 10). — Studies were made on the life his- tory and habits of Worcestcria grata, Dcsvoidya jola'nsis, ^tegomyia persistans, .s'. satnurensis, Huleccctomyia pseiidota'niatu, the tilaria moscpiito {Cnlex fati- gans), Banksinella luteolateralis, Mansonia annnlifera, and .1/. uniforniis. The larvje of W. grata are said to destroy enormous numbers of those of otlier species. It is the authoi-'s opinion that Mansonia uniforniis plays a role in the transmission of dengue fever as important as does Cnlex fatigans. New Philippine mosquitoes, C. S. Luni.ow (Canad. lUil., 'it (1909), No. 3, p. 97). — A new species of mosquito collected at Parang, Mindanao. P. I., is described as Oculiomyia fuller!. Millions and mosquitoes, II. A. P.Ai.r.ou (Imp. Depl. Agr. West Indies I'ainplilet 55, 1908, pp. Id. fig. I ; West Indian liul., 9 (1909), No. }, pp. 382-390, figs. '/). — An account is given of a species of small fish {(lirardinus 2i(Vciloides), commoidy known as million, which largely assists in keeping some species of nios(iuitoes in check through feeding upon the eggs. larv;e. and pup;e. This fish has recently been introduced into SI. Kitts-Nevis, Antigua, Jamaica, St. Vin- cent, St. Lucia, and Guayaciuil. and also into British (Juiana, Colon, and Bolivar. A note upon the possibility of the mosquito acting in the transmission of leprosy, W. II. Bkinckkkiioi'I- ( Waxhini/ton, D. ('.: I'uh. lle to S years old contained tin in large quantities; in this instance the soui» no doul)t contained fruit acid derived from tomatoes, (^anned lobstcn* of (5 to S years of age had absorlted as nuich as 2..39 gr. r)f tin to the pound. . . . "The two samples of canned vegetables (parsnips and carrots, 6 to 8 years) showed 1.5 and 2.19 gr. of tin per pound respectively. Canned jams and pud- dings containing fruit, of the same age, took up considerably more tin than the 1156 EXPKHIMENT STATION RECORD. iiu'jit foods; the npplo anil ]tlimi imddin^is and a sanii»lo of apricot jam con- tained al»ont ;> grains of (in to tlic ponnd. No saniitlcs of tlic caiuicd frnits most connnonly consnmcd in this conntry (poars. apricots, pineapple, etc.) were inclnded ... [in tlie samjdes e.\amined.| It was satisfactory to tind that th(? liiflhest amonnt of tin present in samples of canned i)ears, apricots, and i)eaches, obtained from a London im]iorter, who specially selected them as old stock and stated them to be between 1 and 2 years old, was not more than 1.0;j gr. iier ponnd." As the author notes, his investigations brought out a fact which he had ob- served before witli meat extracts, namely, "that the tin after solution in the liquid contents of tlie can, becomes in course of time absorbed in or chemically combined with the solid contents (meat, fruit, etc.) in such a way that the latter contain relatively larger quantities than the liquid itself. " Other examinations tended to emphasize the important part which may be played by unsatisfactory soldering in connection with high degrees of contami- nation ; . . . It is evident that the presence of solder in the contents of the can may cause ver.v pronounced solution of tin ; no doubt owing to electrolytic action. It is possible that unsatisfactory tin plate (e. g., cans which have i)een so thinly coated on the interior that the underlying metal is at points prac- tically exposed to the action of the contained liquid) may also tend to affect the extent of solution of tin by means of electrolytic action." In pharmacological studies of which the author himself was the subject tin in the form of a double tartrate with sodium was taken during three weeks. Urine and feces were collected and examined. "In the one experiment on a human being, the excretion of tin kept pace for a fortnight with the intake, when the latter did not exceed 2 gr. daily. With an increase of dose in the third weelv, there was some evidence of a cumulative action. , . . There was in all cases relatively small amount of absorption from the alimentary tract, as indicated by the small amounts of metal excreted in the urine. When tin enters the system by a channel other than the alimentary tract, the metal is excreted (at any rate in the case of dogs) in larger quantities in the urine than in the feces. . . . The data i)resented ..." do not indicate much probaliility of serious risk of chronic poisoning by the absorption of nonirritant compounds of tin as a result of a diet which consists largely of canned foods and is continued over consider- able periods of time." The work of other investigators is summarized and discussed in connection with the experimental data reported and a l>ibliography is appended to the pai)er. The deterioration and commercial preservation of flesh foods. I, General introduction and experiments on frozen beef, W. I). Richardson and E. Scni:- RUBEL {Join: Atiicr. CIiciu. .Soc. 30 (IHOS), ^o. 10, mi. lolo-l.jfi',). — The general subject of deterioration of meat is di.scnssed and results of experiments reported on the physical and cliemical changes which take i)lace when meat is kept in cold storage. The physical changes in frozen beef may be due to desiccation or to pressure jtrodnced by the expansion of water during the freezing process and particularly to the fact that water freezes outside the cell walls. Another jthysical effect in meat under conditioms of storage lies in the contraction of the insolul)le tissue elements which takes place even when the moisture remains constant. The temperature at which meat becomes solid depends upon phenomena connected with the lowering of the freezing point of water by the presence of soluble solids and similar constituents. The evidence from l>oth cultural and microscopic examinations of frozen beef led to the conclusion that bacteria are not capable of penetrating it in this con- FOODS HITMAN NUTRITION. 1157 tlition. In the chemical work on frozen meat it was the authors' purpose to show wlu'ther or not there was a progressive change in the constituents of tlie meat such as would result in an increase of its soluble constituents and ammo- niacal nitrogen. The figures for fresh and frozen samples are very similar, and tlie variations did not tend definitely in one direction. The authors l)elieve tliat wlienever decomposition of meat occurs to any noticeal)l(? extent volatile basic siil)stances are formed, increasing with the degree of dcH'omposition, chief of which is Nils derived from NH4 salts. From tlieir exi)eriments they conclude that no decomposition is shown by the values obtained for anmionia nitrogen and hence that no bacterial decomposi- tion occurretl in the stored meat. Frozen beef stored GIO days was in their opinion not different in flavor from fresh beef. The general conclusion is reached tliat cold storage below — 9° is an adequate and satisfactory method for the preservation of beef for at least 5.54 days. Refrigeration and the preservation of meat, U. Ferretti (/ Frif/orifcri e la Coiiscrcazionc dcllv Vanii. Roinv, \_WOS], itp- -(j. Po><- -I)- — 'J-'his article con- tains a summary and discussion of refrigeration and cold storage with special reference to meat and the use of cold storage meat in the diet. Food products at the First International Cold Storage Congress, H. P.oT'viER {Rev. Sci. [Paris], 5. so:, 10 (WOS), No. 26, pp. H0.',-808).—\ report of proceedings of the First International Cold Storage Congress, Paris, October, P.His. with special reference to the question of preservation of food. The preserving of fruits, vegetables, and meat, Rosa Albert (Das Eon- scrrirrcii roii Obst. (Icniiisc uiid Flcisch. Hanover, J!)07, pp. VII 1+93, figs. J I). — This is a second edition of a work on the preserving of foods and is l)ased on the practical experience of the author. The temperature attained in sterilizing preserved vegetables and fruits, J. Kocns and R. Weinhaisen (Her. K. Giirt. Leiiraiist. Dalileiii, W06-7, pp. l.',G-1G1; Pure Produets, J, (1908), Nos. 11, pp. 517-522; 12, pp. 565-571).— In confirmation of the work of other observers, it was noted that the diffusion of heat in sterilizing canned goods is dependent upon the manner in which the contents are packed. The more solidly the material is packed, and the less fluid in the can, the greater the difliculty with which the heat will jienetrate. The results obtained are not regarded as definite enough for final deductions. In tests with glass and earthenware jars satisfactory results were obtained. Since heating canned goods in a water bath does not make it certain that all of the micro-organisms are killed, the authors believe that fractionated sterili- zation is sometimes desirable. The great importance of cleanliness in canning is insisted upon. The manufacture of preserved vegetables, .1. Ott (Die Fahrilation der (letiiiisekoiiserven. Leipsie, 1909, pp. VIll-\-tJ,S, figs. 2//). — A general treatise on the canning of vegetables on a commercial scale. Preserved fruits in Europe, H. L. Wastiinoton and R. V. Skinner {DaiJy Con.s. and Trade Rpt-s. \U. K.], 1909, Nos. 3S99, pp. I-',: .?'//',, jip. /-8).— These consular reports describe French metliods of preparing candii'd fruits and chestnuts. Canning and preserving, K. K. Ellsworth (liiir. of llie Census [U. S.], .]fanfrs. 1905, pt. .?, /ip. J.S.'M.-'').— Noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. IGG). Slaughtering and meat packing (Hur. of llie Census | I . S.\, Manfrs. 1905, pt. S, pp. J,57-.'i91).—y,otva from another source (E. S. R., 20. p. (58). The examination of sausage, E. Rotii (Seliireiz. ll''7/».sc//;'. Chem. u. I'liarin.. Jf7 (1909), .Yo. 7, pp. ,0.j-.'<6").— Analytical data are reported and discussed. The 1158 KXPEIUMKNT STATION HK("()ni). author concludes Hint on ilic fjit-frcc l»iisis s;uis:i;,'(' shoiiltl not conlMin more tbiui 75 ])cr cent water. Spectroscopic properties of yolk of egg, L. Lewin, A. Mietiie and E. Sten- ciKR (-1/(7;. I'ln/sin.!. \ l'/lii(jcr\, Li) (/.W,S), pp. 5H'j-5i)0 ; ubs. in Jour. (Jhem. Hoc. [London], ij'i [I'.iilS]. So. ,',:,'i. II. l05-'i). — Attempts ai'e being made to estab- lish relationships between the coloring matters of egg yolk and blood c)n account of the close moi-phological relation of these materials. Spectroscopic analy- sis showed that tlie yellow coloring matter in the yolk gave characteristic bands and it is therefore concluded that it is possible to detect the adulteration of egg yolk by sjiectroscopic measurements. The nutritive value and digestibility of raw and soft boiled hens' eg-gs, S. AuFRECHT and F. Simon {Dent. Med. Wchtischr., 3Jf (1908), No. .'i-i. pp- 2308-2310). — From the results of a single digestion experiment with a healthy man, in which raw and soft boiled eggs were eaten in comparison with meat as a i)art of a simple mixed diet, the authors conclude that the raw eggs liave the higher digestibility and nutritive value. Desiccated milk, \V. M. Booth (Spice Mill, 31 (1908), No. 10, pp. 620- 623). — A brief description is given of the method of manufacture of several sorts of commercial powdered milk goods and analytical data are summarized regarding the composition of such materials. As the author ])()ints out. pow- dered milks are made to contain varying amounts of fat by the removal of more or less cream before evaporation. Notes on investigations on the nutritive value of plant amids, E. Schxjlze (Ztschr. Physiol. Chcni., 57 (1908), No. 1-2. pp. 1)7-73). — A critical discussion of recently publi.shed work on this subject. Starch, 11. H. Merriam (Bnr. of the Census [U. 8.], Manfr.^. 191).',. pt. 3, probably to better general hygienic conditions among the poorer rural classes." As regards the prophylaxis treatment of the disease, " this may be summed up brietly — cease using spoiled maize as food. This seems simple enough, but in reality is often ditflcult of accomplishment for many obvious reasons. In individual cases it may often be easy, but to apply it to a large area of ter- ritory is aiiotlii'r matter. The only apparent methods would seem to be: (1) Avoid alterations in maize and consequent feeding on a toxic substance; (2) replace maize with some other cereal and cease using all food and drink de- rived from maize [where the disease exists]. " Many and various attemi»ts have been made in Italy to do the former by the establishment of drying ovens, economical kitchens, pellagrous hospitals, etc.. but such efforts have not met with great success. As for the latter, at present the ditficulties seem almost insuperable." Corn oil in the treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis, J. Ritter (Jour. Aiiicr. Med. As.soc, .7/ {IHOS), Xo. /, pp. J9. J/O). — In this discussion of the use of corn oil in the treatment of tuberculosis the author presents data on its manufacture and general food value. In his opinion corn oil is an economical and useful food fat. Aboriginal methods of preparing corn for food by the American Indians of Arizona and New Mexico, E. Krulish {Dietet. and II mi. dnz., .t'> il!)()!)), Xo. J, pp. .JJ-J7). — On the basis of personal knowledge the author discusses the methods followed in making corn bread and other corn food dishes and beverages. Some useful maize dishes (NaUil Ar/r. Jour., 11 (1908), Xos. 10, pp. l^oy- l.iO.i; 11. Pit. I 'I'ld-I 'i')-') ). — A collection of recipes for Indian corn dishes. Rice, cleaning and polishing, H. McK. Fuloiiam (Bur. of the Census \ U. S.], Munfr.s. I'.iDo, pi. .i. pp. '/.?/-'/'/.i ). — Noted from another source (K. S. U.. 1!), p. Flour and grist mill products, 10.- K. Ellswohtii (liur. of flic Census \l'. .S'.], Miinfrs. I'JO.'). pt. .}. pp. .I'll^ilU). — Noted from ynolher source (E. S. K., 20, p. 64). Milling of wheats, J. C. Bkunnicii (Ann. Rpt. Dept. A(jr. and t>toek \(jur(iislinid\. nxn-H, pp. 67, 72-77). — As part of the work of the agricultural chemist milling tests of a large number of varieties of wheat were made and reported. The author notes that in the case of some of the Hours gluten could not he obtained in the usual manner, by washing, as it crumbliHl into small Iiieces. This the author attributes to previous treatment of the Hour with sMli)liur fumes. Hungarian wheat and Hungarian flour, T. Kosut.vnv (/)(/• rnnurischc Weizen und das Cnf/arisrlie Melil. Hudapest, 1U07, pp. S'jG, /i(/s. liO, map /). — An exhaustive sunnnary and digest of data on Iliiiigarian wheat and tlour. The author subdivides his volume into three divisions, namely. (1) wheat from the standpoint of clieinislry. iilaiit iiliysiology, pliysical and agricultural value, (2) flour, and (H) itread. The theory and practice of testing flour, ('oi{ni;i,i.\ Kknnkdy (Pure I'rod- uels. ', (190U), No. 3. pp. 127-135). — The author summarizes and describes the HGO EXPKIUMKNT STATION UKfOHD. lut'llioils of tostiiif: llie quality (if Hour cuiiiloyt'd l)y luillcis. iiuludinj,' (Ictorniina- lions of nioisluns ash, acids, tola! uitro^'on and K'ii'diu. haliiu}; tests, alisoiptioii aud e.\liansit)n tests, and deterniiiiatioiis of wet and dry jxluten. "These are the principal tests, technical and dieniical. j,'enerally used in tesi- iiifr flour. Xo siufile test has yet been found wbidi can be used to the exclusion of other tests nor can any hard and fast rule be laid down as to what constitutes a Hour of !iii;li bakiuK (pialities. I'.y making these tests day in and day out records accunnilate which are iiivalual)le as guides in the testing and making of flour." Defense of the bleaching of flour, B. S. Elliott (Amcr. lUuj, Fhiur, and J'ccil .lour., I 'i {l!)()!)\, Xo. .^, ii/i. .n'-2!>). — A sununary of data presented in a hearing before the Secretai-y of Agriculture, with i-eference to the legal status of flour bleaching. Air bleaching of flour in the doughing state, ('. Cuistadouo (Atmr. MiUrr, 3G {U)08), Ao. 8, piK 619, 620 ).— According to the author, white bread can be made from yellowish durum flours by so controlling the fermentation of the dough that the bread is thoroughly aerated. Fungus and bacterial growth on stored flour, II. (J. Bell (Amcr. Miller. 87 (1909), Xo. J,, pp. 2S0, .2St, fig. /).— As the author points out, the chief de- structive agencies in stored flour are fungi and bacteria. " The fungi or molds readily break down the starches of the flour, setting free organic ncids and causing the flour to go sour. The bacterial forms, on the other hand, are all liquefying, or decomposing, in nature, aud cause the rapid destruction of the flour." In a comi)arison of patent flour and baker's flour of good grades stored under the same conditions a greater number of both bacteria and molds were fomid in the baker's flour than in the patent grade. " This is probably due to the finer separations made in the process of separating the high-grade flour. Without doubt, these molds and bacteria have much to do with the deterioration of flours in storage. Probably the molds cause the rapid increase in acid, which reacts upon the gluten of the flour. Some of the liquefying bacteria probably react upon this same element, the gluten of the flour, causing the value of the material stored to deteriorate very rapidly." As protection against the growth of these low forms of life the author sug- gests storage in well-lighted rooms. The water content of bread, O. Mezger {'/Jschr. Uiitrrsiich. Xnhr. u. Genu-^synU., IG (1908), Xo. 7. pp. 3.9.5-3^7).— Determinations of the water con- tent of black bread and white bread are reported which were undertaken in a comparison of actual conditions with the food-law requirements. The results show, according to the author, that in many cases the crumb of freshly baked bread does not show^ the qualities which might be expected from a determina- tion of its water content. Concerning the potato content of bread, J. Totii (Chcin. Zig., 32 (1908), pp. G8.5, 68G; ahs. in Chcm. Ahs., 2 (1908), Xo. 20, p. 28.31).— 'So ditferences in protein content were noted in bread made from wheat, rye, a mixture of wheat and rye, and wheat and potato in equal parts. The potato bread, however, gave a smaller and moister loaf. The ash of the potato flour contained considerably less phosphoric acid than the wheat or rye flour. Sophisticated zwieback, E. Glaser (Zt.scfn: Untrr.snch. Xuhr. u. Genu.s. snlpUiir tlinn cither the ui)pei" or lower layer. It was also fo\iii(l tiiat the leii>,'th of time the ^oods were kept affected the quaiility of the siilphiir. much smaller amounts iiein^; found after storage for ahout !» months. [Wholesomeness of sulphured fruits], A. .1. Atkins {Cal. Fruit (Jrowcr, 3!) (lOU'J), \u. 1073, PI). 3, J I, Jig. 1). — A popular de.scrii)tioii of a test in which ii considerable quantity of sulphured fruit was included in the diet. From general considerations of weight and opinions of the subjects the author be- lieves no harmful results were induced. Some determinations of the sulphurous acid in the cooked fruit are repoi'ted. Vegetables and fruit as articles of diet and remedial agents, A. Brass iSclir. Volksiv. Ver. Ohst u. (icmiiHevenrvrt. Dent.. I'.IOH, \ uiiuibor of saiiii»li's of nativi- w iiit's arr reported ami dis- ci isseil. Swiss wine statistics (Landw. Jahrl). Schweiz, 22 (1908), No. 11, pp. 601- 623). — A siiiiiiiiary of statistics of the wine produced iu Switzerland in 1'907. A study of certain g-enuine wines from the province of Florence, R. Sal- VADoiJi and A. .Mazzahon iildz. CJiiiii. Hal.. SS {IHOS). /. pp. .» J-o'.i, figs. 2). — Analyses of 15 saiiii>Ies of red wine and ?> samples of white wine are included in this report. Composition of Maconnais-Beaujolais wine, G. Paturel {I'rof/. .It/r. ct. \ it. {lULVEst-Ccntn), JO {WOO), Xo. J, pp. 7 '/7-i.5^).— Samples of 4!» wines were analyzed. Analyses of musts and wines from vines sprayed with arsenic compounds, A. SzAMKiTAT (lUr. K. Lchmnst. M'eiu. Ohnt ii. (Jartciihait Gci.sniltciiti. lOiH, pp. I7i;~n!h. — The analyses in most cases showed only a slight trace of arsenic. The occurrence of arsenic in German wines, A. Szameitat (Brr. K. Lehniiist. W'cin, Ob.'<:t II. (fiirtcnbdu (ieiscnheim, 1907, pp. 180-185). — Of 38 sami)les analyzed 24 .showed small amounts of arsenic, the source of which was not identified. Investigation of musts and wines from vines infested with Peronospora (Her. K. Lchrunxt. Wein, Ohst ii. (jUrtciibiiii (Ici.scnliriiii, 1907, pp. 191-20'/). — The fermentation of the musts and comitosition of the wine were found to he entirely normal, and the conclusion is reached that the so-called peronosi)ora taste noticeable in some wines must be due to faulty fermentation, incorrect cellar treatment, or some other similar cause. Olive oil for protecting wine, U. Rossi- Ferrini (Rivista, //. .srr., U, (1908), No. 17. pp. .i:i2--i!i.')). — Spoiling of wine owing to the rancidity of olive oil floated on lop to protect it is discussed. Effects of coffee and objections to the use of chicory, R. Grimshaw (Brit. Food .lour., II ( 1909), No. 121. p. 3). — Data on the effects of coffee and chicory are smnmarized from which the following statements are quoted: "The organic constituents of roasted chicory mainly consist of sugar, with caramel, inulin, and albumin. With the caramel there are also other organic coloring matters; and the tinctorial power being very great, this is a princii)al reason for the employment of chicory as an addition to coffee, very slight quan- tities thereof sufficing to make true coffee infusion appear very dark brown, hence apparently very strong. Digestion is more impeded by chicory than by coffee. The constant use of extract of chicory as a drink may cause injury to the system by reason of the great quantity of potash salts which it con- tains, and it exhibits no compensating advantages in the way of nourishment or stimulating and exhilarating effects on the sy.stem." Concerning' the quality of tea, C. Hahtwicii and P. A. Du Pasquier {.\potli. '/J(j., 2.'i {1909), No. I.'i, pp. 130, 131). — A number of analyses are reported and discussed with reference to judging the quality of tea. Concerning coco, K. Farnsteiner (Ztschr. VntcrKUch. Nahr. u. Gcnu.-6.',7).—A study of the effects of tlie different methods of treating coco to increase its solul)ility. The microscopical examination of chocolate and powdered coco, E. Col- lin (Ann. Chitn. Anuli/t.. 13 (1908), No. 12, pp. .',71-.',78, ////. /).— With a view to facilitating the examination of coco and chocolate the author reports the results of a nncroscopical study of the histological elements of these materials. Pepper adulterated with vetch seeds, Fleury iTmv. i^ci. Univ. Wch/k'.s-. 6 (1907), pp. l'iO-lJi2). — A sample of unground black pepper examined was 1164 EXPEHTMENT STATION RECORD. foiiiul to contain 30 per cent of vetch seed treated with some solution wliicli liad f,'iven a sjiicy taste and caused a \vrinlr), 2(i(l, 207). The resorption of protein, K. von Korosv i/jscln: I'lnjsiol. {'hem., 51, {1908). \'>. 3-'i, pp. 2nl-2Sl). — The author's investigations, in his oitinion, strongly sub- stantiate the theory that resorbed protehi becomes a part of the proteid material of the blood. IIGG KXPKHIMKNT STATION HECOHD. Further experiments on the utilization in the animal body of protein cleavage products, E. Abdkkhai.ukn mikI J. (>i.i.N(;ki{ (Zlxrhr. l'lii)siol. ('him., .77 (imtS), \(>. l-,i. jip. l'i~7!i). — Moat i)r()tein clcavaK*' pnuliiots uave satisfac- tory results in feeding experiments with a dofr. ('as(»in cJeavajre jtroduets were Hilt SO SMtisfactoi-y. The behavior of carnitin in animal metabolism, 11. Enuklamj (Zlxihr. Lntcnutch. ynlir. u. (Jniiissmll.. Ki (/.'"AS). A o. //. /. l)().'i-6tji:) . — In experi- ments with dogs it was found that carnitin was (•uui|)letely broken down in the body. Some of the data reported indicate that carnitin may not be entirely harmless. Experiments with IIerl)ivora (a rabbit) did not lead to conclusive results. The dig-estibility of fat in the animal body, III, S. I.,hviTf;s iZt.Hchr. I'ln/.siol. Clniii.. .77 {I'.tOH), So. 1-2. lift. .'/6"-.'/,S). — A note cm the determination of glycerin in feces in connection with the author's work on the digestion of fat (E. S. K.. 20. p. 00.3). The functions of the liver in relation to the metabolism of fats, J. B. Leathes {Lancet [London], 1009, I, No. 0, pp. .5.9.i-.5.9.9).— liesults of the author's investigations and the work of other observers are summarized and discussed in this thefjretical consideration of the metabolism of fat. The author believes that " it is a fair hypothesis to make the starting point for work that the liver st;inds in a different relation to circulating fat fi. e.. fat absorbed from the intestine and consigned into the systemic circulation! from the other organs of the body. Its work is to take up this fat and bring about certain changes in it [designated desaturation of the acids], the result of which is to make this material available for the use of the organs in which its potential energy is required." Reasons are given for the belief that the change referred to is at any rate in i)art a desaturation of the fatty acids. " There is another difference between what may be called organized fat — the fat, that is, in the cells of the heart, muscles, kidneys, etc. — and the imorgan- ized merely stored fat of the adipose tissue. The latter is the unaltered fat of the individual's food; it has its iodin value determined by that of the fat which has been absorbed, but it also contains no phosphorus. The fat in the liver and the other (jrgans of the body, the organized fat, is very largely com- posed of phosphatid lipoid substances. Of these we know more or less dimly of a considerable number, more or less definitely, of one lecithin. ... It has also been repeatedly noted that the fatty acids which can be obtained by saponification of lecithin or other phosphatid lipoid substances are more un- saturated than those from adipose tissue. " It may therefore be that the work of the liver consists in the conversion of food fat into organize). — (Quotations from the author's summaiy of his extended investigations follow: "During unaccustomed nniscnlar exercise, the output of uric acid is dimin- ished, while that of the ])urin bases is increased; the total output of jturin compounds does not differ gn'atly from the normal amotuit. Such exercise is followed by a greatly increased excretion of uric acid. " If a certain amount of a certain form of work be performed on a series of occasions, the changes observed show » i>rogressive diminuticn in amount. . . . " Salicylic acid and muscular work can produce their characteristic effects upftn the output of uric acid simullaneonsly without any apparent modification, and the amount excreted under these conditions is extremely large. These facts are most readily explained by supiiosing thai musculni- work leads to an in- creased formation of uric acid. "The increase of piirin bases and (Iecrea.s«> of uric acid in the urine during nniscnlar work aitpear to be due to defective oxidation of purin compounds. It was not found possible to produce evidence of a definite increase in these oxidative processes by inhalation of oxygen. 1108 EXPKHIMKNT STATION lUiC'OUD. " Tli(> (dial aniDUiit nrin hases to vary directly, with the volume of urine." Principles of general metabolism of matter and energy, II, (). Kktm- MACiiER {Ertjch. I'hiisioL, 7 {l!)OS), pj). .'I'l'i-'i'id). — A critical sunnnai-y and diiiest of data on the metal)olism of matter and energy. International catalogue of scientific literature. Q — Physiology (Intrnutl. Cut. Hrl. Lit., G H!IO!)). fit. I. />/*. ]HI+S.i.^; 6 ( l. iip. .'<.W).— The l)ih- Iioj,'ra[»hy of jihysioioiry, including exi)erimental psyclioloiry. pharniacoI(){;y, and (experimental jiatholo^.v. previously noted (10. S. li.. 10, p. 4(58), is continued in this volume, which contains material received between May, lOOO, and August, 1!)07. I'art 1 is the author cataloijue and part 2 the subject catalogue. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Reports to the evolution committee, W. Bateson et al. (Rpt.t. to Evolution Com. Roil. Xoc. [London], 1!)0iS, No. //, jij). 60, figs. 3). — This report is in con- tinuance of prerious worli on the physiology of heredity. Investigations on poultry and sweet peas are reported by W. Bateson and It. C. I'unnett, and on stocks by Miss E. R. Saunders and H. B. Killby ; a preliminary account of the inheritance of coat color in mice by Miss F. M. Durham; on sex inheritance in the moth Abraa-as grossulariata and its variety, .1. (irossulitriald var. hiclicolor by L. Doncaster; a note on the inheritance of sex in canaries l)y Miss Durham and Miss D. C. E. Marryat; and a corrigenda to I'oport 3 on the factors whicli produce hoariness. Tile work reported on i)oultry deals chietly with the factors which influence the iidieritance of (a) comb structure, and (1)) white plumage. The study of comb inheritance has involved over 12,500 birds, and the results of this and previous work are presented in tabular form. " The rose comb is in reality a single comb modified by the presence of a ' rose ' factor. The omission of this factor enables the single comb to appear. The same considerations apply to the pea comb, which is single plus a pea factor. The true allelomorphic pair in each case is the presence of a given factor which is dominant to the absence of that factor. ... As the accei)tance of the 'presence and absence' hypothesis seems to demand some general expression for such interrelation between fac- tors belonging to distinct allelomorphic pairs, wo propose the terms ' epistatic ' and ' hypostatic' For example, the combless, the single-combed, and the rose- comed conditions may, in the light of our present knowledge, be regarded as forming a cumulative series and we should sjjeak of the factor for single as I)eing dominant to the coml)less condition but hypostatic to the rose factor, and siuularly the rose factor may be referred to as epistatic to the single." A walnut comb is one in which both the rose factor and the pea factor are present, and such a conih may be either liomozygous or heterozygous for one? or both of these factors. In the studies of white plumage there are two distinct classes of white fowl : (a) Those in which white is dominant to color, and (b) those in which white is recessive to color. The recessive whites are of at least three kinds, namely, the white birds which have arisen in the course of these experiments, the white of the silky fowl, and the white of the rose-comb bantams. ANTMAI. IMtODUCTTON. 1109 The results of the oxiiorinionts in sex inliciit.iiicc witli ("iiinrios and tbo moth .1. grossithiridlii are closely parallel, th(> ft'iiialcs eoiisulered (o ho heterozygous ill sex, fenialeness heing deemed dominant, and the male as homozygous in the ahsence of femaleness. The hlack-eye character of canaries is a dominant and llie pink-eye characlcr a recessive. "Whatever may he the truth regarding the transmission of sex. there is no escai)e from the remarkahle conclusion that just as the normal females of the moth .1. (;r"ssiil07, lip. 182-185). — This is a report of some experiments in crossing rats to determine how far the Mendelian lines of discontinuous inheritance ai)i)ly to wild varieties and si>ecies. In cros.ses of the black rat with the gray roof rat black is dominant to gray, whichever way the cross is made. All attempts thus far to cross the bl:ick rat or the mof mt with the .Norway rat have failed. The chondriosomes as bearers of the hereditary qualities, F. Meves {Arcli. Mihros. Anal. ti. HnttcicldHUfisycschichte, 72 {1908), Xo. }, pi>. SlC-Sln, i>ls. ', : abs. in Anier. Xat., J,3 {1909), Xo. 507, pp. 190-192).— The author linds a large number of independent structures in the cytoplasm of the chick eml)ryo at about the third day of incubation, which he calls "chondriosomes." He thinks that sssuo— No. 12— O'J G 1170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tlu'so are the boarors of tlio licnMlitary qnalities of the cytoplasm as cliroiuo- souies are the bearers of the hereditary qnalilies of the nucleus. The inheritance of hyperdactylism in poultry, D. Harfurtii (Arch. Ent- u-ichL Merit. Organ., 21! (IDOS), \o. //, pp. (JSl-GJ/D). — Seven hyperdactyl Orp- ington hens were mated to a normal male of the same breed. Of 1.j2 chickens whicli resulted SO, or .12.0 per cent, had the normal number of toes. Instances of hyperdactylism noted by other observers are cited. Spurious allelomorphism [in poultry], W. J. Spili.man (Ainrr. Nat., .'i2 (IDOS), A'o. 501, pp. ClO-G ].',). — Black Langshan males were mated with Barred Plymouth Kock females. In the i)roj;eny, all the females were l)lack and all the males barred. The author also calls attention to several cases reported by other observers. Yearbook of scientific and practical animal breeding, II. Muller {JahrJ). ir/.s«. u. Pralt. Ticrzucht, 3 (IDOS), pp. LLIV +227). —The larger part of this report is occupied with critical reviews of literature relating to the anatomy, physiology, psychology, biology, geographical distribution, hygiene, feeding, breeding, and the history of domesticated l)reeds. There are original articles on the acclimatization of domesticated animals, a mutation in the Fjell breed of cattle, the " polled " character of cattle, and the influences that affect the length of the pregnant period of domesticated animals. From data collected on the last-named subject, P. Sabatini concludes that in horses, cattle, and sheeji the length of pregnancy is shorter with twins, with the first born, with a female fetu.s, and in the early maturing breeds than with single birtlis, males, the second or later births, or in the late-maturing breeds. These results do not ap- pear to hold true in the case of swine. The principles of animal nutrition, II. P. Akmsby (New York, 1908, 3. ed. rev., pp. YII+(jl.'i). — This is the third revised edition of this work (E. S. R., 14, p. 896). The rate of growth of the egg yolk in the chick, and the significance of white and yellow yolk in the ova of vertebrates, O. Kiudie (t^eimcc, n, scr., 21 (I 'JOS), No. 703, p. i>'i'>)- — The author has employed a method discovered by Daddi in 1890, by which the rate of growth of the egg yolk of the chick may be easily measured. " If the fat stain Sudan III be fed to laying hens at intervals of one, two, or more days, the stain can be found later in the form of concentric red rings in all of the rapidly growing ova. The actual rate of growth varies widely from 0 to 2 mm., but one day of growth normally includes a layer of white yolk and a layer of yellow yolk. It is probable that the layer of white yolk represents the part wliicli is grown during the later hours of the night, and that the yellow yolk is yolk of more rapid growth produced during the re- mainder of the day." Sudan III deposited on the egg and transmitted to the chick, S. II. and Susanna P. Gage (Science, n. scr., 28 (1908), No. 719, pp. 1,9.',, 1,95).— The authors repeated the experiments of Riddle (noted above) and summarize the work on the subject as follows: " The specific fat stain, Sudan III, colors the fat laid down in the living hen and in the fatty portions of the yolk while the feeding experiments are in progress, and thus serves to give exact data concerning the time and amount of deposit. " The eggs so colored hatch, and the chick utilizing the yolk as food produces fat in its own body colored as in the adult, showing in the most striking manner the transmission of a specific and unusual or foreign substance from the mother to the egg, and from the egg to the offspring, and thereby marking the trans- mission of the actual substance of the egg, and indirectly of the mother, to the offspring. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 1171 " Tlio prorisioii u' Kibmllichc TnjrJcniiiif/ dcr \\'hss< rn iciicii Fiiitcr- mittil. Hanover, 1!)08, pp. VI + 130, figs. 20, dgms. 2). — This work describes methods and apparatus used in drying beet chips, turnip tops, potatoes, brew- ers' grains, and distillers' slops. The nutritive value of these feeding stuffs for dilTerent kinds of live stoclv is also briefly treated in a popular manner. Corn grits and corn meal as brewing adjuncts, J. L. Wills (Brcicerx' Jour., 33 iWOti), A'o. 2, pp. 51-55, figs. 3).— The author discusses the adaptability of the coi-n Ivernel to replace rice as a starch adjunct. Only No, 2 white corn with degerminated kernel can be used for this purpose. The finished product consists of hard white, angular fragments known as corn grits, and approaches rice in composition. The composition of brewers' and distillers' grains, T. W. Fagan and C. Allan {Edinb. and East of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 16, pp. 21). — The percentage of fat and nitrogeneous matter was found to Aary to only a slightly greater extent in distillers' grains than in brewers' grains. "As far as the chemical analyses of the two grains is concerned there does not seem to be the difference in composition that would be expected when the prices of the two fcx^ding stufl's are taken into consideration." The nutritive value of grape marc, J. Fabue (Ann. Ecolc Xat. Agr. Mont- pellicr, n. scr., S (1009), Xo. 3, pp. 210-228). — This is a report of analyses and of digestion coefficients of grape marc. The percentage of digestibility in horses was found to be as follows: Dry matter 28,5, protein 21,.5, fat 50.4, nitrogen-free extract 34.5, fiber 20..3, and ash 20,0. In sheep the digestion coefficients were for dry matter 33.6, protein 15,9, fat 4!),3, nitrogen-free extract 30.9, fiber 26.4, and ash .">0.1 per cent. The occurrence of cyanogenetic glucosids in feeding stuffs, T. A. IIenrt and S. J. M. Auld (Jour. Soc. Vlirm. Indus., 27 (1008), No. 0, pp. J,28-.',33, dgm. 1). — It has been previously noted that a number of plants used for feeding stuffs contain cyanogenetic glucosids and a glucosidolytic euzym. When the.se two products are brought into contact by placing them in water hydrocyanic acid is produced as a result of the decomposition of the glucosid. The author describes a method for determining the hydrocyanic-acid content and discusses the possibility of poisoning stock by feeding plants in which hydrocyanic acid is liable to be produced. If the enzyms in the plant are destroyed by heating there is less danger of poisoning. Farm stock, C, W. Burkett (New York, 1000, pp. IX+358, pi. 1, figs. 113).— This is a practical treatise on horses, cattle, sheep, and swine, including their breeding, feeding, care, and management in health and disease. " It is an everyday handbook of live stock and contains the best ideas gathered from the various authorities and the experience of a score of practical men in all depart- ments of live-stock production." The meat industry in Hungary, L. M. Douglas (Meat Trades' Jour.. 28 (1008). No. 1072, pp. 56.',. 565, figs. 3; Vet. Jour... 6.', (1908), No. J,02. pp. 505- 500, pis. 3). — The information contained in this brief i)opular account of animal production and dairying in Hungary was obtained from a personal visit. ANIMAL PHODUCTION. 1173 Horse breeding is a great iiulnslry and over $r),()00,()00 worth of horses are exported anmially. Native Hungarian eattle constitute alK)Ut 22 ))er cent of the total number of cattle, the rest being mainly breeds imported from Switzer- land. Until recently but little attention had been paid to butter making, and hog fat is used hirgely to take the i)lace of butter. The number of swine in the country is about 5,000,000. These for the most part consist of the Mauga- licza breed, a coarse, long-haired beast with about 5 in. of fat along the back, liecently Yorkshires have been introduced. The system of meat inspection Is very complete and up-to-date abattoirs exist throughout the country. Cattle raising, F. Dettweilkr (Die Aiifsuclit dcs liindcf!. Berlin, 190S, pp. 235). — This is a treatise for the practical breeder. There are brief accounts of the origin of domesticated cattle and of the factors which influence inherit- ance. The main part of the book is devoted to the care and management of the growing animal. In an appendix of 01 pages data are given as to the cost of raising young stock of the different breeds. The history of cattle breeding at Einsiedeln, P. O. Ringholz {Laiidw. Jahrf). ^^chiceiz, 22 (IDOS), No. 8, pp. JflS-oOS, pis. Jf, figs. 2).— A contribution to the history of the Bi'own Swiss cattle fi'om the ninth century to the present time. It contains much general information on the agriculture of Switzerland of the period, as well as an account of the improvement and importance of the Brown Swiss breed. The spotted cattle of southern Moravia, M. IS'itsche (Ontcn: Molk. Ztg., 16 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. 1-3; 2, pp. 11-19; 3, pp. 31-33; '/, pp. //.5-'/7).— This is. an abstract of a work by Ij. Adametz on the spotted cattle of this region. The variations in color, conformation, and economic qualities of these cattle are described. The methods of feeding are also noted. Aberdeen- Angus cattle, A. Pulling {London, 1908, pp. 150). — This contains an account of the leading families of this breed, with a few notes as to why certain families have become fashionable. On the protein minimum for growing wethers, T. Katayama (Landir. Vers. >S7«f., 69 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. S2t-3.'il). — From digestion experiments with 4-year-old wethers, the author concludes that leaving out of consideration the growth of wool, 0.41 kg. per 1,000 kg. live weight is the minimum protein re(iuirement for wethers. The rations in these experiments consisted of hay, straw, sugar, stiircli, and aleuronat. Fertility in Scottish sheep, F. II. A. Marshall (Tnin.s. U'ujhland and Apr. fioc. Hcot., 5. ser., 20 (1908), pp. 139-151).— From a study of data collected from the lambing returns of 190.''), 1000, and 1007 it appears that some form of flush- ing or extra feeding innnedlately preceding the lambing period increases the lierceiifage of fertility. Unique experiment in sheep breeding, J. P.. Spkncior (Farmer's Advocate, J,3 (1908), No. S.'i6, p. 1883). — Selection experiments made by A. (J. P.ell to ascertain whether extra nipples could l)e so developed as to become functional, and whether sheej) witli four functional niitples were more prolilic than other sheep, are reported. In the original flock those that bore twins constituted 24 per cent of the normally nippled and 43 per cent of the abnormally nippled ewes. After several years of selection most of the ewes Ixirn jiossessed four functional mammse, and some liad from f) to S nipples. The niulti-nipi>led sli(>ep have not i)roved to be more fertile than the otliers. Twin lambs though smaller at birth often overtake single lambs by atitunuL Caracul sheep, A. Pirocciii (Bol. Uffic. Min. A(/r., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 7 (1908). IV, No. //. /)/). .',07-',20). — In this article the author describes the characteristics of these slu'cp and their geographical distribution. He thinks 1174 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOIUI. tliiit they should \>v iiiiiHirlcd lo It.ily for cxiH'rimciitiitioii in Mccliiiiatizatioii and crossiiii,'. Origin of the Australian Merino (Quccnshind Country Life, Sjx'c. .Vo., I'.lOS, ]><■(-., i>i>. n, IS). — This outliiK's the history of Merino sheep in Australia since llicir first introduction into that country in 1787. Australian sheep, J. 1*. Rkay (DdHi/ ('(dim. and Tnulr h'/ils. \U. »S'. 1, ]!)()!), Xo. S'/OI, i>i). 5, 6). — This is a statistical review of the sheep industry of Aus- tralia hy the consul-f^eneral at Sydney. Steamed v. dried potatoes as a feed for swine, M. Scii.mokger ilAindic. Vers. tStiit., 69 (IDOS), Ao. 5-(J, int. 3')D~3'.)J). — In these experiments with swine the basal ration consisted of split peas, fish meal, and skim milk. When steamed potatoes were added to the basal ration the daily gain was 0.584 kg, (about 1.28 lbs.) per head, at a cost of 0.5207 mark per kilogram (about 5.7 cts. per pound). With potato flakes as a su])plehient the corresponding gain was 0.503 kg., at a cost of 0..547 mark per kilogram ; with softened i)otato chips 0..519 kg., at a cost of 0.594 mark; and with steamed potato chips 0.047 kg., at a cost of 0.5778 mark. The horse in history, B. Tozkr (London, 1908, pp. XX+SOi, pis. 25). — This book traces " the progress of the horse from very early times down to the present day, mainly from the standpoint of the effect its development had upon the advancement of the human race." Army remounts, M. A. O'Callaghan (Aijr. (Utz. X. K. ^V(tJrs. 20 {1909), Ao. 2, pp. 99-110, figs. 15). — Descrii)tions of types of horses re(piired for remounts in the English army. Ag-e of trotting horse sires, F. R. Marshall {Anwr. Nat., .'/S (J 909). No. 505, pp. 50-53). — The author discusses Redfield's dynamic theory of develop- ment, and takes the view that as the average age of sires of 2.10 trotting horses is about the same as that of the first thousand in the index digest, the records reveal no superiority of the old sire over the younger one. Southern poultry guide or forty years with poultry, C. IIusselman {Richmond, Va., 1908, pp. 119, pi. 1, fi[/s. 20). — This is a practical treatise on the care and management of poultry, which is written more particularly for the ;)eoi)le of the South who are engaged in this industry. Poultry and eggs for market and export, D. D. Hyde {Xcio Zeal. Dept. Afjr. [Pamphlet], 1908, pp. 51. pis. 8, figs. 28). — This pamphlet is intended as a handy guide to practical methods of poultry keeping in New Zealand. Poultry and eggs, F. R. Mowrer and R. P. Skinner (Dailg Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.]. 1909, Ao. S'lOO, pp. 8-12). — The consul-general at Copenhagen reports that the growing demands of British markets have stimulated poul- try raising in Denmark. Danish eggs to the value of $8,800,000 are annually consumed in England. The consul-general at Hamburg reports that Germany imi)orts about 3,500,000,000 eggs, principally from Russia, Asia Minor, and Egypt, and thinks that America could participate in this trade. Methods of preparing eggs for export are described. The BufE Orpington duck, A. G. Goodacre {Rel. Poultry Jour., 16 {1909), No. 1, pp. 12, 75, fig. 1). — This article describes the characteristics of a new breed of ducks which originated in England a few years ago. The care and breeding of rabbits, P. Maiilich (Kaninchcnzueht und Kanin- ehenhaltung. Hanover, 1908, pp. OS, figs. 11): — This book contains brief descrip- tions of the dift'ereut breeds of rabbits, with notes on their feeding, care, and management. DAIRY FA n MI NO DATRYTNO AnROTF.rHNY. 1175 DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. Investigations on the influence of feed on the milk secretion of cows, A. HustiiMANN ( Ldiiilir. Jalirh.. 37 {f!K)S). A o. (I. ini. S!)!l-!l.',!i) . — This is a sei-ics of studies on the effect of feedin,ir sunlhtwer cake, coconut cake, wheat bran, and cotton-soed cake on the yield of milk and the characteristics of butter fat. lu the first experiment, with IS cows, when coconut cake was rei)laced by sunflower cake the quantity of uiilk and the percentage of fat decreased, the saponification number of the butter fat was lowered, and the iodin number raised. In another experiment 4 cows were fed for three periods. In the first period while sunflower cake was the supitlementary feed the percentage of fat in the milk was 3.01. In the second period when sunflower cake was replaced by coconut cake the percentage of fat was 3.13. In the third period the ration was the same as in the first and the fat decreased to 3 per cent. In another experiment with three groups of 7 cows, when sunflower cake was rejilaced by coconut cake the yield of milk and the percentage of fat increased. \\'lien replaced by wheat bran there was a decrease in quantity and quality of milk. When cotton-seed cake w^as substituted for sunflower cake there was a c(»rrelation between the saponification and iodin values of the feed and of the butter fat. but no correlation of melting points. Nine out of 10 cows showed an increase in the quality of the milk when cotton seed was sui>stituted for sun- flower cake. Compared with coconut cake the cotton seed decreased the yield of milk hut increased the percentage of fat. A further study was made of the effect of feed on the properties of butter fat. When the cotton seed replaced sunflower cake the Reichert-Meissl number, saponification number, and melting point were raised, but the iodin number was lowered. The author concludes that a part of the fat of the food must be absorbed as such, but that the fat of the milk is affected by influences yet un- known. The quality of the butter api)arently depends more upon the character of the food than on the amount of volatile fatty acids that it contains. The protein requirement for milch cows, P. Derwa (Rcr. (Wn. Agron., n. scr., S ilUOH), yo. II, 1)1). .'i-')o-'i-'>X). — From exi)eriments in feeding S cows on rations containing different amounts of protein, the author concludes that a ration should contain 1 gm. of digestible protein for each kilogram of live weight I)lus '">0 fim. for each liter of milk produced. A local cow census {Hoard's Dairyman, J/O (1909), No. 5, pp. h'/G, I'll). — The cost of feeding and the income from 50 herds of cows belonging to i)atrons of the creamery at liarron, Wis., for the year 1!)0S is jtresented in tabular form and the results discussed. The average number of cows in a herd was 10.0, the average cost of feed per cow $12S.T(>, the average cash return from the creamery per cow $37.23, the average yield of butter fat per cow 139.5 lbs., the average price of butter fat 2G.4 cts. per pound, the average cost of butter fat 21.6 cts. per pound, and the average value of butter fat per $1 of feed $1.85. The best herd showed a profit of $37.72 per cow aiid the poorest herd an average loss of $15.(;3 per cow. [The cost of transporting a quart of milk], W. A. (Jk.mstkin {New Enfj- Jnitd I'liniicr, SS itUO'.i), .\ o. It), p. .{). — According to a milk contractor's esti- mate the average cost of trans])ortiiig milk within the radius of l(i<) miles of I'.oston is 1.19 cts. ])er quart. The business of dairying, C. B. Lank {New York and London, 1909. pp. X//+ 23'i, pi. I, fif/s. J/d.
  • ). — This is a ci-itical review of tlu> literal nrc on dairyini,' iMililishcd dnrini^ this period. Report of the dairy and cold storage commissioner, J. A. Huddick ( Jijit. Ddinj (iikI Cold tmi)iled from the returns of .'>,.^»16 butter and cheese factories and 7 factories jiroducing condensed milk and cream. The value of the iirodncts of tlie.se factories is increasing annually, yet the dairying season of 1907 was not a good one owing to the prevailing drought in some h)calities. The text of tlie bulletin is also printed in French. The past, the present, and the future of the dairy industry in the prov- ince of Quebec, J. C. ChaPxVis (Rpt. Ddiii/nicn's Assoc. Prov. Qitvhcc, 2-> {1906), App., pp. 3-39, figs. 56). — This is a lecture before the twenty-fifth annual convention of tlie dairymen's association, February, 190G. Dairying in Denmark, 1907, B. Boggilu (Tidsskr. Lniuh'iL-oiioiiii. I'.IOS, No. J/, PI). 225-2.'i3). — The annual report of the professor of dairying in the Royal Veterinary and Agricultural College at Copenhagen. Dairying in Norway prior to 1905, S. .J. Bentf.rud, J. (Jrude, and E. E. Wold (Mcjciidriftcn i Xorgc hidiil Aarct 190.'). Christianin, 1908, pp. 231/; rev. in MwlJccritid., 21 (1908), .Yo. .'/.'). pp. 969-976) .—\n historical sketch of the Norwegian dairying indu.stry. its development and ])resent conditions. Swedish dairying, A. Oksteuchkn ( A'orr/. Mejeri Tidii., 2.i {1908), Nos. Ji6, pp. 5-'i3-5.'ir) ; .'i7, pp. 555-556). — An address delivered before the Swedish Dairy In.structors' Association. Statistics of the i)resent conditions of the Swedish dairying industry and its progress during the past 15 years are given, with suggestions as to its future development. It is shown that there were 1,57.'! ci-eameries in Sweden in 100.5; these were supplied in the aggregate with !)1S,094.7S5 kg. (about 242..S77,000 gals.) of milk from 1,7G3,8.57 milch cows. The avei'age amount of milk handled per creamery daily is 1,335 kg. (about ;!52 gals.), ranging from 2.32 to 5,500 kg. Of the number of creameries given 470 were cooperative. The total number of i)atrons of the creameries was 70,047. New Zealand dairy produce on the British market, D. Cuddie (Nciv Zeal. Dept. Agr., Dairy Div. Bid. 12, pp. Ji5). — This is a report of a visit to Great Britain, Denmark, Canada, and the United States with the view to obtain infor- mation that would be of value to Xew Zealand dairymen. Biological and biochemical studies of milk, C. J. Koning ( Biologische mid Biochemiselie Stndieu iiher Milch. Lcipsic, 1908, No. 2, pp. 98, charts 2). — This has been repoited from another source (E. S. II., 19, pp. 371, 372). Essentials of milk hygiene, C. O. Jensen, trans, and amplified by L. Peak- son {PhUadeJphia and London, 1909, 2. cd. rev., pp. X+291, figs. 2'i). — This is the second edition of a work previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 275). "A few corrections aud changes have been made iu the text and new matter has been DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 1177 added to jiivc in detail what may ix- n-.^ardcd as llic (illicial iiu'tlupd for the exainination of milk for bacteria and cells." Milk as affected by stable practices and subsequent handling, M. II. ItKYNOLDS iAnitr. 1(7. h'cr., 32 (lOOS), No. (1, mi. U!l()-709, figs. 3, (hjins. 3). — This is a paper read before the American Veterinary Medical Association at its forty-fourth animal meetinjr and previonsly reported (K. S. R., 11), p. 11)0). The influence of the sugars on the secretion of milk, G. Piantoni {Arch. FaniKicol. N/>r;-. c Sci. Aff., 7 (/.00,S), Ao.v. 7, pi). 32D-33G; S-0, vp. 337-36.',).— Hypodermic injections of disaccharids administered to a goat produced effects that varied with the amount injected. A small dose increased the amount of milk secreted without altering the proportion of its constituents. Larger doses diminished the quantity of milk and the percentage of milk sugar, and decreased slightly the percentage of fat, but increased the flow of urine which showed- traces of sugar. Monosaccharids i)roduce similar efl'ects jn'ovided doulde the quantity is used. The sugar contained in the urine of the goat is lactose, which conforms with the assertion of Porcher. On the variability of milk, O. von Wlndt {Skaiifl. Arc]i. PhijsioJ.,21 (1908), No. 2-3, pp. 80-1 J,5; Mitt. Landw. Inst. Leipzig, 1908, No. 9, pp. 127-179).— Various salts were added to the rations of milch cows and their effect upon the chemical composition of the milk was studied. Some of the author's con- clusions are as follows: Common salt, carbonate of lime, sodium phosphate, magnesium bromid, and calcium glycero-phosphate appeared to have no influence on the composition of milk. Acid calcium phosi)hate appears sometimes to influence favorably the amount of fat and to increase the relative amount of original calcium. The percentage of albumin does not increase toward the end of the lactation period. Phosphorus, total nitrogen, and casein are the least variable, while chlorin, Iiotasslum, and albumin are the most variable of milk constituents. The effect of rutting on the composition of cow's milk, O. Mezger (Ztschr. Untrrsuch. Nalir. ii. (Icnuxsiiitl, 16 (1908), No. 5, pp. 273-281) .—The author made chemical analyses of the milk of seven cows during the rutting period and found that such variations as occur are largely due to the individuality of the cows. In no case did the amount of fat-free dry matter vary to any extent. On the composition of cow's milk of different breeds, with special refer- ence to the lime and phosphoric acid content, T. Katayama {Landw. Vers. fuft'alo. There was a great variation between individuals of the same breed, but in the same iJidividual the lime and ])hosphoric acid content varied but little from time to time. The lime cimtent varied from 0.14.') per cent in the East Prussian Holland breed to 0.227 in the black and white East Frisian. The phosphoric acid variey llio cliaractcr of Uic ft'cd and otln'r factors. The viscosity of milk depends upon the clicnucal composition and a number of physical properties. Durinj; the ^'estation period the viscosity gradually increases but rapidly diminishes a few days after calvnig. The application of new physico-chemical methods of milk investigation from the socio-medical and physiological standpoint, IT. Zancuor ( t'iciiivriz. Arch. Ticrhcilk., .jl) (I'.IOS), .\o. ,5, />/>. 2'/7-^07; iibs. in Milch ir. Zcnthl., 5 (li)0!)), Xo. 2, PI), t'^l), 87). — This article discusses the methods of determininf? I)hysical constants previously reiiorted l)y Schnorf (E. H. 11.. 1(>, j). 1010), and in the article noted above. Their imi)ortance for detectinj; adulterated and ])atholof;ical milks is i)ointed out. The conclusions reached are based on the examination by the author and his assistant of lO.OOO samples of milk. Investigations on the rennet coagulation of milk, W. Van Dam (Rev. Gen. Lfiit. 7 il'iOS). .Yo.v. 6", />/>. 12J-J2H; 7, pi>. J'io-15o; 8, pp. 169-178; ZUchr. Physiol. Chcnt.. 58 {I'.un)). Xo. //, pp. 295-330, dgms. 3). — Investigations were imdertaken to discover the cause of variation in the coagulability of nulk. liy diluting milk with water or by adding a soluble citrate the time of coagula- tion was lengthened. The addition of a soluble oxalate rendered the milk incoagulable. On the other hand, the addition of calcium chlorld hastened coagulation. The author concludes that the time of coagulation is inversely proportional to the concentration of hydrogen in the milk. The effect of some normal elements of milk on its coagulation with ren- net, C. (iEKUKR {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 6o (1908), Xo. 2H, pp. 1S2- 18'/). — The addition of lacto-casein and lactose retarded coagulation. Adding sodium chlorid and potassium chlorid in either small or large quantities hastened coagulation, but in medium quantities retarded it. Further contributions to the theory of the coagulation of milk by rennet, a. Wkrnckkn iZtschr. liioL, 52 {190S), Xo. 1-3, pp. .'/7-7/, (h.nns. /(;).— After a study of the optical properties of milk and casein and their ability to combine with hydrochloric acid and alkali, both before and after adding rennet, the author does not agree with Laqueur that casein splits into paracasein and milk albumin. On the contrary, his results agree with Petry and Spiro (E. S. K.. is;, p. 475). Microscopical studies of the colostrum of cow's milk, P. Scuulz (Ztschr. FU'isch. 11. MUchhjiii.. 19 {1908), Xo. 2, pp. 55-61; 19 (1909), Xo. J/, pp. 132- 1J,5; abs. in Rev. am. Lait. 7 (1909) Xo. 9, p. 210; Molk. Ztg. \IIihleshcim'\, 23 (1909), Xo. 5, p. 110; X. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream.. 27 (1909), No. 16, p. 65.'i). — The author reviews the literature on this subject and gives the results of his own investigations. Some of his conclusions are as follows: The colostrum bodies disappear from the third to the eleventh day after calving, the length of time which they remain being independent of breed, yield of milk, age of the cow, nature of the feed, or the length of the dry period. During the first lactation period they remain longer than in the suc- ceeding periods. They persist longer if the milking is imperfect or the se- cretion of milk is interfered with in any way. Occasionally they may persist in some cows during the entire lactation period. Analyses of colostrum, M. Siegfeld (Molk. Ztg., 22 (1908), Xo. 1,5, p. 1293; uhs. in Milch ic. Zcnthl., 5 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 37, 38).— These analyses show a great range in chemical composition. The variations are due to the individu- ality of the cow and the length of time between calving and the milking period. The specific gi-avity varied from 1.031 to 1.0S3, the percentage of fat from 4.7 to 12. the protein from 5.42 to 23.75. and the carbohydrates from l.GO to 3.50. DAIRY FARMTNC DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 1179 The proteolytic enzym of human milk, A. K. Austin {Jour. Med. Research, ni (I'.KhS). Ao. ,-\ iii>. .W9-J/.9).— Sauipli's (if milk from lil persons at diflerent IRTiods of liRtatioii were exauiiiu'il to dt'teriniiK' why bivast milk often dis- ajirees with the healthy infant. No enzynis were found by Volhard's method, empoyed for tryiisin. A modification of IMetschel's method was emitloyed for the determination of rest nitrogen (nonprotein nitrogen). The results were v.iriable and inexplicable. " Before the subject here treated can be fully settled we must know more of the character of this rest nitrogen, and the most attractive feature is the possi- bility of the presence of amino acids." As a test for amino acid a combination of Ackermann and Levene's method was employed. No free glj'cocol, alamin, nor leuciu were found. The results are summarized as follows: " There is no evidence of autodigestion of human milk, at least under tha conditions pertaining to such digei^tions in organ tissues. " The digestive disturbances of infants fed on human milk can have no rela- tion to such an enzym. as the milk of l)t)tli healthy and sick women was examined. " The rest nitrogen is still a riddle, though if amino acids compose a part of it they are remnants of a synthesis to protein, and not products of digestion of milk protein." On the nucleon content of human milk, A. Valenti {Arch. Fannacol. Sper. c Set. Aff., 7 U-IOS). Ao. 10. i>i). .} '/7--iJ.O. ehfirts 2: , (WOS), No. II. pp. .'i9',-.',99).— This is a review of bacteriological investigations on the causes of slimy and colored milk. Fermentations of milk and cheese, A. Kocii {.Jdhresher. Gdruiuf.'i-Orfidnis- incn, 16 ( 190.')). pi>. 259-.i.')l ). — A review of the articles on this subject for 1905. On lactic-acid fermentation in milk, .M. \V. Hemekinck (A'. Ahad. ]Vetenseh. Amsterdam, I'roc. Sect. ScL, 10 (1901), pt. 1, pp. i 7-3.'/). —This is mainly a discussion of the proi)ertles of different types of lactic-acid bacteria. liactic acid as an agent to reduce intestinal putrefaction, P. G. Heinemann {Jour. Amer. Med. .Ls-.s-oc, 52 {1909), No. 5, pp. 312-316).— The work of Metch- nikofC and other observers is reviewed. The author's investigations with steril- IISO EXPERIMENT STATION HKCOHD. izi'd iiiilU. st'lf-((t;i,i.Miliit»'il iiiilU, Mini llic coiiiiiM'niMl i>r»'ii;ii:ititTt'it is tonci'rncd. tlit'iv is yi't no <-onvin(iii.i; i'viiU>iKH> that sour milk prt'itarcd with conninTrial ciilturi's is iircforabio to naturally soiin-d iiulk. Yeasts were iirrsciit in ail Imt one of the coiuuifrcial lir('|)a rat ions. Colloidal cream and process of iraking the same, I.. M. Rousseau (French I'itliiit J<)J,J.J,l iscpt. JO, I'.xn : ./tiiti: Noc. CIkiii. Indus., J7 (lilOS), Xo. 2'i. p. I.^IS). — This is a pntonti'd process iiy which a mlloichil prei)arati()n of casein eontaininj: (>U per cent of water is obtaine0!n. Ao. 2, pp. 1 ';S. 1 yj). — lOxperiments were undertaken to determine the proper quantity of boric acid to add to butter for preservative purposes without iujuriuj; the llavor or other qualities. Ninety lbs. of butter was divided into three portions. To the first portion was added 3 per cent of salt ; to the second. 3 per cent of .salt and o.2r> per cent of a preservative consisting mainly of boric acid ; and to the third ix>rtion, 3 per cent of salt and the preservative at the rate of 0.5 per cent. The butter was then worked in the ordinary manner. At the end of 3 months the third portion would just pass for a first quality of frozen butter as regards flavor. The second portion showed evidences of de- composition, while the first portion was distinitly third class in flavor. (Tu>mi- cal analyses showed that about one-half of the boric acid was lost in working. A rept'tition of the experiment gave similar results. [The effect of cold storage on the changes in butter], L. A. ItoiiEus (Ice and Ucfriij.. 3G (HHI9). A'o. i. pp. 9-11. rliaris ,i). — This is a lecture before the eighteenth annual convention of the American Warehousemen's Association, held at Washington. D. C, December, VMS. According to the author's experi- ments so far it would seem that the condition of butter, after remaining in cold storage, is much more dependent on the methods of manufacture than on the storage temperature. Butter, A. McOili. i Lah. Inland Rrr. Dcpt. Canada Bill. 170, pp. 19). — This bulletin reports the analyses of :2'.i."t samples of butter. A study of Argentine butters, P. Lavkxir (Cron. A(ji: [Aifunlina], !? (WOS), A'o. 7-9, pp. 103-107). — The physical and chemical properties of S samjiles of butter are determined and presented in tabular form. Danish butter exports. 1907-8. B. Bocu;ii.D {Tids.sh-r. Landokitnonii. 190S, A'o, 7.J. ;*/(. i;'i9~li.J9). — This is the usual annual review of the conditions t)f the Danish butter trade published by the author. The imports of butter during the year ending Septeni"c>er 30, IOCS, were 31.11»2.0(X) Danish pounds. 21.(XK).000 of which came from liussia (largely Fin- laud). The net exports amounted to 1G9.700.000 lbs., an increase of S.OOO.OOU lbs. over the exports of the preceding year, and the gross exports to 200.S0(T.CK>0 lbs. Of this quantity 1S3.970.01X) lbs. went to England, an increase of a little over 0.000.0<)0 lbs. over the figiiro for the preceding year. The di»- mestic pr4.l!iIo.(K«» lbs. and the imports 0..")70.(MM1 lbs., making a total of -G0,7'J0.0tK) lbs. of oleomargarine consumetl in Denmark during the year. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECIINY. 1181 The avernge i»rice rfceivetl for the l)iit(■! U'.lilX). So. J. /;//. 'il-'i'.l). — A review of tlie development of the industry siiu-e issi'. with statisties. Refrigeration and Siberian butter {.Milch '/.In., .il (l!>OS), \o. '/.7, p. o-i'J). — This is an account of the recent fif'wth of the dairy industry in Siberia, which is already a successful competitor with l>enin:irk and Holland in thi? London butter market. At the present time 3(;.(M)(»,0(A) kg. (about 8.182 tons) of butter are sent annually from Siberia to London and tlie amount is con- stantly increasinj?. tliis l»eing due to improved methods, cheap transiiortatioiir .'Mid refrit:eration. The science and practice of cheese making, L. L. Van Sr.vKi; and C A. rriJi.ow ( \rtv York. I!J0!). pp. A'\'l + 'ier cent of fat. Some analyses of cream cheese, C. 11. Cribb (Analyst, .3) (1009). Xo. .J.9.7, pp. 'i-j-.'/H). — The fat from 28 samples of cream cheese ranged from 0.0.'i to 7i5.0 per cent, though all but four samples were apparently made fnjin whole milk or from a mixture of cream and milk. The fat in cheese, G. Cokxai.b.v ilmlu.'^. Jjill. <■ 'AdoUc, 7 il'.)0!i}, Xo. j, pp. 2.?, J'l). — Analyses of ;>1 samples of different kinds of Italian cliees«? are re- IMirted. The iiercentage of water ranged from KJ.f! to (i<», tlie fat fnuii 8.2 to n..'». and the protein from 10.3 to HiM). The fat content of Edam cheese, L. Mlllkr (Moll:. Ztg.. 22 (190H), Xo. 3.1, pp. 0!n-!l!H>). — This is a dis^-ussion <')f the factors which iiiHuence the fat con- lent of cheese and the metliods of estimating it. Analj-.ses of Kdani and Lim- burger cheeses are also re!)ort<'d. The cheese industry of Normandy, Bkau (In, which had its origin in this region, hiiving l>een first made in 1701. The cheese industry in the Rhine Province ( Drpt. Lantlh., .\ijv. m llnndrl, Vrrxlinj. in Mnlnl. Dir. Ijiiulb. \ XSci., 3 (190S), No. 1, pp. 1-21). — A study was made of the influence of various factors on the I'ate of fermentation. The main factor appears to be the amount of nitrogenous matter present in the juice which is assimilable by the yeast. Q^he variety of fruit, state of ripeness, aeration of the juice, and temperature also have some influence, but the kind of yeast and the chemical constituents in the juice other than nitrogenous compounds do not appear to be influential factors. A certain measure of control over the rate of fermentation can be exercised by the cider nialcer. Acetic aldehyde in wine, its origin, and its significance, A. Trillat (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 22 (190S), Nos. 9, pp. lOJf-719; 10. pp. 753-762; 11, pp. 876-fi95; Bui. Assoc. Cliim. Sucr. ct Distill., 26 (1909), No. 8. pp. 65 ',-690). —The author reviews the work of other investigators, and describes in detail his own experi- ments concerning the various factors which influence the amount of acetic aldehyde in wines and brandies. Acetic aldehyde is formed by the oxidation of alcohol under the influence of the air and participates more or less in all the principal modifications which take place in wine. Malic acid in wine making. Malo-lactic fermentations, "W. Mestrezat {Jour, riiarm. et Chint., 6. scr., 2S (1908), No. 1, pp. 13-20). — After reviewing the work on this subject the author maintains that a malo-lactic fermentation does not necessarily take place because of the disappearance of malic acid. Beport of the Swiss experiment station for horticulture and wine making at Wadenswil for 1905-6, H. Muller-Thurgau (Landw. Jalirb. Hehiieiz, 22 (1908), No. I'l, pp. 7.'i5-920, figs. 10). — This is the annual report of work done at this station on the diseases of fruits, variety tests of grapes, wine fermenta- tion, tests of different kinds of yeasts, and related topics. Agricultural and industrial distillation, E. Boullanger (Industries de Fer- incittdtioii DixtiUcric Ayricolc ct Imlustriclh: Paris, 1909, pp. XI+55'i, figs. 107). — This work treats of the distillation of industrial alcohol. l)randies. and rums both from the practical and theoretical standpoint. The principal topics treated are the properties and uses of alcohol, methods of detei'uiining the chemical composition of beets, molasses, fruits, and other n)aterials used in distilling, the methods of preparing and fermenting different musts, the distilla- tion and rectification of alcohol, and the composition and utilization of by- products of distilleries. There is some statistical informatou on the alcohol industry and also a chapter on alcoholometry. VKTKRINARY MEDICINE. 1183 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Veterinary materia medica and therapeutics, K. Winslow (Netv York, 190S, 6. ciL, rcr. and ciil.. pp. VI 1 1+S.j'.)). — A sixth revised edition of tliis worlv of wliich tliat part of the text treating of the physiological action of drugs has been almost couipletely rewritten on the basis of recent pharmacological in- vestigations. Further studies upon anaphylaxis, M. J. Rosenau aud J. F. Anderson (Pub. Jlctiltli and Mar. JIo.sp. i^crv. U. ti., Uijg. Lab. Bid .',5, pp. 65; ahfi. in Jour. Med. Research, 19 {1908), No. 1, pp. 31-66; Bid. Inst. Pasteur, 6 {190S), No. IS, pp. 827-829). — "The period of incubation of serum anaphylaxis is about 7 days in guinea pigs sensitized in the brain and about 9 days in guinea pigs sensitized subcutaneously. It also appears that the sensitization comes on somewhat gradually. . . . The sensitizing principle is gradually influenced by heat. It disappears almost entirely when horse serum is heated to 100° C. for 1 hour. . . . The .toxic principle in horse serum is gradually destroyed by heat. . . . The toxicity of horse serum does not appear to diminish with the age of the serum. . . . " The si)ecific nature of anaphylaxis is further shown by various experiments. . . . A substance known as ' anaphylactin ' is pi'esent in the blood serum of sensitized guinea pigs. This substance is not present during the period of incubation. We have been unable to demonstrate the presence of anaphylactin in the l)lood serum of man, the monkey, aud the cat. . . . We believe that these morphological alterations do not explain the mechanism of anaphylaxis. It is probable that the mechanism will not be unraveled until further light is shed upon the chemistry of protein metabolism. . . . The repeated injection of small amounts of horse serum sensitizes guinea pigs. Repeated injections of large amoimts render guinea pigs partially iunnune. . . . We suggest a possible rela- tion between the toxemias of ])regnancy and anaphylaxis." Investigations of the leucocytes and lymphoid tissue of invertebrates, M. KoLLMANN {Ann. Sei. Nat. Zool., 9. ser., S {1908), No. l-.'i, pp. 1-6). — The investigations are reported in three parts. Part 1 is devoted to a review of the literature and to important questions of technicpie. In part 2 details are given of the results of studies in the various groups while in part 3 is found a synthetic review of the investigation and the conclusions therefrom. A biblio- graphical list is given. Further notes on rat leprosy and on the fate of human and rat lepra bacilli in flies, W. K. Whkkky (.Jour. Infer. Diseases, .'> (1908), No. J, pp. ,107- ol'i). — Whilt! (Migaged in plague work in California the author made careful search for leprosy in rats in view of the possibility of blood-sucking insects playing .some role in the transmission of the disease. Out of 0..3()1 rats dis- sected during a jieriod of 4 months in the summer of lOOS, 20 were found infected with lei)rosy. Tliere is said to Ite no evidence, however, that human leprosy and rat leprosy are identical or that human beings need fear infection from leper rats. Experiments were made in which flies in the larval and adult .stages were fed upon the carcass of a lv\irr va\. I'.oth stages were found to ingest the bacilli in enormous numbers. The liacilli did not ai)pear to multiply in the flies {i'allipliora vomitorin, Lueilia e(rs(ir. and Miisca donieslica) as they were pear to be cajtable of devel- oping further than the nym|»lial stage. "A fly caught on the face of a human leper was found to be infested with lepei'-like bacilli. These were few in uuui- 1184 EXPKIUMKNT STATION EECOKD. Ikt at tlip boginniiifx of (lir oljscrvatioii, hut on the thinl day luort' than 1.ir>2 were present in each speek deiiosited. Only one bacilhis was found between the third and sixth day and tlie acid-proof bacilli were not infective when injected into the subcutaneous tissue of a Kni'iea pif^." The etiology and diagnosis of hydrophobia, Anna W. Williams and May M. LowiJioN {Ann. Rpf. Ih/it. Ilcdlth Citij of S'cir York, I'.IOd, vol. .i, />/>. 6'JJ- 6"77). — Some of the conclusions drawn by the autliors following the investigation here reported are : "The smear method of examiniui; the Neiiri bodies is superior to any other method so far published. . . . "The Negri bodies as shown by the smears as well as b\- llie sectious are specific to hydrophobia. "Numerous ' bodii'S ' are found In lixed virus. ' Uodies ' are found before the beginning of visible symptoms — i. e., on the fourth day in fixed virus, on the seventli day in street virus, and evidence is given that they may be found early enough to account for the appearance of infectivity in the host tissues. Forms similar in structure and staining (jualities to the others, but just within the limits of visible structure at 1,500 diameter magnification have been seen. Such tiny forms, considering the evidence they give of plasticity, might be able to pass the coarser Berkefeld filters. " The Negri bodies are organisms belonging to the class Protozoa. The rea- sons for this conclusion are: (a) They have a definite characteristic morphol-. ogy; (b) this morphology is constantly cyclic, i. e., certain forms always predominate in certain stages of the disease, and a definite series of forms indicating growth and multiplication can be demonstrated; (c) the structui'o and staining qualities as shown especially by the smear method of examination resemble that of certain known Protozoa, notably of those belonging to the suborder ]\licrosporidia. The proof that the ' Negri bodies ' are living organisms is sufficient proof that they are the cause of hydrophobia." The prevalence of hydrophobia in the Philippine Islands, F. W. Dudlky (Jour. Amcr. Mcil. Assoc, 51 (lOOS), Xo. .io, vi). 2L',S-21.','J).—ln response to circulars mailed by the author, cases which largely occurred between October 1, 1902, and February 2S, 1907, were reported as follows: In 253 dogs, 3 cats, 1 carabao, 1 cow, 4 horses, 2 pigs, 3 rats, and 1 monkey. Thirty-nine provinces were shown to have been infected by the disease, 10 having escaped according to reports. The author considers the disease sufficiently prevalent to warrant the (Jovernment in i>roviding means for the Pasteur treatment. Transmission of rabies to mice by ingestion, I'. Kkmlinokr (Co)iu>t. Jirnd. Hoc. Biol. [Parish, 65 (i^ON), No. 30, pp. 385, 3S6').— Experiments indicate that mice can contract rabies not only when bit by an affected dog or cat but also when they eat virulent parts of an animal dead from the disease. Experiments on the production of antirabic serum, D. W. Poor and P. J. Friedaean {A)ih. Rpt. Drpt. Hnilth Citij of New York, 1906, vol. 2, pp. 682- G!)2). — The following ctmclusions have been drawn from the experiments reported : " It is possible to produce a strong innnuiuv serum against rabic virus, in rabbits, sheep, dogs, and horses. "For the production of such a serum a long course of treatment is necessary. " This serum when fi*esh prolongs the incul)ation of rabies when injected into test animals a short time after infection." Note on the investigation of cattle disease in the Protectorate of Sierra Leone, F. IIakvey (Join: Hoy. A Din/ MnJ. Corps, 10 (1908), No. 1, pp. .'/l-'i'i, map 1; 'tbs. ill- Btil. Inst. I'dstciir, G (1908). Xo. 19, p. 883). — An account of a trypanosomiasis that is apparently fatal to cattle, horses, dogs, goats, and prob- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1185 ably imik's. slu-cp. and other domestic animals. A description is given of tlio siiecies, which Mesnil considers as iirob.dily Tri/jxinosonid (limorpfton. Notes on the duration and course of camel surra, II. T. I'kask and S. II. Gaig'cu {Jour. TnjiK Vvt. tici., 3 (IHOS), Ao. .'/, />/>. .J.?7--J.3J ) . — The percentage of camels that recover from snrra seems to be low. They appear to be in an intermetliate stage of tolerance and it is possible that they are gradually acquir- ing an imnumity similar to that of Indian cattle. Natural canine surra, S. H. Gaigeu (Jour. Trop. Yet. Hci.. ,? (I'MS), Ao. .}, pp. Ji-'iS-Jfol, charts 11). — Examinations made by the anthor in India of the blood of several hundred dogs resulted in the finding of but one case of natural surra. A report is presented of the symptoms in this dog and in other animals, including the horse, dog, rabbit, guinea pig, and white mouse,- inoculated snb- cutaneously with blood from the natural case. These inoculations are said to show that the dog was probably infected from the horse. " lu the Punjab we have to deal with only one type of trypanosome but with two strains, a camel strain and au equine strain, which can not be distinguished morphologically, but can be distinguished by the virulence of the disease they produce in animals experimentally inoculated or naturally infected. By a series of inoculations one strain may take on the characters of the other. The ' camel surra ' trypanosome by passage through several horses comes up to the standard of virulence of what might bo called the 'horse surra ' trypanosome." Treatment of surra by atoxyl and oi-piment, J. D. E, Holmes (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., 3 (1908), No. .'i, pp. J/S'i-'i'/.i). — In the experiments here recorded the results obtained by Laveran and Thiroux (E. S. R., 20, p. 579) from the use of atoxyl in subcutaneous injections alternated with trisulphid of arsenic by mouth were confirmed. The horse, guinea pig. and rabbit were used in these experiments. " Solutions of atoxyl up to 15 per cent can be given intravenously and sub- cutaneously without injury to the tissue. In our experiments we found that the lower dilufions were preferable, as they were absorbed more readily and caused less irritation at the seat of inoculation. For horses, a 4 per cent solu- tion and for small animals, a 1 per cent solution was adopted. The horse can tolerate 5.5 gm. of atoxyl per 500 lbs. body weight, administered intravenously. Subcutaneously somewhat less than double this amount can be administered without any toxic effect. In the guinea pig 0.06 gm. per 500 gm. body weight is the maximum amount which can be injected subcutaneously with safety. In the treatment of surra with atoxyl it is not necessary to use large doses. About a quarter of the toxic amount is sutficient." The relation of human and bovine tuberculosis, R. Koch (Tuberculosis, 7 (I'JOS). Xo. II. jip. 'I'.il-.JO.J; Jour. Conipdr. I'ulli. and Thvr., 21 (lUOH). Xo. //, pp. 303-308). — This is a paper presented at the International Congress on Tuberculosis held in Washington. I>. C, in 1908. Attention having been called by Dr. Theobald Smith to certain differences lii'twccn the tubercle bacilli found in man and cattle, exiieriments were con- ducted in cooperation with Schiitz. The conculsions arrived at are similar to those presented at the British Congress on Tuberculosis in 1901, viz: "The tubercle bacilli of human tuberculosis are different from (hose of bovine tubercu- losis. Iliunan beings may be infected by bovine tubercle bacilli, but serious diseases from this cause occur very rarely. Preventive measures against tuberculosis should therefore be directed i)rimarily against the propagation of human tubercle bacilli." It is stated that there are many possible sources of error in the work and that it is only when such have been excluded that the results can be accepted as conclusive. SSSW— No. 32—09 7 1186 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Infection of dogs with human and bovine types of the tubercle bacillus, C. TiTZE aud O. Wkidaxz {Tubcrkulo.se Arb. K. (IsiuUit-samt., J908, Xo. 9, i>i). 79-92; ab.^. in Bui. In.st. Pasteur, 6 (1908), .Yf>. 22, p. 1006).— The authors first consider the statistics rehiting to the frequency of the disease and review the literature on the subject. From inoculation experiments it is concluded that dofis are very resistant to both the human and bovine tyi»es of the bacillus, whatever the manner of introduction. This appears to be a natural immunity possessed even ))y young dogs. Tuberculous dogs were found to react to tuberculin. A bililiography is appended. Tuberculosis of parrots and canaries, A. Weber, C. Titze, and O. Weidanz (Tuh( rkiil'i.sc Arb. K. (l.-iudhtsamt., 190S. .Yo. 9. pp. 59-18; abs. in Bui. Inst., Pasteur, 6 (1!W8). Yo. 22, pp. 100), 1005). — Parrots were infected in various ways with the bovine, human, and fowl types of the tubercle bacillus. While they were susceptible to the 3 types, the bovine tyjie was most virulent and the fowl type the least so. Experiments are also reported in which the .3 types were ingested by canaries. The fowl type was found to be the most virulent. The ophthalmic reaction to tuberculin, Le D. Bailliart {Jour. Compar. Path, and Tlicr., 21 (1908). Yo. .',. pp. .iOS-.i2; i .— This is a reirort presented on behalf of the Societe de Pathologic Comparee to the International Congress on Tuberculosis held at Washington, D. C, in lOOS. The following are the con- clusions arrived at : ■■ The ophthalmic test is a method of diagnosis which is, in general, without danger when applied to eyes that are quite free from any tuberculous lesions. It is sometimes followed by slight and temporary ill effects. The reaction is not always proportionate to the extent of the lesions. It is often absent in the last stages of the disease. It is sometimes followed by systemic disturbance, which is always inconsiderable and lasts only for a short time. Very often the reaction is doul)tfu]. In bovines, because of the difficulties of examination, doubtful cases should be considered negative. . . . '"In bovines the ophthalmic test alone is a very untrustworthy method, and can not pretend to replace the ordinary subcutaneous injection. The second- ary ocular reaction gives results which are far superior. In the vast majority of cases the two processes, simple subcutaneous injection and the combined ophthalmic reaction, give the same results. '* Exceptionally, a tuberculous animal does not react to this second ocular test. More frequently one gets a positive ophthalmic reaction in a nontuber- culous animal. Although the combined ophthalmic reactirm can not rejdace the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin as a means of diagnosis, it remains a useful metliod, far more simple, and of genuine utility in certain circumstances." Five years' experience of protective inoculation ag'ainst tuberculosis in cattle by von Behring's method, Strelinger (Berlin. Tierurztl. Wchnschr., 1908, No. 22, pp. 385-388; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and TJier., 21 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 220-225). — The author reports inoculation experiments conducted at Savar, Hungary, in which von Behring's directions were punctiliously ob- served. Attention is called to the importance of choosing only quite young and healthy animals. " Our experience shows that bovovaccination is capable of conferring marked protection against infection for a period of 5^ years, the percentage of Si-year- old animals protected by bovovaccination, and which reacted when afterwards submitted to tuberculin, only numbering 10 per cent, whilst before the intro- duction of i)rotective inoculation 50 per cent of 2-year-old artificially reared animals reacted to tuberculin. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1187 "When we further consider that such good results can also be obtained on farms in which the inoculated calves are constantly kept together with highly- tuberculous cows, it is plain that protective inoculation can be carried out v.'ith good results under ordinary agricultural conditions, and it seems justi- fiable to conclude that the power of resistance against tuberculous infection conferred on animals by bovovacciuation, having already lasted over 5 years, will probably prove to continue for some years longer. " Taking everything into consideration, I consider it absolutely superfluous to repeat the protective inoculation every year, as has recently " been suggested. Accoi'diug to my view, inoculation should not be repeated even once, on account of the possibility of infection through the milk. " Instead of repeating the inoculation, I would recommend that, as far as economically possible, suitable hygienic measures should be adopted." It is i)ointed out that the danger of animals from tubercle-free farms from becoming infected if removed to other centers obtains under the methods of Bang and Ostertag. It is therefore of great importance that cattle not only be i)rotected from tuberculosis infection, but also that an active resistance be conferred. The author considers a combination of Ostertag's method with von Behring's bovovacciuation as the remedy sought for. The following are considered the most important points in such a combined method: " The most important condition, in my estimation, is that the bovovacciuation should be carried out with the most scrupulous care and exactly in accordance with v carry out." The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, T. Smith {Jour. Med. Re- search, JS (1908), No. 3, pp. -'i5l-Jt85; ahs. in Bui. Itifit. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 23, p. 1038). — "Vaccination of calves with the human type of the tubercle bacillus is harmless. Cases in which injuries are said to have resulted from it may have been due to other concomitant affections, among which pneumonia is probably the most common. I'ersons trying vaccination should first assure themselves that the culture they intend to use belongs to the human and not to the l)ovine type of the bacillus. " \'acciuation with the human type of bacillus leads to a relatively high resistance to fatal do.ses of the bovine bacillus. " Vaccination with a carefully tested, attenuated bovine bacillus may be as efficacious, even in a single injection, as the double vaccination with lunnan bacilli. Such vaccination may be less dangerous to man than when human bacilli are used. 1188 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD, "The iiuuiunity coufcnx'd by vacciiuUinii, ;is hiihcrto iirncticod, does nut appear to be satisfactory as regards degree or dunitioii. More evidence is needed with regard to these points. The herds of large public institutions are well adapted to decide these questions if vaccination is thoroughly applied, and the animals supervised by ]iroi)erly trained men. " Insufficient immunity following vaccination may prove dangerous in giving rise to mild cases, after ordinary exiiosure in infected lierds, which tend to discharge tul>ercle baccili from small foci in the lungs. " The inununity accpiired by two vaccinations with human bacilli slwiuhl be fortified bj- a subsequent hijection of attenuated bovine bacilli. " Investigations should be made loolving toward the selection, by the injec- tion of attenuated bovine bacilli, of races or breeds of cattle which possess naturally a high degree of resistance to tuberculosis. The capacity of different breeds to acquire a high degree of immunity sliould also l)e investigated. "The survival of human and bovine bacilli in the lungs and udders of calves vaccinated intravenously with them should be more delinitely determined. " Vaccines may be easily and cheaply prei)ared in the form of susiiensions in fluids ready for injection. The length of time during which suspensions maintain their highest efficiency remains to be determined." The vaccination of cattle against tuberculosis, J. F. Heymans (Arch. Intcrnat. Pharmncod. ct Titer., 17 (1907), ^'o. 1-2, pp. 133-1J,6; 18 (1908), No. 3--'i. pp. 179-202). — Details of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. NTT I . Phagocytic immunity, J. C. Meakins (Jour. E.ept. Med., 11 (1909), No. 1, pp. 100-117, eliurts 6). — From tlie experiments here described it is concluded that animals immunized with living tubercle bacilli may develop phagocytic immunity of a high degree and that such immunity may help to protect the animal from a lethal dose of virulent tubercle bacilli. Further filtration experiments with virus of cattle plague, E. H. Ruediger (r)iHippiite Jour. SeL, B. Med. Sci., 3 (1908), Xo. .'/, pp. 319-321, eliarts II).— A continuation of investigations in which experiments with peritoneal fluids (E. S. R.. 20, p. 790) were repeated. The author concludes that peritoneal fluid retains its virulence on being passed through P>erkefeld filters marked V, N, or W, but is harmless after having been passed through a ChamberJand filter marked B. Tick fever, or redwater, S. Dodd (Dept. Agr. and Stock, Vet. Dlv., Queens- land, Bui. 2, 1908; Queensland Agr. Jour., 21 (1908), Nos. 5, pp. 2'io-251; 6, pp. 308-317, fig. 1; abs. in Vet. Ree., 21 (1909), Xo. 1069, p. .'i38).— An account of the history, causation, symptoms, post-mortem api)earance. and preventive and curative ti*eatment of this disease. Including the life history of Margarojius (Rhlpieephalus) auHtralis. Preventive inoculation and eradit-atiou of the ticks are considered at length. Report on methods adopted for the eradication of cattle ticks in the United States of America, S. Dodd (Queensland Agr. Jour., 21 (1908), Xo. 1, pp. If1-51). — A summary is given of the work that has been carried on in this country up to the end of 1007. Contributions to a biological study of Bacillus vitulisepticus and to the immunization of calves against septicemic pneumonia, H. Schirop (Centbl. Bait, [vie.], 1. Ahi., Orig.. .JT (190.S). Xo. J. ji/i. 3(l7-3.'i2 ; abs. in Bui. luj^t. Pasteur, 6 (1908), Xo. 20 pp. 917. 918). — After studying Bacillus vitulisepticus in different media and its pathogenic power for different species of animals, the author conducted immunization exiieriments. He concludes that there are many races of the bacillus since the monovalent serum protects animals against the race used in pi'eparing the serum but only rarely against others. VETERIXARY MEDICINE. 1189 The etiolog'y of white scour in calves, C. Titze and A. Weichel (BcrUn. Ticrarztl. \Vor not the meat poisoning bacilli play an important part, the authors examined 200 different varieties of white-scour organisms which had been isolated during nu- merous outbreaks of white scour occurring over almost the whole of Prussia. These were named according to their morphological and biological properties and their agglutinative effects. Of the organisms found, 151 specimens ap- peared to be the common B. coli, 28 the paracolon bacillus of Jensen. 14 the pseudocolon bacillus of Poels. 2 the B. protcus, and 1 the Bacterium acidi lactici, while 4 varieties could not be determined because they arrived in an impure state. The authors consider it possible that the cause of white scour and of pneu- monia of calves is of the nature of an ultravisible virus. Diarrhea in calves, E. L. Vallejo ( Estac. Agr. Cent. [Mexico] Circ. 9, pp. 6'). — A general account of the disease. A new Indian tick, Ornithodoros lahoriensis, L. G. Neumann {Jour. Trap. Vet. ISei., 3 {190S), Xo. .',. pp. .'iU2--'i61\ figs. .',). — This tick, taken upon sheep in India and reported to transmit a disease of sheep, is here described as new. According to the natives the tick appears to infest old sheepfolds. living in cracks and crevices and attacking sheep in November and December and the winter months. While the exact nature of the disease hns not yet been de- t<'rniined it is said to be a pernicious anemia. Infectious mastitis of the goat, W. R. L. Best {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English E(l.\. 1 il'JOS). .\(j. s. pp. 33o-337). — A general account of the sym[itoms and n.ituic of this disi'.iso with proi>hyl:ictic measures and remedial treatment. Swine plague, W. Jowett {Jour. Compar. Path, and Thcr., 21 {190S), No. ^, pp. 32 1-32 'i). — The author here records an observation in which swine plague occurred unaccompanied bj' post-mortem lesions that resembled hog cholera. It is said that while hog cholera was quite prevalent in Cape Colony in 1904 it has apparently Ixvn stiimpod out. rost-mortem findings are reported in detail. Cure of a stallion suffering from dourine by means of atoxyl at the remount depot at Constantine, M. Monod {Bui. Soc. Cent. MC'd. Vel., 85 {WOS), \o. 12, pp. 303-30!), cliiut I ; Jour. Trap. ]et. Sci., 3 {190S), Xo. .',, pp. .',56- 'i(>l\. — The author considers that i( would he imprudent to conclude from a single case that atoxyl is a s|)ecitic against dourine. The action of the drug, however, is said to have been well marked, though the usefulness of this stal- lion :is a sire still remains to be determined. Given in pi'ogressive and inter- mittent doses atoxyl is borne well by the horse. The dog is s;iid to be an uncer- tain test iinimal in this disc-isc. The agglutination test as applied to the diagnosis of glanders, K. li. Col- lins {Am. lipt. Dept. Health Citp of Xew York, I90i>, vol. 2, pp. (i93-10.',).— This is a i)reliminary sunnnary of investigations conducted, from which it is con- cluded that .it present the value of the test lies in its use as iui indicator for the malleiu test. A later report has already been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 879). 1190 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. What should each dog owner know? T. ItiTT ( Wan muss jcdcr Iluiulehcsitzer iris.s( ii,> ,stutl(i(trt. I'.idS, in,. \ UI + lLi, ttl. /, /iy.s. J/).— The aim of this work is to inform doj; owuers couferuiii;,' (lit'ir duties in order to prevent dojrs from siire.idinfi diseases and parasites injurious to man and domesticated animals. Instructions are given concerning the care and management of dogs, with brief descriptions of diseases which may be transmitted by them. There is also a digest of the laws and police ordinances relating to dogs iu Germany, Austria, and Switzerland. A contribution to the study of follicular mange in the dog, X. Almond (Vet. Rcc, 21 {1909), Xo. 1069, />/>. J^.s'-'/JO).— A 2.5 per cent solution of zinc chlorid in water has been used with success by the author in treating this dis- ease in dogs. Applications were made with a sponge at night and in the morning. Contributions to the morphology and life history of Piroplasma canis, A. Breinl and E. Hindle (Ann. Tn>i). Med. and Par., 2 (lOOS), Xo. 3, pp. 233- 2-'i8. pis. .',; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur. 6 (1908), No. 20, pp. 909, 910, figs. 5).— The studies here reported were made with a strain sufBciently virulent to kill all the dogs infected. In regard to the flagellate forms the authors report as follows: "Very rarely true small flagellate forms were seen, especially in blood from the lung; but we were never able to trace the origin of the single tiagellum. . . . We have been able to trace the development of large biflageilate forms from the normal intracellular parasite. . . . These observations appear to point to the fact that the biflageilate forms of P. canis represent a very transient stage in its life history." The development of Piroplasma canis in culture, G. H. F. Nuttall and G. S. Graham-Smith (Parasitolog,/, 1 (1908). No. 3, pp. 2J,3-260, pi. 1, fig. 1).— The details are presented of studies made by the authors of the development of P. canis in vitro. The mode of multiplication of Piroplasma bovis, P. pitheci in the circu- lating blood compared with that of P. canis, with notes on other species of Piroplasma, G. H. F. Xuttall and G. S. Graham-Smith ( Parasitology, 1 ( 1908), No. 2, pp. 13.'i-lJi2, pi. 1, dgnis. /// abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur. G (1908), No. 20, pp. 910, 911). — "In stained preparations P. canis, P. horis, and P. pitheci. may be distinguished from other iutracorpuscular parasites by the presence of intra- corpuscular pyriform bodies, usually occurring in pairs and less commonly in fours, eights, and sixteens. These pyriform bodies show a dense mass of chro- matin near the pointed end and a loose mass, often connected with the dense mass, situated toward the blunt end. In suitable preparations peculiar divid- ing forms, most typically reiiresented by trilobed forms or more or less i pyriform bodies joined to a single smaller rounded or elongated mass of protoplasm, may be seen. " In the absence of observations on the living parasite we consider that these points may be taken as characteristic of the genus Pirojilasma. " In spite of the fact that dividing forms have not yet been found and that the secondary mass of chromatin has not yet been observed P. muris may per- haps be included in this genus. "P. fjuadrigeniiuni. an iutracorpuscular parasite r^^cently observed by Nicolle in a small North African rodent (Ctcnodactylus gundi). apparently divides in a totally different manner, and shows a peculiar disposition of the chromatin. No loose chromatin has been observed. Until further observations have been made this parasite can not be included among the true Piroplasma. " Further observations are needed before the position of the other so-called Piroplasma can be determined." VETERINARY MEDICINE, 1191 Observations on the piroplasniosis of cattle in Indo-China. and proof of piroplasmosis among' buffaloes. II. Scheix (.1/(//. Inxt. ra.slcur, 22 (190S), Xo. 12, itp. JOO-J-lOll, fiijH 11, dyin. I). — The author has studied the forms of l)iroi)hisuia fouud iu the blood of cattle in ludo-Chiua. and here preseuts the res ilts of several observations in detail. The bifreininal pear-shaped form was less frequently met with thau the bacillary and ovoid forms. The pear-shaped form only appears at the height of the disease, namely, from the seventh to the tenth day after inoculation. Occasionally animals were met with which only showed the bacillary form. In buffaloes examined the OAoid form was more frequently found than the bacillary, while the pear-shaped form w.is not discovered. A new microbe pathogenic in cats, Z. Skrzynski {Ann. Iii.st. Pasteur, 22 (1908), Xo. S, 1)1). 682-68S; ahs. in Bui. Insit. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 20, p. 916). — A new microbe that belongs to the Bacillus coli group was isolated from a disease epizootic in cats. Investigations of epithelioma contagiosum of fowls, B. Lipschutz (Centbl. Bukt. [etc.], 1 Abt., Orig., -'/G (1908), Xo. 7, pp. , i>i). 'tS,i-')S8, /i(/.s. 6). — The ostrich tapeworm {Twnia struthioniN) and the wireworm (Stmiif/i/lus (ItnKjhtsU) are here described. A species closely related to the .guinea worm of man is also mentioned. The cestodes of birds, O. P"'uhrmann (ZooI. Jalirh.. lOOS,, 8tip. 10, No. J, pp. 232). — A monograph based uiion museum and private European collections. From 544 species of birds 495 cestode parasites are recorded. These parasites are shown to be of fireat importance in zooseographic investigations. In the faunistic section a list is given of the hosts, with their distribution and cestode parasites. An alphabetical index is given of the families, genera, and species. The last 20 pages are devoted to a bibliography. Note on the behavior of Spirochsetae in Acanthia lectularla, G. II. F. Nut- tall {Parasitology, 1 {1908), No. 2, pp. l.'iS-lol). — The experiments reported " show that ISpirochwta dtittoni retains its virulence after a sojourn of 5 or more days in the intestine of Acanthia Irctiilaria when tlie insect is maintained at a ten>iierature of 12° C. Living (motile) si)irochetes were observed in the gut- contents of the bugs up to 6 days at 12°, but only up to 6 hours at 20 to 24°. The observations made at various temperatures appear to indicate that the spirochetes are simply digested by tlie bug and that their more rapid disap- pearance from the insect's gut at higher temperatures is dependent upon the insect's digesting its food more rapidly when kept warm. . . . Although the bug is not the true host of S. dtittoni it is conceivable that it may serve as a me- chanical carrier of the parasite. . . . " The foregoing experiments, whilst not sufficiently numerous to permit of any final conclusions, appear to indicate that .S'. obermeirri may die out more rapidly than 8. duttoni in the gut of the bug. It is possible that the bugs di- gested their food more rapidly owing to their being more hungry than the lot used for experiments with 8. duttoni. " It has been demonstrated by one experiment that A. Icctularia fed on an in- fected mouse and innnediately afterwards upon a healthy mouse is capable of transmitting the sidrochete." Leucocytozoon niusculi, a parasitic protozoon from the blood of white mice, Annie Pokter (Proc. Zoo?. 8oc. London, I'JOS, III, pp. 703-716, pi. 1. p'ff. 1). — Studies of a microscopic organism found in the leucocytes of mice. This the author considers the first recorded from the mouse. A monozoic cestode-like blood parasite (Saguinicola armata and inermis), InIakianne Pleiin (ZooI. Am., ,i.i {IDOS), Xo. l.l, pp. .'i27-j'i'K fiu-s. 6). — This parasite occurs In tlie blood system of Cyprinid fishes. Helminthological technique, M. Langeron {Arch. Par., 12 {1908), No. 1, pp. J50-L5>i: f'&«. <■» Joitr. Trop. Vet. 8ci.. 3 {1908), No. .',. pp. .{95--) .9. 2L',-220, figs. 7; 277.5, pp. 233, 23.'i, figs. .J).— In the first of these articles the writer considers the factors involved in utilizing tidal power, with a mathe- matical discussion as to the amount of power available from a given rise and fall and as to the efficiency of tide mills, with examples of developments. A discussion of the economy of tidal power as compared with that of stea.ni or gas is given in the second article, showing it to be too low to compete with them at the jiresent value of coal. Third Biennial Report State Engineer, North Dakota (Bien. Rpt. State Engin. A. Dak., 3 (1907-S). pp. 77', ;>/*•. 3, dgni. 1). — In this are contained re- Iiorts of drainage projects, preliminary surveys of irrigation projects, accounts of hydrographic surveys of several important rivers of the State, with data and a discussion of the relation between rainfall and stream flow in the -State. There is also an account of the progress Iteing made under the various irriga- tion i)roje(ts l)eing carried on. Peat levees, X. Ellkrv (Rpt. State Engin. Cah, 1907-8, pp. 88-92). — The writer makes recijmmendations as to construction and maintenance of peat levees. Among the reconnnendations are planting willows on the berm and up the outside slope, as it is believed that i>y doing this the roots will interlace the soil so as to give it increased resistance to water pressure. The automatic water finder (Impl. and Maeh. Rev., 3.'i (1908), No. .'i06, p. 1238, fig. 1). — The instrunienl here described is reported to have been suc- cessfully used for locating underground water cour.ses. It is stated that the operation of the insfrument is based upon the measurement of electric cur- rents constantly flowing between the earth and alniosi)liere. These are strong- est in the vicinity of subterranean flowing waters, the strength being indi- cated liy the deflection of a needle. 1194 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Boad improvement in the United States (Good Roads May., n, scr., 10 (1909), \o. 3, lip. 8o-i)J, /igs. 7.) — This is a coiui)ilatiou of brief reports sub- mitted from about one-half of the States, showing the progress made during VMS and the i)rosi)ects for 1909. Superheated-steam plowing' machine ( Manchincii Zlij., G ( I'JOS), Xo. 23, pp. iiUl-JK). fif/s. o). — Tbi.s is a (les(ri])ti<>n of a [ilowing uiaebine using superheated steam, wbieb is meeting willi considerable success in Germany, (ireater power witli less water and coal consumption than witb the ordinarj- steam engine is claimed for it. By an attaclnnent so placed that the hottest gases as they leave the fire box pass through the tubes a superheat of 300° C. is obtained. The arrangement of the pipes and connections is explained and illustrated in the article. In addition to tbe .suiierheating arrangement this locomotive embodies many ofber novel features. New milking machine systems, R. Gf.orgs (Maschincn Ztg., 7 (1909), No. 3, pp. 20-31. flu><. 3). — Tbe evolution of the milking machine and the ditliculties encountered in its practical application are discussed briefly. There follows a description of the principles and construction of two new tyr>es of machines, witli an account of experience with them. Machine milking' and its practical application, G. Ellbrecht {Mcelkeritid.f 21 (1908), So. .50, pp. 996-100.'i). — A general discussion of tbe subject, with descriptions of a number of milking machines, among them being several new types. Milking machines (Xorsk Landniandshlad. 27 (1908). Xo. .'//, pp. .303-506, figs. 3). — Special mention is made of two Swetlish machines, with illustrations of both in operation. Ventilation of poultry houses, K. J. J. Mackenzie and E. J. Russell (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., .5. so:, 20 (1908), pp. 87-100, figs. 3). — Experi- ments with different types of poultry houses showed that in the presence of 6 to S parts of carbonic acid per 10.000 volumes of air the birds were apparently healthy. Nine volumes is believed to be tbe maximum content that a poultry house should contain. In order that this degree of purity may be obtained each bird must be allowed 40 cu. ft. of air per hour. In building a poultry house each bird should be allowed 10 cu. ft. of space and there should be top ventilation. RURAL ECONOMICS. Cyclopedia of American agriculture. Farm and community, L. II. Bailey ET AL. iXru- York, 1909. vol. .',, pp. Xir+6.50, pis. 25, figs. i6J).— This is the last of the series of volumes devoted to agriculture in the United States and Canada, the other volumes having been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 778). This volume contains 10 chapters which treat, respectively, of the agricul- tural wealth of North America, the historical evolution of North American agriculture, including a list of current agricultural periodicals, phases of the agricultural sbift. the natural resources of agriculture, land and labor, business organization in agriculture, social and service associations, education by means of agriculture, governmental and legal aid and control, and biographies of persons who have aided in the development of agriculture in North America. The articles under the different chapters have been prepared by specialists, and particular attention is given to tbe bearing of the agricultural industry on tbe economic and social welfare of communities. Bibliographies are ap- pended to many of the articles. RURAL ECONOMICS. 1195 The influence of immigration on agricultural development, J. L. Coulter (Ann. Anicr. Acad. I'olit. and Soc. Sci., ,U U!)0!>), -V". -, l>P- 373-31/9).— This article discusses the advantages, both to agricultural wealth production and to the economic welfare of the laborers, of the proper location of farm immi- grants in parts of the country which conform as nearly as possible in physical environment, agricultural methods, and crops produced to their native lands. The results of such settlements by Swiss, Bohemians, I'oles, Russians, Italians, etc., in different parts of the country are briefly discussed with reference to agriculture as a whole, to such particular branches of the industry as cheese niiiking, and to the farm labor i>r<)blem in the United States, The Italian as an agricultural laborer, A. Pecorini (Ann. Amcr. Acad. Polit. and Soc. Sci., 33 (1909), No. 2, pp. 3S0-390).— This article presents data on the number of Italians and the branches of the agricultui*al industry in which they are engaged in New York, Connecticut, Massachusetts. New Jersey, Pennsylvania, North and South Carolina, Ohio, Louisiana, Arkansas, Alabama, Texas, and California. Truck farming and the raising of cotton, sugar cane, tobacco, rice, and fruits are their principal lines of work. The best results are said to be attained when the Italian owns his land or is a tenant, " but decidedly he is not adapted to be exploited as a day laborer under the peonage system." The Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society, A. Jaretzki et al. tJvirish Agr. and Indus. Aid ISoc. Ann. Rpt. J908, pp. 58). — This is the annual report for the year 1908. The purpose of this society is to assist, encourage, and instruct Jewish f.-irmers engaged in agriculture. At the close of the year there were 2.400 farmers occifpying 2.104 farms, and this is believed to repre- sent only about 50 per cent of the number of Jewish farmers in the United States. The loans granted and the educational and other features of the society for encouraging agriculture ai'e presented in detail. Concerning settlements of farm laborers in East Prussia (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 U909). Xo. 10, pp. 82, 83). — This article discusses the purposes of agricultural labor settlements and the conditions which lead to success. Among the latter are mentioned the profitableness of agriculture, the fertility of the land, and the capability of the farm laborer. The develoi»mont of the laborer into an iudei)endent farmer, it is believed, rests upon the last factor more than on any other, and it is thought that this has not been sufficiently considei-ed by those who have advocated the establishment of small holdings as a solution of the agricultural labor problem in Prussia. Concerning settlements of farm laborers, Daverhutii et al. (///»s. Jjindw. Ztg.. 29 {J909), .Vo. /J. pp. 123, 12'i). — These two articles discuss the ineffec- tiveness of land settlements to solve the farm labor problem in (Jermany. The authors contend from observations and experience th:it the regular farm hand on the average farm is better off than the small holder in agricultural colonies working for himself. The land and the landless, O. Caduuky. Jr.. and T. Prvan ( London. 1908, pp. VIII-\-]82, dgnis. 2). — This is a history of the .agrarian problem in Eng- land with particular reference to the econoujic and social st.it\is of farmers :iud farm labon'rs, in which it is suggested " that the rural problem will not be solved by s«'ttling a large niunber of men on snuill fainis, but that it is also ne»cessary to s<'t up in rural England such conditions of life and industry as shall make small farms permanently possible." The conditions which will make for success are, the authors believe, to increase the size of small holdings to from 20 to 00 acres, a scjund system of furnishing capital, cooperation among 1196 EXPHKIME.NT STAIloX UKCOHD. faiuu'is, siilisidiary iiuliislrii's to sui.ill liol(liii;.'s. Mffnivstatiuii. and a ^.'radcd and better sy>;t«'iii of aiirk-iillural e»liK"ili<»ii. All cMiMisivc liilili(iirnii)liy is aiiiiiMidcd. Small holdings and the law of April 10, 1908 y-loitr. Af/r. I'nit., ii. scr., 77 (lilOU), Ao. 7. It. 2lt.i). — A brief discaissioii tif the chief features of the law (E. S. R.. L'<>. p. 101), wlileh provides for the use of government funds not exceedini,' llMMKKM». DH-iU'i; Vonnlnj Life [London], ,'.') (UXJ'.l), A'o. 037, p. 3.08). — An account of the organization, objects, membership, and business tr;iiisactious of cooiH-rative societi(>s in (!reat Itritain. Report of the Irish Agricultural Organization Society, Limited, II. Plun- KETT and 11. A. Anokrson (RijI. Irish Agr. Oryun. Soc. 1H08. pp. lO.j). — Detailed statistical data and discussions of the work of the atiiliated cooperative organi- zations for the year ended June 30, 190S, are given. The societies numbered 941, as compared with 873 in 1907 (E. S. R., 20, p. 289), of which 299 were cooperative creameries, 270 mutual credit societies, and 174 agricultural organizations. Statistics of agricultural associations in 1907 ( Bid. Admin. At/r. [lirusscls], 2 (1!I0!>), A'o. 2, pp. 15-6.'i. ))Htps Jj). — Complete returns of agricultural coopera- tive associations in Belgium on December 31, 1907, are reported, discussed, and illustrated. The societies are grouped into agricultural business associations of various kinds, numbering 1,271; organizations for the purchase of seeds, fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and machinery, which numbered 1.024: societies for the sale of milk and the manufacture and sale of butter and cheese, numbering 497 in active operation ; agricultural credit societies, which numbered 54.3. and societies insuring live stock, of which there were 1.023. Agricultural associations in Portugal, L. de Castko (liul. Soc. Xat. Agr. France, US {HJOS), A o. 10, pp. 782-78S). — Data are presented regarding the population and agricultural conditions of Portugal (E. S. R., 20, p. 587), and a brief history is given of agricultural cooperative associations from 1297 to the present time. Portugal has only about 100 associations, but government interest in them is shown by the fact that the iiarlianient recently passed a law author- izing the use of 25.000.000 francs (about .$5,000,000) for the promotion of agri- cultural credit. Danish agriculture in 1908, II. IIertel (Tidsskr. Lnndiikonomi, 1909, Ao. /. pp. l-.'i2). — This is the annual summary of the general conditions of Danish agriculture for the year 1908. Norwegian agriculture in 1908 (XorsJ,- JjindmandshUid. 28 (1909). Xo. 1, pp. 1-10). — A general survey. AGRICULTURAL EDL^CATTOX. 1197 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The farmer's chance to grow intellectually in his business, J. W. Cook {Ann. Rpt. HI. F,->.>,, 5). —The central thouyht of this address is that scieutitic iiiteri'st is the characteristic of the age and that the farmer is at the center of " the scieiiitic situation." Only work is educative, and the farmer's worlv is more educative than that of iiny other industrial laltorer btvause of its freedom from meaningless repetition. The farm must he(.-(>uie a s<,'hool if its re.sources are to be transmitted unimpaired to later generations. •'Education for social etticiency is the modern watchword." Studies in the history of modern education, C. O. IIoyt {Xcw York, Bos- ton. ChUtitjo, JUUti, pp. ^JJ, ph. 7, mil IIS .{. jiijs. 2). — This liodk jiresents certain fundamental facts in the history of education, with suggestions for their dis- cussion, questions to invite thought and encourage research, and directions for assisting such research. It is preeminently designed as a college text, but contains a good l)ibiiography of reference works for the general reader. The chai)ter headings name the representative educators and the eiiochs for which each stands. The term agricultural education does not api)ear in the index fif the volume, nor is it mentioned in the single reference made to industrial training. Nor is allusion made to the American system of land-grant colleges. Education, F. A. Xiciiolson (Sole on Agriculture in Japan. Madrafi, 1001, pp. 77-01). — This article, which forms a part of a ti'eatise previously noted I K. S. R.. 20, p. S02). includes brief accounts of and statistical data concerning science and agriculture in primary schools in Japan, supitlementary (continua- tion) schools, regular agricultural schools, higher agricultural education, educa- tion in forestry, farm schools, private schools, itinerant teaching, support of schools, and i-esults and cost of ordinary agricultural education. The beginnings of college history, M. F. Dickinson (Boston. J90S. pp. 17). — This address, delivered on the occasion of the fortieth anniversary of the founding of the Massachusetts Agricultural College, presents a very interesting review of the movements which led to the estal)lishment of that institution. The educational organization of nature study, Mary P. Anderson (Jour. X. y. Bot. (Itinl., 10 {i;io:i). Xo. 111. int. .56'-6'.J » .—Attention is called to the modern viewpoint as to the proper subject-matter for nature-study work, i. e., its relation to the life of the child. The June-bug is not studied merely as an example of the beetles, but is approached through the fat white grub that is responsible for the patches of dead grass in our lawn. The star-fish no longer gets its interest for the child as a classic example of the radiates, but from the fact that it also eats oysters. The child is not ready for the scientific classification attempted in early nature- study progranunes: he is the center of his own universe, which must be explored in gradually-widening circles. The author suggests home and its inunediate stu-ronnding.s home geography, and industrial geography, as the importjint centers of activity for the first 5 grades. Nature study by grades, II. II. Cummings (Xcxv York, Cincinnati, Chicago, J008, pp. ISO, figs. .'/'/). — This book is the outgrowth of a series of exercises prepared for training teachers in the I'tah State Xormal School, but is ap- plicable to general nature study. An im|)ortant feature is the graded arrange- ment of toi)ics (for the first three grades) on a plan which insures against useless repetition. An elementary study of corn, V. M. Siioksmitii (Agr. Col. JJxt. Bui. [Ohio instate lniv.\, J (I'JO'J), Xo. 8. pp. 10, figs. 13). — The writer has included in this 1198 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. hullctiii (l.-ita for ;i sefviccalilt' inil)lic school uiiinuai oil the selection and study of seed-coi'ii. The house fly as a carrier of disease, W. L. T'NnKRWOOD (/Imniiton Lcafld.s, n. scr., 5 {1009), No. 3, pp. 8, figs. 2). — This leaflet deals with the house fly as a carrier of disease. It contains a reproduction of a fly's footprints on a plate of jelly as shown by the colonies of bacteria which developed from them in 12 hours. Illinois Arbor and Bird Days, F. G. Blair (fipringficUI, 111.: Dept. J'tth. Instr., IDOD, pp. ''•>. fiffs. (>'/). — This bulletin is unustially well illustrated with half-tone engravings of fruit and Howering trees, vines, palms, ferns, house and garden plants, and all the common birds of the State. The economic value of birds is fully explained, and a chapter is given to the projiagatiou and distri- bution of game birds by the State. Wisconsin Arbor and Bird Day annual, 1909, O. 8. ItiCE {Madison, Wis.: State Siipt. of Pub. //(.sf/-., J'JOf), pp. 120, pis. 6. fliis. I',). — In addition to other matter, this contains 6 colored plates illustrating the rose-breasted grosbeak, black and white creeping warbler, American sparrow hawk, bai-n swallow, screech owl. and horned lark. Elements of Philippine Agriculture, E. B. Copeland {Yonkers-on-Hudson, X. Y., and Manila, 1908, pp. XV+192, figs. 126).— This text on elementary agriculture, designed for the island schools, deals with the subject from the standpoint of the native agricultural soils, plants, and insects, but includes maize and several other crops that are common to America. Among those peculiar to the region may be mentioned the jack-fruit, papaya, taro, amiialaya, abaca, mangosteen, atis, and chico. The book includes directions for school gardens, experiments, plant records, and the use of tools, and is illustrated to show the contrast between primitive Philippine implements and methods and the most modern developments, such as the steam plow and grain thrasher. A practical arithmetic, F. L. Stevens, T. Butler, and Mrs. F. L. Stevens (New York, 1908, pp. IX+S8G). — This arithmetic is distinguished by the large proportion of agricultural problems, these forming probably 75 per cent of the whole number given. They convey, mostly by implication, a large amount of information on seed selection, judicious use of fertilizers, balancing of animal rations, crop rotation, prevention or treatment of plant diseases, conservation of soil moisture and soil fertility, prevention of insect injury, methods of har- vesting, dairying and herd improvement, poultry culture, good roads, etc. MISCELLANEOUS. The importance of scientific experimentation in agriculture, J. Schroeder (7. Contj. Rural An. [Uruguai/]. 1H08, pp. 31-60, fiys. 7). — A paper jiresented at the Seventh Annual Rural Congress of Uruguay. Some of the beneficial results secured from systematic agricultural experimentation in other countries are pointed out and a plea is made for the development of such work in Uruguay. Preliminary report of the Territorial Conservation Commission of Hawaii {Iluiraii. Forester and Agr., 5 {1908), No. 12, pp. JJ.'/-J.'/7).— This report in- cludes a summary of data as to the nature and present condition of the natural resources of the Territory, with recommendations as to their development and use. Conservation of Hawaii's natural resources {Honolulu : Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry, 1909, pp. 21). — This consists of the addresses before the Terri- torial legislature March 1, 1909, by the governor and his conferees who attended the governors' conference with the President in Washington, D. C, in May, 1908, and by others MISCELLANEOUS. 1199 Twenty months of the administration of the minister of agriculture, E. J{. Mexia (Vcintc Mcscs dc AilDiiiiistnuion oi d MuiistviiD lic Agricultura. Buciio.s Ayrcs, 190S. inh ,>[)!). — This is a report of the minister of agriculture of Argentina for the 2o months ending with ()ctol)er, 1!»()7. Report of the department of agriculture of Finland, 1905 {Ldndtbr. Sti/r. Mcddcl, l'JU7, \o. JJ, pp. X+2I8). — The nsnal reports ou the agricultural con- ditions of the year are given, together with data as to the work of the various agricultural, educational, and research institutions for the advancement of agriculture. Report of the department of agriculture of Sweden, 1906, .M. vox Ff.il- iTZKN ET AL, ( 7v . Laiultbr. Stin: rud< rdiin'Kju Ber. 1906, pp. [ri]+504 + VII). — The report contains the usual accounts of the various awncies for the promo- tion of Swedish agriculture, with reports of the worl< of the agricultural and other schools, and the chemical and seed control stations during the year. Report of the Third Scandinavian Agricultural Congress, Christiania, 1907, H. TvETER (Beretning oni den 3 die Nonliske Landbnigskongres i Kri.sti- ania 1907. Chrisiiania, 1908, i'o?.s. /, pp. 170; 2, pp. ff7.'/ ) .—Volume 1 contains the transactions of the congress, with reports of the discussions following the reading of the pajtors. which are given in full in volume 2. The agricultural service and laboratories of Indo-China (Bnl. Eeon. Indo- Chine, n. ser.. 11 (1908), No. 70, pp. 1-33).— A detailed description of the organization and work of the Indo-China agricultural service, including the Bureau of Agriculture, inspection and control work, and experiment stations. The work of the minister of agriculture, industry, and commerce through the public library, V. Stringhek (L'Opera del Ministero d'Agricolt uru, I iid ustria e Commcrcio per 1e Bihlioteelie Popohtri. Rome: Govt., 1909, pp. J/o; Bol. Ufflc. Mill. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 7 (1908), VI, No. 7-8, pp. 721-760).— An ad- dress presented at the First National Tuhlic Library Congress, held at Rome, December 6-9, 190S. An account of the organization of agricultural circulating libraries is presented, together with the regulations adopted and catalogues of the books sent out by the various organizations engaged in this work. The traveling instructor in agriculture and the public library, E. Fileni (Bol. Qttind. tioc. Agr. ItaL, If, (1909), No. 3, pp. 101-107).— An address de- livered at the above congress in which the use of circulating libraries in exten- sion work is discussed. General index to volumes 26-40 of Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, Para- sitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Erste Abteilung: Medizinisch-hy- gienische Bakteriologie und tierische Parasitenkunde, U. Linuau [Jena. 1908, III). '/..\0).— This contains an author index, a subject index, and an index of illus- trations to these volumes. General index to volumes 11-20 of Centralblatt fiir Bakteriologie, Para- sitenkunde und Infektionskrankheiten, Zweite Abteilung: Allegemeine, landwirtschaftlich-technologische Bakteriologie, Garungsphysiologie und Pflanzenpathologie, K. Tautz {Jena, 1908, pp. 2'i6). — This contains an author index, a subject index, and an index of illustrations to these volumes. NOTES, Connecticut State Station. — Dr. E. M. East, who has been in charge of the work in iilant brooding, has accepted an assistant iirofessorship in Harvard University, where his time will be exclusively occupied in research in plant In-ooding. His resignation lakes effect September 1. Idaho University and Station. — E. E. Elliott, dean of the college of agricul- ture, lias Iiecn apiioiiited director of the station. Maryland Station. — C. W. Melick has resigned as dairy husbandman to accept a i)osition as bacteriologist with a dairy concern in Onialia. Xebr., his resigna- tion becoming effective Septeuiber 1. A. L. Stabler, a 1909 graduate of the college, has been appointed assistant in animal husbandry in connection with the investigations with hogs and sheep. New Mexico College and Station. — .7. H. Squires, Ph. D., who has been engaged in graduate work at Cornell University for the past two years, has been appointed associate professor of agriculture, and will enter upon his duties at once. He will also be connected with the station. Cornell University and Station. — Dean Bailey lias been given leave of absence for the ensuing academic year, during which time Dr. H. J. Webber will serve as acting dean and director. G. W. Cavanaugh, H. H. Whetzel. E. O. Pippin. G. F. Warren, W. A. Stocking, jr., and G. N. Lauman have been promoted from assistant professorships to professorships. Other recent appointments include as assistant professors. G. W. Herrick. recently of the Texas College and Station, in economic entomology, C. R. Crosby in entomological investigations, A. W. Gilbert, Ph. D. (Cornell, 1909K and H. H. Love in plant breeding investi- gations, Donald Reddick in plant pathology, ,J. G. Needham in limnology and general biology. H. E. Ross in dairy industry, and H. W. Riley in farm me- chanics; as instructor, K. C. Livermore in farm crops; and as assistants. F. S. Harris in soil technology, Robert Matheson in entomology. W. S. Lyon in poul- try investigations, A. T. Moir in poultry husbandry, and L. B. Cook in dairy industry. A series of farm barns and greenhouses is being erected. Office of Experiment Stations. — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D., assistant chemist of the INIaiyland Station, has accepted a position on the editorial staff of Experiment Slot ion Reeord. to have charge of the work in agricultural chemistry. He will enter upon his new duties about September 1. J. M. Stedman. entomologist of the Missouri University and Station, has been appointed assistant farmers' institute specialist beginning May 21. F. AV. Howe, instructor in agriculture at the Michigan College and of long experience as teacher and principal of public schools in Michigan, has been appointed assistant in agricultui'al educa- tion, and has entered upon his duties. The Automobile in Agriculture. — It is announced in La Moto-CUiltnre, a new monthly journal devoted to the agricultural motor and its applications, that the First International Congress of the Agricultural Automobile and the Ap- plication of Mechanical Motors in Agriculture will be held at Amiens, France, July 22 and 2.3, 1909, in connection with the Second International Exposition of the Agricultural Automobile and the Agricultural Motor. The address of the general secretary is 166 Boulevard de ^lagenta. Paris. 1200 O INDEX OF NAMES. Abbey, M. J., 193. Abbot, C. G., 421. Abbot, H. L., 312. Abbott, J. B., 908. Abderhalden, E., 364, 1100. Abel, M. H., 498. Abel, R., 169. Abrest, E. K., 308. Achard, 60. Ackermann, D., 105. Ackennann, E., 419, 706, 707. Aeree, S. F., 8. Adam, J., 745. Adamov, 314. Adams, A. B., 398. Adams, B., 900. Adams C. C, 552. ^\,dams, C. F., 294, 655, 1144. Adams, G. E., 537. Adams, G. O., 208. Adams, U.S., 590. Adams, T. W., 754. Adams, W. G., 299. Adams, W. G. S., 690. Aderhold, R., 946. Adier, M., 350. Aeby, J., 1118. Agce, A., 216, 399. Agee, II. 1'., 96. Agnew, M. A., 994. Agrestini, A., 360. Aguet, J., 793. Ahem, G. P., 640, 1136. Ainsley, G. G., 597. Ainslie, C. N., 1147. Albahary, F. M., 735. Albahary, J. M., 112. Albert, F., 440, 447, 1134. Albert, II., 1145. Albert, R., 1113. Albert, Rosa, 1157. Albertoni, I'., 965. Albion, VV., .581. Albrccht, K., 7.50. Albuqiiorqiic, J. I'. il', 233, 9.3.5. Aldrich, J. M., 11.52. Alessi, G., 1177. Alexander, A. S., 75, 178, 297, 973. Alexander, E. W.. 62. Alexander, P., 343. Alexander, R., IKK). Alford, F. C, 182. Algu6, J., 515. Alilaire, E.,884. Allan, C. 1172. Allan!, II. A., 759. Allemann, 0.,81, 809. Allen, E. W., 297, 602. Alien, G. H., 841. AUen, R. M., 180. AUen, R. W., 336. AUen, T. G., 1165. Allen, W. J., 886. AUen, W. M., 168. AUerton, D., 244. Almond, N., 1190. Alpers, K., 203, 1059. Alquier, J., 174, 209. Altrock, W. von, 91. Alway, F. J., 106, 437, 714, 715, 1114. Amberg, S., 211. Ames, C. T., 436. Aminofl, F., 342. Ammann, L., 109. Amos, A., 818, 833. Amrine, T. II., 486. Anastasia, G. E., 1151. Anchald, B.d', 371. Anderson, A. C, 96. Anderson, B. G., 333. Anderson, J., 880. Anderson, J. A., 312. Anderson, J. F., 379, 581, 1183. Anderson, M. P., 1197. Anderson, R. A., 289, 1190. Andersson, E., 342. Andouard, A., 660, 661, 745. Andouard, P., 174, 745. Andr6, G., 1120, 1125. Andrews, B. R., 497. Andrews, E. B., 493. Andrews, F., 291. Andrlik, K. , 141 , 232, 333, 367, 746, 747, 934, 1032. Annett, II. E., 406, 777, 827, 964, 1110. Anstcad, R. D.,764. Antoine, P., 191. Antoni, W.,510. Appcl, A., 71, 373. Appel, ()., 1.54, l.'iC, 1042. ArchbutI, L., 65. Archibald, ('. F.,456. Archil)al(l, E. II., 207. Arctowski,II.,1013. Arloing, F.,580. Arloing, S., 185,579. Armsby, II. P., 109, 3pi, 412, 410, 498, 065, 777, 968, 1 099, 1 1 70. Arnold, J. A., 293. Arnoldow, W. A., 166. Aron, II., 100,170,400. Arthur, J. C, 52, 1047, 1138. Artus, 1122. Asbeck, W. A. van, 152,1137. AscoH, A.,280. Ashby,R. C.,1097. Ashe, W. \V., 243, 339, 643, 820. Aslimead, W. n.,49(i. Aso,K.,316. Astruc, II., 001, 707. Atenstiidt, P., 1110. Atkeson, T. C, 409. Atkins, A. J., 1162. Atkins, W. R. G., 1108. Atkinson, A., 231, 1028. Atkinson, G. F., 550. Atterberg, A.,315,712. Attridge,II. L.,858. Atwater, C. G.,924. Atwood,H.,598. Auclair, J.,283. Aufrecht, S.,1158. Auhagen, H., 119. Auld, F. n.,1012. Auld, S.J. M., 1172. Aulo, T. A.,1003. Aumann, C, 407, 057. Austen, E. E., 1154. Austcrweil, G.,113. Austin, A. E.,1179. Austin, C. F., 890, 1131. Autenrieth, W.,610. Autran, E.,352. Avasia, D. N.,756. Avcritt, S. D.,397. Avery, S., 166, 493,1096. Axe, J. \V.,285. Babcock, K. C, 414. Babes, v., 281. Baclunann, 722,723, 1127. Baeck,E.,468. Baer,S. U.,398. naglioni,S.,603. Bahadur, B. ('. B.,400. Baier, E.,203, 1100. Bail, ().,279. Bailey, E. II. S.,774. Bailey, F. M.,1120. Bailey, L.H., 99,392, 399. 411, 486, 602, 778, 1089, 1092, 1194, 12(H). Bailey, v., 251,. 551. Bailhaehe, C, 239. 241, Xil , Kis, 1131. 1201 1202 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bailliart, LeD.,118C. Bain, W. G.,1013. Bainer, II. M.,599. Baincs, J. A., 92. Baird, R. O. , 97. Baker, C. F., 640, 899. Baker, F. G.S.,360. Baker, G.C., 258. Baker, G. T.,996. Baker, H.D., 731. Baker, 11. P., 447, 998. Baker, J. G.,942. Baker, J. L.,564. Baker, L. R.,278. Baker, R. T.,360. Baker, T., 242. Balcomb, E. E., 392, 1099. Bald, C, 152. Baldassarre, S. , 175. Baldrey, F. S. H., 82, 1085. Baldwin, W. A., 899. Balfour, A., 89. Ball, E. D., 416, 497, 954. Ball, S. N., 691. Ballah, J. R.,880. Ballaud, 63. Ballard, W. R.,238. Ballod, C, 91. Ballou, F. n., 1094. Ballou, H. A., 257, 853, 1153. Balls, W.L., 597, 736, 743. Baltet,C.,000. Bamber, M. K., 119. Bamler, K.,811. Bandini, I., 725. Banerjei, N. N., 148, 819. Bang, B., 85, 199, 583, 684, 791, 878. Bang, II., 188. Bang, I., 209. Bang, O., 286. Bang, O. H., 773. Banks, C. S., 957, 1153. Banks, N., 164. Bannerman, W. B., 790. Banta, A. M., 1144. Barber, T. C, 1150. Barberio, M., 709. Barbour, E. H., 15. Bardach, B., 9. Bardsman, N. D., 770. Bardsvvell, N. D., 464. Barfurth, D., 1170. Bargagli, P., 255. Barilh', A., 610. Barker, B. T. P., 1182. Barker, J. M., 999. Barker, P. B., 197, 1096. Barlow-; B., 719, 1015. Barnard, C, 965. Barnard, II. E., 3%, 398. Barnes, H. T., 513. Barnett, E., 382. Barnstein, F., 69. Barre, H. W., 1055. Barrel!, J., 213. Barrett, C. S., 297, 602. Barrett, J., 697. Barrett, J. E., 447. Barrett, J. T., 153, 294. 15arrett, O. W., 157, 197. Barringer, P. B., 999. Barrion, G., 469. Barrow, D. N., 98. Barrus, M. F., 295. i5arry, 1086. Barry, T. A., 115. Barsacq, J., 839. Barschall, II., 773. Bartels, 285. Barthe, M. L., 1106. Barthel, C, 12, 311, 1108. Bartholemew, I. II., 599. Bartlett, A. W., 246. Bartlett, J. M., 172, 397, 926. Barto, D. O., 489. Barton, F. T., 385, 869, 882. Bartos, v., 333. Bartow, E., 1013. Baruchello, A., 880. Baruchello, L., 385. Basch, E. E., 308. Basley, (Mrs.) A., 973. Basley, C. C, 1097. Bass, F. II., 116. Bassermann-Jordan, F., 1132. Bassett, II. P., 296. Bassett-Smith, P. W., 1081. Bastin, E. S., 585. Basu Bahadur, B. C, 460. Bate, F. E., 1097. Bateman, II. R., 985. Baterden, J. R., 1135. Bates, C. G., 56. Bates, D. C, 514. Bates, P. A., 389. Bateson, W., 1004, 1168, 1169. Bauer, J., 1010. Baumann, A., 720. Baumgarten, P. von, 378, 984. Baur, E., 1047. Bauwens, L., 320. Bayley, S. H., 931. Bayliss, J. S., 348. Bazin, E., 23, 523, 729, 824. Beach, C. L., 468, 475, 480. Beach, S. A., 598. Bcal, W. J., 1096. Beals, E. A., 515. Bean, W. J., 842, 1133. Bear, \V. E., 290. Beard, W. A., 297,602. Beattie, R. K., 105(>. Beattie, W. li., 35, 989. Beatty, C, 97. Beau, 1181. Beauchamp, J. W., 989. Beaumont, II., 1196. Bebber, W. J. van, 1110. Bechmann, 516. Bechtle, A., 751. Beck, 286. Beck, R., 945. Becquerel, P., 629. Bedford (Duke of), 163, 1034. Beebe, C. W., 598. Beebe, W. L., 791. Beger, C, 975. Behan, W. J., 488. Behre, A., 262, 707, 1059, 1106. Beijerinck, M. W., 920, 1179. Beitter, A., 167. Beitzke, II., 282. Belden, W. S., 114, 312. Belfort Mattos, J. N., 615, 913. Belizcr, A., 984. Bell, II., 1097. Bell, H. G., 8.59, 1160. Bell, J. F., 408. Bell, L., 13, 312. Bell, M., 66. Bell, W. B., 528. Belli, C. M., 166. Bellier, J., 11. Benedict, S. R., 1105. Bengen, F., 1109. Bennett, A. H., 1107. Bennett, S. L., 941. Benterud, S. J., 784, 1176. Bentheim, O. von, 943. Benton, F., 900. Benton, R, 766. Benz, G.,772. Bertaerich, F. M., 181, 1074, 1078. Berckmans, P. J., 841. Berger, A., 942. Berger, E. W., 956, 1053. Berger, II. C. L. E., 187. Berget, A., 923. Bergman, II. F., 296. Berillon, M., 794. Berlese, A., 459, 1152. Bernard, C, 57. Bernard, M. J., 588. Bernardini, L., 725, 728. Bernardino, B., 782. Bemegan, L., 748. Berry, H. B., 695. Bersch, W., 795. Bertainchand, E., 430. Bertarelli, E., 84, 774. Bertin-Sans, H., 112, 459. Bertolini, G., 285. Bertoni, G., 785. Bertrand, A., 729. Bertrand, G., 166. Besana, C, 478. Betsey, C. E., 1096. Bcssey, E. A., 96. Best, W. R. L., 1189. Bctancourt, J., ia5. Bethune, C. J. S., 2.53, 6.52. Bettendorf, 783. Beusekom, J. van, 733. Be van, L. E. W., 383, 386. Bevier, I., 497, 775. Beyer, S. W., 687. Beythien, A., 660, 1110. Bezault, 516. Bezold, W. von, 13. Bezzola, C, 965. Biasco, A., 1038. INDEX OF NAMES. 1208 Bierberp;, W., 1078. Biernacki, E., 304. Biffcn, II. II., 648, 1129. Bigelow, F. 11., 513, 51.5, (il4, 811, 1012. Bigelow, M. A., 1093. Bigelow, W. D., 263, 396, 398, 402, 098, 901, vm. Biggie, J., 943. Bigoteau, L., 481. Bigourdan, G., 311. Billwiller, R., 115. Bing, K., 343. Bingham, H., 696. Bioletti, F. T., 548, 557, 575. Birk, C. v., 988, 1089. Birkeland, K., 795, ia21. Birtwistle, C. A., 743. Bischoff, n., 463, 659. Bishop, B.C., 1099. Bishopp, F. C, 5.')2. Bissegger, I. W., 1103. Bitting, A. W., 861. Bjorkbom, C, 342. Bjorlykke, K. O., 1113. Blackshaw, J. F., 931, 9.32, 933. Blair, A. W., 116. Blair, F. G., 1198. Blair, W. R., 212, 811, 1012. Blake, M. A., 1037. Blanchard, R., 1144. Blanck, E., 717. Blandini, A. P., 11. Blankinship, J. W., 348. Blanksma, J. J., 808. Blauborg, 66. Blavia, A., 464. Blin, II., 443. Blinn, P. K., 1.35. Blobel, E., 429, 623. Bloch, 152. Bloemendal, W. n., 975, 1008. Blouin, R. E., 96. Blue, A., 589, 1128, 117(;. Blumenthal, F., 579, 1085. Blunno, M., 404. Bocher, .525. Bock, J., 785. Bode, F.M., 393. Bode, G., 785. Bodeker, E.,867. Boekhout, F. W. J., 81, 864. Boettger, 795. Bogdanow, E. A., 367. Bogert, M. T., 495. Boggild, B., 782, 1176, 1180, 1181. Bohle, II. G., 308. Bohm, E., 85. Bohme, R.,360. Bohmerle, K., 945. Bohrisch, P., 167, 1059. Bohutlnsk^-Krizevci, G., 745. Bolduan, C. F., 1080. Bolin, P., 1018. Bolle, C.,58. Bolle, J., 1155. BoUey, II. L., 220, .528, 530, 5.33. Bolte, J. W., 470. Bolton, B. M., 213, 081, 1082. Bonier, A., 262. Boname, P., 212. Bonansea, S. J., 183. Bond, J. F., 1039. Bonelli, U., 923. Bonewitz, W., 773. BonfigU, B., 656. BonfoejTi, B. II., 493. Bongartz, 307. Bonhomme, J. R., 587. Bonn, A., 112. Bonn, M., 299. Bonnema, A. A., 809. Bonnet, A., 857. Bonnier, M. G., a39. Bonnot, E., 1097. Bononii, Z., 910, 921, 924, 925. Boodle, L. A., 827. Boonstra, A., 328. Boos, W. F., 1056. Booth, C. J., 699. Booth, N. O., 927, 937, 938, Booth, W. M., 1158. Borchardt, A., 587. Borchmann, K., 418. Bordas, F., 915. Bornemann, F., 794. Bomer, C, 457. Bornstein, 14. Borthwick, A. W., 758. Bos, II., 241. Bos, J. R., 552, 940, 1143. Bosnians, L., 772. Boss, A., 469. Bottcher, O., 222, 1119. Bottomley, W. B., 121, 220, 325, 520, 719, 1110, 1117. Bouant, E., 22. Boucher, V., 1025. Boudier, 651. Bouet, G., 879. Bouffard, G., 282. Boulatovitch, M., 010. Boulez, v., 703. Roullanger, E., 121, 1182. Bourne, E. D., 114. Bourquelot, E., 831. Boiiska, F. W., 670. Boutines, 1108. Bouvier, 554. Bouvier, II., 1157. Bouyssy, M., .308, 422, 1111. Bovell, J. R., 233, 935. Bowdish, B. S., 759. Bower, J., 209, 676, 894. Bowers, E. II., 846. Bowie, A. J., jr., 387. Boyce, R., 789. Boycott, A. E., 70. Boyden, A. C, 590. Bracken, J., 1100. Bradfield, W., 543. Bradford, Q. Q., 245. Bra.ifute, O. E., 598. Bradley, C E., 909. Bradley, E., 770. Bradley, J. C, 497. Bradshaw, H. A., 211. Braeuner, M., 776. Brain, L. L., 95. Brainerd, W. K., 98. Brand, C. J., 1028. Brand, J. E. van S., 1034. Brandt, 371. Brannon, W. A., 297. Brante, L., 82. Brasch, W., 07. Brass, A., 1102. Briiuhauser, M., 716. Braun, K., 155. Brautlecht, C. A., 1102. Bray, J. P., 1174. Brdlik, V., 224. Bredeniann, G.,920. Bredenberg, G. A., 477. Bredig, G., 824. Breen, M. C, 93,490. Brehmer, K., 21. Breinl, A., 789, 1087,1190. Brenchley, W. E., 1122. Brenton, C. R., 990. Breslauer, M., 930. Breton, M., 281, 283, 479. Brewer, W. H., 292. Brewster, J. H., 703. Breze, de D., 443. Brick, C., 00. Brieger, 300. Brieni, H., 232,530,638,747,833. Briganti, G., 69. Briggs, L. J., 155,711,809. Brigham, A. A., 70. Brimont, E., 380. Brinckerhoff, W. R., 1153. Brinkmann, T., 990. Brion, G., 24. Britton, N. L., 440. Britton, W. E., 352, 497, 553, 953, 1048. Brocq-Rousseu, D., 130,153,1123. Broden, A., 1087. Brodie, D. A., 31. Brodie, F. J., 422. Broili.J., 741. Brooks, A., 470. Brooks, C, 092,847. Brooks, F. T., 640. Brooks, G., 299. Brooks, W. P., 272,327,339,372. Brown, C. F., 485. Brown, C. W., 120, 221, 222, 908. Brown, D. E., 598. Brown, D. R., 1001. Brown, Edgar, 235. Brown, Edward, 75, 76, 974. Brown, E. E., 302, 408, 497, 097. Brown, II. R., 1050. Brown, II. T., 741. Brown, L. A., 512,894. Brown, L. C, 841. Brown, W., 70,881,974. Brown, W. A., 196. 1204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Browne, C. A., 398,909. Browne, J. C, 7G9. Brownlee, G.,722. Bruce, R., 309. Briiekner, E., 114. Bnies, C. T., 553. Briimpt, E., 1191. Briining, \., 658. Briinnich, J. C, 69, 166, 167, 709, 986, 1159. Brims, H.,964. Briischi, D., 734. Briissel, J. B. van, 1193. Briiylants, P., 211. Briiyne, C. de, 945. Briiynoghe, R., 462. Bryan, A. H., 397, 419, 698, 909. Bryan, E. A., 890. Bryan, G. T., 97. Bryan, T., 1195. Bryan, T. J., 464, 657. Bryan, W. J., 297. Bryant, F. B., 149. Brzezinski, 247. Bucci, P., 62. Buchanan, G. S., 165, 1155. Buchanan, J. E., 115. Buchtala, H., 781. Buckham, M. H., 414. Buckley, B. G., 207. Buell, J., 993. Bugge, G., 86, 189, 284, 378, 581. Biihier, O.,990. Buhlert, H., 8. Bukovansk^', J., 1029. Bull, C. P., 38. Buller, A. H. R., 1047. Bullock, E.G., 277. Bulstrode, W., 689. Biinger, 739. Burl)ank, L., 598, 1131. Burd, J. S., 127, 625. Burdon, E. R., 254. Bureau, E., 454. Bureau, M., 1057. Burgerstein, A., 1124. Burgess, A. F., 497, 652, 760. Burgess, C. F., 900. Burgess, J. L., 596. Burke, E., 97, 288. Burke, E. W., 771, 1000. Burke, H. E., 553. Burkett, C. W., 596, 1172. Burlingame, R. S., 799. Burnap, G. E., 295. Burnett, E. A., 399, 410, 437, 807, 808, 1090. Burns, J. C., 066. Burr, A., 181, 1074. Burr, W. \V., 295. Burrage, F. S., 297. BurriU, T. J., 153. Burtis, F. C, 596. Burtt-Davy, J., 739, 870. Burwell, A. L., 310. Busch, M., 1104. Buschmann, A., 1175. Biisgcn, M., 152. Busse, W., 152, 546. Bussy, L. P. de, 560, 1033. Butkcwilsch, W., 1026. Butler, E. J., 454. Butler, O., 650. Butler, T., 399, rm, 994, 1198. Butman, A. B., 150. Buttenberg, P., 658. ButterficId,K.L., 99, 411,412,602, 692. Caceia, A. M. F., 447. Cadbury, G., jr., 1195. Cadeac, C, 86. Caesar, L., 253. Caldwell, O. W., 292, 899. Caldwell, R. E., 694. Calmette, A., 283, 479, 516, S77. Caluwe, P. de, 727. Calvert, P. P., 114, 761. Calvert, T. L., 173, 183, 1120. Calvin, II. W., 169. Calvin, J. W., 97. Camanni, V., 1091. Cameron, E. D., 99. Cameron, J., 819. Cameron, S. S., 983. Campbell, C. S., 91. Campbell, D. H., 227. Campbell, H., 1165. Campbell, J. R., 298, 890. Campbell, R. H., 1135. Campo, J. del, 431. Canfora, M., 184. Cannon, H. L., 1014. Cantab, B. A., 656. Canu, 660. Cao, G., 685. Capper, A., 996. Capus, G., 343. Capus, J., 354, 443. Carapelle, E., 1177. Caratti, A., 916. Carberry, V. J., 69, 926. Carbone, D., 718. Card, F. W., 136, 142, 144. Card, H. M., 168. Carey, .1. M., 240. Carle, E., 343. Carleton, M. A., 33. Carlinfanti, E., 909. Carlyle, A., 095. Carlyle, W. L., 294, 597. Carmichael, B. E., 270, 470. Carmo, A. G. do, 390, 042. Carnaroli, E., 589. Caro, N., 729, 1021. Caron, H., 702. Carpenter, F. B., 1105. Carpenter, G. H., 582, 857, 1146. Carpenter, L. G., 411, 416. Carpenter, M. L., 1061. Carpiaux, E., 467, 468, 472, 745. Carr, R. C, 299. Carr, R. J., 595. Carr6, H., 285, 481. Carrier, L., 932. Carrington, 496. Carroll, P. J., 871. Carson, J. W., 1065. Carter, R. M., 1087. Carter, W. T., jr., 591. Carvalho, D. £. de, 749. Carver, G. W., 137, 169. Carver, T. N., 497. Casey, T. L., 761. Castct, G., 751. Castle, W. E., 1002, 1072. Castro, J. de, 1066. Castro, L. de, 1196. Cathcart, C. S., 69, 625, 656, 926. Cathcart, E. P., 67. Cattaneo, R. M., 718. Cavalcante, M. P., 740. Cavalier, 1122. Cavanaugh, G. W., 1200. Cavazza, d!, 221. Cave, T. \V., 7S(i. Cayla, V., 1025. Cazeneuve, P., 112. Cecconi, G., 57. Cell, G., 839. Center, O. D., 531. Ceradini, A., 283. Cesari, E., 87. Chacc, E. M., 390, 398. Chadwick, G. H., (w3. Chaflee, F. P., 312. Chamberlain, J. S., 1063. Chamberlin, T. C, 619. Chambers, E. J., 715. Chambers, W. E., 96. Chamot, E. M., 698, 703. Chapais, J. C, 1176. Chapelle, J., 703. Chapin, J., 1145. Chapin, R. M., 420. Chapman, A. C, 300, 609, 1164. Chapman, F. M., 759. Chapman, G. U., 344. Chapman, H. G., 1074. Chapman, J. E., 404, 770. Chappaz, G., 1139. Charlton, G. A., 084. Charron, A. T., 80, 208. Chase, L. W., 599. Chase, W. W., 347. Chatbum, G. R., 486. Chatterton, A., 885. Chatton, E., 884. Chauvin, 060. Chavez, E., 258. Cheney, A. S., 837. Cheney, E. J., 794. Cherry, T., 1114. Cherry, W. H. P., 688. Chevalier, A., 151, 1038. Chevalier, J., 174. Chiappella, A. R., 661. Chiappini, C. Du P., 539. Chilcott, E. C, 227. Chippaz, G., 753. Chishohn, N. B., 589. INDEX OF NAMES. 1205 Chittenden, F. TI., 59, Itil, 2r,7, 953. Chittenden, F. J., 547, 550, r.9S, 111(1, 1117. Chittenden, n. M., 945. Chittenden, R. H., 165, 203. Chitty, A. J., 761. Chouchak, D., Ill, 703. Chretien, A., 1080. Christensen, F. W., 97, 312. Christensen, II. R., 19, 910, llOS. Christensen, P., 807. Christian, 802. Christie, W., 038. Christomanos, A. C, 211. Christophers, S. R., 88. ChiiarcJ, E., 1018. Churchill, F. G., 594. Churchman, J. W., 999. Ciainician, G.,92S. Cieslar, A., 795, 790. Cingolani, M.,1015. Claasscn.C.n., 237, 1131. Clapp, G. L., 129. Clark, C. C, 589, 1099. Clark, D. A., 47, 292. Clark, L. L., 10. Clark, V. A., 328. Clark, V. S., 991, 1104. Clark, W. A. G., 1001. Clark, W. B., 015, 715. Clarke, F. W., 009. Clarke, J. J., 788. Clausen, H., 122, 822, 1018, 1115. Claussen, L., 189. Claypon, J. E. L., 573. Clayton, H. H., 811. Cleef, E. van, 114. Cleland, J. B., 576, 1080. Cleveland, T., jr., 693. Cline, I. M.,312. Clinton, G. P., 51, 1095, 1138, 1141. Clinton, L. A., 821. Cloarec, C, 610. Close, C. P., 194, 236, 238, 500. Clothier, G. L., 194, 598. Cluss, 741. Cobb, A. C, 97. Cobb, J. N., 323. Cobbett, L., 184, 681. Cochel, W. A., 369, 969, 971. Cochran, C. B., 398. Cochrane, D. C, 98. Cocke, R. P., 333. Cockerell, T. D. A., 7r>6, 1151, 1154. Coffey, W. C, 598, 972, 1066. Coggeshall, C. II., 799. Cohen, J. B., 704. Cohen, L., 125, 728. Cohnheira, O., 662. Coit, J. E., 942, 1132. Coker, R. E.,52.5. Cole, G. A.. 1095. Coleman, L. C, 518. Coleman, N. J.,493. Collin, E., 707, 1103. Collinge, \V. E. 351, 1152. Colllngrldge, W., 1145. Collingridgc, W. 11., 802. Collings, J., 190, 289. Collingwood, C. B., 90, 431. Collins, K. R., 879, 1189. Collot, T., 223. Colman, N. J., 595. Colombano, A., 929. Colwcll, R. II., 675. Comanducci, E., 127. Comstock, A. B., 293, 891. Comte, C, 883. Conacher, P., 197. Conard, H. S., 644. Condon, A. S., 896. Condra, G. E., 15. Congdon, L. A., 1097. Conger, N. B., 312, 515. Conn, II. J., 295. Connaway, J. W., 583, 881. Connell, J. IT., 99, 399, 414. Conner, A. B., 134. Conner, S. D., 1017. Connors, J. P., 97, 99. Conover, J. A., 688. Conradi, A. F., 355, 382, 053, 1055. Convert, F., 191. Cook, A. J., 899. Cook, F. C, 402. Cook, II. O., 541. Cook, J. W., 1197. Cook, L. B., 1200. Cook, M. T., 353. Cook, O. F., 391, 437, 439, 629, 636. Cooke, M. C, 837. Cooke, V. T., 739. Cooke, W. T., 25. Cooksey, T., 610, 702. Coolcy, A. M., 699. Cooley, D. P., 59S. Cooley, R. A., 351, 354, 490. Coolidgc, A. C, 696. Coolidge, K. R., 1149. Cooper, T. P., 699, IIW. Cooper, \V. F., 656, 1154. Coote, G., 493. Cope, T. A., 1076. Copeland, E. B., 1046, 1198. Coquot, A., 580, 880. Corbett, F. R., 699. Corbett, L. C, 237, 591. Cordier, V. von, 806. Corlcy, J. W., 97. Comalba, G., 180, 182, 419, 784, 1181. Cornclison, R. W., 910. Cornelius, P., 121, 476. Corradi, R., 1104. Corso, G., 728, 9(>4. Coste, J., 330. Costc, J. II., 420. Costenoblo, II. L. V., 95. Cotte, J., 1027. Cotton, E. C, 1054. Cotton, J. S., 31. Cottrell, A. L., 439. Couden, F. I)., 553. Coulter, J. L., 497, 1195. Council, W. II., 1100. Couperot, E., 928. Couret, J. G., 1099. Courmont, J., 1113. Courtauld, R. M., 616. Cousins, II. H., 100. Couture, J. A., 278. Covert, C. C, 14. Coville, F. v., 629, 666. Coward, T. A., 270. Cowles, II. W., jr., 510, 1106. Cowley, P., 285. Craig, A. G., 597, &34, 939. Craig, J., 58, 698. Craig, J. A., 694. , Craig, J. I., 1110. Craigie, P. G., 698. Cramer, P. J. S., 325. Cramer, W., 775, 776. Crane, H. H., 1132. Craw, A., 496, 600. Crawford, A., 57, 1144. Crawford, A. C, 280. Crawford, J. C, 1147. Crawley, J. T., 1099. Crawshay, R., 1145. Creelman, G. C, 406. Cremieu, V., 800. Crete, L., 107. Crevost, C, 49, 151, 107. Crihb, C. n., 1181. Crichton-Browne, J., 709. Crisp, IT. L., 572. Cristadoro, C, 1160. Crocker, W., 627. Crocker, W. B., 772. Cronbach, E.. 190. Cronheim, W., 465. Crooke, M., 770. Crosby, C. R., 58, 497, 703, 1147, 1200. Crosby, D. J., 292, 392, 489, 691, 1099. Cross, L. J., 295. Crowley, R. H., 363. Crowther, C, 276. Crumley, J. J., 895. Cruveilhier, L., 84. Culioni, 950. Cuddio, D., 1176. CutJnot, L., 760. Cuif, E., 543. Cuillt5, J., 882. Cummings, II. IT., 1197. Cumniings, M. B., 1098. Cunningham, J. C, 196. Cunningham, \\., 190. Curry, B. E., 117, 125. Curtis, C. II., 1039. Curtis, II. E., 127. Curtis, R. II., 14. Curtiss, C. F., 410, 412, 415, 498. Cushman, .\. S., 322, 698. Cutler, C, 96, 215, 224. Cutting, W. B., jr., 784. Daage, C, 1113. Daalen, C. K. van, 5.30. Dachnowski, A., 447, 738. 120fi EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dacy, A. L., 296. Dadant, C. P., 7(K), 1155. Dadolszpn, E. J. von, 1090. Dafert, F. W., 4(i4, 729, 79.5. Daingerfiekl, L. ]I.,114. Dairc, P., 309. D'Allniquerquc, J. P., 233, 935. Dale, T. 11., 80. Dall, M., 988, 989. Dalliniore, W., 942. Dalo-niple, W. II., 72, 1171. Pali-jTiiple-IIay, R., 242. Dam, W. van, 1178. Daniant, G. C. C, 70. Dammann, 283. Damme, C. van, .508. Damon, S. M., 492. Damseaux, A., 429. Dana, S. T., 549. D'Anchald, B., 371. Dandono, J. B., 52, 55, 1090. Danger, L., 525. Daniel, L.,7.33. Danielopol, D., 180, 580. Darbishire, F. V., 777, 827, 904. Darby, M. E., 766, 1155. Dare, J. C, 758. Darlington, II. R., 850. Darnell, J. E., 1097. Darras-Verbigse, E., 625. Darwin, F., 526. Da Silva, L. A. R., 119, 618. Dassonville, 88. Daufresne, M., 565. Davenport, C. B., 598, 1002, 1072, 1169. Davenport, E., 192, 399, 412, 594, 598, 599, 1093. Daverhuth, 1195. Davidson, J. B., 599, 087. Davidson, K. L., 445. Davidson, R. J., 398, 698. Davies, G., 492. Davies, J. H., 800. Davis, B. M., 591. Davis, C. R., 198, 498. Davis, C. W., 194. Davis, J. J., 1051, 1149. Davis, J. R. A., 326. Davis, M. 11., 777. Davis, V. n., 592, 891. Davis, W. T., 761. Davy, J. B., 739, 870. Day, D. T.,525. Day, E. D., 590, 858. Day, F. H., 1012. Day, L. E., 982. Dean, G. A., 352. De Angelis d'Ossat, G., 516. Dcarden, W. F., 1001. De Armond, R. W., 142. De Bruyne, C, 945. De Bussy, L. P., 560, 1033. De Caluwe, P., 727. De Carvalho, D. S., 749. De Castro, J., 1066. De Castro, L., 1196. Decharmo, P., 191. Decker, J. W., 1181. De Dreiix-l$rez6, 443. Decrr, N., 442. Do Eza, 192. De Fleury, M., 566, 774. Defrance, 112. Degen, K., 1084. De Gironcourt, G., 972. De Gontcharoff, 973. De Grazia, S., 4;«), .522, 620, 722, 724, 725, 1114. De Groulart, P., 507. Degrully, L., 249, 355. De naerdtl, II., 795. Dehaye, E., 419. DeHeen, P., 225. De Jone, D. A., 581. De Jong, A. W. K., 527. De Kruijff, E., 65, 110, 924. Delacroix, G., 848. Delage, A., 125, 818. De Lagorsse, J. M., 177. De Lapparent, H., 63. Del Campo, J., 431. Deleano, N. T., 27. Delforge, P., 849. De Limay, R., 523. Delias, 991. Dellinger, O. P., 1093. DeLoach, R. J. H., 196, 597, 635. Del Retamoso, 190. De Luechi, G., 509. Delwlche, E. J., 29. 30, 32, 135. De Macedo, .T. M., 14. De Malafosse, L , 553. De Mar, C, 1092. Demarest, W. II. S., 414. De Medeiros, A., 748. Demees, O., 677. De Melho, C, 587. De Mello Geraldes, C. E., 545. De Molinari, M., 21, 726, 822, 823. Demoll, R., 355. De Mondesir, P., 807. Demoor, J., 171. Dengler, 340. Deniges, M. G., 707. Denis, W., 398. Dennis, F. H., 98. Dennis, R. R., 486. Denny, F. E., 60, 256. Dent, H. A., 562. De Paula Nogueria, J. V., 467. De Plato, G., 777, 831. De Polo, R., 221. De Regny, P. V., 125. De Rekowski, C. W., 747. Der Heyde, L. von, 889. De Rossi, G., 121. De Ruijter de Wildt, J. C, 223, 623, 721, 743. Derwa, P., 1175. De Sa, H., 743. Desch, C. n., 609. De Somay, P., 314. De Souza Reis, F. T., 14. Despeissis, A., 1119, 1141, Desprez, F., 23. Dessoliers, II., 1111. DeTralTord, 11. F., 371. Deltweiler, F., 1066, 1173. Deutsch, M., 2.^3. D'Evelyn, F. W., 57. Devereaux, W. C, 114. De Villiers, J., 800. De Vilmorin, P. L., 400, 841. Devin, G., 310, 600. De Vries, II., 1120. DeVries, 11. J. F., 307. De Vries, J. J. O., 81, 864. De Vuyst, P., 298, 795. DeWaal, H., C, 84. De Waele, H., 80. De Wildeman, E., 148. DeWitt, A. D., 92, 591. Dewitz, J., 354. De Zuiiiga, V. C. M.. 839. Dickens, A., 490. Dickenson, A., 95. Dickinson, M. F., 1197. Dickinson, N. M., 363. Diehl, D , 97. Dieseldorff, E. P., 1132. Dietrich, 385. Dietrich, T., 1102. Dietrich, W., 598, 1068. Dietz, 88. Diffloth, P., 175, 371. Dike, P. 11., 1110. Dillingham, F. T., 359. Dilock, 291. Dines, \V. H., 614, 1110. Dinsmore, S. C, 634, 664. Dinsmore, W., 402. Dinwlddie, R. R., 382, 1068, 1095. Dissel, E. D. van, 152. Distant, W. L., 1148. Dixon, R. W., 86. Doane, C. F., 181. Doane, D. H., 165 Doane, R. W., 1053, 1055. Do Carmo, A. G., 390, 642. Dodd, S., 1188. Dodge, C. O., 398. Dodge, L. G., 571. Dodson, W. R., 410, 633. Doggett, L., 403. Doherty, J. J., 565. Doherty, P. H., 492. Doherty, W. M., 700. Dokouchayev, V. V., 1113. Dokuchayev, A. F., 308. Donimes, 11., 744. Doncaster, L., 1168. Dondlinger, P. T., 750. Doneghue, R. C, 296, Donon, D., 55, 529. Dons, R. K., 1109. Donselt, W., 300. Donsett, M., 910. Doolittle, R. E., 398. Dorman, J. E., 373. Domer, H. B., 644. INDEX OF NAMES. 1207 Dornie, P., 309. Dorset, M., GSl, 8S4, 1082. Dosquet, W., 10o8. D'Ossat, G.dc A., 510. Doten, S. B., 655. Douglas, II., 1135. Douglas, J. S., 811. Douglas, L. M.,570, 1172. Douglass, B. W., 1146, 1153. Dow, A. W., 498. Dowzard, E., 708. Do.x, A. W., 677. Draenert, F. M., 968. Drago, A., 147. Drawe, P., 308, 808. Dreher, J. D., 731. Driol, C. van, 809. Drinkard, A. W., jr., 838. Drinkwater, 11., 1071. Drost, A. W., 1141. Druery, C. T., 128. Drury, J. B., 1097. Drushi'l, W. A., 307, 509. Dryden, J., 472, 598, 994. Dul)aquie, 735. Dubard, M., 1141. Dubi.slav, 730. DuBois, L., 54. Dubois W. L., 311, 396, 398. Dubou.x, G., 794. Duljoux, M., 708. Duckworth, A., 616. Ducloux, A., 92. Ducloux, E., 482. Ducomet, V., 540. Dudley, F. W., 1184. Duerdcn, J. E., 372, 473, 474. Duflos, 1108. Dugast, J., 907. Duggar, B. M., 599. Duggar, J. F., 193, 569. Durnesny, P., 544, 1011. Duiiiont, J., 522. Dumont, R., 189. Dunham, C, 298. Dunlap, R. W., 657, 1001. Dunstan, W., 036. Dunstan, W. U., 128, 931. Dunton, A. M., 993. Du Pa.sguier, P. A.. 1103. Dupont, E., 707, 980. Dupont, F., 772. Dupuis, A., 237. Durcau, G., 1029. Durham, F. M., 1168. Durham, II. E.,310. Durroux, P., 792. Du Sablon, L., 444. Duschochkin, .\., 519. Dusserre, C, 524, 724, 1018. Dutoit, P., 708. D'Utra, G., 864. Dutton, J. E., 10», 1147. Dyar, II. G., 953, 1153. Dyhren[urth,991. Dyson, O. E., 878. Eardley-Wilmot, S., 342. Earle, F. S., 193. Earp-Thomas, G. IT., 719. East, E. M., 36, 325, 533, 1022, 1200. Eastman, II. B., 48. Eber, A., 380, 477. Eberhardt, P., 152. Eberlein, L., 477, 1179. Echtcrmeyer, T., 1061. Eckart, C. F., 95, 442, 894. Eckenbrccher, C. von, 1128. Eckerbom, A. K., 689. Eckhardt, W. G., 131. Eckles, C. 11., 374, 572, 10(iO. Edden, II., 771. Edgerton, C. W., (i47, 1042. Edlefsen, G., 909. Edmiston, II. D., 312. Edmond, H. D., 472. Edward (King), 905. Edwards, IP, 412, 414. Edwards, S. F., 719. 1015. Efifront, J., 729. Egger-Mollwald, V., 795. Egorov, M. A., 51S. Ehrenberg, P., 172, 619, 022, 818, 823, 923. Ehrhorn, E. M., 1145. Ehrlich, F., 27, 899. EiehlofT, R., 574, 613. Einecke, A., 1019. Ekenstcin, W. A. van, 808. Ekman, W.,342. Elkin,Z. C.,639. Ellbrccht, G.,1194. Ellerman,II. L.,84. EUermann, V.,280. Ellery,N.,1193. Ellett,\V. B., 441, 932, 934. Filing, C. G., 377, 594. Elliott, B. S., 1160. Elliott, C. G., 101,680,987. Elliott, E. E., 98, 537, 1200. Elliott, J. C, 97. Elliott, T. H.,991. Ellis, R. W.,715. Ellsworth, E. K., 64, 1157, 11.59. Ellsworth, J. L.,400. Ellwood,C. A., 590. Elwes, II. J., 340, 1133. Embcrson, R. II., 903. Emerson, P., 590. Emerson, R. A., 60. Emery, II. C, 497. Emery, J. A., 11. Emery, J. Q.,862, 1059. Emery, W. 0.,397. Emmett, A. D.,9. Endlich, R., 834, 1136. Engcl,809. Engel, A. von, 150. Engel,]l.,8.')2. Engcland, R., 1164,1166. English, W. L.,97. Erdmann, E.,731. Eriksson, J., 946, 1044. Erman, 114. Ernest, A., 218, 325. Eseot, M. E. P., 612, 707, 1011. Eshleman.C. II., 1012. Essig, E. 0.,899. Esten, W. M., 178, 422, 495. Estes, C. W., 799. Euler, II.,609, 708, 906. Enrich, F. W.,984. Eustace, II. J., 96. Evans, C. G.,997. Evans, G., 345, 837, 1031. Evans, G. II., 484. Evans, I. B. P., 55, 739, 847, 848, 946, 1140. Evans,.!. S., 1070. Evans, W.,598. Evans, W. II., 95, 107. Evelyn, F. W. d', 57. Everard, N. T.,289. Everett, n. D.,100. Ewart, A. J., 225, 028, 1116. Ewert, R., 346, 347, 442. Eyckman, 1061. Eyde, S.,730. Eyk, S. van, 1112. Eza, de, 192. Faber, F. C. von, 247. Fabre, J.,1172. Faes, II., 164, 241, 548, 950. Fagan, T. W., 1172. Failyer, G. II., 427, 915. Fairba.-'ks, II. W.,898. Fairchild, D. G.,597. Falck, R.,648. Fallada, O., 555, 610, 638. Fally, v., 286, 982. Farey, F. 0.,6.58. Fans, R. I,.. 312. Farkas, K.,26>-'. Farley, A. J., 97, Farnsteiner, K., 110, 418, 1163. Farrand, B., 275, 276, 976. Fascetti,G.,223,377. Faslem, Q.,720. Fixsoli, G.,25. Fas.sig, O. L., 115, 812. Fauch6re, A , 942. Faucheroii, L..559. Faurot, F. W.,353. Fauvel,P.,664. Favillc, A. D.,98. Favor, E. II.,355, 5P7. Favrel, G.,707. Fawcctt, G. L., 98. Fawcctt, n. S., 556, 1045. Fawcctt, W., 100, 400, 1134. Fayet,880. Feilitzcn, II. von, 22, 220,224,319, 320, 430, 720, 722. Feilitzen.M. von, 1199. Fellows, G. E.,413. Felt, E. P., 252, 496, .5.53, 6n3, 655, 7()0. Fendlcr, G.,565. 1208 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Fcnton.ir. J. 11., 609. Ferguson, A., 895. FerKUson, A. M., 092, 841. Ferguson, J., 841. Ferguson, M.,98. Fermi, C, 83. Fernald, B. M., 594. Fernul(i,C. PI., 350, 1054. Fernald, H. T., 250, 350, 643, 762. Fernald, M. L., 326. Fernow, B. E., 844. Ferrari-Lelli, F., 358. Ferraris, T., 1138. Ferraud, 712. Ferretti, U., 1157. Ferreyros, A., 458. Ferrini, U. R., 1163. Fessler, A., 812. Fest, F., 229. Fettick, O., 1078. Fetzer, L. \V., 1200. Feytaud, J., 354, 857. Fickendey, E., 8. Fidler, II. J.,673. Fiehe, J., 210, 612, 909, lOOs. 1009, 1059. Figueroa, J., 965. Fileni, E., 1199. Fillinger, F. von, 612, 1006. Fincke, H., 1109. Findlay, A., 609. Fingerling, G., 468, 777, 1006. Finley, W. L., 456, 591. Fiorentini, A., 283. Fiori, A., 1142. Fippin, E. 0.,287, 1200. Fischer, E., 13, 67, 827. Fischer, G., 480. Fischer, H., 217, 218. Fischer, J., 548. Fischer, K.,263, 1059. Fischer, P., 183, 1108. Fischer, R., 1060. Fish, P. A., 685. Fishburn, H. P., 492. Fisher, C. A., 812. Fisher, C. P., 343. Fisher, W. L., 297. Fiskc, W. F., 553, 957. Fitterer, J. C, 99. Fitting, H., 1041. Flack, M., 466. Flaksberger, C, 837. Flammarion, C, 615. Fleig, C, 810. Fleischer, L., 7%. Fleischer, M., 16, 720. Fleming, A. J., 825. Flemming, 114. Fletcher, A. B., 585. Fletcher, C. C, 1007. Fletcher, F., 180, 521, 720. Fletcher, J., 253, 496, 655. Fletcher, J. W.,600. Fletcher, S. W., 147, 194. Fleury, M. de, 566, 774, 1163. Flint, P. N., 373. Fluri, M., 929. Flury, P., 47. Foa, A., 557. Foa, C, 626. Foerster, O.,807. Foex. E., 154. Fogcl, E. D., 528. Foley, H., 790, 1191. Fiilgcr, A. F., 484. Folin, 0.,566. Forbes, E. B., 498, 1065. Forbes. R. H., 326, .328. Forbes, S. A., 496, 552, .593, 759. Forbes, W. T. M., 760. Ford, A. G.,97. Ford, J. S., 329. Fordham, M., 793. Foreman, N. H., 691. Forsberg, L., 728. Forster, J.,66, 169. Fortier, S., 287, 1087. Foster, E., 953. Foster, H. D., 243. Foster, J. H., 150. Foster, T. D., 99(i. Foster, \V. D., 1099. Foth, 10. Fourton, L., 540. Foussat, J., 841, 980. Fowle, F. E., jr., 421. Fox, C, 857, 1149, 11.54. Fox, W. F., 756. Franca, C, 82. France, R. H., 200. Francis, C. K., 196. Francis, M., 684, 1084. Francolini, F., 1140. Frandson, J. H.,276. Frank, A., 420, 624, 729, 795, 1006, 1021. Frank, A. R.,924. Frank, L., 622, 623. Frank-Kamenctzky, .\., 112. Franke, E., 87. Frankel, 525. Frankfurt, S.,519. Franklin, H.J. ,496, 1149. Franz, F., 566. Fraps, G. S., 268, 424, 432, 510, 90S, 911, 920, 1022, 10(;5. Eraser, W. J., 180, 374. Frear, W., 126, 128, 216, 358, 398, 431, 826, 1032. Fred, E. B., 999. Fredenbcrg, K., 1135. Fredholm, .V., 870. Freeman, E. M., 155. Freeman, G. F., 231, 437. ,)97, 733, 835. Freese, 584. Fr^mier, V., 586. French, C, jr., 1151. French, G. T., 328, 84<;, 948, 1043, 1125. French, H. T., 400, 409, 412, 894, 936. French, W. H., 891. Frese, K., 466. Frcsenlus, 11., 384. . Frezzolti, G., 773. Fricderichs, K., 551, 554. Friedlaender, K., 70, 1171. Friedman, P. J., 1184. Friedrich, J., ICO. Friedrich, R., 1027. Friend, J. N., 906. Fries, J. A., 777. Frisch, E., 1059. Fritsch, F. E., 827. Fritz.scho, R., 114. Friz, 122. Froehlich, II., 17. Froggatt, \V. W.. 460, 760. Frohlich, A., 912. Fron, G., 549, 1035. Frost, II. L., lOSfi. Frost, J., 389. Frothingham, E. H., 644. Fruwirth, C, 131, 229, 533, 733, 739, 742, 833. Frye, G. V., 980. Fuchs, K.,658, 1162. Fuhrmann, F., 316. Fuhrmann, O., 1192. Fuld, E., 705. Fulgham, H. McK.. 1159. Fullaway, D. T., 95. Fuller, C, 554. Fuller, F. D., 1050, 1171. Fuller, H. C, 398. FuUer, J. G., 75. Fulton, E. S., 327, 372. Fulton, H. R., 53. Funaro, A., 300. Funder, L., 475, 781. Funk, A. B.,996. Funk, W., 1102. Fiirstenberg, A., 968. Furth, O. von, VXS. Fyles, T. W., 253. Gage, G. E., 798. Gage, S. H., 1170. Gage, S. P., 1170. Gager, C. S., 96, 114, 929, 1124. Gagey, R., 469. Gahan, C. J., 1147. Gaiger, S. II., 1185. Gaillard, 66. Gain, E., 130, 1123. Gait, E. A., 183. Gallagher, \V. J., 849, 947. Galli-Valerio, B., 460, 552, 1154. Gallo, G., 431. Galloway, B. T., 235, 239, 441, 493 937. Galtier, V., 87, 284. Galvagno, O., 1077. Gamgee, A., 1164. Gammie, G. A .,343, 828. Gandara, G., 450. Gangnus, K.,214. Ganong, W. F., 927, 1093. Gans, R., 918. INDEX OF NAMES. 1209 Garcia.C. A., 0.4,1011. Garcia, F.. 144. 237, 653. Garcia Oscs, R.. lis, 1099. Gard. 1142. Gardner, F. D., 97. Gardnor, V. R., 19(1. Garoitschnoff, G., K,S3. Garman, 11.. 157, 101, 1G3, l(i4. Garner, \V. \V., 598, 93(1, 1033. Garola, C. V., 218. Garrett, J. B.. 492. Garrett, L. B.,301. Garrison, P. E., 788. Garrison, \V. F... 414. Garth, 580. Gasis, D.,(;u. Gaskill, E. F.. 327, 372. Gasparina, O., 207. Gasparini, P., 35(1. Gas.se, A., 87. Gates, B. N , 258, 3.5(1, 49(1. Gates, C. W., 580. Gatin-Gruzewska, Mnie. Z., 110, 907. Gaul". J., 09. Gaiibe. J., 003. Gaucher, L., 13, 112. Gaucher, N., 442. Gaumnitz, D. A., 598. Gautier, L., 153. Gay, C. \V., 294. Gay, F. P., 8S4. Gedroitz, K. K., 317. Geer, W. C, 420. Geerliss, H. C. P.. 4.33,013, 1101, 1102. Geismar, L. M., 133, 144. Geldard, H., 867. Gencrsich, \V. von, 012. Gentil, L., 118. Gentil, le, 177. Gentry, N. H., 598. Genty, A., 546. George, W., 598. Georgoson, C. C, 115, 142. Gcorgs, R., 1194. Gcphart, F., 1105. Gcraldes, C. E. de M., r>ia. G6rard, E., 112. Gt'Tard, G., 1041. Gerber. C, 26, 627, 1027, 1178. Gerhard, W. P., 11.54. Gcrlach,831,889. Gerlach,M., 387, 1119. G(!rlach, V., 68, 776. Gerslenberger, H. J., 575. Gesaro, G., 477. Ghetiry, M. E. T.. 51.5. Ghigi, A.. 455. Ghosh, C. C, .57. Gihbs, W. D., 412, 092. Gibhs, \V.S..e99. Gibelli, P., 772. Gibson, A., 253, 0.55. Giddings, N. J., 29(1, 345, 346, 1139. Giele, J.. 307. CifTard, W. .M., 492. Giglioli, I., 544, 043.- Gilbert, A. \V.,295, 1200. Gilbey, \V., 470. Gilchrist, D. A., 229, 723, 727,972. Gildemeister, M.. 1000. Gill, A. II., 309. Gill, F. W.. 110(1. Gill, S. R., 103(1. Gill, T. P., 289, 448, 794. Gill, W., 542, 1040. Gillanders, A. T., 652. Gillette, C. P., 0.52, 8.54, 8.56. 1051, 1149. Gillieron-Duboux, 794. Gillot, v., 583. Gilman, A. \V., 594. Gilmore, J. W., 890. Gilruth. J. A., 82. Giltner, \V., 879. Gimingham, C. T., 021. 1116. Ginestous, G., 14. Giovanni. P. B., 23. Girasoli. D., 1007. 1023. Girault, A. A., 852, 1151. Gironcourt, G. de, 972. Gladwin, F. E.. 1097. Glaser, E., 1160. Glatz, A., 442. Glenn, S. W., 312. Glenn, T. II., 976, 1075. Glenny, A. T., 280. Glikin, W., 171. Glinka, K. D.,315. Goeiu, D.. 889. Gockel, A., 817. Goddard, L. PL, 33,231. Godfrey. E. H., 391. Godinot, L., 912. Goebel, K., 927. Goebel, 0.,82. Goetz, C. II., 98. Gold. E., 1110. Golding, J., 934. Goldschmidt, L., 1164. Gomes do Carmo, A., 390, 642. Gonnard, R.,820. GontcharolT, de, 973. Good, A. I., 1048. Goodacre, A. G., 1174. (ioodall, II. W., 1062. Goodchild, T. P., 175. Goodman, J., 244. Goodrich, C. L., 692. Goodrich, C. P., 695. Gooken, J. B., 1058. Gordon, C. E., 952. Gordon, W. B.,837. Gore, II. C, 575. Gorgas, W. C, 696. Goria, D. II., 389. Gorini, C, 574. Gorio, G., 279. Goris, A., 107. Gortcr, K., 202. Gortner, R. A. 10, 109. Goss, A., .593. 1043. Goss.W. l..,235. Gossard, II. A., 102, 4.5S, 053, 957, 1030, 1048, 10.55. Goufere, 613. Gouin, A., 174. Gould, II. P., 041. Goulkevich, N. A., 371. Goupil, 84. Gow, R-. M., 77. Gowing-Scopes, L., 1100. Grabein, M., 089. Gradon, A. F., 543. Grafzu Leiningen, \V., 1014. GrafT, G.,910, 1101. Graftlau, J., 10, 1019, 1110. Graham, A. B., 192, 399,'890, 992. Graham, C. K., 95, 372. Graham, R. E., 96. Graham, \V. M., 11.52. Graham-Smith, G. S., S9, 1190. Grainger, \V. E.,999. Granato, L., 782. Grandeau, L., 16, 22, 177, 220, 221, 487, .523, 645, 090. Grandmont, P., 774. Grandori, R., 557. Grant, C, 294. Grant, D., 1011. G rail stel n , W . A . , 11 75. Gray, A.C. H., 705. Gray, C. E., 679, 787, 983. Gray, D.T.,569. Grazia, S. de, 430, 522, 620, 722 724, 725, 1114. Greathouse, C. H., 995. Greaves, J. E., 357. Grebe, W., 309. Green, C. E., 293, 893. Green, E. E.,61, 4.59, 1152. Green, S. N., 62. Green, W. J., 231, 448, 1040, 1055. Gregersen, J. P., 111. Gregg, W. R.,811. Gr^goire, A., 216, 314, 428, 467, 468, 617,618,619,719,1128. Gregory, C. V., 335. Gregory, II. E., 617. Gregory, J. J. II., 837. Gregory, \V. B., 885. Greig, R. B., 1127, 1129. Greig-Smith, R., IS. Grenfell, A. P., 720. Greshoff, M., 434, 1027. Gressent, V. A., 837. Greve, I,., 483. Grieb, C.M.W.,209. Grimth, A., 460. GrifRth, A.S.,185, 681. Grimth, E.M.,944. Grimth, F., 681. Grimth, G. P., 990. Grimihs, D., 34, 933. Griffon, E., 651, 751. Griggs, J. W., 598. Grimaldi,C.,443. Grimmer, W., 310, 511, 785, 1010, 1069. Grimshaw, R., 1163. 1210 EXPERIMENT STATION REOORD. Grimlley,II.S., 9, HOC. Griscom, L. C.,390. Grisdale, J. II., S()7. Grist, A., 1080. Grohmann, 311, 709, 823, 920. Groninp, G.,909. Gronover, A., 10.59. Groom, P., 46. Grosjean, H., 35.5. Gross, H., 780. Grosse, F., 262, 1059. Grosse-Bohle, H.,30S. Grossmann, IT., 713,899. Grotewold, T., 785. Groth, R. II. A., 1097. Groulart, P. de, 567. Grude, J., 1170. Grueber. 925. Gruner, E., 358, 772. Grunert, 580. Orunhut, L., 308. Gninsky, C. E.,51o. Gruzewska, Mme. Z. O., 110, 907. Gryuner, S. A., 83. Gudeman, E., 398, 778. Guerin, C, 877. Guerrero, W., 323. Guignard, L., 927, 1161. Guild, C, 600. Guillaume, 188. Guilliermond, A., 828, 1139. Guillon, J. M.,601. Gunn, D.,852. Gunn,W. D., 1086. Gunning, J. W., 759. Gunther, S., 117. Gurler, H. B., 1073. Gurney, W. B., 654, 762, 8.52. Giissow, H. T., 346, 378, 850. Guth, F.,807. Guthrie, E. S., 295. Guthrie, F. B., 125, .522, 618, 728, 916. Guthrie, J. M., 329. Gutteling, W. M., 932. Guttenberg, R. von, 795. Guyader, A., 468. Guye, P. A., 806. < Haas, B., 404, 980. Haber, F., 609, 730. Hadley, P. B., 490. Haecker, A. L., 871. Haecker, T. L., 498. Haefcke, 468. Haensel, E., 782, 1161. Haentjens, A. II., 85. Haerdtl, 11. de, 795. Hagedom, C. F., 908. Hiihnel, 0.,915. Haig, A., 67. Haines, A. E., 1097. Haldane, J. S., 366. Halet, F., 617. Ilalfpaap, G., 109. Hall, A. D., 124, 428, 009, 621, 71(i 1018, 1113. Hall, C.J. J. van, 850, 1141. Hall, E.,406. Hall, F. H.,. 399, 400. Hall, Frank II., 19, .59, 642, 6.56, 84(;, 856, 931, 978, 1044, 1052. Hall, II. F., 240, 900. Halle, E. von, 91. Halliburton, W. D., 609, 704, 96.5. Ilalligan, J. E., 625,8(14. Hallissy,T.,817. Ilallopeau, 664. Ilalmi, J., 263,359. Ilalphen, G., 707,910. Hals, S., 637, 784. Ilalstead, E. W., 1131. Ilalsted, B. D., 938. Ilamberg, H. E., 913. Hamilton, E. W.,599. Hamilton, J., 400. 414, 498, 590, 691, 887. Hamill, J. M., 262. Hammarsten, 79. Hammer, B. W., 297, 496. Hammerschlag, G., .571. Hanauer, W., 574. Hand, W. F., 826. Hanff, 459. Hankinson, R., 26. Hann, J.,13, 600, 711, 1013. Hanna, R., 824. Hannig, E.,325. Hansen, C, 70. Hansen, F., 318. Hansen, J. J., 572. Hansen, K., 536. Hansen, N. E., 239, 528, 598. Hansson, N., 475, 1065. Hanzlik, P. J., 776. Harcourt, R., 222. Hard, M. E., 432. Harden, A., 262. Hardenburg, C. B., 59, 164. Hardin, M. B.,323. Harding, A. R., 641. Harding, H. A., 19, 415, 495, 873, 920, 979. Hare, R. F., 171, 969. Hargrave, R., 896. Haring, C. M., 681. Harkins, W. D., 627, 790. Harned, R. \V.,493. Harper, R. M., 3.39, 843. Harrington, H. II., 98, 414. Harris, A. L., 596. Harris, C. D., 596. Harris, E. L., 769. Harris, F. S., 1200. Harris, G. D., 314, 1079. Harris, J. N., 794. Harris, N. M., 379. Harris, R. A., 811. Harris, R. T., 77, 180. Harris, W., 787. Harris, W. A., 996. Harrison, J. B., 919. Harry, S., 1048. Hart, A., 372. Hart, E. B., 12, 79. Hart, G. S., 543. Hart, J. II., 200, 9.51, 1111. Hart, J. W., 898. Hiirtel, F., 12, 309, OtU), 1059. Harter, L. L., 527. Hartley, C. P., .547, 596. Hartmann, E. F., 844. Ilartl, M. B., 92. Hartwell, B. L., 113, 124, 125, 126, 127, 521, 522, 524, 560, 567. Hartwieh, C, 1163. Hartzell, F. Z., 1097. Harvey, F., 1184. Harvey, S. C., 386. Harvey, T. F., 712. Harvey, W. F., 83, 984. Ilasbach, VV., 1091. Hase. P., 12, 10.59. Haselhoff, C, 797. Haselhoff, E., 467, 523, 5()8, 831. Ilaseman, L., 96, 295. Ilasenbiiumcr, J., 713. Haskins, H. D., .397. Hasluck, P. N.,887. Hassal, A., 2.52. Hassall. A., 685, 9,52. Hasse, P., 263. Hasselbring, H., 28, 896. Hastings, E. G., 77, 496, .573. Hastings, M. M., 1070. Hastings, S. II., 4.36. Hatch, A. L.. 695. Haughs, D., 843, 1136. Ilausmann, W., 1026. Hawes, A. F., 149, 798. 1040. Hawk, P. B.,776. Hawley, A. M., 996. Hawley, R. C, 1040. Haworth, O. C.,26, 9(i8. Hay, R. D.,242. Hayes, M. II., tJ85. Hayes, W. 0.,394. Hayman, J. M., 711, 7.53, 7.56, 819 8.32. Hays, W. M., 292, 390, 410, 435 595, 597, 598, 888. Haywood, J. K., 28, 398. Hazard, J., .300. Ilazen, L. E.. 437. Ilazewinkfl, J. J., 909. Headden, W. P., 4.52. 886. Headlee, T. J., 352, 438, 653. Headley, F. B.,436. Heald, F. D., 51, 450, 454, 648. Hean, C. S.,297. Heanley, CM., 1081. Heater, C. W., 999. Hebard, G. R.,297. Hcckel, E., 637. 733. Ilecker, A.,619. Iledgcock, G. G., 248. Hedrick, U. P., 41, 337, 938, 940. Hefter, G., 182. Hegnauer, L., 531. Hegyi, D. von, 153. Heideman, C. W. H., 132, 142. INDEX OF NAMES. 1211 Heiden, E., 892. Ilcidlor, A., 46. lleikcl, B. W., 751. Ileilner, E., (KG. neiniann, E., 207. Hein, W. H., 197, 395. Heine, F., 1128. lleinemann, P. G., 976, 1075, 1179. lloinze, B., 718, 740, 819. llciser, V. G., 562, 565. llcllor, C.,817. Ilelmo, N., 115. lU'lmrich, G., 539. Ilclweg, H., 529. Ilempel, W., 313. Henderson, L. F., 256. Hcndrick, I., 745. Hendrick, James, 76. Hendrick, Joseph, 468. Hendricks, G., 75. Hondrixson, \V. S., 712. Henkel, A., 146. Henkel, T., 979. Henneberg, W., 573. Hennet, L. von, 1091. Hennings, C, 254, 559, 1152. Henri, V., 1137. Henrieksen, H. C, 699. Henriet, H., .308, 422, 1111. Henriques, V., 70, 364. Henry, A., 340, 11,33. Henry, A. J., 114, 212, 1012. Henry, E., 116, 245, 549, 620. Henry, T. A., 128, 1172. Henry, W. A., 968. Henry, Y., 779, 797. Henshaw, F. F., 14. Henshaw, H. W., 252. Henslow, G., 927, 1117. Henze, A., 943. Hepburn, J. S., 806. Hepburn, W. K., 694. Hepner, A., 167, 622, 623, 1059. Hepner, F. E., 135, 368. Hepworth, W. C, 1012. Herbst, K., 25. Hergcl, K. M.,588. Hcrgosell, H., 114. Herholz, B., 1009. Heringa, E., 493. Horlant, A., 659. Herlcs, F., 1109. Herman, M., (i82, 705. Hermcncgildo Gorria, T)., 389. Heron, E. C, 698. Herrera, A. L., ().52. llerrick, G. W., 96, 560, 10.55, 1149,1200. Hernnann, E., 1011. Hertel, H., 1196. Herter, C. A., 1077. Herty, C. H., 708, 1109. Hcrvey, G. W.,285. Herzog, A., 875. Hcrzog, M., 565. Hcs, A., 1104. Iless, W., 95, 695. Hesseliug, E., 152. Heubncr, W., 963. Hewitt, C. G., 01, 704, 1152. Hewitt, J., 1158. Hewitt, J. T., 609. Hewlett, R. T., 685. Heyde, L. von der, 889. Heyl, F. \V., 704, 807, 1008. Hej^mann, B., 578. HeJ^nans, J. F., 877, 1188. HcjTnons, R., 58. Hibler, E. von, 1080. Hickey, C. H., 396. Hickman, R. W., 982. Hiestand, O., 110. Higgins, J. E., 143, 538. Hill, A. R., 493, 595. Hill, H., 295. Hill, J. J., 198, 297. Hill, T. G., 626. Hill, W. W., 6.53. Hillman, 14. Hills, J. L., 26, 215, 224, 412, 416. Hillyer, W. E., 398. Hiltner, L., 455, 719. Hinard, G., 1107. Hindle, E., 1190. Hinds, W. E., 496, 5.52, 761. nine, J. S.,. 57, 490. Hinkel, F. C, 10. Hinrichs, 74. Hinson, W. M., 598. Hirst, A. R., 1088. Hiss, P. H., jr., 984. Hissink, D. J., 16. Hitchings, E. F., 240. Hitchins, 192. Hite, B. H., 926. Hite, J. E., 999. Hiti, F.,610. Hittcher, K., 782. linos, E., 175, 553. Hochencdel, B. F., 295, 492. Hodge, C. F., 1093. ■ Hodgkiss, H. E., 256, 647, 1051. Hodgson, 755. Hodgson, T. R., 910. Hodson, E. R.,5.50. Hoelscher, J. H., 1062. Hoff, J. H. van't, 524. Hoffmann, C, 77, 573, 682. Hoflfmann, J. F., 10, 3.58. Hoflmcister, A., 690. HotTmeistcr, C, 743. Hofman-Bang, O., 773. Hofmcister, F., 906. Hohl, J.,875. Hoke, E.. 279. Ilolbling, v., 421. Holbrook, P. K., 996. Holder, W., 577. Holdrum, A. C, 1097. Holland, E. B., 374, 397, 398. Holley, C. D., 512. HoUings, S. B.,879. HoUning, Mt, 758. Uolm, U. C, 528. Holmes, G.K., 1090. Holmes, J. D. E., 1082, 1085, 1185. Holmes, J. S., 150, 543. Holmes, M'. H., 696, 697. Holth, n., 384. Holtmeicr, 335. Holtz, F. I^., 490. Holzingcr, F., 577. Iloncamp, F., 69, 172. Hood, C. E., 496. Hood, S. C., 335. Hooker, C. W., 764. Hooker, W. A., 2.53, 497. Hooper, C. H., 652, 941. Hooper, D., 359, 775. ' Hooper, J. K., 312. Hooper, T., 1152. Hopkins, A. D., 257, 496, 497, 1054. Hopkins, C. G., 119, 125, 131, 428, 698, 819, 832, 1022. Hopper, H. A., 374, 673. Ilopt, E., 694, 1097. Homberger, R., 216. Home, H., 284. Home, W. T., 353, 756, 896, 1099. Homeman, H. C, 295, 894. Homer, D. W., 1097. Homsnaill, W. C, 1193. Hortvet, J., 396. Hosford, G. W., 840. Hosmer, R. S., 842, 1136. Hosseus, C. C, 152. Hoton, L., 977. Hottinger, M., 312. Houghton, C. O., 458,459,656,954. Houghton, H. E., 65. Houllier, P., 1088. House, H. D., 100. Houser, J. S., 459, 895, 896. Houssay, F., 372. Howard, B. J., 211, 397, 512. Howard, C. D., 113, 398. Howard, C. W., 197, 255, 654, 760, 762, 857. Howard, G. E., 76. Howard, J. T., 694. Howard, L. O., 761,957,1055,1148. Howard, R. F., 395, 1097. Howard-Jones, J., 574. Howe, F. W., 590, 1200. Howell, A. H., 251. Howell, E. B., 388. Howitt, J. E., 640. Hoyt, C. O., 1197. Hoyt, J. C, 116. Hubbard, G., 1112. nul)bar(l, P.,.322, 58ti. Hubbard, W. F., 843. Hubert, M. A., 612, 741. Hubert-Vallerou.x, 888. Hiibner, C, 210, 899. Hudson, C. S., 611.907, 1104. Hudson, J., SiO. Hudson, T. G., 7.32. HulTel, G., 149. Hughe^s, F., 118. Hughes, R. n., 1110. 1212 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Ilugounenq, L., 808, 1008. Ungues, C, 217. llulton, H. F. S., 564. Humbert, E. P., 295. Hume, A. N., 531. Hume, H. H., C43. Humphrey, G. C, 73, 77, 297,674. Humphrey, H. B., 98. Humphreys, AV. J., 212. Humphries, A. E., 504, 1033. Hundeshagen, F., 308. Hunger, F. W. T., 234. Hunnicutt, G. F., 1128. Hunt, A., 363. Hunt, C. L., 590. Hunt, H. A., 812. Hunt, R. A., 1036. Hunt, T. F., 411, 412, 1017, 1092. Hunter, A. F., 372. Hunter, B., 988. Hunter, W. D., 161, 253, 853. Hunter, W. K., 999. Huntington, D. W., 598. Huntington, E., 1012. Hunziker, O. F., 673, 1074. Hurd, W. D., 594. Hurst, C. B., 656. Hurst, C. C., 1004. Hus, H., 246, 644. Husselman, C, 1174. Husson, W. M., 312. Hutcheon, D., 384. Hutcheson, T. B., 932. Hutchins, D. E., 340. Hutchinson, A., 009. Hutchinson, C. M., 256. Hutchinson, W. I., 1041. Hutt, H. L., 642, 891. Hutt, W. N., 751, 839. Hutton, G., 36. Hyde, D. D., 1174. Iches, L., 355, 456. Ignatius, J., 170. Ikard,F.,97. Imbert, H., 112. Immendorfl, H., 123, 220, 467, 523, 865, 1020. Imms, A. D., 1153. Impey, F., 793. Inda, J. R., 1152, 1154. Ingham, N. D., 542. Ingle, H., 216, 322, 468, 654, 683, 716, 777. Innes, J., 800. Innes, T. E. D., 340. lorns, M. J., 38, 444, 699, 1097. Irish, J. S., 695. Irving, A. A., 26. Issatschenko, B. L., 716. Istvanffl, G., 949, 950. Itallie, L. van, 975. Ivchenko, A., 316. Iversen, O., 784. Iyer, V. S., 1134. Jablonowsky, J., 946. Jack, R. W., 762. Jackson, H., 343. Jackson, II. L., 774. Jackson, II. S., 946. Jack.son, H. V., 771. Jackson, W. 11., 114, 1012. Jacoby, M., 730, 1147. Jacqu(5, M., 211. Jaczewski, A., 946. JalTa, M. E., 398, 464, 69S. Jaggcr, M. II., 136. Jakob, G., 311. Jalowetz, E., 833. James, A. F. B., 729. James, C. C, 92. James, E. 11. S., 46. James, E. J., 196, 1090. Jamieson, T., 520. Janka, G., 754. Jannasch, P., 207. Janso, J. M., 324. Janson, A., 1035. Jansonius, II. II., 1134. Jantzen, V. W., 1012. Jardine, J. T., 666. Jardine, W. M., 228, 437. Jaretzki, A., 1195. Jaroschka, von, 795. Jarotzky, A., 183. Jilrvinen, 111. Jarvis, C. D., 1052. Jarvis, T. D., 253. Javillier, M., 28, 831. Jean, M. F., 419. Jeanbrau, 84. Jeflery, J. A., 96, 532. Jenkins, E. H., 136, 826, 937, 1022, 1065. Jennings, T. B., 114, 115. Jensen, C. O., 1176. Jensen, II., 749, 935. Jensen, J., 75. Jensen, J. P., 1152. Jensen, O., 477, 784. Jensen, I'. B., 1122. Jepson, W. L., 597. Jerusalem, E., 909. Jesse, R. II., 493. Jesscnhansen, II., 612. Jessup (Mrs.) M. K., 1100. Jilke, W., 207. Jochimsen, 513. Jodidi, S. L., 431. Joest, E., 381. Joflrion, A. B., 492. Johannsen, O. A., 653. Johansson, J. E., 663. Johnson, A. N., 585. Johnson, F. K., 1165. Johnson, F. S. S., 49, 1012. Johnson, 11., 210. Johnson, 11. 11., 596. Johnson, J. M., 294. Johnson, R. O., 591, 994, 1099. Johnson, T., 450, 750, 756. Johnson, T. C, 1044. Johnson, W. G., 496. Johnson, W. H., 844. Johnston, C. T., 987. Johnstone, J. H. S., 75. Jolles, A., 13. Joly, 365. Jolyet, A., 151. Jona, T., 24. Jonas, B. R., 468. Jonas, J., 276. Jones, A. 11., 657. Jones, C. II., 20, 215, 224. Jones, E. B., 1012. Jones, E. R., 15, 94. Jones, E. W. T., 706. Jones (Mrs.), F. M., 992. Jones, H. O., 609. Jones, J., 840. Jones, J. H., 574. Jones, J. S., 288, 936. Jones, L. R., 296, 346, 349, 599, 1139. Jones, M. P., 295, 532. Jones, P. R., 955. Jones, R. C, 98. Jones, W. J., jr., 26, 968. Jonesco-Mihaiesti, C, 683. Jong, A. W. K. de, 527. Jong, D. A. de, 581. Jonschcr, 113. Jordan, D. S., 301, 410, 598, 1131. Jordan, E. O., 379, 827. Jordan, F. B., 1132. Jordan, K., 1149. Jordan, S. M., 93, 691. Jordan, AV. II., 301, 303, 412, 416, 498, 593, 967, 995. Jordanskj', V., 765. Jorgensen, J., 921. Joslin, E. P., 1062. Jost, F., 609, 610. Joulin, 660. Jourde, 578. Jowett, AV., 877, 1189, 1191. Jozek, L., 222. Jubartre, 127. Juckenack, A., 65, 1059. Judson, L. B., 920. Jugoviz, R., 795. Jukes, J. E. C, 91. Julius, G. A., 243. Jumelle, H., 50. Jungklaus, AV., 685. Jurisch, Iv. AV., 824. Juritz, C. F., 214, 216, 313, 467, 709, 716, 863, 951, 1014. Just, J., 224, 1171. Kahlden, E. von, 588. Kajiura, S., 358. Kalecsinszky, A. von, 806. Kamenetzky, A. F., 112. Kanamori, S., 321. Kanomata, C, 320, 321. Kapadia, R. J., 790. Kappeller, G., 771. Kappen, H., 123, 429, 725. 899, 1117. Karpinski, A., 218. Karpow, M. S., 66i. Karsten. G., 700. Kashinski, P., 1007. INDEX OF NAMES. 1213 Kassner, C, 14. Kastle, J. n., %5. Katayama, T., C9, 172, 173, 301, 1173,1177. Kaupp, B. F., 883. Kayser, 689. Kearney, T. II., 42, 130. Kebler, L. F., 397, 398. Keeble, F., 1116. Keeling, B. F. E., 711. Kehl, J. E., 172. Keiper, J., 646. Kelhofer, W., 443, 1078. Kelkar, G. K., 476. Kelleher, S. C, 891. Kellerman, W. A., 700. Kellner, O., 69, 307, 308, 475, 779, 1100. Kellogg, J. H., 67. Kellogg, V. L., 652, 1131, 1155. Kelton, F. C, 593, 798. Kemp, J. F., 423. Kempskl, E., 730. Kempski, K., 220, 223. Kendall, J. C, 438, 490, 900. Kennaway, E. L., IIGO, 1167. Kennedy, C, 1159. Kennedy, P. B., 664. Kent, F., 997. Kerckhove, G. van den, 246. Kermorgant, M., 66. Kern, F. D., 453, 1043. Kern, O. J., 489, 992. Kerp, W., 66. Kerr, E. W., 388. Kerr, W. J., 412, 414. Kershaw, J. B. C, 24, 430. Kersten, M., 511. Kessler, G. E., 1133. Ketcham, S. B., 1097. Keyser, A., 15, 294, 1097. Kickton, A., 1009. Kidder, A. F., 295. Kiesselbach, T. A., 694, 1090. Kifskalt, K., 769. Kildee, II. II., 894. Kilgore, B. W., 431, 6.32, 926. Killby, II. B., 1168. Kimball, A. W., 208. Kimball, II. H., 115, 811. Kinahan, G. 11., 818. King, C. M., 334. King, E. D., 591. King, V. II., 887, 989. King, 11. M., 699. King, J. A., 694. King, M. L., 599, (>87. King, W. E., 438, 881. Kinghom, A., 1081. Klnman, C. F., 8%. Klnoshita, T., 210. Kinzel, \V., 225, 8<)S, 1020. Kinzer, R. J., 4.38. 490, 591. Kirchner, O., 156. Kirkaldy, G. "W ., 190. 1148. Kirkland, A. 11., 2,53. Klrschbaum, M., 65. Kitzinger, 221. Kladnitsky, N., 705. Klamp, F., 492. Kleberger, 220. Klebs, E., 282, 380. Klein, E., 402, 771. Klein, J., 470, 780. Kleine, R., 559. Kleinheinz, F., 73. Kleinschmidt, E., Sll. Kleinschmitt, A., 907. Klempin, P.. 166, 830. Klimmer, M., 81, 480. Kliilgen, I. M. P., 15. Klostermann, M., 512. Klotz, M., 573. Klugh, G. F., 146. Klut, 11., 909, 1007, 1105. Knab, F., 11.53. Knapp, A. W., 1109. Knapp, S. A., 630, 887, 1099. Kneale, R. D., 388. Knecht, E., 331. Knechtel, A., 11.35. Knesch, 11., 796. Knibbs, G. H., 391. Knight, C. S., 891. Knight, H. G., 135, 368, 911. Knight, L. I., 627. Knight, O. W., 652. Knisely, A. L., 323. Knispel, O., 780. Knoche, W., 13. Knorr, F., 894. Knowles, M. E., 278. Knowles, R. E., 1121. Kniisel, O., 783. Knuth, P., 326. Kobler, B., 1177. Koch, A., 17, 316, 1014, 1115, 1179. Koch, M., 282. Koch, R., 199, 1185. Koch, W. T., 564. Kochs, J., 590, 809, 1061, 1157. Kock, G., 247, 850. Koebele, A., 1140. Koenig, A., 730. Koestler, G., 80, 873, 1011. Kohl, F. G., 432. Kohn, S., 418. Kohn-Abrest, E., 308. Koiner, G. W., 89. Kolkunov, v., 129. Kollmanii, M., 1183. Kono, E. R., 98. Konig, .v., 106(>. Konig, ir., 75. Konig, J., 6.5, 109, 713, 90,S, 1171. Koning, A., 623. Koning, C. J., 1176. Konr4di, D., 279. Konradi, E., 782. Koops, W., 2a5. Kopcko, P., 773. Korir, G., 4.')5. Kornauth, K., 247, 940. Korosy, K. von, 11()5. Koss^l, A., 678. Kossowiez, A., 773, 977. Kosut&ny, T., 795, 1159. Kowalewsky, J., 479. Kozesnik, M., 1135. Kozyn, M. B., 64, 772. Krahmer, 720. Kranich, 580. Krasser, J. M., 904, 1009. Krause, M., 300. Krauss, F. G., 137. Kravkov, S., 618. Krcis, II., 707, 771. 1009. Kreitz, W., 332. Kreutz, A., 1009. ' Krieg, W., 733. Krimberg, R., 365, 663. Krische, P., 617, 731, 1021. Kristensen, M. K., 1023. Kristensen, R. K., 318, 807. Krizevci, G. B., 745. Kroeber, L., 659. Krohne, 720. Kroll, V. A., jr., 731. Kruger, E., 387. Kriiger, F., 762. Kriiger, W., 720, 1118. Kruijflf, E. de, 65, 110, 924. Krulish, E., 1159. Krummacher, O., 1108. Krzemienicwska, H., 718. Krzizan, R., 1182. Kubierschky, K., 24. Kudashev, A. S., 317. Kiihl, H., 121, 1105. Kiihl, W., 712. Kiihle, L., 947, 1042. Kuhn, J., 369, 475. Kuhncrt, R., 21, 429. Kulisch, P., 110. Kulisz, A., 795, 796. Kullmer, C. J., 1012. Kulzhinski, S., 917. Kuntze, W., 428, 875. Kurita, S., 770. Kiisano, S., 1120, 1142. Kiister, E., 1121. Kiitscher, F., 9, 1C),5. Kuttenkculer, H., 658, 775. Kyas, O., 1029. Labb(5, II., 515. Laborde, J., 753. Laby, E. P., 443. Lacy, W. N., 312. Ladd, E. F., 511, 512, 515, 567, 657, 859, 860, 861, 863, 1089. J.afont, F., 60. Lagatu, II., 125, 818. Lagers, G. II. G., 703. Lagorsso, J. M. de, 177. Laibach, F., 150, 158. Lain6, E., 23, 322, 523. Lake, S. B., 989. Lali6ro, A., 841. Lamb, II. G., 589. Lamb, W. A., 490. 1214 EXPEKIMKNT STATION EECORD. Lambert, E., G88. Lambert, G., 712. Lambotte, 510. La Mont, 169. Lamson, G. H., jr., 95, 1070. Landis, D. S., 312. Landolf, F., 477. Lane, C. B., 78, 1073, 1099, 1175. Lane-Claypon, J. E., 573. Lang, n., 749, 947. Langbein, H., 167. Langeron, M., 1192. Langley, S. P., 211, 421. Langstein, L., 70. Langstroth, L. L., 1155. Langworthy, C. F., 68, 200, 264, 497, 661, 698. Lannclongue, 66. Lantz, D. E., 251, 349, 598. Lapparent, H. de, 63. Larsen, L. D., 96. Larson, A., 181. Lasnier, E., 1139. Lassabliere, P., 170. Latham, A., 981. LaTouche, CD., 464. Latschenberger, J., 371. Latter, L. R.,93. Laii, E.,817. Lauder, A., 79, 1074. Lauman, G. N., 295, 1200. Laur, E., 291. Laurent, E., 218. Laurent, J., 1112. Laurent, P., 761. Lauterwald, F., 1074. Lavenir, P., 69, 122, 224, 1180. Laveran, A., 82, 83, 579, 884, 1185. Lavialle, J. B., 151. Lavinder, C. H., 1158. Law all, C. H., 211, 1010. Lawrence, C. W., 537. Lawrence, W. H., 98. Lawson, H. W., 181. Lazenby, W. R., 692, 895. Lea, A. E., 771. Leach, A. E., 65. Leather, J. W., 214, 714. Leathes, J. B., 67, 1166. Leavens, G. D., 398. Leavenworth, C. S., 260, 267. 1 102. Leavitt, R., 996. LeBosquet, M., 1062. Lecarpentier, G., 289. Leclainche, E., 85, 285, 1081. Leclerc du Sablon, 444. Lee, C. E., 1095. Lee, J. G., jr., 72, 492, 572. Lee, W. C, 93. Leeman, H., 311. Leenhofl, J. van, 1129. Leenhoff, J. W. van, 45, 61. Leeuwen, A. van, 284. Leeuwen-Reynvaan, J. van, 161. Leeuwen-Reynvaan, W. van, 161. Lefevre, J., 776. Lefmann, G., 378. Lefroy, U. M., 57, 160, 255, 258, 458, 654, 762, 854, 856, 955, II 4.'), 1154. Legat, C. E., 646. Lengendre, P., 566. Le Gentil, 177. L^ger, L., 1154. Ix!hinan, W. F., 312. Lehmann, A., 493, 918. Lehmann, C, 475. Lehmann, K. B., 774. Leighton, H., 585. Leiningen, W. G. zu, 1014. Leisewitz, W., 350. LeUi, F. F., 358. Leloup, E., 832. Lemalre, G., 583. Lenunermann, O., 429, 567, 717 1019. Lemmoin-Cannon, H., 1014. Lemstroin, 930. Lendrich, K., 364, 661, 1009. Lenten, W., 383. Leopold, 574. Lepel, von, 972. Leplae, E., 618. Leraille, II.,90. Le Rossignol, R., 609. Lesne, P., 353, 354. Lesourd, F., 390. LetuUe, M.,5G6. Levison, L. A., 705. Levltes,S., 663, 1166. Levy, E., 579, 1085. Levy, E. C.,857. Le\T, N., 1151. Lewin, L., 1158. Lewis, C. I., 336, 941. Lewis, F. T., 1071. Lewis, J., 745. Lewis, L. L., 383, 481, 692. Lewkowitsch, J., 1182. Lewton-Braln, L., 95. Leyson, L. T., 1102. Leze, R., 1108. Lidoff, A. P., 208. Liebenberg, A. von, 523. Liebener, 583. Liebermann, L. von, 611. Liechti, P., 820. Lienaux, E., 88, 280, 481. Lignieres, J., 384. Ligot, O., 21, 726, 822, 823. Ligtenberg, J. F., 341. Limay, R. de, 523. Lincoln, A. T., 489. Lind, J., 249. Lindau, G., 827, 1199. Lindblad, R. C, 115, 312, 515, 811, 1012. Lindemuth, n., 131. Linden, von (Countess), 254. Lindet, L., 109. Lindgren, J. M., 1013. Lindinger, L., 352. Lindsay, R. W., 97. Lindsey, J. B., 327, 360, 374, 375, 397. Lindstroni, I., 278. Linfield, F. B., 412, 416, 667. Ling, A. R.,.309. Linklater, W. A., 75, 97, 886. Linnaeus, 1120. Lintner, C. J., 1008. Lipraan, J. G., .397, 398, 698, 718. Lippmann, E. O. von, 1102. Lipschiitz, B., 1191. Liston, W. G., 790. Little, E. M., 493, 871. Little, II. A., 964. Litzendorff, J., 8. Liverance, W. B., 374. Livermore, K. C, 1200. Livingston, (Mrs.) G. J., 312, 1012. Lloyd, F. E., 492, 525. Lloyd, F. J., 923. Lloyd, J. W., 146. Lloyd, W. A., 895. Lock, R. H., 629. Lockwood, W. P. B., 96. Lodge, O., 298, 630, 688, 930. Loeffler, F., 83. Loevenhart, A. S., 211. Loew, O., 32, 42, 45, 54, 310, 461, 841, 1020, 1118. Loges, G., 892. Lohnis, F., 123, 428, 621, 623, 783, 1117. Lohrisch, H., 68. Loisel, J., 422. Lommel, V., 820. London, E. S.,662. Long, J. H., 309. Longo, J., 796. Longyear, B. O., 151. Loock, 477. Loomis, H. M., 396. Looss, A., 1087. Lorenz, N. von, 610, 645. Lory, C. A., 1095. Lothian, W., 385. Lotsch, E., 1067. Lotzer, P., 184. Loud, F. II., 615. Loughridge, R. H., 815. Lounsberry, A., 592. Lounsbury, C. P., 452, (i54, 7(>3, 854, 884. Love, II. n., 295, 598, 1200. Lovegrove, W. H., 149, 343. Lowden, M. M., 1184. Luaces, E. L., 1099. Lubimenko, W., 735, 738, 828, 1124 Lucas, A., 914. Lucchi, G. de, 509. Luckey, D. F., 786. Ludewig, 577- Ludewig, H. J., 290. Ludlow, C. S., 957, 1153. Ludwig, W., 658. INDEX OF NAMES. 1215 l^iigner, I., 224. Liihrig, H., 1()7,808,1059,11(>1. Lund, L., 170. Lunge, G., 418, 810. Lungwitz, II., 662. Lunn, A. G., 694. Lusk, G., 464, 698. Luther, A., 1113. Lutz, A., 82, 354, 884. Lyford, E. F., 1107. Lyman, R. P., 199. Lyon, M.W., jr., 1144. Lyon, T. L., 235. Lyon,W. S., 1200. Lyons, R. E., 715. Lyons, T. J., 1089. Lythgoe, H. C, 396, 709, 1059. McAdie, A. G., 114, 515, 811, 1012. McAlpine, D., 159, 345. McBryde, C. N., 681, 963, 1082. McCall, A. G., 891. MeCall, J. S. J., 175. McCallie, S.W., nil. McCampbell, E. F., 284. McCandless, J. M., 397. McCandless, R. H., 114. McCarthy, C, 343. McCarthy, J., 1097. McCay, D., 767. McClain, J. H., 294. McChntock, C. T., 881. McCollum, A. R., 1098. McConnell, P., 516. McConnell, T. F., 98, 368. McCook, II. C, 891. McCool, M. M., 295. MeCrae, J., 567, 574, 862, 1110. McCrary, E.W., 818. McCready, S. B., 92. McCrory, S. H., 988. McDonald, D., 797. McDonald, W. T., 97, 176, 296. McDonnell, C. C, 181, 397. McDowell, J. C, 296. McDowell, J. S., 996. McEalhron,W. J.,988. McFadyean, J., 379, 1082. McGill, A., 359, 432, 462, 463, 562, 771, 773, 826, 1065, 1162, 1163, 1164, 1180, 1181. .McGlone, B., 515. McGregor, R. C, 1145. .McGrew, T. F., 76. -McGuigan, II., .364, 465. .McIIatton, T. JI., 294, 1036. Mclnnis, L. L., 1098. Mclntirc, A. L., 544. .McIntyre,W. II., 98. McKay, CD., .5.38. .McKay, G. L., 209, 676. McKendrick, A., 83, 984. McKenne, II. A., 832. McKeown, G. M., 779. McKerrow, G., 700. McKinney, II. G., 886. McLaren, J., 842. 6831—09 3 McLean, J. A., 29.5. McLellan, B. G., 706. McLendon, C. A., 294. McLeod, A. F., 16. McLeod, C. II., 513. McLeod, J. J., 1151. McMuUen, G.W., 1066. McMurtrie, R., 127, 316, 430. McPherson, J. B., 1067. Maassen, A., 560. MacDougal, D. T., 323, 732. Macdougall, R. S., 161, 256, 457. Macedo, J. M. de, 14. MacFadden, A.W. J., 165. Macinnes, L. T., 476. Mack,W.B., 649, 678. Mackenzie, J. A. P., 92. Mackenzie, K. J. J., 779, 1194. Mackenzie, M., 955. Macmillan, H. F., 432. Macoun, W. T., 598, 1038. Macrae, D. M., 770. Macy, E. J., 116. Madsen-Mygdal, .\., 246. Maercker, 475. Maggiacomo, F., 610. Magnus, P., 846. Mahan, C. A., 834. Mahlich, P., 1174. Mai, C, 706. Maiden, J. H., 367, 843. Maier-Bode, F., 393. Maige, A., 734. Maignon, M. F., 1167. Main, J., 489, 901, 993, 1099. Main, T.W., 845. Mair,W., 914. Mairs, T. I., 373, 668, 866. ' Maiziferes, 22, 26, 322, 824, 925, 1U21. Malafosse, L. de, 553. Malde, O. G., 40, 59. Maljean, 63. Mallory,\V.L., 98. Mally, C. W., 657, 763, 1149, 1151. Malone, J. S., 176. Malpcaux, L., 124, 175, 176, 567, 723, 822. Malvezin, P., 753. Mangan, J., 764. Mangin, L., 546, 757. Mankenberg, C, 194. Mann, A., 635. Mann, A. R., 895. Mann, E. A., 1119. Mann, H.H.,61. Mann, J. R., 10!)4. Mannich, C, 211. Manning, G. G., 97. Manning, W. H., 148. Mansell, A., 569. Mansell, R. E., Ml. Mansicr, 164. Manson, P., llt)5. Manuelll, C, 431. Maquenne, L., 110. Mar, C. do, 1092. Marbury, J. B., 911. Marchal, E., 217, 940. Marchal, P., 954, 1149, 1151. Marchelli, M., 774. Marchet, J., 1041. Marchlewski, L., 1026. Marchoux, E., 1191. Marcille, R., 182. Mares, D. J., 515. Mar^s, R., 920. Marie, A., 579. Marincola-Cattaneo, R., 718. Marinucci, M., 1132. Maris, P. V., 978. Marise, S., 785. Markinovski, 984. , Marlatt, C. L., 161, 351. Marotel, G., 159, 285, 879. Marques, A., 224, 1031. Marquis, J. C, 297. Marr, T., 218. Marre, F., 378. Marryat, D. C. E., 1168. Marsais, P., 25. Marsh, M. C, 323. Marshall, C. E., 275, 276, 496, 987. Marshall, C. J., 981. Marshall, F. H. A., 174, 200, 369, 1173. Marshall, F. R., 1174. Marshall, G. A., 147. Marshall, H., 609. Marshall, J. D., 591. Marshall, R. R., 29, 297, 999. Marstellcr, R. P., 1084. MarszalkowiCT, J. R. von, 1074. Martel, 11., 481, 581, 863. Martin, A. L., 93. Martin, E., 91. Martin, J. B., 1124. Martin, P. F., 1193. Martinet, G., 14. Martiny, B., 575. Marvin, C. F., 811. Marxer, A., 482, 579, 1085. l^aschhaupt, J. G., 223, 921. Mason, C. J., 178. Mason, F. H., 792. Massart, J., 521. Massce, G., 247, 848, 1043. Massol, L., 479. Masson, J., 463. Mastbaum, II., 310. Matheson, R.,1200. Mathews, E.,277. Mathews, E. B., 615, 715. Mathcwson, E. II., 333. Mathewson, T. G., 799. Mathewson, W. E.,10. Mathey,.\.,151. Mathieu,C.,1136. Mathicu,E.,835. Mathicu, L., 112. Matignon, J. J., 1061, 1164. Mattei , 246. Matthaiopoulos, G. T., 705. Matlhcs, 1I.,210, 419, 707. Mattos, J. N. B., 615, 913. 1216 EXPERIMENT STATION IJECOKD. Maul>bnc,C.,651,848. Mauldin, C. E.,582. Maurcl.E., 566, 1165. Maurizio, A., 777. Maury, C. J., 1079. Mawson, D.,25. Mawson.T. n.,1133. Maxwell, IT., 842. Maxwell,]!. M.,786. Maxwell, W., 747. May,D. \V.,32, 88, 699. Mayet, V., 953. Maynard.S. T.,540. Mayo, M. A., 993. Mayo, N.S., 377, 884, 890. Mayo, R. B.,798. Mayr, F.,810. Mayr, H., 943. Mazzaron, A., 1163. Mazzlnl, G., 1081. Meakins, J. C, 1188. Medd, J. C, 204. Medeiros, A. de, 748. Mehring, H., 711, 713. Meissner, R., 549. Meiander, A. L., 161, 162, 1056. Meldert, L. van, 685. Melho, C. dc, 587. Melick, C. W., 1200. Mell, C. D., 47, 542, 645, 843. Mell, P. II., 412, 413. Mellaiiby, E., 365. Melvin, A. D., 881, 977, 981, 983, 1083. Mendel, L. B., 265, 266, 267, 1165, 1167. Mendelson, F., 1091. Mendenhall, H. D., 1022. Mendenliall, W. C, 813, 1112. Menozzi, A., 365, 826. Mensio, C, 12. Mer, E., 650, 849. Merl, T., 1009, 1107. Merres, E., 420, 465. Merriam, R. H., 64, 1158. Merrill, L. 11., 4G1. Mesnil, F., 82, 380. Mestrezat, W., 959, 1182. MetalnikoS, S. I., 186. Metcalf, II., 250. Metealf, Z. P., 1051. Mculeman, E., 369, 478. Meves, F., 1109. Mexia, E. R., 1199. Meyer, C, 884. Meyer, D., 1172. Meyer, F. N., 528, 828, 1028. Meyer, G., 912. Mez, C, 454. Mezger, C.,515, 619. Mezger, O., 65, 167, 658, 964, 1100, 1102, 1177. Mezincesco, D., 985. M'Fadyean, J., 684, 1080. Michael, W. H., 1158. Micheels, H., 225. Michels, J., 476, 860,871. Mickleborough, J., 550. Micko, K., 209, ft58. Miehe, II., 804. Miessncr, 385. Miethe, A., 1158. Mihaiesti, C. J., 683. Milburn, T., 9.33, 934. Miles, G. F., 246. Milham, W. I., 514, 515. Milks, II. J., 38.5, 577,583. Mill, II. R., 21.3, 913. Millen, II., 1111. Miller, A. E., 599. MUler, E. R., 811. Miller, II. P., 694. Miller, J. D., 8S4. Miller, J. II., 489. Miller, N. II. J., 621, 716. MUler, AV., 1036. Miller (Mrs.), W. McN., 590. Milliau, E., 49. Millward, R. H., 152. Milner, R. T., 98, 643. Milone, U., 207, 307. Milroy, T. H., 772. Milward, J. G., 53, 948. Minehin, E. A., 282, 765. Miner, II. L., 197, 1098. Miquel, P., 1111, 1113. Mitchell, A. S., 398. Mitchell, J. W., 477, 510. Mitchell, M. J., 292. Mitchell, P. H., 265. Mitscherlich, E. A., 831. Mituch, A. von, 471. Mitzmain, M. B., 765. Moberly, D. G., 788. Moeller, W., 418. Mohler, J. R., 7&5, 980, 981, 982, 983. Mohr, E. C. J., 716. Moir, A. T., 1200. Molinari, M. de, 21, 72(i, 822, 823. Molisch, n., 640. Moll, J. W., 1134. Moll, R., 1117. Moller, K. J., 944. Mollers, B., 1154. MoUinger, T. G., 783. Mollwald, V. E., 795. Molz, E., 459, 559, 649. Mondesir, P. de, 807. Monod, M., 1189. Monrad, J. 11., 784. Montanari, C, 716. Monteiro, J. R., 643. Montgomery, E. G., 437, 1090. Montgomery, J. S., 890. Montgomerj% L. M., 97. Montgomery, R. E., 483, lOSl, 1086. Monti, N., 1109. Monvoisin, A., 1077, 1109. Moody, G. T., 1102. Mooers, C. A., 1031. Mookerji, D. N., 750. Moore, B., 1121, Moore, E. L., 285. Moore, J. E. S., 789. Moore, J. G., 30, 35, 40, 00. Moore, J. S., 474. Moore, J. W., 81. Moore, R. A., 32, 35, 30, 53, 135, 297. Moore, V. A., 187, 415, 878. Moorhouse, L. A., 437, 933. Moras, J. M., 582. Mordwilko, A., 254. Morcau, 880. Morel, A., 808, 1008. Morcschi, B., 946. Morgan, II. A., 252, 489, Morgan, II. II. , 468. Morgan, J. F., 560. Morgan, J. O., 295. Morgan, T. II., 598, 1169. Morgen, A., 975, 1006. Morgulis, S., 928. Morisot, L., 188. Morisse, L., 1137. Moriya, G., 84. Morman, J. B., 497. Moro, E., 1061. Morpurgo, 381. Morres, W., 1010. Morrill, A. AV., 555, 763. Morris, D., 400, 700, 1100, 1126. Morris, O. M., 935, 939, 950. Morrison, C. E., 792 Morse, F. W., 117, 125, 215, 224, 397. Morse, W. J., 1040, 1047. Morslatt, H., 254, 459. Mortensen, M., 295. Mortensen, M. L., 530, 545. Mortiz, 457. Morton, G. E., 508. Moser (Mrs.), 771. Moses, B., 0%. Mosier, J. G., 317. Mott, F. W., 789. Moulton, D., 956. Moussu, G., 84, 85, 880, Mowrer, F. R., 1174. Much, H., 78, 1077. Mudaliar, P. R., 65. Mueller, W., 1059. Miihlbach, E., 112. Mukerji, N. G., 890. Miiller, A., 308. Miiller, E., 169,465. Miiller, H. C, 709. Muller, H. E., 431. Miiller, K., 158. Miiller, L., 81, 1181. Muller, M., 808. Miiller, R., 71, 1109, 1170. Miiller. W., 1091. Miiller-Thurgau, H., 642, 946, 1182. Mulligan, C. A., 1165. Mumford, F. B., 569. Mumford, H. W., 498, 595. Miinch, E., 1046. INDKX OK NAMES. 1217 Miinily, II. C, 739. Munroo, C. E.,825. Miinson, AV. M., 33(i. Muntz, .\., 21, 23, 322, 523, 1019. MiinzinKcr, 409. Murakami, T., 333, 747. Muratet, L., 792. Murdfield, R., Wil, 1009. Murphree, A. A., 894. Murphy, D. D., 990. Murrill, W. A., 348, 700. Murschhauser, II., 1107. Musback, F. L., 999. Musgrave, W. E., GGl, 788. Musso, L. A., 464. Musson, C. T., 759. Mutemillch, W., 16G. Mygdal, A. M., 246. Nabokieh, A. J., 830. Namba, I., 320. Nangle, J., 341. Nanneson, L., 781. Naquet, E., .588. Nardini, A., 777. Nash, J. T. C, 873. Nathan, L. V., 1191. Nathnsius, S. von, 571. Nauckhoff, V., 73. Naumann, A., 367. Navarro, D. L., 353, 1140. Nazari, V., 922. Nazzari, 795. Needham, J. G., 6.53, 1200. Needham, R. J., 981. Neel, L. R., 1098. Negcr,>F. W., 446, 758, 951, 1047. Ncifcrt, W. W., 811. Nelson, A., 135. Nelson, E., 214, 227. Nelson, J. B., 1028. Nelson, M., 295. Nelson, S. B., 379. Nerking, J., 782. Nemst, W., 609. Ness, 11., 243. Neubauer, 1162. Neuberg, C, 70, 1008. Neufeld.r. A., 62, 657. Neuhauss, G., 729. Neumann, L. G., 764, 11.54, 1189. Neumann, M. P., 611, 659. N'vill, E., nil. N'wcomb, S.,211, 811. Newcomer, E. J., 1149. Newell, W., 161, 252, 5.5;}, 582, 761, 798, 11.50. Newhall, E. H., 1107. Newman, C. L., 330. Newman, J. E., 735. Newman, L. J., 655, 1147. Newman, P. J., 694. Newsham, J. C, 190. New.some, T., 1036. Ncwstead, R., 257, 4.58, .554, 656, 761, 764, 1145, 1147. Newton, II. D., 593. Nicholls, IT. A. A., 338. Nichols, E. L., 495. Nichols, E. R., 414. Nicholson, F. A., 688, 689, 892 1197. Nicholson, G.,600. Nicholson, J. F., 161, 952, 998. Nicolas, G., 734. Nicolis, E.,618. NicoUc, C, 883. Nielsen, S. S., 364. Niklewski, B., 218. Nilcs, L. D., .595. Nitsche, M., 1173. Niven, J., 381. Niven, L. A., 904. Nixon, C, 670. Noack, 72. Nobbe, F., 620. Nobbs, E. A., 300. Nock, N. \V., 999. Nogier, T., 1113. Nogueria, J. V. dc P., 467. Noll, F., 400, 700,930. Noll, H., Ill, 308, 418. Nordenson, E., 708. ' Nordin, G., 20. Norgord, C. P., 34, 297. Noriega, E., 1140. Norris, J. H., 791. Northrop, Z., 96, 976. Norton, H. W., 96. Norton, J. B. S., 560, 599. Norton, J. H., 814. Norton, T. H., 165, 1089. Nottin, P., 21, 1019. Nourissp, R., 361. Nourse, H. A., 473. Novik, P. M., 492, 938. Nowak, J., 878. Nowell, H. T., 99, 329. Nowicki, R., 703. Nowotny, R., 544. Noyer, E., 188. Noyer, J., 544, 1011. Nukada, Y., 1166. Nuttall, G. H. F., 5.54, 1154, 1190, 1192. Nutting, P. G., 115. Nye, W. M., 599. Oberwarth, E., 681. O'Callaghan, M. A., 1174, 1180. Oeock, C. A., 599, 989. O'Connor, 790. CEfele, F., 709. Oestergren, .\., 1176. Oeslreicher, U., 91. Oetken, W., 1128. Ogden, A. W.,398. Ogier, J., .308. Ohmke, W., 1158. Oka. S., 840. Terry, II. L., 50. Testoni, G., 04. Thach, C. C, 413. Thackara, A. M., 875. Thallniayer, V., 485. Thatcher, R. W., 117, 118, ](i(;, 290. Thaiilovv, J. G., 720. Theiler, A., 279, 079, 080, 787, 791, 982, 1085. Theobald, F. V., 051. Tlicoi)ol.. -165. Wells, J. II., 363. VVoiidel, J. A., 224. Wendler, O., 511,613. Weiult, G. von, 1177. Wpnicken, G., 1178. Wery, G., 1120. Wesscl, 86. West, E. van, 660. Wester, P. J., 226. Westgate, J. M., 597, 634, 102S. Westh, T. C, 720. W'esthausser, F., 975. Westman, K. A., 277. Westmann, 719. Weston, R. S., 1112. Wheeler, G.C.,438. Wheeler, H. J., 124, 125, 412, 495, 537, 995. W^heeler, S. M.,682. W'heeler, W. M.,254. 457, 497, 10.-)0, 1148. Wheeler, W. P., 933, 967. Wherry, W. B., 758, 1144, 1183. Whetzel, n. II., 52, 57, 546, 551, 1200. Whipple, L. F., 566. Whitaker, G. M., 978, 1073. White, B. D., 78. White, C. J., 732. White, D. S., 284. White, E.,97. White, E. A., 599. White, G. F., 857. White, G. R., 199. White, H. C, 407, 411, 413. White, II. L., 861. White, II. M., 840. White, J., 629, 930. White, O.K., 997. White, T. H., 236, 238. W^hiteaves, J. F., 652. Whiteside, F., 1145. Whitman, W. G.,675. Whitney, I. P., 695, 1073. Whitney, M., 915. Whitson, A. R., 15, 16, 29, 40. Whittelsey, T., 1130. Wicken, P. G., 323. Wickham, H. A., 1041. Wic-kson, E. J., 392, 412, 041, 838. Widtsoe, J. A., 814. Wie«hmann, F. G., 909, llOii. Wieler, A., 1027. WillxTforce, S.,390, 1091. Wilcox, E. v., 372, 844. Wilcox, W. G., 207. Wildholz, H., 580. Wildeman, E. de, 148. Wildl, J. C. do R. de, 223. Wiley, II. W., .361, 362, .398, 404, 512, 513, .5(», 698, 774-, 961, 1102. Wilhclin Graf zu JycininKen, 1014. Wilk, L.,22. Wilkcii, F. A., 143, 939. Wilkins, (Mrs.) K., 90. Wilkiiistiii, W. 1"., I KIN. Wilks, W. A. K., i:i(). Will, K., 12. Willard, J. T., 167, 438, 498, 502, 69S, 775. Willaiime-Jantzen, V., 1012. Willors, I)., 291. Willey, D. A., 586. Williams, A. W., 281, 1184. W^illiatns, C. G., 33, 34, 231, 1030. Williams, E., 65. Williams, E. T., 770. Williams, F. X., 1147, 1152. Williams, G. 11. C, 198. Williams, J. R., 891. Williams, M. McC., 63. Williams, R., 908. Williams, W. L., 278. Williamson, G. A., 883. Willis, J. J., 1012. Wills, J. L., 1172. Willson, C. A., 570; Willyotmg, L. E., 278. W'ilmot, S. E., 342. Wilsdorf, G., 569. Wilson, A., 109, 283. Wilson, C. S., 57, 249, 295. W"iIson, D. M., 490. Wilson, E. B., 1004, 1071. Wilson, F. \y., 381. Wilson, H. F., 955. W'ilson, J., 299, 568, 778. W'ilson, J. K., 19, 846. Wilson, J. W., 176. Wilson, James, 198, .395, 399, 411, 598, 882, 1090. Wilson, M. G. W'., 842. Wilson, R. F., 97. Wilstcr, 86. Wimmer, G., 726. Winder, T., 989. Windisch, K., 210, 613, 1074. Wing, J. E., 596. Winkler, A., 616, 717, 832. Winkler, W., 1179. W^inogradski, S., 914. Winslow, A. R., 1079. Winslow, C. E. A., 308, 423, 1024, 1079. Winslow, E. B., 594. Winslow, K., 1183. Wintcrstein, E., 110, 1104. Winton, A. L., 396, .398. Winton, W. E., 251. WMrth, D.,386. Withers, W. A., 398, 620. Withyeombc, J., 393, 969. Witt, 361. Witt, A. D. de, .591. Witte, 658. Wladimiroff, A., 188. WoKliim, H. S., ia">6. Wohlgemuth, J., 208, 46.'). Wohltmann, F., 13. Wol. U.,214. Wolf, ('. C. L.,70. Wolf, F. A., 451. Wolf, (J. , 116.-). Wolfe, W. W., 240. Wolfel, K., 981. WollT, A., 674, 1078. A\'oltT, E. von, 475. Wolir, II. W.,588. Wolff, L. C, 720. Woll, F. W^, 13, 34, .35, 69, 77, 128, 173, 180, 367, 398, 674, 1181. W^olseley, F. G., 644. W^olter, A., 470. Wolterock, H. C, 823, 824, 1021. Wood, A. K., 1138. Wood, II. A., 296. Wood, II. C., jr., 113. Wood, T. B., 100, 260, 325. Wood, W., 1056. Woodbury, C. G., 1037, 1044. Woodhouse, E. J., 11.32. Woodman, A. G., 310, .396, 1107. Woodman, F. W., 196. Woods, C. D., 172, 271, 412, 416, 926. Woodward, H. P., 824. Woodward, T. E., 72, 572. Woodworth, C. W., 352. Woolcock, W^ J. U., 121. W^oosley, H., 536, 834. Wooton, E. O., 271. Working, D. W^, 409. Worms, R., 588, 888. Worms, W., 611. Worner, E., 610. W'orsham, E. L., 496, 7.57. Wortmann, J., 92. W'oudslra, 11. W., 308. Woj-, R., 308. AVrangel, C. G., 75. W'rede, F., 13. Wright, A. M., 461. Wright, C. D., 301, 798. W^right, II., 50, 755. Wright, \V. J., 510. Wright, W. P., 943. Wroe, J. B., 942. Wiilff, T., 831. Wulsch, A., 516. Wynne, J. G., 599. Xylander, 455, 986. Yakimoff, V. L., 479. Yakuwa, G., 405. Yanovehik, F., 91,S. Yates, L. M.,3(13. Yerhurgh, R. A., 190, 794. Yoder, P. A., 196, 979. Yokoyama, II., 321. Yothers, M. .V., 96. Yothers. W. W^. 761. Young, C. II.. 2.53. Young, D., •>»)3. 893. Young, R. E., 844. Young, W. J., 1097. Youngblood, B., 292. Yunge, (M2. 1220 KXPRT^fMENT STATION RECORD. Zuc'liari'wiez, E., 042, S30. Ziihii, A. I''., 811. Z;ihiil>rcflUT, KHH). Zaiirr, \'., 22. Zailschok, A., 270. 271 , 27;t, T.l 1 . Zande, K. II. M. van dcr, 97'.). Zanger. II., 117S. Zanietti, E., -1 1.3. Zaiili, C, MH. Zavitz. C. A., 22S, 40(;, .->()-). Zavitz, K. .1., l.W, liac. Zcdcrbaucr, E., 94(1. Zehl, A., 2S4. Zchl, L., T.i7. Zclci'iski, K., 793. Zeiiiyatch('ii.skil, 1'., 314, '>\'i Zcrl)an, V., 9(1, 190,397. Zorbini, L., 221. Zhollsin.ski. I. I'., 910. ZicLslorlT, W.,7,si. Zik(>j3, H., 1024. Zirniiiorinaii. II., 1030. Ziirimcrmann, A., 428, 909. Ziiiiiiicriiiuiiii, J., :ir^). Z161)iiisky, J. (;., 012. Zolla, D., 487, "21, 1033. Zoii, Jl., 242, 94.5. Zo.so, A., 03. Zublin, E., 878. Zuniga, V. C. M. de, 8.39. Ziintz, N., 409, .'iO.'i. 1107. Zwpigbergk, (J. von, 781. Zwick, \V., 483. o INDEX OF SUBJECTS. Note.— The abbreviations ''Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," etc., after entries refer to tiie publications of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Uavvail," and "P. R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada, and "U. S. D. A." to those of tliis Department. Page. Abaci, culture, P.R 32 Abattoirs in Ilungary 1173 value in disease prevention 577 (See also Slaughterhouses.) Abies nobil is as affected by Chermes picex bouvieri 459 pectinata disease, notes 758 spp., notes, U.S.D. A 543 Abortion, contagious, in cows 82, 878 Ariz 381 Conn.Storrs... 480 prevalence in Queens- land f 788 treatment 279 A braxas grossulariata, notes 457 lacticolor, sex inheri- tance 1169 Al)scess germs, destruction, Wis 986 Abutilons, growth as affected by glucose 625 ^cacia/arnMiawa, effecton pastures, U.S.D. A. 437 melanozylon , culture and use 447 spp., for shelter belts 447 Acanthia lectularia, behavior of Spirochxta spp. in 1192 Aeanthocephales in mammals 985 Acariasis in transport animals 1086 Acarina in Congo Free State 1147 Acer paeudoplatanus, notes 225 rubrum, wood increment of 447 sacchaTum, notes, U.S.D. A 543 Acetamid, effect on nitrogen metabolism 465 Acetanilid — caffein, and sodium bicarbonate, separa- tion 397 effect on estimating alcohol in pharma- ceutical preparations 398 toxicity as affected 1 )y temperature 737 Acetic acid— as a ketchup preservative, U.S.D. A 861 manufacture 824 properties 544 Acetin, determination in fat 1109 Acetone, properties 544 Acetylene, analyses 824 effect on plants 523 gas fumigation , Conn.State 1048 Acha seed, preparation for food 66 Achillea millefolium , analyses 750 Acid phosphate. (See Superphosphate.) solutions, effect on seedlings, R.I 126, 127 wax, in soils 509 Acidimeter, use, N.Y.Corncll 574 6830—09 1 Page. Acids, determination 396 in air 308 wine 612 effect on phosphates, Mich 222 fatty, in butter, studies 783,1109 odorless, preparation 110 monaminic, in meat extract 658 Aconite, poisonous to stock 189 Acridium purpuriferum, notes 654 Acrobasis rubri/ascidla, notes. Me 1049 Acrostalagmus cinnabarinus, notes 1.54 Actinomyces odorifer as a cause of turnip flavor in butter 180 Actinomycosis — effect on milk secretion, U.S.D. A 980 in cows 786 prevalence in Ohio 183 Queensland 788 Adenosarcoma, embryonal, in pigs, U.S.D. A . 982 Adoxus obscuTus, studies and bibliography, Cal 558 spp., notes 652 Adulterants for paints, Tex 911 Aedes, new species, descriptions 1153 ^geriafraxini. (See Podesesia fraxini.) ^ginelia indica, life history 1126 Aerodynamics, experiments in, U.S.D. A 811 Afforestation in Ireland 448 the United Kingdom 1039 of pine lands 645 poor soils, book 944, 945 African coast fever — control in Queensland 187 prevalence in Africa. . 279, 478, 576, 679, 787, 1080 studies 478 transmission experiments 787 Agalliasfip.. notes, U.S.D. A 955 Agaricus campeslris fruiting bodies, dead, elimination of carbon dioxid by.. 830 elevensis. propagation from spores .. 838 melleus, studies 1047, 1142 A gave sisalana, culture and use 1031 spp., culture and use 834 Agglutinins, constitution and action 1080 Aggressins, prophylactic value 82 Agricultural- Associations and Vital Statistics, inter- national congress 298 in Belgium 990 France 888 law concerning... 889 Japan 689 1227 1228 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, Agricultural— Continued. Tage. banks in European countries 689 bookkeeping, treatise 589 chemists, training 3% college at Dookie, Australia 300 Ovid, N. Y 291 Saskatoon, Saskatchewan 1100 colleges- educational policy 412 functions 1092 in Italy 098 military instruction in 408,414 need of men in 1 organization lists, U.S.D.A 994 relation to Carnegie Foundation 407 education 392 statistics, U.S.D.A 691,693 technical courses in 413 training of teachers in, U.S.D.A 691 (See also Alabama, Arizona, etc.) colonies in Maine 1090 various countries 290 Jewish 290 colonization, need of, in Mexico 290 commission for New Brunswick 30* conditions, improvement in 409 in England 990 Ireland 794 Japan 391 Maine 1089 Portugal 1196 various countries 91 , 390 congress at Christiania 1199 cooperation, address on 888 among negroes 290 benefits to fanners 488 for small holders 794 in Belgium 990,1196 Denmark 391,794,990 England 888 France 888 Germany 990 Great Britain. 190,488,794,1196 India 91,390,588,1091 Ireland 289,1196 Portugal 1196 Switzerland 1091 the United States 90 moral effects of 299 cooperative — associations in Germany, treatise 689 congress at I'iacenza 488 in France 390 societies in France, law concerning. . . 588 courses for high schools 993 young men 691 credit, bibliography 589 congress in France 390 historj' 91 inBelgiiun 794,990,1196 Bengal 589 Finland 587 France '. 90, 191,488,88S Germany 91,990 India 91,1092 Ireland 289, 1196 Italy 192, 589 , 1091 Agricultural — Continued. Page. credit, in Mexico 488 Portugal 1196 Rumania 889 Spain 192 various countries 488,589 development as affected by immigration . 1 195 in Australia 391 theSouth 989 diagram for teachers 489 direetorj-, U.S.D.A 293 of United States and Canada. . 797 domestic science in France 92 economics. (Sec Rural economics.) education — addresses on 597 basis for civilization 391 development 392 government aid to 392,408 in Austria 796 England 201 ,289,299 India 890 Ireland 298,890 Japan 689, 1197 Michigan 590 New York 291 Pennsylvania 1100 Russia 290 Scotland 300 Switzerland 1091 the United Kingdom 291 , 293 States 298 Wales 201 Winnebago Countj', 111 992 notes 100 papers on 93, 392 popularization 392 progress in, U.S.D.A 691 the United States 505, 506 resolutions concerning 696 (See also Agricultural instruction.) employment agencies in Sweden 1091 engineering, courses in 409,599 need for work in 599 relation to implement man- ufacturers 599 engineers, American society of 598 expenditures in France 91 experiment stations. (See Experiment stations.) exports of Japan 391 the United States 390 extension work, U.S.D.A 691 in Tennessee 901 problems in 402 recommendations for 409 relation to libraries 1199 (Sec also Agricultural col- leges.) high school at Mcintosh, Minnesota 993 San Luis Obispo 691 schools, establishment 890 farm mechanics in 599 holdings for farm laborers 991 in Bosnia 793 Denmark 391, 990 Hungary 587 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1229 AgriPi'ltural— Continued. Page. holdings in Ireland 690 Japan 689 New Zealand 1090 Portugal 587 the Netherlands 192 size of, in Europe, U.S. D. A 38 immigration in Canada 589 Virginia 89 implements at Smithfield Show 1089 in Germany 486 Japan 391 statistics 587 imports in the Netherlands, U.S.D.A 991 industry, improvement in England 888 treatise 688 institute at Alnarp 476 Gembloux, history 890 instruction — • for farmers 992, 1000, 1092 wives 992 negroes 99, 198 soldiers 393 teachers 392, 902 in Austria 795, 796 colleges 392 elementary schools 92, 193, 292, 299,393,591,692,890, 891,992,993,994,1000 Germany 795 high schools. ... 192, 292, 299, 591, 692, 1092 Ireland 795 normal schools 392, 393 rural schools . . . 194, 489, 589, 692, 993, 1092 Saxony 796 Trinidad 898 various countries 796 papers on 795 practical, Cal .'. 192,489 insurance societies in France 390 investigators, training 5 journals, new 200, 699, 899, 1000 labor conditions in England 289 Gennany 689,889 Ireland 289 the Po Valley 1090 educative influence 1197 problem in Germany 1195 bibliography. 690 Hungary 90, 588 M;issachusetts C89 New York 89 I'russia 588 the United States... 488,1090 relation to piecework 889 lat>orers — l)reach of contract by 991, 1091 cost of board in Minnesota IIM immigrant in the South 488 improvement 991 -in Belgium, conditions of life 389 England, history 1091 Prussia, conditions of life 090 Italian, in the United States 1195 loans to, in France 191 Mexican, in the United States 991 standard of living 1164 Agricultural— Continued. Page, laborers — continued . scarcity of, in Australia 192 relation to farm manage- ment 991 wages of, in Bohemia 588 Great Britain 889 Maine 1090 New York 89 lands, common, enclosure in England 289 reassigmnent in France 487 subdivision in France 487 terracing 820 value in France , 487 legislation in Finland 587 Hungary 587 Mississippi 197 Portugal 794 various countries 486 libraries, organization and use 1199 relation to extension work 1 199 lime, notes, Conn. State 1022 machinery at Smithfield Show 1089 cooperative, in France 794 in Germany 486 methods of instruction in . 599 testing station at Vienna 300 tests 1089 use on sewage farms 516 maps of various countries 16 meetings, announcements 897 mutual insurance in France 90 normal schools, training teachers in, U.S.D.A 691 phosphate. (See Phosphate, insoluble.) population of Bavaria 1090 Portugal 1196 Russia 290 practice, relation to soil Ijacteriology 1015 problem in England 289, 1195 German}', treatise 190 Spain, liibliography 190 problems in arithmetic 1198 paper on 599 production in the United States 390 products, analyses 1110 marketing 497 water transportation, U.S.D.A. 291 yields in various countries 887 progress in Russia 91 the United States 501 research, ideals in 301 in Japan 689 progress in the United States... 506 report of conunission 410 scientific training for 495 resources of French Africa 797 Maine 1089 scholarships in Colorado 198 school at Alfred University 1000 Maracailio, Venezuela 698 Menonunee, Michigan .300 for negroes 198 women 698 Smith's, notes 99, 299 schools, high, conference on 999 in Arkansas 1100 1230 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Agricultural— Continued. Page. schools, in Austria 796 Oklahoma 99 Sweden 1199 movable, form of organization, U.S.D.A 590 science, society for promotion of 1099 service in French A f rica 797 Indo-China 1199 settlements in East Prussia 119.') relation to farm labor prob- lem 1195 shows, milking competitions at 574 small holdings — act in England 90, 289, 588, 79.3, 990, 991 association in South Lincolnshire 1196 improvement in France 1 196 in England 90, 190, 793 Italy 793 papers on 299 specialists, organization 402, 411 station at Jordan, Ontario 800 statistics, U.S.D.A 293 of Australia 391 Canada 391 India 91 Ireland 690 New Zealand 1090 Russia 91 Russia, reporting 290 the Netherlands 192 various countries 91 teachers, courses for, U.S.D.A 292 tenants, status of, in Ireland 299 train in Georgia 691 work, bibliography 993 in Portuguese East Africa 698 workers, meetings in Washington 99 writers, treatise 797 Agriculture — abstracts of experiinental work in 699 American, cyclopedia of 778, 1194 handbook for 1909 893 at American Association for the Advance- ment of Science 494 Economic Association 497 British Association for the Advance- ment of Science 298 National Education Association 1099 British, handbook 893 congressional legislation concerning 899 courses in 92, 293 Crookston school of 19S, 691 Department of. (See United States De- partment of Agriculture.) economic phacies of 688 elementary, te.xt-book 193, 293, 692, 993 encyclopedia of 293, 893 extension teaching in 399 government aid to, in France 1196 Ilmigary 587 Me.xico 488 Portugal 1196 Switzerland 1091 various countries 290,390 graduate school 407, 1099 Agriculture— Continued. Page. history 409 improvement, address on 887 in Argentina 1199 Bavaria 1090 China 964 Denmark 391, 1196 Finland 587, 1199 Hungary 687 Ireland, book 818 Japan 391,688,689,892 Kongo Free State 632 Norway 1196 Palestine 290 Portugal 587 Siam 291 South Australia 391 Sweden 1199 Switzerland 1173 Syria 119 the Philippines, treatise 1198 Po Valley 1090 international institute 390 Louis Queiros School of 898 methods of teaching 194 movable schools of 399 nitrogen problem in 220 of Great Falls region 813 piecework in 89, 389, 889 profitableness of, in Switzerland 587, 1091 relation to bee keeping 355 U.S.D.A 959 birds 93,552 chemistry 1006 economic entomology 252 forestry 543 industry. 406 meteorology 311 , 920 nature study 1093 science 1090 report of international j ury on 690 role of micro-organisms in 718 scientific experimentation in 1198 southern, treatise 193 teaching 891 use of automobiles in 897, 1200 electricity in 389, 587, 630, 688, 989 lime in 323 potash in 731 traction engines in 586 Agrilus anxius, notes, Minn 1049 fallax, injurious to honey locusts 459 Agriostomum vryburgi, notes 85 Agroceric acid in soils 509 toxic properties, U.S.D.A 919 Agrologic surveys in Belgium 617 Agromyzidse, notes 553 Agronomy, extension work in, Conn. State... 38 notes, Oreg 393 review of 721 Agropyron occidentale, notes, Wyo 368 spp. , formation of galls on IGl tenerum, culture experiments, Alaska 133 Agrosterol in soils 509 toxic properties, U.S.D.A 919 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1231 Pago. Aj^otechnic industries, progress in 785 Agrotechny, experiments in, N.Y. State 979 A gratis spp. , notes 57 A ilanthus gladulosa as an adulterant of sumac, U.S.D.A 512 Air, analyses 1111 bacteriological examination 114,308 bleaching of Dour by 1160 effect on calcium cyanamid 1118 evaporating power of, U.S.D.A 114 potatoes, analyses, Me 461 respired, studies 1063 soil, composition 817 radio-active emanations in 817 (See also Atmosphere.) .\ jowan by-products , digestibility 172 Alabama argiUacea, notes 853,1151 Alabama College, notes 492 Station, notes 492 publications,index 693 Alaptus spp., catalogue of 852 Alaska Stations, report, U.S.D.A 693 work 194 -Vlbinism, relation to inbreeding 1169 Albumin from turkey egg white, studies 611 in milk, conditions affecting 273 vegetable, detection in sausage 707 Albuminoids, role in fermentation 27 Alcohol— as a food preservative 362 an insecticide 255 denatured, in France 792 production, Idaho 288 detection in orange oil 708 determination in fermented liquids 510 distillation, properties, and use 1182 effect on yield of crops 718 estimation in pharmaceutical prepara- tions 398 fermentation, action of reductase in 1009 fuel value 965, 1062 industry in Germany 875 methods of analysis 612, 1107 water, and gl)-cerin mixture as an egg preservative 870 wood , notes 151 A Icothoe caudata, notes, Me 1049 .Vldehyde, acetic, in wine and brandy 1182 determination in oil of lemon 1107 formation in acetic fermentation. . 110 .\lder aphis, notes, Minn 1049 black, forcing by warm water 641 blight, studies 856 di.sea,se, notes 246 A lelia luriduln, notes 853 A leyrodcs cilri. (See White fly.) nubijera n. sp., description, Fla 1054 spp., notes 1148 vaporariorum. (See White fly, greenhouse.) voeltzkowia. sp., description 554 Alfalfa- analyses, TTawaii 172 Nev 634 animals affecting, Kans 438 .Vustralian, economic value 864 Page. Alfalfa- Continued. breeding experiments, U.S.D.A 235 methods 597 papers on, Kans 437 composition, Kans 438 at different stages of growth, Nev 634 crown gall, notes 845 culture, Idaho 227 Mich 328 Ohio 33 P.R 32 U.S.D.A 634 experiments , . . 20 Ala.Canebrake 1030 Mass 327 N.Y.State 931 Tex 135 U.S.D.A 2-28,436 Wis 33 for seed, U.S.D.A 1028 digestibility, Kans 438 diseases, bibliography, N.Y.State 846 papers on. Kans 437 treatment, N.Y.Comell 52 disking experiments, Ariz 328 Kans 438 U.S.D.A 893 feeding value, Kans 438 fertilizer experiments, Kans 438 Wis 29 requirements, Tex 920 fertihz.ing value, Ala.Canebrake 1030 for cows 572 Miss 474 Pa 373 pigs. Mo 73 Mont 667,668 Nebr 867 germination tests, Kans 438 hay, analyses, Tenn 672 curing and storing, Kans 439 digestibility, Wyo 368 for cows, Term 672 sheds, constniction, Kans 439 history and classification, TT.S.D. A 229 improvement by select ion 597 inoculation, Kans 438 experiments 845 N.Y.State.... 19,920 Wis 33 insects affecting 160 Kans 438 U.S.D.A 634 irrigation experiments, Idaho 214 Nev 632 U.S.D.A 1088 land, handling and treating, Kans 437 leaf spot, studies and bibliography, N.Y. State 846 weevil, studies 496 meal, analyses, N.J 69 moisture content as affected by stage of maturity, Kans 439 nematofles affecting, N.Y.State 846 notes, Ohio 491 1232 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rage. Alfalfa — Continued. nurse crops for, Ariz 328 papers on, Kans 437 rust, notes 345,947 seed adulteration, Kans 437 N.Y.State 846 U.S.D.A 937.992 sinalyses, Ki.ns 438 dodder in, N.Y.State 328 examination, Iowa 334 formation, studies, N.Dak 530 selection, Colo 136 seeding experiments, Kans 438 stem and leaf relations, Kans 439 types in the United States, U.S.D.A 634 varieties, Colo 135 yield as affected by — silt-blankets, Ariz 328 time of cutting, Kans 439 yields, Ala.Canebrake 1029 Algae as food in Japan 461 marine, digestibility 1167 Algeroba as a honey plant, U.S.D.A 959 Alimentary products, adulteration, congress. 400 tract, production o f gases in 70 Alkali carbonates, determination in soils 19 effect on concrete, Colo 886 Mont 288 ■ in ash of milk 966 salts, movement in soils 517 soils. (Sfc Soils, alkali.) Alkaloids, effect on regeneration in beans. .-. . 928 sea-urchin eggs 928 identification in drugs 397 Allelomorphism, spurious, in poultry 1170 Alligator pears. (Sec Avocados.) Almonds, Italian varieties, classification 1038 Alopecurus agrestis, notes 229, 833 pratensis, culture, Alaska 133 AUophila pometaria. {Sec Cankerwonn, fall.) A Itfrnaria brassier phascoli, notes 1138 fasciculata, studies, Xclir 451 solani, studies, Wis 53 treatment. Wis 948 tenuis, fixation of nitrogen by 17 Alumina, detcnnination 702 methods of analysis 908 Aluminum as affected by various substances. 1006 determination in ash 397 rock phosphate. 397 effect on action of rennet. Wis. . . 80 salts, effect on protoplasm 929 sulphate, toxicity as affected liy temperature 737 Amblyomma spp., descriptions C56 Amcbae, parasitic, bibliography 287 in man and animals 286 American Association — for the Advancement of Science— U.S.D.A 1012 agriculture at 494 meteorology at, U.S.D.A 811 notes 297 of Domestic Science 205 Economic Entomologists 496 Farmers' Institute Workers 398 rage. American Association — Continued. of Farmers' Institute Workers, U.S.D.A. 091 Horticultural Inspectors 497 American — Breeders' Association 597 Chemical Society 495 colleges, administrative methods in 413 Economic Association, agriculture at 497 Forestry Association 242, 600 Home Economics Association.^ .. 200,497, 1099 Society of Agricultural Engineers .598 Animal Nutrition 498 Veterinary Medical Association 199, 278 .Vmids, effect on milk 975 nitrogen metabolism 465 plant, nutritive value 11.58 substitution for protein 70 Amino acids, formation in plan ts 830 Ammonia — absorption by soils, determination 13 analyses. Conn. State 960 crude, agricultural uses 22 fertilizing value 923 value and use 322 detection in water 510 determination in barnyard manure 807 water 9 wine 708 effect on plants 523 fonnation and decomposition 806 in milk development 675 sea water 15 snow .■ 15 water, formation 1112 manufacture 223 from the atmosphere 823 review of literature 421 salts, fertilizing value 1023 synthetic production 009, 610, 1021 Ammoniates, production in the United States 826 Ammoniflcation in soils, Tex 424 investigations 718 Ammonium — acetate, effect on milk 975 nitrogen metabolism . . . 465 chlorid solutions, percolation experiments 10 citrate, effect on calcium phosphate 610 solutions, examination 397 compound, bacteriology of 622 nitrat<», effect on burning quality of to- bacco 749 fertilizing value 623, 727 salts, effect on .soils, U.S.D.A 1017 toxicity of zinc 823 fertilizing value 921, 1018 preparation , use of peat in 823 review of literature 421 sulphate. (See Sulphate of ammonia.) A mmophilas spp., notes. Me 1054 AmmospcTtnophilus leucurus, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 A maba meleagridis, notes. La 584 Ampelopsis quinqucfolia, injuries by Spilo- soma lupricipeda 559 Amphibia as affected by salts 1121 A msacta spp., in Gujaret, note^ 761 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1233 Page. Amygdaliii, offect on plants 928 Amyl alcohol, toxicity as aflccted by tempera- ture 737 Amy'.ase in old seeds 1 123 Analytical purposes, apparatus for 1011 A naphothrips striatus, notes, Mich 3.')0 Anaphylaxis, studies 1183 Anarsia lincatella. (See Peach twig-nioth.) Anasa tristis. {See Squash bug.) Anastrepha ludens, distribution as affected by temperature, N.H 852 Anatomical terms, glossary 1144 Anchylostomum trigonncephalum, notes 883 A ncylis nubcculana, notes, Conn. State 1040 and bibliography. (i.'iS Andropogon sorghum, feeding value, U.S.D. A . 10(').5 Anemia, infectious, in horses 084 U.S.D. A 98:i and mules, Tex 1084 studies 78.5,880 virus, studies lOSO A nerastia ahlutella, notes 9.55 Anesthetics. {See Ether and Chloroform.) Anilin colors, effect on dia.sta,se and pepsin . . 110 Animal — blood as affected by trypanosomiasis 479 body as affected liy food 1 lt)5 dissemination of arsenic in 975 breeding — addresses on C97 at Sao Paulo station 71 experiments, notes 1071, 1108 with canaries 1072 cattle 568 chickens 598 deer .598 fowls 1073 guinea pigs 1072 horses 470 Wis 973 mules 372 poultry.. 973,1108,1170 Me 271 rats lltiO sheep. . 170, 779, 8(;5, 1 173 Wis 73 in Syria 1 19 papers on 299 pedagogics of 598 yearbook 71. 1170 by-products, analyses 1 172 digestion, effect on seeds, Md 230 diseases^ l)il)liography 479 contagious, in foreign countries, U.S.D.A 974 India 786, 787 cosinophilia in 484 In Australia 576 German Southwest Africa 576 Germany 876 Great Uritain, control 079 New Zealand, control 82 Queensland 787 South Africa 279 malignant, in Australia 1080 Page. Animal— Continued, diseases — continued. notes 393 transmission by cats 577 ticks,bil3liography. . 253 treatment 183, 193. 279,984 tropical, notes 788 (See also specific diseases.) fat, studies 1166 fertility as affected by environment and nutrition 174 food for poultry, N. Y.State 968 heat, data on 10()3 industry — in Denmark 71, .373 German Southwest Africa 576 notes, Oreg 393 regulations concerning, U.S.D.A 995 life, role of osmotic pressure in 171 meal, analyses, Ind 968 and bone, analyses, R.I 566 for egg production. Mass 273 ptomaines in 468 nutrition, American society of 498 mineral elements in, Ohio 1065 review of investigations 781 treatise 1170 parasites and diseases, treatise 883 in the l)lood, treatise 584 mounting and pre.serving 1079 notes 159, 584. 1087 of man, notes 788 transmission by cats 577 parasitology, bacteriology, and blood work, manual 1079 production experiments, N. Y.State 967 in Argentina 175 nungary 1172 Indo-China 66 products, analyses, N. Y.State 366 of India 893, riitions for chickens .372 tissues, eml)ryonic, studies 267 utilization oPcarbohydrates by... 465 wounds, treatment 81 Animals — as affected by products of tubercle bacilli . 682 radium 929 salts 1121 assimilation of cellulose by 68 l)lo-chemistry of 1120 calcium re(iuirements 170 cestodes in 159 dead, handling 525 digestion experiments 364 domestic, affected t)y plague In India 790 l::iprovement in Italy 279 insects affecting 654 notes 760 Ohio 1048 origin of species in 71 parasites of 1146 I'",gyptian, weight of 175 for breeding, collection 597 heredity in 325 iiiuiiiiiiization against tuberculosis 1188 1234 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. I'age. Animals— Continued. in New South Wales 373 injurious in England 651 to alfalfa, Kans 438 insects affecting 654 new-bom, disease affecting, Wash 379 parasitic amebae in 286 protective value of sodium to 527 protein requirements 66 resistance to Strongylus parasite 884 secondary sexual characters in 1 169 Shorthorn, of Great Britain 369 slaughtering, hiunane methods 1071 sterility, cause 82 transport, acariasis in 1086 white, as affected by buckwheat 1158 (See aho Live stock, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Anisota rubicunda, notes and bibliography. . . 653 spp., notes, Me '. 1049 Ankylostomiasis in dogs, studies 882 Anomala binotata. notes, Mich 351 Anona spp., culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 Anonas, culture e.xperiments, P.R 39 Anopheles formosux n. sp., description 957 maculipennis, anatomy and bibli- ography 1153 Ant, Argentine — as a pest of bees 766 dissemination and prevention 497 in California, Cal 352 introduction into New Orleans 953 carpenter, life history 160 Antason sp., notes 761 Antelope squirrel, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Anlhcrxa semperi, raising in the Philippines. 657 A nthonomus— grandis. {See Cotton boll weevil.) pomorum, notes 1152 scrUellaris. {See Plum gouger.) signatus. {See Strawberry weevil.) Anthonomyia sp., notes .• 649 Anthracnoses, physiology and development.. 647 studies 1138 Anthrax — bacillus, culture experiments. La 577 spore formation 280 control 984 diagnosis 1081 disease resembling 481 effect on milk secretion, U.S.D.A 980 immunization 82 La 577 in a cow, notes 786 notes 82 prevalence in England 379 German Southwest Africa. 576 Germany 876 Great Britain 679 India 786, 787 Ohio 183 Orange River Colony 1080 1 he Philippines 788 Transvaal 679 serum , physiological action 280 spores, destruction. Wis 986 method of keeping 496 Page. Anthrax— Continued . symptomatic. {See Blackleg.) transmission by eats 577 soils 577 treatment 280 vaccines, virulence, te^ts, La 577 Anticyclones, use in weather forecasting 212 Antiformiii, germicidal value 986 Antihemoglobin, relation to hemolysis 577 Antipyrm, toxicity as affected by tempera- ture 737 Antirabic senmi, production 1184 Antiseptics, elTect on soils 1015, 1034 Antitoxins, constitution and ac'lion of 1080 Ants, biology and economic relations 252 ethology 1148 European, introduction into Massachu- setts 1050 fossil, notes 1148 fungus-growing, of North America 254 habits and life history 2.54 honey, revision and bibliography 1148 in South America, remedies 58 injurious to cutworms 1149 notes 1148 parasitic, formation of colonies 457 of ICurope, notes 1 148 polymorphism of 254 relation to plant lice 2.54 remedies 1056 role in spread of poplar disease 348 social parasites of 852 white. {See White ants.) A onidia juniper i n. sp., description, U.S.D.A. 352 A phxreta pegomijix, notes, Minn 1050 A phanomyces Ixvis, notes 546 A phelenchus pyri as a cause of potato disease. 247 A phelinus mali, notes 1051 spp . , parasitic on aphids 761 Aphididae, studies 1051, 1149 andbibliography,U.S.D..\. 1051 Aphidius aurantii n. sp., description 764 Aphids, destruction by Aphelinus 761 A philanthops taurulus, notes 1 147 Aphis bakeri, studies 1149 brassicx. {See Cabbage aphis.) gossypii, notes 854 N.Y.State 952 maidi-radicis. {See Com root aphis.) maidis, studies and bibliography, U.S.D.A 1051 rnedicaginis, notes, U.S.D.A 257 persicx-niger. {See Peach aphis, black.) pomi-mali. {See Apple aphis.) sacchari, notes, U.S.D.A 959 setarix, notes, Colo 856 sorghi, notes 59 spp., notes 652, 1051 , 1151 remedies, Colo 855 Aphis, woolly, notes 253, 351, 457, 458, 553, 1051 Ky 161 Md 560 Wis 60 remedies 255, 654 N.Y.State 256,656 Aphrophora paralMla, notes. Me 1049 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1235 I'age. Apiaries, inspection in Missouri 766,1155 Apicultiiral conference at San Luis Potosi. . . 258 statistics, methods of securing. . . 496 Apiculture in the United States, U.S.D.A . . . 959 (See alio Bees.) Aponomvia spp., descriptions 656 Apoplexy, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Appetite, explanation of 662 Apple— anthracnose, physiology and development 647 aphis, notes 553 Md 560 remedies 163 woolly, notes 1051, 1152 remedies, Colo 855 bitter pit, notes 947 black rot, notes and bibliography, Nebr. 453 spot, studies 950 blossom weevil, notes 1152 blotch, investigations, U.S.D.A 1044 canker, notes 848 caterpillar, red-humped, notes, N.H 556 diseases, notes 453, 1042 Ky 157 Oreg 941 treatment, 111 353 Ky 104 Mo.Fruit 353 N.Y.Cornell 52 U.S.D.A 1045 fire blight, notes, Nev C49 fruit borer, Japanese, notes 1145 spot, studies 395 and bibliography, N. II . 847 industry in Nova Scotia 839 juice, chemistry of, N.Y. State 980 coloring matter in 110 preservation, Okla 980 U.S.D.A 575 leaf-aphis, remedies, N.II 557 blister-mite, control, N.Y. State 8.56 folder, notes. Conn. State 1049 hopper, egg laying process 553 notes, Ky 161 studies 496 Minn 1049 miner, notes, Ky 101 roller, notes, Ky 161 skeletonizer, notes, Ky 161 spot, studies 547 treatment 103 maggot, notes 653, 700 U.S.D.A 60 mites, notes, N.Y.State 952 orchards, old, renovating, N.Y.State 352 planting, Idaho 941 renovation 941 tillage V. sod-mulch for 337 products, descriptions 359 psy lla, remedies 163 sawfly, notes 054 scab, notes 845 studies 452, 950 treatment 256 Mich 144 Nebr 60 I'age. Apple— Continued. scab, treatment, Ohio 1030 seedlings, characteristics 598 seeds, chalcid affecting 763 tree canker, notes 1140 caterpillar, notes 653 yellow-necked, notes 1146 tent-caterpillar, notes 1146 worm, lesser, notes 1146 notes 6.53 Apples— as affected by Bordeaux mixture, Ky 104 grasses 738 mistletoe v . . 930 blooming period, N.Y.State 42,642 R.I 145 breeding experiments, R.I 145 in America 598 canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 863 crab. (See Crab apples.) culture in Alaska, Alaska 142 Idaho, Idaho 941 mountain regions 751 North America 941 Oregon, Oreg 336, 941 development as affected by light. 1124 dried, sulphurous acid in 660 dwarf, planting experiments 1034 growth as affected by pruning, R.I 146 harvesting and marketing 941 imports into Germany 00 injury by freezing, Ohio 147 insects affecting 00 111 353 Ky 161 keeping, U.S.D.A 592 notes, U.S.D.A 239 propagation. Mass 337 pruning. Wash 42 seedless, description 442 spraying experiments, Ky 163 Mich 939 varieties 751,941 Mich 143, 939 N.Mex 144 Greg 941 in Virginia, U.S.D.A 041 Wyoming 240 specific weight 1036 Apricot kernels, utilization, U.S.D..\ 539 products, descriptions 359 Apricots, analyses 1059 blossoming period 941 canned, absorption of tin by 1156 dried, sulphurous acid in 660 A proslocelus diplosidis, notes 1 149 A rachis prostrala, fertilizer experiments 020 fixation of nitrogen by 620 A ragallus lamberti— notes, U.S.D.A 257 poisoning of animals by, U.S.D..\ 281 horses by, Nebr 482 Arbor day In Illinois and Wisconsin 1198 observance 93 suggestions for, .\riz 340 Arljoretum, description 151 1236 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Arbor vitiP, Chinese, culture, Ariz 340 giant, seasoning tests, U.S.D.A.. 48 injury l)y freezing, Ohio 147 Arbiitin, effect on plants 928 Arc-spectra, anode and cathode, U.S.D.A 212 Archibutco lagopus, feeding hal)its , 350 Archips gcorgiana? , life history, Wis 164 sorbiana, notes 653 Areca-nut fat, characteristics 1110 A rgania sideroxylon, notes 151 A rgas persicus, notes 386, 483 transmission of diseases liy 790, 1154,1191 refleivs, transmission of spirillosis by.. 685 spp., notes 883 Argentine ant. (.See Ant, Argentine.) A rgyroploce abielana n. sp., description 1054 notes, Me 1049 Arithmetic, text-book 1198 Arizona Station index to publications 394 notes 593, 798 Arkansas Station, financial statement 1094 notes 294, 1095 report of acting director... 1094 University, notes 294, 1095 ArmillaTia melha, notes 56 Army bread, studies 463,659 cooking appliances, notes 1061 horses in England 1174 rations in the United States 1061 training schools for bakers and cooks.. 1061 United States, subsistence manual 1165 veterinary work 278 worm, fall, notes 853 notes 554, 760, 761 , 1051 N.Y.State 952 parasitism, U.S.D.A 258 semitropical, studies, U.S.D.A. 953 Aromatic compounds, effect on plants 928 Aromochelys odoralus, food habits 851 Arrowroot pasturage for pigs 371 Arsenic, absorption by milk 975 destruction of cotton foliage by 553 dissemination in animal body 975 effect on soils 218 in marmalades 660 vegetation 627 wine 1163 physiological action 791 poisoning of animals by 790 trees by, Colo 452 Arsenical sprays, danger from 459, 654, 959 Artesian wells in Australia 813 Arthropods, dissemination of diseases by 460 in Kongo Free State 1147 role of, in pathology 159 venomous, effects of sting 760 Artichoke disease, notes 156 Artichokes as affected by carbon bisulphid. . 518 fertilizer experiments 529 for pigs, Wash 75 Ariicola agrestis. {See Microtus agrestis.) ratticeps, notes 458 Aschersonia spp., notes, Fla 556 Page. Ascochyta sp., notes, N.Y.State 846 spp., notes 346 Aseornycetes, growth as aflected by agitation 1025 Ash borer, notes, Minn 1049 Ashes, composition 926 fertilizing value 323, 824, 926 N.Y.State 920 R.I 142 volcanic, analyses 127, 1023 wood. {See Wood ashes.) Asio otus, feeding habits 350 Asparagin, effect on milk 975 nitrogen metaliofism 465 Asparagus — beetle, distribution as affected by temper- ature, N.H 852 studies, U.S.D.A 59 culture, U.S.D.A 237 diseases, treatment, N.Y. Cornell 52 fertilizer experiments. Mass 327 Fusarium disease. Mass 344 nitrate of soda for 523 rust-resistant, breeding, U.S.D.A....- 239 Aspartic acid, nutritive value 367 Aspens of Colorado 843 Aspergillus fiavus, studies 153 fumigatus, pathogenic power of. . . 579 niger, enzymic action of 1024 fixation of nitrogen by 18 growth as affected by zinc. 831 role of fat in 735 Aspidintivhagus citrinus, notes 1053 Aspidiotus destructor, notes 352, 1053 longispina, notes 1148 ostreseformis. {See European fruit scale.) perniciosus. {See San Jos(5 scale.) Aspidiotus, new sjwcies, descriptions, U.S. D.A 351 Aspidomorpha miliar is, notes 1 148 Aspirators, water, for homos 1089 Asses, notes 371 Association for the Advancement of Moor Culture in Germany 720 Association of— American Agricultural Colleges — and Experiment Stations 401,406 U.S.D.A.. 693 American Geographers, U.S.D.A 1012 country teachers in Illinois 198 Economic Entomologists 252, 496, 552, 652 Horticultural Inspectors 653 OfTicial Agricultural Chemists- methods of analysis, U.S.D.A 512 proceedings 395,398, 1099 U.S.D.A 513,911 referees 396 revision of methods 398 Plant Pathologists 599 State and National Food and Dairy De- partments 863, 1099 Sugar-house and Distillery Chemists, index to bulletins 797 Asters, varieties 237 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1237 Page. Asterulabeyerinckii, notes 154 Astragalus— bodini, notes, Wyo 3t>S viollissimus — notes, U.S.D.A 257 poisonous to animals, V-S.D.A 281 horses, Nebr 482 [ Astrophysical Observatory of Smithsonian Institution, annals 421 Astur palumbarius. feeiiinR hal)its 350 Atmosphere, isothermal layer 1110 U.S.D.A 811 vortices in, U.S.D.A.... 515,811,1012 warm stratum in. n.S.D..\ ,312 Atmospherie — electricity, paper on 1110 humidity charts 912 moisture, absorption by fertilizers 722 ozone, origin 422,1111 pressure. {See Barometric pressure.) radiation, studies 1110 temperature, relation to distribution of land and water, U.S.U. A . 1012 upper, U.S.D..\ 212,811 Alomaria linearis, injurious to root crops 457 Atoxyl, trypanosomes resistant to 380 use in veterinary medicine 578 Atracti/lis gummifcra, notes 246 Atropin sulphate, eiTect on beans 928 A tta insularis. notes 353 spp., fungus-growing, of North America. 254 Attacus spp., raising in the Philippines 657 Aulacaspis pentagona, notes 3.52,1145 rosx. (See Rose scale.) Aurora borealis.Birkeland'stheory, U.S.D.A. 312 physicsof, U.S.D.A 115 .\uroral displays, paper on, U.S.D.A 811 Autographa brassicx. (See Cabbage looper.) .'Vutomobilcs, use in agriculture 897, 1200 A verrhoa carambola, notes, Hawaii 143 Avocados, analyses, Mc 461 composition 359 culture experiments, P. II 39 in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 food value 64 marketing, Hawaii 538 notes, P.R 42 Azotobacler chroococcum, fixation of nitrogen by 18,316,1115 Azotobacter, fixation of nitrogen l)y 920, 1115 growth in alkali soils 19 inoculation experiments 718 A zotometer, description 1011 A/.urin, effect on grapii flowers 649 liabeock cream bottle, description 477 glassware, standard for 397 Mass 374 test, use, Mich 374 Bacillus— acidi lactici, notes 1076 amylovorus, notes, Ne v 049 asterosporus, fixation of nitrogen by 920 bulgaricus, notes 496 1077 casei, notes ^ 477 • Page. J?a«7/tts— Continued. ca.sci £ as affected by oxygen 80 effect on cheese 377 coli aerogenes, notes, N.Y. State 874 communis as a cause of turnip flavor in butter 180 affected by milk 78 notes 1076,1189 n. sp., description 1191 entcritidis, notes 1189 fiedann, notes 771 hijponitrosus, studies 914 lactimorbi as a cau.se of milk sickness 380 lepra, destruction by flies .^ 1183 mallei, notes 880 pestis, notes 1144 pestiscavix, use as a rat virus 1144 proteus, notes 1189 pseudotuberculosis in pigs 188 pyogenes, notes 581 relation to broncho-pneumonia. 187 radiobacter, morphology and biology 1115 Tudensis, notes, N.Y. State 980 spp. as a cause of spontaneous combus- tion 864 culture experiments 316 effect on evaporation from soils 620 phosphates, M ich 222 fixation of nitrogen l)y 19 in dried milk 977 notes 154, 560 subtilis, notes 1076 suipestifer, notes 1082 iracheiphilus, investigations, Ind 1044 vitalise pticus, studies 1188 Bacillus of Bang, biology 878 Preisz-Nocard, studies 481 Bacon factory, cooperative, in Ireland 570 storing 771 Bacteria— as affected by blood scrum 279 dicyandiamid 622, 1020 salt 658,1078 classification 1024 cultures for leguminous plants 719 decomposition of fertilizers by 123,1118 denitrifying, effect on calcium nitrate 624 destruction of rati by 455 with antifonnin 986 determination in air 114,308 effect on evaporation from soils 620 flour 1160 in milk, soils, water, etc. (Sec Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) injurious to cutworms 1149 intestinal, value in nutrition 965 nitrogen-fixing, nutrition 718 studies 621 pathogenic anasrobes, treatise ■ 1080 destruction in intestines %5 review of investigations 984 survival in bread 63 l)enetration of eggs by 685 frozen meat by 1156 1238 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD. • I'agc. Baetoria— Contiiuiod. relation to alfalfa, Kans 438 decay of orjjanic matter 393 orchid leaf spot 1143 r61e of, in sewage purification 914 Bacterial products, reactions .' 280 Bacteriology, blood work, and animal para- sitology, manual 1079 dairy, appliances, Mich 979 fann , paper on 393 index 1199 notes 685 of ammonium compounds 622 text-book 827 water, treatise 423 Bacteriolysins, constitution and action 1080 Bacterium — actdi lactici, notes 1 1S9 propionici var. ruber, notes 81 aerogcncs, notes 976 coli commune, spoiling of olives by 773 erythrogenes, notes 1117 fluorcscens, notes 675 gunthcri as a cause of stringiness in cheese. 875 affected by oxygen 80 notes 674 lactis acidi, notes 477 Conn.Storrs 179 N.Y.State 873 spp., notes, N.Y.State 874 porticensis denitrificans n. spp., notes. . . . 1015 pruni, notes 1141 punctatum, notes 154 savastanoi, studies, U.S.D.A 249 solanacearum, notes, U.S.D.A 949 suisepticus, destruction with antiformin . 986 Bacterium, new species, pathogenic in poul- try 496 Badgers, protection, U.S.D.A 551 Bagasse juice, solids in, Hawaii 613 Bagworms, notes 1146 Ky 161 Bakers, army training schools for 1061 Baking, handbook 1165 powders, examination 168,774 Balata, production and uses 51 Baleri, prevalence on the Nile 2S2 Ballooning, relation to weather forecasting, U.S.D.A 811 scientific aspect, U.S.D..\ 811 Baltet, Charles, biographical sketch 600 Bamboo rusts, notes 1142 Bamboos as a source of wood pulp 50 in Indo-China 151 Banana flour, food value 772 manufacture and use 360 Bananas, changes in during ripening 1161 Chinese, marketing, Hawaii 539 culture experiments, P.R 39 in Barbados 1126 dried, manufacture and use 300 making a sweetmeat from 1 IGl notes 148 ripening investigations 433,434,1161 Bancroftia, new species, description 1153 Bang's bacillus, biology 878 I'ago. lianksinella luteolalcrali.i, studies 1153 Bantams, breeds, description 571 Barberry juice, analyses 300 plant louse, studies 1149 Barljone, immunity in 82 Baris sp., notes. . . • 649 Baritine, use in cheese rind 784 Barium carbonate, destruction of mice l)y . . . 455 poisoning of animals by, U.S.D.A. . . 281 Bark, analyses 775 beetles, notes 60,253 studies 559,1152 trap trees for 257 Barley- analyses 742 U.S.D.A 1063 as a nurse crop for alfalfa, Ariz 328 affected by fertilizers 429,1020 biochemistry of 329 blindness, treatment 52 breeding experiments 235 Wis 32 notes, N.Y.Comell 38 brewing, classification 741 judging 833 by-products, analyses, N.Y.State 366 chenncal constituents, studies 634 classification 741 cost of production, Ariz 327 Wyo 329 culture 1034 experiments, Alaska 133 N.Y.State 931 Ohio 1031 Wis 135 on the Great Plains, U.S.D.A.... 33 without irrigation, Nev 634 cytological studies 828 diseases, studies 153, 1042 treatment 545 dust, examination 679 effect on nitrogen content of soils 717 soil temperatures 620 endospermic respiration in 734 feed, analyses, Me 172 N.J 69 feeding value, S. Dak 176 U.S.D.A 1063 fermentation in 225 fertilizer experiments 20, 124, 222, 430, 523, 722, 723, 727, 822, 823, 922, 923, 1018, 1019, 1118, 1127 Wis 30 flour, feeding value 369 for egg production. Mass 273 pigs 470 Mont 667 growth as affected l)y electricity 1125 improvement 634 new basis for, U.S.D.A. ... 635 inoculation experiments 520 insects affecting 255 Irrigation experiments, Nev 631 Wyo 329 leaf structure as affected by soluble salts, U.S.D.A 527 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1239 Page. Barley— Continued . liming experiments 321 magnesium salts for 321 manufaeture of alcohol from 875 meal, examination 679 physical characteristics : 741 physiological function of potash in 130 potash requirements 221 products, analyses, Conn. State lOK proteids, studies Oil proteolytic cnzyms in 100 roots, distribution 732 rotation experiments, Minn 435 seedlings as affected by acid solutions, R.1 120 smut, treatment 947 Nebr 450 Wis 53 stored, enzyms in 741 stubble for sheep 865 valuation, new basis for, U.S.D.A 635 value in a rice diet 359 varieties 20, 228, 328, 529, 740, 932 Alaska 132 Idaho 227 Mich 133, 134 Wis 32,33,34, 135 classification and naming 634 for dry-land farming, U.S.D.A. . 437 forage 741 vitality of endosperm 734 water requirements 740 yield as affected by drainage. Wis 30 fertiUzers 125 Barn swallow, notes 1198 Barns, ventilation. King system. Wis 989 warm, for fattening lambs. Mo 569 Barnyard manure- application. Mass 327 as a cause of club root 246 source of humus 522 nitrogen 821 as affected by straw 1 128 ehlorin and potash content, control 749 effect on burning qualitj'' of tobacco 748 calcium cyanamid 922 composition of soil air 817 nitrification in soils 519 potash assimilation l)y beets 934 soil temperatures 619, 620 vitality of seeds, Md 236 fermentation, studies 721 fertilizing value 122, 220, 428, .'")22, 539, 640, 721, 820, 832, 933, 1127, 1128 Ga 1030 Hawaii 140 Iowa 230 Mass 327 Pa 1017 R.I 142,145 Tex 938 Va 332 losses in 428 micro-organLsms in 428 pits, construction 121 , 122 preservation 121 I'age. Barnyard manure — Continued. sampling and storing 318 value in soil improvement 1115 weed seeds in, U.S.D.A 592 Barograph of high precision, U.S.D.A 811 Barometric — pressure curves, notes 1110 effect on muscular work 366 variations in, U.S.D.A 114 Barracouta as a fertilizer 731 Basic slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Basilona impcrialis, notes. Me 1049 Basket-making schools in Austria 152 willow industry, U.S.D.A 645, 843 Bassia butirracca, notes 182 Bats, protection, U.S.D.A 551 Bauhinia sp.?, analyses 777 Bay leaves, essential oils 708 Bean anthracnose, treatment, N.Y. Cornell . . 546 diseases, treatment 648 N.Y.Comell 52 extract, photodynamic work of 1020 ladybird, notes 553 leaf-blight, notes 1138 maggot, notes Mich 351 meal, algeroba, analyses, Hawaii 172 mildew, culture experiments 1139 pasturage for pigs 371 proteids, studies 611 roots, distribution 732 seedlings, analyses 1121 as affected by sugar solutions 734 thrasher, description. Term 688 worm, notes. Me 1049 Beans, algeroba, analyses, Hawaii 172 as affected by flue dust 831 organic substances 928 breeding experiments, R.I 144 notes 749 cooking, U.S.D.A 893 culture, U.S.D.A 237 experiments, Tex 135 in Michigan, Mich 144 dead, elimination of carbon dioxid by ,S30 effect on soil temperatures 020 fennentation in 225 fertilizer experiments . . 320, 725, 728, 823, 925 flower formation as affected by muti- lation 432 forcing experiments 626 grafting experiments 733 growth as affected by lime and magne- sia 1121 hydrocyanic acid in 12S, 1161 inoculation experiments 1117 joegee, analyses ■ 777 plant-food assimilation by 229 poisonous to stock 1 S9 protein changes in, during darkness . . 1026 regeneration of, as affected by alka- loids 928 varieties 228, 237 Mich 133,134 yield as affected by potash 822 Bearberry plant louse, notes 1149 Bed l)ugs, transmission of plague by 705 1240 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Beediseases, etiology and treatment,U.S.D.A . ST)? in Hawaii, U.S.D.A 959 Massachusetts, Mass 356 U.S.D.A 258 notes 552,1155 keeping in Hawaii, Hawaii 160 U.S.D.A 959 Ireland 090 North Carolina 355 Ontario 356 South Africa. 858 the Transvaal 654 papers on 766 relation to agriculture 355 moth, immunization against tubercu- losis 186 notes, Minn 1050 pirates, notes 675 Beech of Switzerland, yield tables 47 plantings, utilization of hardpan for . . 645 wood, use in chemical industries 645 Beef, analyses 461 baby, production, Mo 567 brown spots on 462 cost of production in winter 779 frozen, changes in 1156 industry in Canada 867 nitrogen content 356 preservation '. 1157 production in Indiana, Ind 369 scraps, analyses. La 864 Me 173 N.J 69 for egg production, Mass 273 Beehives, forms of 766 ventilation in winter 766 Beer, analyses 773 Kafir, analyses 360 methods of analysis 396 Bees, atavism in 355 breeding 62 descriptions and records 766 fossil, notes 1154 foul brood 458, 1155 Minn 1050 etiology 560 law, Tex 1055 prevalence in Ontario 356 injury to, by Argentine ant 766 leaf-cutter, notes 1146 new species, descriptions 1154 of Foxii group of Nomia, separation ... 1154 queen, raising 62 raising in Oklahoma, Okla 995 treatise 1155 varieties 766 wild, habits and life history 254 young, food value 562 Beeswax, extraction, Colo 182 U.S.D.A 592 secretion, U.S.D.A 959 Beet chips, dried, nutritive value 1172 drying 1172 diggers, descriptions 486 diseases, notes 247 harvesters, tests 988 rage. Beet leaf-hopper. {See Sugar-beet leaf-hop- per.) leaves, dried, composition 69 digestibihty 69 methods of drying 09 pulp. {See Sugar-beet pulp and Molas- ses-beet pulp.) root rots, notes 546 roots, distribution 732 fermentation in 225 seed proteids, studies 611 treatment 1029 Beet sugar industry In Canada 1128 the United States, U.S.D.A 441 manual 1029 notes 639 notes, U.S.D.A 394 statistics 639 wastes, analyses, N.Y.State 366 Beetles as slaves of ants 852 carabid, destruction of cotton boll weevil by 761 curculio, notes 762 inj urious, description 953 to cacao 157, 764 cocoanuts 654 furniture and woodwork 654 golden-rod, Conn. State. . 1048 willows, remedies 857 notes 657 Mich 351 snout, remedies 160 tenebrionid, parasitism 1 154 Beets, analyses, Hawaii 172 culture experiments KJ3 defecated, for cattle 969 distribution of phosphorus in 963 fertilizer experiments 222, 429,431,724,740,923 R.I 144 fodder, breeding experiments 742 factors affecting 530 culture experiments 1029 d istance experiments 530 fertilizer experiments 20,i!20,529 storage experiments 530 varieties 529, 530, 1029 growth as affected by electricity 1 125 inoculation experiments 520, 845 insects affecting 457 irrigation experiments 388 methods of analysis 1182 nitrate of soda for 523 nitrates in 165 sewage sludge for 1023 siloing experiments 530 sugar. {See Sugar beets.) water requirements 740 yield as affected by electricity 736 Befriseed, composition and use 1158 Belladonna, culture experiments, Vt 335 Bellura obliqua larvae as affected by freez- ing ^^ Benzaldehyde, determination in almond ex- tracts 1107 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1241 Page. Benzilic alcohol, effect on plants 928 Benzin, effect on soils 1015 Benzoate of soda, effect on metabolism, U.S.D..A 361,464 Benzoic acid — as a preservative 774 detection in butter 707 foods and condiments 612 determination 396 in catsup 211 effect on meat 658 metabolism, U.S.D.A 361,464 heat of combustion 13 Benzoic aldehyde, effect on plants 928 Benzol, effect on soils 218 yield of crops 718 Beri-beri, relation to a rice diet 358 Bermuda grass seed, viability 628 Berries, analyses 1059 manufacture of alcohol from 875 Berytida of British India 1148 Betula papyri/era, notes, U.S.D.A 543 Beverages, alcohol-free, analyses - . . 65, 167 alcoholic, analyses, N.Dak 511 com, preparation by American Indians 1159 examination 168, 774, 775 inspection in Wyoming 911 Bibliography of— afterl)irth, retention in cows 381 agrarian problem in England 1196 agricultural and nature-study work 993 credit 589 education in Austria 796 labor problem in Germany.. 690 problems in Spain 190 writers 797 agriculture, American 1194 alfalfa diseases, N.Y.State 846 ameba:', parasitic 287 amraonization investigations in soils 217 amyloid degeneration in horses 188 animal breeding 1170 diseases 479 genera, and nomenclature 685 transmitted by ticks 253 Arurpheles maculiptnnis 1153 Aphididoe, U.S.D.A 1051 apple black rot, Nebr 453 fruit spot, N.H 848 atmospheric nitrogen assimilation l)y plants 121 bacteria 1014 dicyandiamid 622 milk 675 nitrogen-fixing 520 l>ird.s of Maine 652 camphor 545 cellulose assimilation 68 cereal foods, U.S.D.A 292 cereal prices 92 cestode parasites of birds 1192 chrysanthemums J 241 Coccacefe 1079 cotton breeding, Ga 636 cucurbit mildew 248 I Page. Bibliography of— Continued. dairy science and practice 278 dairying ii76 education 1197 entomology 76O Canadian ". . 652 evaporation, U.S.D.A 312,1012 fauna of Indiana caves 1144 fibers 875 figs 444, 839 flax culture 533 flies as carriers of disease 1154 food analysis, Conn.State 960 forestry 46 fowl cholera aggressin 584 fruit culture 751 diseases, Mo.Fruit 347 geology of Connecticut 617 grape diseases 950 leaf-hopper, Cal 558 leaf skeletonizer, U.S.D.A 955 root-worm, Cal 559 grapes 1132 N.Y.State 941 hays of southern Italy 777 heredity 778 hog cholera 1083 horse-feeding problems 177 hygiene 863 insects, injurious 653 Johne's disease in cattle 791 lac insects 460 leucocytes 1183 lime-tree products 841 micro-organisms, pathogenic 378,985 milk and cheese fermentations II79 cream testing, U.S.D.A 1074 fermented 875 tuberculous, infectiousness, U.S.D.A. 977 mosquitoes as carriers of disease 1154 mycology 827 Myrmecocysti, American 1148 nature study 490 Nile River water 914 nitrogen. . . .^. 806 atmospheric, fixation 223,920 oats 745 orange worm 652 origin of species 760 ornithology, I'hilipjjinp 1145 pathology, experimental 1168 peach-tree barkbcetlc, U.S.D.A 956 peonies, N.Y. Cornell 942 pharmacology 1168 physiology 1168 pines of Mexico 1134 Piroplanma canis 88 plant breeding 335 diseases 758 pathology 946 proteids 611 potato improvement, 111 533 psychology, experimental 1168 radium effects on plants 930 Rhynchophora, .American lOCO rubber culture and manufacture 51 1-242 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Bibliography of— Continued. seed gerini'iation WH't preservation i'>i-> seedless grapes and orchard fruits (>42 Sijjhoiiaptera, noncombed-eyed 1140 soil studies fi92 temperatures 712 solubility of minerals in soils 125 soy-bean products 64 stoniatal physiology in plants 527 ticks 857 U.S.D.A 164 timbers 1135 tin in canned foods 1156 iDinato dise;ises, Nebr 451 transmissibility of tuberculosis to dogs. . . 1186 trypanosomiases 789 experimental 479 turtles 851 wheat 750 willows, culture 152 wood increment of trees 447 woodlands of Ettlingen 646 woods 1041 zoology 758 Canadian 652 Bicarbonate of soda, destruction of cotton foliage by 553 Bichlorid of mercury as a disinfectant, U.S.D.A 884 Bichromate of aluminum, effect on proto- plasm 929 Bicj'cle racers, investigations 863 Bigtree, notes, U.S.D.A 542 Bilberry juice, analyses 1059 Bile, effect on tetanus virus 83, 84 Bilharziosis, bovine, in France 285 Biliary fever in horses and dogs 680, 876 mules and donkeys 680 Biographical sketch of— Baltet, Charles 600 Fletcher, J. W 600 Ilusson, W. M., U.S.D.A 312 Mayo, Mary A 993 Pernter, J. M 600 Pinchol, James Wallace, U.S.D.A 293 Biological problems, relation of cnzyms to 165 Biologj', international catalogue 159 Bipotassium phosphate as a cut-flower pre- servative 540 Birch borer, bronze, notes, Minn 1049 forcing by warm water 641 leaf bucculatrix, notes G53 paper, notes, U.S.D.A 543 Bird day in Illinois and Wisconsin 1198 Birds, cestode parasites in 1192 destruction of insects by 57, 456, 759, 1152 eating cotton boll weevil, U.S.D.A ... 251 ecological succession in 552 economic relations. 252, 350, 490, 591, 652, 1198 feeding habits 57, 159, 350, 456, 1145 Me 1054 U.S.D.A 252 game, propagation in captivity 598 Illinois 1198 Page. Birds, guano-producing, of Peru, protection . 525 hybrids, .spceific charact^-rs in 455 insectivorous, notes 1147 locust-eating, in the Transvaal 57 migration, Ohio 1048 of liruzil, hematozoan parasites in 884 Illinois 7.'')9, 1198 Maine, bibliography 052 Oregon, studies 456,591 Siquijor, Philippine Islands 1145 Tierra del Fucgo, tri'alise 1145 proU'Ction, U.S.D.A 252 in Pennsylvania 350 Queensland 160 ollicials and organizations concerned in, U.S.D.A. . 455 relation to agriculture 93, 552 Biscuits, checking in, prevention 772 Black currant mite, notes 651 remedies 351 Hills beetle, notes, U.S.D.A 257 quarter, prevalence in India 786, 787 wattle for shelter l^elts 447 Blackberries, adulteration, U.S.D..V 565 breeding experiments, R.I 144 culture, Ind T. 940 in Washington, Wash. 1037 fertilizer experiments, Mass 327 misbranding, U.S.D.A 565,863 varieties, Mich 143 Fa 339 Blackberry juice, analyses 1059 leaf-miner, notes 458 Blackhead in chickens. La 583 turkeys, U.S.D.A 592 Blackleg, diagnosis 187 immunization 82, 1081 Okla 995 notes 82 prevalence in German Southwest Africa 576 Germany 876 Massachusetts 786 transmission by soils 577 treatment 280 Blackwood, Australian, culture and use 447 Bladder campion, notes 040 Blastnphaga grossorum, role in fig fertilization. 763 Blrpharipa scutcUata, studies, U.S.D.A 456 Blissus Icucopterus, notes 1147 Blister beetle, ash-gray, notes 460 Blood, analyses 767 corpuscles as affected by chlorophyll extracts 1026 dried. {See Dried blood.) meal, analyses, La 864 Va 370 digestibility 271 fertilizing value 723 for pigs, Va 370 value in treatment of scours. La. 72 of different species, toxicity 378 serum, bacteriolytic action 279 eflectiveness 279 work, bacteriology, and animal para- sitology, manual 1079 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1243 Page. Blue grass of Virginia, analyses, Va 932 seed, adulteration, U.S.D.A 937,992 tonguo, immunization 680, 787, 982, 1080 virus, studies lOSO Blueberry juice, analyses iaj9 determination in red wine. . 210 examination 1(17 Bluebirds, destruction in Pennsylvania 159 western, feeding habits 456 Bluejays, feeding habits 159 Bobcats, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Body temperature. (See Temperature, body.) Bocrhaavia diffusa, economic value 864 Bog water and soil, to.xic properties 738 Bogs, reclamation in Belgium 720 Boll weevil. {See Cotton-boll weevil.) BoUworm. (See Cotton boUwomi.) Bombyz mori, raising in the Philippines 657 Bone, cut, for egg production. Mass 273 dissolved, fertilizing value 640,9.33 ground, analyses, N.J 926 manures, analyses 827 meal, effect on- quality of potatoes, III 534 strength of bones, Nebr 868 fertilizing value 320, 640, 723, 727, 923, 1022, 1 128 steamed, solubility 822 phosphate, feeding value 175 solubility as affected by soil bacteria.. 120 Bones as a fertilizer, statistics 826 strength of, as atTected by food, Nebr. . 868 Bonnets for horses 371 Books on^ afforestation 944,945 agrarian problems in England 1195 Germany 190 agricultural— and transportation industries 6S8 cooperative associations in Germany. 689 laliorers in England 1091 writers 797 agricultvire 692,893 elementary 193, 194, 293, 489 in Ireland 818 Japan 892 the Philippines 1198 South 193 nature study, and domestic science 993 animal diseases 478, 576, 883 industry 576 nutrition 1170 parasites 883 apples 941 arithmetic 1198 bacteria, pathogenic anseroljes 1080 bacteriology 827 blood work, and animal para- sitology 1079 of water 423 ])aking trade 1165 liees 254, 1155 6830—09 2 rage. Books on— Continued. birds of Tierra del Fuego 1145 botany 326 bud variation 325 Ijiitterflios of .Vustralia 1147 cabbages and cauliflowers 837 cacao culture in Trinidad 540 calcium cyanamid 220 cattle 17.5, 1173 in Oldenburger Wesermarsch 476 raising 1173 Shorthorn 72 cereal culture 1033 cheese making 1181 chemistry, agricultural 1102 elementary 489 of food 62 leather trades 810, 101 1 plants 906,1120 organic 704 technical 810 chestnut trees 151 climate of Tunis 14 climatology. . .., 812, 1013 Coccaceae 1079 coffee culture 942 commercial products of India 893 tropical plants 148 uses of wood 151 conifers 446, 754 conservatory construction and heating... 887 cooking 169, 661 by gas 771 in the navy 1165 com 891 country places 540 crops, southern 1128 dahlias 942 dairying 476,979, 1073, 1175 dicotyledons, systematic anatomy 827 diet 1061, 1165 in tulierculosis 770 dietetics 1165 digestion and nutrition 662 distillation 1182 dogs 882, 1190 drainage 94 farm 686 duration of life 967 education 1197 English peasantry and common-field in- cisures 191 evergreens 942 fanii buildings and appurtenances 989 stock 1172 women 993 fats and oils 182 fauna of British India 1147,1148 feces, human, examination 709 feeding stufTs 777, 1 172 feeds and feeding 9(i8 fertilizers 22, 522 libers 875 floriculture 841 1244 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hooks on — Continued. Page. Mower pollination 326 food and nutrition 775,1165 inspection 62 in France 112 legislation in France 775 preservation 1157 forest administration in Germany 943 mensuration 541 service in Prussia 756 spacial arrangements 645 valuation and statics 1 135 forestry 149,541 fruit culture 442,751 fruits, l)ottling 770 of California 838 fungi, lower 1025 garden pests 255 gardening 242,592,943,1036,1133 for women 644 in California 842 France 538 window 644 gardens 644 home 1131 kitchen 837 Scottish 842 ginseng and medicinal plants 641 goats 569, 867 grapes of Germany 1132 New York 940 greenhouse construction and heating 887 greenhouses, unhealed 445 heredity 778 in plants 927 highway engineering 792 home grounds 148 honey, adulteration 359 hops 533 horse diseases 188 horses 75,285,371,385,780,869,1174 Himgarian wheat and flour 1159 hydrology 1111 hygiene 863 for schools 363 infants 1061 insects, American 652 forest 652 injurious to plants 762 irrigation 387, 1192 Jersey cows at St. Louis Exposition 77 Kew Botanic Gardens 1133 land reform in England 289 lilies, water 644 live stock 372 lumber industry in Austria 150 Luther Burhank's work 1131 meat and food inspection 565 preservation 361 mesembrj-anthemura and portulacas 942 micrography of Java trees 1134 milk analysis 1107 hygiene 1176 production as affected by food fat. . 572 mineral nutrients of plants 920 mushrooms ....,,..,,.,,.,.,, 432 Books on— Continued. Page. natural history 891 nature study 490,592,993.1197 nitrate industry 729 nitrogen and nitrogen fertilizing 220 nutrition of man 263 pansy, viola, and violet 1132 park system for Cincinnati 1133 peanuts 745 physiography for high schools 119 plant diseases 762 morphology and physiology 927 potash industry in Germany 24 potatoes 637 poultry 70,473,571,973,1174 houses and fixtures 372 industry in Denmark and Swe- den 75 preserving fruits, vegetables, and meat.. 770 principal crops of the world 1034 protozoa and disease 788 pathogenic 584 purin iwdies 67 rabliits 1174 reservoirs 988 rice culture 232 roses 241 rubber and gutta plants 50 culture 1136 latex, utilization 1137 manufacture 50 school gardens 891 secondary sexual characters 1169 sera, immune 1080 sewage and industrial waste waters 515 disposal 1014 Shorthorns 369 silkworms 1155 silviculture 943 sisal 1031 . soil fertility 16 soils 516,1113 squab raising 178 sugar industry 785 superphosphate manufacture 925 sweet pea culture 1039 the State and the farmer 486 timber industry in North Germany 1041 timber rot fungus 454 timbers 1135 trees 446,1133 of Great Britain 46,340,446,1133 Ireland 340,1133 North America 446 vegetables, canning 1157 ventilation 887 veterinary hygiene 81 pathology 685 therapeutics 182,1183 warblers of North America 759 wasps and ants 254 water analysis 1105 supplies 1013 weeds and poisonous plants of Queens- land 1120 wheat.......,, ..,.,,... 750,1033 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1245 Page. Books on— Continued. wine making 278 wcod of African legimiinous trees 1041 preservation 245 products, distillates, and extracts. . 1011 utilization 544 yeasts 432 zoology, economic 1144 Boophilus bovis. (Sec Cattle Tick.) Bordeaux dust, preparation, Ky 104 mixture, ellect on apples, Ky 164 grapes 649 preparation 163,550 Ky 164 and use 951 Boric acid as a butter preservative 1180 detection in condiments 612 foods 211,012,862 determination 1106 in liquid eggs 112 in canned goods 774 toxicity as aflected by tempera- ture 737 Borna horse disease, prevalence in Germany. 583 Saxony... 286 Bosa, analyses 1162 Botanical features of North .Vmerican deserts 732 lal)oratory, desert, at Tucson, Ariz . 323 Botany, forest , review of literature 640 international catalogue 435,827 manual 326 Botfly, horse. (See Horse botfly.) BotrycMum virginianum, sjnnbiosis in 227 Botryomycosis, effect on milk secretion, U.S.D.A 980 Botrytis bassiana, notes 466 cinerea. (See Grape gray rot.) Bousigonia tonkinensis, analyses 153 Bowel worms, inflated, notes, S.C 382 Box, culture and use 942 elder maple-borer, notes, Minn 1049 Brachycolus ballii, description lUQ Brachys xrosa, notes. Me 1040 P.racken, composition and use 926 I ;nin, analyses 366,1065,1172 N.Dak 512 Utah 357 and molasses, feeding value 177 distribution of phosphorus in 963 (See also Wheat, Rye, etc.) Brandy, acetic aldehyde in 1182 analyses 65,863 di.stillalion 1182 iiicUhkIs of analysis 420,612,1107 H riixsica chinin.ii.i, fertilizer experiments 320 spp., breeding experiments 146 I izil nuts, composition 1101 I ) rtion of tin by 1155 analyses 168,862,1060 N.Dak 511 of gases in 1058 boric acid content as affected by washing 774 misbranding, U.S.D.A 863 sterilization 1157 tin in, bibliography 1156 vegetables, detection of copper in . . . 1101 Cans, rusty, effect on action of rennet, Wis. . 181 Canine distemper. (See Dog distemper.) Cantaloupes. (See Muskmelons.) CanihophoTiLS cinctus, notes. Me 1049 Caoutchouc. {See Rubber.) Capnodium salicinum, review of literature. . . 950 Capons, profitableness, N. Y.State 968 Capsidffi, remedies 560 Caracul sheep, notes 1173 raising in Belgium 369 Germany 369,972 Caradrina eiigua, notes 762 spp., notes 761 Page. Carambola, notes, Hawaii 143 Caramel, detection in vanilla extract 1107 Caropo spp., oil from, characteristics 1182 Caraway, culture exp)erLments, Vt 335 Carbohydrates- assimilation investigations 67 effect on milk 975 Mass 377 nitrogen fixation 1115 in com, N. Y.State a 967 feeding stuffs, relation to fat content of milk, N. Y.State %7 insoluble, digestibility 1167 metaboUsm 364,603 utilization by animal tissues 405 Carbol, effect on soils 218 Carboleum, germicidal value. Wis 986 Carbolic acid as a disinfectant, U.S.D.A 884 use in bacterial diseases 279 Carbolineum as a wood preservative, U.S.D.A 48 Carbon — assimilation by nitrate organisms 518 PeniciUium 28 bisulphid — effect on insects 496 nitrification in soils 518 plants 490,518 potash in soOs...« 726 soils 218,518 yield of crops 718 nutrient value 719 determination Ill in water 9 dioxid apparatus, use 211 atmospheric, variations in 422 determination in air 308 occupied rooms.. 1008 water 111,807 effect on fonnation of dicyandia- mid 1117 micro-organisms 027 nitrification, G a 520 in soils 519 phosphates, Mich 222 weight of pupse 254 elimination by dead plants 830 excretion as affected by tcmperar ture 170 in soils 218 production in goats 70 under sitting hens, Conn.Storrs... 472 variation in the air 1111 disulphid, effect on soils 1015 fumigation, Conn.State 1048 monoxid, detection in air 308 tetrachlorid, effect on yield of crops 718 fumigation, Conn.State 1048 lime, effect on composition of milk 1177 fertilizing value, N. Y.State 934 potash, effect on potato scab. Mass 344 fertilizing value. Mass 327 Carbonates, effect on nitrification, Ga 519 Carbonic acid, determination in water 418 Carcinoma, prevalence in western Australia.. 1080 Cardoon, insects affecting 353 INDEX Of subjects. 1'240 Page. Carex nehraskensis, notes, \V j-o 368 Carica papaya, change of sex in 444 corre!-^tion of structure in 226 guercifolia, notes, llawaii 143 Carnation bud rot, studies, N.Y. State 647 diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell.. 52 Carnations as affected by fertilizers, Md 238 gases 627 breeding experiments, Vt 339 culture experiments, Md 238 in greenhouses , M d 239 fertilizer experiments, R.I 538 Carnegie Fovmdation, relation to land-grant colleges 407 Carnitin, chemical constitution 365 metabolism 1166 relation to novains and oblitin 663 Carp, nitrogen content 356 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Carrot rust fly, notes 351 soup for infants 1061 Carrotene from carrots 708 Carrots, Australian, economic value 864 canned, absorption of tin by 1155 composition 708 distribution of phosphorus in 963 fertilizer experiments 428, 723, 823 R.I 145 irrigation experiments 388 varieties 228 yield as affected by elcctricitj' 736 Car-sul, germicidal value, Wis 986 Carthamus tinctorius seeds, utilization 65 Cartography of southwestern Louisiana 314 Carum ajowan by-products, digestibility 172 Carya alba, culture in Germany 843 Caryoborus pallidus, life history 255 Casein cleavage products, utilization 1103, 1166 determination in milk, Wis 12 in milk, conditions affecting 273 determination 397 variations in, Wis 79 preparations, ash content 1009 separation from hiunan milk 809 solubility as affected by temperature. 705 use 1181 weight of, determination 705 Cassava flour, production in Sao I'aulo 63 refuse, analyses, Hawaii 172 Cassida de/lorata injurious to cardoon 353 picifrons, notes 1148 Cassididfc of the Philippines 1148 Castitloa tlastica, culture experiments 343 in llawaii, llawaii 245 notes 57 Castor-bean meal, fertilizing value 723 roots, dLstribution 732 Iwans, endospermic respiration in 734 meal, (examination 775 oil emulsion, preparation 255 semilooper, notes 856 Catalase, determination, apparatus for 1011 Catalpa bud maggot, notes (553 midge, studies, Ohio 957 Catechin, extraction from cutch 708 Page. Caterpillars — destruction 560 false, notes, U.S.D. A 257 hairy, in Gujaret, notes 761 in India, notes 57 injurious to tobacco 762 notes, Mass 350 Md 560 N. H 556 remedies 163 Catnip, culture experiments, Vt 335 CatocalsB of Iowa, notes 1147 Cats, transmission of diseases by 577 Catsup, analyses 168, 862 {See also Ketchup.) Cattle- Aberdeen- Angus, handbook 1173 aphis affecting 654 as affected by smelter fumes, U.S.D..-V.. . 29 breeding in Zaml)i 568 breeds in Morocco 972 Brown Swiss, history and breeding 1173 care and management 1172 defecated beets for 969 dehorning, U.S.D. A 982 dips, analyses 709 construction 285 diseases, investigations 786 notes 787, 791, 979 domestic, origin 1173 Egyptian, improvement 175 live and dressed weight 176 feeding experiments 972 food requirements 1065 immunization against — hemoglobinuria 284 tuberculosis 480, 877, 1186, 1187, 1188 Wis 682 improvement in Ireland 71 Italy 279 in the Kongo 369 industry in Oldenburger Wesermarsch... 476 inheritance of coat color in 568 insects affecting 160 mange, control in Nel)raska 285 nodular disease 879 pasturing : 865 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning by arsenicals 790 digitalis 189 tansy 86 quarantine law in Nebraska 285 raising, in Guipuzcoa 972 Hungary 1173 notes 175 treatise 1 173 scab, notes 384 Shorthorn, history 72 Mendolisin in 568, 779 southern, shipments into Ohio 183 spotted , of southern Moravia 1173 spraying machine, description 884 ticks, eradication 383, 1188 Ark 383 Okla 383,481 1250 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Cattle— Continued. Tage. ticks, eradication, Tcnn 10.')4 Louisiana 582 Mississippi 197 in Queensland KK) incubation of eggs ■2.")3 life history. Ark 382 and habits, Tonn 1054 notes 553, 786 iScc also Ticks.) treatise 175 Cauliflower diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell. 52 Cauliflowers, culture, treatise 837 Caustic soda and sulphur dip, effect on wool. 879 Cecidomyia catalpx, notes 653 studies, Ohio 957 coccidarum, notes, U.S.D.A 953 destructor. {See Hessian fly.) foliora, notes 704 resinicoloidcs n. sp., description . . 1152 Cecidoniyiid;B, biology and feeding habits 252 circumfili of, studies 653 new species, descriptions 653 Cecropia cocoons, mortality in 953 Cedar apples and rusts, studies 453 Cedars, culture in Arizona, Ariz 340 Cdastrus scanderiK, food value 359 Celery, culture, N.Mex 144 U.S.D.A 237 in Michigan, Mich 144 diseases, treatment, N.Y. Cornell 52 insects affecting 457 seed by-products, digestibility 172 viability 628 Cells, guard , investigations 830 Cellulose assimilation, bibliography 68 investigations 68 determination in chocolate 396 digestibility 70 oxidation 718 Cement sewers as affected by alkali, Mont. . . 288 tiles, manufacture, Minn 485 Centaurea aspcra, hydrocyanic acid in 1027 cyanus, analyses 750 Cephaleuros vircscens, studies 849 Cephus comprcssus, notes 763 Cerambycidffi of British India 1147 Ceratitis anonx n. sp., description 1152 capitata, notes 60, 762 parasitism 655 remedies 763 Ceratuphyllun fasciatus, notes 758, 1055 multidentatus n. sp., description 1154 Ceratostomella, new species, notes 1040 Ceratostomclla pilifcra, studies 1040 Cercopid spp., notes 1151 Cercopidse of British India 1148 Cercospora cruenta, notes, Del 946 medicaginis, notes, N.Y. State 846 raciborskii, notes 947 Cereal — diseases, studies 750, 845, 1042 food by-products, analyses, N.J 69 foods, analyses, Me 461 N.Dak 511 examination in Pennsylvania 358 preparation and use, U.S.D.A 292 Cereal— Continued. Page. mildews, microscopic characters 1042 products, insects affecting 1149 proteids, alcohol extracts 109 rusts, studies 946 S.Dak 345 smuts, destruction by Phalacrus corruscus 554 notes 648 treatment 947 Cerealine, analyses, N.J 69 Cereals- analyses 407 breeding experiments 235 culture in Brazil 740 the South 1128 Tunis 832 treatise 1033 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1003 fertilizer e.xperiments 20, 21, 724 irrigation experiments, Nev 031 nitrate of soda for 523 preparation for food 06 prices of, bibliography 92 statistics of Europe, U.S.D.A 38 Germany 91 trade in Europe, U.S.D.A 38 variation in, as affected by environment . . 235 {See also specific kinds.) Cerebro-spinal meningitis in horses. La 385 Ceresa bubalus. {See Buffalo tree-hopper.) Ceroplastcs spp., notes 352 Cestode parasites of birds 1192 Cestodes in animals 159 preservation and mounting 1192 Cetonia spp., description 953 Chsetochloa italica, notes, Ohio 231 Chaff as an egg preservative 870 Chaitophorus flava. {See Siplia flava.) Chalcidid injurious to apples 703 Chalcis flies, seed-infesting, notes 497, 1147 Chalcodermus xneus, notes 1151 Changa, notes 554 Charcoal burning in Sweden 342 properties 544 Charlock. {See Mustard, wild.) Charts, agronomic value 618 Chasselas musquc, notes 1131 Cheese- analyses 277, 709, 784, 862. 1060, 1181 as affected by fat and casein in milk 274 saltpeter 1078 bacteriain, U.S.D.A 275 identification 495 studies 496 bacteriological examination 277 Caniembert, care and testing, L'.S.D.A. . . 978 ripening, U.S.D.A 677 changes in 393 Cheddar, analyses, Wis 13 cracking 1078 defects in, N. Y.Comell 574 ripening, N.Y. State 873 cream, analyses 1181 Edam, analyses 1181 fat content 1181 Enimenthal, red spots in 81 stringiness in 875 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 1251 Cheese— Continued. Page. experiment station at Lodi 478 exports from the United States 277 factories in Wisconsin 1060 fennentation, review of literature 1179 flavors, factors affecting, N. Y.State 979 Gervais, analyses 81 goat, analyses 784 Gorgonzola, disease, notes 574 notes 784 Grana, as atlected by bacteria 377 manufacture 377, 574 industry in Normandy 1181 the Rhine" Province 1181 Italian, fat content 1181 Limburger, analyses 1181 making experiments, N. Y.State 979 factors in, N.Y.Cornell 574 in Cuba 377 investigations 276 treatise 1181 mites, notes 457 moisture apparatus, description 510 Olmiitzer, manufacture 377 paraffining, N.Y.State 979 apparatus, description 478 preservation with formaldehyde 574 press, automatic, description. Wis 81 notes, U.S.D.A 394 production in Canada 1176 New South Wales 277 the United States 277 quality as affected by feeds 784 rind, use of baritine in 784 ripening experiments, N.Y.State 979 short, investigations 81 skim milk, analyses. Wis 13 detection 274 soaked-curd , decision concerning, U.S.D.A 863 soft, ripening investigations 478 Swiss, as affected by root crops 784 varieties, U.S.D.A 181 Chclidonium majus, coagulating substance in. 26 Chelydra serpentina, food habits 851 Chemical control stations in Sweden 1199 laboratories, cremating furnace for. 496 problems in hospital practice 566 products from wood 544 reagents, testmg 398 Chemicals, effect on rabies virus 83 fertilizing value, li.1 145 Chemiker Zeitung, publication 700 Chemistry- agricultural, future of 495 progress in 311,1006,1102 review of literature 646 treatise 1102 applied, international congress 421 biological, problems in 165 elementary, for agricultural students 489 inorganic, progress hi 421 internal ional congress of 421, 697 notes, Oreg 393 of food, handbook 62 leather trades, treatise 810, 1011 milk 565, 977 review of literature 785 Chemistry— Continued. Page. of proteids 364, 704 sugar, progress in 1102 organic, text-book 704 physiological, investigations 67, 704 plant, text-book 906 progress in 1907 609 proteid, progress in 364 relation to agricuKure 1006 conservation of natural re- sources 495 food 1165 technical, handbook 810 Cherimoyers, culture experiments, P.R 39 in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 Chermes abides, notes 760 picex bouvieri, injurious fto Abies no- bilis 459 pinicortis, notes, Minn 1049 Chermes, development 254 Cherries, analyses 1059 Barbados, culture experiments, P.R 39 blooming period, N.Y.State 42,642 culture in Alaska, Alaska 142 Oregon, Oreg 336 pots 839 development as affected by light. . . 1124 fermentation in 225 injury by freezing, Ohio 147 manufacture of alcohol from 875 notes, U.S.D.A 239 pnming. Wash 42 varieties 751 Mich 143 for forcing 83tf Cherry aphis, notes, Colo 856 bacterial disease, characters 1042 diseases, notes 248,347,845 treatment, N.Y.Cornell 52 juice, analyses 1059 detection in raspberry juice 113 leaf browning, notes 649 lice, notes, Colo 856 witches' broom, notes 249 Chestnut bark disease, notes, U.S.D.A 550 blight, notes 550, 757 canker, studies 348 diseases in Portugal 250 - notes 151 fat, properties 109 groves in Italy 643 Chestnuts, candied, preparation 1157 culture experiments, Mich 143 horse, developmental studies 1125 insects affecting 151 raw, digestibility 1167 winterkilling, Mich 939 Chickadees, feeding habits 159 Chicken bacterial disease, notes. La 584 P.R 88 cholera, prevalence in Germany 876 diseases, studies, La 583 fattening crates, construction. Pa. . . 670 leg band bender, description, Me 473 nitrogen content 356 septicemia, investigations 386 Chickens — as affected by cold storage, U.S.D.A 258 brooder, disease affecting. Mass 386 1252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Chickens— Continued . care and management 490 cold storage, studies, U.S.D.A .". . . 500 cost of rearing 76 (liflcrent breeds, growth. Pa 669 f;it liuiing for market 490 feeding and fattening. Pa 670 experiments 372 R.I 470 hatching and rearing 473 incubation experiments, Oreg 472 marketing 178 spirochete in blood of 483 vigor of, as affected by age of parents 598 weight of organs in 273 {See also Poultry.) Chicks, development as affected by eggshells. 571 Chicle industry in Mexico 150 Chicory, analyses 777 fertilizer experiments 1118 physiological effects 1163 Children, dinners of, in French schools 1164 health of, as affected by formalde- hyde, U.S.D.A 962 metabolism experiments 169, 465, 662 school, meals for 363 Children's gardens. (See School gardens.) Chile diseases, notes, N.Mex 237 Chillies, cost of production, N. Mex 144 culture experiments, N. Mex 237 insects affecting, N. Mex 237 Chilo spp., notes 955 Chilomenes lunata, notes 854 Chinch bug, notes 1147 Chinese, diet of 1164 Chionaspis — citri, notes 352 euonymi. (See Euonymus scale.) furfura. (See Scurfy scale.) micropori n. sp., description, U.S.D.A. .. 352 spp., notes 1146 Chironomidae, North American, bibliography 653 of Kongo Free State 1147 Chloral as a cut-flower preservative 540 hydrate, toxicity as affected by tem- perature 737 Chlorate of aluminum, effect on protoplasm . . 929 Chlorid of lime as a disinfectant, U.S.D.A 884 Chloridea obsoleta. (See Heliothis obsoleta.) Chlorids, effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A. 1017 Chlorin, determination in milk 809 effect on tubercle bacilli 84 in river waters of Java 016 Chloroform, effect on soils 218,1015 yield of crops 718 Chloro-naphtholeum, disinfectant value,AVis. 986 Chlorophyll — chemistry of 1026 concentration in plants 738 constitution 739 extracts, photodynamic work of 1026 fonnation as affected by phosphorus 224 relation to hemoglobin 1121 studies 1026 Chlorosis of plants, studies 1047 treatment 1044 Page. Chocolate, adulteration, detection 11 analyses. Conn. State 900 effect on digestion 1002 renal excretion 664 examination 707, 1103 Cholesterin, antitoxic property 84 studies 365 Chondriosomes, relation to heredity 1169 Chondrus crispus, analyses 964 Chorizagrotis spp., notes, Mont 351 Chortoiceles spp., control 852 Chryphalus horridus n. sp., description 1152 Chrysanthemum diseases, treatment, N. Y. Cornell 52 rust, biology 1142 Chrysanthemum frutescens, transpiration 129 spp., notes 1143 Chrysanthemums, bibliography 241 fertilizer experiments, Md. 238 Chrysemys picta, food habits 851 Chrysomelid beetle, notes, Conn. State 1048 Chrysomelidse of British India 1147 Chrysomphalus aonidum, notes 255 aurantii, notes 352 ficus (aonidum). (See Florida red scale.) Chrysomyxa abietis, studies 849 Chrysopa rufilabris, notes, U.S.D.A 953 Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, notes 049, 1043 studies 756 treatment 545 Chrysophyllum cainito, culture, Hawaii 143 Churches, ventilation 887 Cicada, periodical, notes 653, 761 Ky 161 Cicindela spp., life history 554 Cider, adulteration, U.S.D.A 505 analyses 001,709,1162 composition as affected by colored light 660 fermentation, factors affecting 1 182 mannitic fermentation in 377 manufacture 770 misbranding, U.S.D.A 169,565 standardization 310 Cieddu, bacterial content 477 Cigar case bearer, notes 1 145 Cigars and cigarettes, statistics 040 Cimbex americana, notes, Minn 1050 Cimex lectularius. (See Bedbug.) rotundatus, Leishman-Donovan para- site in 985 Cimicidse of Kongo Free State 1147 Cineraria disease, notes 550 Cinnamic acid, studies 396 Cinnamomum camphora, notes 545 Cinnamon industry in Ceylon 841 Citellus mollis, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Citral, analysis 398 determination in lemon extract 211 methods of analysis 390 paper on 398 Citrate of lime industry in West Indies 841 Citrates, soluble, effect on coagulability of milk 1178 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1253 Page. Citric acid, detection in wine 612 in wine 061 , 707 lead in 310 Citron peel, preservation 771 Citrons, statistics 837 Citrus diseases, notes 246 studies, Cal 650 Experiment Station at Riverside, Cal. 195 fruit aphis, parasitism 763 diseases, notes, Tex 1038 industry in California, U.S.D.A.. 43 rot, notes 848 fruits, culture experiments, P.R 39 in Texas, Tex 1038 fertilizer experiments, P.R 39 insects affecting 160,255,554 Tex 1038 storage and transportation 840 {See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.) mal de goma, notes, P.R 39 scalybark, investigations, Fla 1045 trees, fumigation 856 Citrus trifoliata, value for citrus stock, Tex. . . 1038 Cladosporium hcrbarum, fixation of nitrogen by 17 notes 547,850 sp., notes, Fla 1053 Clarets, analyses 773 Clay, determination in soils 1007 Clemmys guttatus, feeding habits 851 Chonus quadrilineatus, notes, U.S.D. A 257 spp., remedies 160 Climate as affected by forests 14,812 lakes 14 changesin, U.S.D.A 114 effecton Americanhistory,U.S.D.A. 312 plants 1123 handbook 812 history, U.S.D.A 1012 hot, effect on body temperature 776 of Abbassia 711 Australia 812 Belgium 14 Brazil, U.S.D.A 811 Buenos Aires 711 Canadian Yukon, U.S.D.A 312 Eastern Asia, U.S.D.A 1012 Finland 587 France, variations in 1013 Great Falls region 813 Hawaii 913 Innsbruck 812 Isthmus of Panama, U.S.D.A 312 Kansas, U.S.D.A 114,115 Maryland 615 Nebraska 15 Kannes 616 sac Paulo 14,615,913 Sfax region, U.S.D.A 43 Southern Nigeria 544^ Spokane, U.S.D.A 312 Syria 119 the Bahama Islands 115 British Isles 115 Great Plains 711 Tunis, book 14 I'age. Climate, relation to terrestrial deposits 213 the sun 421 variations in 912 Climates, comparison, U.S.D.A 811 Climatological service, studies, U.S.D.A 912 Climatology, handbook 1013 {See also Meteorology.) CHvia gardneri leaves, wounding, chemical changes due to 1027 Clorops tseniopus, affecting Imrley 59 Clostridium pasteurianum, fixation of nitro- gen by 18 spp., studies 18 Cloud, meteoric, at Urbana, U.S.D..\ 1012 Cloudburst at Shasta, Cal., U.S.D.A-. 114 in California, U.S.D.A 811 Clouds, reflecting power, U.S.D.A 811 Clove disease, studies 453 Clover— alsike, culture, Wis 33 fertilizer experiments. Wis 30 analyses 968 and timothy forage, analyses 467 anthracnose, notes, Del 946 aphis, bur, notes, U.S.D.A 257 injurious to apples, Colo 855 livestock 654 studies 1149 as a cover crop, U.S.D.A 31 affected by dicyandiamid salts 522 breeding experiments, U.S.D. .A. 235 bur, culture and use, Tex 439 crimson, as a cover crop, Wis 31 green manure, Md 238 fertilizer experiments 822 fertilizing value, .\la.Canebrake. 1030 crop, failure in Ohio, Ohio 893 culture experiments, Iowa 230 Wis 135 in Iowa 742 Darling, economic value 864 effect on composition of soils, Minn 435 extract, photodynamic work 1026 fertilizer experiments 742,031 Iowa 230 Pa 1017 Wis 29 for cows. Pa 373 egg production. Mass 272 pigs. Mo 74 Mont 667,668 germination as affected by soil treat- ment 1015 hay, analyses 968 available energy. Pa 394 feeding value, Ind 971 worm, notes, Mich 351 insects affecting 1146 Japan, as a green manure 428 leaf beetle, notes 954 spot, microscopic characters 1042 plant louse, studies 1149 red, feeding value, N.Y. State 968 fertilizer experiments 320 tests of strains, Wis 33 rotation experiments, Minn 435 1254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. I'age. Clover— Continued . seed examination, Conn. State 136 Iowa 334 formation, studies, N.Dak 530 selection, R.I 136 sulphate of i)ota.sh for 925 worm, {ireen, notes. Conn. State 1048 Cloves, analysis, value of determinations in. . 910 Club root, microscopic characters 1042 treatment 20,246 Coagulating substance in Papaveracea; 26 Coal ashes, composition 926 fertilizing value 926 tar as a dust preventative, U.S.D.A 288 colors, identification .398 derivatives in fertilizers, detection . . 923 dyes, detection in mustard 1107 Cobalt, toxicity as affected by temperature. .. 737 Cocaine hydrochlorid, adulteration, U.S.D.A. 565 Coccacesp, bibliography 1079 classification 1024,1079 Coccida; injurious to tea 61 National collection, U.S.D.A 161 new species, descriptions, U.S.D.A. 351 notes 761 Coccidss spp., notes 1151 Coccidium boi'is, notes 878 Coccinellidse, notes 761 Cockchafers, notes 351,459 remedies 61,456 Cockerels, effect on egg production, N.Y. State 968 feeding experiments, R.I 470 profitableness, N.Y. State 968 Cockroaches, notes 1154 remedies 554 Cocoa, analyses 167,707 Conn.State 960 effect on metabolism 68 fat, detection in butter 419 insects affecting 1152 manufacture 360 powdered, microscopical examination. 1163 shells, copper content 310 detection in cocoa goods 310 solubility 1163 studies 167 theolsromin content, determination. . . 1009 Cocoanut beetle, remedies 459 bud rot, investigations 1046 cake, analyses .' 173 , 777 effect on milk 1175 diseases, studies 454 fat, detection in butter 707 Industry in Malay States 841 meal, analyses 366 milk, composition 65 oil by-products, analyses 777 detection in butter 31 1 determination in butter 910 stem disease, notes 347 Cocoanuts, culture experiments, P.R 39 fertilizer experiments 820 insects affecting 160,654 potash requirements 221 Cocos nudfera fruit, diastases of 65 Page. Codfish, examination 168 nitrogen content 356 Codling moth— hibernation as affected by tempera- ture 253 in New Hampshire 553 the Transvaal 654 larvic, feeding habits 1052 life history, N.Mex 144 notes GO, 253, 553, 700, 762, 1146 Ariz 353 Ky 161 Mont 351 N. Y.State 952 Oregon 941 remedies 162,256,458 Idaho 256 Ky 163,164 MicH 144 Mo.Fniit 353 N.J 656 Nebr 60 Ohio 162 Okla 952 Wash 161, 162 studies 496 U.S.D.A 255 Cojfea arabica, culture in Madagascar 942 congensis, inmiunity to Hemileia vas- tatriz 1141 Coffee, adulteration, detection 661 analyses 262 caffein-f ree, analyses 661 cost of production 643 P.R 45 culture experiments, P.R...^ 45 in Brazil 643 Java 942 northern Guatemala 1132 Sao Paulo 841 treatise 942 diseases, notes, P.R 61 effect on digestion. . - 1062 renal excretion 664 fermentation experiments 445, 841 P.R 46,94 fertilizer experiments 539, 820 industry in Brazil 643,841 insects affecting 643 P.R 61 misbranding, U.S.D.A 169, 1060 notas 148, 1034 physiological effects 1163 potash requirements 221 rust, studies 947 statistics 841 substitute, analyses 167 Cola, notes 148 nuts, adulteration 65 feeding value 174 Cold storage- congress, international 1157 discussion 1157 effect on chickens, U.S.D.A 258 composition of butter 1180 egg pastes 658 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1255 I'ago. Cold storage — Continued. for chickens, U.S.D. A 500 eggs, U.S.D. A 560 foods 862, 1057 f mi is 840 quail, U.S.D. A 560 poultry, examination 1056 Coleophora fletcherella. (See Cigar case-bearer. ) malivoreUa. (See Pistol case- bearer. ) Coleoptera, injurious to honey locusts 459 of British India 1147 review of literature 700 wood-boring, insect enemies 553 Coleosporium senecionh. notes 56,550 Coleuses, growth as affected by glucose 625 Coli bacillus. (See Bacillus coli communis.) Colic in horses 983 College of Hawaii , organization 890 Colleges. (See Agricultural colleges.) Colletotrichum camellix, studies 848 glaosporioides, notes, Fla 1046 luzificum, description 1141 lycopersici, studies, Ncbr 451 trifolii, notes, Del 946 N.Y.State 846 Colletotrichum, studies 1138 Collodion as an egg preservative 870 Colloids of cultivated soils 818 relation to soil properties 619 Color, synthetic, detection in butter 910 Colorado College, notes 196, 294, 894, 990, 1095 Station, notes 294, 894, 996 Coloring matters in foods 396 Colors, artificial, effect on health, U.S.D. A. . 961 Colostrum, studies 1178 sugar of. 908 Colpitis, granulous, as a cause of sterility 82 Colts, lameness in, treatment 286 Columbia River, annual rise, U.S.D. A 515 Colutea arborescens, development 735 Commercial products, inspection in Germany 65 Composts as a source of humus 522 preparation 632 in Japan 689 Compsilura concinnata, studies, U.S.D. A 456 Concentrates, effect on nitrogen content of liquid manure 318 Concrete, destruction l)y alkali, Colo 886 Mont 288 Condiments, chemistry of 058, 775 detection of preservatives in 612 examination 657 inspection in Germany 6.5 Confectionery, analyses 657 Conifer blue rot, studies 1046 diseases, notes 758 seedlings, damping off, U.S.D. A 56 Vt 349 Conifers, form and content 754 formation of red wood in 930 of Central Europe, handbook 754 treatise 446, 754 varieties for New South Wales 843 Coniothyriuin diplndirlla, studies 950 fuckflii. description 850 pirina, studies 547 rage. Coniotliyrium sp., notes, Fla 1053 tumsefacicns n. sp., description. 850 Connecticut — College, notes 95,593,996 State Station, notes 196, 798, 1095, 1200 Storrs Station, financial statement 491 notes 95,294 report of director 491 ConotTochelus nenuphar. (See Plum cur- culio.) Conservatories, construction and heating 887 Contarinia sorghicola, notes 1149 spp., studies 655 toTquens, notes 649 Cookers, flreless, description '. 361 tests 1061 use 965 steam, use 965 Cookery, hygienic, notes 169 Cooking appliances, army, notes 1061 by electricity, notes 1062 gas, book 771 effect on— digestibility of starch, U.S.D.A . 858 iron content of vegetables 1161 in ancient times 770 instruction in public schools 92 method of teaching, Mo 590 principles of 1165 recipe book 169 Cooks, army training schools for 1061 Cooperage stock, statistics, U.S.D.A 49 Coopcria punctata, notes, S.C 382 Cooper's powder, effect on wool 879 Copal, source 50 Copper — acetate, effect on grapes 649 ammonium sulphate as a milk preserva- tive 613 detection in canned vegetables 1161 effect on action of rennet. Wis 80 fermentation 130 soils 831 in canned vegetables, detection 1161 oysters 562 sulphate, fertilizing value 823 solutions, preparation and u.se . 951 toxicity as affeetc(l l)y temperature 737 Cordylobia anthropophagn, life history 1154 Coriander, culture exi)rriinents, Vt 335 seed by-products, digestibility 172 Coriaria mprtijolia as an adulterant of sumac, U.S.D.A 512 Corn, analyses 467 Uawaii 172 U.S.D.A 1064 Va 370 and beans, misbranding, U.S.D.A 1060 cob meal, analyses, N.J 69 Tenn 672 for cows, Tenn 672 oat feeds, analy.«es, Iy electricity 73G Cucurbit mildew, l>il)lio{;rapliy 248 inoculation experiments... 247 studies 247 Culeifaligans, transmission of dengue fever by 1153 pipiens, remedies, N.J 958 transmission of leprosy by 1153 trachycampa n. sp. , description 1153 Culex, new species, description 11-53 Culicidac of Congo Free State 1147 studies 1153 Cultivator, steam, description 88G Cultiv-ators, tests 1089 Culverts, concrete, construction 1088 Curcuma, detection in mustard 1107 Curd, moisture apparatus, description 510 Currant black knot, description 55 brown scale, notes 764 bud mite, characteristics 256 diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell 52 juice, analyses 167, 660, 1059 seed oil, characteristics 810, 1182 Currants, analyses 1059 culture, Ind 940 experiments, U.S. D. A 228 in Alaska, Alaska 142 development as affected by light.. . 1124 manufacture of alcohol from 875 shipping experiments, Mich 143 varieties, Mich 143, 939 Pa 339 Curtis scale, notes, Minn 1050 Cuscuta ephhymum, notes 640 Del 946 perennation 1125 Cutch, methods of analysis 708 Cutworm, army, notes, Mont 351 variegated, outbreak 253 Cutworms, injurious to tobacco 762 notes 555, 853, 1151 Mass 350 remedies 1149 Cyanamid, absorption in soil 725 ammoniacal fermentation of 924 factory in France, description — 730 manufacture 730 Cydoconium oleaginum, notes 1140 review of literature. . 950 Cyclones, damage by, statistics 313 Cydia pomonella. (See Codling moth.) pseudolsugana , studies, Mont 354 CylindTOsporium olivx n. sp., description 157 pomtn.sp., description, N.H. 847 Cyllene robinix, notes, Minn 1049 U.S.D.A 257 Cypress, culture in Arizona, Ari;-. 340 Cyrtacanthacris exacta, control 852 Cyrtodisca spp., notes 1146 Cysticercus tenuicollit, eosinophilous cells of. . 484 Cytodites nudus, notes 1191 Cytospora rubescens, notes 347 sp., notes 158 Page. CytosporcUa damnom n. sp., notes 158 Cy totoxins, constitution and action 10.80 Dactylis glomcrata, culture, Alaska 133 Dacu." olcx, notes 1 140 remedies 459 tryoni, not«s 762 Daffodils, varieties, classification 11 33 yellow stripe, notes 850 Dahlias, summer - blooming, description, U.S.D.A 239 treatise 942 varieties 237 Dairies, cooperative, in Belgium 990 Germany 91 Dairy apparatus, tests 575 bacteriology, appliances, Mich 979 barns, reconstruction 374 buildings, sanitation, Conn.Storrs 374 conditions, improvement, Conn.Storrs 374 in Missouri 573 congress, international 374,478,698 farms, cropping systems for, U.S.D.A. 571 governmental, in South Aus- tralia 897 management in India 476 profits,Ill 374 feeds, analyses, R.I 567 proprietary, analyses, Tenn 672 herd, Jersey, at St. Louis Exposition. . 77 profits in Wisconsin 1175 records 277, 782 Conn.Storrs 475 Ga 373 111 180 Ind 673 Nebr 873 Wis 77,674 herds, improvement, Ind 374 houses, plans for, N.C 476 husbandry, nofes, Vt 394 inspection in Kentucky, Ky 180 Quebec 277 Victoria 277 Wisconsin 1059 Wyoming 1060 score-card, U.S.D.A 977, 1073 institute at Alnarp 476 Kleinhof-Tapiau 782 Memmingen 277 institutes in Germany 871 instructors and investigators 500 laboratory at Quebec 277 law in Pennsylvania 362 Washington 775 officials, organizations, and institu- tions, U.S.D.A : ■■ 678 products, analyses 467, 657 bacteriology 495 exports from Switzerland. . . 574 frozen , dietetic value 862 imports into Switzerland. . . 574 inspection in Germany 892 standards for, U.S.D.A 974 school at Riitti-ZoUikofen, report 574 science and practice, investigations. . . 277 show at Chicago 500 statistics of .^.ustralia 391 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1261 Page. Dairy statistics of Canada 1176 Sweden 1176 test associations in Norway 475 Sweden 277 water supplies, purity, U.S.D.A 977 Dairying at Kenai Station, Alaska 180 Sao Paulo station 71 experiments in, N.Y.State 979 in Argentina 1 75, 476 Brazil . . 782 Canada 1176 Denmark 1176 Finland 782 Hunpary 1172 India 979 Norway 1176 Quebec 1176 Siberia 1181 Sweden 1176 the South. U.S.D.A 978 various countries 476, 978, 1176 review of literature 785, 1176 treatise 476,979. 1073, 1175 Daisy bacterial gaU, investigations 1143 Damars, source 50 Darkness, effect on protein changes in plants. 1026 seed germination 927 Datana major, notes. Me 1049 ministra. notes 1 146 N.H 556 Date palms, culture in Bengal 148 Dates, composition 64 ripening investigations 059 sulphurous acid in 660 varieties for the Southwest 1 132 DaucOsterol from carrots 708 Daucus brachiatus. economic value 864 Daytholeum, germicidal value, Wis 986 De Vries law, application to cotton, Ga 635 Deer, raising 598 U.S.D.A 349 Virginia, hybridizing 598 Degeneration, relation to inbreeding 598. 1169 Dehorning of cattle, U.S.D.A • 982 Deilephila galli, notes, Me 1049 Deinoccritos. new species, description II.')3 Delaware College, notes 694.894 Station, financial statement 994 notes 694, 894 report of director 994 Dendroctonus spp., notes, U.S.D.A 257 j /24 Department of agriculture— of India, report 892 (See also United Stales Department of Agriculture.) Dermacenlor nccidenlalh , transmission of s[>ot- ted fever by 985 reHculatu.1. uotPS 984 Derme-ilen vulpinus, notes. Me 1049 Page. Desamidase fungus, studies 1024 Deschampsia csespilosa, notes, Wyo 368 Desert Botanical Laboratory at Tucson, Ariz. 323 Deserts, formation, description 732 North American, botanical features. 732 Dcslantha noi'ica, notes 1151 Desmodium as a green manure 428 feeding value 428 Desserts, recipes for 5(>5 Desvoidyajolansis, studies 1153 Dew, absorption by plants 927 formation at tree tops. U.S.D..V 1012 measurements in Italy 615 ponds, notes ^ 1112 Dewberries, varieties, Pa 339 Dexodes nigripes, studies, U .S.D..\ 456 Dextrin, honey, molecular weight 773 Dextrinase in old seeds 1123 Dextrose, effect on nitrification in soils 518 nitrogen fixation 1116 5-fructose, detection 611 determination 210 Diatetes. nonfennenting carl)ohydrates in. . . 67 Diabetic preparations, analyses, Conn. State. 959 Diabrotica vittata. {See Cucumljer beetle, striped.) Diacrisia virginica, notes. Me 1049 Dialages pauper, notes 559 Diamond-back moth, notes, N.Y.State 952 remedies 458 Dianamesus spanius n. sp., description 1153 Diaporthe parasitica, notes 550, 757 U.S.D.A 550 studies 348 Diarrhea, epizootic, in calves, relation to meat poisoning 982 in calves 1189 white, in chicks 386,496 Bias pis fallax. scale fonnat ion 254 Diastases as affected by anilin colors 110 effect on germination of seeds 1123 examination 1 164 of Cocos nucifera fruit 65 oxidizing, in plants 1025 studies 465 Diastasolin, feeding value 175,568,867, 1070 for inverting starch 369 Diasticlis spp., life history, Wis 164 DiatTxa saccharalis, notes 1 146 slriatalis, notes 1 151 Diholia borealis, notes. Me 1049 Dibrachys boucheanus. notes 953 Dicotyledons, systeijiatic anatomy, treatise.. 827 Dicyandiamid as affected by bacteria 1118 bacteria, bibliography 022 comix)sition 1118 effect on bacteria 622, 1020 fertilizing value 522,822,1118 asalTected by moisture... 724 formation, as affected by car- bon dioxid 1117 nitrification 522 physiological act ion 522, 1020 Diet, ash-free, studii-s 1062 during growth, discussion 966 effect on urie-acid secretion 67 1262 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Diet, ovolution 11C5 for ineliriates 964 racers 864 in French schools 566 hot climates 1165 Indo-China 66 Java 1061 Korea 363 mental work 566 old age 1165 Palestine "69 the United States, U.S.D. A 264 innutritions, effect on blood of sheep. . . 879 investigations 67 of Chinese 964, 1164 consumptives, treatise 770 Dundee mill operatives lOCl Egyptian proletarians 65 laborers in Dublin 404 natives in Asia Minor 769 soldiers in Great Britain 363 students 363 the poor, economic effects 66, 662 working-class families in London 464 purin-free, therapeutic effect 67 rice, relation to beri-beri 358 systems 769 treatise 1061, 1165 vegetarian, addition of meat to 965 (^Seealso Food.) Dietaries, planning 68 Dietary standards, establishment 566 studies with men 1162 Dietetics in tuberculosis 464 treatise 1165 Digestion — as affected by- excess of fat 364 preservatives, U.S.D.A 361,464,961 experiments — artificial 465, 1062 Minn 564 N.Dak 860 U.S.D.A 858 with cows, Oreg 969 dogs 171, 364, 465, 663,974 horses 1172 men 11.58, 1162, 1167 Me 461 Miim 564 U.S.D.A 361, 464 pigs 173. 271, 367, 368, 1067 rabbits , 364 sheep 172, 271, 367, 1172 Nev 664 Wyo 368 steers 271 N.Mex 969 Tex 268 U.S.D.A 171 wethers 1173 physiology of .364,662, 1165 protein, in horses 1069 Digestive juices — as affected by food accessories 1062 role in metabolism 662 studies 1062 PaKc Digitalin, effect on regeneration in beans 928 Digitalis, culture experiments, Vt .335 poisonous to stock 189 Digitaria sp. , preparation for food 66 Dihydroxystearic acid, i.solation from soils. . . 704 toxicity, U.S.D.A... 919 Dinners in restaurants, nutritive value 7(J9 of school children in France 1164 Dioscorea bulbifera, analyses. Me 461 Diphtheria, avian, studies 286 transmission by cats 577 milk 783 Diplodia cacaoicola, studies 951 maydis, notes. 111 154 pinea, notes 158 Diplosis oleisuga, notes 1140 sorghicola, effect on sterility of sor- ghum, U.S.D.A 437 Dipodomys deserti, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Dipping fluids, analyses 709 Dipterocarpacerp of Indo-China, products 49 Dirt, determination in milk 910 Diseases of animals. (See Animal diseases.) plants. (See Plant diseases.) Disinfectants, notes 393 U.S.D.A 884' tests. Wis 986 Disinfection, notes 393 progress in 378 Disodium phosphate, physiological effects. . . 1121 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distem- per.) Distillates, wood products, and extracts, treatise 1011 Distillation still, description 708 treatise 1182 Distillers'— grains, analyses 1172 Conn.State 1065 Me 172 N.J 69 dried, analyses 173 N.Y.State 366 for horses 75 slops, dried, nutritive value 1172 drying 1172 wash, nitrogen in, utilization 431 Distillery by-products, use 1182 wastes, nitrogen in, utilization 729 Ditcher, traction, construction, Minn 484 Ditches, construction, Minn 484 drainage, open, capacity. Wis 15 excavating by machinery £99 Dodder, clover, notes, Del 946 perennation 1125 injurious to alfalfa, N.Y.State 846 notes 640 removal from alfalfa, N.Y.State 328 Dog diseases in East Africa 478 distemper, studies 386 virus, studies 1080 ticks, life history and habits. Term 1055 Dogfish, utilization 825 Dogs, calcium requirements 170 digestion experiments. . . 171, 364, 465, 663, 974 fat absorption in intestines of 974 feeding experiments 1166 TNDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1263 I'age. Dogs, immunization against glanders 87 rabies 279 tuberculosis 85 infective genital tumors in 788 metabolism experiments 70,466,1166 relation between form and function. . . 571 respiration experiments 1167 treatise 882, 1190 Dogwood, forcing by warm water 641 f>omestic science — agricultural, in France 92 association 200, 205, 497 congress 897 in elementary schools 292, 590, 092 instruction in 795,897 Mo 590 for girls 797 labor-saving appliances in 771 manual 993 movement, paper on, Mo 590 paper on 1092 relation to nutrition investigations, U.S.D.A 661 school for women 698 schools in Saxony 796 Donkeys, improvement in Sudan 876 Dourine, prevalence in India 786 treatment 1189 Dragon flies, collection and rearing 253 notes 653 Drainage areas, topographic mapping 818 basins in Wyoming, U.S.D.A 987 ditches, open, capacitj'. Wis 15 effect on yield of crops, Wis 30 experiments in Belgium 720 farm , treatise 686 in Egypt 1128 Indiana, U.S.D.A 987 Mississippi, U.S.D.A 988 Nebraska 15 New York, N.Y.Cornell 287 Wisconsin, Wis 15 law in New York, N.Y.Cornell 288 of moors 720 seeped lands 485 progress in, U.S.D.A 686 projects in North Dakota 1193 system, cost of installation 516 installation, Minn 4S4 text-book 94 tile, .M.Y.Cornell 287 in France, U.S.D.A 686 studies. Wis 15 water, composition 711,814 examination 1113 Dried bloo. Eclampsia, puerperal. (See Milk fever.) Economics, home. (See Domestic science.) rural. (See Rural economics.) Eclobia germanica, notes 1154 Eczema, seborrhoic, in horses 188 Edema albifrons. (See Symmerista albifrons.) Edema, malignant, transmission by cats 577 Education, agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) history and bibliography 1197 in Japan 119" Educational institutions in .\ustria 691 meetings, announcement 897 Eelworms, notes 554, 651 Egg f niit, analyses, Mc 461 goods, composition 772 laying records 1070 noodles, analyses 658 pastes, changes in during storage 658, 1058 production and marketing, U.S.D.A 994 as aHeeted by molting, N.Y. Cornell 671 studies. Mass 273,968 N.Y. State 968 trade of the United States, U.S.D.A 1070 turning table, description, Me 473 white, distribution of phosphorus in 903 yolk, analyses 6.58 development in the chick 1170 preparat ion for food purposes 658 preservation 772 preserved, exammation 563 proteins 611 spectroscopic properties 11.58 Eggplant leaf spot disease, notes 346 Eggplants, breeding experiments, P.R 39 wild, grafting experiments, P.R.. 39 Eggs, adulteration, U.S.D.A 565, 1060 bacterial fiora,'studies 1080 Conn.Storrs 1070 chemistry of 565 cold storage, U.S.D.A .560 dehydrated, tests 562 developmg, changes in 267 digestibility 11.58 exports from Denmark 1174 fresh, determination, N.Y. State 968 imports into (iermany 1 174 incubation experiments. Pa 669 metabolism in, durLig incubation... 471,472 misbranding, U.S.D.A 565 penetration by bacteria 68.5 penguin, collection and use 772 powdered, notes 165 preparation for cooking 1165 export 1174 market 490 preservation 76,.571,870 Conn.Storrs 1071 Pa 670 improved method 870 sea-urchin, as affected by alkaloids 928 storing 771 with colored shells, examination 418 Eggshells, effect on metabolism in incubation . 571 nitrogen content 781 Page. Kinkorn, analyses, U.S.D.A 1064 culture experiments, Alaska 133 feeding value^ U.S.D.A 1064 varieties, Mich 134 Elaphidion villosum, notes, Minn 1049 Electric discharges, notes, U.S.D.A 114 power lines, effect on hailstorms 810 waves, studies, U.S.D.A 212 Klectricity — atmosj)lieric, paper on 1110 destruction of organic matter by 207 effect on crops 298 plants 631, 735,930, 1124 shade trees, Mass 643 fixation of nitrogen by 223 forcing of plants by 241 lighting of country homes by. 111 486 use in agriculture 389,587,630,688,989 cooking 1062 seed testing 7.50 on farms 389 Electroculture experiments and methods 688 Eleocharis palusiris, notes, Wyo 368 Elephants, use for transport service 870 Elks, economic relations, U.S.D.A 251 raising, U.S.D.A 349 Elm, coxcomb gall, notes, Wis 60 leaf beetle, distribution as affected by temperature, N.H 852 notes 653 Mass 350 Minn 1050 parasitism 957 remedies 553 tree white scale, notes 1146 Elodea as affected by aluminum salts 929 dicyandiamid 1020 Emmer, analyses, U.S.D.A 1064 culture, Idaho 227 experiments, Alaska 133 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1064 varieties. 228 Empoasca mali. (See Apple leaf-hopper.) sp., notes, U.S.D.A 955 Empusa grylit, notes 947 Emulsions as a dust preventive, U.S.D.A 288 preparation 163 Enarmonia prunivora. (See Lesser apple worm.) Encyclopedia of agriculture 293,893 products of India 893 Endoconidiophora coerulea, notes 1046 Endoparasites, mycetozoan, of insects 1154 notes 1087 Endophyllum macnwanianuw n. sp., studies.. 946 Endotoxins, destruction with antiformin 986 Energy, metabolism of 1168 new unit 109 physiological minimum require- ment 776 relation to length of life 967 values of feeds, Oreg 969 U.S.D.A 968 Engineering experiment stations, establish- ment 412 highway, text-book 792 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1265 Page. Engines, oil, installation for pumping 885 traction, elTect on roads 792 efliciency tests 586 use in agriculture 586 Ennomos subsignarius, notes and biblio- graphy 653 Enology, artificial, refrigeration in 576 ' Enrilo, analyses 167 Enteritis, chronic, in Minnesota 791 coccidian, in cattle 878 enzootic, in calves 582 pseudotul)erculous— in cattle 581 prevalence in America 684 Norway 284 Enterohepatitis, infectious. (See Blackhead.) Entomological fauna, recording and mapping. 497 field station at Old Forge 653 investigations, methods 496 recordiul907 253 records, classification 552 Society of America 497 Ontario 253 Washington 553 Entomologists, need of, in business 1056 Entomology, bibliography, Hawaii 160 Canadian, bibliography 652 economic, progress in 253, 496 need of insectary in 496 relation to agriculture 252 res'iew of literature 760 standardization 1145 Environment, elTecl on animal fertility 174 variation in plants. . 235 Enzyiiis as affected by gases 627 radium 929 bacterial, studies 1024 bacteriolytic, production by soil bacteria 316 chemistry of 609 effect on vegetable protein 465 ghicosidolytic, in feeding stuffs 1172 in milk, differentiation 1010 stored liarley 741 in vortine, of alimentary tract 265 nitrate-reducing, in plants 26 of digestive juices, studies 1062 purin metalwlism 265 oxidizing, in plants 1025,1123 proteolytic, in feeding stuffs 166 hmnan milk 1179 relation to l)iological prolilems 165 fruit rii)ening StiO gum formation in plants. 1025 transfonnation of glycogen by 266 Eosinophilia in animal diseases 484 Ephemeral fever, prevalence in Orange River Colony 1081 Eplimtia kuchniella. (See Mediterranean flour moth.) Epicaula maculata, notes, Mont .'{51 Kpilachna bnrtalis. (Sie S(|ii;i.sh lady iKMstle.) Epithelioma, contagious, of fowls 1191 studies 2K(j virus, studies XQCQ prevalence in .Viistralia lOSO Page. EpiHvzis dcnliculalus, notes 653 Epsom salts, use in treatment of tetanus 84 Ergot oil, characteristics 1110 Ergotism, gangrenous, prevalence in .Vfrica. . 478 Ergots in fodder plants, to.xicity 379 Erinaceous frontalis, notes 764 Eriocampoidcs limacina. (See Tear slug.) Eriopellis coloradensis, notes 1146 fcstucx, notes. Me 1049 Eriophyes gossypii, notes 853 spp., notes 256,957 Me 1049 N.Y.State 952 Erodium cygnorum , economic value 864 Erysiphe cichoraccarum, inoculation 247 graminis, notes, Del 946 qucrcus, notes 651 Esters, determination in wine 113 in wine, notes 964 Estigmene acrxa, notes. Conn. State 1048 Me 1049 Ether, effect on germination of seeds 148 plants 518 soils 218, 1015 yield of crops * 718 Ethyl alcohol, to.xicity as affected l>y tem- perature 737 Ethylene, effect on carnations 627 Eucalypts, culture in Arizona, Ariz 340 California, Cal 542 notes 242 test of strength, Cal 542 Eucalyptus resinifcra, culture and use 447 spp., culture in Arizona, Ariz 340 for shelter Ijelts 447 viminalis, culture and use 446 Euchlxna mcxicana, notes, Ohio 231 Euchloe sara, notes 1149 Eudemis botrana, remedies 354 Eiiforbia candelabra rubber, analyses 845 Eugenics, report on 598 Eulecanium cerasi/ez, notes, N.Y.State 952 nigru/asciatum. (See Terrapin scale.) persicx. (S«e Peach scale.) Eumycetes, organic matter decomposed by.. 718 i'ttonymjweuropxiis seed oil, characteristics. . 810 Euonjnnus, Japanese, chlorosis, studies 1047 scale, noies 559 Eupaloriu m ageraloidcs, notes 380 Eupeletcria magnicornis, studies, U.S.D.A.. 456 Euphorbia spp. , poisonous to stock 189 Euproclischry.iorrhda. (See lirown-tailmoth.) European ehn scale, remedies, Nev 655 fruit scale, notes 161 Minn 1050 Eurotiupsis gaynni, rfile of fat in 735 Euryloma rhois n. sp., description 1147 Euta mias piclus, iXcstnicliow, U.S.D.A 551 A'u/e//JX&pp., notes, l'.S.l)..V 955 tcne'Aa. (See Ueet leaf-hopper.) EuthrijiK ci:ri n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 956 Euvancssa antiopa, notes, Minn 1050 Euzcita notata, notes, U.S. D. A 257 Euxoa messoria, nole^, N.Y.State 952 .sjip., notes 57 1266 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pago. Evaponition, bibliography, U.S.D. A 312, 1012 from soils 1088 water surface, N.Dak 515 investigations, U.S.D. A 912 on the earth's surface 114 relation to plants 224 studies, U.S.D. A 114 EvaTlhrus sodalis, notes 761 Evergreens, culture and use 942 U.S.D. A 394 of Colorado, Colo 151 planting and care 1135 study in public schools 994 treatise 942 Evolution, methods and causes, U.S.D. A... 029 Ewes, care of, during lambing, Va 807 Excavator, scraper, description 586 Excelsior as a packing material, Hawaii 538 Exercise, effect on rectal temperature 466 EioasciiS cerasi, notes 249 deformans, notes 55, 157 treatment 548 minor, notes 248 Exobasidium vexans, studies 849 Exorista dubia, notes 857 Experiment station — at Fairbanks, Alaska 194 Groningcn 797 Jena, report 892 Marburg, report 797 Ponmiritz, history 892 in Cuba, notes ; 1099 reorganization 896 Guam 107 Record, abstracts in Vol. XX 1101 announcement concerning ab- stract numbers 701 workers, standard for 2 Experiment stations — branch, conference on 999 breeding investigations 1001 engineering, establishment 412 fruit, of Ontario, report 642 in French-Africa '. 797 Indo-China 1199 Portuguese East Africa 197 insular, of the United States 105 moor, in Germany 101 need of men in 1 organization and policy 410 U.S.D. A 995 lists, U.S.D. A 994 relation to popular instruction 415 statistics, U.S.D. A 691, 693 (,See also Alabama, Alaska, etc.) Experimental fields at Poltava and Kherson 918 Extension work. {See Agricultural colleges and Agricultural extension work.) Extracts, analyses, N.Dak 511 examination 774 wood products, and distillates, treatise 1011 Eye diseases in horses 482 spotted bud-moth, notes 1145 Mont 351 I'age. Factory by-products, analyses. Wis 13 nutritive value 777 Fallow crops for live stock 865 Fallowing experiments 832 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Fann animals. (Ste Live stock o?ui Animals.) bacteriology, paper on 393 boys, encampment 93 buildings and appurtenances, treatise. 989 location and arrangement. . . 599 crops, culture experiments 20 experimental, at San Antonio, U.S.D. A 436 implements, tests 237 leasing system in New York 487 machinery. (See Agricultural ma- chinery.) management — at Roseworthy Agricultural Col- lege 865 in New York 487 mistakes, detenninalion 389 notes, Ohio 1048 problems in 1090 relation to lack of farm help 991 steer feeding, Tenn 066 mechanics in agricultural high schools. 599 motor contests, benefits from 599 practice, improvement in, U.S.D. A. . . 293 products, exports, U.S.D. A 192, 690 imports, U.S.D. A 291,690 Farmers' — Annual Normal Institute 93 cooperative demonstration work, U.S.D. A 887 cyclopedia of live stock 372 institute — law of Kansas 489 organizations, constitution, by-laws. . 489 report 489 workers, association 398 demonstrations for 490 institutes — in Canada 400 North Carolina 994 the United States 400 U.S.D.A 691 value 399 women's work in 489 National Congress 297 Union of Georgia 989 Farmers, benefits of cooperation to 488 Jewish, in the United States 1195 relation of government to 486 Fanning, effect on nitrogen content of soils, Wis 16 intensive, in Arizona, Ariz 326 on shares in Italy 990 (Sec also Agriculture.) Farms, abandoned, in Maine 1090 cooperative, in Italy 488 plan for 689 demonstration 896, 897 economic relations 291, 794 equipment, U.S.D.A 989 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1267 Page. Farms, equipment, with electricity 389 physical geography of 516 selection 516 small, in the corn belt, U.S.D.A 31 reassignment in Belgiimi 191 Farmyard manure. (S(C Uarnyanl manure.) Fat and lean in pigs, deposition, Ark 105, 763,856, 1 153 Conn. State... 1048 Md 1053 N.Y. State.. 256,656 U.S.D. A 555 various gases. Conn. State 1048 substances 553 Fungi as affected by salt 1078 decomposition of organic matter by... 718 destruction by grain-y 57 Guinea pigs- breeding experiinenls 1072 corn diet for 965 imniuiiizal ion against anthrax, La .577 glanders 87,1085 tulKTculosis 186 iaberitanco of immunity to toxins 1071 1278 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Ouizotia oleifera cake, analyses 972 feeding value 972 Gulasch extract, composition 361 Gulf waters, brilliant notes, U.S.D. A 1012 Gulls, feeding habits 450 Gum arable as an egg preservative 870 lac insects of Madagascar 554 Gums, hydrating ferments in 1025 Gutta and rubber plants, treatise 50 percha, production and use 51 GymnogTamme spp., hydrocyanic acid in 434 Gyranosporms, treatise 446 Gymnosporangium spp., life history 453,1138 Gynocardia odorata, hydrocyanic acid in 527 Gypsum, analyses 827 assimilation by Azotobacter 19 deposits in Montana 1023 Western Australia 1119 effect on alkali soils, U.S.D. A 428 solubility of potassium ... 125 fertilizing value 320,524,823,923 methods of application, U.S.D. A . . 988 Hxmaphysalis punctata, notes 1082 structure and biology 1 154 Hxmonchus contortus, notes, S.C 382 studies 879 Hail, damage by, in Servia 711 prevention by connonading 912 protection from 313, 811 Hailstorms as affected by electric lines 810 Halibut muscle, hj^drolysis 1008 Halisidota caryx, notes, N.H 556 spp., notes. Conn. State 1048 Halisidota caterpillars, outbreak 253 Halos. studies, U.S.D. A 515 Haltica chalybea. (See Grape flea-beetle.) llalva. analyses 1162 Ham, home-curing 177 nitrogen content 356 storing 771 Hampton agricultural institute summer school 898 Hams, miscured, taints in 771 Hard woods of Eastern Australia 243 Harlequin cabbage bug- distribution as affected by temperature, N.H 852 notes, N.Y. State 952 studies 496 U.S.D.A 161 Harness, strength of, tests, Nebr 486 Harpaclor costalis, notes 854 Harpephyllum caff rum, culture, Hawaii 143 Hamsana americana, studies and bibliogra- phy, U.S.D.A 955 Harrowing, notes 692 Harvest mite, notes, Minn 1050 Hawaii College, notes 95 Station, notes 95, 395, 798, 996, 1095 report, U.S.D.A 693 work, Hawaii 195 Sugar Station, notes 95,492,894 Hawks, feeding habits 159, 350, 1145 Hawthorns, insects affecting 1146 Hay, analyses 172,173,360,777 R.I 113 Va 932 Page. Hay, as a packing material for fruits, Hawaii . 538 source of bacteria in milk. Conn. Storrs •. . 179 affected by smelter smoke 027 available energy 777 blue grass, analyses, Va 932 cost of production in Australia 889 crops, yields, comparison, Kans 439 curing racks, construction, Tenn 1032 digestibility, Nev 664 effect on nitrogen content of manure. . . 318 for sheep 368 from sewage meadows, studies 172,367 Kudzoo vine, analyses 366 leguminous, nutritive value 777 making and marketing 592 micro-organisms of 367 mixed, analyses, Wyo 135 native, digestibility, Wyo 368 nutritive value of nonproteid nitrog- enous constituents 367 of southern Italy, bibliography 777 sheds, construction 592 spontaneous combustion 864 wheat, analyses, Hawaii 172 (See aZ«o Alfalfa, Clover, ond Timothy.) Hazel bud mite, characteristics 256 forcing by warm water 641 Hazelnuts, culture, Mich 939 Health as affected by— preservatives 362, 774 U.S.D.A 301,404,961 Heat, animal, data on 1063 effect on milk albumin, Ind 1074 muscular work 366 mechanical equivalent, determination. 806 relation to plant diseases. Mass 345 solar, accumulation in solutions 806 (See also Temperature.) Heifers, cost of feeding. Conn. Storrs 374 raising 1066 Helianthus tubers, culture and use 659 Heliophila unipuncla. (See Army worm.) Heliothis armiger, notes 762 obsoleta. (See Cotton bollworm.) Heliolropium peruvianum, transpiration 129 Helminthological technique 1192 Helminthosporium gramineum, studies 153. 1042 treatment 52 sp., notes 947 Helopeltis antonii, relation to H. theivora 61 theivora, variations in 61 Helopeltis, new species, description 61 Hemadas, new genus 1147 Hematozoa, endoglobular, in birds of Brazil. . 884 Hemerocampa leucostigma, biology, N.Y.State 1052 notes 1146 Minn 1050 N.H 556 Hemileia vastalrii, immunity of Coffeacongen- sis to 1141 studies 947 Hemiptera of Fiji 1148 Hemlock, black, notes, U.S.D.A 543 western, seasoning tests, U.S.D.A. 48 Hemoglobin, relation to chlorophyll 1121 Hemoglobinuria, immunization , 284 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1279 Page. Hemoglobinuria, in horses, treatment 578 Hemolysins, constitution and action 1080 Hemolysis, relation to antihemoglobin 577 Hemorrhagic septicemia. (See Septicemia.) Hemp as a green manure 832 fertilizer experiments 429, 724,924 growth as affected by electricity 1125 sisal, leaf blast, notes 947 varieties, N.Dak 533 wild, viability of seed 028 Hen's nest, homemade, description 178 Hens, laying records of different breeds 1070 molting experiments, N.V. State 968 sitting, carbon dioxid under, Conn. Storrs 472 temperature of, during incubation, Pa. 670 Ilerbivora, excretion of phosphorus by 174 Herbs, culture exf)eriments, Vt 335 in Michigan, Mich 144 varieties for Scotland 842 Heredity, dominance of characters in 1169 factors affecting 1173 in Pisiun 629 plants and animals 325 treatise 927 silkworms 1155 of coat colors in animals 568, 1168 hj-perdactylism in poultry 1170 immunity to toxins in animals. . 1071 sex, studies 1168, 1169 phj'siology of 1168 relation to chondriosomes 1169 tuberculosis 981 research in 1071 review of theories 1071 treatise and bibliography 778 Hernia, abdominal, symptoms 790 Herrings, food value 772 Hesperaloe funifera, culture and use 834 Hessian fly, notes, Ohio 491 parasitism, U.S.D.A 258 Heterocampa gullivitta, bibliography 653 studies, Me 1049, 1054 Helerodera radicicola, notes 762 N.Y.State 846 Ilevea brasi liens is. (See Rubber, Para.) guyanensis in Surinam, notes 152 tapping experiments 1137 Hibiscus seeds as a coffee adulterant 661 Hibiscus spp., composition 637 Hickory bark-borer, notes, U.S.D.A 257 shellbark, culture in Germany 843 tiger moth, notes, N.II 556 tussock caterpillar, notes, Cdnn. State 1048 Hieracium aurantiacum, notes 640 Highways. (See Roads.) Hillsides, gullied, renovation 598 Hip seed oil, characteristics 810 Hippoboscidic of Congo Free State 1147 Hippoda mia convergens, notes 1051 Hog cholera— biicillas, characteristics 384 control 1083 N.Dak 1069 genns, destruction, Wis 986 linjnunization 881 Page. Hog cholera— Continued. immunization, Kans 881 Mo 583 investigations and bibhography 1082 prevalence in Germany 876 Missouri 786 Ohio 183 Orange River Colony 1080 the Philippines 788 relation to swine plague 681 serum, preparation from horses 285 production, Kans 881 spread, prevention, Mo 583 studies : 285 vaccine, tests, U.S.D.A 882 virus, studies 1080 virulence 1083 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Holly, culture and use 942 Homeo, notes 69 Home economics. (See Domestic science.) Gardening Association, report 993 gardens, prizes for 590 grounds, beautifying, book 148 science. (See Domestic science.) Homes, labor-saving appliances in 771 Hominy feed, analyses 173, 306 Conn.State 1005 La 864 Me 173 N.J 69 N.Y.State 366 meal, analyses, N.J 69 R.I 567 and chops, analyses, Ind 968 HomolTopus bicapillaris albopictus, notes, Minn 1050 Honckenya ftcifolia, composition ()37 Honey, acid content 11 adulteration, U.S.D.A 565 detection 11,510,1009 treatise 359 agaric, notes 1142 analyses 113, 309, 862 artificial, detection 210,612 dextrin, molecular weight 773 fonnic acid content 418 from sugar-fed bees 1162 Hawaiian, analyses, Hawaii 262 characteristics, Hawaii ... 261 inspection i n Canada 463 judging 309, 1009 method of analysis 909 misbranding, U.S. D..\ 565 plants, culture in Michigan, Mich 144 notes, Tex 128 of Hawaii, U.S.D.A 959 production in Hawaii, U.S.D.A 959 storing and marketing 766 strained, examination 359 vinegar, making, .\riz 377 Honolulu Nonnal School, lunches at 66 Hookworm disease, notes 985 of cattle, studies, S.C 382 Hop aphis, notes, Colo 856 diseases, notes 756 industry in England ' 834 1280 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Hop industry in Germany 834 Hoplocampa testudinca, notes 054 Hoploccra mbyt spinicornis, notes 559 Hops, analyses 1(J7 as aflfected l)y calcium cyanamid 1043 cultivation experiments 833 culture and handling, treatise 533 • duty on, in California 834 fertilizer experiments 833 flea beetle afTecting 954 spent, analyses. Conn. State 1005 statistics 834 Hordcin, hydrolysis 907 Hormodendron cladosporioides , fixation of ni- trogen by 17 Horn growth in calves, prevention, U .S.D. A. 9S2 meal, fertilizing value 723 Homed lark, notes 1198 Horns, development 71 Hornwomis, notes 702 Horse botfly, notes 553 remedies 400 breeding congress at Paris 177 industry in Ilungar J- 1173 chestnut, forcing by warm v. ater 041 disease, Borna, prevalence in Saxony. . 280 diseases, prevalence in Queensland 787 treatise 188 variations of corpuscles in 87 feeds, analyses, R.I 507 industry in France 177 influenza, prevalence in Germany 870 meat, detection in sausage 012 digestibility 1007 distribution of phosphorus in . . . 903 identification 11, 1009, 1100 sickness, immunization 080, 081, 787 pre valance in Sudan 870 role of mosquitoes in 080 studies 680 virus, studies 1080 Horses- ailments and accidents, treatise 385 amyloid degeneration in 188 aphis affecting 054 army, in England 1174 lilood of, studies 792 bonnets for 371 breeding 71 Wis 75, 973 to color 470 breeds, treatise 371 care and management 1 172 diastasolin for 1070 digestion experiments 1172 feeding and care, Mo 570 bibliography 177 discussion 75 experiments 174, 177, 371, 570 Ohio 470 notes 177,870 food requirements 1065 French-Canadian breed 278 history 1174 hunter, characteristics 870 Page. Horses— Continued. immunization against glanders 482, 1085 piroplasraosis . . 787, 1085 strangles 386 improvement in Ireland 71 Sudan 876 intestinal parasites 478 leucocytes in, studies 982 market classes, U.S.D.A 592 metacarpal bones 470 molasses for 270 native types, preservation, U.S.D.A 973 nonglandered, mallein reaction in 1085 pasturing 865 patent feed for 468 poisoning l)y arsenicals 790 loco weed, Nebr 482 production in East Friesland 780 protein digestion in 1069 raising in Denmark 75 rations for 75, 470, 1171 relation Ijetween form and function 571 teeth, treatment. Wash 379 transportation 286. treatise 75, 285, 869 trotting, age of sires 1174 use in preparation of hog cholera serum . . 285 venereal disease of, in Ohio 183 Horseshoeing, principles 286 Horticultural crops, fertilizer experiments... 221 inspection laws, need of 497 inspectors, association of 497 research, Imies bequest to 800 school at Dahlem 590 Horticulture at San Antonio experiment farm, U.S.D.A 437 elementary course in 194 in Wyoming 240 instruction in 194 notes, Oreg 393 Vt 394 relation to meteorology 14 report of international jury 690 Hospitals, nutrition problems in 566 H6-tieu, manufacture in Indo-China 261 notes 167 House fly, anatomy and bibliography 764 as carriers of disease 657, 1198 destruction of leprosy bacilli by. . 1183 life history 460 studies 496,656 Household arts in rural schools 591 Housekeepers' Conference Association, Mo. . . 590 Houses, humidity of, in winter, U.S.D..\ 811 Huisach, effect on pastures, U.S.D.A 437 HuleccEtomyia pscudotxniala, studies 1153 Humidity charts, atmospheric 912 effect on plumage coloration 598 indoors, deficiency, U.S.D.A 1012 Humus, composition and functions 316 deposits in the limestone Alps 1014 effect on calcium cyanamid 922 granite 915 nitriflcatlon In soils, Minn . 436 soil bacteria .. 121 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1281 I'age. Humus In New Hampshire soils, N.H 215 Vermont soils, Vt 215 notes 522 nutrient value 719 Hu'.iterellus hookcri, notes 1055 Hurricane in the West Indies, U.S.D.A 312 Hurricanes as affected by mountain ranges, U.S.D.A 1012 Husson.W.M.,biographicalsketch,U.S.D.A. 312 Hyacinths as affected by salts 1121 mites affecting 61 Htjalopterus arundinis, notes, Colo 856 Hybridization. (See Plant breeding.) Hybrids, fixation 598 Hydrocephalus in horses, Nev 678 Hydrochinon, effect on plants 928 Hydrochloric acid — destruction of cotton foliage by 553 effect on plants and animals 1121 Hydrocyanic acid — determination 1161 gas, effect on plants and insects 496 fumigation 355, 763, 856, 1153 Conn.State 1048 Md 1053 N. Y.State 256, 656 U.S.D.A 555 resistance of cucumbers to, Mass 350 in beans 128, 1161 feeding stuffs 1172 plants 434, 527, 928, 1027 macaroons 564 seeds 928 Hydro-electric power plants, descriptions 587 Hydrofluoric acid as a hydrolyzing agent 808 use in protein hydrolysis. . 1008 Hydrogen — dio.xid, detection in milk 1010 effect on micro-organisms and ferments. . 627 peroxid — as a disinfectant for drinking water. . 813 milk preservative 477 detection in milk 1108 effect on soils 218 tuberculous milk 1077 phosphid, effect on plants 523 production in goats 70 sulphid, effect on plants 523 Hydrographic surveys in North Dakota 1193 Hydrography of south-central Oregon 812 Hydrologic station at Abbeville 1088 Hydrology of south-central Oregon 812 treatise 1111 Hydrophobia. (Sec Rabies.) Hygiene, alimentary, international congress . 565 for schools, treatise 363 in Korea 363 relation to nutrition and physiology 66 treatise and bil)liography 86;} veterinary, treatise 81 Ilylesinus spp., studies 5r>9 Ilyini'noptera, habits and life history 254 parasitic, habits 553 Hypecoum pendulum, coagulating suhstanco In 26 I'age. Hyperdactylism in poultry 1170 Tlyphantria cunea. (See Webworm, fall.) Uypoderma brachysporum, notes 651 spp., notes 582,857 Hyponomeuta mainella, remedies 762 Ilypsopygia costalis. (Sec Clover-hay worm.) Hythers, studies, U.S.D.A 811 Ice, bacteria in 813 as affected by temperature.. . 116 box, description, N.C 476 columns in gravelly soil, U.S.D.A 114 cream, analyses 775, 1162 bacteria m, U.S.D.A 275 methods of analysis , 168 powder, e.xaminalion 358 movements in Bering Straits, U.S.D.A.. 312 on the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A 312,515 Icerya montscrratcnsis, notes, P.R 58 purchasi. (See Cottony cushion-scale.) Ichneumon, parasitic on Cecropia 953 Ichneumon sublatus, notes. Me 1054 Idaho Station, financial statement 293 notes 492, 798,894, 1200 report of director 293 University, notes 798, 894, 1200 Ignotus asnigviaticus, notes 1051 Ilima, analyses, Hawaii 172 Illinois Station, financial statement 892 notes 294, 1095 University, notes 196,294,593,1095 Illosporium malifoliorum n. si^., description. . 547 Immigration, effect on rural development 1195 Immunity, hereditary, studies 279 natural, of living tissue 577 Immunization, practice of 279 (Sec also Anthrax, Tuberculo- sis, etc.) Impcrata cylindrica, notes 568 Imperial Union of German Agricultural Coop- erative Societies 990 Implement makers, relation to agricultural engineering 599 Inbreeding, paper on 778 relation to degeneration 598, 1169 Incubation experiments 471 Oreg 472 of eggs, metabolism in 471,472,571 Incubator baskets, pedigree, description. Me. 473 chicks, feedmg 490 Incubators, management. Pa 670 notes 490 India rubber. (Sff Rubber.) Indiana Station, financial statement 1094 notes 96, 593, 798, 894 report of director 1094 Indigofera as a green manure 428 Indigofira glandulosa .seed, comi)Osition 1158 Industrial edui'ation in elementary schools . . 292 (iermany 300 rural schools 392,489 schools, prejjariiig teachers for 393 Induslrics, agrotoclinic. progress in 785 productive, relation to agriculture 406 u.se of [jotiish in 731 Inebriates, diet for 964 1282 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Inlanl foods, analyses, Conn.State 959 Infants, carrot soup for 1061 feeding, discussion 966 standards 1165 health of, as aSec-ted by formalde- hyde. I'.S.D.A 962 nutrition, relation to composition of milk 965 preparation of milk for 7S3 respiration experiments 1167 treatise 1061 Infectious diseases, index 1199 Influenza in horses 876, 983 variations of corpuscles in 87 Inheritance. (See Heredity.) Inorganic compounds, determination in milk 809 Insect — breeding cages, plans for 496 galls of Ontario 253 larvEB as affected by freezing 57 remedies 351 names, standardization 1145 j>arasites as slaves of ants 852 in Ha-K-aii and California 760 notes 1147 of cotton-boll weevil 161 man and animals 760 parasitism, value to farmers, U.S. D. A 257 photography, paper on 496 pupae,weight as affected by carbon dioxid 254 rearing devices, description 760 Insectary , need of, in entomology 496 Insecticide law. national, status 496 Insecticides — analyses, K.Y.State 958 arsenical, danger from 3.55, 959 use in agriculture 112, 355 Federal legislation concerning 398 legislation in New York. X.Y.State 958 notes 255,2.56 X.Y..State 946 preparation. 164 Colo 856 Ky 164 Md 560 and use 160,150,351 lU 353 Mass 250 Mich 958 Mo 355 N.C 458 NJ 656 N.Mex. 654 X.Y .Cornell 58 K.Y.State 352 Ohio 459 S.C 1(B5 Tex 355,958 Wash ■. 1056 Wis 948 proprietary, inspection, Tex 432 use 458 report on 397 studies 163 tests 237,-560 Md loa Mich 939 rage. Insecticides— Continued. use, Ohio 1055 (See also rpecific form*.) Insects- American, treatise 652 anatomy 160 aquatic, notes 653 as affected by fumigating gases 496 food in Japan 461 beneficial, notes 1147 destruction by birds 7.59, 1152 development, factors affecting 254 distribution as affected by — temperature 395 X.H 851 forest, treatise 652 gall, notes 252, 153 hibernation as affected by temperature . . 253 injurious- introduction into India 654 notes 57, 160,193, 253, 255, 351. 457, 554, 6M, 739, 7C0, S45, 940, 1140, 1147, 1151 Coim.State 1048 Hawaii 159 X.Mex 653 Ohio 1048 U.S.D.A , 293 parasitism. U.S.D.A 257 relation to cultivation - 252 remedies 350, 553, 560, 946, 1145, 1146 X.Y.State 256,656 Ohio 1055 S.C 1055 Wash 1056 review of literature "58 to alfalfa, Kans 438 U.S.D.A 634 apples 60 ni 353 Ky 161 cabbages 648,1146 X.Y.State 59 cacao 157, 257 cardoon 353 cereals 1149 chestnuts 151 chillies, X. Mex 237 citrus fruits 160,255, 554 Tex 1038 cocoa 1152 coffee 643 P.R 61 com 100, 2.55, 458, 1146 cotton :. 160,255,853,942,1150,1151 cranberries 496 Mass 339 Wis 59,164 forests 459, 496, 541,645,652, 654,656,1054,1140 U.S.D.A 257 fruits 160,253 Oreg 941 P.R 58 garden crops 160, 255, 644, 654 X.C 458 grain 457,1149 grai>es 354 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 1283 Page. Insects — Continued. injurious— continued. to loco weeds, U.S.D.A 257 mangeb 457, 762 olives 353 oranges 255,353 orchards 240,654,760,762,1152 La 642 peaches 60 peonies, N.Y. Cornell 942 plants 1042 treatise 762 roses 241 rubber 57,257,343 Hawaii 245 sal 559 seeds 255 shade trees 553 Ohio 459 tobacco 551, 756, 762, 1146, 1151 P.R 55.5* trees, Minn 1049 vegetables, Ga 1037 willows ■- 152, 542 wood-lx)ring Coleoptera 553 m ycetozoan endoparasites of. 1 154 nocturnal, notes 253 nomenclature 496, 652 notes 553 Vt 394 of Kongo Free State 1147 Tierra del Fuego 1145 transmission of diseases by 765,1145 (See also specific insects.) Intellectual work, diet in 566 International — catalogue of biology 159 botany 435,827 physiology 1168 cold storage congress 1157 congress of pharmacists 400 agricultural associations and vital statistics 298 agriculture, forestry at 645 alimentary hygiene 565 appUed chemistry 421, 697 on tuljerculosis 198 cotton congress 1 128 dairy congress 374, 478,698 dip, germicidal value. Wis 986 domestic science congress 897 Institute of .Vgriciilture 390 live stock e.xposition 498 meteorological ser^■ice, U.S.D.A 515 rubber exposition 755 Intestinal juices, effect on tetanus toxin 281 Intestine. Mind, of hcrbivoni. physiology 70 Invalid foods, analyses. Conn.State 939 Invalids, light and dark meat for 357 lodin. absorption by milk 975 manufiicture from sea weeds 525 Iowa College, notes 295, 594, 694, 894, 996, 1095 Station, financial statement 994 notes 295,894,996,1095 report of director 994 /psspp., studies 556,1158 Page. Iridomyrmex humilis — biology and economic relations 252 introduction into New Orleans 953 Irish moss jelly for calves 964 Iritis in horses 482 Iron, determinarion 702 in ash 397 rock phosphate 397 effect on action of reimet. Wis 80, 181 in food 68 subterranean waters 14 methods of analysis 908 removal from well water 1112 rusting, factors affecting 906 sulphate . destruction of cotton foliage . . 553 fertiliring value 823,1035 Ironbark, strength of 243 Irrigation- canals. (See Canals and Ditches.) dam of Yuma 586 experiments in India 687 farm, experimental, description 886 ■ flumes and weirs, construction, Mont 388 in California, U.S.D.A 1087 • Canada 1192 Egypt 387,1128 Great Falls region 813 Japan 391 Madras PresideiKy 1193 Mexico 1192 Xew South Wales 821 Oregon, r.S.D..V 287 southeastern Australia 686 southern California 813 Sudan 387 Syria 119 the United States 1192 Victoria 886 W-oming, U.S.D..\ 987 investigations, Idaho 214 U.S.D.A 815 in California 1193 Germany 387 plants in Australia 813 projects in North Dakota 1193 stations on the Nile 1193 treat ise 387 water, cost of pumping, U.S.D.A 885 laws concerning, U.S.D..\ 967 losses of. prevention, U.S.D..\.. 686,815 measurement, Mont 388 pumping 88S supplies for, U.S.D.A 287 (See also Water.) with household waste water 287 works in Mexico 488, 586 Isaria densa, notes 61, 456 Islands of Maine, conveyance lOW Isodulcite, effect on toxicity of aluminum salts 929 Isosoir.a spp., galls of 161 Isotherms for minimum temperatures. N.H . . 8S3 Itkfcenu noveboncentis. (See New York weevil.) Ixodes redvrius. anatomy and biology 2S8 ricintu. notes 1083 1284 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Ixodidse, new species, description 656 of Kongo Free State 1147 Ixodoidea — classification and bililiography 857 new genus, description 554 of United States, revision, U.S.D.A 104 Ixtle, culture and use 834 Jack Spaniard, notes 853 Jacks in Wisconsin, Wis 973 Jag-ziekte, prevalence in Orange River Colony 1081 Jam, rose apple, studies 1162 Jams, analyses 168, 057 Conn.State 959 N.Dak 511 canned, aI)sorption of tin by 1155 preservation 771 Jarrah, lireaking tests 341 Jassidae of British India 1148 Jaundice, malignant, in dogs lOSO Jays, California, feeding habits. 450 Jellies, analyses 657 N.Dak 511 preservation 771 JeUyflsh, life history 592 Jews as farmers 290 Johne's disease in cattle, bibliography 791 prevalence in America 684 England 379 Norway 284 Johnson grass, extermination, U.S.D.A 436 for cows. Miss 474 seed, viability 628 Joint-ill in foals, treatment 385 Juglans nigra, culture in Germany 843 Juncaginace;c, hydrocyanic acid in 1027 J uncus spp. , notes, \\'yo 368 Jungle products, edible, in India 340 Junipers as affected by smelters, U.S.D.A. . . 29 Jute and jute substitutes, composition 637 Kafir beer, analyses 360 com aphis, notes 59 as a dry-land crop, U.S.D.A 437 chops, analyses, Tex 1005 digestil)ility, Tex 268 feeding value, Tex 666 for cows, I'a 373 insects affecting 255 Kainit, eflect on potato scab, Mass 344 skin development. . . 333 soil temperatures 019 yield of crops 822 fertilizing value 20, 122,529,933, 1127 Ala.Canebrake 1030 Mass 327 potash and chlorin content 223 production in the United States 826 value and use 127 Kala^azar experiment in dogs • 883 origin 883 Kale, analyses, Oreg 969 as a fallow crop 865 culture in Michigan, Mich 144 digestibility, Oreg 969 distribution of phosphorus in 963 for pigs, Wash 75 varieties 237 Page. Kansas College, notes 196. .395, 594, 694, 894. 990 Station, notes 196,395,894,996 Kaolin formation, studies 915 Karl 16 as an adulterant of butter 182 Karri, strength of 243 Katra in Gujaret, notes 761 Kenotoxins in respired air 1063 Kentucky Station, notes 894 Kermcs himalayensis n. sp., description 1152 Kerosene emulsion — preparation 255, 560 Ky 164 P.R 58 and use 2.57 Mo.Fruit 958 apparatus for 560 Ketchup, tomato, manufacture, U.S.D.A 861 {Sec also Catsup.) Ketone, formation in acetic fermentation 110 Kpw Botanic Gardens, treatise 1133 Kickxia elastica, notes 57, 343 Kidneys, imported, regulations concerning. . 1001 wholesomeness 165 work of, variation in 776 Kingfishers, feeding habits 456 Kitchen appliances, notes 1062 model, description, U.S.D.A 893 swill, poisoning of hogs by 384 Kite station on Lake Constance, U.S.D.A 811 Kites, use in meteorology, U.S.D.A 114, 912 Kjeldahl method, modification 1104 Kohl-rabi as a fallow crop 865 fertilizer experiments 722, 823 varieties 228 Kumquats, culture in Texas, Tex 1038 Labor-saving devices in homes 771, 1062 Laborers, farm. (.See Agricultural laborers.) Mexican, in the United States 1164 Laburnum vulgare, cross-inoculation 620 Lac insect, notes and bibliography 460 Lace-wing fly, notes 853 Lachnosterna spp. , notes, Minn 1050 Lacopttra philippinensis, notes 1148 Lactase in milk, studies 572 Lactic-acid — bacteria as a cause of turnip flavor in butter 180 affected by oxygen 80 studies 573, 1179 determination in animals 909 wine 113 therapeutic effects 1179 Lacto-casein, effect on milk 1178 Lactose, effect on milk 1178 nitrification in soils 518 Lacvitum, analyses 709 Lady beetles, destruction of green bugs by, Okla 952 notes 1051,1147 N. Y.State 952 Ladybird, bean, notes 553 Ladybirds, notes 761, 853, 854 Lakes, effect on climate 14 Lambs. (See Sheep. ) Lamp, mercury vapor, water sterilization by . 1113 Lamziekte, studies 581, 880 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1285 rage. Land areas In Japan 391 grant colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges. ) ownership in Germany 190 plaster. (Sre Gypsum.) refonn in Kngland, treatise 289 sale to peasants in Russia 793 tenure system in Australia 391 Bosnia 793 Ciiina 964 ICngland 289 Russia 290 the Po Valley 1090 Turkey, U.S.D. A 889 transfers in Italy, fees for 793 waste, reclamation in the Netherlands. 988 Lands, alkali, classification 316 seeped, drainage 485 swamp, in North Carolina 339 unproductive, in Victoria 1114 wild, in Maine 1040 Landscapes, protection 645 Lanthanium nitrate, effect on protoplasm 929 Lapara bmnbycoidcs, notes, lie 1049 Laphygmafrugiperda. (See Army worm, fall.) L-arabinose, effect on nitrogen fixation 1116 Larch sawfly, notes 1152 seedlings, enchytraiid worm affecting. 764 worm, notes, U.S.D. A 257 Larches, Alpine, notes, U.S.D. A 543 forcing by warm water 041 form and content 754 Lard, crystallization experiments 209 from oily liogs, constants 658 German and American, differentiation . 209 inspection in Canada 462 use in Hungary 1173 Larix spp., notes 543 Lark, homed, notes 1198 Lasiodiplodia sp. , notes 157 LaUiTX asquamaria as a grape parasite 950 Lathyrus as affected by dicyandiamid 1020 physiological development 735 Laundry appliances, notes 1002 Lauraccffi, transpiration 829 Laverna herellera, notes 1145 Lawns, fertilizer experiments, R.I 144 Lea46 use of wireless telegraphy in 311,1011 U.S.D.A.... 1012 Methyl alcohol, properties 544 pentosan, studies 397 salicylate, effect on plants 928 Metriona triiittala, notes 1148 Mice, destniction 552 U.S.D.A 551 field, destruction by barium carbonate. 455 grasshopper, protection, U.S.D.A 551 immunization against anthrax. La... . . 577 rabies 578 inheritance of coat color in 1168 immunity to toxins by.. 1071 notes, Ohio 1048 Michigan College, notes 96, 094, 997, 1096 Station, financial statement 195, 095 notes 9(5, 295, 997, 1096 report of director 195, 995 Microlnology, progress in 378 Micrococci malolacticus, role in wine making. . 576 Micrococcus lactis spp., notes, N.Y. State 874 melUensis, notes 5S3 Microdipodops pallidum, remedies, U.S.D.A. . 551 Micrography of Java trees, treatise 1134 Micro-organisms— as affected by gas 626 assimilation of nitrogen by , bibliography. 121 ecologj- 495 effect on mustard 774 in barnyard manm-e 428 meadow plants and hay 367 pathogenic, l)ibliography 985 review of literature 378,984 pathogenicity, as affected Ijy sj-mbiosis. . 788 role in agriculture 718 spiral, relation to spirochetes 789 (Sfe also Bacteria.) Micropera abietis, notes 549 Microrophala littata, notes, Conn. State 1048 Microscope, use in — detection of food adulteration, U.S.D.A. . 211 study of plant diseases 1042 Microscopic sections, preparation 1079 Microsphxra alni, notes 651, 757 glossularix, notes 548 qucTcina, notes 1142 MicTOtus agrestis, destructive to larch flies. . . 1152 calif ornicus, notes 1154 montanus, destruction, U.S.D.A ... 551 Middlings, analyses 366, 1065, 1172 N.Dak 512 Va 370 for pigs, Va 370 (See aUo Wheat, Rye, etc.) Military instruction in land-grant colleges. 408,414 Milk, absorption of drugs by 975 acidity of, cause 1074 adulteration, U.S.D.A 565,863 detection 1010 I'age. Milk, albumin as affected by heat, Ind 1074 analyses H.7,277,4(i7.512,574,i)57,709,775, 782,8(3,1059,1060,1110 Mass 375 analysis, official method 1177 treati.se 1 107 as affected l>y foot-and-mouth disease.. 180 pasteurization 675 stat)le practices 1177 asses', analyses 1074 autolysis, effect on precipitogenic char- acteristics 80 bacteria in— U.S.D.A 275,977 associative action, Mich 275,276 bibliography 674 determination 976 sources, Conn..Storrs 178 studies 49(;,674, 782,873,1075 Nebr 872 bacteria, media for pure cultures, Mich. 976 biological and biochemical studies 1176 bottle, paper, economic value 873 by-products, discussion 277 care and handling, U.S.D.A 275,977 Wash 1073 casein, determination 397 certified, notes, Ky 180 production, U.S.D..\ 78 changes in 393 at low temperatures 179 chemistry of. 565,977 review of literature 785 classification, U.S.D.A 977 coagulation investigations 26,1074, 1178 Wis 79,181 composition 1075 composition as affected by — age, Conn.Storrs 475 food 572 Mass 375 heating 477 interrupted milking 1074 rutting 1 177 salts 1177 composition — conditions affecting 273 effect on yield of cheese, N. Y.State. 979 of ash in 966 different breeds 1177 relation to infant nutrition 965 variations in 79, 1074 condensed- analyses 168,574, 8()2 methods of analysis 397 solids in, Ind 1074 production in Canada 1 176 the United States. . . 277 contamination by flies 873 cooler, description 575 cost of production, Conn.Storrs 374 Ga 373 in Sweden 277 transportation 1175 dehydrated, tests 562 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1293 I'ase. Milk, desiccated, composition 1158 detenuination of casein in, Wis 12 dirt and leucocytes in. 910 digestil)ility 4C2 distribution of phosphorus In 963 dried , analyses 709 bacteria in 977 eSect on aluminum 1006 ewe's, analyses 1066 fat as aflected \>y food 572,975,1175 Mass 376 fat 1171 content, relation to foods, N.Y. State 967 cost of production in Sweden 277 determination 613 measuring reagents in 613 (See also Fat.) fermentations, review of literature 1179 fermented, bacterial content 477 studies and bibliography. .. 875 therapeutic action 1077 ferments, testing 1107 fever, disease resembling 284 in cows, treatment, S.C 382 studies 86 for calves 468 freezing point, as affected by water 1 108 germicidal properties 1075,1076 globules, variations in 1177 goat's, analyses 1066 handling 477 and marketing, N.C 476 methods, Conn. Storrs 374 heated, detection 1009,1107,1108 hemolytic factors in 573 human, analyses 782 Wis 13 composition of ash 966 nucleon content 1179 proteolytic enzyms in 1179 separation of casein from 809 hygiene, book 1176 history 574 Inspection, enforcement 183 in Victoria 277 Wisconsin 1060 judging 783, 1108 lactase in, studies 572 lactic-acid fermentation in 1179 lecithin content 782 leucocytes in, determination 573, 782 Wis 77 machine-drawn, bacterial content. Wis. 77 malted, analyses 661 misbranding, U.S.D.A 565 of different breeds. Conn. Storrs 476 Jersey cows, acidity 495 tul)crculous cows, danger from 581 pasteurization 783 N.Y. State 979 in Chicago, rules 783 pasteurized, studies 1074, 1077 pathogenic bacteria In 782 payment for, on fat basis, N. V.State... 978, 979 perhydrase, bactericidal action 78 I'age. Milk, physical constants, determination 1178 pig's, composition 469 powder, nutrient value 719 preparation for infants 783 presenation 477,1010,1109 production in New South Wales 277 profitable, Ind 374 studies, Tenn 672 products — analyses 709, 863 chemistry of 977 digestibility 462 disc-ussion 277 fermented, bacteria in..'. 4% tuberculous, bibliography, U.S.D..\ . 977 studies 477 proteids in, as affected by lactation, Ind. 1074 protein content, determination 809 new, properties 906 pure, paper on. Mo 590 purifying apparatus, description 979 purity of, judging 419 quality as affected by feeds 784 factors affecting, X.Y.State 967 judging. Wis 12 raw and cooked, differentiation 13, 112 pasteurized, i>eptonization 675 reacting to tuberculin, studies 580 reducing properties 275 salty, analyses. Wis 13 samples, preser\-ation 613 sanitary, determination 910 production, N.C 476 U.S.D.A 977 score card for, Ky 180 secretion as aflected by- diseases, U.S.D.A 980 food 567, 975, 1 175 sugar 1 177 tuberculin 85 U.S.D.A 981 secretion, factors affecting 979 studies 979 serum, investigations 477, 1074, 1075 preparation 396 sickness, eflect on milk secretion, U.S.D.A 980 investigations 379 skimmed. (S<« Skim milk.) skimming, relation to yield of butter 276 slimy, studies 1179 standard, paper on 112 sterilized, studies 783 strcplococc-i in 782 studies 1074, 1179 substitutes in calf feeding. La 72 sugar, studies 907 supplies in Missouri, improvement 573 supply of— Louisville, Ky 1^ Montclalr 374 southern cities. U.S.D.A 978 towns and cities, supervision 783 testing 706,1077,1179 bibliography, U. S. D. A 1074 tests In England 377 1294 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Milk, transfoniiation into a solid substance... 980 transmission of diseases by 783, 877, 978 immunity by 573 tubercle bacillus content 477, 581 tuberculous, as allected by hydrogen peroxid 1077 biblioRraphy, U.S.D.A... 977 variations of casein in, Wis 79 viscosity and surface tension 1177 water content, studies, N.Y. State 967 watered, detection 706, 1075 weighing and testing, 111 180 yield as aflected by abortion 480 food. Miss 474 yields of heifers v. cows, Conn.Storrs... 475 Milker's hands as a source of bacteria in milk, Conn.Storrs 179 Milking competitions, cleanliness in 574 machine, Swedish, description 575 machines, cleaning, Nebr 872 Wis 77 descriptions 278,782,1194 history 278 tests 1194 Nebr 871 Tenn 673 methods 979 Mill feed, analyses 366 Millet as a cover crop. Wis 30 fallow crop 865 culture 1034 and use, Ohio 231 e.xperiments, Alaska 132 feed, analyses, N.J 69 leaf blight, notes, Del 946 pearl, analyses 468 roots, analyses, Hawaii 172 distribution 732 rotation e.xperiments, Minn 435 varieties 229 Ohio 231 viabUity 628 Milo maize as a dry-land crop, U.S.D.A 437 chops, analyses, Tex 1065 digestibility, Tex 268 feeding value, Tex 666 Mineola indiginclla. (See Leaf crumpler.) Mineral — elements in nutrition, Ohio 1065 matter, distribution in plants 1125 effect on bones, Nebr 868 tissue formation 663 oils as a dust preventive, U.S.D.A 288 products, analyses, N.Dak 512 of India 893 requirements of man 68 resources of the United States 525 salts, role in plants 27 Mining, relation to forestry 543 Minks, protection, U.S.D.A 551 Minnesota Station, notes 492, 595, 1096 University, notes 492,595,894, 1096 Minnows, top, in Hawaii, Hawaii 160 Mississippi College, notes 96, 493, 997 Station, financial statement 892 notes 96,295,493 report of director 892 Page. Missouri handicrafts, revival. Mo S90 Station , notes 96, 196, 493, 595 University, notes 96, 493, 595, 1096 Mistletoe, races in Bavaria 930 Mite, air-sac, notes 1 191 relation to carnation disease, N.Y. State. 648 Mites affecting vegetables 762 injurious to flower bulbs 61 on gooseberries, remedies 554 Moisture. (See Water.) Molasses — adulteration, U.S.D.A 565 analyses. Conn. State 960 N.Dak 511 beet pulp. (See also Sugar-beet pulp.) cane-sugar, viscosity 1 162 digestibility, Tex 2(8 feeding value, Tex 666 feeds, analyses 366,468,1171 Ind 968 La 864 Me 172 N.Y. State 366 fermented, poisonous to stock 189 for calves. La 72 fann stock 270 grains, analyses, N.J 69 manure, fertilizing value 723 methods of analysis 1182 misbranding, U.S.D.A 169, 565 nutritive value 777 purity of 210 utilization in feeding stuffs 1171 waste, determination of solids in, Hawaii. 613 Molassine meal, examination 679 Molds, effect on germination of seeds. Me 173 rye flour 166 growth as affected by agitation 1025 in fodder plants, toxicity 379 Mole crickets, notes 555 Moles, notes, Ohio 1048 Monilia arnoldi n. sp., description 546 Moniliopsis aderholdii n. sp., description 156 Monodontus phlebotomus, studies, S.C 382 Monohammus spp., notes, Me 1049 Monophadnoides rubi. (See Raspberry saw- fly.) Monosodium phosphate, effect on plants and animals 1121 Monostegia rosx, notes 1146 Montana College, notes 799 Station, financial statement 293 notes 97,799 report of director 293 Moon, relation to weather 513.912 Moor culture associations 16, 720 station at Flahult 16 soils. (Sf« Soils, moor.) Moors, culture, progress in "20 drainage 720 reclamation in Belgium 720 upland, water conditions in 214 Morning glories, flower formation as affected by mutilation 432 Morphin, absorption by milk 975 production in Vermont, Vt 335 Morphology, plant, treatise 927 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1295 Page. Morrell, strength of 234 Mosquitoes— ascarriers of disease, bibliography 1154 breeding in fresh and salt water 957 control 857 Hawaii 160 destruction by fish 1153 filaria, studies 1153 In Connecticut, Conn. State 1048 New Jersey, N.J 957 new sjjecies and genus, description 1153 notes 957 remedies, N.J 958 r61e of, in pathologj' 159 transmission of diseases by 680,985,1153 trypanosomes in 985 Moss, destruction on cranberry bogs, Wis 41 ellect on gennination of seeds 945 Moth borer, notes 1146 Moths, life history 592 night-fl.\ing, trap for 160 sex inheritance in 1169 Motors, agricultural, tests ;.. 485 heavy , effect on roads 792 Mound-building prairie ant, notes, Kans 352 Mountain ranges, effect on hurricanes, U.S. D. .V 1012 Mowing machines, tests 989 MucoT exiliosus, notes 947 racemosus, effect on nitrates 218 sloloni/er, studies 1138 Mucors, studies 1138 Muds, analyses 827 Mulberries, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 treatise 1155 MuUierry leaves, digestibility 62 Mules, fertility of 71 immunization — against horse sickness 680, G81, 787 market classes, U.S.D.A 592 breeding 372 notes 371 rations for 1171 Murganlia histrionica. (See Harlequin cab- bage i)Ug.) Muriate of iiotash effect on potato scab. Mass 344 fertilizing value 923, 931 , 933 Ga 1036 Mass 327,339 Md 238 R.I 522,538 Musdecumanus, disease resembling leprosy In 758 spp. , destruction 552 U.S.D.A 551 transmission of plague by 790, 1144 Musca domcxlka. (See House fly.) Muscidii' of Kongo Free State 1147 Mu.scle, fish, hydrolysis 1008 Muscles, carni tin in 365 chemical constitution 063 Muscular energy , transformation 1 167 work as affected by cola nuts 174 effect on e.xcretion of purlns.. 1167 factors affecting 366 Mushroom catsup, preparation, Oreg 361 Mushrooms,canning and drying, Oreg 301 I Page. 1 Mushrooms, culture 933 I U.S.D.A 893 preservation 771 U.S.D.A 893 propagation from spores 837 treatise 432 Muskmelon diseases, treatment, N. Y. Cor- nell 52 industry in Montreal, U.S.D.A.. 893 Vt 335 mildew, treatment, Va. Truck... 1044 rot, notes, Vt 345 rust, treatment, Ind 1044 wilt, investigations, Iild 1044 Muskmelons, breeding experiments, P.R 40 culture experiments, R.I 145 Vt 336 in Michigan, Mich 144 marketing, 111 146 spraying experiments, Ind 1044 Muskrat, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Must, sterilized, use in wine making 1078 Mustard- analysis, notes 1107 as a fallow crop 865 affected by dicyandiamid salts 522 micro-organisms 774 color reaction for 1107 economic value 864 effect on nitrogen content of soils 717 fertilizer experiments 623, 923, 1022 gennination as affected by soil treatment. 1015 growth as affected by electricity 1125 radium.. 929 liming experiments 321 wild, poisonous to stock 189 Musts, analyses 1163 as affected by I'eronospora 1163 preparation and fennentation 1182 role in formation of wine bouquet 1078 Mutation, origin of species by 760 theory , application 71 Mutton, lireeding sheep for 779 Mycetophila, new species, descriptions 1144 Mycocopron sp., notes 947 Mycodrr ma thoni , effect on cheese 377 Mycological literature, bibliography 827 Mycosis, dermal, in horses, U.S.D.A 983 in man and rats 82 Myelophilus pinipcrda, notes 559 studies 1152 Myriangium durisei, notes, Fla 556 Mynnecophiles, notes 1148 Myrmica levinodis, introduction into Massa- chusetts 1050 Mylilaspis — chilopsidis n.s\i., description, U.S.D..\... 352 pomoTum. (Sec Oyster-shell scale.) Myiomonas belie, studies 153, 247 Myxosporiums, new species, descriptions 1042 Myzomyia ludlowii, notes 957, 1153 Myztis cerasi. (Sfc Cherry aphis.) elxagni, studies 1149 pcTsicx, notes 652 Colo 855 spp., notes 1051 Nxmospora crocea, investigations 848 1296 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Nagana, active power of human seruni in 82 experimental — studies and bibliography 479 treatment 83 try panoly tic power of serum in . 82 studies 479 treatment 985 Nardoo, economic value 804 National- Association of— Dairy Instructors and Investigators. 500 State Universities 494 Conservation Commission, U.S.D.A 312 Creamery Buttemiakers' Association 375 Dairy Show, exhibits 500 Educational Association, agriculture in. . 1099 Natural — history, book 891 resources- conservation, U.S.D.A 94,C93 league of America 297 relation to science 495 improvement, in .\lpine regions 777 of Hawaii, conservation 1198 United States, conservation 297 science gardens, function in education. . . 590 Nature courses, relation to science courses 1093 study, t)ibliography 490,993 courses in 293, 891 educational organization 1197 in England, U.S.D.A 993 public schools 994 instruction in various States. . 898 manual 490,993 philosophy of 1093 relation to agriculture 1093 text-book for teachers 1197 training of teachers in 1093 work, address on 1092 Navy, United States, cookbook 1165 Nebraska — Station, financial statement 491 notes . 97, 197, 295, 395, 493, 694, 997, 1096 University, notes 97, 295, 395, 493, 595, 694, 997, 1096 Nectarophora cucurbitse, notes. Conn. State 1048 pisi, notes 1147 Neclria ditissima, notes 453, 849, 1140 solani, studies 847 Neem-cake, fertilizing value 832 Negri corpuscles, diagnostic value 83, 281 studies 1184 Negroes, agricultural school for 99, 198 Nematodes, absorption of potash by 726 as a cause of potato disease 247 affected l)y fertilizers 1118 in animals 159 cattle, new species 85 injurious, remedies 946 to alfalfa, N.Y.State. . 846 tea plants 849 tobacco 762 wheat, notes 156 notes 457, 458, 555, 1042 of summer sores in horses 880 preservation and mounting 1192 Page. Nematodes, remedies 351 root, relation to tobacco wilt, U.S.D.A 949 Nematus abictum, notes 459 crichsonii, notes 1152 Me 1049 Neoclytus tri/throcephalus, inj urious to locusts. 460 Neocosmospora vasi nfccta, notes 345 U.S.D.A 450 Ncophasia menapia, notes, U.S.D.A 257 Ncvtoma desertorum, destruction, U.S.D.A... 651 sp., notes 1154 Nephoptcryz rubrizondla, notes 1145 Nephritis, hematogenous, of swine 1084 Nests, homemade, description 178 trap, description. Me 473 Pa 670 Nett^ flour, studies 107 Nevada Station, financial statement 693 report of director 693 New Hampshire Station- list of publications 592 notes 395 organization and work 592 New Jersey College, notes 1097 Stations, notes 97,1097 Mexico College, notes 1200 Station, financial statement 195 notes 493,1200 report of director 195 New York — Cornell Station, notes 295, 694, 1200 State Station, financial statement 995 notes 997, 1097 report of director 995 weevil, notes, Conn. State 1049 Nezara viridula, notes 762 Nickel, effect on action of rennet. Wis 80 toxicity as affected by temperature. . 737 Nicotine — relation to quality of tobacco 598 U.S.D.A ... 936 Niger cake, analyses 972 feeding value 972 Niter bed, peat, construction 23 Nitragin, preparation and use 19, 719, 1116 Nitrate deposits in Chile 729,824, 1119 industry in Chile 824, 1119 treatise 729 nitrogen, determination 397 Norwegian, fertilizing value 1018 of ahuninimi , effect on protoplasm. . . 929 lime. {See Calcium nitrate.) Nitrate of potash — effect on potato scab. Mass 344 fertilizing value, Mass 327 R.I 538 production in the United States 826 Nitrate of soda— al)sorption of atmospheric moisture by. . . 722 action as affected by rain 921 analyses 827 as a preventive of plant injury 523 source of nitrogen 821 deposits in Chile "29 effect on nitrogen content of soils 122, 727 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1297 Va.se. Nitrate of soda— Continued. effect on nitrogen fixation 1115 potato skin development 333 productivity of soils 919 soil teuiperatures 619 fertilizing value 20, 21, 122, 220, 319,320,428,429,430,522, 523,623,624,626,639,640, 722,723,727,821,922,923, 924, 931, 933, 1018, 1127 AIa.Canel)rake 1030 (la 1036 Hawaii 138,140 Mass 327, 339 Md 238 N.Mex 237 Pa 1017 R.I 142,538 U.S.D.A 536 Va 334 imports into Italy 728 impurities in 722 loss from sandy soils 1019 preparation and use 122 production in the United States 826 statistics 22 substitute for 1021 Nitrate organisms, studies 518 Nitrates — as soil renovators 122 assimilation l)y roots 521 atmospheric, manufacture 688 Chilean, composition 824 detection in water 1 105 determination in water 1105 effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D..V 1016 in foods 165 plants 165 sea water 15 seeds 165 snow 15 manufacture 523 Norwegian and.Chilean, comparison 220 preparation, use of peat in 823 production in soils, Tex 425 reduction 218 solubility, studies 921 Nitric acid- action 00 alkaline soils 821 detection in water and sewage 909 determination 8,807, 1104 in sewage 909 soils 208 water 308,909 manufacture 824 Nitrification— as affected bj' organic matter 218 in acid soils 621 calcium cyanamid 725 sea water 716 sewage 616, 914 soils 518, 519, 522, 717, 718,821 Tex 424 as affected by humus, Minn 436 studies 717 various fertilizers, rate 1019 I 'age. Nitrification— Continued. investigations 23,322,518,519,522,723, 1115 Ga 519 Nitrifying organisms, acclimatization 1018 Nitrite organisms, studies 518 Nitrites, detection in water 1105 determination in water 1105 distriliution in foods, Minn 563 in flour, N.Dak 860 sea water 15 snow 15 water, formation 1] 12 Nitrobacter, pure cultures, Ga... 519 Nitro-bacterine, tests 1116,1117 Nitrogen — ammonia, as affected by lime 622 fixation by zeolites 622 assimilation by legumes 620, 1015 atmospheric — assimilation by micro-organisms, bil)- liography 121 plants 121 investigations 325 flxation 18,24, 316, 523, 729, 730, 920, 1006, 1115, 1116 bibliography 223, 920 Ijy Bacillus astcrosporus 920 electricity 223 hyphomycetes 17 leaves 620 plants 620,919 manufacture of ammonia from 823 oxidation 1021 review of literature 421 precipitation 220 utilization 23, 223, 523, 624, 924 byplants 520 atomic weight 800 bacteria, nutrition 718 ca{)ac!ty of cultivated soils 122 determination 311, 908 and bibliography 806 apparatus for 311 in calcium cyanamid 1007 feces 420 fertilizers ill. gas mixtures 208 soils 208 effect on assimilation of potash by plants. 72C carnations, Md 238 food assimilation by ))eans 229 gain in weight of sheep 1171 plants, Md 238 sugar l)eets. Wis 35 fertilizing, treatise 220 value 338,539,541 Iowa 230 I'a 1017 fixation as affected by glucose 626 by bacteria 316 calcium carbonate 824 investigations 17,621 fixing bacteria as affected liy zinc 622 review of literature 520 studios 021 industries in Australia 688 1298 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'ase. I Nitrogen— Continued. in distillery wastes, utilization 729 egjj sliells 781 proteins 1102 vegetable products, studies 173 lime, decomposition 821 by bacteria 123 fertilizing value 220, 429, 023, 024, 723, 724, 921, 1127 investigations HI" manufacture and use 1020, 1021 metabolism 70, 707, 900 as affected l\v amids 405 pentoses 08 in children ""iS minimum, investigations 905 nature, sources, and use 428, 821, 1116 of cyanamid, transformation in soils 323 distillers' wash, utilization 431 green manure, loss in sandy soils 316 soils, as affected liy liming 126 availability 316 studies 219,393,919 oxidation experiments 730 peroxid, effect on flour 166 N.Dak 860 problem in agriculture 220 production in soils, Tex 424 Nitrogenous- compounds , atmospheric, utilization 730 fertilizers- atmospheric moisture absorbed by. 722 comparison 21 , 220,428,429,430,523,023, 624,722.723,724,921,922, 923,1018,1118,1127, 1129 Mass 327 R.I 538 manufacture from peat 824 in Europe 223 nitrification in 522 preparation and use 122, 221 plant food, production 524 Nitrosomonas, pure cultures , Ga 519 Nitrous acid as an antiseptic 774 Njore-Njole oil, value 300 Nodonola puncticollis , injurious to locusts 400 notes , Conn. State 1048 Nodular disease in cattle 879 Nonagria inferens, notes. 160 oblonga, notes 1051 uniformis, notes 955 Nonne moth, notes, U.S.D.A 257 Noodles , analyses *i58 North Carolina- College, notes 295 State Station, notes 296, 590, 895 Station , notes 295 North Dakota College, notes 97, 296, 799 Station, financial statement . . 592 notes 97,296,1097 report of director 592 Nosema, new species, descriptions 354 Nostoc phylloderma as food in Japan 461 Notolophus antiqua, notes, N.ll 556 Notophallus huematopus, notes 1151 No vains , relation to camitin 603 Page. Nsa-Sanaseed oil, notes 172 Nucleon in human milk 1179 Nucleoprotein, difTerentiation from phospho- protein 907 Nun moth, control in Austria 46 Nurseries, care and management, Md SCO in Europe, notes 842 screen for, description 152 Nursery- inspection, Conn. State 1048 Md 560 Miss 560 N.Mex 654 Okla 952 Wis 60 in Pennsylvania 256, 1050 Virginia 252 Wyoming 240 stock, certification and disinfection 497 dipping tests, N.Y. State 256,056 distribution in Massachusetts. . .. 1040 fumigation 553,1153 marketing, Md 560 purchase and selection 841 Nut cake, ground, analyses 468 sausage, analyses 771 trees, breeding, report on 598 grafting and budding 598 Nutrition- effect on animal fertility 174 plants 739 energetics of 169 human, treatise 263 investigations, progress in 08 relation to home econom- ics, U.S.D.A 661 of animals, review of investigations 781 infants, studies 965 nitrogen bacteria 718 physiological economy in 67 physiology of, text-book 662 problems in hospitals 566 proteid diet in 769 ■ relation to hygiene 66 text-book 775 theories of, discussion 966 value of intestinal bacteria in 965 {See also Digestion, Food, Metabolism, etc.) Nuts, analyses. Me 461 Brazil, composition 1161 cola, adulteration 65 feeding value 174 culture in California 839 Maryland, U.S.D.A 394 Texas 643 food value, U.S.D.A 464 iron and phosphorus content 1161 preservation 770 varieties, Mich 143 Oak.chestnut, in the Appalachians, U.S.D.A. 243 notes, U.S.D.A 543 disease, studies 454 extract, photodynamic work 1026 insects affecting 764 leaves, wounded, changes due to 1027 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1299 Page. Oak mildew, notes 651, 757, 758, 1142 plantinfis, utilization of hardpan for 645 pruner, notes, Minn 1049 Oat by-products, analyses, N.Y. State 366 diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell 52 feeds, analyses, Me 173 N.J 69 hulls, analyses, La '. 865 roots, distribution 732 rusts, studies 940 seedlings as affected by acid solutions, R.I 120 smut, notes. Del 940 treatment, Ind 1043 straw, analyses, N. Dak 507 disostibility, Wyo 308 thrips, notes, Mich 350 yellow leaf, notes, Ohio 893 Oats, absorption of lime and magnesia by — 321 aniylolytic ferments in 830 analj'ses 173, 745 U.S.D.A 1063 as a cover crop. Wis 30 hay crop, Wis 29 nurse crop for alfalfa, Ariz 328 clover, Iowa 230 bibliography 745 breeding, N.Y.Cornell 38 experiments, Ohio 1031 composition 744 culture 745, 1034 La 634 experiments, Alaska 133 N.Y.State 931 U.S.D.A 228 Wis 135 deterioration in Kansas, Kans 231 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1003 fertilizer — experiments 122, 124, 220,319,320,321, 428, 429, 523, 529, (124, 722, 723, 724, 727, 822, 823, 922, 923, 1018, 1019, 1020, 1119 La 033 Wis 30 requirements, Tex 920 for cows, Pa 373 egg production, Mass 273 horses, Ohio 470 pigs, Mont 067 germination as affected by radium 929 groimd, analyses, N.J 69 gypsum for 524 inoculation experiments 520 irrigation experiments 388 Nev 631 leaf structure, as aflccted by soluble salts, U.S.D.A 527 magnesium carbonate for 321 nitrogen content as affected by fertili- zers 122 protein changes in, during darkness 1026 proteolytic enzyms in 106 rotation experiments, La 033 Minn 435 Page. Oats, seed, grading 20 seeding experiments, Ohio 1031 varieties 20, 228, 740, 743, 744 Alaska 132 Idaho 227 Mich 133, 134 Ohio 1030 Okla 933 Wis 32, 33 classification and naming 034 for dry-land farming, U.S.D.A. 437 viability, tests 628 water content 740 jield as affected by carbon- bisulphid . . 518 , drainage, Wis 30 potash 822 Oberea bimaculata. (See Raspberry cane- borer. ) Oblitin, relation tocarnitin 003 Ochers, natural deposits 14 Ocneria disimr. {See Gipsy moth.) monacha, notes 656 0-cresol, effect on yield of crops 718 Oetohydroxy-arachidic acid, function in fat metabolism 1106 Oculiomyia fulleri n. sp., description 1153 Odonata, studies 761 Odontoglossum uroskinneri leaf spot, studies. . 1143 CEbalus pugnax, notes. La 54 Q<:canthus niveus. {Sec Tree cricket, snowy.) quadripunctatis, notes 11.52 (Edaleus scnegalensis, control 852 (Knothcra spp., studies 1120 Q^sophagostoma cnlumbianum, studies 787, 879 inflatum, notes,^S.C 382 Ogdoconta cinereola, notes. Me 1049 Ohio Station, financial statement 491,892 notes 493, 694, 895, 997 report of director 491, 892 work ] 094 University, notes 590, 895, 997 O'idium lar.tis as a cause of spontaneous com- bustion 804 relation to fheese disease 575 qucTcinum, studies 454,757 sp., notes, Cal 548 Oil as a ketchup preservative, U.S.D.A 861 wood preservative, U.S-D.A 48 cake.-., effect on nitrogen content of liquid manure 318 for horses 75 canarium, characteristics 1164 emulsion, preparation and use, Mo.Fruit. 9.')8 ergot, characteristics 1110 fish, characteristics 1109 production in Alaska 323 from Carapo spp., characteristics 1182 Nsa-Sana seeds, notes ...» 172 inspection in Wyoming 911,1060 lemon, analyses 1104 lycopodium, characteristics 1110 olive. (Sff Olive oil.) orange, constants 708 plants, potash requirements 221 red currant seed , characteristics 1 1.S2 1300 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. I'age. Oil savin, detection 1110 seeds, analyses 1110 trade at Marseille 1079 wheat, now compound from 109 Oils, burning, studies, N.Dak 511 culinary, examination 512 detennination in ■ cotton-seed products 708, 1109 flavoring extracts 113 phannaceutical preparations 113 edible, analyses 862 essential, notes 708 from fruit kernels, extraction and use, U.S.D.A 539 seeds, characteristics 809 miseible, preparation, Conn.Storrs 1052 Ky 164 Mo.Fruit 958 U.S.D.A 394 tests. Conn. State 1048 Va 958 production and preparation 182 standard, description, Tex 911 vegetable, effect on liutter, Mass 377 preparation 115S Oklahoma College, notes 97. 197, 596, 094, 998 Station , financial statement 995 notes 97, 596, 094, 998 report of acting director.. 995 work 491 Oleomargarine, analyses 709, 1060 industry in Sweden 181 statistics of Denmark 1180 Oleuropeine from olives, notes 831 Olive diseases, notes 1.57,1140 review of literature 950 fly, notes 1140 remedies 459, 763, 1152 marc, feeding value 468 oil, adulteration 464 analyses 65, 773 Conn. State 960 as an adulterant of paprika 396 effect on wine 1163 oxidation 309 production in Spain 444 pomace, feeding value 69 tubercle organism, studies, U.S.D.A... 249 tuberculosis, transmissibility 11 43 Olives, analj-ses 64 as affected by calcium cyanamid 1140 culture in northern Africa, U.S.D.A. 42 fermented, treatment 773 fertilizer experiments 724 insects affecting 353 new glucosid in, notes 831 of southern Italy, classification 1132 oil content 360 pitting 182 preservation for oil making 773 production in Spain 444 sprayed, analyses 763 yield as affected by rainfall, U.S.D.A . 43 Onion blight, notes, Mass 350 cutworm, notes, N.Y. State 952 diseases, treatment, N.Y. Cornell 52 Page. Onion thrips, notes, N.Y.State 952 Onions as affected by salts 1121 culture, N.Mex 144 U.S.D.A 237 experiments, X.Y. State 931 in Michigan, Mich 144 fertilizer experiments 320, 723 R.I 145 Tex 938 requirements, Tex 920 harvesting and marketing, Tex 938 irrigation experiments, Tex 938 liming experiments 321 seed examination, Mass 335 Spanish, culture experiments, P.R. . 40 varieties 237 wounded, chemical changes due to. . . 1027 Onobrychis saliva, cross inoculation 620 Onychomys brevicaudus, protection, U.S.D.A. 551 Oomycetes, growth as affected by agita- tion 1025 Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.) Opfiioholus hcrpotrichus, studies 1042 Ophion macruTum, parasitic on Cecropia 953 Ophioncctria cnccicola, notes, Fla 556 Ophiusa mdicnte, notes 856 Ophthalmia, periodic, in horses 482 Ophthalmo-tuberculin reaction in cattle 284 Opium, absorption by milk 975 methods of assaying 398 Opsonins, constitution and action 1080 Opuntia lindheimtri, notes, U.S.D.A 34 spp., digestibility, U.S.D.A 171 Orange diseases, notes 354, 947 fruit worm, distribution as affected by temperature, N.H 852 hawkweed, notes 640 juice, analyses ' 360 maggot, notes and bibliography 652 oil, constants 708 peel, preservation 771 rot, studies 1137 seal), treatment, P.R 58 thrips, description, U.S.D.A 956 worm, notes and bibliography 052 Oranges, changes in, during ripening 831 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 Texas 840 Tex 1038 decay in transit, U.S.D.A 43, 840 insects affecting 255, 353 P.R 58 notes, U.S.D.A 239 storage and transportation tests 840 Orasema viridis, effect on ants 254 Orchard — crops of Bombay Presidency, notes 828 demonstrations for farmers' institute workers 490 diseases, notes 756 La 042 Vt 345 grass, culture experiments, Alaska 133 seed, adulteration, U.S.D.A 937, 992 insects, notes 1146 inspection. (See Nursery inspection.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1301 Page. Orchards- apple. (See .\pple orchards.) cover crops for, Wash 538 Wis 30 fertilizer experiments, Mo 33ti fertilizers for. La 642 insects affect int; 240, 654, 760, 762, 1152 La 042 management, U.S.D.A 228 renewal, Ohio 1036 survey in Oregon. Oreg 336,941 winter injuries in Maine 240 Orchid leaf spot, studies 1143 Orchids, culture in unheated greenhouses — 446 propagation and culture 1133 Oregon College, notes 493,694, 895, 1097 Station, notes 493,694,895 Oreodaphne, transpiration 829 Organic matter, decomposition by bacteria . . 393 in soils 398 destruction by electricity . . . 207 determination in molasses . . 90'J effect on nitrification 218 in soils, studios 713 oxidation 718 Oriole, black-headed , notes 854 Oriolus melanocephalu.i, notes 854 Ormenis pruinosa, notes 760 Ornamental- plants, culture in Alaska, Alaska 142 Michigan, Mich 144 for Nebraska 147 Ornithodoros— lahoriensis n. sp., description 1189 megnini, parasitic on cattle, Okla 481 moubata ova, Spirochseta duttoni in 1087 transmission of fever by 1154 Ornithology, I'hiUppine, bibliography 1145 Ornithopus sativus, cross inoculation 620 Osmoderma scabra, notes, Me 1049 Osmotic pressure, role in animal life 171 Osteoporosis in animals 683 Ostrich parasites, notes 1192 Ostriches— egg-laying records 474 feeding in Cape Colony 870 health of, effect on feather formation 372 quilling experiments 473 Otiorhynchus ovatun, notes, Mich 351 spp., remedies 554 sulcatus, notes. Conn. .State 1049 Otoapermophilus beecheyi, plague of 1 144 Otters in Massachusetts 952 protection, U.S.D.A 551 Owls, feeding habits 159, 350, 1145 Ox warble fly, notes 457 remedies 582,857 Oxalates, effect on coagulability of milk 1178 Oxen, feeding exix-riments 779 In Tunis, studies 469 rations for 1065, 1171 value as draft animals 70 Oxydases in rubber 1123 Oxygen— determination in water 703 effect on l.ictic-acld bacteria 80 Page. Oxygen — Continued. effect on micro-organisms and ferments. . 627 organic matter 718 Oxymethylanthrachinone, absorption by milk 975 Ozypleurites serratux, notes 957 Oyster-shell bark-louse. (See Oyster -shell scale.) scale, notes 253, 1146 Md 560 Mont 351 Wis 60 remedies 163, 457 N.H. 556 shells, value, N.Y.State. .' 968 Oysters, analyses 167, 168, 398, 1057 canning and preserving 1157 copper in 562 on the Pacific Coast 357 Ozone, atmospheric, origin 422,1111 industrial uses 813 sterilization of water by 1113 Ozonium omnivoTum,no\.es, U.S.D.A 246 Pachnseus litus, notes 353 Pachytylus sulcicoUis, notes 654 Packing-house products. (See Animal prod- ucts.) Paddy. (See Rice.) Paints, composition, Tex 911 testing, X.Dak 1089 Pakana, analyses, Hawaii 172 Palseococcus theobromx n. sp., description 257 Palarus latifrons, notes 657 Paleacrita vernata. (See Cankerworm, spring. ) Pales pavida, studies, U.S.D..\ 456 Palm meal, analyses 865 Palms, date. (See Date palms.) Pamphila spp., life history 761 PamphilitLS persicum, notes 1146 remedies 953 Pan-American Scientific Congress 608, 695 Pangium eda/f, hydrocyanic acid in 527 Panicum mazimum, culture experiments 933 miliaccum, feeding value, U.S.D.A. 1065 spp.. notes, Ohio 231 stagninum, analyses 659 Pansies, culture 1132 Pajmipemafurcata, notes, Minn 1049 Papaveracea?, coagulating substance in 26 Papayas, analyses, Me 461 correlation of structure in 226 culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 marketing, Hawaii 538 Paper-making materials, conserx'ation, U.S.D.A....1 875 parchment, analyses 709 Paprika, adulteration, detection 3% composition 398 determination of iodin number 398 Pararubl)er. (Sff Rubl>er.) Paraffin, manufacture 824 oil, eff(>ct on soils 1015 wax as an egg i)reservative 870 Paraform gas, production, U.S.D.A 884 Parakeelya, economic value 864 1302 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'ajje. Paralysis, parturient. (See Milk fever.) Para.ittigena segregata, studies, U.S.D.A 450 Parasites. (See Animal parasites, Insect par- asites, etc.) Parasitism- insect, value to fanners, U.S.D.A 257 of ants, origin 254 cotton l)oll weevil 954 Parasitology, index 1199 Paresis, parturient. (Sff Milk fever.) Parexorista chelonis', studies, U.S.D.A 45fi Paris green, analys(>s 105(1 La 025,1094 N.Dak 512 N.J 050 N.Y.State 958 preparation, Ky 104 Parkia biglobosa. Hour from 107 Parks for Cincinnati, treatise 1133 of Canada, report on 1135 Parlatoria, new species, description, U.S.D.A 352 Parsnips, canned, absorption of tin by 1155 insects affecting 1140 varieties 228 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis. (See Milk fever.) Paspalum dilatatum, culture experiments 933 Pastes, alimentary, of Annam 107 Pasteurelli cqui, notes 280 Pasteurellosis, studies 880 Pasteurization, effect on milk 075 of milk 783 N.Y.State 979 Pastry, recipes for 505 Pasture for calves 408 live stock 805 pigs, Mo 74 Mont 008 Pastures as affected Ijy vegetation, U.S.D.A. 437 coyote-proof, tests, U.S.D.A 000 forest, in Sweden 342 improvement, in Alpine regions 777 Pathological exhiliit of Bureau of Animal In- dustry 278 laboratory at Whittier, Cal 195 Pathology, experimental, apparatus for 884 bil)liography 1108 ovine, Preisz-Nocard bacillus in.. 481 plant, development 945 role of insects in I59 veterinary , treatise 685 P-cresol, effect on yield of crops 718 Pea fowls, food value 03 hay, digestibility, Wyo 368 refuse from canneries, analyses, Md 572 roots, distribution 732 thresher, description, Tenn 688 Peach aphis, black, notes, Colo 855 Md 500 green, notes 552 Colo 855 bacterial disease, studies 1140 borer, notes 053, 1146 brown rot, treatment 347 Okla 950 curculio, remedies 553 die back, investigations 848 diseases, notes 154, 157 Page. Peach diseases, treatment 757 N.Y.CorneU 52 kernels, utilization, U.S.D.A 539 leaf curl, not<>s 55 treatment 253 Idaho 250 lecanium, notes 1145 root borer, notes 1146 rot, treatment, Okla 951 sawfly, notes 1146 remedies 953 scale, West Indian, distribution as af- fected by tem- perature, N.H.. 852 notes 1145 tree barkbeetle. studies and bibliogra- phy, U.S.D.A 955 twig-moth, notes 60 j'ellows, dissemination, prevention . . . 497 Peaches, blooming period, N.Y.State 42,642 R.I 145 canned, absorption of tin by 1156 misbranding, U.S.D.A 863 culture experiments, P.R 39 in New Jersey, N.J 1037 Oregon, Oreg 336 injury by freezing, Ohio 147 insects affecting 60 pnming. Wash 42 varieties, Mich 143 R.I 145 in Virginia, U.S.D.A 641 winterkilling, Mich 939 Peacocks, breeds, description 571 Peanut by-products, analyses 777 cake, analyses 972 feeding value 972 fertilizing value, Hawaii 140 spoiled, composition 468 meal, analyses 865 poisoning of cows by 481 oil, detection in fats 12 emulsion for calves 469 pasturage for pigs 371 Ala.CoUege 570 Peanuts, analyses 777, 1101 culture in India 834 fertilizer requirements, Tex 920 fixation of nitrogen by 919 handljook 745 Pear blight, treatment, Ohio 1036 cephid, notes 763 diseases, treatment, N. Y.Comell 52 fruit borer, notes 1145 mites, notes, N.Y.State 952 psylla, notes 1145 scab, studies 452 treatment 253 slug, notes 1146 tannin, changes in wine making 1078 Pears, artificial feeding 1035 blooming period, N.Y.State 42,642 K.I 145 canned, absorption of tin hy 1156 changes in, during formation 337 composition as affected by light 838 culture in Oregon, Oreg 336 development as affected by light 1124 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1303 Page. Pears, nomenclature, U.S.D. A 44 parasitism 1042 pruning, Wash 42 varieties 338, 751 Mich 143 Oreg 941 in Virginia, U.S.D. A 641 volume-increment 240 wounded, changes due to 1027 Peas as a cover crop. Wis 30 fallow crop 865 hay crop, Wis 30 canned, misbranding, l^.S.D.A lOM swelling, N.Y.Statc 980 cooking 770 culture, U.S.D. A 237 experiments 20, 316 Wis 135 in Michigan, Mich 144 dead, elimination of carbon dio.xid by.. 830 development ;is affected by light 1124 effect t)n nitrogen content of soils 717 fertilizer experiments 21, 320, 823, 1118 field, culture, Idaho 227 and use, Mont " 231 for cows, Pa 373 varieties 228 flower formation as affected by mutila- tion 432 for pigs, Mont 067 Wash 75 germinating, determination of tempera- ture 734 inoculation experiments 1116 insects affecting 255, 1151 physiological development 735 proteids of, studies 611 variation in. Mass 325 varieties, Mich 133, 134 water content 396 yield as affected by potash 822 Peasant proprietary in England 289 Peasants, bread of, in Italy 358 new type 772 English, relation to common-field enclosures 191 of -Vliruzzi, diet 965 Peat deposits in the .Mps 1014 effect on productivity of soils 1115 humus content, studies 1015 levees, construction and maintenance. . 1193 litter, absorptive capacity 224 manufacture and use 322 machinery, tests 23 manufacture of fertilizers from 824 molasses for horses 371 mull, fertilizing value 642 niter bed, construction 23 physical and chemical properties 22 use for power purposes 729 In nitrate production 23,729 preparation of ammonia 823 fertilizers 823 sewage purlflcatlon 729 Pecans, culture experiments, Mich 143,939 In Texas 643 Page. Pecans, notes, U.S.D.A 239 top- working 643 Pediculoides dianthophilus, notes, N.Y. State. 648 Pediculop.iis graminum, notes 1051 N.Y.State 648 Pediculus vestimenti, transmission of recurrent fever by 790 Pegomya brasnicx. (See Cabbage-maggot.) fuxciceps, notes, Mich 351 lupini, notes, U.S.D..V 257 spp., notes, N.Y.State 59 Pelargonium spp. , transpiration 129 Pellagra, symptoms and trealinent 1158 Pemphigus tcsselatus, notes, Minn 1049 tessellata, studies 496,856 Penguin eggs, collection and use 772 Penicillium — brevicaulc as a cause of turnip (Uivor in butter 180 comemftfrti, proteolytic enzym, U.S.D.A. " 677 digitatum, notes 848 glaucum, assimilation of carbon by 28 dead, elimination of carbon dl- oxid l)y 830 effect on nitrates 218 fixation of nitrogen by 18 spp., studies 1137 Penicillium in ketchup, studies, U.S.D.A 861 Pennisetum spkatum, notes, Ohio 231 Pennsylvania— College, notes 97,596,998,1097 Institute of Animal Nutrition, notes 97 Station, financial statement 393 notes 596,998,1097 report of director 393 Pennyroyal, culture experiments, Vt 335 Pentatomidae of British India 1148 Pentosans, digestion 70 Pentoses, assimilation investigations 67 detection 610 determination in feces 13 Peonies, check list and bibliography, N.Y. Cornell 942 insects affecting, .N.Y.Cornell 942 Peony diseases, notes. Mass 344 N.Y.Cornell 942 Pepper — adulteration 310, 774, 1163 and misbranding, U.S.D.A.. 863 detection 12 analyses 1164 grass, field, notes 640 judging 309,910 red, adulteration 774 Peppers, culture in Michigan, Mich 144 green, analy.ses, Me 461 Pepsin as affected by anilin colors 110 determination ,. . 706 differentiation from rennet 200 Peptones, analyses 661 effect on nitrification In soils 518 nutrient value 719 Peptonolds, analyses 661 Perchlorate of potash, fertilizing value 722 Pericarditis, traumatic, in heifers, Nev 678 Peridermium sirohi. Inoculation experiments. 951 1304 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Prridromasaucia. (Sff Cutworm, variegated.) I'critampiis plalygastrr, notes, U.S.D.A 955 Perillus claudus, control of potato beetle larviE by, Mich 351 Pcrisporium iiriglilii, notes, U.S.D.A 34 Pcritclus ornalus, notes 762 Pcik I nsidla .media n'c it/o , notes, U . S . D . A 959 Pernter, J. M., biographical sketch 600 Perom;iscus spp., destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Peronospora, effect on wine 1163 Peronospora sp. , notes 453 treatment 757 tnfolioTum, notes, N.Y. State 846 Peroxidase in seeds 130 Perry, fermentation, factors affecting 1182 standard Ization 310 Persea, transpiration 829 Persimmons, Japanese, culture, P.R 39 notes, U.S.D.A 239 Persola iomcntosum, notes 949 Pestalozzta gucpini, studies 848 palmarum, notes 454 uvicola, studies, Nebr 451 Petechial fever, variation of corpuscles in 87 Petri dish rack, description, Mich 979 Pelrophora fcrrugata, immature stages 6K Phalacrus corruscus, destruction of cereal smuts by 554 Pharmaceutical- products, adulteration, congress 400 examination, N. Dak 512 Pharmacology, bibliography 1168 Phaseolus lunatus, hydrocyanic acid in 128, 528, 928, 1161 Pheasant, canned, examination 771 Pheasants, breeds, description 571 feeding haliits 456 raising in Oregon 76 Phellomyccs sclerotiophorus, notes 1043 Pheimcoccus acericola, notes 760, 1145 Phenol, ellect on soils 218 yield of crops 718 to-xicity as affected by temperature. 737 Phenolphthalein, absorption by milk 975 Philanthus diadema, notes 657 Phleum pratense. {See Timothy.) Phlaosinus major, notes 559 PhlcEothrips olcx, notes 353 Phloeotribis liminaris, studies and bibliogra- phy, U.S.D.A 955 Phasnix sylvestris. culture in Bengal 148 Phoma abietina, notes 549 studies 650, 849 oleracea, notes 649 solani, notes 346 spp., notes 546 Phonolith, fertilizing value 1118 PhoTodon humuli. (See Hop aphis.) Phosphate — agricultural, fertilizing value 21 , 222 deposits in Algeria 624 Christmas Island 824 Florida 731,925 Namban Creek 1119 South Carolina 25 Tahiti 430 Page. Phosphate— Continued. deposits In Tennessee 127 the South seas 731 Tunis 430,624,925 Western A ustralia 824 , 1119 from Elder Rock, Australia 25 industry in Florida 1022 Tennessee 1022 lands, withdrawal from entry 699, 925 of lime. (See Calcium phosphate.) rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.) fertilizing value 925 methods of analysis 908 production in the United States. . . 826 salts, effect on plants and animals 1121 Phosphates — Algerian, fertilizing value 320 analyses 824,827 comparison 430, 726, 727, 1022 Mass 327 effect on ammonium nitrate 623 nitrogen content of soils. .». 727 oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A 1017 strength of bones, Nel^r 868 yield of barley 125 fertilizing value... 20,338,639,923,931,1022,1128 Va 332 imports into Italy 332 in Rhodesian soils 819 insoluble, as affected by soil bacteria, Mich 221,222 methods of analysis 430, 702 mineral- classification and handling 430 effect on calcium cyanamid 223 fertilizing value 430 price and value 822 production in Algeria and Tunis 625 the United States 430, 525 reverted, fertilizing value 430 solubility as affected by soil bacteria 120 soluble, fertilizing value 727 statistics 26, 925 Tunisian, analyses 430 use on Illinois soils, 111 1022 Pennsylvania soils 216 value in soil improvement 1115 (See also Superphosphates.) Phosphatic slag — composition 25, 731 effect on calcium cyanamid 223 examination 397 fertilizing value 21,122,222, 320. 430, 640, 727, 822, 923, 1018, 1022, 1 127, 1 128 imports into Italy 728 manufacture and use 25 paper on 397 Phosphatids from carrots 708 preparation from seed 309 vegetable, notes 110 Phosphoprotein, differentiation from nucleo- protein 907 Phosphoric acid — assimilation by roots 521 availability in phosphates 398 soils as affected by lime... 125 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1305 I'age. Phosphoric acid — Continued. citric-acid soluhlo, in fertilizers 21 constitution (ilO detcnnination Ill, 307,(110. 702,703, 1000 as ammonium phospho- raolyl)datc 703 pho.sphomolyl)die acid. 807 in basic slag 397 fertilizers 111,908 foods 510,010 soils 208,716 supi^rphosphatos -118,1006 Thomas slag UO.'i effect on— carnations, Md 238 food assimilation by beans 229 health, U.S.D..V 962 nitrate production in soils, Tex 425 potash assimilation by plants 726 sugar beets. Wis 35 fertilizing value .- 539, .541 Pa 1017 R.I 142 in chernozem soils 317 plant roots 1125 insoluble, determination 1105 of superphosphates, availability 726,727 relation to soil fertility 1022 reversion in superphosphates 25 volatilization 207 Phosphorites, analyses 1119 Phosphorus^ assimilation by chicken embryos 472 compounds in wine 360 determination 397 distribution in foods 963 effect on aniino-acid formation in plants. . 8,30 .'Vzotobactcr 1115 plants 1 122 quality of potatoes, 111 534 excretion by llerbivora 1 74 fertilizing value, Iowa 230 in foods 68 vegetable jjroducts, studies 1 73 metabolism in rabbits 465 organic, in wine 464 relation to chlorophyll production 224 Photometer, registering, description 831 Photomicrography, paper on 490 Photosynthesis in grasses and Icave,s 129 Phragmidium spp., studies 1047 Phralora vulgatissima, remedies 857 Phthaleins, reactions 8 Phlhnrimxa operculella. {See Potato- tuber worm.) Phycis Tubrifasciella. (See Acrobasis rubri/a- sciella.) Phyllaphis cowcni, notes 1 149 Phyllocoptcs spp., notes 957 Phylhsticta horlorum, notes 346 solitaria, studies, U.S.D. A 1045 Phyllotrcta vUtata, notes, N.Y. State 59 Phylloxera, gall and root fonns .557 In California, Cal 557 life history 457 notes 655 I'age. Phylloxera, remedies 1 M, (>43 resistance of hybrids to 444 Phylloxera qucrcus, life history ()56 Phytonactus abdcus. biology and habits 3.53 Phylosterol from carrots 708 Physiography for high schools, treati.sc 119 of southern California 813 Physiology, bibliography 1108 chemical, of digestion 364 international catalogue 1168 plant, treatise 927 relation to hygiene 66 Physontcgania pustularia. life history, Wis 164 Physostigmin, absorption by miyc 975 Phytin, constitution '. 1008, 1104 Phytonomus murinus. (See Alfalfa leaf- weevil.) nigriro.ilris, notes 954 Phytonomus of North .\merica. distribution. 1147 Phytopathologlcal Institute of Wagcningen. . 1 143 Phylophlhnra infcsfanx. (See Potato rot and Potato blight.) omnivora, notes 157, 1141 spp., culture experiments 1138 Phytoptid galls of North America 653 Phytosterln test for fat 1171 Piccalilli, preservation 771 Picea brewcriana, notes, U.S.D..\ 543 canadensis, notes, U.S.D..\ 542 pungcns disease, notes 758 Pickles, analyses 168, 709, 773 preservation 771 Picolin carboxylic acid, toxicity, I'.S.D.A... 919 Picric acid, toxicity as affected by tempera- ture 737 Pieris brassicse, notes 458 Pig body fat as affected by food fat 1171 diseases in Queensland 787 houses, construction 470 improved, description, U.S.D. A. 592 portable, construction, Wis 75 Pigeons, raising in Russia 973 wood, feey 927 acclimatization in Ceylon 432 Alpine, culture In greenhouses 446 r61e of light in 27 analyses 627 as affected by calcium cyanamid 821 carbon l>isulphld 518 electricity 631, 735, 930, 1124 flue dust 831 fumigating gases 496 light 739,1124 nitrogen, Md 238 organic substances 928 physical factors 324 poisonous gases 434, 831 radium 929,1124 suli)liur dioxld 434, 1027 winds 930 assimilation of potash by 720,1118 blo-chemistry of 1120 breeding, notes, U.S.D.A ^92 changes in, during darkness 1026 chemistry of, treat l.so 1120 chlorophyll production by 828 1308 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. riants— Continued. culture 1133 in unheated greenhouses 445 Linna'us's lectures on 1120 stations in Denmark 131 dead, elimination of carbon dioxid by.. 830 desert, physiology of stoniata in 525 detonnination of transpiration in 733 development as alTccted by light 1124 disease resistance in 226 distribution, Cal 641 in the Transvaal 739 dry weight as affected by light 828 effect on soils, Minn 436 evergreen , t ranspiration 829 factors affecting 739 fasciations in 246 fertilizer experiments 1118 food, of white fly, Fla 1053 for breeding, collection 597 ostriches in Cape Colony 870 windows, culture 644 forcing experiments 241 , 625, 640 formation of amino acids in 830 proteids in 1122 function of potash in 1018 gum formations in 1025 herbaceous, grafting experiments 751 perennials, notes. Can 1038 heredity in 325, 927 honey and pollen-yielding, of Texas 653 culture in Michigan, Mich 144 in Argentina 355 Hawaii, U.S.D.A 959 notes, Tex 128 hydrocyanic acid in 434, 527, 928, 1027 imports, U.S.D.A 528,828,1027 into Germany 60 injury by cold, prevention 523 meteorological phenomena 845 inoculating material for 719 inoculation experiments 520 insects affecting 762, 1042 life history 592 liliaceous, mites affecting 61 medicinal, notes 540, 641 report on 397 micro-organisms in 367 migration, studies 323 mineral nutrients, treatise 920 nitrate-reducing enzyms in 26 nitrates in 165 of Canadian parks, notes 1136 Flemish dunes, biology 945 German meadows, characteristics 367 Williston area, N.Dak 528 oil, potash requirements 221 ornamental, culture in Wisconsin 841 fertilizer experiments 21 oxidizing diastases in 1025 power, U.S.D.A 1017 poisonous, notes 367, 379, 528, 739, 1120 to stock 81, 189, 791 ^propagation 891, 1133 protection, papers on 946 protective value of sodium to 527 I'age. Plants— Continued. relation of sugar and starch content to action of stomata 830 to evaporation 224 respiratory pigments 829 r61e of fat in 735 mineral salts in 27 zinc in 831 root systems, N. Y.State 927 ruljl:)er-producing, analyses, N.Mex 195 salt-marsh, osmotic properties 626 sand-binding, notes 1134 sap flow in 225 species forming, mode 598 stomatal physiology, bibliography 527 tests, N.Dak 512 transpiration apparatus, description 733 investigations 129, 324 tropical, treatise 148 use in paper making, U.S.D.A 876 variegation experiments 131 water, edible, in India 340 wounded, changes due to 1027 Plasmodiophora brassicx. (See Cabbage club root.) Plasmolysis, studies 7.38 Plasmopara cubensis, studies 247 viticola, notes 1140 Plaster, land. {See Gj^psum.) Plathypena scabra, notes. Conn. State 1048 Platinum, effect on action of rennet. Wis 80 germination of wheat 225 Pleuro-pneumonia— contagious, prevalence in Africa 279 immunization 82 prevalence in Africa 478, 576, 680, 1080 Germany 876 Great Britain 679 Queensland 788 virus, studies 1080 Plow, development 217 Plowing contests, benefits 599 deep, notes, U.S.D.A 630 experiments 832 machine, description 1194 notes 692 with motor power, tests 485 Plowrightia ribesia, notes 55 Plum aphis, notes, Colo 856 black knot, notes 55 brown rot, treatment, Okla 950 curculio, notes, Me 1049 Minn 1050 remedies, N.J 656 studies 496, ] 146 diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell 52 gouger, notes 1146 jams, analyses 773 lecanium, notes, N. Y.State 952 products, descriptions 359 rot, treatment 253 Plumage, coloration as affected by humidity. 598 factor hypothesis in 598 Plums, blooming period, N.Y. State 42,642 R.I 145 breeding experiments, S.Dak 239 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1309 I'age. riuins, dried, sulphurous acid in 600 injury l)y froozins, Ohio 147 J apanese, blossoming period 941 Kafir, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 manufacture of alcohol from 875 planting experiments 1034 varieties 751 Mich 143 in Virginia, U.S.D. A 641 wild, analyses 468 utilization, Ala.Tuskegee 169 winterkilling, Mich 939 Plutclla cruci/crarum, remedies 458 maculipennis, notes, N.Y. State 952 P.R 58 Pneumonia in horses, treatment 578 infectious, in horses 286 septic, immunization 1188 in calves 582 variations of corpucles in 87 (Sec also Pleuro-pneimionia.) Pneumo-pericarditis, epizootic, in turkeys. . . 1191 Podescsia fraxini, notes, Minn 1049 Podisus modestus, notes. Me 1049, 1054 PogonomyTmcx barbalus, notes 1147 occidenlalis, notes, Kans 352 Poisons, action as affected by temperature... 737 Polarimetric observations, U.S.D..V 811 unification 398 Polariscope, use in meteorology 13 U.S.D.A.... 312 Poles, chestnut, preservation, U.S.D.A 48 statistics, U.S.D.A 49 telegraph, preservation 544 wooden, for power transmission 244 PoUslts annularis, notes 853 Pnlychrosis litcana. {Sec Grape berry moth.) PoUjcrgus rufcsccns, formation of colonies 457 Polygnolus hiemalis, notes, U.S.D.A 258 Polygonum perstcaria, analyses 750 Polyocha saccharclla, notes 955 Polypnrus spp., notes 56 Polysliclus versicolor, notes 348, 1142 Pomelos, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 Pomological regions of South Atlantic States, U.S.D.A 641 Pontia protodice. (See Cabbage worm, southern.) rapx. (See Cabbage worm, imported.) Poplar borer, notes, N.Y.State 952 diseases, notes 348 leaf beetle, notes, Minn 1049 I'oplars as affected by mistletoe 930 of Colorado 843 Poppies, coagulating substance in 20 culture experiments, Vt 335 fertilizer experiments 723 selection and lireeding 753 Poppy roots, distri))Ution 732 Pop«/us spp., notes, U.S.D..\ 543 Pork, imported, wholesomeness 105 nitrogen content 356 production in Denmark 869 North Dakota, N.Dak.. 1068 products, home-curing 177 preservation 361 1 Page. Pork, storing 771 Porocephalus moniliformis, studies 1087 Vorrichondyla gossypii, notes 853 Porthetria dispar. {Sec Gipsy moth.) Porto Rico Station, notes 98, 695, 1097 report, U.S.D.A 693 of director 94 Portulacas and mesembryanthemum, Ijook. 942 Posts, preservation, R.I 146 Potash- absorption by nematodes 726 assimilation by plants 726, 1118 availability in soils as affected by lime. . . 125 deposits in Germany ;* 524 origin 731 determination 8, 307, 397, 1105 as potassium molybdic phosphate 1104 in silicates 610 soils 208,417,509 effect on — burning quality of tobacco 748 carnations, Md 238 food assimilation by beans 229 nitrate production in soils, Te.x 425 sugar beets. Wis 35 j-ield of crops 822 extraction from feldspar 322 leucite 431 fertilizers, comparison 822,923, 1118 Mass 327 R.I 524,538 fertilizing value 20,338,539,541,639 Iowa 230 Mass 339 Pa 1017 R.I 142 imports into Italy 728 in granitic soils 431 plants, physiological function 1018 industry in Germany, book 24 notes 431 manufacture from simflowers 24 methods of analysis 397 physiological function in plants 130 salts, action as affectecl by rain 921 analyses 827 effect on beets 934 potato scab. Mass 344 fertilizing value 122, 522, 1018 production in I'nited States 826 use in Gennany 731 use in industry and agriculture 731 utilization by sugar beets 746 Potassium- bichromate as a milk preservative 613, 1 109 determination in milk 013 carbonate, effect on nitrKicatloii. Ga 520 chlorid, effect on milk 1178 potatoes. 111 534 fertilizing value 727 H.l. solutions, percolation tests ■ chloroplatimiti', solubility chromatf, toxicity ivs affected by tempera- ture 524 l(^ 207 737 1310 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOHD. Potassium— Continued. Page. cyanic! as an insecticide 105G determination 307 in silicates 417 effect on fornialion of tissues 664 wheat soodlings, U.I 124, 125 hydrate, effect on plants and animals 1121 iodid, absorption by mill; 975 fertilizin;; value 431, 722 permanganate as an egg preservative 870 salts, effect on soils, U.S.D..\ 1016 solubility investigations 125 sulphate, fertilizing value 727 Potato- beetle, Colorado, notes 1151 remedies, Conn. State... 1048 Mich 351 Wis 948 black scab, studies 649,756 treatment 545 blight, treatment, Wis 948 bread, notes 1160 buds, variation in 325 corky scab, studies 450,649 disease, studies 247 diseases, microscopic characters 1042 notes 345, 649 Conn. State 51 Ohio 893 Vt 345 Studies, U.S.D.A 948 treatment 951 Mass 344 N.Y.Cornell 52 N.Y.State 1044 Ohio 491 Va.Truck 1044 Vt 346 dry rot, studies 846 early Blight, notes. Wis 53 flakes for pigs 470, 1174 manufacture in Germany 172 foliage as affected by calcium cyanamid.. 924 Fusarium disease, notes 154 machinery, tests 988 mildew, culture experiments 1138 pollen, studies. Conn. State 37 roots, distribution 732 rot, notes 128, 450 N.Y.State 949 studies 847, 1139 scab as affected by potash salts, Mass 344 description 1043 studies 948 skin, factors affecting thickness 332 solanin, studies 929 spindle disease, notes 949 spot disease, studies 154 structure, studies. 111 534 tuber worm, notes 762 wart, notes 649 Potatoes — air, analyses, Me 461 analyses 637 as affected by fertilizers 21 , 122 Potatoes— Continued. Page. breeding, U.S.D.A 893 experiments, Conn. State 37 111 533 notes, N.Y.Cornell 38 bud mutations 733 comparison with rice 359 composition, studies, III 534 culture, U.S.D.A 237 Wash 834 experiments 745, 832 Mich 134 Mont 1028 N.Y.State 931 Ohio 231 U.S.D.A 228 in Wiirttemberg 739 dried, digestibility 368 for horses 570 nutritive value 1 172 drj'ing 1172 effect on soils, Minn 435 Swiss cheese 784 fermentation in 225 fertilizer experiments. . . 20.21, 122.220,221,319, 320, 529, 624, 638, 722 723, 724, 728, 745, 832, 922,924,933,1018,1118 Mass 327 R.I 144 Va 332 Wis 29,30 requirements, Tex 920 for pigs 74, 469, 779 growth as affected by electricity 1125 gypsum for 524 Improvement, bibliography, 111 533 Insects affecting 1146 inoculation experiments 845 Irish seed, in England 535 Irrigation experiments, Idaho 214 manufacture of alcohol from 875 nitrate of soda for 523 origin and development 128, 637 poisonous to stock 189 quality, factors affecting. 111 534 rotation experiments, Minn 435 seed, diseased, notes 949 selection, Va 332 spraying experiments, Mich 134 N.Y.State. 948, 1043,1044 Wis 53 sprouting experiments 529 steamed v. dried, for pigs 1174 utilization, review of literature 785 varieties 20, 229, 237, 332, 529, 535, 638, 745, 933, 1031 , 1128 Alaska 133 Idaho 227 Mich 133,134 Va 331 Wash 884' Wis S3^ water culture experiments 834 requirements 740 INDEX OF SUBJECTS, 1311 Potatoes — Continued. Page. wounded, fhanges due to 1027 yield as alTected by— drainage, W is 30 size of cutting, Va 332 sprouting .'■>29 time of digging, Va 332 Polcrium sanjuisorba, analyses 69 Poudrette, fertilizing value 723, 832 Poultry— allemorpliism in 1170 breeding — experiments 973, 1168, 1170 Me 271 natural v. artificial incubation 598 pedigree, appliances for, Me 473 principles of 598 report on 598 breeds, descrijjtion 571 in America 76 canned, examination 771 cold-storage, examination 105G demonstrations for farmers' institute workers 490 drawn v. undrawn 771 experiments. Mass 272 Me 271 Pa 668 fattening in Su.ssex, England 870 feeding experiments 76 N.Y.State 968 feeds, analyses 173, 366 Conn.State 1065 Ind 968 La 864 Me 173 N.J 69 N.Y.State 366 R.I 113,.567 grit, analyses, R.I 113 hook, description, Conn.Storrs 372 houses and fixtures, treatise 372 description, Pa 670 notes 490 ventilation 887, 1194 hyperdactylism in 1170 industry, development 490 in Denmark and Sweden 75 Germany 780 keeping for egg production, Mass 272,372 killing and dressing, Pa 670 management, Pa 670 marketing 178,870 iriolting experiments, N.Y.Comell 670,671 Pa 669 new species of i)athogenic bacteria in 496 preparation for cooking 1185 market, Conn.Storrs 372 raising, notas 473, 973, 1174 Conn.Storrs 372 treatise 76,473,973, 1174 rcconls, i)edlgree, keeping. Me 473 score card for 490 storing 771 Poultry— Continued. Page, work of Bureau of Animal Industry, U.S.D.A 973 (Sfe ai.fo Chickens, Ducks, etc.) Power plants, hydro-electric, descriptions.. 587 Prairie ant, mound-building, notes, Kans ... 352 Precipitation- conservation, I'tah 814 effect on action of fertilizers 920 yield of crops 918 excessive, at Louisville, U.S.D.A 115 factors affecting 710 in Alaska : 15 Idaho, Idaho 227 Montana, Mont '. 1028 the United Stales, U.S.D.A 614 on the earth's surface 114 (See also Rainfall, Snowfall, etc.) Precipitin reaction, value and use 77ri, 1008 Precipitins, constitution and action 1080 Preservatives — detection in foods 862 effect on health 302, 774 U.S.D.A 361,464,901 meat C58 metabolism 774 for cut flowers 540 in imported meat foods 165 new, for fruit juices 1059 notes 565 Preserves, analyses KW, 057 Conn.State 960 N.Dak 511 Prickly pear, culture experiments, U.S.D..V . 34 digestibility, N.Mex 9i>9 U.S.D.A 171 diseases, notes 549 spineless, studies, U.S.D.A 933 Primrose hybrids, studies 1120 Prioptcrn spp., notes 1148 Prisms, optics of, U.S.D.A 212 Privet chlorosis, studies 1047 injury by freezing, Ohio 147 Prodecatoma phytophaga n. sp., descrip- tion 1 147 Prodfnia mdonia, studies, U.S.D.A 953 Uttoralis, remedies 854 spp., notes S.'iS Proprietary products, examination, N.Dak. . 512 Proso, analyses, I'.S.D.A 1064 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1064 Pro«o/)w/u/i/fora as a honey plant, U.S.D..\.. 959 Prospaltella, new species, clescription 1148 Proteases of plants, investigations 1024 Proteid diet In nutrition 709 Proteids— cereal, alcohol extracts In 109 chemistry of 364, 704 cleavage products 1102 effect on milk, Mtkss 377 formation in plants 1122 ripening seed 830 heated, studies 776 hydrolysis 1008 1312 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Proteids— Continued. in milk as effected by lactation period, Ind 1074 sugar beets 232 meat, studies 397 plant, identification and bihliojiraphy. . . (ill structure 105 Protein, absorption 965 assimilation invcstifiations 775, 770 cleavage products, utilization IKiO content of millc, determination 809 detection 611 digestion in horses r.~. 1069 dynamic effect 464 effect on milk. Mass 375 formation of fat from 367 hydrolysis 808 in food 68 milk, conditions affecting 273 decomposition 675 mottled butter, N.Y. State 979 metabolism 70, 602, 906, 1067 milk, properties 906 minimum requirement 169 new reaction for 9 nomenclature 109 of egg yolk Gil plant, detection in sausage 707 requirements of animals 66 children 662 cows 1074,1175 man 662 wethers 1173 resorption investigations 1165 role in fermentation 27 sul)stitution of amids for 70 synthesis in the animal body 364 value and synthesis 900 vegetable, as affected by enzyms 465 Protemphytus, new genus 1147 Proteus, effect on mustard 774 PtoUus vulgaris, culture experiments 316 effect on evaporation from soils 020 Protoplasm as affected by aluminum salts. . . 929 radium 930 Protozoa, intestinal, notes 788 life history 788 parasitic, notes 788, 1087 in leucocytes 482 pathogenic, review of investigations 984 Provender, analyses, R.I , 506 Prune kernels, utilization, U.S.D.A 539 Prunes, culture in Oregon, Oreg 336 Prunus spp., breeding experiments, S.Dak. . 239 Prussic acid. {See Hydrocyanic acid.) Pseudocommis vilis, notes 153 Pseudoeucoita gillcttei, notes, Minn 1050 Pseudomonas destructans, studies 1137 radicicola, notes, N.Y.State 19 syringx, description 850 Pseudoperonospora cubcnsis tweriensis, notes. . 346 Pseudopeziza medicaginis, studies and bibli- ography, N.Y.State 846 Pseudostomatitis in cows, studies 481 Pseudouranotxnia parangensis n. sp., descrip- tion 957 Page. Psidium guajava, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii. . 143 Psoralea tcvar, economic value 864 Psychodida; of Kongo Free State 1147 Psychology, exptTimental, bibliography 1168 PsyUa pyri (pyricola). (See Pear psylla.) PsylUodes punclulata injurious to hops 954 PterocarpuK marsupium, notes 1025 PterophoTu.i baccharides, life history 1147 Pteropodocy.1 phasianella, destruction of spar- rows by 759 Ptcrostichus liicublandus, notes, Conn. State. . 1048 Me 1054 Ptomaines in animal meal 468 Puccinellia airoides, notes, Wyo 368 Puccinia coronata, studies 946 glumarum, notes 648 malvacearum, life history 52 spp., notes li:«, 1142 Puddings, canned, absorption of tin by 1155 cooking, recipes for 661 Puerperal eclampsia. {See Milk fever.) Pulex cheopis, bionomics of 705 transmission of plague by 790 irritans, notes 1055 Pulicidfc of Kongo Free State 1147 Pulpwood, statistics, U.S.D..\ 49 Pulse rate, relation to muscular work 1063 Pulvinaria innumerabilis. {See Maple-scale, cottony.) jacksonii n. sp., description 257 psidii, notes, P.R 58 Pumping for irrigation, tests 885 machinery for irrigation purposes. . 599 plants, descriptions, U.S.D.A 287 tests, U.S.D.A 885 Pumpkins as affected by carbon bisulphid... 518 culture in Michigan, Mich 144 fertilizer experiments 516 Pumps for irrigation , installation 885 Purdue University, notes 96,196,294,593,894 Purin-free diet , therapeutic effect 67 investigations, treatise ()7 metabolism 265, 1104 excretion, as affected by muscular work 1167 Purple scale, remedies, U.S.D.A 555 Pus cells. {See Leucocytes.) germs, destruction, Wis 9S0 PutoTius arizoncnsis, protection, U.S.D.A .'■)."il Pyralis costalis, notes, Mich 3.01 farinalis, notes, U.S.D.A 257 Pyramid caterpillar, notes. Conn. State lOlO Pyrheliomcter oliservations, U.S.D.A Ml PjTites, production in the United States. . . . M-'O Pyrophila pyramidoidcs, notes, Conn. State . . . 1U49 Pythium debaryanum, notes 546 N.Y.State 840 palmivoTum, notes 454 Quackgrass, eradication. Wis 30 Quail, cold storage, U.S.D..\ 500 Quarter evil, prevalence in Orange River Col- ony 1080 Quartz, fertilizing value, R.I 524 Qucrcus prinus, notes, U.S.D.A 543 tozza mildew, notes 1142 Quince diseases, treatment, N.Y.Comell 52 Quinces, varieties, Mich 143 woimded, changes due to 1027 TNDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1313 rage. Rabbits— as aflet'tcd by bleached (lour, N'.Dak sdl book on 1 174 calcium requirements 170 control 57, 551, 1144 U.S.D.A 551 digestion experiments 304 economic relations, U.S.D.A 251 effect on Australian flora 251 immunization against anthrax. La 577 rabies 578 inheritance of immunity to toxins by 1071 jack, control, U.S.D.A 551 metabolism experiments 170, 405, 1100 notes, Ohio 1048 poisoning l)y loco weeds, U.S.D..V 281 protection of trees from, Okla 995 raising in Russia 973 storing 771 Rabies- diagnosis 83, 281 , 1 184 effect on milk secretion, U.S.D.A 980 etiology 83, 1184 immunization 83, 279, 578 theory and practice 984 prevalence in German Southwest .Vfrica. 570 Germany 876 Great Britain 679 India 787 Massachusetts 786 Ohio 183 the Philipi)ines 1184 Transvaal 679 transmission of immunity to 578 to mice 1184 treatment 578 virus as affected by chemicals 83 studies 1080 Rabild tube, use 910 Racers, endurance tests 803 Radiobacter, fixation of nitrogen by 1115 Radioculturc experiments 688 Radish seed, viability 028 Radishes, culture experiments, P.R 39 in Michigan, Mich 144 fertilizer experiments, R.I 537 inoculation experiments 520 Radium- distribution and properties, U.S.D.A 114 effect on animals 929 plants 929, 1124 bibliography 930 Ragl tailings, examination 775 Railroad ties, seasoning tests, U.S.D.A 48 statistics, U.S.D.A 49 worm, notes, U.S.D.A 60 Rain, absori)tion by plants 927 composition 913,1113 effect on action of fertilizers 920 cotton development 911 setting of fruits, N.Y. State.. 41,042 yield of olives, U.S.D.A 43 making In New Zealand, IT.S.D.A 514 Rainfall and run-off near San Francisco 515 at Kothainstcd 1012 curves, notes 1110 heaviest, in one hour, U.S.D.A 156 Page. Rainfall in .\laska 14 Barbados 913 central Tunis 8.32 Great Britain and Ireland 913 Kongo Free State 423 Natal 1111 Scotland 212 southern California 813 Sydney and Melbourne 610 the British Isles 1 15 maps, use 213,913 meter, automatic, description 324 on the earth, statistics 114,313 relation to forests IKi plant growth 14 stream flow 1193 {See also I'recipitation.) Raisins, manufacture of alcohol from 875 sulphurous acid in 000 Range areas, overgrazed, reseeding, U.S.D.A. .029 Improvement in the Transvaal 739 j)robleras in New Mexico, N.Mex 271 Rape, analyses, Hawaii 172 as a cover crop. Wis 30 forage crop, Fla 535 breeding experiments 147 culture experiments, Fla 535 dust, analyses 827 effect on nitrates in soils 717 fertilizer experiments 220 Fla .535 for pigs. Mo 73 sheep 805 Mo 509 Raphanus raphanistrum, analyses 7.50 Raphionacme utilis, notes 545 Raspberries, analyses 1059 as affected by electricity 031 breeding experiments, R.I 144 culture, Ind 940 in Alaska, Alaska 142 Washington, Wash. 1037 fertilizer experiments. Mass 327 injury by freezing, Ohio 147 varieties, Mich 143 Pa 339 Raspberry— anlhracnose, notes. Wis 00 cane-borcr, notes, Me 1049 canes, de\ elopment of wound tissues in 831 crown gall, notes, Minn 1050 diseases, treatment, N.Y. Cornell 52 juice, analyses 107, 2ii3. 1059 preservation 404 wild, analy.ses 1059 sa\vfly, notes. Conn. State 1049 N.Y. State 952 seed oil, characteristics 810 Rat parasites, list 758 virus, use of Bacillus pestiacavise for 1144 wood , notes 1 154 Kations army, in the United States 1001 effect on (luulity of meat 469 for farm animals, computing, U.S.D.A... 968 livestock 75, 172, 10(>5, 1171 1314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'age. Rations— Continued. for men 904,965 poultry, N.Y. State 9()8 nutritive value 1001 Rats, breedinj; experiments 11G9 destruction 552, 759 U.S.D.A 551 by bacteria 4,')5 disease alTccting resemblinK leprosy . . . 758 habits and economic relations 758 immunization against rabies 578 leprosy in, studies 1 183 notes, Ohio 1048 transmission of plague by 7C5, 790, 1 144 Reagents, chemical, testing 398 Recurrent fever, prevalence in South Oran. . 790 transm ission by ticks 1 154 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) cotton bug, notes 854 gum, culture and use 447 maggot, notes 853 spider, notes 353,555.648,1151 remedies 1051 U.S.D.A 953 Redtop, seed examination, Iowa 335 Reductase, action in fermentation 1009 Redwater. (See Texas fever.) Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) Redwood, notes, U.S.D.A 542 Reforestation in Belgium 720 Europe 341 southern Ontario 113(i Refractometer— studies 909 use in detecting watered milk 706, 1075 determining dry substances 397 sugarhouse processes 613 Refrigerating machines , description 771 Refrigeration, artificial, in enology 576 discussion 1157 in wine making 980 Reithrodontomys megalotis deserti, destruction, U.S.D.A 551 Rennet, action as affected by metals. Wis. . . 80, 181 analyses 208, 277 bacteriological examination 277 differentiation from pepsin 209 in Papaveraceae 26 preparation 785 preparations , composition 181 vegetable, as affected by dialysis 627 Reservoirs, relation to stream flow 945 treatise 988 Resin, detection in orange oil 708 hydrating ferments in 1025 manufacture 449 notes 151 oil, source 50 washes, preparation and use 255, 257 Resinous products of Dipterocarpacea; 49 Resorciu hydrochloric-acid reaction 909 Respiration — apparatus, description and tests 1167 Jaquet, tests 68 Page. Respiration — Continued. calorimeter, description 566 new, notes 734 notes 169 endospermic, in seeds 734 experiments with dogs 1107 infants 1167 Rhabdonema ulrongyloides as a pig parasite 584 Rhagolelis pomonella. (See .\pple maggot.) Rhagoletis, new species, notes 1152 Rhamnose, effect on nitrogen fixation 1116 Rhamnus prinoidts rust, studies 946 RhipicentOT nultaUi , description 656 vicinusn. sp., description 764 Rhipkephalus— australis. (See Margaropus australis.) decoloralus, notes 787 transmission ofspirillosisby.. 680 spp., notes 681 teianus, notes 1055 Rhipicephalus, new species, descriptions 1154 Rhizobium leguminosarum, fixation of nitro- gen by 18 Rhizoctonia sp ., notes , N . Y. State 846 violacea, notes 451 Rhizoglyphus echinopus, notes 61 Rhizopus nigricans, studies 948, 1025 Rhode Island — College, notes 197, 493, 596, 799, 998, 1098 Station, financial statement 195 list of publications 592 notes 493.69.5,799,998 report of director 195 Rhodesian redwater. (See African coast fever.) Rhodochytrium spilanthidis, notes 550 Rhododendrons, poisonous to stock 189 varieties for Scotland 842 Rhopalosiphum berbcridis, studies 1149 Rhubarb, absorption by milk 975 fertilizer experiments, Mass 327 Rhus coriaria, notes, U.S.D.A 512 Rhynchophora spp., of the United States 1050 Rhynchota of British India 1148 Rib grass, analyses 69 Ribes spp., notes 951 Rice bran, analyses. La 804 Tex 1005 cleaning and polishing 1159 comparison with potatoes 359 cost of production 745 culture experiments 832, 1034 Hawaii 140 in Asiatic Russia. .' 745 on alkali soils 721 treatise 232 diet, relation to beri-beri 358 diseases, notes 947 studies , La 53 distribution of phosphorus in 963 examination 775 feed, analy,ses, Me 173 ground, analyses, N.J 69 meal, analyses 865 fertilizer experiments 320, 820, 931 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1315 Rice, fertilizer experiments, Hawaii . . . 138, 139, 140 requirements, Tex 920 flour, feeding value 369 hulls, analyses. La 865 Tex 1065 in feeding stuffs 310, 1171 husks, determination in feeding stuffs. . 611 industrj- in Hawaii, Hawaii 137 insects affecting 160 liming experiments 321 meal, analyses 679,777 notes 1034 pwlish, analyses. La 864 Tex 1065 potash requirements 221 preparation for food 66 proteids, studies 358,611 straw, analyses 467 Hawaii ,. 172 varieties 821 Hawaii 138 viability 628 weevil injurious to corn 45S notes, P.U 58 wild, culture experiments, Alaska 132 Ricinodendron africanum seed oil, notes 172 Rinderpest- control 581 prevalence in Africa 279,576,679,876 Great Britain 679 India 786,787 the Philippines 788 serum, notes 183 studies 479 treatment 1&3, 279 virus, filtration experiments 790, 1188 studies 1080 with piroplasmosis in cattle 479 Ringdoves, feeding habits 456 Ringworms, transmission by cats 577 River register, automatic, at Hartford, U.S.D.A 811 service, stui'ies, U.S.D.A 912 Road drag, construction and use 1088 laws in 1907, U.S.D.A 293 materials in Maine, U.S.D.A 585 Roads as affected l>y heavy traffic 792 construction 1088 in England 792 improvement in the United States... 1194 Vermont 586 macadam, construction 585 U.S.D.A 585 Robinia pseudacacia, cross-inoculation 020 Robin's ne,st as a schoolroom study 1094 Rol)ins, western, feeding habits 456 Rock phosphate. (S« Phosphate.) Rocks— feldspathic, fertilizing value, R.I 624 finely ground, fertilizing value 224 unweathercd, nitrogen compounds 716 weathering investigations 315 relation to soil formation 517 Rodents, injurious to fruit trees 458 Rrrmnia hybrida, coagulating substance In. . . 26 I'age. Rolled oats for calves, N.C 866 Rooks, feeding habits 456 Root-crop diseases, notes 649,750,845 crops as affected by fertilizers 21 culture in the South 1128 effect on Sw iss cheese 784 fertilizer experiments.. 20,21,728,1018 for pjgs, Mont 667 maggots in Massachusetts, Mass 350 secretions, nature 325 systems of plants, N.V. State 927 tubercle bacteria,biology 316 investigations 1015 notes 121 tubercles, structure .< 325 worms, notes 555 Roots, assimilation of nitrates by 521 effect on nitrogen content of manure.. 318 of plants, distrilnition 732 oxidizing power, U.S.D.A 1017 preparation for food 66 toxic excretions by 521,720 Rose-apple jam, studies 1162 apples, culture experiments, P.R 39 breasted grosbeak, notes 1198 canker, description 850 chafer, distribution as affected by tem- perature, N.H 852 notes, Mich 351 remedie.s, Ohio 893 diseases, notes 241 treatment, N.Y. Cornell 52 mildew, treatment 250 rusts, North American, studies 1047 scale, notes 700 slug, notes 1 146 Roselle, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 Roxellinia radiciperda, studies 849 Roses, breeding, report on 598 culture in unheated greenhouse? 446 insects affecting 241 treatise 241 Rosy-striped oak-worm, notes. Me 1049 Rotation experiments 820,1127 111 131 La (),33 Minn 435 Mont 1028 U.S.D.A 4.37 Va 333 on "sandy soils 20 for Tennessee, Tenn 673 of crops, notes 832 Ohio 1048 on market gardens, R.I . . . 144 Roup in poultry, treatment. Pa 670 studies 286 Rowen, fertilizer experiments, Mass 327 Royal Soc;iety of Canada, Index, proceedings, and transactions 797 Rubber- analyses 153,450, 1137 and gutta plants, treatise 50 Ceara, analyses 755 culture experiments 343 1316 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Riibl)er— Continued. Ceara, in Hawaii, Hawaii 245 tapping experiments 844 culture 152,844 and manufacture, l)ibliography. . 51 experiments 34.3 P.R 39 in Hawaii 1136 the British Empire 50 diseases, descriptions 57 studies 454 distribution in the Guayule plant 1136 e.xposilion, international 755 extraction experiments 343 from Kuforbia candflabro, anaiyses 845 Forsleronia /loribunda 755 industry in Brazil 545 Malay Peninsula 343 Surinam 152 notes 844 insects affecting 57, 257, 343 Hawaii 245 international exposition 755 latex, treatise 1137 Manihot, analyses 449 manufafture, treatise 50 metliocis of analysis 113 oxydases in 1123 Para, culture 246, 755, 1041 experiments 343 in Hawaii, Hawaii 245 insects affecting 57 oxydases in 1123 preparation 1041 root diseases, studies 849, 947 seed, packing for export 845 tapping experiments 1041 termites affecting 764 treatise 1136 plant, tuberous, in West Africa 545 plants, fertilizer experiments 820 in southern Europe 246 tropical Africa 148 producing tree in Tonquin 152 statistics 50 tapping experiments 343, 844, 1137 Hawaii 245 termites affecting 764 Rum, distillation 1182 Run-off on the earth's surface 114 Rural conditions in Belgium, improvement. . 887 Canada, improvement.. . 399 the South, U.S.D.A 887 depopulation in England 289 Hungary, prevention. 588 Maine 1090 economics at American Economic As- sociation 497 papers on 1 90, 793 families in Egypt, diet 65 life, commission on 99, 297 educational needs 890 reconstruction 793 schools. (See Schools, rural.) Rushes, notes, Wyo 368 Rust mite, notes, P.R 58 Page. Rusts, culture experiments 52, 1138 development 828 notes C48 Conn. State 51 specialization in 733 (See al.so Com, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. (See Swedes.) Rutting, effect on composition of millv 1177 Rye, analyses. Conn. State 1065 as a cover crop. Wis 30 green manure, Md 238 nurse crop for alfalfa, -\riz 328 affected by flue dust 831 bran, analyses, N..I 69 brown rust, culture experiments 1138 composition 536 culture, Idaho 227 experiments 832, 918, 1034 Alaska 132,133 Mont 1028 U.S.D.A 536 without irrigation, Nev 634 effect on nitrogen content of soils, U.S. D.A 536 soil temperatures 620 examination 173 feed, analyses, N.J 69 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1065 fertilizer experiments 320, 429, 624, 722, 723, 728, 922, 923, 1018, 1118 flour as affected by molds 166 for cows, Pa 373 pigs. Mo 74 germination as affected by soil treat- ment 1015 grass, fertilizer experiments 931, 1022, 1118 germination as affected by soil treatment 1015 manufacture of alcohol from 875 middlings, analyses, N.J 69 products, analyses, Ind 968 proteids, studies 611 roots, distribution 732 seedlings as affected by acid solutions, R.I 126 self-digestion of endosperm in 734 straw, fertilizing value, R.I 537 varieties 20, 228, 536 Wis 33 classification and naming 634 viability 628, 734 water content 740 requirements 740 yield as affected by potash 822 Saccharin substances for horses 371 notes 611 Saccharomyces farciminosis, studies 786 Saccharose, localization in sugar beets 626 Saddled prominent, studies. Me 1054 Safllower seeds, utilization 65 Saffron, composition and valuation 612, 910 Sage, culture experiments, Vt 335 Sagebrush chipmunk, destruction, U.S.D.A. 551 Sago, wild, economic value 864 Sainfoin, growth as affected by electricity. . . 1125 Saissetia nigra, notes 853 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1317 Page. Sal, development in India 447 insects affecting 559 Salicin, effect on plants 928 Salicomia, osmotic properties of root hairs. . . 626 Salicylic- acid as a preservative 464, 862 detection in foods and condiments. . 612 determination 396 effect on excretion of purins 1 167 aldehyde, effect on plants 928 Salmon, canned, inspection in Canada 562 gum, strength of 243 Salol, absorption by milk 975 Salsnla kali tragus, notes 640 Salt, analyses. Conn. State 960 as a cut flower preser\'ati ve 540 dust preventive, U.S.D. A 288 food preservative 362 ketchup preservative, U.S.D..\ 861 deposits in Louisiana 1079 notes 1079 oceanic, formation 524 destruction of cotton foliage by 553 determination in pickled meat 909 effect on ammonium nitrate 623 bacteria 658, 1078 coagulability of milk 1178 composition of milk 1177 decomposition of sewage 617 leaf structure, U.S. 1)..\ 527 micro-organisms in butter 1078 potato skin development 333 fertilizing value 529, 722 for live stock, N.Y. State 968 production in the United States 826 solutions, percolation e.xperiments 16 storage of heat in 806 value in treatment of scours, La 72 Saltbushes in .New South ^^ ales 367 Saltpeter, Chile. (See Nitrate of soda.) determination in meat . . 707 effect on cheese 1078 Salts, alkali, movement in soils 517 effect on leaf structure, U.S.D. A 527 plants and animals 1121 methods of analysis 702 preservative, effect on meat 658 Salvia loca as a forage plant 69 Samuda carnerosana, culture and use 834 San Josi'i scale- disease, notes 553 distribution as affected by temperature, N.H 852 in United States, N. II 852 in Arkansas, Ark 655 New York 653 notes 253,553,554, 1146, 1151 Ky 161 Md 560 N.H 556 N.Y.State 952 Okla 952 Oreg 941 Wis 00 remedies 255, 256, 11. W Conn. State 1048 Storrs 1052 I'age. San Josd scale — ConI liuipd. remedies, Idaho 256 Md 1053 Mich 144 Mo.Fruit 958 N.J 656 N.Mex 144 N.Y.State 250, 352, 656 Okla 161 Va 958 studies 496 Sand areas, drifting, treatment 542, 720, 1039 cherry, breeding experiments, S.Dak.. 239 dry, as an egg preservative 870 effect on productivity of soils 1115 Sandstone as affected by alkali, Mont 288 Sanguinicola sp., notes 1192 Sanninoidea eiitiosa. (See Peach borer.) Sap flow in trees, physiology 225, 1 106 Sapodillas, analyses. Me 461 ripening investigations 433, 1161 Saponin, detection 612 Sarcina auranliaca as affected by gases 627 mobilis n. spp., notes 674 Sarcoma, alveola, prevalence in .\ustralia 1080 Sarcophaga georgina, notes, U.S.D..\ 258 spp., parasitic on locusts 852 Sarcophagida! of Kongo Free State 1147 Sarcopsylla penetrans, notes 760 Sarcosporidia, eosinophilous cells in 484 in horses 880 Sarraja, prevalence in Sudan 876 Sauces, examination 168 Sausage, analyses 707, 1(K)9, 1157 canned, analyses 63, 771 hygienic preparation 658 nut, analyses 771 preparation for smoking 1059 water content 771 Savin oil, detection 1110 Savory, culture expreriments, Vt 335 Sawdust, effect on productivity of soils 1115 Sawfly larvic in apples 955 Scab, prevalence in Germany 876 the Transvaal 679, 787 Scabies, prevalence in Orange River Colony.. 1081 (See also Cattle and Sheep mange or scab.) Scale insect diseases, notes, Fla 556 parasites, notes 1147 insects- affecting tea, notes 61 descriptions 554 distribution as affected by tempera- ture, N.II 852 National collection, U.S.D. A 161 new st)ecies. descriptions, U.S.D. A. 351 notes 253, 255, 352, 354, 1042 remedies 253, 951, 1053 P.R 58 U.S.D.A 555 soft, studies 496 insecticides, tests. Mich 939 oyster-shell. {See Oysler-shell scale.) San Jos.-\ 536 farming, WU 10 fertilizers 727 liming 126 plants 717 noncalcareous, fertility 819 of -Vdzhibay Experiment Field, studies 517 .\frica, agricultural value 214 Arkansas, analyses 815 Belgium, analyses 516,1023 fertilizer requirements 516 Cape Colony 1014 of Good Hope, analyses 216,716 Condro^, analyses 216 Connecticut, bibliography 617 Egypt and Sudan, anal.vses 118 England, analyses 818 grass lands, analyses 118 Great Britain, treatise 516 Hungary, protection 820 lower Friuli, analyses 916 Maryland, diver;ity 715 Mauritius, studies 314 Mexico, analyses 314 classification 119 Morocco, analyses 517 Nebraska 15 New Ilampshire, humus in, N.H 215 South Wales, analyses 916 North Canada, descriptions 715 Papua, analyses... 618 Pennsylvania, studies 216 Peru, analyses 732 Poggiomarino, studies 1114 Portugal , analyses 618 Queensland, analyses 716 6830—09 7 Page. Soils, of Khodesia, analyses 314 fertilizer requirements 314 1 i ine any gastric juice 663 determination 1008 in chocolate 396 cocoa products 398 corn 112 feeding stuffs 777 meat products 612 potatoes 10 digestibility, as affected by cooking, U.S. D.A 858 feeding value for silkworms 62 for calves 469 grains, composition 110,907 inverted, for pigs 369 making from sweet potatoes, U.S.D..\. . . 592 manufacture from sweet potatoes, S.C 181 review of literature 785 method of analysis 705 production in (he I'nited States 64,1158 transformation into sucrose 433 Starlings, eating of locusts by 57, 456 feeding habits 456 Stauronolus maroccanus, notes 456 Steak, Hamburg, examination 167 Stearic acid in butter 784 Steer .\ndy, feeding 4d9 Steers, champion, method of feeding, Ind 972 digestion experiments 271 N.Mex 969 Tex 268 l.S.n.A 171 feeding experiments, Fla 1066 Ind 868,971 Pa , 866 Tenn 665 Tex 666 for lx>ef production, Ind 369 food rc(iulreninnt,s 1065 molasses for 270 1326 KXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. rage. Steers, silage for, Ohio 270 stable I', opwi yard for, I'a 866 Stcgomyia spp., studies 1153 Stcirasloma dcpnssu m alTocting cacao 157 notes 764 Steppes of Russia, denudation 316 Sterigmatocyslis lutea, pathogenic power 578 nigra, assimilation of zinc by. 28 Slictis panizzei, review of literature 950 Stictococcus sjostedti, notes 257 Slilbum nanum, studies 849 Stinkweed, notes .' 640 Stocii exchanges, descriptions 1033 foods. {See Feeding stuffs, condi- mental and proprietary.) yard waste, utilization 823 (See Livestock.) Stocks, breeding experiments 1168 Stomach worm, notes, S.C 382 worms in calves 582 Stomata, action of, as affected by guard cells. . 830 Stomatitis, acute, in lambs 82 in cattle, studies 481 ulcerous, in goats 86 Stomoxys calcitrans. {See Stable fly.) Storage, effect on calcium cyanamid 430 Stored products, damage by Argentine ant, Cal 3.52 Storks, eating of locusts by 57, 456 Storm path, type, U.S.D.A 114 severe, in Florida, U.S.D.A 312 signals, new system, U.S.D.A 1012 Storms on the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A 515 Strangles, differentiation from glanders 983 immunization 385, 10S5 prevalence in Africa 576 Straw, analyses, Wyo 135 as an egg preservative S70 effect on barnyard manure 1 128 nitrogen content of liquid manure 318 for sheep 3(18 rust affected, analyses, N.Dak 567 rye, fertilizing value, R.I ,537 use in paper making, IT.S.D.A 876 utilization 1128 Strawberries— as affected by electrification 631 breeding experiments, R.I 145 culture 751 Ind 940 N .Mex 1 44 N.Y.State 940 experiments, N.H 241 in Alaska, Alaska 143 Oregon, Oreg 336 fertilizer experiments 823 forcing experiments 626 inoculation experiments 520 insects affecting 459 shipping experiments, Mich 143 varieties 237 Mich 143, 939 N.H 240 N.Mex 144 N.Y.State 940 Page. Strawberrias — Continued. variet ies, P.Ii 39 I'a 339 RI 145 yield as affected by electricity 736 Strawberry- crown girdler, notes, Mich 351 diseases, notes i.'jg treatment, N.Y.Comell .52 juice, analyses 1059 root louse, dissemination 497 notes, AVis 60 seed oil, characteristics 810 weevil, notes, Conn. State 1049 Stream flow, relation to forests 341,945 rainfall 1193 measurements, changes in 116 in Alaska 14 Strepsiptera, classification 553 Streptococci in fowls 483 milk 782 Streptococcus apis, notes 500 lacticus, notes 1075 N.Y.State 874 pyogenes, notes 1076 Streplotrichosis in cattle 1082 Strix pratincola, habits 1145 Strongyloides boiis, notes 85 Strongylus capillaris, notes 82 conlortus, notes 86, 787 douglassii, notes 1192 ostertagi, notes 582 spp., notes 786 Strongylus parasite, report on 884 Strophosomus sp., notes 762 Strumella vitis, notes 947 Strychnin for the treatment of tuberculosis. . 284 sulphate, effect on regeneration in beans 928 Students, diet of 363 Succinic acid, determination in wine 707 Sucrose, determination 909 format ion from starch 433 heat of combustion 13 Sudan III, transmission to offspring 1170 Sugar analysis, work of international commis- sion 1106 as a cut flower preservative 540 food preservative 362 ketchup preservative, U.S.D.A. . . 861 beet blight, studies, U.S.D.A 954 curly leaf, studies, U.S.D.A 954 diseases, notes 555 heart-rot , notes 546 leaf-hopper, studies, U.S.D.A 954 pulp- analyses 366 apparatus for drying 567 digestibility as affected by drying 468 dried, analyses. Conn. State... 1065 N.J 69 R.I 567 feeding value 567 for pigs 470 effect on milk secretion 567 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1327 Sugar-beet pulp— t'ontinued. silage, analyses 367, 5()7 (See also Molasses-beet pulp.) root rot, notes 54(5 seed, breeding 598 station at Prague.. 747 testing 598 viability 628 beets- analyses 142, "47, 777 N.Dak 512 N.Mex 195 N.Y. State 934 Va 934 as affected by fertilizers, Wis 35 sodium 232 Bureau of Plant Industry work, U.S.D.A 441 composition 141 as affected by age 232 culture experiments 832,934 N.Y State.... 931 Wis 135 culture in Virginia, Va 441 defoliation experiments 638 drying, patent process 1066 fertilizer— e.xperiments 20, 220, 523, 722, 723, 746,822,922,1118 Wis 30,35 requirements 431 , 1032 for pigs, Mont (i67 function of potash in 130 growth as affected by soda 1018 gypsum for 524 insects affectiag 555 localization of saccharose in 626 phosphatic slag for 1018 potash rc(iuircmcnts 934 production in I'^urope 1029 proteids in 232 seed production 233 S.Dak 233 sugar content as affected by fertili- zation 333 utilization of potash by 746 varieties 228. ()38 Mich 133 N.Y.State 934 water requirements 1088 yield a-s alTcclcd by drainage, Wis. 30 Ijrother, analyses 9ii9 cane aphis, notes, U.S.D.A 959 borer, notes 458,955,1151 breeding experiments 935, 1126 culture exi)erimcnts 747, 1126 P.R 32 In Brazil 748 Peru 333 distance experiments 747 fertilizer experiments 234, 6.39,748,931.1032,1126 growth as affected by soluble salts. 919 hopper, notes 1 146 Insects affecting n>0 P.R .OS Pago. Sugar-cane juice, determination of solids in, Hawaii 613 purity 1010 leaf-hopper, notes 1 146 U.S.D.A 959 mineral constituents 333 put;ish re(|uirenionts 221 seedlings, tests 233, 639,935 stripping experiments 747 varieties . 039, 747, 748,931,935, 1032, 1126 Hawaii 442 weevil, notes, P.R 58 decomposition in alcoholic fermenta- tion y. 1 1 22 determination 210,309 in bagasse 1010 beet refuse 612 cow's milk 809 denatured sugar 1010 milk chocolate 396 molasses feeds 1010,1109 scum 808 tea 396 <5-fructose, identification 808 effect on experimental tuberculosis 67 milk secretion 1 177 nitrogen fixation 1116 examination 774 experiment station at Pekalongan 897 stations in Queensland. . . 747 feeding value 176 feeds, analyses 366 Me 172 food value 365 industry in Brazil 748 Queensland 747 treatise 785 invert, determination in wine 1009 in honey, reaction 808 manufacture, review of literature 785 maple, notes, U.S.D.A 543 methoils of analysis 113 mill products, determination of solids in, Hawaii 613 Muscovado, as an adulterant for maple products 398 notes 1034 polarization, studies 397 reducing, determination 210.309 solutions, effect on bean seedlings 7.34 use in bread making 772 water content, dolerminution 397 (See aim Meet sugar and ("ane sugar.) Sugarhouse machinery, tests, La 388 processes, use of rcfractometerin. 613 Sugars, analyses 775, 1110 identification 808 reducing, determination 396,909 prerlpilation 909 utilization by animal tissues 465 Sulphate-nitratf, fertilizing value 21 of aluminum, effect on protoplasn) . 929 Sulphate of ammonia - absorption of atmospheric moisture by. . 722 analyses 827 as a source of nitrogen 821 effect on burning quality of tobacco 749 1328 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Til go. Sulphate of iiininonia— Continucil. elToct on nitrogen content of soils 122,727 oxi39, 722, 723, 727, 821, 922, 923, 924, 931, 933, 1018, 1118, 1127, 1129 Hawaii 139,140 Mass 327 Pa 1017 R.I 142.538 factors affecting 023, 724 impurities in, detection 92;? manufacture 823 from peat 729 nitrification 522 preparation and use 122,1021 production 223 in Italy 728 United States 820 rate of nitrification in 1020 statistics. 924, 1021 Sulphate of manganese — as a cut flower preservative 540 fertilizing value 745, 925 Sulphate of potash- effect on burning quality of tobacco 749 potato scab. Mass 344 fertUizing value. 640,823,923,925,933,1022,1118 Mass 327 R.I 524 Va 332 Sulphates, effect on oxidation in soils, U.S.D.A ., 1017 Sulphites, detection in foods 775 determination in food products. . . 398 wine 12 Sulphur- as an insecticide and fungicide 5.59, 951 determination in milk 809 urine 113,1100 dioxid, determination in foods 398 molasses 397 effect on plants 434, 1027 effect on grapes 649 in vegetable products, studies 173 metabolism 70 production in the United States 826 washes. (See Lime-sulphur washes.) water, fertilizing value 431 Sulphuric acid- determination 610 in superphosphates Ill effect on calcium cyanamid 24 production in the United States 826 Sulphurous acid- determination in food products 398 effect on gluten 907 plants 831 excretion by man 566 in cooked fruit 1162 dried fruit 660 Page. Sulphuric acid— Continued. in foods 66 wine making 980 Sumac, culture and marketing, U.S.D.A 512 Sicilian, analyses, U.S.D.A 512 ."^un, relation to climate 421 Sunflower cake, effect on milk 1175 for cows 572 roots, distribution 732 seeds. (See Seeds, sunflower.) Sunflowers as a source of potash 24 dead, elimination of carbon dioxid by 830 Sunlight, effect on nitrates 218 Sun's radiation, effect on earth's temperature. 211 Sunshine, effect on cotton development 911 setting of fruits, N.Y. State 41,642 Sunspots, relation to weather 709 S uperphosphate— action as affected by rainfall 921 analyses 827 availability of phosphoric acid in 726,727 effect on calcium cyanamid 223 nitrification in soils 621 potato skin development 333 yield of barley 125 fertilizing value 20, 122, 430, 522, 541, 639, 640, 727, 832, 931, 933, 1018, 1119, 1128,1129 Ala.Canebrake 1030 Ga 1036 Hawaii 139 Mass 339 as affected by method of application 822 industry in Italy 322 manufacture 25, 925 nutrient value 719 preparation 430 production in Italy 728 the United States 826 Surra in horses, treatment 1085 notes 981, 1185 prevalence in India 786, 787 the Philippines 788 Transvaal 680 studies 479 treatment 985, 1185 Swamp fever in equines. (See .Vnemia, in- fectious.) Swede seeds, viability 628 Swedes, breeding experiments 147 fertilizer experiments 20, 640 sewage sludge for 1023 varieties 228 Sweet-clover aphis, notes, Colo 855 hay, digestibility, Wyo 368 corn, breeding experiments. Conn. State 37 .culture experiments, Ga 1036 in Michigan, Mich 144 diseases, notes, Ga 1037 insects affecting, Ga 1037 varieties, Ga 1036 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1329 Page. Sweet peas, breeding experiments 1168 culture, treatise" 1039 (K>tato meal, analyses 748 pasturage for pigs 371 weevil, notes. Hawaii 159 potatoes- cost of production, N.Mex 144 cultivation, Ala.Tuskegee 137 culture in Germany 748 fertilizer experiments, Md 237 investigations, U..S.D.A 35 potash requirements 221 varieties, N.Mex 144 Okla 935 L'.S.D.A 35 sop, culture in Hawaii, Hawaii 143 turnips, analyses 972 feeding value 972 Sweetmeat, production from bananas lltU Swine erysipelas bacilli, effect on spleen 183 in healthy hogs 87 persistence 384 control in Germany 285 notes 87 prevalence in Europe 384 Germany 870 transmission by soils 577 virulence of bacilli 483 fever, prevalence in England 379 Great Britain (>79 the Transvaal (179, 080, 787 plague, control, X.Dak 1069 immunization 378 notes 1189 prevalence in Africa 576, 080 relation to hog cholera 681 serum, tests, U..S.D.A 882 treatment 384 (See also Pigs.) Syagrius intrudens, life history 704 .Sycamore anthracnose, studies 1139 Sylepta derogata, notes 854 Sylviculture. (See Forestry.) Symbiosis, effect on micro-organisms 788 Symmerista albifrons, notes, Me 1049 Symptomatic anthrax. (See Blackleg.) Sj/nfomoapis druparum, injurious to apples.. 763 ASyrnium varium, habits 1145 Syxtena hudsonias, notes, N.Y. State 59 Tabanidic, list of species 760 of Kongo Free State 1147 Tacca pinnatifida, analyses, Hawaii 172 Tachina clisiocampx, notes, N. Y.State 1052 Tachinid flies, notes 1051 N. Y.State 1052 Tachlnldse, studies, U.S.D. A 45«) Txnia struthionis, notes 1 192 Tallow, crystallization exj^eriments 209 effect on molting fowls, N. Y.State... 968 Tamarack, notes, U.S.D. A 543 western, seasoning tests, U.S.D. A. 48 Tamarind seeds, composition and ti.se 3.59 examination 775 Tamarimis, ripening investigations 4.'«. 1101 I'aj,'e. Tamarixafricana, use, U.S.D. A 512 Tanl)ark, .statistics, U.S. 1). A 49 Tankage as a source of nitrogen 821 effect on strength of bones, Nebr. .. 868 feeding value. Ohio 270 for pigs, .Vla.College 570 Ind 369 Mont 668 production in the United States 826 Tannic acid, determination in coffee .39(> Tannin gimis, hydrating ferments in 1025 notes 151 pear, changes in wine making 1078 value in treatment of scours, La 72 Tanning extracts, manufacture and use 544 statistics, U.S.D. A 49 industry, technical terms used in.. . 810 Tansy, poisoning of cattle by 86 Tanymecus indicus, injurious to tobacco 762 Tapioca, production in Malay Peninsula 343 Tar, manufacutre 824 Tarnished plant bug, notes, Me 1049 studies 490, 1051 Taro waste, analyses, Hawaii 172 Tarragon essence, studies 565 Tarsonewus fragarise , studies 459 Tartaric acid, lietennination 1106 in wine 061 lead in 310 Taxidea americana, protection, U.S.D.A .551 Taxonus nigrisoma larvEc in apples 955 Tayotes, analyses, Me 461 Tea, analyses tiOl, 1163 black, aroma in 361 bush, analyses 863 culture in the Kongo 753 diseases, studies 848 effect on digestion 1062 insects affecting 61 judging 1163 mosquito blight, remedies 256 nematodes affecting 849 notes 1034 oil, characteristics sio potash requirements 221 substitute, examination 775 Teak forests in Burma 149 papers on 152 Technical instruction in Ireland 795 Technology, Northami)ton School of 299 Telegony, observations in 598 Telegraphy, wireless — use in meteorology 311,1011 U.S.D.A 1012 Trlenomus monilicomis, notes, P.R 58 Telephone, portable farm, description (VS8 Temi^eraturo as affected by the sun 211 atmospheric-" relation to land and water, U.S.D..V. 1012 upi)er, U.S.D.A 212.811 body, as affected by hot climates 776 muscular work 1063 l)eriodlclty 365 conditions on the earth 312 1330 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rage. Temperature— Continued. curves, notes 1110 effect en- action of poisons 737 bactt^riu in ice. 110 carbon dioxiil e.xcretion 170 cotton development 911 distribution of insects 395 N.II 851 fermentation 130 hibernation of insects 253 setting of fruits, N.Y. State 41,642 soils 1015, 1034 soluliility of casein 705 vitality of com, Wis 33 equivalent value 13 forecasting, notes 513 freezing, effect on insect larva; 57 high, effect on silkwonn eggs 165 in Mexico and Central America, U.S. D. A. 114 the British Isles 115 United States, U.S.D.A 614 injury to plants l)y, prevention 523 inversions at Mount Weather, U.S.D.A. . 212 low, effect on milk 179 of North Atlantic, U.S.D.A 1012 rectal, as affected by exercise 466 relation to plant diseases. Mass 345 growth 736 Temperatures, minimum, isotherms for, N.H . 852 Tennessee Station, financial statement 394 notes 98, 998, 1098 report of director 394 University, notes 98, 998 Tent caterpillar — forest, notes, Minn 1050 N.Y. State 952 hibernation as affected by temperature . . 253 notes, Ky Itil N.Y.State 952 (Sec also Apple-tree tent-caterpillar.) Tenthredinoidea,new species,descriptions . 1050, 1 147 Tenthredo testudinea. (See Hoplocampa te.stu- dinea.) Teosinte, notes, Ohio 231 Tephritis onopordinis, injurious to celery 457 tryoni. (See Dacus tryoni.) Termts gestroi, notes 7ti4 Termites, notes 764 Terpenes, detection in orange oil 708 Terrapena Carolina, feeding habits 851 Terrapin scale, notes 2.53, 1145 Terrestrial deposits, relation to climate 213 Tetanus- antitoxin — as affected by intestinal juices 281 standardization 379 prevalence in German Southwest Africa. 576 spores, latency of, in animals 184 toxin as affected by intestinal juices 281 destruction in digestive canal 1081 treatment 84, 279 variations of corpuscles in 87 virus as affected by bile 83, 84 Tetragonia cxpansa, economic value 864 Tetramorium cespituw, introduction into Mas- sachusetts 10-50 Page. Telranychus bimaculalun, remedies, U.S.D.A. 953 gloieri, notes 1 151 opuntix, notes, U.S.D.A 34 Itlariu.i, notes 648 Tetrasiichus xanthomclicn:e, studies 957 Tettegonia alropunctala, studies and bibliog- raphy, Cal 558 Texas College, notes '98, 290, 1098 fever, control in Queensland 187 inoculation experiments 791 notes 787,1188 prevalence in England 379, 1082 Oklahoma, Okla.. 481 Queensland 787 South Africa.... 279,576 studies 478 ticks. (See aZso Cattle ticks.) treatment. Ark 382 Tex 684 Station, notes 98. 1098 Thidavia basicola, notes, Conn. State 51 U.S.D.A 155 Thistle, Russian, notes 640 Thistles, notes 640 Thlaspi arrense, notes 640 Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Thnmomys spp., destruction, U.S.D.A .551 Thorium, effect on plants 930 Three-lined leaf-beelle, notes, Conn.State 1048 Thrips, affecting cacao 257 as a cause of onion blight. Mass 350 notes 351, 1151 remedies 560 Thrips samaculata, notes, U.S.D.A 953 tabaci. (See Onion thrips.) Thunderstorms, typical, in Great Britain 913 Thyme, culture experiments, Vt 335 Thyridopteryx ephemera-form is. (See Bag- worms.) Thysanoptera, notes 1149, 1151 Ti roots, analyses, Hawaii 172 Tick fever, Rhodesian. (See African coast fever.) (See Texas fever.) new, description 1189 species, notes 704 Ticks, anatomy and bibliography 857 as affected by frosts 164 bibliography, U.S.D.A 164 dassificat ion 2.53, 857 host relations 497 new species, descriptions 554, 1 1 .54 notes 788, 857, 1147 of the United States,revision,U.S.D.A . 164 parasite of, notes 1055 parasitic on cattle, Okla 481 remedies 080 structure and biology 1154 studies 253 transmission of diseases by 159, 2.53,876,1154 (See also Cattle ticks.) Tide power, utilization 1193 Tides, notes, U.S.D.A 312 Ties, railroad, seasoning tests, U.S.D.A 48 statistics, U.S.D.A 49 Tiger beetles, life history 554 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1331 I'll ;.'('. Tile drainage, \. Y.Comell 287 in France, I'.S.D.A C80 studies, Wis 15 manufacturers in New York, N.V.Cor- nell 288 Tiles, cement, manufacture, Minn 485 Til let ia bclgradeivsis, description 846 caries, studies 1042 horrida, notes. La 54 Iritici, notes 156 Timber- blue rot, studies 104() cutting on National forests, U.S.D.A 242 fungi, descriptions 56 industry in New South Wales 242 North Germany, treatise 1041 lands, swamp, in North Carolina 340 lines on mountains 242 measures and standards for 645 of Eastern Australia 243 Eritrea Colony, Africa 844 Jamaica 1 134 Uganda 754 rot fungus, treatise 454 supply of Canada 844 treated, physical properties 755 treatise and bibliography 1135 (See also Lumber and Wood.) Timothy— cultiu^ experiments, Alaska 133 etiect on composition of soils, Minn 436 fertilizer experiments, Wis 30 for cows, Pa 373 hay, feeding value, Ind 971 rotation experiments, Minn 435 rust, culture experiments 1138 studies 1043 seed examination, Iowa 334 Tin, effect on action of rennet. Wis 80 in canned foods 1 155 toxic properties 1156 Tinea pellionella, remedies 61 Tiphia inomata, notes, Me 1049 j Tissue, formation, as affected by mineral mat- ter 66.3 living, natural immunity 577 Tmetocera ocellana. (See Eye-spotted bud- ' moth.) ' Toads, Fowler's, notes ""^ notes, Ohio Hijs Tobacco- analyses "•'8 appliances, description, U.S.D.A 103.3 j barns, construction, U.S.D..\ 1033 breeding, U.S.D.A 235 experiments 935 Wis 36 for nicotine content 598 in various Stales '>98 l>urning quality— as affected l>y fertilizers 748 lime niter 624 caterpillar, remedies 854 culture • '29 experiments, N.Y.Stat 931 in Brazil 749 Cuba ti-JO Patje. Tobacco— Continued. culture in Deli 835 Hawaii 1129 Kentucky, U.S.D.A 854 Michigan, Mich 144 Tennessee, U.S. D..V 8.34 Virginia, Va .^^3 under shade 234 Pa 1032 U.S.D.A 834 curing 1129 Pa 1032 U.S.D.A 1033 damping-off, treatment 7.56 diseases, investigations, Conn. State 51 notes "."ifi P.R 54 extract, effect on wool 879 fermentation experiments 445, 749 P.R .32,54 fertilizer exiJeriments 624, 632, 724, 748 U.S.D.A .>36 Wis .36 green manuring experiments 936 imports into England, U.S.D.A 992 improvement, U.S.D..\ 834 Va .^34 by seed selection .598 industry in Brazil 749 insects affecting 554, 756, 762, 1146, 1 151 P.R 55, .58 irrigation experiments 936 mosaic disease, notes. Mass 344 new strain, development 598 notes 1034 poisonous to stock 189 potash requirements 221. 748 quality as affected by- nicotine 598 U.S.D.A 936 root rot, treatment, U.S.D.A 1.55 rust, notes, Wis 36 seed-beds, management 1129 sterilization 756 di.stribution, Wis .35 examination. Ma.ss .335 selection and propagation .598 spot disease, notes 947 spotted disease virus, studies 10811 sUtlstlcs S-Kl stem borer, notes 458 varieties 1033 wilt, studies, U.S.D.A 949 Zlmmer Spanish, hLstory 598 Toluol, effect on .soils 218 yield of cro]>s 718 Tomato buds, variation in 32.5 diseases, l)lblloKraphy, Nebr 4.51 notes 346, 11.39 1(H7 451 Oa studies, Nebr tn'atnient, N.Y.Cornell., hawk larva* as nffecleil by frost. . . hybrids, lnlu'rilan»« in. V'a kctcliui>, nmnnfacture, I'.S.D.A.. lejif spot disease, notes mosaic disease, notes. Mass 838 861 346 344 1332 p:xperiment station record. l'a«('. Tomato rot , in ve^tigaiions, Mass 344 seed oil, characteristics 810 viability 628 weevil, notes 1151 worms, notes .5,53 Tomatoes- analyses 735 ;is affetted by electricity 631, 736 fertilizers, Okla 939 breeding, U.S.D.A 239 experiments 938, 939 P.R 39 culture, U.S.D.A 237 W.Va 336 experiments, Ga 10.36 P.R 39 in greenliouses, Md 239 Michigan, Mich 144 profits from, I'.S.D. A 592 fertilizer experiments 624, 1022, 1118 Ga 1036 grafting experiments 751 insects affecting, Ga 1037 ripening, chemical changes in 735 seed selection , Ind 1037 varieties 237 Ind 1037 Md 239 Olcla 939 Tomicus spp.. notes 559 typographus, development 254 notes, U.S.D.A 2.57 studies 1152 Tongue, imported, regulations concerning 10(11 wholesomeness 105 Topographic mapping of drainage areas SIS Topography of Neliraslia 15 Sfax region, Africa, I'.S.D.A. 43 Tornado at Dora and Bergens, Ala., U^'^'.D.A 312 Fort Worth, Tex., U.S.D.A 312 l>ekin. III., U.S.D.A 312 of January 31, 1908, U.S.D.A 114 Tornadoes in Arkansas. U.S.D.A 1012 Minnesota, U.S.D.A.' 312 Southern States, U.S.D..V 312 Wisconsin, U.S.D.A 1012 protection against, U.S.D.A 114 Tortrix spp., remedies 354 ToTula saccharina, studies, Nebr 455 Toxins, destruction with antiformin 986 effect on soils, U.S.D.A 1017 in animal meal 408 soils 1018 inheritance of animals to imnuinity to 1071 isolation from soils, U.S.D.A 919 of parasitic worms, penetration 189 Toxoptcra aurantii, parasitism 764 graminum, parasitism, I'.S.D.A. . . 257 studies 497 Trade school at Mannheim 300 winds, effect on North Atlantic, U.S.D.A 1012 Tradescantia as affected by dicyandiamid 1020 Tramctcs pini, notes 56 these, studies 849 Page. Transportation industries, treatise (>S8 Traumatism, cerebral, effect on tul)erculin. . . 186 Tree cricket, snowy, notes 1146 studies 496 diseases, notes 756,845 U.S.D.A 250 heartwood disease, studies 1142 injuries, notes 841 products, description 446 root rot, studies 1141 seedlings, distribution, Ohio 1040 staff, food value 359 Trees, artificial feeding 103S as affected by gases 341 grasses 737 l)anding suljstances for, Mass 344 1)reeding, report on 598 care and management 841 chestnut, treatise 151 culture in Texas, Tex 243 drought-resistant, culture, Ariz 340 edil)le, notes 340 evergreen, of Colorado, Colo 151 for sand-binding purposes 542 shelter belts 447 form and content 754 functions of 692 grafting and budding 597 in European gardens, notes 842 insects affecting, Minn 1049 laws of Massachusetts relating to 148 measuring, handbook 541 of Brazil, notes 543 Georgia 339,843 Great Britain, treatise 46,340,446,1133 Ireland, book 340,1133 Java, micrography, treatise 1134 Kentucky 543 Massachusetts 47 North America, treatise 446 the Pacific slope, U.S.D.A 944 planting, Okla ^. 995 propagation and culture 1133, 1135 protection from rabbits, Olda 995 sap flow in 225 sapotaceous, in Africa 151 scale-infested, care 1053 shade, as affected l)y gas. Mass 643 for North Carolina 643 insects affecting 553 Ohio 459 management. Mass 643 preservation, N.Y. Cornell 540 spontaneous hyljrids 597 studies and Ijililiography 1041 trap, for Ijark lieetles 257 wood increment, biljliography 447 Trematodes in animals 159 preservation and mounting 1192 Triacetin, determination in fat 1109 Tricalciiun phosphate, fertilizing value 727 in soils, solution 524 nutrient value 719 Trichogramma pretiosa, notes 1146 Tricholyga grandis, studies, U.S.D.A 456 Trichosporium sp. , notes 82 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1333 Tricusphsera sacchari, notes, 1'. K 58 Trifoliu m spp. , cross-inoculation 620 Triglochiii spp., hydrocyanic acid in 1027 notes, Wyo 308 Trigonella radiata, notes, U.S.D.A 229 suaiissima, economic value 864 Tripe, canned, absoqjtion of tin by 1155 imported, regulations concerning 1061 wholesomeness 165 Trirhabda canadensis, studies, Conn. State 1048 Trissolcus murganlix. notes, U.S.D.A 161 Triloia incuria, notes, U.S.D.A 257 Trogoderma larsale, notes 656 Tropxolum majus, transpiration 129 Troi suberosus, studies 456 Truck crops, fertilizer experiments, Md 236 farming in Atlantic Coast States, U.S.D.A 237 Truffles, preservation 771 preserved, adulteration 65 Trypanosoma brucei, notes 83 cazalboui, notes 879 culicis, notes 985 dimorphon, description 1 185 equiperdum, life history 789 gambiense, notes 765, 789 transmission 766 treatment 579 pecaudi, notes 282 spp., inoculation into goats 884 notes 789, 1081 theileri, organism resembling... 1082 Trypanosome disease — experimental, in goats 884 studies and bibliography.. 479 in birds 985 camels 1080 cattle 1081 goats 479 live stock 1184 Trypanosome diseases — histological observations 789 in East Africa Protectorate 478 northwestern Rhodesia 1081 Sudan 876 the Nile Valley 282 prophylaxis of 1086 treatment 183,579,985 Trypanosomes — arthropod origin of 884 development in tsetse flies 282, 354, 789 in mosquitoes 985 relation to Glossina palpalU 765 resistant to atoxy 1 and sera 380 r61e in rabies 578 staining experiments 82 transmission by tsetse flies 765, 706 Trypanosomiasis, review of literature 7S9 treatment 789 Trypeta ludens. (See Orange maggot.) paidii, notas 762 Tsetse flies, anatomy 766 destruction 282 development of trypanosomes in 282,364,789 In Kongo Free State 1147 Page. Tsetse flies, in India 258 Zamtesi 1081 transmission of trypanosomes by 765, 706 fly diseases, studies 3.j4 Tsuga merten^iana, notes. U.S. D. .^ 543 Tuart, strength of. 243 Tubercle bacilli— as affected by chlorin 84 bovine, studies 681 cultures in vivo 85 destruction with antiformin 986 human, modification in animals 84 studies t>81 in lymphatic glaTids 381 meat of tuberculous animals 180 milk 477, 581 U.S.D.A 977 source 283 supply of Washington 581 lecithinophilous property 479 morphological variation in 185 pas.sage into milk 580 penetration of alimentary tract by 579. 682 protoplasm, constitution and properties . 283 resorption in gastrointestinal canal 081 split products, effect on animals 082 toxins, studies 85 Tubercle virus, pathogenic effects 184, 185 Tubercles, formation of antibodies in 84 root. (See Root tubercles.) Tuberculariie, new species, studies 547 Tuberculin- effect on milk secretion 85 U.S.D.A 981 susceptibility to tuberculosis. . . 580 intrarectal absorption 283 lecithinophilous property 479 nature 283 ophthalmo-reaotion to 186, 981 persistence in the animal body 683 reaction as affected by cerebral traumat- ism 186 of milk to, studies .580 studies 283,480,580,1180 susceptibil i ty of mammals to 579 • test by stable helpers 284 notes. U.S.D.A 981 value 283 tests by different methods 580 use 877.981 Tuberculosis- animal and human, relation 283 eradication 186 avian and mammalian, relation 282 bovine and human, relation 380 control 187,415,981 Wis 85 in Denmark 791,878 Europe 878 iminunir,atioii. Wis 082 in retropharyngeal glands 877 notes 780 prevalence in Ohio 18.3 prevention 878 reactions In 580 1334 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tul>erciilosis— Continued. bovine, transmission to man 282.379 control 581 diagnosis 180, 283, fiTg dietetics in 464 effect on milk secretion, U.S.D. A 980 eradication 381 U.S.D.A 981 etiology 479 experimental, as affected by food 66 studies .579 fetal, in calves 84 hematogenous, studies 381 human and animal, relation 283 bovine, relation 380 treatment 1185 transmission to apes 282 immunization 85, 186, 282, 380, 480, 877, 1186, 1187, 1188 in animals, dissemination 878 relation to health 877 cows 283 dairy animals, Ky 180 dorsal vertebra of a mare 881 horses 880 pigs, U.S.D, A 982 infections of organisms with 185 international congress 198 intestinal, in calves 283 localization in wounds 84 mammalian and avian, relation 282 modes of infection 380 notes 82 phagocytic immunity to 1188 prevalence in Belgium 480 California, Cal 681 Southwest Africa 576 Missouri 786 Queensland 788 the Transvaal 679 relation to heredity 981 susceptibility to, as affected by tuberculin 580 transmission 1186 by cats 577 food 877 milk 783 treatment 284, 1159 Tuberculous animal products, danger from . . 284 animals, reaction in 284 Tulip tree, parasitism 1042 Tulips, mites affecting 61 varieties 237 Tumbu-fly, life history and habits 1154 Tumors, notes 82 Turkey egg white, studies 611 swollen head, notes 89 Turkeys, affected by plague in India 790 blackhead of, U,S,D,A 592 breeds, description 571 in America 76 care and management 490 feeding experiments, R,1 470 marketing 178 raising, in Russia 973 Turnip bacterial disease, studies 1137 diseases, treatment, N.Y.Cornell 52 Page. Turnip gall weevil, notes 651 tops, dried, nutritive value 1172 drying 1172 Turnips as a cover crop. Wis 31 fallow crop 865 breeding experiments 147 effect on Swiss cheese 784 fertilizer experiments. . . 320,529, 1127, 1129 R.I 142,145 for pigs. Wash 75 sheep ;J68 frozen, preservation as ensilage 777 inoculation experiments 520 nitrates in 165 sewage sludge for 825 sweet, analyses 972 feeding value 972 varieties 20, 228, 529 Turpentine, detection in orange oil 708 labeling, decisions, U.S.D.A 863 manufacture 449 methods of analysis 420 U.S.D.A... 420 oil, absorption by milk 975 substitutes, methods of analysis. 420 Turtles, bibliography 851 of Pennsylvania, food habits 851 Tussock moth- notes, Ky 161 N.H ■ 556 prevalence in Michigan, Mich 351 white-marked, biologj', N.Y. State 1052 notes 653,1146 Minn 1050 Tylenchus tritici, notes 1.56 Typhlocyba comes. (See Grape leaf-hopper.) Typhlopsylla muscuU, transmission of plague by 765 Typhoid bacilli, mouse, relation to typhoid coli bacilli 184 fever in horses 1086 transmission by milk 78.3,978 germs, destruction. Wis 986 Typhus bacilli as affected by perhydrase milk 78 Tyrosin, accumulation in preserved liver 1106 Udder, structure 979 Uncinula spiralis. (See Grape powdery mil- dew.) Underground water. (Sfe Water.) United States Department of Agriculture — appropriations, 1909-10 801 Bureau of Animal industry — pathological exhibit 278 publications 693 report 995 veterinary inspectors, qualifications. . 279 Bureau of Plant Industry, work with sugar beets 441 Bureau of Statistics, report 589 development 504 laws relating to 94 Library, accessions 49i, 1094 list of publications relating to poultry 973 new building 507 notes 1 099 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1335 Page. Qnited States Department of Agriculture- Continued. Oiricc of Exporimont Stations—. addition.s to staff 1200 nutrition investigations 498 report 693 project records 410 Weatlier Bureau. (See Weather Bureau.) worlv in the West 1090 yearl)ook 293 yearbooks, index 995 University of Virginia, summer school 897 Urachus, pervious, in foals, Nev 678 Uranium solution, standardization 307 Urea, detennination 807, 1011 apparatus for 211 in urine 1105 effect on nitrification in soils 518 Uredineac, culture experiments 52, 1138 development 827 specialization in 733 Uredo autumnalis, notes 1142 spp., notes 946 Urena lobata, composition 637 Uric acid excretion as affected by muscular work 1107 normal, in man 776 secretion as affected by diet 67 Urine, analy.ses 767 as affected hy coffee and chocolate 664 calf, analyses 70 cow's, fertilizing value, Md 238 energy value, determination 511 loss of nitrogen in 318 nitrogen content as affected by feed . . . 318 sulphurous acid in 566 Urocystis occulta, notes 345 Uromyces helx, notes 1029 striatus, notes 947 UrophlyctM alfalfse, notes 845 Uroplectcx occidental i/s, effects of sting 760 Uslilaginoidea lirens, notes. La 54 Ustilago spp., notes, Del 946 studies 1042 treatment, Nebr 450 Utah College, notes 597,895 Station, financial statement 394 notes 597,89,5 report of director 394 Vacca melk, analyses 709 VaLia leucostoma, notes 347 Valsonectria iiarasitica, notes, U.8.D. A 550 Vanilla, notes 148 extract, misbranding, U.S.D.A... .56.5, 10(X) Vanillin, effect on plants 928 Vapor for smoking meat, analysis 1059 Varnish as an egg preservative 870 Veal, canned, analyses 461 nitrogen content 356 poisoning, relation to epizootic diarrhea in calves 982 Vegetable- butter, notes 182 coverings, effect on soli moisture 710 diseases, notes 756, 845 fats. (See Fats, vegetable.) rage. Vegetable— Continued. foods, methods of analysis 209 materials, examination 173 products, methods of analysis 112 of India 893 northern Nigeria 66 proteids. (Sec Proteids.) rations for chickens 372 Vegetal)les— analyses, Mo 401 artificially greened, decision, U.S.D.A... 863 bacteriological studies G4 breeding experiments, I'.U 39 notes, JvJ 938 canned, absorption of tin by 1155 sterilization 1157 canning and preserving 1 157 cooking, U.S.D.A 893 recipes for 06I culture 943, 1131 experiments, N. Y.State 937 P.R 39 in Alaska, Alaska 142 Cuba 1131 Holland 237 the South 1128 treatise 837 dehydrated, tests sea earth flea affecting 762 fecal contamination of 565 fertilizer experiments 823, 1131 food value ii62 forcing, in France 751 grow th as affected by climate 1124 home-canned, cost and quality 361 insects affecting 100,762 Ga 1037 P.R 58 iron and phosphorus content 1161 medicinal value 1162 nitrate of scda for 523 nitrates in 166 preparation for cooking 1165 food 66 preservation 771,1157 propagation and culture 1 133 spraying experiments 1131 storing 771 undesiral)le varieties, elimination 697 varieties 1131 (Sec also specific kinds.) Vegetation, arsenic in 827 as affected by flros, U.S.D.A 437 physical fai-tors. . . 324 smelter smoke 627 of Tucson 732 Velvet beans, culture, I'.U 32 fertilizer experiments 620 flxation of nitrugon by 600,919 for steers, Fla 1066 Veneer, statistics, U.S.D.A 49 Ventilation, elTlcleney of, testing 1008 of Ix-ehlves in winter 766 bams. King system, Wis 989 poultry houses 887,1194 stableji 72,374,887 trooliso 887 1336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rage. Wiituria pomi, studies 950 \'trbena ciliata, physiology of slomata in 525 Vermicrlli, nianiifaclurc in Indo-Ohina 2til of Annam 107 Vermont Station, (inaniial statement 394 notes 197, 597, 695, 890, 1098 report of director 394 University, notes 290, 799,890, 1098 Vtspamina sequoior, life history 1147 Vetfh as a eover crop, U.S.D.A 31 fallow crop S65 Bodin, notes, Wyo 308 effect on soil temperatures 620 fertilizing value 522 hairy, as a cover crop, Wis 31 green manure, U.S.D.A. 530 breeding, U.S.D.A 235 culture. Wis 30 effect on soils, U.S.D.A 530 for pigs, Wash "5 inoculation, U.S.D..\ 536 hay, analyses, Oreg 909 digestil)ility, Oreg 909 proteolytic enzj-ms in 166 seeds as an adulterant of pepper 1 163 varieties 229 Veterinary- Congress at Pretoria 799 hygiene, enforcement 183 treatise 81 instruction, U.S.D.A 278 literature, filing system for 884 Medical Association 199, 278 medicine, educational phases 278 use of atoxyl in 578 pathology, treatise 085 schools in Europe 085 therapeutics, technique 182 treatise 1 183 work, army 278 Mciafaba, l)reeding, notes 749 spp. , cross-inoculation 620 Vicilin, hydrolysis 704 I 'igna sinensis, hydrolysis 807 \'ignin of cowpcas, hydrolysis 807 Vinasse, analyses 625 fertilizing value 625 N'inegar— analyses 168, 262, 057, 774, 775, 803 Conn.State 960 apparatus, description, Ariz 378 as a food preservative 362 kett'hup preser%'ative. U.S.D.A 801 cider, chemistry of, N.Y.State 980 lead number for 390 determination of extract in 210 honey, making, Ariz 377 inspection, paper on 112 legislation concerning 202 manufacture in Great Britain 262 misbranding, U.S.D.A 565 whey, making 378 Vines for garden purposes, notes 841 Vineyards, cost of replanting 643 protection from hailstorms 811 (.See Grapes.) Page. Violas, culture 1 132 Violets, culture 841, 1132 \'irginia College, notes 9s, 597, 'M)9 Station, notes 98,597,999 work 491 Truck Station, notes 999 work, Va 491 Virus, vermin-destroying, asacauseofillness. 1145 Viruses, ultravisible, studies 1080 Viscum album, races in Bavaria 930 Viticultural instruction in Hungary 92 literature, bibliography 1132 Viticulture, German, history 1132 in Constantine, Algeria 642 use of arsenicals in 950 VJlis opaca roots, food value 360 vinifcra. use, U.S.D..\ 512 Vivianite, fertilizing value 1119 Volatile bases, determination in wine.. 708 Volcanic products of Vesuvius, composition . 731 Voles, destructive to larch flies 1152 Vulpes macrofis, protection, U.S.D.A 551 Wage-earners of Egypt, diet of 65 Wages in India 1165 Wallflower poison bush, toxicity 986 Walnut, black, culture in Gennany 843 l)light, notes 250 Walnuts, culture experiments, Mich 143 in Texas 643 development, studies 1125 English, injury bj- freezing, Ohio.. 147 fertilizer experiments 516 grafting 250 winterkilling, Mich 939 Walshia amorpbella, notes, U.S.D.A 257 Wandering jew as affected by poisonous gases 434 Wandoo, strength of 243 Wanyoo bush, analyses 969 Warblers, lilack and white creeping, notes. . . 1 108 of North America, handbook 759 Warrigal cabl)age, economic value 864 Washington — College, notes 98,296,597,695,799,1098 Station, financial statement 394 notes 98,290,597,095,799 report of director 394 Wasps, digger, not«s 057 habits and lifehistorj- 254 notes 1 147 Waste products, analyses 827 use in paper making, U.S.D.A 875 Water- absorption by flour 10 plants 927 adulteration, U.S.D.A 1060 analyses 512,657,709,1013,1110, 1113 analysis, report of committee 1105 treatise 1105 ascent in trees 225 aspirators for homes 1089 atmospheric, effect on muscular work 366 bacteria in, examination 1013 review of literature 1014 bacteriology, treatise 423 bog, toxic properties 738 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1337 Pago. Water— font inuod. conditions on upland moors 214 determination in butter 700 without heat 398 drainage. {Ste Drainage water.) drinking, as alTected \>y zinc 1112 determination of hardness 207 disinfection 813 examination 418,1113 purification in the country. . . . 1112 removal of iron from 515 sterilization 515,1113 duty of. in irrigation 885 Nev 631 effect on Ijody weight 268 coagulability of milk 1178 denitrification in soils 518 fertilizing value of calcium cy- anamid 430 freezing point of milk 1108 nitrification in soils 518 plants 739 quality of butter, Iowa 676 soil fertilitj' 817 evaporation as affected bj' bacteria 620 from soils 214 filtration experiments 814 finder, automatic, description 1193 from desert wells, analyses 914 dew ponds, analyses 313 industrial establishments, use 515 function in soils, U.S.D.A 686 gas tar as a dust preventive, U.S.D.A . . . 288 glass as an egg preservative 76,870 Conn.Storrs . 1071 glycerin, and alcohol mixture as an egg preser\'ative 870 ground, analyses 712 factors affecting 515 formation 619 in San Bernardino Valley 1112 southern California 813 purification 1112 hardness in, determination 1007 removal 308 household, irrigation with 287 Java, analyses 616 level as affected by forests 116 lilies, treatise 644 los.ses from soils 714 in irrigation, prevention, U.S.D.A. 815 measurement for irrigation, Mont 388 measuring instrument, notes, Mont 388 methods of analysis 703 movement in plants 324 Nile Kiver, studies and bibliography 914 of North Atlantic, changes in tempera- ture, U.S.D.A ' 1012 Kio Verde, studies 423 power of Great Falls region 813 use in manufacture of nitrates 730 purification by freezing 15 ozone 813 soils 15 rain. {See Kain.) relation to plant diseases, Mass 345 Page. Water— Continued. resources of Great Falls region 812 San Joaquin \'i;lley 813 south-central Oregon 812 river, analyses 711 salt content, Hawaii 195 sea. {See Sea water.) sewage, examination 1113 .solutions, percolation experiments 16 sterilization 712, 1113 storage of heat in 806 plants for, U.S.D.A 287 supplies artesian, in Atistralia 616 conserving and increasing 1111 for cities 313 in -Maska 14 dairies, purity, U.S.D.A 977 Massachusetts 813 Nebraska 15 Syria 119 sanitary, for farms. U.S.D.A 213 methods of procuring 914 treatise 1013 use in irrigation, U.S.D..\ 287 supply of San Francisco 515 villages 423 works in Australia 813 surface, evaporation from, N.Dak 515 temperatures, studies 713 transportation of agricultural products, U.S.D.A 291 underground, analyses 313 formation 14 in Georgia nil Illinois 1013 Nile Valley, analyses. . . 914 San Joa(|uin Valley .... 813 southern California 813 Investigations 423 iron content II origin and distribution 1 16 vapor, determination 68 warm, forcing of plants by • 6-10 well, removal of iron from 1U2 cost of pimiping, I'.S.D.A 883 Waterfowls, breeds in .\merica 76 Watermelon seed, viability 628 Waters of Illinois, survey 1013 Watersheds, reforestation In Europe 341 Walersiwut at Heauforl , U.S.D.A 51 ". Wattle bark industry in South Africa 152 broad-leaf, analyses 969 Waxes, prmluction and preparation 182 Weasel, .\rizona, protection, I'.S.D.A ."iSl Weather— at Rothamsted ■. 1012 Hure^ju - men lusunlversily students, U.S.D.A. 312 report of chief, U.S.D.A 614,912 conditions, review, U.S.D.A 293 effect on - cotton development 911 evacuation of Doston, U.S.D.A 312 fertilizers 823,920 food assimilation by lx»nns 230 setting of fruiU, N.Y.Stote 41,542 1338 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Weather— Continued. I'age. forecasting— U.S.D.A 912 notes 1110 on the Pacific coast, U.S.D.A 114 paper on 810 relation to ballooning, U.S.D.A 811 use of anticyclones in 212 in Australia, U.S.D.A 515 Brazil, notes, U.S.D.A 811 C.arforth 749 Germany during 1907 14 Saxony .^ 711 Scotland 212 relation to moon 513, 912 sunspots 709 service in Canada 614 Germany, value to farmers 14 the United States 614 wireless telegraphic, U.S.D.A 912 Webworm, fall, notes 553, 1146 Ky 161 Minn 1049 N.H 556 Weed seeds. (See Seeds, weed.) Weeds, analyses 7.50 destruction, Mass 250 edible, in India 340 in Canada 640 Queensland 1120 the Transvaal 739 notes, N.Y.State 946 Vt 394 Wyo 368 studies 592 (See also specific plants.) Weevil, fern-eating, life history 764 surface, injurious to tobacco 762 Weevils in North America, distribution 1147 injurious to cereals 1149 notes 351, 654 Weigela, injury by freezing, Ohio 147 Weirs, construction and use, Mont 388 Wells, artesian, in Australia 813 use for power purposes 821 boring, notes 885 West Virginia Station, notes 296 University, notes 597 Wethers, digestion experiments 1173 Whale-oil soap and rosin compounds 257 Wheat- Alaska, investigations, Idaho 936 analyses 1130 Can 259 Idaho 936 U.S.D.A :.... 1063 Utah 357 as a nurse crop for alfalfa. Ariz 328 affected by dicyandiamid salts 522 electricity 631 toxins in soils, U.S.D.A... 919 bibUography 750 bran, analyses, Conn.State 1065 Ind 968 La 864 Wheat— Continued. Page. bran, analyses, N.J 69 R.I 560 Tex 1065 effect on milk 1175 for sheep. Mo 569 breeding experiments 235 Wash 537 for rust resistance 648 notes, N.Y.Comell 38 composition as affected by fertilizers 122 cost of production, Idaho 227 in Australia 889 culture 1034 Idaho 227 experiments 832, 918 .\laska 133 Mont 1028 N.Y.State 931 Ohio 491 U.S.D.A 228 Va 334 Wis 135 in Siberia 837 without irrigation , Nev 634 cy tological studies 828 development as affected by light 1124 diseases, notes, Del 946 studies 1042 treatment, N.Y.Comell 52 durimi, analyses, Utah 357 exports, U.S.D.A 589 mining tests, N.Dak 859 rate of sowing, U.S.D.A 437 varieties fordryfarming,U.S.D. A. 437 milling, Utah 357 effect on nitrates in soils 717 soils , MLnn 435 extract, photodynamic work 1026 feed, analyses, N.J 69 feeding value, U.S.D.A 1063, 1065 feeds, analyses, Conn.State 1065 fermentation in 225 fertilizer experiments 221, 624,723,724,725,822, 832,922,924,1018.1020 Ohio 491 Pa 1017 R.I 524 fields and markets, treatise 1033 flag smut, notes 345 flour. (Sec Flour.) for pigs. Mo 74 germination as affected by- colloidal substances 225 soil treatment 1015 gluten , effec ton tuberculosis 66 grains, strength and development 1122 grass, culture experiments, Alaska 133 western, notes, Wyo 308 green-manuring experiments 832 growth as affected by electricity 1125 gypsum for 524 hay, analyses , llawau 172 hybrids, description, Wash 537 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 1339 Wheat— Continued. Page, industry, cooperative, in the United States 90 in France, treatise 1033 inheritance of strength in 1129 insects afTecting KiO, 225 Irrigation experiments 687,837 Idaho 214 Nev (ai latouag, studies 546 leaf structure, as affected by solul)le salts, U.S. D. A 527 manufacture of alcohol from 875 middlings, analyses. Conn. State 1065 Ind 968 N.J 69 R.I 566 milling products, examination 16S eflect on nitrates 218 enzymic action of 1024 extracts, analyses, Conn. State 900 analyses, U.S.D.A 402 food and dietetic value 1104 feeding value 408 from grapes, studies, Cal 528 growing, determination of tempera- tures of 734 improvers, effect on bread 403 in Cheddar cheese, notes, N.Y. State... 874 role in formation of wine boquet 1078 studies 859 testing 1182 treatise 432 Yellow dock, culture experiments, Vt 335 fever virus, st udies 1080 thickhead, prevalence in Orange River Colony 1081 Yew, culture and use 942 Yoghourt bacteria, review of literature 573 preparation 573 studies and bibliography 875 therapeutic value 496 York gum, strength of 243 Yttrium nitrate, effect on protoplasm 929 Yucca spp., culture and use 834 Yuquilla, analyses, Mi' 401 Zalophothrii mirum, notes 853 I'ago. ZalTopis catalpse, notes, Ohio 957 Zebras in the Kongo 309 Zebus, resistance to Strongylus parasite 884 value for milk production 979 Zein, ph.vsiologic;i 1 properties C63 Zenillia lihalriz, sludies, V.S.D.A 4i6 ZenoliMim, germicidal value, Wis 986 Zeolites, constitution and value 918 fixation of nitrogen by 022 Zeuzira pyrina. (See Leopard-moth.) Zinc, assimilation by Sterigmatocystis nigra.. . 28 effect on action of rennet, Wis i"0 nitrogen-fixing bacteria C22 soils afid plants 823 water 1112 fluorid as a pole preservative 544 role of, in plants S31 sulphate, fertilizing value F23 toxicity as affected by ammonium salts 823 temperature 737 Zoological terms, glossary 1144 Zoology, Canadian, bibliography C£2 economic, spring manual, Ohio 10<8 text-book 1144 forest, review of literature C46 Zoology, medical and veterinary — index-catalogue ('85 U.S.D.A 252, £52 Zoology, record 7i8 Zootechnic council of Italy 279 station at Sao Paulo, description. 71 Zwieback, adulteration IICO nutritive value 166 Zymin, action in alcoholic fermentation 1(109 Zythia fragarix n. sp., notes 158 o U. S. DEPARTMEN r ()!• AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. V. TRUE. DIRECTOR Vol. XX NIARCH, 1909 No. 7 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT I' i: 1 N I I > I C K U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Buremis. Weather Bureau — AVillis L. Moore, Chief. Ik'REAit OF Animal Indcstky — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bi'REAu OK Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Cliief. Forest Service — Gifford Pinchot, Forester. Bureau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau op Statistics — V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. 0. Howard, Entomolor/ist. Bureau op Biological Survey — C. Hart Merriam, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. AV. Page, Director. Office of Experiment Statio.vm — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama — College Station: Aubtini: .1. F. Puggar.n OauebrakeStation: l';uo?i Special agent in charge. 'AW R.Dodson." Missouri— College Station: Columbia; H. J. Waters, o Fruit Station: Mountain Grove: Paul Evans, a Montana— Sojewan; F. B. Linfield. a N ERR ASKA.— Lincoln: E. A. Burnett, a Nevada- i?e«o.- J.E.Stubbs.a New Ua.hpS'Hire— Durham: E. D.Sanderson. n New .Jersey— .VeitJ Bnmswiek: E.;B. Voorheei". a NewMexico — AgriculttiralOollege:ljVitheTFo'^teT.a New York- State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; L. H. Bailey." North Carolina — College Station: West Raleigh; C. B.Williatns.a State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore. « North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H. Worst. « Ohio — Wooster: C. E. Thorne. a Oklahoma- StJWuiafci-.- John A.Craig.o OREaoN— Ctort'o/Ws; J. Withycombe. a Pennsylvania— State College: T. F. Hunt, a State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby. a Porto ^ico~Mayaguez: D. W. May. t> Rhode Island— A'm^sto??; H. J. Wheeler." South CAiROiAiik—Clemson College: J.N. Harper." ."^ouTH Dakota— Brookings: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— A'uoxri/te; H. A. Morgan, a Tkxab— College Station : H. H. Harrington." Utah— iofiraM.- E. D. Ball. o VERNOyT— Burlington: J. L. Hills." Virginia— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson.rf Washington— PuWwart; R. W.Thatcher." West YiRdimA—Morgantown: 3. H.Stewart." Wisconsin— Afa^iiion.- HI L. Russell. " Wyoming — Laramie: J. D.Towar." c Acting director. d Superintendent. BULLETINS OF THE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Experiment Station Rtcord, Vols. I-XIX, with indexes; Vol, XX, Nob. 1-6. B«//e/ui«.— Nos. 1 Organization and History of the Stations; 2, Uigesf of Reports of necttcut and New Jersey; 37, Dietary Studies, Maine State College; 3S, 71, Dietary Studies of Negroes In Alabama and Eastern Virginia ; 40, 54, Dietary Studies In New ports to Congress on Agriculture in Alaslta ; 50, 61, 83, 93, Reports on the Worl< and - ^_ . - --, Rights -...„.,„,.., River and Tributaries ; G(», Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Missouri River and Tributaries; 60, Physiological Effect of Creatin and Creatinhi ; 67, 85, 101. 128 143 156, Studies on Bread and Bread Making; 68, Some Chinese Vegetable Food Materials .. - . .. ^ - _ ..lip tion ; 84, Nutrition Investigations. California Experiment Station ; 86, ITse of Water In Irrigation; 87, Irrigation in New .Tersey ; 90, Irrifration In Hawaii; 91, Nutrition Invest!- gations. "-' " - — "" - -^ ^. > - - ~ ■■ . _ . _. Ot cult -ngation; »i, irrigation m .New .lersey ; yij, irrifratlon In Hawaii; 91, Nutrition Invest!- itions. University of Illinois, North Daltota Aj-'ricultural College, and Lake Erie College, hio ; 91i, Reservoir System of the Cachf> la Poudre Vallev ; 95, Report on the .\grl- iltural Resources and Capabilities of Hawaii ; 96, Irrigation Laws of the Northwest tlce .Among Fruit Growers on the Pacific Coast; 110, ItiO, 138, 154, 165. 182. 199, Pro- ceedings of Farmers" Institute Workers: 112, Agricultural Experiment Stations 5n Foreign Countries; 113, Irrigation of Rice in the United States; 118, Irrigation from Big Thompson River ; 124, Report of Irrigation Investigations In Utah ; 125, -V Digest of Recent Experiments on Horse Feeding; 127, Instruction in Agronomv at Some -Agricul- tural Colleges; 129, Dietary Studies in Boston, Springfield, Philadelphia, and Chicago; 130, Egyptian Irrigation: 131, Plans of Structures in Use on Irrigation Canals in the United States; 134, Storage of Water on Cache la Poudre and Big Thompson Rivers; 135, Legislation Relating to Farmers' Instltute«; 139, Special and Short Courses in Agri- cultural Colleges: 140, .Vcquirement of Water Rights in the Arkansas Valley in Colorado; 144, 190, Irrigation in Northern Italy: 145, Preparing Land for Irrigation and Methods of .Applying Water; 146, Current Wheels — Their Us<> In Liftlne Water for Irrigation; 147, Report on Drainage Investigations, 1903; 148, Report on irrigation Investigations In Humid Sections of the United States; 149, Studies of the Food of Maine Lumbermen; 150, Dietary Studies at the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C. ; 152, Dietary Studies with Harvard Unlversiiy Students; 155, Agricultural Instruction for .Adults in the P.rltNh Empire; l.'>7. Water Rights on Interstate Streams; l.'O. .\ Digest of ,lu!. itions on the Nutrition of Man; 160, School Garden- Agricultural Adults in t.'ontinental (i'ountries ; 166, Course in Making for M f .Xcn-iciiltiire ; 167, Irrigation In the North Atlantic ^ 168, The Stni lielatlon to Irrigation; 169, 170, 171, Reports of .Agri- cultural Inv. . Hawaii, and Porto Rico. 1905; 172, Irrigation In Montii.'ia : IT': Machinery; 174, Hlstorv of Form.rs" Instidif-^ in th(» Uni; : 17T. f^N npitaiioTi I>oss».'S in Irrluation and Water K > <: 17>- I Fruit Growing for Movable S<.-hool8 of .Vcrlcnlture h In \ .Montana. nr.i1 South Dakota: ^9.\^, pijhlii-., tlons of t ,. ment Srations in the I'l: i- fomia ; 183, Mechanica ,1 Drainage. In Loul-.i.-inn ; In Elcraentar* Washington ; Conihusth.n T" Stn ' Di^ rl(M cul' in ' PU! bll; th. Scl- Vallc;. California. New York Botanical Garden Librar ill 1111! Pl 3 5185 00292 4130 ,* '1 .ivl-^-^i rxl ■:^ ?l^:%^ '?t ,m j^wt itUi'liUit-i t .^. J-.?--'' V .*':*