o^^^^^^^^^^^^^^Laj|^^^vv>'^^BK-^H •s'^^ i^-i •^ .'•■^i \/.^/ U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE officp: of experiment stations A. C. TRUE, DIi: ECTOR EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD Voli_ime XXI, 1909 ZAL. WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OFFICE 1910 W. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureaus. Weather Bureau— Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. BuRUEA OP Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service— H. S. Graves, Forester. Bureau of Soils— Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau op Chemistry— H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau op Statistics— V. H. Olmsted, Statistician. Bureau of Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau op Biological Surv^ey— C. Hart Merriam, Chief. Office of Public Roads — L. W. Page, Director. Office of Experiment Stations — A. C. True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. Alabama— College Station: Auburn; J. F. Duggar.o Canebrake Station: Uniontown; F. D. Stevens.o Tuskegee Station: Tuskegec Institute; G. W. Carver.a Alaska— Sitka; C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— rweson; R. H. Forbes.o AnKA-NSAS—Fayctteville: C. F. Adams.a CAUFOuyiiA— Berkeley: E. J. Wickson.o Colorado— Fort Collins: L. G. Carpenter.a Connecticut — State Station: New Haven; E. H. Jenkins.a Storrs Station: Storrs; L. A. Clinton. o Delaware— JVfwarJ:.- H. Hayward.o Florida — Gainesville: P. H. Rolfs.o Gt^ORGi A— Experiment: Martin V. Calvin." Guam— A gana: J. B. Thompson. 6 Hawah— Federal Station: Honolulu; E. V. Wilcox.* Sugar Planters' Station: Honolulu; C. F. Eckart.o Idaho — Moscow: W. L. Carlyle.i Illinois — Urbana: E. Davenport." Indiana — Lafayette: A. Goss." Iowa— Ames: C. F. Ciirtiss." Kansas — Manhattan: E. H. Webster.o Kentucky — Lexington: M. A. Scovell.o L0UISL4.NA— State Station: Baton Rouge; 1 Sugar Station: Audubon Park,\ New Orleans; North La. Station: Calhoun; ) Maine — Orono: C. D. Woods." Maryland — College Park: H. J. Patterson." Massachusetts — Amherst: W. P. Brooks." Michigan — East Lansing: R. S. Shaw." Minnesota— J77!U'er«i<2/ Farm, St. Paul: A. F. Woods." M-ississippi— Agricultural College: W. L. Hutchin- son." \V. K-Dodsob. o o Director. b Special ageut Mi.ssouri— College Station: Columbia; F. B. Mmnford." Fruit Station: Mountain Grove; Paul Evans." Montana— Sozeman.- F. B. Linfield." Nebraska— Lincoln: E. A. Burnett." Nevada— iSmo. J. E. Stubbs." New Hampshire— Dwrftam.- W. D. Gibbs.c New Jersey — New Brunswick: E. B. Voorhees." New Mexico- Agricultural College: Luther Fos- ter." New York— State Station: Geneva; W. H. Jordan." Cornell Station: Ithaca; H. J. Webber.c NoRTp Carolina— College Station: West Raleigh; C. B. Williams." State Station: Raleigh; B. W. Kilgore." North Dakota — Agricultural College: J. H. Worst." Ohio — Wooster: C. E. Thome." Oklahoma— SiJZZ water.- John A. Craig." Oregon — Corvallis: J. Withycombe." Pennsylvania — State College: T. F. Hunt." State College: Institute of Animal Nutrition, H. P. Armsby." Porto Rico — Mayaguez: D. W. May.i> Rhode Island — Kingston: H. J. Wheeler." South Carolina— CTemson College: 'S. N. Harper." South T> akoi a— Brookings: J. W. Wilson." Tennessee— Anoiw7ie.- H. A. Morgan." Texas— College Station: H. H. Harrington.o Utah — Logan: E. D. Ball." VERMOyn— Burlington: J. L. Hills." ViRGINLA— Blacksburg: S. W. Fletcher." Norfolk: Truck Station, T. C. Johnson." Washington— Pw^/man.- R. W. Thatcher." West Virginu.— Morgantown: J. H. Stewart." Wisconsin— A'afiisoTi.- H. L. Russell." WYOMrNTG— iaramif.- J. D. Towar." in charge. « Acting director. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Agricultural C'hemistry and Agrotechny — L. W. Fetzer, Ph. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Croi)s — J. L Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOLUME XXL EDITORIAL NOTES. I'age. Retirement of Dr. E. W. Hilgard 1 Doctor Hilgard's service and influence 2 Facilities for study and research in the departments at Washington 4 Agriculture at the National Education Association 101 Dr. Samuel William Johnson, deceased 201 Development of science in horticulture 401 Some essentials of horticultural investigation 405 The organization of extension work 501 The attitude toward secondary agricultural education 504 Permanency of the station personnel 601 Special preparation for station work 601 The changed requirements of the station service 604 SPECIAL ARTICLE. Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1909 506 STATION PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Alabama College Station: Bulletin 144, February, 1909 61 145, February, 1909 39 Alabam'a Tuskegee Station: Bulletin 15, June, 1909 537 III IV EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Alaska Stations: Page. Annual Report, 1908 712,728,738,775,788,799 Arizona Station: Bulletin 58, December 21, 1908 44 59, April 15, 1909 681 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1908 9, 15, 17, 33, 40, 44, 49, 73, 74, 86, 93 Arkansas Station: Bulletin 79 (second revised edition), 1909 334 California Station: Bulletin 202, December 31, 1908 - 316 Circular 40, October, 1908 398 41, November, 1908 397 42, April, 1909 594 43, May, 1909 594 44, June, 1909 691 45, August, 1909 691 Colorado Station: Bulletin 135, December, 1908 71 136, January, 1909 44 137, January, 1909 79 138, January, 1909 145 139, February, 1909 140 140, February, 1909 139 141, April, 1909 240 142, March, 1909 - 236 143, March, 1909 '236 144, March, 1909 236 Circular 1 , March, 1909 430 2, April, 1909 473 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 371, 398 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 .-. 352, 398 Connecticut State Station: Biennial Report, 1907-8, pt. 12 742,799 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bulletin 56, April, 1909 561 57, May, 1909 572 Delaware Station: Bulletin 85, May 1, 1909 244 Florida Station: Bulletin 99, July, 1909 673 Annual Report, 1908 : 307, 308, 311, 313, 320, 328, 333, 342, 343, 349, 356, 370, 375, 380, 398 Georgia Station: Bulletin 84, December, 1908 538 85, July, 1909 746 86, July, 1909 777 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908. 93 Hawaii Station: Press Bulletin 22 45 23 139 24 427 . CONTENTS. y Hawahan Sugar Planters' Station: Page. Division of Pathology and Physiology Bulletin 9, April, 1909 420 Division of Agriculture and Chemistry Bulletin 28, April, 1909 578 29,1909 541 Idaho Station: Bulletin 66, May, 1909 536 67, May, 1909 573 Annual Report, 1908 617, 629, 691 Illinois Station: Bulletin 130, December, 1908 57 131, December, 1908 58 132, February, 1909 134 133, February, 1909 146 134, April, 1909 453 135, May, 1909 547 136, July, 1 909 539 Circular 128, January, 1909 82 129, February, 1909 225 130, April, 1909 419 Indiana Station: Bulletin 132, March, 1909 35 133, March, 1909 124 134, June, 1909 412 135, June, 1909 437 Circular 15, May, 1909 438 Iowa Station: Bulletin 102, March, 1909 157 103, March, 1909 176 104, July, 1909 743 105, July, 1909 737 Biennial Report, 1907-8 328, 330, 332, 333, 370, 386, 392, 393, 399 Kansas Station: Bulletin 158, March, 1909 569 159, March, 1909 765 160, April 29, 1909 732 Feeding Stuffs Bulletins 1-3, August-October, 1909 668 Circular 1, April 28, 1909 246 2, August 9, 1909 634 Kentucky Station: Bulletin 136, September 30, 1908 225 137, December 30, 1908 251 138, December 31, 1908 225 139, January 20, 1909 330 140, March, 1909 316 141, March, 1909 367 142, April, 1909 345 143, May, 1909 385 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1906 308, 309, 399 Twentieth Annual Report, 1907 308, 309, 399 Louisiana Stations: Bulletin 115, May, 1909 569 116, June, 1909 549 VI EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Maine Station: Page. Bulletin 1(33 (Twenty-fourth Annual Eeport, 1908), December, 1908 .... 113, 192 164, January, 1909 144 165, February, 1909 273 166, March, i909 372 167, May, 1909 424 OflBcial Inspections 1-6 165 7, 1909 463 8, 1909 463 9, 1909 420 10, 1909 471 11 , 1909 463 12 525 Maryland Station: Bulletin 132, February, 1909 136 133, March, 1909 437 134, April, 1909 555 135, May, 1909 : 577 136, June, 1909 575 Massachusetts Station : Bulletin 126, November, 1908 156 127, November, 1908 , 124 128, January, 1 909 172 129, June, 1909 563 130, June, 1909 525 Meteorological Bulletins 243-244, March-April, ] 909 15 245-246, May-June, 1909 308 247-248, July-August, 1 909 616 MicHioAN Station: Bulletin 253, March, 1909 141 254, March, 1909 .• 777 255, May, 1909 793 Special Bulletin 47, October, 1908 330 48, February, 1909 333, 353 Circular 4, January, 1909 271 5, March, 1909 220 6, July, 1909 790 Minnesota Station: Bulletin 113, December, 1908 82 114, March, 1909 137 115, April, 1909 132 Mississippi Station: Bulletin 107 (revised), February, 1909 74 115, November, 1908 26 116, November, 1908 40 117, December, 1908 40 118, January, 1909 , 84 119, March, 1909 328 120, December, 1908 398 121, July, 1909 668 122, July, 1909 630 123, June. 1909 668 CONTENTS. VII Mississippi Station — Continued. Page. Circular 20, February, 1906 724 21, March, 1906 724 22, January, 1907 724 23, March, 1907 724 24, April, 1907 724 25, February, 1908 532 26, March, 1908 532 27, February, 1909 125 28, March, 1909 125 29, April, 1909 125 Missouri Station: Bulletin 82, December, 1908 125 Circular of Information 31 439 32 438 33 440 34 562 Missouri Fruit Station: Bulletin 18, October, 1908 60 19, December, 1908 656 20, December, 1908 658 Biennial Report, 1907-8 243, 252, 294 Montana Station: Bulletin 75, December 15, 1908 62 76, February, 1909 85 Fifteenth Annual Report, 1908 294 Nebraska Station: Bulletin 109, April 12, 1909 129 110, June 25, 1909 435 Nevada Station: Bulletin 67, June, 1908 14 68, March, 1909 584 Circular 1, July, 1909 584 New Hampshire Station: Bulletin 140, December, 1908 26, 72 Circular 7, September, 1908 781 Nineteenth and Twentieth Annual Reports, 1907-8 712, 713, 714, 715, 719, 729, 738, 744, 758, 759, 760, 776, 778, 781, 799 New Jersey Stations: Bulletin 220, April 26, 1909 471 221, July 10, 1909 529 New Mexico Station: Bulletin 70, April, 1909 633 71, May, 1909 793 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1908 18, 22, 72, 93 New York Cornell Station: Bulletin 260, November, 1908 43 261, December, 1908 42 263, February, 1909 148 264, March, 1909 133 265, April ,1909 351 266, May, 1909 ; 344 267, May, 1909 426 VIII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. New York Cornell Station — Continued. Page. Circular 4, April, 1909 117 5, April, 1909 138 6, May, 1909 153 7, May, 1 909 306 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 294 New York State Station: Bulletin 313, February, 1 909 38 314, March, 1909 238, 239 315, March, 1909 334 Technical Bulletin 9, February, 1909 148 Circular 10, March 10, 1909 25 Twenty-seventh Annual Report, 1908 616, 691 North Carolina Station: Bulletin 200, April, 1909 472 201, April, 1909 439 202, May, 1909 578 203, May, 1909 558 204, June, 1909 732 Thirty-first Annual Report, 1908 107, 119, 145, 146, 147, 192 North Dakota Station: Bulletin 84, June, 1909 570 85, September, 1909 791 Nineteenth Annual Report, 1908, pt. 1 414, 415, 436, 496 Index to Bulletins 69-83, June, 1909 799 First Annual Report of Dickinson Substation, 1908 526, 535, 545, 557, 564, 594 Ohio Station: Bulletin 202, February, 1909 253 203, April, 1909 745 204, June, 1909 739 Circular 89, February 20, 1909 233, 240, 253, 254, 295 90, March 1, 1909 233 91, March 20, 1909 231 92, March 20, 1909 216 93, April 15, 1909 222 94, April 29, 1909 545 95, April 30, 1909 , 352 1-50 (reprints) 399 Oklahoma Station: Bulletin 82, January, 1909 38 83, February, 1909 I33 84, June, 1909 .' 439 85, June, 1909 537 Oregon Station: Bulletin 103, December, 1908 .' 685 104, February, 1909 636 105, March, 1909 .///////......... 637 Circular 3, 1908 -. ..."............ 45 4, March, 1909 75 CONTENTS. IX Pennsylvania Station: Page. Bulletin 91, April, 1909 237 92, July, 1909 657 93, August, 1909 679 94, August, 1909 634 Annual Report, 1908 213, 217, 219, 220, 223, 235, 238, 239, 270, 276, 294 Porto Rico Station: Bulletin 8, April 6, 1909 4.5 Circular 7 (Spanish edition) 353 8, March, 1909 239 9, April, 1909 220 10, 1909 624 11, July, 1909 620 Rhode Island Station: Bulletin 132, November, 1908 26 133, April, 1909 635 134, April, 1909 668 135, May, 1909 730 Twenty-first Annual Report, 1908 212, 213, 224, 228, 246, 257, 274, 285, 295 South Carolina Station: Bulletin 142, March, 1909 181 143, March, 1909 157 144, April, 1909 138 145, April, 1909 428 146, April, 1909 432 South Dakota Station: Bulletin 110, December, 1908 41 111, January, 1909 177 112, March, 1909 435 113, March, 1909 426 Annual Report, 1908 93 Tennessee Station: Bulletin 83, March, 1909 173 84, March, 1909 173 85, March, 1909 182 86, April, 1909 116, 132, 133 Report of the Cooperative and Extension Work in Agriculture in Middle Tennessee, 1907-8 114, 116, 132, 133, 134, 141, 155, 173, 182, 192 Texas Station: Bulletin 120 39 121, February 1, 1909 536, 544, 594 122, June, 1909 540 109,a September, 1908 732 123, July, 1909 724 Vermont Station: Bulletin 138, January, 1909 235, 274 139, March, 1909 241 140, March, 1909 226 141, April, 1909 239 142, May, 1909 549 143, June, 1909 531 oNot to be confused with Bulletin 109, vVugust, 190S, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 510). X EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vermont Station — Continued. Page. Circular 1, March, 1909 * 226 2, March, 1909 350 3, Juno, 1909 " 594 Virginia Station: Bulletin 181, March, 1909 158 (Mrcular C, March, 1909 330 7, March, 1909 351 Annual Report, 1908 415, 418, 420, 431, 433, 438, 456, 479, 486, 496 Virginia Truck Station : Circular 2, June 15, 1909 430 Washington Station: Bulletin 88, 1909 224, 291 Popular Bulletin 14, March, 1909 141 15, March 1, 1909 130 16, March, 1909 157 West Virginia Station: Bulletin 119, January, 1909 457 120, April, 1909 454 121, April, 1909 457 122, May, 1909 440 Wisconsin Station: Bulletin 170, February, 1909 274 171, February, 1909 295 172, February, 1909 276 173, February, 1909 275 174, April, 1909 .218 175, May, 1909 384 1 76, May, 1909 434 Wyoming Station: Bulletin 80, March, 1909 .' 130 81, June, 1909 569 82, June, 1909 528 Eighteenth Annual Report, 1908 15, 27, 34, 35, 38, 73, 86, 93 UNITED STATES DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE PUBLICATIONS ABSTRACTED. Annual Reports, 1908 192 Circular 29 ! 385 Farmers' Bulletin 352 54 353 , 93 354 139 355 172 356 136 357 274 358 241 359 278 360 : 295 361 430 362 536 363 575 364 632 365 632 CONTENTS. XI Page. Farmers' Bulletin 366 691 367 616 368 635 369 751 Foud luspec'tioii Decisions, 107 165 108-109 768 Notices of Judgment, 50-65 165 66-68 263 G9-90 566 Report 87 192 88 257 89 295 90 431 Yearbook, 1908 710, 711, 712 717, 724, 732, 736, 738, 745, 751, 752, 764, 777, 787, 790, 794, 795, 799 Bureau op Animal Industry: Bulletin 110, pt. 1 271 111 75 112 484 113 486 114 476 Circular 146 175 147 383 148 180 Special Report on the Diseases of Cattle (revised edition) 283 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bulletin 33 346 Circular 68 750 69 347 70 645 North American Fauna, 27 \ 750 28 151 Bureau of Chemistry: Bulletin 98 (revised), pt. 1 165 122 112 123 168 124 162 125 277 126 563 Circular 44 613 45 609 Bureau of Entomology: Bulletin 12, pt. 9 (technical series) 650 17, pt. 1 (technical series) 557 64, pt. 6 559 7 653 66, pt. 6 155 7 559 68, Contenta and Index 764 75, pt. 7 357. 77 761 78 61 79 354 XII EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bureau op Entomology — Continued. Page. Bulletin 80, pt. 1 455 2 454 3 650 4 755 Circular 105 57 106 59 107 57 108 62 109 458 110 458 111 757 Forest Service: Circular 160 775 161 48 162 144 163 443 164 443 165 444 166 444 167 739 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bulletin 139 320 141, pt. 3 235 4 427 5 748 145 27 146 28 147 40 148 27 149 , 448 150 426 151 440 152 445 153 424 Circular 25 * 84 26 141 27 149 28 134 29 330 30 430 31 424 32 435 33 430 34 535 35 552 36 552 37 733 38 748 Document 485 732 495 731 CONTENTS. XIII Bureau op Soils: Page. Circular 19 528 Field Operations, 1906 (Eighth Report) 617 1907 (Ninth Report) 618 Bureau of Statistics: Bulletin 73 188 Crop Reporter, Vol. XI, No. 5, May, 1909 90 6, June, 1909 190 7, July, 1909 397 8, August, 1909 493 9, September, 1909 689 Weather Bureau: Bulletin S 525 Document 409 525 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory, vol. 2, pt. 1 15 2 525 Monthly Weather Review, Vol. XXXVI, No. 13 112,115 Vol. XXXVII, Nos. 1-2, January-February, 1909 113, 114 Vol. XXXVII, Nos. 3^, March-April, 1909. . . 615 Office of Experiment Stations: Bulletin 208 68 209 287 210 288 211 289 212 397 213 398, 493 _ ' 214 587 V 215 588 Circular 83 397 84 689 85 690 Office of Public Roads: Bulletin 35 207 Circular 90 185 Library: Bulletin 71 496 72 691 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. - Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — 3. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. i. Editorial notes: Page. Retirement of Dr. E. W. Hilgard 1 Dr. Hilgard's service and influence 2 Facilities for study and research in the Departments at Washington 4 Recent work in agricultural science 7 Notes 94 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultur.\l chemistry. Thermochemistry, Thomsen, trans, by Burke 7 New gravimetric methods, Jannasch 7 Simple method for nitrate and nitrite nitrogen in mixtures, Zeller 7 A nitrometer with means for correcting barometric pressure, Herman 7 The determination of caustic lime in presence of carbonate of lime, Heyer. . . 8 Determination of small amounts of lime in magnesia, Hundeshagen 8 Determination of phosphoric acid and phosphates, Wilkie 8 The development of methods of analysis of Thomas slag, Popp 8 Practical modification of method of determining hardness in water. Telle 8 Influence of chlorids on determination of nitrates in water, Perrier and Farcy. 8 Determining nitrates l)y Grandval and Lajoux method, Lombard and Lafore . 8 [Water-sohible material in soils], Vinson and Ross 9 An improved method of determining the acid content in soils, Siichting 9 Should determination of magnesia be omitted in analysis of soils? Loew 9 Separation of iron and detection of rare earths in cultivated soil, Pozzi-Escot. 9 On plastein. Van Slyke and Levene 9 Investigations with carbohydrates and ferments, Fischer 10 Practical treatise on food analysis, Gerard and Bonn 10 An apparatus for extracting with hot ether, Kolka 10 The use of carbon tetrachlorid in the determination of fat, Rammstedt 10 The ]irecii)itin reaction, Franceschelli 10 Rapid determination of starch in sausage and other meat products, Telle 10 Estimating phosphorus compounds in cereals, Carles 10 Detection of bleached flours, Weil 10 I II CONTENTS. Page. Sumac leaves as an adulterant of pepper, Netolitk y 10 Adulteration of ground red pepper, (irandniont 10 New method of examining impure sirups with refractometer, Tischtschenko. . 10 Identilication of olive oil which gives Baudouin reaction, Zega and Todorovic. 1 1 Determination of snlphates, acidity, and tannin in wine, Uutoit and Duhoux . U Analytical study of the acidity of 'wine, Dutoit and Duboux 11 Estin"iating total suli>hurous acid in wine, Blarez and Chelle 11 Cryoscopic examination of wine, Mestrezet 11 Fluorin in wine, Mensio H Beer analytJis, liace ---- H Determination of sulphurous acid in food materials, especially gelatui. Bade. . 11 Detection of hvdrogen ])eroxid, formaldehyde, and persulphates, Rothenfus.>^er. 11 Calcium sulpliate and lead ■ in commercial tartaric acid, Gomez 11 Second reportof conference for feeding stuff inspection. Van der Wal and W'ijs. 1 1 The detection of watered milk by the aid of the refractometer, Ackermann. . . 11 On the detection of watered milk with the refractometer, Ackermann 11 On the methods of estimating fat in milk. Beau 12 Mitchell- Walker test bottle, Mitchell and Walker 12 The examination of milk treated with lime-sugar solution, Baierand Neumann. 12 On the valneof tests for lime-sugar solution in milk and miik products, Liihrig. 12 The detection of ' ' sugardime " in milk and cream, Frerichs 12 A means of distinguishing goat's milk from cow's milk, Horrocks 12 Valueof the Bolenske test in the analysisof oils and fats, Tatlock and Thomson . 13 lodin value of oils, Levi and Manuel 13 Denaturing of cotton-seed oil, Winterfeld 13 Sulvadora oleoldes fat. Hooper 13 Some oils of Japanese plants, Tsujimoto 13 The analysis of chestnut wood, Alsop 14 Destructive distillation of pine, tir, birch, and beech woods, Klason et al 14 Production of alcohol from cellulose, Koerner 14 Report of the Hildesheim Agricultural Experiment Station, Aumann 14 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The ]\It. Rose Weather Observatory, 1906-1908, Church, jr 14 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 15 The present status of meteorology, Esclangon .-. . . 15 Warm months in relation to sun-spot numbers, McDo wall .' 15 The weather for 1908, Hayes 15 Meteorological observations at Massachusetts Station, Ostrander and" Lindblad . 15 Meteorological summary for the year 1907, Smith 15 Meteorological observations in Brunswick, 1906-7, Dorr 16 Weather and crop conditions in Bohemia during 1906-7, Belohlav 16 Climate [of Cuba], Olmsted and (iannett 16 Atmospheric humidity and the flow of springs, Haedicke 16 The rainfall and the springs of Limousin, Garrigou -Lagrange 16 Underground waters of JNlaine, with records of wells, Clappand Bayley 16 Ground waters of Indio region, with sketch of Colorado Desert, Mendenhall.. 16 Underground water resources in southern California, Mendenhall 17 Analyses of Salton Sea water, Vinson and Ross 17 The mineral constituents of the Ottawa River water, 1907, Shutt and Spencer. 17 Amount and composition of drainage waters collected during 1907-8, Burt 17 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Forest soils, Henry 18 Soil analysis, Hare 18 Soils, Aston 18 Netherlands soils and Rhine and Maas deposits, Tesch 18 Soil of acid reaction, Kozai 18 The erosion of the veld. Van Rooy 18 Soil resources and their utilization, Carr 18 A possible method of reclamation for the arid West, Mieir 19 Study of absorbent power and solutions of soils, Rousseaux and Brioux 19 Suspension of solids in fluids and nature of colloids and solutions, King 19 Some phases of soil investigation, Hunt 20 Roles of the soil in limiting plant activities, Livingston 20 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Observations and researches on soil temperature, 11, De Grazia 20 Nitriticatiou and denitrification in soils, \'on Bazarewski 20 The occurrence and the formation of nitric acid in humusand moorsoils, Weis. 21 Nitrification in Transvaal soils. Watt 21 Nitrogen fi x iny: 1 )acteria, IV, Lohnis and Westermann 21 On ammoniacal fermentation, Kffront 21 Fixation of atmospliei-ic nitro<;en 21 Nitrogen and its value, Kiihn et al 22 Concerning the existence of nonnitrifying soils, Stevens and Withers 22 The clecompotHtion of nitrates by bacteria, Severin 22 Soil fatigue caused by organic compounds, Schreiner and Sullivan 22 Barnvard manure: Its treatment and application to the soil, Thorne 22 Batg'uano, Hare 22 (jreen manuring, De (irazia 22 Experiments with certain fertilizer salts, De Grazia 23 Tiie diffusion of fertilizer salts in the soil, Miintz and Gaudechon 23 The diffusion of fertilizer salts in the soil, Krische 23 Box experiments with fertilizers, Clausen 23 Experiments with commercial fertilizers on the Peterhof farm. Von Knieriem. 23 Denitrification in cultivated soils, Ampola 24 The physiological character of ammonium salts, Prianischnikov 24 Toxic properties of cyan compounds and their decomposition products, Stritt. . 24 Tolerance of wheat toward calcium cyanamid, De Grazia 24 The industrial utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, Bernthsen 24 The nitrate industry in Norway, Eyde 24 Nitrate and its substitntes, Jurisch 24 The value of potash silicate, ground phonolith, Bromme 25 Influence of phosphatic fertilizer on the seeds of corn, Parrozzani 25 Raw phosphates and green manure, De Grazia 25 The phosphate land question. 25 Mining and milling Florida phosphates, Stone 25 Lime and liming, \'an Slyke 25 Action of calcium fluorid in leucitic soils, Ampola 25 Horse-hoof parings 26 Analyses of fertilizers sold in Maryland, McDonnell et al 26 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hand et al 26 Analyses of fertilizers, Morse and Curry 26 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hartwell, Morgan, and Whipple 26 Analyses of commercial fertilizers, Thompson 26 Fertilizers, Crawley 26 The mineral industry: Its statistics during 1907, edited by Ingalls 27 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Department of botanical research, MacDougal 27 Report of the botanist. Nelson 27 Seeds and plants imported from July 1 to Sei)tember 30, 1908. Inventory N(j. Iti. 27 Vegetation affected by agriculture in Central America, Cook 27 Studies in Trifolium, I, Kennedy 27 Notes on some wild forms and species of tuber-bearing Solanums, Sutton 27 Breeding strains oi plants, Davenport 28 The superiority of line breeding over narrow breeding. Cook 28 A new case of i)arthenocarpus development, P^wert 29 Some aspects of the mycorrhiza problem, ( iruenberg 29 The value of certain nutritive elements to the plant cell. Reed 29 Influence of varying ratio of calcium and magnesium, Bernardiniand Corso.. 30 Tlie amounts of calcium and magnesium in plant seeds, Schulze and Godet. . . 30 The calcium and magnesium content of certain seed, Willstiitter 30 The stimulating effect of phosphoric acid on the growth of plants, Kiihl 30 The chlorin content of leaves of plants, Vandevelde 30 The occurrence of betain in plants. Urban 30 The nutritive effect of amids on the seed, embryo, and plant, Lefevre 30 Peptolytic ferments in seeds, Abderhalden and Dammhann 31 The study of winter buds with reference to growth and leaf content, Moore. 31 The effect of the removal of showy parts of flowers, McCray 31 Influence of graft on some annual and perennial plants, Daniel 31 IV CONTENTS. Page. The beginning' of the development of perennial and annual plants, Andre 32 Electrical stimulation of i)lant growth, Plowman 32 The ])hyisiologv of electrocultures, Gast^ner 32 Relation between i)lant respiration and alcoholic fermentation, Kostytscheff. 32 The chemical nature of root excretions, Stoklasa and Ernst 32 Variation of fungi due to environment, Stevens and tiall 33 The culture of fungi, Brefeld _. 33 Macteria in relation to c< )untry life, Lipman - 33 A bibliography of mycological literature, Lindau and Sydow 33 FIELD CROPS. [Report of the botanist], Thornber 33 [The relation of] composition of soil to composition of plants, Knight et al.. 34 Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composition. Knight et al 35 Tests of corn, wheat, oats, sny beans, and cowpeas, Wiancko and Cromer 35 [ Varietv tests with barley, oats, and wheat] , McWethy 35 Results "in 1908 from graiii, roots, and potatoes, W. and C. E. Saunders 36 Results of competitions in standing field crops, Wilson 37 [Experimental work with tield crops in Trinidad], Hart 37 [Exi)eriments with oats and barley], Greig 37 Alfalfa in Oklahoma, Moorhouse and Burlison ._ - . . 38 Inoculation and lime as factors in growing alfalfa, Harding and Wilson 38 Two factors favoring success with alfalfa, Hall 38 Questions of Wyoming crops, Nowell 38 Corn and cotton experiments for 1908, Welborn 39 Local fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908, Duggar. 39 Varieties of cotton, 1908, Perkins - 40 Cotton culture in Mississipi)i, Hutchinson 40 [Work in agriculture]. Clothier 40 Suppressed and intensified characters in cotton hybrids. Cook 40 Report of progress in variety tests of oats, Willis 41 The rice industry in Hawaii, Krauss 41 Sisal in Hawaii, Weinrich, jr 41 Phosphoric acid consumption of beet during first year, Andrli'k and Urljan. . . 42 Third report on intluenee of manures on timothy hay, Bizzell and Morgan. . . 42 Experimental field work in 1906-7, Drake 43 Report of fourth annual meeting of Canadian Seed Growers' Association 43 HORTICULTURE. American varieties of beans, Jarvis 43 Notes on mushrooms 44 Dewberry growing, Whipple 44 Breeding apples for Indiana, Burton 44 Bud variation in Corinth currant vine, INIcAlpine and De Castella 44 Citrus culture in the arid Southwest, Coit 44 [Report on horticulture] , Coit 45 Pineapple growing in Porto Rico, Henricksen and lorns 45 Pineapple shipping experiments in 1908, Higgins 45 JNew precooling apparatus -. -15 Notes on nut culture, Lewis 45 Report of the committee on breeding carnations. Ward 45 Stocks, Saunders and Killby .'. 45 Sweet peas, Bateson and Punnett 46 The American flower garden, Blanchan 46 The gardens of England in the midland and eastern counties, edited by Holme. 46 A practical guide to school, cottage, and allotment gardening, Weathers 46 The florist's bibliography, Payne...- 46 FORESTRY. Forest trees of Maine and how to know them. Ring 46 Intolerant and tolerant species. Light tolerance and soil moisture, Ceisler. . . 47 The origin and early development of chestnut sprouts, Mattoon 47 Report of the committee on breeding forest and nut trees 47 Forest measurements, Lyford 47 CONTENTS. Page. The strength of South Australian timbers, Cliapman 47 Forest planting in western Kansas, Kellogg 48 Forest and reforestation in the Valley of the Ubaye (France), Vincent 48 Reforestation in the mountains without nurseries, Desconibes and Devaux . 48 Forest finance, Sc-henck 48 Report of Commission of Incpiiry, Tax Lands and Forestry 48 Taxation of forest lands and efficiency of fire laws in New Hampshire, Foster. 48 Annual report of the woods and forests department, 1907, Broun 49 French system of turpentming, Brower 49 ' DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant physiology and pathology, McCallum 49 Plant pathology. Kirk and Cockayne 50 Notes on some fungus diseases of i)lants, Liistner 50 Some notes on nonparasitic diseases in the summer of 1907, Graebner 50 Injuries to plants due to hail and frost, INIassee 50 Infection experiments with Eri/siphe cichoraceurum, Reed 50 The effect of Ustilago mai/dis on Zea mays tunicata, Chifiiot .-... 51 Black root disease of cotton in Georgia and its control, Lewis 51 Potato scab and its eradication, Henderson 51 A radish disease. Von Tubeuf 51 8ome results of recent investigations on the diseases of sugar beets, IStormer.. 52 The blossom bla.<:t or blight of cranberries. Shear 52 Investigations on black rot of grapes, Soursac 52 The effect of various fungicides on the flowers of grapes, Molz 52 Experiments in combating the downy mildew of the grape, Li'i>tner 53 Is arsenical spraying killing our fruit trees? Ball 53 A note on one of the cocf)nut diseases. Hart 53 The oak mildew, Fischer 53 Some wood-destroying fungi, Bittmann 53 Some obscure gall diseases, Laubert 53 Combating plant diseases, Voges 54 The use of carbolineum in combating apple and i)ear scat), 1 Iul)er 54 Carbolineum as a fungicide, Schander 54 Tenax, a fungicide for combating Peronosjxjra 54 A new product for use in the control of fungus diseases, Buisine 54 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The Nevada mouse plague of 1907-S, Piper 54 Twenty-first meeting of the American Association of Economic Entomologists. 55 [Report of the biologist for 1907], Smith 56 Note on food habit of Liotropis contam inatits, Osborn 56 Notes on tF^canthus, Houghton 56 The Hessian fly in Georgia, Worsham and Lewis 56 What can be done in destroying the boll weevil during the winter. Hunter 57 The rose slugs, Chittenden 57 Experiments with repellents against the corn root-aphis, 1905 and 1906, Forbes. 57 Habits and behavior of the cornfield ant, Lni^ius ntger ameriranus, Forbes 58 The wheat strawworm {Itioaoma gravde), Webster and Reeves 59 Scale insects of the orchards of Missouri, Taylor 60 Report on experiments for San Jose scale, 1907-8, Worsham and Chase 60 The San Jose scale and lime-sulphur wash. Hinds 61 The calyx cup must be filled, Melander 61 Economic loss to the United States through insects that carry disease, Howard. 61 Tlie typhoid fly or house Hy, Howard 62 House fleas, Howard , 62 Sixth annual report of the State entomologist of Montana, Cooley 62 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Human foods, Snyder 63 Packing-house chemistry, Schmidt 63 Adulteration of foods, agricultural products, and drugs, Courcelle and Ricard. 63 Biocfiemistry, Rohmann 63 Practical physiological chemistry, Hawk 63 VI CONTENTS. Page. Report of the royal commission on the meat industry 63 Bakery inspection and proceedings of Bakers' Institute, October 26-28, 1908. 63 Determination of gluten in wheat Hour, Berman 64 The clianges in Hour and cereals due to sulphur dioxid, M. and G. Carteret. . 64 Honey and honey substitutes, Hasterlik 64 Preserved fruits in luirope, Skinner and Washington (54 Bac-teriological studies of the softening of pickled cucumbers, Kossowicz 64 Pickled tea, Michael 64 ' ' Cognac ' ' obtained from cactus figs [prickly pears] , Sanna 64 Russian kvass, Graftiau - 64 Acetaldehvde in wine, its origin and effects, Trillat 65 Lecitliin in wine and its physiological importance, Paturel 65 French white wines, Mayer -^ 65 Poisoning due to bacterial contamination of food, Thomann 65 Dust and disease, Owen 65 Convention of State and National Food and Dairy Departments 65 Foods 65 [Dairy and food commissioner report], Dunlap 65 Dairy and food division report 66 Food control work of Chemnitz for 1908, Behre 66 Food control in Prussia - - - - -' 66 Progress in the examination of foods, condiments, fats, and oils in 1907, Utz. 66 The Jamaica cookery book, Sullivan ■. 66 Student diet, Arnozan 66 Alleged undernutrition in rural regions in Germany, Becker 66 The diet of the Russian peasantry, Pogosky -,:-.-■■. ^^ [Food, agriculture, and other conditions in equatorial Africa], De Filippi 66 The feeding of the soldier in barracks, in hospital, and in war, Blackham 66 The feeding of the soldier 67 How much proteid does the body require? Haig 67 Experiments on utilization of protein cleavage products, Abderhalden et al.. 67 Discussion upon the physiology of purin metabolism, Leathes et al 67 The uric acid excretion of normal men, Hanzlik and Hawk 67 Relation between excretion of nitrogen and its absorption in intestine, Haas. . 67 Fat cleavage with pancreas, Bauer 67 The influence of muscular and mental work on metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a machine, Benedict and Carpenter 68 The influence of oxygen inhalations on athletes, Hill 68 Oxygen as a substitute for training 68 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The role of inorganic phosphorus in the nutrition of animals, Hart et al 69 Experiments with powdered bone and chalk as feeds for swine, Carlier 70 Transformation in phosphorus compounds in hen's egg, Plimmer and Scott 70 Nature of stimulus which causes a shell to be formed. Pearl and Surface 70 A Mendelian view of sex heredity. Castle 71 Australian saltbush. Notes on Russian thistle, Headden . . . , 71 Another new fodder grass {Phalaris eommuntatn), Juritz ' 72 Muskus grass and its feeding value 72 [Analyses of feeding stuffs], Rose ., 72 Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, Stallings 72 Analyses of feeding stuffs, Morse and Curry 72 Quality of the concentrated feeding stuffs for sale in New Mexico, Hare 72 Sixth report on concentrated feeding stuffs and cotton-seed meal, Harris et al. 73 Commercial feed stuffs, Calvert 73 Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1908, Appel 73 The Columbian cattle, Gregory 73 The origin of the Dexter-Kerry breed of cattle, Wilson , 73 Sheep husbandry 73 [Sheep breeding and feeding] , Wilson 73 Report of the wool specialist, Hill 73 A laboratory method of scouring wool, Vinson and Ross 74 Pork production at the Delta station. Fox 74 Poultry problems and profits. Nelson 74 A colony house. A trapnest, Dryden and Lunn 75 Frog industry in France, Mason and Washington 75 CONTENTS. VII DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. A study of the larse and small fat globules in cows' milk, Shaw and Eekles . . On tile moditieations of milk globules, Alessi and Carapelle Composition of milk of t lie dairy eow and buffalo in the Malay Peninsula, Katoii . Annual reiiort of the Kirkee eivil dairy, 1907-8, Knight The enzyms of cow's milk, England Lactic fermentation in milk, Beijerinck [The coagulation of milk liy rennet obtained from Carica jiopaija], Gerher Investigations on the liactericidal properties of milk, Brudny A milk-l)oriie outbreak of typhoid traced, Lumsden and Woodward The inciilenc^ of tul)ercle bacilli in New York City milk, Hess Report on the Danish pasteurization law, 1907-8 Whey cheese ("mysosf"), Hals Cheese making in Europe, Farrington Rejiort of development of dairy industry of Hoorn, 1907, Boekhout Review of the w ork of the 1907-8 season. Singleton rneumatic milk can VETERINARY MEDICINE. Special pathology and therapy of domestic animals, Hutyra and INIarek The clinical pathology of the blood of domesticated animals, Burnett Leucocytes in invertebrates, KoUmann : Recent advances in tropical medicine, hygiene, and veterinary science, with special reference to Anglo-Egyptian Soudan, Balfour and Archibald Chemo-therapy of trypanosomiasis Notes on nagana and on some hematozoa observed during my travels, Durham . Sensiliiiity of fowls to the trypanosome of dourine, Yakimoff and Kohl Trypanosomiasis and other diseases in camels, Cleland Sarcosporidiosis, Watson Annual report of the stock department. Mills Some animal diseases, Glover, Barnes, and Kaupp Report of the chief veterinary surgeon, Sinclair Diseases of animals and meat inspection in Western Australia, Cleland Poisoning in horses, cattle, and sheep caused by musty fodder, Midler An outbreak of poisoning from infected brawn, Savage and Gunson Tetanus or ' ' lockjaw, ' ' Mayo and Lmices Tuberculosis of the retropharyngeal lymphatic glands in cattle, Spartz The nature and control of bovine tuberculosis, Moore Immunization of cattle to tuberculosis, Weber and Titze Permanence of human tul)ercle bacillus in bovovaccinated cattle, W'eberet al. Ermiination of tubercle bacilli with milk after injection of human type, Titze. Tuberculin as a diagnostic agent, Jowett Conference on animal tuberculosis at University of Illinois, October 15, 1908.. Measures for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Germany, Brante Tick, redwater, or Texas fever in cattle, Wallace The foot-scab mite of sheep {Syiiibiides commwds, var. oris), Cave. Hog cholera and hog-cholera vaccine, Reynolds Methods of controlling hog cholera, Reynolds Studies of conditions relating to catalepsy of swine, Hansen Some colic cases in town horses, liOmas : Glanders, Hunting Diphtheria in the wood-pigeon caused by a iilter- passer. Dean and Marshall.. Prevalence of intestinal worms in dogs in Cambridge, Nuttall and Strickland. Ilejxitozooa pirniciosum, a hemogregarine pathogenic for white rats. Miller A new rabbit cestode, Cittutim ia mosaica, Hall Principles involved in the standardization of disinfectants, Chick and Martin. Wounds of animals and their treatment, Mayo and Dimock - RURAL ENGINEERING. Clearing pine lands, Ferris Cost of clearing logged-off land for farming in Pacific Northwest, Thompson. . Seepage'and drainage, J 1, Tannatt and Kneale Mc(iee Creek drainage and levee district Assessments on railroads in land drainage districts, Dappert The works of irrigation in the United States, Nicolau and Puig de la Bellacasa. [Duty of water on alfalfa fields], Smith ragp. 75 75 76 76 76 76, 76 77 78 78 78 78 78 78 79 79 79 79 79 79 SO 80 SO 80 81 81 81 81 82 82 82 82 82 83 83 83 83 83 83 84 84 84 84 84 84 85 85 85 86 VTTI CONTENTS. Page. Duty oi water records, Nowell . . - 86 Detecting niidorground streams with an ear-trmnpet 86 Concrete caisson wells, Smith 86 Power irrigation, Key})old, jr 86 Implements and jnachinery at the Paris show 87 Electrical plowing tackle 87 Manure distributor, Sevegrand 87 [A water-weed cutter]. 87 The Heath book for threshermen. Boss 87 Caterpillar traction engine 87 Farm building construction, Knoch 87 RURAL ECONOMICS. The International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, Dannfelt 88 Origin and organization of the International Institute of Agriculture, MacLean. 88 The small holding, Cireen _ 88 Equipment and cultivation of small holdings, Diggle - 88 Agricultural holdings (Scotland) bill - 88 Mutual insurance for farmers, Mingenback 88 Grange banks are successful. Hill 88 A large cooperative creamery. Beau 89 Law of 1909, autliorizing loans to agricultural cooperative societies in Algeria. . 89 Agricultural bookkeeping, Schmidt and Walter 89 The pensioning of farm laborers, Ferrari 89 Effects of the periodical movements of laborers in Italy, INIueller 89 Measures against contract-breaking agricultural laborers, Schade et al 89 Agriculture in (xcrmany as a result of scarcity of farm labor, Bornemann 89 Two agrariaTi problems, Kozany 89 The agricultural development of Bulgaria, Wlachoff 90 Yearbook of rural economy, 1909, Larsen 90 Present position of Danish agricultural j^roducts on the English market, Faber. 90 The harvest in Norway, 1908 90 Crop Reporter .- 90 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The problem of rural schools and teachers in North America, Spalding 90 Agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, French .' 90 Report of Royal Agricultural Academy of Sweden, Juhlin-Dannfelt 91 Instruction in forestry in Sweden 91 Agriculture for teachers, Seltensperger 91 C'atechism of agriculture, Atkeson and Working 91 Elementary agriculture, Peralta 91 Text-book of agriculture, edited by Foaden and Fletcher 91 Economical farm and dairy management, Ducloux 92 The physical properties of soils, McCall 92 Farm arithmetic. Field 92 Seed testing, Taylor 92 Culture and marketing of tobaco, Davis 92 Plant breeding, Freeman 92 An elementary study of insects, Headlee ; 92 Insects injurious to farm crops. Dean 92 MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1908 93 Twenty-first Annual Report of Georgia Station, 1908 93 Nineteenth Annual Report of New Alexico Station, 1908 93 Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1908 . _ . 93 Eighteenth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1908 93 Experiment Station Work, L 93 Report of the agricultural department of Finland, 1906' 93 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIP:WED. Statinm in the Vailed Stale.f. Oklahoma Station : Bui. 82, Jan., 1909 Oregon Station: Circ. 3, 1908 Circ. 4, Mar., 1909 Porto Rico Station: Bui. 8, Apr. 6, 1909 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 132, Nov., 1908 South Dakota Station : Bui. 110, Dec, 1908 An. Rpt., 1908 Texas Station: Bui. 120 Wyoming Station: Eighteenth An. Rpt., 1908... 27, 34, 35, 38, 73, U. S. Department uf Agric\dtvre. Farmers' Bui. 352 Farmers' Bui. 353 Bureau of Animal Inchistrv: Bui. Ill (5 cents) \. Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 78 (10 cents) Circ. 105 Circ. 106 Circ. 107 Circ. 108 Forest Service: Circ. 161 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 145 (15 cents) Bui. 146 (10 cents) Bui. 147 (15 cents) Bui. 148 (10 cents) Circ. 25 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 5, May, 1909 Weather Bureau: Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol. 2, pt. 1 (25 cents per part, $1 per volume) Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 208 (15 cents) Page. 38 45 75 45 26 41 93 39 15, 86, 93 54 93 Page. Alabama College Station. Bui. 144, Feb., 1909 61 Bui. 145, Feb. , 1909 39 Arizona Station: Bui. 58, Dec. 21, 1908 44 Nineteenth An. Rpt., 1908 ... 9, 15, 17, 33, 40, 44, 49, 73, 74, 86, 93 Colorado Station : Bui. 135, Dec, 1908 71 Bui. 136, Jan., 1909 44 Bui. 137, Jan., 1909 79 Georgia Station : Twenty-tirst An. Rpt., 1908 . . 93 Hawaii Station: Press Bui. 22 45 Illinois Station: Bui. 1.30, Dec, 1908 57 Bui. 131, Dec, 1908 58 Circ. 1 28, Jan. , 1909 82 Indiana Station: Bui. 132, Mar., 1909 35 ]\Iassachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 243-244, Mar.-Apr., 1909 15 j\linnesota Station: Bui. 11.3, Dec, 1908 82 ^rississi)>pi Station: Bui. 107 ( rev. ), Feb., 1909 ... 74 Bui. 115, Nov., 1908 26 Bui. 116, Nov., 1908 40 Bui. 117, Dec, 1908 40 Bui. lis, Jan., 1909 84 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 18, Oct., 1908 60 Montana Station: Bill. 75, Dec. 15, 1908 62 Bui. 76, Feb., 1909 85 Nevada Station: Bui. 67, June, 1908 14 New Hampshire Station: Bui. 140, Dec , 1908 26, 83 New Mexico Station: Nineteenth An. Rpt. , 1908 ... 18, 22, 72, 83 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 260, Nov. , 1908 43 Bui. 2t)l, Dec. ,1908 42 New York State Station : Bill. 31 3, Feb. , 1909 38 Circ. 10, Mar. 10, 1909 25 XoTi:.— The i)ul)lications of the T'nited States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documenls, Washington, D. C. to whom all remittances should he made. The luMce of E.i-prriiiwiit Station Record is .$1.50 i)er volume, or If) cents iier iniml)er. The i)rices of other technical pub- lications are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. 61 57 59 57 62 48 27 28 40 27 84 90 15 68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXI. July, 1900. No. 1. The first feeling at the retirement of a man who has long been an active and efficient worker, and has stood high in the counsels of his colleagues, is one of inevitable regret at the loss it suggests. This is especially so in the case of Dr. E. W. Hilgard, who has been so proiiiinently identified with college and station work in agricid- ture since its pioneer days. Assuming the grade of emeritus several years ago, he now retires under the provisions of the Carnegie Foundation at the age of seventy-six, but in full vigor of mind and body. While this step marks the official close of a long career of remark- able service to agriculture, it will not be taken b}^ those who know him as terminating his activity. It means a freedom from wearing details, and a larger opportunity for the closing years of life. Dr. Hilgard stands out as one of the foremost pioneers in agricul- tural science and in the experiment station movement. He entered that field when the workers could almost be counted on the fingers of one hand, and he brought to it a training which was broad and thorough. His scientific grasp of the problems presented made him effective and resourceful in attacking them. His success in that line helped to make it clear how science could be of service to the practice of agriculture and furnish a basis for its teaching. Among the very first of the experiment station directors in this country, his writings and influence were potent factors in the extension of these institu- tions to other States, and the ultimate establishment of a National system of stations under Federal aid. The high quality of his work has given it very great value in constructing a science of agriculture. Its nature has been such that the benefits have not been confined to California, but the whole western empire, and in large measure the entire country has shared. However local an undertaking might be, his studies upon it have been fundamental, and this has lent to the results a National and in many cases a world-wide scope. There is much of inspiration in his long and fruitful career, for the younger workers in agricultural science. The standards he set for thoroughness, accuiracy, and scientific deduction are among the great- est assets of his life work. The tangible product of his labors can be 1 2 EXPERTMENt STATION KECORD. judged from the list of his investigations and their applications, but the influence of such a man on an embryo science and on the develop- ment of investigation is not easily measured. Dr. Ililgard's versatility is one of the striking characteristics of his career. He has won distinction in two quite separate branches of science — chemistry and geology; and in agriculture he has covered an unusually wide field. His breadth of view, his liberal training, and his varied experience have fitted him to successfully head the Avork of an agricultural survey, to conduct a survey of the geological resources of a State, and to direct a census report on cotton produc- tion, besides conducting a series of soil investigations which has ranked him among the foremost authorities on that subject. Starting as chemist of the recently established Smithsonian Insti- tution in Washington in 1855, he soon went to Mississippi to take up work in geology, and from 1858 to 1872 was in charge of the geolog- ical survey in that State. His early years of study were devoted espe- cially to geology, and his publications were mainly along that line. In 18G0 he issued a nearly four hundred page report on The Geology and Agriculture of the State of Mississippi, which was followed by a series of special articles on geological subjects pertaining especially to ]VIississippi and Louisiana. His geological papers continued to ajipear down to about 188G. Several were printed in the U. S. Geological Survey reports on the Mineral Resources of the United States; and during that period he conducted investigations for the Mississippi River Commission, which were published in 1883. In 1870 Dr. Hilgard began writing upon the maintenance of fer- tility in soils, and a few years later articles from his pen appeared on soil analyses and their utility, the interpretation of soil analysis, silt analyses of soils, and similar subjects, which were the beginning of his investigation in that field. He went to California in 1875 from the University of Michigan, where he had for two j^ears occupied the chair of geology and natural history. His survey of the soils of the State began with his taking up work in California, and consti- tuted the first comprehensive soil survey in this country. He was an earnest advocate of the direct chemical and physical investigation of soils, and their rehitions to native vegetation, for both theoretical and practical purposes. His study of both arid and humid soils gave a wider basis for a soil science, and corrected many erroneous conclusions drawn from experience in western Europe and humid regions. His reputation rests especially on his stud}^ of the soils of regions deficient in rainfall. His investigations in that line have been extensive and long continued. They have brought out the contrast between the average composition of these arid soils and those of humid regions, and developed the important fact of the lower content of humus in EDITORIAL. 3 arid soils but its higlior percentage in nitrogen. He first called attention to the relation of native vegetation to the character of the soil, and enii^hasized this relation as a means of judging of the qualities and adaptation of soils. He laid much stress on this as a supplement to i)hysical-cliemical analysis. His argument is briefly stated as • follows : "• The native vegetation represents, within the climatic limits of the regional flora, the results of a secnlar process of adaptation of plants to climates and soils, by natural selection and the survival of the fittest. The natural floras and sjdvas are thus the expression of secidar, or rather millennial experience, which if rightly interpreted must convey to the cultivator of the soil the same informa- tion that otherwise he must acquire by long and costly personal experience."' Dr. Plilgard's investigations on' the alkali soils of the Pacific Slope were the first systematic studies in that line, and aided in clearing up the problems of reclamation of similar lands in Hungary, Africa, India, and Australia. He was a pioneer in that field, and has prob- abl}' done more than any other one man to determine the nature of alkali, its effect on soils and plants, and the means of overcoming it. IIoAv progressive he was in his ideas is shown by a summary of his findings, published in 1886, on Alkali Lands, Irrigation and Drain- age, and Their Mutual Relations. He there prescribed three methods for the reclamation of alkali lands, namely: (1) Frequent and deep tillage to maintain a deep soil mulch, both for preventing evaporation and keeping down the alkali ; (2) leaching out by flooding and under- draining, and (3) the use of chemical antidotes, notabh^ gypsum in the case of black alkali. He also studied the resistance of various crops to alkali, both as a means of cultivating such lands and of removing the alkali. For several years he maintained an experiment station at Tulare for the study of alkali problems on a practical scale. Dr. Hilgard was in charge of the agricultural division of the Northern Transcontinental Survey, 1881-1883, and in 1882 w^as made chairman of a commission appointed by the U. S. Commissioner of Agriculture on the agriculture of the arid regions. In the latter capacity he edited a report on the Climatic and Agricultural Features and the Agricultural Practice and Needs of the Arid Ivegions of the Pacific Slope. His treatise on The Relations of Soil to Climate, first published by this Department in 1892, Avas republished in enlarged and revised form in both France and German}'. In connection with the Tenth Census he prepared the report on cotton production, which contained an extensive stucl}^ and discussion of the soils of the cotton- growing States. This work was at the time the most comprehensive soil study Avhich had been made for a stated agricultural area, and has remained one of the most important sources of information. The 4 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. results of his studies, extending over a period of more than thirty years, have been brought together in a vohime on Soils, which was issued in lOOG. In 1891 Dr. Hilgard associated with himself Dr. R. H. Lough- ridge, a former student, and an associate in the geological survey of Mississippi and in the census report on cotton production. This partnership has been continued to the present time. As assistant in agricultural chemistry and agricultural geology, Dr. Loughridge has had an important part in the investigations carried on in recent years, and his ability has enabled the work to be carried forward at times when Dr. Hilgard's health permitted little more than advisory participation in it. These two men, so intimately associated in investigation for eight- een years, retired together at the close of the present academic year. AVliile they will not engage in instruction, the courtesies of the labo- ratory will be extended to them; and with the added time at their disposal, it is hoped that agriculture may continue to profit by the fruits of their investigation and deliberation, and by their wide and ripe experience. President Hadley, of Yale, has made an examination of the facili- ties for study and research in the various departments, of the Gov- ernment at "Washington, and has reported the results in a bulletin of the Bureau of Education. In view of the consideration given to this matter at various times, especially by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, President Hadley 's findings are particularly interesting, as they touch upon important principles which must be recognized. In stating the purpose of the inquiry the writer says that there has been a feeling in man}^ quarters that the Government bureaus were not administered in such a way as to have the maximum educational value, that the work has not been done by students but by officials, and that its great scientific and administrative usefulness has em- phasized the lack of direct connection with the educational system of the country. " It has been felt that if a larger number of students were trained in the Government offices at Washington, this would form a natural development and culmination of our whole system of jDublic instruction.*' Following a critical examination of the facilities for study and research afforded by the libraries, museums, and various Government laboratories at Washington, Dr. Hadley considers the class of stu- dents who desire to avail themselves of these facilities. He finds they fall into two quite distinct groups: "(1) Investigators of ma- ture age and independent resources, who have definite problems to solve for which the departments in Washington furnish more suitable EDITORIAL. 5 or more accessible material than is to be found elsewhere. (2) Stu- dents not yet wholly established in their profession, who desire not only material for study, but also a certaiji amount of guidance and help from their superiors, and who wish to use their studies as a means of winning position for themselves as well as knowledge for the world.'' Those of the first class he believes could be accommodated, as the number is' evidently small and men of such ability and definite pur- pose Avould be welcomed. The second class is the one which people have generally had in mind, and their case is quite different. '^ They can not as a rule take care of themselves. Tliey want suggestions concerning the ends to be pursued, no less than concerning the means to be employed. They are men who need education instead of simply needing opportunity." With respect to their real needs it is felt that the facilities at present afforded are not as great as they have been thought to be. The obstacles to student work in the Government departments are ])resented by Dr. Hadley under three heads: The S2:>ace difficulty, the administrative difficulty, and the educational difficulty. The gen-, erally crowded condition of the Government departments is apparent to anyone at all familiar with the subject, and the view is expressed that this difficulty is likely to continue. " There is a tendenc}^ on the part of every large Government undertaking to outgrow its quarters. Give it more room, and it will undertake more objects. This sort of vitality is the very best thing to have in a Government l)ureau, but it makes it harder for the officials in charge to find room for students." The administrative difficulty turns upon the lack of funds and the advantage of trained v. untrained men. The bureau chiefs are under the necessit}^ of studying ways and means quite carefully. They are anxious to accomplish as much as they can with the money placed at their disposal. The presence of students interferes with the chance of obtaining this maximum of efficiency, for " the labor of student assistants is, as a rule, neither very effi.cient nor very easy to handle." It is explained that under certain conditions the bureaus must of ne- cessity train men for their work, and that under such circumstances the expenditure of money and time involved in their training is a necessary means to an end. " But Avhere the educational object is an independent one — Avhere it is not undertaken as a necessary prelimi- naiT to getting the work done, but as a means of outside public service in connection with the work that is already progressing — then it rep- resents a costly diversion of time, strength and money. . . . "• In the majority of cases the educational work is no integral part of the administrative work. If one side must be sacrificed, it is the educational side. This is necessary and right. The main work of 6 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. our ofRces is and must be administrative. A bureau chief who should neglect his main Avork for the sake of a subsidiary or incidental one would be forfeiting his trust. If, under these circumstances, Con- gress wishes the bureaus to undertake educational work on a large scale, it ought to make a specific appropriation for the purpose. But it does not seem likely that this polic}^ will be adopted.'' Coming to the educational difficulty, Dr. Hadley states frankly that " even if we had room enough and appropriations enough, it is doubtful Avhether the Government bureaus, regarded from the purely educational standpoint, furnish as advantageous a training place as many people suppose." He holds that " to nine men out of ten a good school is a better training place in the theory of a man's profession than any ordinary office or bureau."' He shows that we have passed beyond the stage of the student assistant, the stage in which the man who wished to be a lawyer went into a lawj^er's office or the pros- pective engineer began by carrying chain for an engineer. "A teacher Avho makes it his business to educate can do this side of the work more effectively than a practitioner, with whom the train- ing of his assistants is and can be only an incidental matter. It is simply an instance of the advantages of division of labor. It is better to have a trained teacher do the teaching in places arranged for teaching, and a trained administrator do the business in the places arranged for business, than to try to mix the two things up. While this is not an absolutely universal rule, it holds true in the vast majority of cases." Those who are familiar with the work of the Government will agree in general with Dr. Hadley 's findings. The pressure upon the administrative officers for results is heavy, and in most depart- ments the problems have grown too complex to make it possible to use untrained men to advantage. The experience which has been had in attempting to combine educational work with the administrative functions of the Government, without making special provision for it by way of relief from certain service or the provision of additional assistance, has not been encouraging. The difficulties of this dual service have been expressed in another way in the cases of men in the Government service who have given regular instruction at local educa- tional institutions. In such instances it has been found desirable, in the interest of the Government's business, to place some limitations on this outside service. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGKICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Thermo-chemistry, J. Tiiomsen, trans, by Katharine A. Burke {London (iiul New York, 1908, pp. XV-{-49o, figs. 8). — In the Introduction the author con- ^liders the object of thermochemical research, formulas, symbols, and prin- ciples, and outlines experimental methods. The volume is then divided into four parts, the formation and properties of aqueous solutions, compounds of nonmetals. compouuils of metals with nonuietals, and organic substances. Special interest attaches to the last section, in which the heat of combustion of volatile organic substances is one of the principal subjects considered. As a whole, the volume summarizes the author's investigations and results on thermo- chemistry. The research was undertaken, as is pointed out in the preface of the volume, to study in as systematic and complete a manner as possible " the investigation of the heat phenomena of the more important chemical. i*eactions, and by the interpretation of these results to gain some further knowledge as to the real nature of chemical processes." New gravimetric methods, P. Jannasch {Verhandl. Natiirhist. Med. Ver. Heidelberg, n. ser., 9 (1908), No. 1, pp. 7Ji-86, figs. 2).— Methods are described for the indirect determination of carbon dioxid and nitric acid in nitrates by means of sodium tungstate fusion ; the gravimetric determination of carbon dioxid by expulsion with concentrated sulphuric acid and collection of the gas in soda-lime absorbers ; and the quantitative volatilization of arsenic from solu- tions by means of hydrochloric acid and hydrazin sulphate. A simple method for the determ.ination of nitrate and nitrite nitrog'en in mixtures and in the presence of organic substances, T. Zeller {Landiv. Vers. 8tat.. 70 {1909). No. 1-2, pp. lJ,.J-L5.'i; it, 3J, (lUOU), No. 3V5, i). 7o, fig. 1; Ann. Vltini. Analyt.. IJf (1909), No. 3. PI). 109-111, fig. 1; Jour. Chem. Hoc. [London^, 96 (1909), No. 556, II, I)/). ISI, 7,S..\ fig. 1; Chem. Zcnthl., 1909, I, No. 6, p. J/IS). The determination of caustic lime in presence of carbonate of lime, Heyeb (Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 12, pj). 102, 103; ahs. in Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 10, p. ■'i',9; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 96 (1909), No. 557, II, p. 267 ; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 9, p. 789). — The author describes an auimoniiim chlorid niethod which he has used successfully for several years for the deter- mination of caustic lime, calcium hydroxid, and calcium saccharate. in presence of carbonate, sulphate, or phosphate of calcium. It is based upon the fact that calcium carbonate will not drive off ammonia from ammonium chlorid unless the solution is heated. The material to be tested is shaken up with 2 per cent aunnonium chlorid solution and the resulting solution is titrated with teuth- nornial acid. Determination of small amounts of lime in presence of large amounts of magnesia, F, Hundeshagen {Ztschr. OtfcntJ. Chem., 15 {1909), No. 5, pp. 85-93; (lbs. in Ztschr. Angcw. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 18, p. 836; Analyst, 3.'f {1909), No. 398. pp. 2.'i0, 2'i1). — The essential features of the method proposed for the separation of calcium and magnesium are to dissolve 1 gm. of the ma- terial by boiling 10 to 15 minutes in SO cc. of 5 to 6 per cent hydrochloric acid, remove the insoluble residue by filtration, and evaporate to dryness on the water bath. Add 4 gm. of Glauber's salts and 30 cc. of warm water and mix with constant stirring with 40 cc. of 90 per cent alcohol. On standing from 4 to 5 hours the calcium sulphate crystallizes out and may be freed from mag- nesium salts by repeated deeantation with 50 per cent alcohol. The volumetric determination of phosphoric acid, monoalkali, and dialkali phosphates, J. M. Wilkie {Jotir. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2, pp. 68, 69; abs. in Analyst, 3.^ {1909), No. 397, pp. 179, ISO; Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londoni, 96 {1909), No. 5.57, II, pp. 266, 267; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 13, pp. 111.',, 1115). — The method proposed is based upon precipitation of the phosphoric acid as silver phosphate by means of silver nitrate in presence of excess of sodium acetate, then titrating directly the acetic acid .set free with tenth-normal barium hydroxid in presence of phenolphthalein. The adaptation of the method to monoalkali and dialkali phosphates and its modification in presence of car- bonates are explained. The development of methods of analysis of Thomas slag, M. Popp {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909). Nos. 29, pp. 262, 263; 30, pp. 277,, 275; 31, pp. 283, 28//).— The various methods proposed for this purpose are reviewed. A practical modification of the method of determining hardness in water, F. Telle {Ann. Chim. Analyt., 13 (1908), No. 10, pp. 38',-390; abs. in Ztschr. Angen: Chem., 22 {1909). No. 10, p. /,.',9).— The modification consists in using such proportions of reagents and solutions that the readings will give directly the amounts of calcium carbonate per liter. The influence of chlorids on the determination of nitrates in water, (i. Perkier and L. Farci' {Bui. Soc. Chim. France, 4. ser., 5 (1909), No. J,, pp. 178- 180; Ann. Chim. Analyt., 1 <, (1909), No. 6, pp. 213-215; abs. in Analyst, 3', (1909), No. 397, p. 17-',; Ztschr. Anqew. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 16, p. 738; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 13, p. 111/,).— In view of the error which the presence of chlorids causes in the determination of nitrates in water in the Grandval and Lajoux method, the author proposes a simple modification which consists of adding to the type sample used for comparison of colors a quantity of chlorin equal to that found to be present in the water examined. Notes on the determination of nitrates by the Grandval and Lajoux method, M. Lombard and J. Lafoke (Hul. Soc. Chim. France, f ser., 5 (1909), AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 9 Xo. 7, lip. 321-323). — The ■•iiitliors, likt» Perrier and Farcy (see above), found (hat the presence of chlorin caused low results. This is attributed to the formation of aqua reiria and tlie volatilization of some of the nitrogen of the nitrate. [Water-soluble material in soils], A. E. Vinson and W. II. Koss (Arizoiid St(i. Ri>t- J!>OS. pp. 3(>'), 3(i(>). — Comparisons of various methods of extracting water-soluble matter from soils are I'eported, with results of analyses of the solubh> constituents of 5 samples of soil. Digesting the soil for 10 hours on a water bath with shaking was found to be the quickest method of extraction. Critical studies on humus acids: An improved metliod of determining the acid content of soils, H. Suchting (Landtv. Vers. Stat., 10 (IDOD), No. 1-2, pp. J3-52; uhs. in Chan. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 2Ji, Rcpcrt., pp. 11',, 115).— A critical study of the original Tacke method and the author's modification of it (E. S. R.. 9, p. 32; 19, p. 1009) is reported. The author shows that there is an inhei-ent error in the Tacke method due to the continued evolution of carbon dioxid (even after 3 hours) resulting from the decomposition of the organic niatter of the soil in the presence of calcium carbonate. Bacteria and other living organisms are not apparently concerned in this decomposition, and cool- ing to 0° C. did not lessen it. Various methods based upon other principles are discussed and condemned. The author's new method, involving the determination of total acids, has been found satisfactory. Should the determination of magnesia be omitted in the analysis of soils? O. LoEW [CJiciu. Ztg., 33 (l'.)O!)), No. 1',, pp. IIS, 119; fiJ)s. in Ztsclir. Angcw. Vhem., 22 {1909), No. 15, p. 6'cS7; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 557, II, pp. 258, 259; Chan. ZcnthJ., 1909, I, No. 9, p. 7SS).— The literature bear- ing upon the importance of magnesia as a constituent of soils, particularly in relation to lime, is briefly reviewed in this article, and the conclusion is drawn that it is highly important to know the relative proportions of lime and magnesia in soils. Separation of iron and detection of the rare earths in cultivated soil, M. E. Pozzi-EscoT {Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sua: ct Distill., 26 {1909), No. 8, p. 60,J).— The method proposed is based upon precipitation in hydrochloric acid solution by means of caustic soda or ammonia, adding an excess of sodium or ammonium sulphid, acidifying strongly with acetic acid, and stirring and collecting the lare- cipitate of iron and zinc, if the latter is present, on the filter. The iron may be separated from the zinc by dissolving in hydrochloric acid and precipitating with ammonia. On plastein, D. D. Van Slyke and P. A. Levene {I'roc. Soc. Expt. Biol, and Med., 6 (1908), No. 1, pp. 11-13). — Studies ai-e reported of the cleavage prod- ucts of plastein, the "protein-like substance or substances precipitated from concentrated albumose solutions by the action of enzyms. , . . " Of the 13 amino-acids tested for in plastein the presence was proveil of all except alanin, which was not isolated in pure condition. The proportions other- wise were not greatly different from those found in fibrin. It is evident that the plastein ranks with either the complex native proteins or their higher dec()mp<)sitiou product s. " In order to obtain evidence indicating with which of the above classes the plastein is^to be raidvcd. viscosity measurements were employed. . . . "These results indicate that the plastein is related to the higher albunidses. and ai)parently. from its resistance to alkali, to the antialbumoses rather than to the native proteins." 10 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations with carbohydrates and ferments, E. Fischer (Unter- HurhUHiicn iibcr Kohlcnlii/dratc mid Fcrmente. Berlin, 1909, pp. VIII+912). — In this voliiuie tlje author has oolleeted the papers which he and his students published from 1SS4-1908 on carbohydrates. As arranged the papers cover gen- eral summaries, nitrogen derivatives of sugar, synthesis and configuration of monosaccharids, disaccharids, glucosids, ferments, and supplementary papers. The volume is supplied with a full index. Practical treatise on food analysis, E. G^kard and A. Bonn (Traite Pratique iVAualyfiC des Denrees Alimcntaires. Paris, 1908, pp. VI+598, figs. j^2).—A handbook on food analysis. The different chapters include fermented bevernges, fats, starches, tea, coffee, coco, and chocolate, sugar and similar goods, condiments, meat goods, waters, crockery and other utensils, and pre- servatives. An apparatus for extracting with hot ether, W. Kolka (Biochem. Ztschr., 13 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 134-137, fig. i).— A modified form of the Soxhlet appa- ratus for the extraction of fat is described. The use of carbon tetrachlorid in the determination of fat, O. Rammstedt (Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 11, pp. 93, 9i/).— With carbon tetrachlorid higher \alues were obtained when oils were extracted from linseed and several species of Brassica than with ether. Hence, this method can not be recommended. The precipitin reaction, D. Fkancesciielli (Arch. Hi/g., 69 (1909), No. 3, pp. 207-222). — Experimental studies of the precipitin reaction are reported and discussed. Rapid determination of starch in sausage and other meat products, P. Telle (Rev. Internat. Falsif., 21 (1908), No. 2, pp. 40, 41).— A modification of the Baudry polarimetric method for the determination of starch is reported. Estimating phosphorus compounds in cereals, P. Carles (Ann. CMm. Anulyt., 14 (1909), No. 2, pp. 57, 58). — Instead of incineration in the usual way the author states that greater accuracy may be obtained by incinerating the material after mixture with niter and bicarbonate of soda. Detection of bleached flours, L. Weil (Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 4, p. 29; abs. in Analyst, 34 (1909), No. 396, p. 102).— As the author points out, flours bleached by ozonized air may readily pass for higher grade than that to which they belong. The detection of bleaching by means of the color reaction for nitrous acid he considers satisfactory only as a preliminary test and believes that as a final test the sample should be so treated that the original color is restored. Bleached flours revert in color during storage far more rapidly than normal flours. This reversion may be so accelerated as to form the basis of a test by aspirating a cui-rent of dry sulphuretted hydrogen througn the sample in a closed vessel for 1 hour. In the case of bleached flours the difference in color as compared with the original is vei-y marked, whereas unbleached flours suffer no change when treated with sulphuretted hydrogen. Sumac leaves as an adulterant of pepper, F. Netolitzky (Arch. Chem. Micros., 1 (1908), p. 239; abs. in Pharm. Zcntrnlhalle, 49 (1908), No. .■'/^/, pp. 902, 903). — The author identified Cotinus coggygria and Rhus coriaria leaves as adulterants of pep[)er. Adulteration of ground red pepper, P. Grandiiont (Jour. Pharm. ct Chim., 6, ser., 27 (1908). No. 11, pp. 522-526, figs. 4).— The detection of the adulteration of red pepper by organoleptic and mi.scroscopical means is considered. A new method of examining impure sugar sirups with the refractometer, J. TiscHTSCHENKO (Ztschr. Vcr. Dnit. Zuckcrindm., 1909, No. 637, II, pp. 103- 108). — A modified method is proposed. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 11 The identification of pure olive oil which gives the Baudouin reaction, A. Zega and K. N. Todorovic {Chcm. Zty., 33 (WOU), No. 12, i>. iOJ).— Accord- ing to the authors' observations the red color obtainable with hydrochloric acid extract of some olive oils is considerably more fugitive tlian wlieu even a small quantity of sesame oil is ])resont. Simultaneous determination of sulphates, total acidity, and tannin bodies in wine, P. Dutoit and M. Duboux (tichivciz. Wclin.sclir. Chciii. it. J'liann., .'iG il'JOS), No. 1,3, PI). 690-69',. dgms. -i).— A contribution to the subject of wine analysis. Analytical study of the acidity of wine, P. Dutoit and M. Duuoux (Schiveiz. Wriiiisclir. Chciii. II. riinrm., J,6 (1908), No. J,2, pp. 672-678, dfjnis. 5).— A prog- ress report of the determination of acids of wine. Estimating total sulphurous acid in wine, C, Blarez and L. Chelle {Bui. .L.s.sof. CJiim. Sucr. ct Distil}., 26 {1909), No. 8, pp. 690-693).— A study of methods. Cryoscopic examination of wine, W. Mestrezet {BuJ. Soc. Chim. France, .',. .scr., .7 {1909), No. 5, pp. 250-25',). — The experimental data reported have to do with the relation of alcohol content to the lowering of the freezing point. Fluorin in wine, C. Mensio {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., .',1 {1908), No. 12, pp. 819-835).— A. contribution to the sub.iect of the identification and estimation of fluorin in wine. Beer analysis, J. Race {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 27 {1908), No. 11, pp. 5.',',-5-',8) . — The author presents the results of a study of the principal processes used in the analysis of beer, paying special attention to the estimation of alcohol and extract (total solids) with the refractometer, and to the determination of sulphates and chlorids. The paper is followed by a discussion. Determination of sulphurous acid in food materials, especially gelatin, L. Pade {Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., J, {1907), No. 3, pp. 65, 66).— In the method described sulphurous acid is liberated by treating the sample with phosphoric acid and collected in a solution of iodin and potassium iodid. The detection of hydrogen peroxid, formaldehyde, and persulphates, S. Kothenfusser {Ztschr. Uiitcrsueli. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 16 {1908), No. 10, pp. 589-591). — Hydrogen peroxid and persulphates may be detected by an alcoholic solution of benzidin. thus reversing the action used by Wilkinson and Peters (E. S. K.. 20. p. 1108) as a test for heated milk. Several methods for detecting formaldehyde are proposed. Calcium sulphate and lead in commercial tartaric acid, R. L. Gomez {Rei\ R. Acad. Cieii. Madrid, 6 {1908), No. 11, pp. 853-859).— From the analyses re- ported the author concludes that the lead sulphate content may be ascertained by multiplying the weight of calcium sulphate by 2.22. Second report of the conference for feeding stuflE inspection, G. H. Van DER Wal and J. J. A. Wus {I'liann. WeckhL, .',5 {1908), No. 23, pp. 661-688).— At the meeting at Zaandam, .July, IDOS, the question of the extraction of fat was considered and results obtained with bread and concentrated feeding stuffs by different methods were compared. The detection of watered milk by the aid of the refractometer, E. Acker- Ar.vNN (Ann. Chim. Anahjt., 13 {1908), No. 12, pp. -',69-1,71, fig. i).— The author reports further use of the Zeiss immersion refractometer (E. S. R., 18, p. 811). On the detection of watered milk with the refractometer, E. Ackermann {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Gcnusstnth, 16 {1908), No. 10, pp. 586-589; ahs. in Vhrm. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 3, p. 220). — Further notes on the method noted above, which is compared with that of Baier and Neumann (E. S. R., IS, p. 1010). 12 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the methods of estimating- fat in milk, M. Beau (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. fin:, 1 (1006), II, No. 3, pp. JiOo-.'iT.'i). — The Gerber, Adams, and other methods of estiniatin.u fat :ire reviewed hi detail and criticised. The author finds that the Il<">se-(}ottlieb method alone fulfills all requirements and thinks it should be universally adopted. Mitchell-Walker test bottle, J. W. Mitchell and W. O. Walker (Ontario Dcpt. Agr. Bui. 170, pp. 6, figs. 5).^This bulletin illustrates and describes a new form of the Babcock test bottle and a centrifuge by which water can be readily added to the bottle while the machine is in motion, thus saving much time. The centrifuge, which can be placed on the ordinary machine, consists of a hollow cylinder with perforated walls and wire gauze bottom. " The bowl and graduated neck of the bottle are similar to those of the ordinary test bottle. In addition our bottle possesses a second neck of a funnel or inverted cone shape for receiving the water from the water centrifuge on the spindle. The upper end of this neck is beveled for the twofold purpose of catching the water from the centrifuge and preventing the fat in the graduated neck from overflowing. The lower end of the neck is reduced in size and pro- longed into a curved tube for the purpose of preventing any fat from rising into it during the test. Furthermore, the direction in which it curves, namely, toward the outer wall of the bottle, causes the acid to flow down the side of the bottle to the bottom, thus avoiding its mixing with and charring the sample. ... As the machine revolves, the water in the centrifuge is forced by the centrifugal action outward in the form of a spray and is caught by the cone- shaped necks of the bottles circularly arranged." On the examination of milk that has been treated with lime-sugar solu- tion, E. Baier and P. Neumann (Ztschr. Untersuch. NaJir. u, Genussmtl., 16 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 51-63; abs. in Analyst, 33 (1908), No. 391, p. 401; Milchw. Zcnthl., 5 (1909), No. 3, pp. 133, i34).— This article is a report of the results of chemical analyses of lime-sugar solution (which is similar to what is known as viscogen in this country) and the milk to which it has been added. The results are compared with those of Reuss and with those of Liihrig (B. S. R., 17, p. 397). To detect the presence of sucrose the milk is treated with uranium acetate. An acid solution of ammonium molybdate solution is added to the filtrate and the mixture heated for 5 minutes in a water bath. If sucrose is present a blue color appears, but with pure milk the color is apple-green. The lime is deter- mined in the usual way from the filtrate after coagulating with hydrochloric acid. The addition of lime-sugar solution to milk does not appreciably raise its specific gravity, although the addition of 1.1 cc. to 100 cc. of milk may ob- scure an addition of 10 per cent of water. On the value of tests for lime-sugar solution in milk and milk products, H. LxJHRiG (Mom. Ztg. [Hihlesheim], 23 (1909), No. 9, pp. 225, 226).— The author tested 45 samples of milk and found the amount of lime remaining in the filtrate by the use of the above method without heating to vary from 10.2 to 20.8 per cent. In 7 samples allowed to coagulate naturally the amount of lime recovered ranged from 7.2 to 17.1 per cent. The detection of '^ sugar-lime " in milk and cream, K. Frerichs (Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 16 (1908), No. 11, pp. 682, 683; ahs. in Analyst, 3Jf (1909), No. 395, p. 54).— A note on the above methods. A means of distinguishing goat's milk from cow's milk, W. H. Horrocks (Vet. Jour., 65 (1909), No. .',0',, pp. S9-9.',).—In Gibraltar; there is a tendency to adulterate cow's milk with goat's milk, as the latter is cheaper. The author describes experiments in which he used the methods of Wassermanu and AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 13 i^chiitze to determine the specilic reiu-tion iuul specificity of lacto-sera of goat's inilk, and draws the following conclusions: "It would appear that if goat's iiiilk is injected into a rabbit in considerable quantities and at frequent inter- vals the laoto-seruni obtained will precipitate the casein of cow's milk as well as that of goat's milk. Under these conditions it is necessary to dilute the lacto-serum 1 in 10. in order to demonstrate the specific reaction. As a rule, when quantities not exceeding 10 cc. are injected either intra-peritoneally or subcutaneously at intervals of about 7 days, the lacto-sera obtained are spe- cific." One part of goat's milk when added to three parts of cow's milk can be detected in 2 hours with an active goat's lacto-serum. The effect of heat upon the lacto-serum was also investigated, with the following results: "Boiling goat's milk for 1 hour does not interfere either with the production of a lacto-serum or with the formation of a precipitate by the specific serum. Heat- ing the lacto-serum at G0° C. for 2 hours or at 65° for half an hour destroys its specific properties." The value of the Polenske test in the analysis of oils and fats, R. R. Tat- i.ocK and R. T. Thomson {Jour. Soc. Chenu Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2, pp. 69- 72). — The authors describe in detail their experiments with the Polenske method. " It is apparent from these results that the possibility of the detec- tion of even 10 per cent of coconut oil in a butter by the Polenske method is very doubtful. . . . We may add that, so far as our trials have gone, we can not place any reliance on the methods of detecting coconut oil which are dependent upon silver, copper, or baryta values. "As regards the detection and estimation of coconut oil in margarin, the Polenske number appears to be quite reliable within limits of, say, 5 per cent." lodin value of oils, L. E. Levi and E. V. Manuel {Jour. Atncr. Leather Chciii. Assoc, 3 {1908), pp. 386, 387; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2, p. 98). — "Experiments with cod, olive, sperm, neat's-foot, and ' tan ' oils showed that carbon tetrachlorid or pentachlorethan may be substituted for chloroform in the determination of the iodin value of oils by the Hanus method." Denaturing of cotton-seed oil, G. Winterfeld {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. .7, pp. 37, 38; Mitt. K. Materialprufungsamt Gross-Lichterfclde West, 27 {1909), No. 1, pp. 28-31; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 3, p. 150).— The author has made experiments to determine to what extent alkali solutions are effective in denaturing cotton-seed oil. He finds that " in the case of cotton- seed oil containing 10 to 15 per cent of potassium hydroxid solution of specific gravity 1..32 or of sodium hydroxid solution of specific gravity 1.34, it is possible to recover from 60 to SO per cent of the oil, which, though of inferior quality, might still be used for food purposes, but that it is questionable whether the treatment would be profitable." Salvadora oleoides fat, D. Hooper {Agr. Ledger, 1908, No. 1 {Veg. Prod. Ser., No. 106), pp. 1-5; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 2, pp. 97, 98).— The fat obtained from the seeds of 6'. oleoides used as a " resist in dyeing " is solid at ordinary India temperatures and can be distinguished from other Indian fats by its low iodin value and high saponification value. It is thought that it should be useful for candy making, hard soap, and pharmaceutical products*. Some oils of Japanese plants, M. Tsujimoto {Chem. Rev. Fctt u. ITars Indus., 15 {1908), Nos. 6, pp. V,0-1J,3; 7, pp. 167-170; abs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussnitl., 17 {1909), No. 3, pp. i//2-i//// ) .—Physical and chemical properties are reported on oils derived from the seeds of Thea japonira, T. 14 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. sasaiiqiia, Torrcpa nucifera. aud Cephalotawus drupacea, and from the fruit of Ciiinainoiniim rampliora and Macliilus thiinhcrgii. The analysis of chestnut wood, W. K. Alsop (Jour. Amer. Leather Chem. As.soe., ^.{IHOD). Xu. .}, pp. 95-90). — Extractions of leached wood were made by different methods. " It is apparent that the amount of extractive matter obtained from chestnut wood depends upon the time of extraction and the rate of boiling, or amount of water passing on the wood. Some substances soluble in the water are yielded up almost indefinitely." The author thinks it will be difficult to devise a general method of analysis of new and spent wood, because it is practically impossible to duplicate in the laboratory the conditions that prevail at the factory. " The discrepancies between the amount of extractive matters, of total solids, found in the factory and at the laboratory, are probably much greater than is the case with the tanning content." Destructive distillation of pine, fir, birch, and beech woods, P. Klason, (J. voN Heidknstam, and E. Noelin {Ark. Kemi, Min. och Geol., S (1908), No. 2, Arb. JO, pp. 17, j)ls. 8; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 3, p. 132). — The charcoals from these four woods have about the same chemical composition and yield about the same quantity of acetone. The pine and fir yield about one-half as much acetic acid and methyl alcohol as the birch and beech. " Taking 275° C. as the reaction temperature, the thermal effect of the carbonization was calculated from the heat of combustion of the wood and of the distillation products (both at 20°), and the specific heats and heats of evaporation of the constituents. The following were the results : Cotton, 152 calories ; fir wood, 317 ; pine, 223 ; birch, 289 ; and beech wood, 316 calories. In the case of the four woods the thermal effect amounted to about 6 per cent of the heat of combustion of the wood." Production of alcohol from cellulose, T. Koerner {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 21 {1908), No. J,6, pp. 2353-2359; Set. Amer. Sup., 61 {1909), No. 1736, pp. 238, 239). — This article describes a method of obtaining alcohol from wood and wood products. The yield of sugar and alcohol obtained from sawdust by different investigators differs greatly. The author obtained a yield of absolute alcohol equal to 6 per cent of the weight of dry wood. Sulphite cellulose yielded twice as much alcohol as wood. The yield of alcohol was increased by hydrogen dioxid but diminished by stronger oxidizing agents. The sugar which was converted into alcohol was derived from cellulose and not at all from lignin. Beport of the Hildesheim Agricultural Experiment Station, Aumann (Ber. Landw. Vers. Stat. Hildesheiin, 1908, pp. l.'i). — This is the annual report of the director of the station, and consists chiefly of analytical data on ferti- lizers aud feeding stuffs. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The Mt. Bose Weather Observatory, 1906-1908, J. E. Church. Jr. {Ne- vada Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 7-36, pis. 28, map 1). — This report gives an account of the origin, construction aud equipment, observations, and plans of work of this observatory. In the establishment of the observatory the University of Nevada, the experiment station, the Weather Bureau of this Department, and various individuals cooperated. Its equipment consists of a small observatory house, rain gage, evapoi'imeter, anemometer, shelter with meteorograph of 40 days range, and a barograph of 35 days range at the summit of Mt. Rose (10,800 ft. above sea level), and a refuge camp part way up the mountain. METEOROLOGY — WATER. 15 Observations rocordeil deal with the climatology of Mt. Rose, plant environ- ment, the relation of timber to the conservation of snow, frost forecasting from Mt. Kose, storms, and clouds. Partial reports of these observations have already been noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 529; 19, p. 413). The observations indicate that weather changes are distinctly indicated at the summit of Mt. Rose some time in advance of such changes in the valleys below, i. e.. that the weather changes advance from west to east more rapidly in the upper air of the mountain top than in the lower air, but they also indi- cate " tliat the descent of storms from high altitudes is a greater factor in the understanding of weather conditions than the progress of storm areas from west to east." The cloud movements on the mountain top give visible evidence of these descending storms. Extension of equipment and observations, with a view especially to the devel- opment of the study of plant environment, frost forecasting, and snowfall and the relation of mountain timber to conservation of snow, is planned. "As soon as the instruments can be made, meteorographs will be installed under competent care at TrucUee, Cal. (5.819 ft.), and at Fallon. Xev. (3.965 ft.), in order to obtain data for a careful comparison of the changes of the weather as it passes from west to east and from high to low altitudes.'" One of these places is at the w-est end of the upper Truckee Basin and the other in Carson Sink. Both regions can be seen from Mt. Rose. " One repre- sents the semimountain belt of eastern California, the other the fertile agri- cultural district of western Nevada." Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory ( T. >s'. Dcpt. Agr., Bui. Mount Weather Obscrv., 2 {1909), pt. 1, pp. o'/, figs. 4, charts 6). — This number con- tains the following articles : Vertical Temperature Gradients of the Atmosphere, Especially in the Region of the Upper Inversion (illus. ), by W. .J. Humphreys; Auroral Displays and Magnetic Disturbances at Mount Weather During Sep- tember, 1908. by W. R. Gregg; and Upper Air Temperatures for July, August, and September (illus.), by W. R. Blair. The present status of meteorolog-y, E. Esclangon (Mem. Soc. Sci. Phys. et Sat. Bordeaux. 6. ser., J, (1908). Xo. 1, pp. J,9-G6, figs. 7).— This i.s a brief dis- cussion dealing more particularly with the que.stion of weather forecasting and its scientific and jtractical status. Warm months in relation to sun-spot numbers, A. B. McDowall (Nature [London], 7.9 (1909). Xo. 20.'iS, pp. 367, 368, fig. 1).—A method of comparison is described which gave results indicating a direct relation between sun-spots and warmth. The weather for 1908, W. O. Hayes (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 316- 882). — The temperature and rainfall of each month at Tucson, Phoenix, Yuma, and four other places in the Territory during each month of the j'ear are reported. Diagrams are given illustrating the sharp fluctuations in temperature which frequently occur, due mainly to the dryness of the air. The precipita- tion for the year was slightly above the normal for the Territory and at Tucson it was about ;; in. higher than the average for the ])recoding 27 years. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, .7. E. Ostkander and R. C. Lindblad (Massachusetts Sta. Met. Bills. 2.'i3, 2.'i't. pp. Jf each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst. Mass., on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during INlarch and April. 1909. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological summary for the year 1907, F. A. Smith (Wiiomhig Sta. Rpt. 1908. pp. 8l~9.'i). — Summaries are given of observations at Laramie, Wyo., on pressure, temperature, precipitatiou, humidity, suushiue and cloudiness, and 16 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. wind movement during 11)07. Tlie me;ni annual teniiierature was 42° F., and the total lu-ecipitation 9.40 in. Meteorolog'ical observations in Brunswick, 1906-7, Dorr (Bcitr. Statist. Braunschiveitj, 7.908, No. 23, pp. 3-20).— Tins report includes detailed summaries of observations at 82 stations on precipitation (including snowfall), cloudiness, temperature, frosts, and bail during 1906 and 1907. A summary of precipitation at 10 stations during 2.5 years. 18S2-190(>. is also given. Weather and crop conditions in Bohemia during 1906-7, J. Belohav (Mitt. Statis. Ldiidcsinnt. Bohmeiu H (1006-7). No. 1, pt. 1. pp. I-XXXVII. fjgs^ 6).— This article discusses briefly the meteorological conditions controlling the weather and the relation of climate to crops, and traces the influence of weather conditions on crop growth in Bohemia during the period named. Climate [of Cuba], V. H. Olmsted and H. Gannett (Cuba: Population, IJistoni and Resources 1907. Washington, D. C: U. 8. Bur. of the Census, 1909, pp. .',5-0.',). — This is a general account of the climate of Cuba based upon obser- vations made at 31 stations in different parts of the island during 1900 to 1907. It is pointed out that the climate of Cuba is tropical and insular with no extremes of temperature. The yearly average is about 77° F. The warmest month. July, has an average temperature of 82°, the coldest. January. 71°. The extreme maximum w^as 113° in 1907, the extreme minimum was freezing point in 1906. The rainfall is more variable, the lowest recorded during the period named being 32.5 in. at Batabano. the greatest. 69.8 in., at Cayamas. The aver- age annual rainfall at Havana was 40.6 in. The least rainfall occurs as a rule on the coast, the greatest in the interior. There are distinct wet and dry seasons, 72 per cent of the annual rainfall occurring from May to October. The number of clear days varied from 68 in Guayabal to 274 at Cifuentes. Atmospheric humidity and the flow of spring's, Haedicke (Gsiidlits. Ingen., 32 (1909), No. 11, pp. 173-173, figs. 2). — The results of a series of observations as here reported and platted in a diagram show that in the case observed the flow^ of the springs was appreciably affected oulj after long periods of drought or following very heavy rainfall. The rainfall and the springs of Limousin, P. Garrigou-Lagrange (Compt. Rend. Acad. ,SV(. [Paris], 1J,S (1909). No. 1, pp. 60-62; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 47 (1909), I, No. 3, p. 91; Sci. Abs., Sect. A—Phgs., 12 (1909), No. 13.',, pp. 72, 73). — Continuing previous studies, the author reports a deficit of water in the river Vienne at IJmoges in 1908 following a deficiency of rainfall in the drainage area of the river in 1906, 1907, and 1908. He discusses the injury such deficits may do to agricultural and industrial interests. Underground waters of southern Maine, with records of deep wells, F. G. Clapp and W. 8. Bayley (U. S. Geo/. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. 223, pp. 268, pis. 2.',, figs. .',). — "The area covered by this report is roughly tri- angular and includes all of southern Maine, from the coast northward beyond Calais, Oldtown, Skowhegan, -and Raugeley. Its northern boundary may be said to follow very nearly the line of the forty-fifth parallel, but a few towns situated a short distance north of the line have, for special reasons, been in- cluded in the discussion. ... In order to meet the needs of all classes of readers the report is so subdivided" as first to describe the general water re- sources of the region, the dependence of quality and qviantity on character of rocks, the location and type of wells, etc., and then to discuss in detail the conditions in the various counties, for the benefit of persons needing local information. The table of deep wells ... is appended for the benefit of per- sons desiring to drill wells." Ground waters of the Indio region, California, with a sketch of the Colo- rado Desert, W. C. Mendeniiall ( r. S. Cleol. Survey, Water-Supply Paper No. METEOROLOGY WATER. 17 225, pp. .>6\ plf). J2, fiffs. ')). — This roport doals with jifoyraphy, gooloy;y, and water resources of this region, with some account of the exploration and devel- opment of tlie Colorado Desert, particularly of the Indio region, cost of recla- mation and development, and soils and crops. It is estimated that in this region there is a storage area of 400 square miles containing saturated sand to an average depth of 1,000 ft. The amount of underground water utilized in the year 1005 is estimated to have been 100 second-feet for the irrigating season, equivalent to 20 to 25 second-feet for the year. The level of the ground water had been materially lowered before 1905, but was restored by the exceptional rainfall of 1904-5, amounting to S.58 in. as compared with an average of 2.65 in. It is shown that there is a gradual drift of the ground water toward the Salton Sink, and it is believed that the partial filling of this sink has had a tendency to conserve the water by retard- ing this flow and lessening evaporation. The first successful hydraulic well was put down at Indio in April, 1900. Since that date development has been continuous and there are now from 350 to 400 deei) wells scattered over the Indio region. Of this number, 250 to 300 are artesian. About 90 jiumping plants have been installed. It is estimated that more than .$100,000 is invested in artesian wells in the valley and that pumping ]ilaiits to an additional value of .$75,000 have been installed. This, with cost of reservoirs, pipe lines, etc., brings the total investment in works for development and distribution of water up to ,$200,000. With the water so obtained between 4.000 and 5,000 acres have been reclaimed and are suc- cessfully irrigated. The most important crops grown in the region are melons, barley, and alfalfa. A nuniiter of other crops are also grown in small areas. Underground water resources in southern California, W. C. Mendenhall (Rpt. State Engiu. Cal, J907-S, pp. I.'i2-l.'i6). — This article contains a brief summary of a previous report of the U. S. Geological Survey on this subject (E. S. R., 20, p. 813), and also a short progress report by the geologist in charge of underground water investigations in this region setting forth the character of the investigations which are now being carried on. Analyses of Salton Sea water, A. E. Vinson and W. H. Ross (Arizona Sta. Rpt. jnos, pp. 36k!-3(15). — -Analyses made at different times during the formation of this sea are reported. The results indicate that since the Colorado River was turned into its proper channel the composition of the water has remained practica liy unchanged. The mineral constituents of the Ottawa River water, 1907, F. T. Shtttt and A. (}. Spencer (/'/or. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 2 (190S-9), Sect. in, pp. 17.')-J80). — Analyses of samples taken at extreme low water and at flood show "that the mineral matter of this water is composed mainly of the carbonates of the alkaline earths with some silica and small (luantities of the alkalis, iron, alumina, and manganese." Amount and composition of drainage waters collected during the year 1907-8, B. C. Burt (Rpt. Caivnpore [India] Agr. Sta., 1908, pp. 18-21 ; abs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 557, II, p. 261).— This is a brief statement of the results of a continuation of observations with 3 and G-ft. drain gages previously referred to (E. S. R., 20, j). 711). With bare soils and an annual rainfall of 17.15 in. the percolation in the two .3-ft. gages was 5.92 and G.76 in.*, resi»ectively, and with the O-ft. gages .3.(54 and 4.S4 in., respectively. The drainage water contained nitrates corresponding to 32.49 and 37.15 lbs. per acre, resi)ectively, in case of the 3-ft. gages and 9.05 and 13.83 lbs. per acre, respectively, in case of the 0-ft. gages. 18 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Forest soils, E. Henry (Lcs Sols Foresticrs. Paris and Nancy, 190S, pp. 1/92, pis. 5, dgms. 3, maps 2; Ann. ScL Agron., 3. ser.. 2 {1901). I, pp. 25J-J,18; II, pp. 1-322, 1)18. 5, dgms. 3, viaps 2; rev. in Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 68 {1908), No. 9, pp. 732-73Jf). — This, the first exhaustive treatise on this subject, is based largely upon the special researches of the author, particularly iu the parts dealing with the formation and character of the dead and living forest cover and their influence upon the moisture of the soil. After a general introductory chapter defining and describing the properties of forest soils as distinguished from ordinary cultivated soils, the book talies up in order chapters dealing with the following subjects: Dead forest cover, chemical role of the cover, physical role of the dead cover, deterioration of soil due to removal of dead cover, living cover, decomposition of dead cover and formation of neutral humus by eremacausis, mixture of humus and mineral soil constituents, crude or partially formed humus, peaty humus and peat beds in forests, chemical properties of forest soils, exhaustion of soils by forest growth, physical properties of forest soils, soil moisture and the forest, the forest and underground water, the distribution of forests in relation to the geo- logical areas of France, types of forest soils, and improvement of forest soils. Tables are added at the end which give analyses of a large number of soils of typical forest areas in France. Soil analysis, R. F. Hare {New Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 32-35, 36-38).— Chemical examinations of mesa land used for experimental purposes at the sta- tion are reported, showing a marked deficiency of nitrogen and humus in these soils. Soils, B. C. Aston {Neio Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 16 {1908), pp. 290- 312). — Chemical analyses of a large number of soils from dilTereut parts of New Zealand made in pursuance of a pi'oposed complete soil survey of the country are reported, with brief discussion of certain peculiar types of soils which were encountered in the examination. Netherlands soils and Rhine and Maas deposits of the more recent terti- ary and the older diluvial periods, P. Tesch {Der Niederldndische Bodcn mid die Ablagcrungcn dcs Rheines und der Maas aus der jiingercn Trrtidr- nnd der iilteren Diluvialzeit. Proefschr. Tech. Hoogeschool Delft, 1908, pp. 7 '/, pi. 1 ) . — The results of examinations of samples obtained froili borings in different parts of north Limburg are reiiorted and discussed with relation to previous geo- logical investigations of a similar character. Soil of acid reaction, Y. Kozai {Cliem. Ztg., 32 {1908), No. 98, p. 1187; aljs. in Jour. Cliem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 555, II, p. 87; Cliem. Zcntbl., 1909, I, No. 3, p. 209; Cliem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 9, p. i 052). —Attention is called to a peculiar soil of acid reaction found near Tokyo. It contained hydrated silicates, particularly clays, and when a sample free from humus was washed with water the acidity remained unchanged, but when a soluble neutral salt such as potassium chlorid or ammonium sulphate was added, a soluble acid was detected at once. Apparently the potassium or ammonium was absorbed by the clay with the liberation of hydrochloric or sulphuric acid. As a result the productiveness of the soil was decreased by applications of such potash or ammonium salts. The erosion of the veld, A. C. A. Van Rooy {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 34 {1909), No. 2, pp. 158-165). — This is a discussion of the serious loss of soil and water which is occurring in the cattle-raising regions of South Africa. Soil resources and their utilization, M. E. Carb {Penn. Dept. Agr. Bui. 169, pp. 57-67). — This article points out that our agricultural production has here- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 19 tofore beeu largely luaintaiued by extension of the cultivated area, but empha- sizes the fact that a period has now been reached when more attention must be fijiven to improvements of methods and better utilization of soil resources. A possible method of reclamation for the arid West, W. O. Mieir ( Wcst- iiiinslcr, Colo., I'JOD, pp. 21). — In this pamphlet it is argued that the formation of a series of lakes in Salton Basin, Death Valley, and Carson Sink would greatly increase the humidity of this now arid region. " The first improve- ment that should be undertaken in this plan of reclamation is the filling of Salton Sea Basin." Contribution to the study of the absorbent power and of the solutions of soils, E. I{oxsseat:x and C. Brioux {Ann. 8ci. Agron., 3. set'., 3 (1908), 11, Xo. 3, pp. 310-396; Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], S (1909), No. 1, pp. 0-26; ahs. in. Chem. Alis., 3 {1909), No. 9, p. 1052). — The investigations reported were made with a sandy soil, the basis of which is green sand, and with a clay soil or gait. Chemical and physical examinations of these soils, as well as de- terminations of the constituents removed by extraction with water, are reported. The distribution of the phosphoric acid in soil particles of different grades and in the soil humus was also studied. The results of these experiments agree with those reported by other investi- gators in showing that certain fertilizing constituents, such as nitrates, sulphates, chlorids, and lime, are freely removed in the drainage w^ater, and that potash is more strongly held. The amount of the latter constituent which passes into solution in the soil depends upon the original fertility of the soil and the amount of potash fertilizer added. All of the evidence obtained goes* to show that the water which surrounds the soil particles contains much more nitrate and lime in a soil liberally manured than in a poor or exhausted soil. I'hosphoric acid is much less soluble than the other constituents mentioned and the amount of this constituent in soil solutions is generally very small. Nevertheless, it varies widely in different soils, ranging in the experiments re- ported from 0.5 to 18 mg. per liter. The amount yielded to solution, however, is constant for a given soil and furnishes a fixed characteristic of the soil. In a soil poor in lime and containing little clay, with a moderate amount of phos- phoric acid, this constituent was found to be in large part in combination with the humus of the soil. A deficiency of lime is accompanied by low soluI)ility of luimates and a consequent I'eduction of the solubility of the phosphoric acid. It was found that application of free lime either in the form of slag or of burnt lime reduced the solubility of humus and phosphoric acid without decreasing the percentage of phosphoric acid indicated as assimilable by Dyer's method. The application of chemical fertilizers resulted in the solution of a considerable quantity of silica, this effect being most marked in siliceous and ferruginous soils. In later experiments on the absorption of phosphoric acid and jiotash by soils of different kinds, the authors observed that potash was as a rule much more rapidly absorbed but was ultimately less firmly fixed than phosi)horic acid. Soluble phosphoric acid applied in the form of superphosphate must be thor- oughly diffused in the soil before it is completely fixed. The acidity due to the superphosphate persists for a long time in soils deficient in lime, undergoing an intermediate fixation with iron oxid, alumina, and humus. Care must there- fore b§ exercised not to use superphosi)hates on soils wiiich are naturally of acid reaction. On the suspension of solids in fluids and the nature of colloids and solu- tions, F. II. King {Separate fmnt, Trans. Wis. Aead. Sci., .-iris, and Letters 16 [1908], pt. 1, pp. 275-2SS). — This paper develops the theory, based upon " studies of soil solutions and of the influence of soils and sands upon solutions 20 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of extremely soluble salts . . . that solids immersed in a fluid may retain about or upon their surfaces a layer of the fluid which is restrained by them, from moving, or is compelled to move with them, in such a manner as to become an integral part of a compound system of solid and fluid." The bearing of this theory on the suspension of solids such as fine soil particles in liquids or dust particles in air, on the retention by filters of the soluble substances in solutions, and on the flocculation of suspended particles as in case of silt and sea water, is explained. It is shown that the adherent film of water greatly increases the etfective cross-section of a particle of silt, for example, and cor- respondingly reduces the force required to maintain it in suspension. " When the turbid water of a stream commingles with the salt water of the sea there begins at once a reduction of the thickness of water films about the suspended sediment, which increases their effective specific gravity and at the same time increases the surface tension, causing flocculation, which carries to the bottom both the silt and a portion of the salts which initiated flocculation and final precipitation." Some phases of soil investig'ation, T. F. Hunt (Penn. Dcpt. Agr. Bill. 169, pp. Ji5-52). — This article points out the importance of (1) a soil survey, (2) cooperative plat tests of fertilizers and cultural niethods on difi'erent types of soil, and (.'>) a study of factors affecting plant growth on different soil types. Roles of the soil in limiting plant activities, B. E. Livingston {Plant World, 12 {1909), No. 3, pp. 49-53). — The dependence of plant activities upon the physical properties of the soil, especially those properties controlling or modifying the movement and supply of soil water with its dissolved substances, is discussed. Observations and researches on soil temperature, II, S. de Grazia {Ann. R. 8taz. Chim. Agr. Hpcr. Roma, 2. ser., 2 {1907-8). pp. 333-3.',7, i)ls. 2; /S7«.?. Sper. Agr. Hal., .'il {1908). No. 9-11, pp. 689-703. pis. 2; aft.s. in Chcm. Zenthl.. 1909, I, No. 6, p. Ji59). — This is a continuation of work previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 620), but dealing with the infiuence of soil temperature on the growth of certain plants during the early stages of their growth. The observations were made 10, 17, 24, and 31 days after sowing. In normal conditions of soil, humidity, temperature of the surrounding air, and for soil temperature between 10 and .15° C. the observations show that potatoes, corn, wheat, and hemp during the first stages of growth are responsive to small increases of soil temperature, even as small as 0.5°. The various species are differently influenced ; corn and potatoes in comparison with hemp and wheat show the effects for a longer time, beginning with germination. The beneficial effect of such increases of temperature is shown in a notably more rapid devel- opment of both stems and roots, especially the latter. Nitrification and denitrifi.cation in soils, S. von Bazarewski {Bcitriigc cur Kenntnis dcr Nitrifikation und Denitrifikation im Boden. Inaug. Diss. Gottin- gen, 1906, pp. So, pi. 1 ; rev. in Neues Jahrh. Min., Geol. u. PaldontoL, 2 {1908), No. 2, Rcf., p. 186; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 3, p. 153; Chcm. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. //, pp. 309, 310). — The conclusions drawn from the investi- gations reported in this article are briefiy as follows: Nitrifying bacteria are most abumlant in the top soil to a depth of 10 cm., but are rare at a depth of 50 cm. because of the fact that humus and oxygen are necessary to their life and growth. Following the growth of green manuiing plants there is an increase of nitrifying organisms in the deeper layers of the soil. The most favorable temperature for nitrification in soils appears to be about 25 to 27° C, that is, about 10° lower than in pure cultures in artificial media. The small amount of soluble organic substances in soils does not inter- fere with nitrification, but i)erhaps exerts a beneficial iuflueuce since an addi- SOILS FEKTILIZERS. 21 tion of 1 per cent of dextrose in i)uro cultures increases the activity of the orfianisius. Higher percentages of dextrose, however, injuriously affect the organisms. Denitrifying bacteria are abundant in the upper layers of the soil. They are irregularly distributed in the deei)er layers of the soil, but frequently occur abundantly at a depth of 1 meter. The optimum temperature appears to be nearly identical for nitrifying and denitrifying bacteria in mixed cultures. The occui-rence and the formation of nitric acid in humus and naoor soils, F. AVeis (Forstl, Foraikjav., 2 {1908), No. 2, pp. 257-296; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 18, Repert., p. 79; Zcnthl. Apr. CJwm., 38 {1909), No. 3, pp. IJfO- l'i8). — It is generally stated that on account of deficient nitrification nitric acid does not occur in forest soils rich in humus, but the author found it regu- larly in considerable amounts in Danish forest soils of various kinds, as well as in moor soils. The amount was very variable, but it was found that nitri- fication not only occurred in the warm summer months but also went on ucti\e]y in October and November, as well as in December. Nitrification in Transvaal soils, R. D. Watt {Transvaal Ayr. Jour., 7 {1909), No. 26, pp. 202-205). — Reference is made to exi)eriments which the author thinks show conclusively that not only are nitrifying bacteria present in abundance in Transvaal soils, but that they are in a state of greater activity than in the soils of temperate countries on account of the higher temperature prevailing. Further studies indicated that while the activity of the organism was retarded by the long winter droughts which occur in Transvaal, the organ- isms were not destroyed but remained in a resting state. The use of manure and of cultivation to produce more favorable conditions for nitrification is dis- cussed and it is shown that in one case a single cultivation of the surface soil resulted in an increase of over 1 per cent in the moisture of the surface layer and in a higher nitrifying power in the cultivated soil. Nitrogen fixing bacteria, IV, F. LoHNis and T. Westermann {CentU. Bald, [vtc.^, 2. Aht., 22 (1908), No. 7-10, pp. 23.i-25Jt, pL 1; «?>«• iH' Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 37, Repert., p. 173). — This article reports the results of compara- tive tests of Azotobacter derived from different sources and isolated in different ways. It also describes a new nitrogen fixing organism. Bacillus danicus, which is classed with B. malabareiisis, isolated from soil from India. See also pre- vious work (E. S. R., 20, p. 621). On ammoniacal fermentation, J. Effront {Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], l.'i8 {1009), No. //, pp. 238-21,1; ahs. in Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 47 {1909), I, No. 6, p. 188; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 51,7, II, p. 255).— The author shows that ammoniacal fermentation may be produced in two different ways, (1) in a strictly anaerobic medium with a pure culture of butyric ferment, ajid (2) in an aerobic medium with soil. The fermentation produced by inocu- lation with soil ordinarily gives more rapid and complete results, and is a result of symbiotic action of aerobic ferments and the anaerobic butyric ferment. The butyric ferment was isolated and studied. In distillefy refuse it pro- duced ammonia and triniethylamin. Ammoniacal fermentation proceeded at the same rate as the destruction of the dextrose. The constant occurrence of the butyric ferment in soils and of evidences of its activity indicates that this organism plays an important part in the trans- formations by which nitrogen derived from the air and that stored in the soil are rendered assimilable for higher ])]ants. Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen {Jonr. Dvpf. Ayr. West. Aust.. 77 {1908), No. /, pp. 51,7-550). — This is a translation of an article by T, Schloesing, Jr., already noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1023). 22 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Nitragin and its value, A. Kuhn et al. (Mitt. u. PuJ). Bait. Hamenhau Ver- bandes, 10 {190S), pp. J7W,6).— Beneficial results from the use of nitragin in a large number of experiments with leguminous plants of different kinds are reported. Concerning the existence of nounitrifying soils, F. L. Stevens and W. A. Withers (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 743, PP. 506-508) .—Attention is called to the fact that of 62 samples of normal agricultural soils tested at the North Carolina College vStation, 44, or 71 per cent, failed to nitrify. The decomposition of nitrates by bacteria, S. A, Sevjskin (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 22 (1909), Xo. 11-13, pp. 348-310; abs. in Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 35, Repcrt., p. 167; Jour. Chem. Boc. [London^, 96 (1909), No. 557, II, pp. 255, 256).— This article reports further studies (E. S. R., 9, p. 1040) of the denitrifying power of Bacillus pyocyaneus and Vibrio denitrificans isolated by the author from manure. The studies were made with various culture media and with soils of different kinds in presence and absence of oxygen. The denitrifying power of both organisms was greater under anaerobic conditions than in presence of air, the increase being greater in case of B. pyocyaneus than in case of the other organism. The activity of the organisms in general corresponded to the fertility of the soil, but in all cases B. pyocyaneus was more energetic than T. denitrificans. The latter was less affected by additions of manure and straw than the former. Manure favored denitrification more than straw. The exact rate of denitrifi- cation was not determined, because the tests were qualitative in all cases and in few cases was all the nitrate reduced. In no case was the presence of nitrite observed. Soil fatigue caused by organic compounds, O. Schreineb and M. X. Sul- livan (Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 (1909), No. 1, pp. 39-50. pi. /).— Previous investi- gations bearing on this subject are briefly reviewed, and experiments with wheat and cowpeas grown continuously on the same soil are reported. It was found that " as the number of recroppiugs increased tbe soil came to such a condition that it would no longer give even a fair crop of [cowpeasj." Since wheat and potatoes grew well on this soil after the failure of the cow- peas and the water extract of the soil was found to contain large amounts of plant food, it was concluded that the unproductiveness of the soil was due to the presence of toxic matter. Experiments with water extracts of the soil gave results tending to confirm this conclusion. By distilling the soil with steam,-a distillate was obtained which yielded on standing crystals of an organic sub- stance which was found to be toxic to cowpeas. The soil after distillation was found to be more favorable to the growth of cowpeas than before. Barnyard manure: Its treatment and application to the soil, C. E. Thorne (Penn. Dept. Ayr. Bui. 169, pp. 146-151). — This is a brief summary of the results obtained in a long series of experiments at the Ohio Sation relating to the losses which occur in manure which is improperly cared for and to the need of reinforcing manure with other fertilizing materials, particularly phos- phates. Fine-ground raw phosphate has been found to be a profitable material to u.se for this purpose. Bat guano, R. F. Hare (New M-exico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 35, 39). — Analyses of a nunilxn- of samples of bat guanos are reported, and it is pointtxl out that in view of the fact that these guanos contain nitrogen and phosithorus as well as a certain amount of organic matter, they are an ideal fertilizer for New Mexico soils. Green manuring, S. de Geazia (Ann. R. Staz. Cliim. Ayr. Sper. Roma. 2. ser., 2 (1907-8), pp. 33-46). — This article distinguishes between green manures SOILS FERTILIZERS. 23 plowed under ou the field where they grew and those grown in one field and taken to another to be ptowed under. From the results of quite extended experiments the conclusion is drawn that the green manure grown elsewhere is more effective than that grown on the field itself. This greater effectiveness varies with climatic conditions, with the nature Qt the soil, and the species of plants used, and is due to the fact that the water taken up by the green manure crop is saved for the soil which is ma- nured. This is important in dry regions and in periods of drought. Experiments with, certain fertilizer salts, S. de Grazia (Ann. R. St as. Cliini. Agr. Six'i: Roma. 2. scr.. 2 [1907-S). />/>. ^7--'i9). — Experiments have been carried on since 1903 to determine the effect of different quantities of the com- moner kinds of fertilizer salts (muriate of potash, sulphate of potash, sulphate of ammonia, and nitrate of soda) on the concentration of water solutions in the soil and on the quality of the products obtained. Results for the current year only are given. Large applications of these salts did not cause any great decrease in the product. Muriate of potash did not cause a greater decrease than sulphate of potash. Flax and wheat were almost equally responsive to the kind of salt used. The difEusion of fertilizer salts in the soil, A. MiJNTZ and H. Gaudechon (Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. sen, 7 (1908), No. 2, pp. 205-238, figs. 30; Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 148 (1909). No. 5, pp. 253-258, figs. 3; abs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 47 (1909), I, No. 7, p. 219; Rev. Q6n. Set., 20 (1909), No. .',, pp. 151, 152; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909). No. 557, II, p. 259; Cheni. ZentM., 1909, 1. No. 11. pp. 936, 937; Chem. Abs., 3 (1909). No. 10. p. 1197).— Obsei-vations on the rate of diffusion of soluble salts in different kinds of soils under varying conditions of moisture, etc.. are reported, and the conclusion is drawn from the results that the soil may be regarded as a discontinuous me- dium in which even the most soluble substances diffuse only with extreme slow- ness and in which there may exist simultaneously and for a long period zones of very different composition unless uniformity is brought about by cultivation or increase of moisture. The difEusion of fertilizer salts in the soil, P. Krische (IUus. Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 27. pp. 277-279. figs. 6). — A German translation of the above article. Box experiments with fertilizers, Gi.ausen (Landw. Wchnbl. ScJilcs. Hoist., 59 (1909), No. 9. pp. 138-141). — Experiments with sulphate of ammonia. 40 per cent potash salt, and superphosphate on oats, clover, wheat, and beets in boxes 1 meter square and sunk in the soil to a depth of 80 cm. are reported. The boxes were surrounded by strips of soil cultivated and planted as in case of the soil in the boxes. The value of this method of experimenting is dis- cussed. Experiments with commercial fertilizers, especially kainit. on the Peter- hof experiment farm, W. von Knieriem (Bait. Wchnschr. Landw.. 46 (1908), JVo. 12, p. 109; abs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chem., 38 (1909), No. 1, pp. 17-20).— Expevi- ments with superphosphate. Thomas slag, and potash salts on clover, potatoes, and grain during a number of years are reported. The potash fertilizer was found to be especially beneficial to potatoes. It was necessary, however, to apply it a sufficient time in advance of planting in order that the injurious effects of the associated salts might be overcome. Thirty per cent potash salt was better suited to potatoes than kainit. Next to potatoes, clover was the crop most benefited T)y potash fertilizer. The highest yields were obtained with a combination of kainit and Thomas slag. 89616— No. 1—09 3 24 EXPERIMENT STATION EECQRD. Denitrification in cultivated soils, G. Ampola {Ann. R. Sta::. Chhn. Agr. Sper. Roma. 2. set:, 2 (.1907-8), pp. i?-i J)). —Experiments have been carried on for the past 10 years (B. S. R., 18, p. 1025), and in the present series it was desired to include crops not previously studied, viz, wheat, rye, and flax. The results do not modify in any substantial way the conclusions already drawn. Calcium nitrate was more effective than nitrate of soda and the latter in pres- ence of stable manure was less effective than when used alone. Calcium nitrate usually gave a larger percentage of seed iu the total return, and in the case of wheat, a larger absolute amount of seed. The physiolog-ical character of amnaonium salts, D. N. Prianischnikov (Ber. Deut. Bot. GcscU., 26a (1908), No. 10, ijp. 716-724; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^, 96 (.1909), No. 557, II, pp. 259, 260; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 8, p. 682).— A continuation of previous experiments (E. S. R., 18, p. 539) is re- portetl in this article. These experiments indicate that the addition of sodium nitrate to ammonium sulphate reduces the physiological acidity of the soil and so influences the assim- ilation of phosphoric acid from insoluble phosphates. Sodium nitrate is more active in this respect than ammonium nitrate. It was found also that the assimilation of phosphoric acid decreases with the increase of calcium carbonate applied. Without the application of lime, however, the plant becomes over- charged with phosphoric acid, but the yield remains low on account of excessive acidity. This explains the benefit of small applications of lime and phosphorus hunger in case of large applications. The toxic properties of cyan compounds and their decomposition products used as fertilizers, W. Stritt (Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektionskrank., 62 (1909), No. 2. pp. 160-198). — A study of the toxic properties of pure calcium cyanamid, dicyandiamid. calcium cyanamido carbonate, lime nitrogen, and nitrogen lime, on frogs, rabbits, and dogs, is reported, showing a comparatively small lethal dose of all of these substances for the small animals experimented with. Tolerance of wheat toward calcium cyanamid, S. de Grazia (Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 2 (1907-8), pp. 51, 301-311; Stas. Sper. Agr. ItaL, J,l (1908), No. 9-11, pp. 657-667: abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 10, p. 869). — The conditions under which the experiments were carried on were good as to soil but poor as to moisture. The conclusion is reached that wheat tolerates large applications of calcium cyanamid whether ai)plied some days before sowing or as a top-dressing. The industrial utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, A. Bernthsen (Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 12 (1909), No. J,, pp. ^6, 47; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 1.',, p. 1202). — This is a brief account of the principal processes which have been proposed for this purpose. The nitrate industry in Norway, S. Eyde (Ztschr. Elektrochem., 15 (1909), No. 5, pp. I'i6, /'/?; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 13, p. 1120). — This is a brief account of the present status of the utilization of water power in the production of nitric acid from the nitrogen of the air. Nitrate and its substitutes, K. W. Jurisch (Salpeter und sein Ersatz. Leipsie. 1908, pp. Till +356, pis. 2',. figs. 21. dgms. 2). — This book summarizes information regarding the occurrence, handling, properties, use, and statistics of production and consumption of sodium nitrate, potassium nitrate, ammonium nitrate, lime nitrogen, nitrate prepared from nitrogen of the air by the Birke- land and Eyde process, and ammonia and ammonium compounds. There is also a special chapter devoted to nitrogen fertilizing. At the end of each chap- ter a full bibliography is given. The literature is not reviewed beyond 1907 and is only partially complete for that year. The statistics do not extend SOILS FERTILIZERS. 25 beyond 1906. The review is, liowever, the most complete that has recently ap pea red. The value of potash silicate, ground phonolith. ('. Brommk (Dnit. Laiifhr. Prcsse, 36 (1909), No. 9, pp. 90, 91). — It is stated in this article that the avail- ability of potash silicate may be greatly increased by mixing it with manure in the stall, and that its efficiency is greatly increased by letting it lie in the held over winter. Influence, of phosphatic fertilizer on the phosphoric acid and nitrogen of the seed of corn, A. Parrozzani (Ann. R. t), No. 10, p. 1198). — A brief account is here given of the machinery and methods em- ployed in this hidustry. Lime and liming, L. L. Van Si.yke (A'cjo York Stair ^7«, Circ. 10, pp. 12). — This is a circular of information regarding the use of lime compounds on soils, composition of lime compounds, best forms of lime to use, ground phosphate rock or floats, and slag phosphate. Action of calcium fluorid in leucitic soils, G. Ampola (Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. Spcr. Roma. 2. ser.. 2 il!)07-8), pp. 20-22).— The effect of lencite. lime, calcium fluorid, and sulphate of potash was tested singly and in combination on lupines and vetch and on potatoes following them. . Lupines and vetch were used as green manure. The results showed that the addition of the fluorid caused an increase of product both in the case of the green manures and of the 26 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. potatoes. The results obtained iu the cases where the flnorid was added to the leucite as compared with the cases where sulphate of potash was used in vary- ing amounts were on the whole favorable to the combination of leucite and Uuorid. but no absolute conclusion can be stated. Horse-hoof parings {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 17 (1908), A'o. 1, p. 551).— It is stated that this material furnishes a good manure for fruit trees and vines, especially on sandy soils where by slow decay it will yield a gradual supply of nitrogen. The material contains from 8 to 12 per cent of organic nitrogen and 6 to 10 per cent of phosphoric acid. It is recommended that the parings be thrown into a heap, sprinkled with sulphate of potash and protected from rain, and allowed to decompose for about 6 months. It will then be found to be a good manure if mixed with loam, old mortar, or unleached ashes before application. Analyses of fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell et al. (Md. Agr. Col. Quart., 1909, No. JjS, pp. 55).— This bulletin reports the results of fertilizer inspection during the last half of 1908. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 115, pp. 3-72). — The results are re- ported of analyses of 526 samples inspected during the season of 1907-8. The pecuniary advantage of buying high grade fertilizers is set forth, and it is stated that the demand on the part of farmers for low grade mixtures is due to an incorrect idea of the actual value of fertilizers. Analyses of fertilizers, F. W. Morse and B. E. Curry (Xcw Hampshire *S7a. Bui. IJ/O, pp. 237-242). — Analyses of about 100 brands collected by the agent of the State board of agriculture are reported. Attention is called to the fact that a large number of the brands were slightly low in nitrogen. Analyses of commercial fertilizers, B. L. Hartwell, J. F. Morgan, and L. F. Whipple (Rhode Island .S7«. Bui. 132, pp. 35-51). — This bulletin contains analyses of sami)les of commercial fertilizers collected during the year 1908 not previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 522). The question as to whether the manu- facturer should be allowed to supply au order for fertilizer constituents mixed according to a specified formula without being required to pay an additional license fee, " provided the goods are labeled with the formula according to which they were mixed," is discussed. It is held that an explicit statement of the character of the mixture " would be in effect a guaranty by the manufacturer and a protection to the inirehaser." Analyses of commercial fertilizers, ,1. Thompson {Naslrville, Tenu.: t^tatc Dept. Agr., 1909, pp. 51). — This is a report of insi)ection of fertilizers in the State during the year ended December 31, 1908. It is stated that " the various manufacturers of commercial fertilizers sold in the State of Tennessee from December 19, 1906, to December 19, 1907, .38,794 tons ; from December 19, 1907, to December 19, 1908, 46,384 tons. The year 1908 shows the largest increase ever recorded in the sales of fertilizers in this State. There has been a large increase in the sale of complete fertilizers, due largely to the trucking and tobacco interests in Tennessee." Fertilizers, J. T. Crawley {Estac. Cent. Agron. Cuba Bui. l.'i. English Ed., pp. 35). — This bulletin is intended to be educational in character and gives the analyses of fertilizers and fertilizing materials examined at the Cuban Experi- ment Station during recent years, with such facts as are considered necessary to a proper understanding of the nature and use of fertilizers. It is stated that the need of fertilizers in Cuba is already apparent and is I'apidly increasing, and that planters are beginning to experiment with them to a considerable extent. Their nature and use are. however, so imperfectly under- stood that the station has undertaken rather extensive experiments with fer- AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 27 tllizers for sugar cane, tobacco, vej?etablos, and other crops in cooperation witli planters in different parts of the island in order to determine the best methods of use. The mineral industry: Its statistics, technology, and trade during 1907, edited by W. R. Ingai.i.s Wcw York and London, 1908, vol. 16, pp. X+1127, pis. 5. figs. 6Jf). — As usual, this annual contains chapters on phosphate rock and potassium salts, as well as on other mineral products of less agricultural value. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Department of botanical research, D. T. MacDougal {Caniegie Inst. Wash- ingion Year Book, 7 {IDOS), pp. 55-73, pis. 4). — A progress report is given briefly describing the various lines of work that are being carried on by this depart- ment. Among them are studies on the general role of water evaporation in plant life, the physiology of transi)iration in plants, the histology of hybrids, and the effects of altitude, isolation, and other cliniiitic factors on plant growth, and experimental researches on the production of new species of plants. Eeport of the botanist, A. Nelson (Wiioming Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. .'i8-50). — A brief report is given of the work carried on by the station botanist, which included experiments with alkali and drought-resistant forage plants, tests of shade trees, ornamentals, etc. Seeds and plants imported during the period from July 1 to September 30, 1908. Inventory No. 16 {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bill. /.'/8, pp. 37). — Tills is the sixteenth inventory of seeds and plants imported by the Office of Foreign Seed and Plant Introduction and represents for the most part material secured by correspondence in different parts of the world. About 400 numbers are included. Vegetation affected by agriculture in Central America, O. F. Cook ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. l.'fS, pp. 30, j)ls. 8).— The effect of primitive agricultui'al conditions, as shown by tlie present vegetation of portions of Cen- tral America, is described. The author states that following the repeated clearing and burning of the woody vegetation for the planting of corn, the land becomes overgrown with coarse grasses. The burning of these prevents tlie growth of young trees, and such processes result in the denudation of the land. The alternating processes of denudation and reforestation have continued in Central America for a long time, and it is evident that the simple operations of cutting and burning of the natural \egetation can induce desert conditions even in naturally forested Iroijical I'egions. Studies in Trifolium, I, P. B. Kennedy (Miililcnhcrgia, 5 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-13. pi. 1). — Studies are reported on tlie species of clover belonging to the Amoria section found growing spontaneously or under cultivation in America noi'tli of Mexico. Notes on some wild forms and species of tuber-bearing Solanums, A. W. Sutton (Jour. Linn. Soc. \ London], Bot., 38 (1909), No. 268, pp. .',Ii6-Jio3, j}ls. 12). — A report is given on investigations conducted by the author, a preliminary notice of which has appeared (E. S. R., 20, p. 128). Since 1886 he has been carrying on experiments with different species of Solanum to determine if possible tlie si)ecies from wliich the cultivated jiotato is derived. Among the species first studied were 8(dannm maglia and S. conimcrsonii. In addition to these, 5 wild sjjecies (H. tuhcrosum, 8. polyadcnimn, 8. verrucosuni, S. tnherositin liorealc. and N. s part of the nutritive material furnished by the graft in form- ing jibnormal woody tissue by which it approaches in ai)pearance the structure of perennial woody plants. 32 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The substitution of lignification and tuber bearing, which was only occa- sional in the grafts of tomatoes and potatoes, was a constant occurrence when artichokes and other tuber-bearing species of Helianthus were grafted upon the annual suntiower. Comparison between the beginning' of the development of perennial and annual plants, G. Andre (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], IJ/S (J 909), No. 8, PI). 515-517). — In cotninuation of a previous note (E. S. R.. 20, p. 1125), the author gives comparisons of bean and horse-chestnut seedlings during their early development. In both the annual and perennial i)lants the mineral and nitrogenous mate- rials in the cotyledons were used up during the growtli of the plant in about the same proportions. The horse-chestnut was 4^ months in producing a seedling weighing as much as the seed from which it came, while the bean ac- complished it in 18 days. In this period of growth there had been lost from the cotyledons of the horse-chestnut 81.2 per cent of their original phosphoric acid, 72.8 per cent of the potash, and 82.3 per cent of the nitrogen. The bean cotyledons lost about equal amounts during the corresponding 18-day period of growth. Electrical stimulation of plant growth, A. B. Plowman {Ahs. in Science, n. so:, 29 (1909), No. Iff2, p. Jjl'O). — As a result of experiments and observations extending over a period of more than 10 j-ears, the author is convinced that electrical charges of positive sign are moi'e or less inhibitive of the vital processes of plant protoplasm through which such charges are caused to pass, while, within a rather wide range of conditions, negative electrical charges stimulate such processes, sometimes to a remarkable degree. The physiology of electrocultures, G. Gassner (Mitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell., 24 (1909), No. 1, pp. 5-7). — A review is given of the investigations of Lem- strom, the author, and others on the effect of electricity on plants. The con- clusion is reached that tlie electrical stimulus causes increased transpiration on the part of the plant, and it is believed probable that the assimilatory and respiratory functions are eecies of fungi are reiiorted upon, and the changes noted are said to be often sufficient to cause tlie fungus to be removed from one order to another. The effect of light on tlie growth, spore formation, and zonation of the colo- nies of several species of fungi is also rejiorted u])on. The culture of fungi, O. Brefeld (Untersuch. Gesamtgeh. Mykol., 1908, Nu. I'l, PI). V/7/+2J6).— This volume treats of the germination of fungi, the application of culture methods to various forms of fungi, their comparative morphology, and related fruiting forms. The first part of the publication is devoted to studies on germination, methods of isolation, pure cultures, infec- tious, etc. In the second part of the work the application of culture methods as affecting the morphology, etc.. is discussed, the principal gi'oups of fungi being treated. Bacteria in relation to country life, J. (i. Lipman {New York, 1908, pp. XX-\-.'iS6, pJ. 1, figs. 77). — The general purpose of this book, as concisely set forth by the author, is " to treat, in a simple way, of the bacteria as they con- cern life in the country. It is an attempt to discuss the character of the bac- teria in air, water, sewage, manure, soil, and food products." It is stated that "technical teitns and expressions have been elinnnated as far as practicable," and the hope is expi-essed " that the general reader may find the book an aid in the understanding of the bacteriological problems as they affect the daily tasks on the farm." The book discusses in a complete and comprehensive way the structure and growth of bacteria and the various roles they play in relation to air and water, sewage, soil fertility, barnyard manure, milk and milk products, and fermenta- tion. A valuable feature of the book, particularly for the nonscientific reader. Is a combined glossary and index. A bibliography of niycological literature, G. Lindau and P. Sydow {Thc- ftaiirus litteruturw myvologiar et licliciiolagicw ratione hahita prcecipue omnium qua' lulhuc scripta sunt de niyrologid applicata. Leipsic, 1908, vol. 2, pt. 1, pp. 320). — This i)ublication is a continuation of the previous number (E. S. R., 20, p. 827), the titles listed being those of authors as far as Puriewitsch. The total number of papers to the conclusion of the present number is 21,475. FIELD CROPS. [Report of the botanist], J. J. Tiiokni!kk (Arizona l^ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. S5J-3'>6). — The conditions upon the range in connection with the range improve- ment work, previously descrilied ( E. S. K., 11), \k ll.'M), are discussed. The precipitation on the small range reserve tract for the year ending June 30, 190S, 34 EXPERIMENT STATION EECQED. amounted to 14.11 in., or ;ibout 3 iu. above tbe average. From July to October, inclusive, 9.74 in., and from November to Aiiril, inclusive, 4.13 in., fell, while May and June wei-e practically rainless. The summer annual growth was heavy, Bouteloua aristidoides and B. poUj- stachya being especially abundant. In favorable places this growth was at the rate of 500 to 1,200 lbs. of dried forage per acre. Among creosote bushes {CoviUea trUlcntata) and on shallow soil the growth was only one-fifth to one-third as heavy. This i-esult is considered due to the amounts of soil mois- ture taken up by the creosote bushes and other shrubs. As in the two preceding seasons the winter annual growth was light on account of insutlicient rainfall, only 0.28 in. being received after March 1. It is stated that perhaps no single factor has a greater influence on the distribution and abundance of the native vegetation than that of moisture. The planting of native economic cacti was continued with the following vari- eties: Opuntia fulyida, O. mamillata, 0. Hpinosior, O. arbuscula, O. engelmanni, and 0. phw acantha. It was shown that cuttings of the native species need not be wilted before planting to prevent rotting. Both cuttings and mature plants made little growth until the summer rains set in. Saltbush work for practical results was a failure. Planting seeds of the more valuable native and Australian species did not meet with much success. The best results were secured with Australian saltbush {Atriplex semihaccata) , but the growth was insufficient for economic purposes. The author states that if cultivation and irrigation have to be employed, alfalfa would be a much more profitable crop than the saltbush. With reference to sowing seeds on lands submerged from 2 to 6 weeks by the annual rise of the Colorado River, it was found that about 45 per cent of the seed of amber cane or common soughuni germinated even after 50 da.vs of sub- mergence. "None of the varieties of forage, as African red top cane, dwarf milo maize, Jerusalem coi*n, white Kafir corn, German millet, or pearl millet can be depended upon to endure submergence for any considerable time. Japan- ese and Honduras rice seed began growth under water and continued until the soil became quite dry. Neither Johnson grass nor Bermuda grass seed could be destroyed with continuous submergence of 50 days." A note is also given on observations of resistant eucalyi)ts. [The relation of] composition of soil to composition of plants, H. G. Knight, F. E. Hepner, and F. A. Smith (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1908, p. Jf-'f). — In 1906 two small plats at Laramie were sown with barley. One of these plats received nitrate of soda as a fertilizer. The analysis of the crop from both plats is shown in the following table : Composition of harlcy yrovn on xoiJ treated icitJi nitrate of soda and on unfer- tilized soil. Fertilized plat. Unfertilized plat. Air-dry. Water-free. Air-dry. Water-free. Water Per cent. 10.87 9.61 1.97 73.66 2.20 1.69 Per cent. Per cent. 11.31 7.86 1.87 74.83 2.43 1.70 Per cent. Protein 10.78 2.21 82.64 2.47 1.90 8 86 Fat 2 11 Nitrogen-free extract 84 37 Crude fiber Ash 1.92 FIELD CROPS. 35 Wyoming forage plants and their chemical composition, H. G. Knight, F. E. Hefner, and F. A. Smith {WijomliKj Uta. Rpt. W08, pp. 33-43).— The iii- vestigatious herein reported have been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 135). Results of cooperative tests of varieties of corn, wheat, oats, soy beans, and cowpeas, 1908, A. T. AViancko and C. O. Ckomer {Indiana 8ta. Bui. 132, pp. .'{69-500. fig. I). — In 1908, 422 tests of 5 varieties of corn. So of 5 varieties of winter wheat, 55 each of 4 varieties of oats and 4 varieties of soy beans, and 70 of 4 varieties of cowpeas, in all 773 tests, were made on more than 700 farms throughout the State including every county. Tables are given showing the results of each test. The general plan of these experiments was described in a previous bulletin (E. S. R.. 19, p. 1029). The varieties of corn producing the highest average yields per acre in 1908 in each section of the State were the following : Sections 1 and 2 Silver Mine, 43.8 and 65.1 bu., respectively ; sections 3 and 4 Reid Yellow Dent, 56.8 and 57.4 bu., respectively ; sections 5, 6 and 7 Boone County White, 48.4, 52.8, and 49.1 bu., respectively; section 8 Leaming, 43.7 bu. ; and sections 9, 10, 11 and 12 John- son County White. 44.2, 51, 44.8. and 40.4 bu., respectively. Early Yellow Dent, apparently the earliest variety under test, required 109 days to mature in sec- tions 1 and 2 and 104 days in sections 3 and 4. The latest variety was Johnson County White, which required about 133 days to reach maturity in section 8, and together with Vogler White Dent about 126 days in sections 9, 11, and 12 and about 128 days in section 10. Four lots of the 5 Aarieties of winter wheat were tested. The leading varie- ties and their average yields per acre for 1908 were as follows : I^ot 1, Egyptian Amber, 21 bu.; lot 2. Pride of Indiana, 19.3 bu. ; lot 3, Michigan Amber, 18.4 bu. ; and lot 4. Rudy and Gold Coin each yielding 13.6 bu. The average yields of the 4 varieties of oats tested were as follows: Great Dakota 27 bu., Swedish Select 27.2 bu., Silver Mine 28.01 bu., and Great Amer- ican 30.5 bu. The authors are not certain as to the identity of Great Dakota and Silver Mine. The following average yields of grain and hay per acre were secured from soy beans: In northern Indiana, Ito San, 15.8 bu. of grain and 2,087 lbs. of hay; Early Brown, 15.6 bu. of grain and 1,985 lbs. of hay; Hollybi'ook, 12.5 bu. of grain and 2,421 lbs. of hay; and Dwarf Early Yellow, 13 bu. of grain and 2.028 lbs. of hay; in southern Indiana, Ito San, 13.1 bu. of grain and 1,4.52 lbs. of hay: Early Brown, 12.1 bu. of grain and 1,407 lbs. of hay; Hollybrook. 10.6 bu. of grain and 1,4()4 lbs. of hay ; and Medium Early Yellow, 10.6 bu. of grain and 1.514 lbs. of hay. Cowpeas gave the following average yields per acre: In northern Indiana, Early Blackeye, 11.4 bu. of grain and 3,344 lbs. of hay; Michigan Favorite, 9.3 bu. of grain and 3,149 lbs. of hay: Whippoorwill, 10.1 bu. of grain and 3,517 lbs. of hay ; and New Era, 12.1 bu. of grain and 4,327 lbs. of hay ; in southern In- diana, Early Blackeye, 11.8 bu. of grain and 2.878 lbs. of hay; New Era, 11 bu. of grain and 3,158 lbs. of hay; Iron, 9.4 bu. of grain and 3,444 lbs. of hay; and Clay, 4.4 bu. of grain and 3,1.34 His. of hay. [Variety tests with barley, oats, and wheat], L. B. McWethy (^]'l/(tl)lin Puritan potato. .5:^.2 bu. .50 lbs. Results of conipetitions in standing' field crops, .J. L. Wilson (Aun. Rpt. Agr. Kuc. Ontario. t!KiS. Api)., pp. 3-21). — The results of growing the more im- portant field crops in competition as a means for promoting the production of a high-class quality of seed, grain, and roots are reported in tabular form. In 1908 each society was limited to the selection of one crop to be grown in com- petition. The minimum size of plat for grain crops was 5 acres and for beans and potatoes 1 acre. The total number of individual competitors in the various crops was 6.50. divided as follows: Oats. 510; corn. 41; barley. 33; goose wheat, 25; pea beans. 22; and potatoes, 19. The acreage entered, in round figures, was 6.000 acres. [Experimental work with field crops in Trinidad], J. H. Hart (Bot. Dept. Trinidad Ann. Rpt. 1908. pp. 13, 14). — Brief notes are given on the culture of tobacco, sugar cane, Manila hemp, and ramie. Sunfiower cotton, an American variety, seems more suited to Trinidad conditions than Sea Island cotton, suffering less from fungus disease and insect attacks. The yield of lint during an unfavora])le season was at the rate of 160 lbs. per acre. [Experiments with oats and barley], I{. B. Greig {Aberdeen and No. of ficot. Col. Agr. Bui. 11, pp. 15). — In a variety test with oats the following average returns per acre from 10 plats were secured: Thousand Dollar 72.25 bu.. Banner 69 bu., Abundance 66 bu., Potato 61.50 bu., and Universal 56.75 bu. Potato gave the most .straw. Thousand Dollar on the whole showed a smaller proportion of light grain than the other varieties, and Banner and Potato the largest pro])ortlon. Potato, which required 180 days for growth, was nearly 2 weeks later than Universal (167 days), a week later than Thousand Dollar and Abundance, and 2 days later than Banner. In another series of tests, large seed produced .50.5 bu. of large grain. 360 lbs. of light grain, and 44 cwt. of straw, and small seed .52.125 bu. of large grain, 520 lbs. of light grain, and 41 cwt. of straw per acre. The results of over 80 milling tests of oats indicated the following classifica- tion of the varieties tested with reference to their milling value, if the season is good and, conditions similar: First class, Sandwich; second class, Sandy, Scots Birlie, Abundance, Newmarket, and Thousand Dollar; third class. Banner, Siberian, and Potato; fourth class, Tartar King and Storm King. In a test of 8 varieties of barley, Danish Archer ranked first in productiveness with a yield of 43 bu. of total grain, 47 lbs. of light grain, a weight of 54.5 lbs. per bushel, and a straw yield of 23.75 cwt. per acre. 38 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. Alfalfa in Oklahoma, L. A. Moorhouse and W. L. Bublison {Oklahoma i>'ta. Bui. 82, Pi). 3-29, figs. S).— The bistory of alfalfa in the United States is reviewed, tlie principal strains and varieties are described, and the advantages and requirements of the crop are pointed out. In experiments with barnyard manure as a top-dressing for alfalfa it was found that this treatment increased the yield but also encouraged the growth of «rab grass. The increase in yield is considered due largely to the absorption and storage of greater quantities of moisture in the manured than in the un- manured land. Three plats had been in sorghum the year before the alfalfa was sown. One plat was manured before the ground was plowed and this treatment was also noticeable in the results. The fourth plat, which had been in oats, was fallowed with frequent cultivation during the summer and the alfalfa was sown in the fall. The first 2 years this plat, owing to a better and more uniform stand, gave much heavier yields than the other spring-sown plats. On several acres of clay loam upland underlaid with hardpan the station has secured an average yield of cured hay of 2.88 tons per acre from 1902 to 1905, inclusive. Five cuttings were made each year except one, and two-thirds of the total crop was obtained in the first two cuttings. The results of pot-culture tests show that the use of lime on upland and bot- tom soils apparently gave a considerable increase in growth, although in prac- tice it has not been found necessary to lime the land in starting the crop. Inoculation and lime as factors in growing alfalfa, H. A. Harding and J. K. Wilson (A'(W York State Sta. But. 313, pp. 51-75. pis. 2. maps 2). — This bulletin presents the results of cooperative experiments conducted to determine the effect of inoculation and of lime as well as the combined influence of these two factors in growing alfalfa in different parts of the State. In 1907 inoculating soil from the station alfalfa field was applied at the rate of 200 to 300 lbs. per acre just before sowing the seed. On all plats receiving fresh inoculating soil inoculation w:is present except in one instance, where soil stored in a dry place for 3 months was used. By including in the sum- mary the work along this line carried out in 1905 and 1906 it is shown that only 25 of 103 test fields produced a successful crop without inoculating soil, and that of the adjoining plats treated with inoculating soil 6G gave satisfac- tory yields of alfalfa. These results represent one or more fields in 39 of the 61 counties of New York. The use of inoculating soil raised the chance of success to about 60 per cent. In nearly all of the tests with lime 1,.500 lbs. of stone lime was used per acre. During the 3 years, 1905-1907. liming was tried on 64 alfalfa fields, in 54 of which an improvement apparently due to the treatment resulted. Of the un- limed plats only 11 gave successful yields, while of the limed plats adjoining 27 produced successful crops. The use of lime alone increased the number of successful fields by 25 per cent and all the fields successful without lime were improved by its use. The litmus test as a means of determining whether or not a soil needs lime was not found very reliable. The effect of inoculating the soil and also applying lime was studied in 65 tests, in which only 12 of the untreated check plats gave satisfactory crops of alfalfa while of the limed and inoculated plats adjoining 50 gave successful yields. This treatment raised the chance of success from 18 per cent on the check plats to 77 per cent on the limed and inoculated plats. Two factors favoring success with alfalfa, F. H. Hall (New -York State 8ta. Bill. 313, popular ed., pp. 6). — A popular edition of the above. Questions of Wyoming crops, H. T. Nowell (Wyominc; 8ta. Rpt. 190S. pp. 75-85). — A series of letters from farmers located in different parts of the State FIELD CROPS. 39 is reprcHlnced to show the conditions of alfalfa culture and that of other crops under irri^ntion in various sections and its possibilities. Corn and cotton experiments for 1908, W. C. Welborn (Texas 8ta. Bui. 120, pp. 3-16). — Three acres well fertilized for cotton in 1907 were prepared in three different ways during the winter for corn in 1!)08. The first acre plat, listed ci in. deep on the old cotton middle, produced 33.15 bu.. the second, bedded on center furrow 6 in. deep, produced 31.85 bu., and the third, flat brolcen 6 in. dt^p, 33.S bu. Fertilizer tests with corn were vitiated, but the results brought out that corn, sorghum, and crab grass all on the same land in one season tend to reduce the yield of a following corn crop. In an ear-row test in which 4 rows were planted from each e;ir the average percentage of difference in yield between the highest and lowest rows from each ear was 27 per cent. These re- sults lead the author to doubt the value of tlie ear-row method of testing corn and he states that the individual grain is the unit and not the individual ear. A comparative test was made of a number of varieties of corn exhibited at the State Fair, of corn selected by the ear-row method at the station, and of crib selected seed of unknown breeding. Poor stands of all were secured and the reiilants did poorly. The home-grown varieties gare the better stand, but the yields of all were low. Of the 32 varieties of corn exhibited only one showed a material increase in yield over tlie home-grown corn. Different methods of preparing land for cotton resulted in no material differ- ence in yield. In 3 tests of each method the following average yields of seed cotton per acre were secured : With center furrow 800 lbs., without center fur- row 797 lbs., with plowing 3 in. deep 793 lbs., and with plowing 6 in. deep 815 Ihs. The results of fertilizer tests with cotton are not considered very decisive. The use of 200 lbs. of acid phosphate was practically as effective as when 15 lbs. of nitrateof soda and 75 lbs. of cotton-seed meal had been given in addi- tion and 200 lbs. of acid phosjihate with 100 lbs. of cotton-seed meal gave better yields apparently than the complete application. The greatest increase in yield was derived from the use of about 250 lbs. of dried ground cow manure per acre applied with 175 lbs. or 190 lbs. of acid phosphate. Varieties were compared in 12 one-acre fields by growing several varieties, always including Bennett Selection. Bennett Selection gave an average of 282 lbs. of lint in all fields, the value of the lint at 8^ cts. per pound together with the seed being .$20.93 per acre. Excelsior grown in but one field gave a return of .$5.31 more than Bennett Selection in that field and Yellow Bloom in the same field surpassed it by .38 cts. One lot of King seed gave better and another lot poorer results than Bennett Selection. Early Prolific, Cook Improved, Boyett (iin Run, Toole, and Schley gave smaller yields than Bennett Selection. Notes on large bolls, earliness, percentage of lint, thick and thin seeding and planting are given. Local fertilizer experiments with cotton in 1905, 1906, 1907, and 1908, .7. F. DuoGAR (Alabama ('ollcyr Hfn. Hid. I'/o, pp. 25-78). — This bulletin reports the results of cooperative fertilizer tests on cotton carried out on the principal types of soil f)f the State. These reports represent 10 tests made in 1905. 13 in 1900, 10 in 1907, and 22 in 1908. The rainfall during the 4 years ranged from 48.10 in. in 1908 to 56.56 in. in 1906, with an average of 51 in. The fertilizer applications i)er acre included 2(M) lbs. of cotton-seed meal, 240 lbs. of icid [thospliate and 100 or 200 lbs. of kainit, alone and in the various combinations. The results of each individual test are given, together with the average increase apparently due to the use of each one of the substances. The highest average increase in seed cotton secured with cotton-seed meal in all the tests was 478 lbs. per acre on gray soil with red subsoil. This result 89G16— No. 1—09 4 40 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. was obtained in 1908, but in 1907 in this same experiment the average increase was only 269 lbs. The best average increase in yield of seed cotton from the use of acid phosphate was 687 lbs., secured in 1905 on dark gray sandy soil with light colored clay subsoil. Kainit gave its greatest inci-ease, 389 lbs. per acre, on gray sandy soil with yellow loam subsoil in 1906. The results show considerable variation and no general conclusions are drawn. As a rule, however, the complete applications gave the best returns, with the combinations of two substances ranking next. Varieties of cotton, 1908, W. R. Perkins (JIississi2)pi Sta. Bui. 116, pp. 6). — The yields of varieties of cotton tested in 1908 are shown in a table and notes on some of the princli)al varieties are given. Of 20 varieties compared the following, given in decreasing order of total value of lint and seed per acre, were the leading varieties: Cleveland Big Boll, Cook Improved, Smith Double Header, Russell Big Boll. McKay July, and Excelsior. The value of the total crop produced per acre ranged from $115.33 to $79.11, or a difference of over $35 per acre. These varieties were grown on first class bottom loam, which received a good application of barnyard manure in 1904, was in small fruit till May, 1907, when it was sown to cowpeas which were turned under the following winter. The soil and the cultivation given ai"e considered of greater importance in the production of the heavy yields than the varieties. Cotton culture in Mississippi, W. L. Hutchinson {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 111. pp. 6). — This bulletin discusses briefly the methods to be employed in areas infested with the boll weevil for the successful growing of cotton in Mississippi. It is pointed out that the essential feature is the production of the crop in 100 to 120 days during the first part of the season. " Success depends essen- tially on good tillage, proper fertilization, the itlanting of gOod seed of a good early variety of cotton as soon as weather conditions are favorable, and properly cleaning up the farm of hibernating places for the weevils during the winter months." Notes on soil prepai'ation, fertilization, planting, and cultivation are given and Cleveland Big Boll, Cook Improved, Russell Big Boll, Triumph, Smith Double Header, Prize, King Improved, and Toole are mentioned as suitable Aarieties. [Work in agriculture], R. W. Clothier i Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 339, 34O). — A report is presented on attempts to introduce cotton culture into Ari- zona, and a brief note on the iiossibilities of dry farming is given. At Arlington, 105 acres of short staple, 3 acres of Allen Improved long staple, and 19 acres of Mit-aflfl Egyptian cotton were planted in 1908. At the station farm the same varieties and Rogers Big Boll were planted on 3 plats of heavy adobe and on 3 plats of lighter soil. Irrigation, considered necessary after planting, was given but resulted in a failure to secure a stand on the adobe soil. On the lighter soil the Egyptian cotton had a stand of 25.4 per cent, Allen Im- proved long staple of 34.1 per cent, and Rogers Big Boll of 25.1 per cent. The Egyptian cotton yielded 758 lbs. of seed cotton per acre, Allen Improved long staple 992 lbs., and Rogers Big Boll 1,355 lbs. Suppressed and intensified characters in cotton hybrids, O. F. Cook ( U. S. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 1 '/l, pp. 27). — The observations discussed in this bulletin are summarized as follows : " In hybrids between the Kekchi cotton and United States Upland varieties the bractlets are suppressed and the lint shortened, while in hybrids between Kekchi and Egyptian cotton the bractlets are enlarged and the lint is notably improved in length and quality. In the first generation of the Egyptian hybrids the intensification of the characters which gives superiority to the Hut is so FIELD CROPS, 41 roguljir tliat it may be possible to utilize it in the coniniereial production of Lijrh-fci'iitle tib<>r. " Sui»i)ressioii and intensilicatiou of characters are most pronounced In the first generation and tend to disappear in later generations. This fact stands in the way of the breeding of hybrid types with permanently intensified charac- ters, but does not interfere with the commercial production of cotton from first- generation hybrids, if hybrid seed can be obtained in sufficient quantities. " It has become apparent in experiments that large proportions of hybrid seed can be obtained by planting two types of cotton close together and allowing the bees to ci-oss-fertilize the flowers. It also appears practicable to raise fields of hybrid plants by sowing seed of Kekchi plants cross-fertilized with Egyp- tian pollen. The Kekchi seedlings can be easily recognized and removed, leav- ing only the hybrids to mature. " Such a method of producing cotton from first-generation hybrids is brought within the range of practicability in Arizona by the unusual abundance and activity of cross-fertilizing insects and by the dry climate, which enables the growth and fertility of the plants to be definitely controlled by careful irriga- tion. The superior (luality of the hybrid cotton . . . will also justify the use of special methods of breeding and cultivation." Report of progress in variety tests of oats, C. Willis (Soiitli Dakota Sta. Bui. J 10, pp. .'i21-^50, fi(/s. 2). — This bulletin presents the records of the work with oats begun in ISvlJ). The seed of nearly all the varieties mentioned was furnished by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. The mechanical analysis of the soil is reported and the behavior of the different varieties under test is described. In 1908, 42 varieties were grown, but the season was unfavorable and the yields varied from 1.5 to G3.7 bu. per acre. The principal results are summarized in the following table: Comparative yield of varieties of oats. Variety. Years grown. Average yield per acre. Variety. Years grown. Average- yield per acre. Sixty Day. 7 9 5 9 6 5 0 6 6 Bu. 02. 50 43.79 41.07 35. 91 33.22 30.77 29.78 29.02 29.30 Belyak No. 10269 5 6 6 6 6 6 4 5 4 Bu. 28. 84 American Triumph No. 102 American Beauty No. 163 28.78 North Finnish Black 28.68 Tobolsk 28.64 Coluinlnis No. 1.50 Bavarian No. loO Holstein Prolific No. 158 Wide Awake... . ... 28.02 27.04 White Tartar 24.22 White Schonen No. 153 Sparrowbill No. 443 23.08 Golden Beauty No. 159 16.95 The meteorological records for the different seasons are tabulated, and brief notes are given on oat snuit and its treatment. The rice industry in Hawaii, F. G. Kr.mtss (Honolulu Chamber Com. .inn., JDOS, pp. Ill-ll'i). — I'his article is a brief description of the present state of the rice industry in the Hawaiian Islands. Statistics with reference to mills and their capacity, as well as imports and exports of rice to and from Hawaii, are incUjded. Sisal in Hawaii, W. Wkinricii, Jr. {Honolulu Chamber Com. Ann., 1908, pp. 11!), 120). — This article contains a brief review of the sisal industry in the Ha- waiian Islands. The author states that the industry deserves greater atten- tion, inasmuch as it has been shown that the quality of fiber produced in Hawaii 42 EXPERIMENT STATION EECQED, leads the world and that it can be itrodnced at a good )irofit. The product of 1907-8 is estimated at amounting to 150 tons, valued at $18,000. Phosphoric acid consumption of the beet plant during the first year of its growth, K. Andrlik and J. Urban (Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. Bohmen, 33 (190S), A'O. 2, PI). 83-9.'i). — Tlie results of cooperative tests with reference to this problem are tabulated and discussed. The average results of the several experinients show that a yield of 4.000 kg. of beets produced under normal conditions required from 51.7 to 87.8 kg. of phosphoric acid, while when grown under abnormally dry conditions only 48.6 kg. were used. The same kind of seed showed a different phosphoric acid con- sumption by the plants in different seasons. The plants from Nimburg seed used from 51.7 to 69 kg. of phosphoric acid per hectare, while seed from another source used from 67.5 to 86.3 kg. The quantity of phosphoric acid consumed in the production of 100 parts of sugar varied with the character of the seed, the soil, and the weather. In 1902, 100 parts of sugar required the consumption of 0.71 of a part of phosphoric acid; in 1903, 0.97 of a part; in the dry season of 1904, 0.68 of a part; and in 1905, 1.15 and 1.27 parts, the average for all tests being 0.95 of a part. The root contained an average of 48.04 per cent of the total phosphoric acid taken up by the plant, the range being between 41.7 and 60.9 per cent. As a rule when large quantities of this nutrient were taken up its proportion in the root was reduced. Third report on the influence of manures on the yield of timothy hay, J. A. BizzELL and J. O. Morgan (Neiv York Cornell Sta. Bui. 261, pp. 259-276, figs. 22). — This bulletin constitutes the third report on experiments begun in 1903 and previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 461; 18. p. 933). In 1907 the apparent increase in yield of hay was lai-gest on the plat which received 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre on September 16, 1903, and Octo- ber 2, 1906. This increase amounted to 6,490 lbs. per acre, a plat treated in 1906 and 1907 with 320 lbs. of acid phosphate, 80 lbs. of muriate of potash, and 640 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre standing second with 5,413. lbs., and a plat treated with 10 tons of barnyard manure in 1903 and 1906 being third with 4,390 lbs. The average yield of hay on 8 untreated plats for the 3 years, 1905-1907, was 2,901 lbs. per acre, on 3 plats receiving only mineral fertilizers 4,283 lbs., on 7 plats receiving nitrogen as nitrate of soda with or without mineral fer- tilizers, 5.635 lbs., and on 2 plats receiving nitrogen in barnyard manure 6.193 lbs. The relative apparent influence of the dift'erent fertilizer applications is shown in the following table: Apparent inereases in yield due to the different fertilizinf/ elements. Num- ber of plats. Fertilizing elements. Apparent increase in yield of hay per acre. 1905. Lbs. Nitrogen 1, 216 Phosphorus 607 Potassium '. 954 Nitrogen and phosphorus 1,573 Nitrogen and potassium 1,900 Phosphorus and potassium 510 Nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium 2, 613 Farm manure, 10 and 20 tons 3,310 Lbs. 1,723 417 1,224 2,126 2,470 1,780 3,543 3,475 1907. Lbs. 696 1,023 786 1,143 1,876 947 3,535 5,440 Average of 3 years. Lbs. 1,211 682 988 1,614 2,082 1,079 3,230 4,075 The plats receiving mineral fertilizers only, especially the one treated with potash alone, produced a rank growth of alsike clover which was not noticeable HORTICULTURE. 43 when nitrogen was added. Among tbo complete applications the one consisting of 320 lbs. of nitrate of soda, SO lbs. of muriate of potash, and 320 lbs. of acid phosphate per acre gave better returns than the applications in which other proportions of nitrogen and phosphorus were used. The seasonal influences on the yield were observed and are discussed. During the favorable seasons the total yield, and also the apparent increase due to fer- tilizers, was greater than in the unfavorable season of 1905. When the fer- tilizing materials were added singly the resulting percentage increase grad- ually decreased with but one exception. When the ferilizers were added in combinations of two this tendency was less marked, while the complete fer- tilizers showed very strongly the opi>osite tendency. A computation (if the net gains for the 3 years shows that 20 tons of barnyard manure gave $84.59 profit per acre. 10 tons of manure $50.02. and 320 lbs. each of nitrate of soda and acid phosphate with SO lbs. of muriate of potash $40.70. Lime on this Dunkirk clay loam soil did not give an increased yield of tim- othy hay. Suggestions on fertilizing for timothy, based on the results of this work, conclude the bulletin. Experimental field work in 1906-7, E. T. Drake {Tictorian Yearbook, 28 (1907-S). i>i). 605-609). — Brief notes on Aarious lines of work are given. In variety tests with wheats Federation ranked first w-ith 43 bu. per acre, fol- lowed in decreasing order of yield by Dart Imperial, Australian Talavera, Jade, Sussex. Silver King, Tarragon. White Tuscan. Frampton. and Marshall No. 3. In two localities ordinary bare fallow produced more wheat per acre than sub- soil fallow, but in one region subsoil fallow exceeded the yield on bare fallow each year. Report of the fourth annual meeting' of the Canadian Seed Grow^ers' As- sociation (Canud. Seed droicers' Assoe. Reijt., Jf, (1908), pp. 100). — The minutes of the fourth annual meeting of the organization are reported and the papers and addresses presented and reproduced. The subjects under discussion related mainly to plant improvement for various puri)oses. HORTICULTURE. American varieties of beans, C. D. Jarvis {'Sew York Cornell St a. Bui. 260, j)p. 153-255, pis. 17). — This bulletin contains a key together with complete de- scriptions, synonyms, and historical and comparative notes on the varieties of beans now grown in America. The key is based upon the form and color of the fresh seed, thus differing from the metht)d of determining varieties advocated by W. W. Tracy, jr., who used plant, pod, and seed characters (E. S. R., 19, p. 539). Since seed varies somewhat in size and coloring according to the locality, this key is held to be more applicable to northern-grown seed. The varieties of each species {Phaseolns vulgaris, P. lunatus, and P. multiflorus) are grouped as dwarf and climbing forms, and these are subdivided into green- podded and wax-podded varieties, the individual varieties of the various sub- classes being treated in alphabetical order. The descriptions are accompanied by a series of plates, showing the side and ventral views of ripe seed, cross sections (jf snap pods, and side views of the snap and green-shell pods. An attemi)t has been made to simplify and correct the now confused nomenclature. The work is based upon field studies made by the author at Cornell in 1905, at the Connecticut Storrs Station in 1906 antl 1907, and cooperative studies with a commercial seed firm at Le Roy, N. Y., and with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, as well as upon an investigation of previous experimental work along this line. The bulletin is 44 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECORD. intendea to supply the beau breeder ^Yitll technically accurate iuformation of inuuediate value and service rather than for general distribution. Introductory considerations treat briefly of the production of new varieties, synonymy, nomenclature, cultural peculiarities, insect enemies, and diseases of the beau, disease resistance, desirable varieties for various purposes, and system of classification and terms used in descriptions. Lists are also given of desirable varieties for various purposes. Notes on mushrooms (Gardening, 11 (1909), No. J/OO, p. 2^8, fig. 1). — In these notes the use of common salt, either sprinkled oh the beds or given in solution in water, is advocated and discussed as a means for keeping up the available supply of moisture in the beds without constant watering, thereby maintaining the quality of the crop over a long picking period. Pouring cold water directly on the beds not only makes the soil mechanically unsuitable for the mycelium to spread, but reduces the temiierature of the bed too much, thus causing the qnality of the product to deteriorate. Dewberry growing, O. B. Whipple (Colorado tHa. Bui. 136, pp. 3-8). — A popular discussion of this subject and especially of the following phases : Soils and locations ; propagation; preparation of land for planting; planting; culti- vation; irrigation; fertilizing; pruning; winter protection; picking; packing; varieties; insects and diseases; and yields and returns. A brief cultural note on the Loganberry is also given. Breeding apples for Indiana, J. A. Burton (Anier. Breeders' Assoc. Proc., .'i (1908), pp. 'i3, 44)- — "Tlie author has been growing seed from selected apples and from crosses since 1900. Notes are given on a few of these apples which came into bearing in 1907. Bud variation in Corinth currant vine, D. McAlpine and F. de Castella (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 (1909), Ao. 3, pp. l^o-l^O, figs. 2). — This consists of a bi'ief account and discussion of a peculiar case of variation in the fruit of the Corinth currant vine, the cause of which is unknown, but which is believed to be a case of bud variation. The variation referred to is that of a bunch of grapes, in which some of the berries resemble Corinth currants, and others Muscat Gordo Blanco grapes, the halves of one berry resembling respectively each of the above-named varieties. Citrus culture in the arid Southwest, J. E. Coit (Arizona Sta. Bid. .IS, pp. 289-328, figs. 9). — The climatic conditions of the arid Southwest in their relation to citrus culture are discussed and practical suggestions are given for growing citrus fruits, including methods of propagation and planting, stocks for citrus trees, cultivation, irrigation, pruning, picking, and packing. Consideration is also given to the botany of citrus plants, and to diseases and insect pests and their control. At the present time less than 1,500 acres in the arid Southwest, including northwestern Sonora. Mexico, are occupied by citrus groves. The Washington navel orange grown in this region is of high color and generally free from smut. It commands high prices. The author warns, however, that " the old idea that citrus culture in Arizona is not endangered by insect pests or plant diseases should be considerably modified, as several such insects and plant diseases are already known." The soils are chiefly in need of a greater humus content. [Report on horticulture], J. E. Coit (AtHsona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 3-'il-3.'f6). — Detailed statements are given relative to the condition of the date orchards nt Tempe and Yuma, and at the station farm, together with notes on the cultural experiments with Smyrna figs and an outline of other horticultural investiga- tions for the year. HORTICULTURE. 45 Pineapple growing' in Porto Rico, II. ('. IIenricksen and M. J. Iorns {Porto Rico iS7h. BuI. iS, pj). 7-.'f2, pis. 6). — This is a discussion of pineapple culture with special reference to Porto Rico conditions. The subject-matter is based upon studies of the pine-growing sections of the West Indies and Florida, and of local conditions in I'orto liico, together with original studies of the particular i-cqnireuients for successful pineapple jirodnction. The following phases are discussed: Structure of the jtineapple plant, propagation, soil and its prepara- tion, methods of planting, habit of growth, cultivation, fertilizers, varieties, fruiting, subsequent care, marketing and marketing associations, shipping, can- ning, pineapple growing as a business proposition, and diseases and insects, and their control. Pineapple growers are cautioned to secure for planting only absolutely guar- antied healthy plants from clean plantations to prevent the introduction of diseases. Pineapple shipping experiments in 1908, J. E. Higgins (Hawaii /S7«. Press Bui. 22. pji. U, pi. I). — This is a progress report on the cooperative pine- apple shii)ping experiments being conducted by the station and several growers. The results of comparisons of the shipping qualities of pineapples from differ- ent fields confirmed those previously secured (E. S. R., 20. p. 538). The fruit was carefully handled from field to market during the past season, and the loss l)y bruising reduced to almost insignificant proportions. The value of curing or holding the fruit for a day or two before packing was tested, the results in- dicating that 24 hours was sufficient time to allow for the drying of the stems and the cooling of the fruit down to air temperature in the shade, although a longer time might be required during the damper weather when the winter crop is being harvested. Temperature records taken of the air surrounding the fruit in transit show that the temperature on the poop deck constantly fell below that of the " 'tween decks." Comparison of the fmiits carried in both parts of the ship shows no advantage for one over the other. The author is of the opinion, however, that the " 'tween decks," if adequately ventilated, will alford the safest and best part of the ship for pineapples. New precooling apparatus (Ice and Rcfrig., 36 (1909), No. 5, pp. 258, 259, figs. S). — A new precooling apparatus for cooling fruit in railway cars or else- where is described and illustrated. The machine, which was invented by J. D. Cunningham, is being used in the South for precooling small fruits and vege- tables. It is said to reduce the temperature from 85° or 90° F. down to from 40° to 45° in one hour or less, at the same time eliminating the excess moisture and enabling the ice contained in the car to hold down the temperature until the produce arrives at its destination. Notes on nut culture, C. I. Lkwis (Oregon Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 3). — This circular is issued to meet the demands for information on nut culture in Oregon until a bulletin on the subject can be prepared, the one previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 840) now being out of print. The following phases are briefly discussed: Present condition of the industry, propagation, grafting, site, planting, pruning, cultivation, harvesting, varieties, and the market. Short notes are also given on the culture of almonds and filberts. Report of the committee on breeding carnations, C. W. Ward (Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, h (1908). pp. 258-269. figs. 20).— This is a report on methods •find technique of improving carnations by breeding in which the author gives considei'able data derived from his own investigations along that line. Stocks, .Miss E. R. S.\unders and II. B. Kim.uy ( /i'/idel., 26 {1908). No. 20, pp. 193, 1 9-'/). — An account is given of some experiments show- ing the value of Tenax, a trade preparation, as a fungicide. This substance is said to consist of copper sulphate, clay treated with sulphuric acid, and soda in about equal proportions. A 1 per cent solution of this mixture is recommended for use against all kinds of downy mildew, and from the experiments described it appears to be more adhesive than either Bordeaux mixture or soda Bordeaux mixture. It is also claimed to be cheaper, more easily prepared, and fully as efficient as either of the above fungicides. A new product for use in the control of fungus diseases, Biiisine {Engrais, 24 {1909), No. 13, pp. 355-357). — Attention is called to cupric oxychlorid. a product made by electrolytic methods, which the author states is of superior value as a fungicide. It is claimed that it is cheaper than copper sulphate and can be used in much greater dilutions; consequently a decided saving could be made by its use, if the claims made for it are substantiated. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The Nevada mouse plague of 1907-8, S. E. Piper ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farm- ers' Bill. 352, pp. 23, figs. 9). — This gives an account of the recent mouse plague in Humboldt Valley, Nevada. The mouse implicated, locally known as the black mouse, proved to be the Carson field mouse {Microtus montanus) . "By ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 55 October, 1907, a larse part of the cultivated lands in the lower part of the Humboldt ^'alley had been overrun by vast numbers of mice. The yield of hay had been reduced by one-third ; potatoes and root crops were largely destroyed ; many alfalfa tields were ruined by the mice eating the roots of the plants; antl the complete destruction of this, the chief crop in the valley, was threatened. The height of the abundance was reached in November, when it was estimated that on many ranches there were from 8,000 to 12,000 mice to each acre." The preparations in general used by the ranchmen in combating the pest con- sisted of wheat treated with a strong solution of yellow phosphorus in carbon bisulphid. As the result of its extensive employment in the valley, California quail, an introduced species, were decimated, and magpies, crows. meado\^' larks, and smaller seed-eating birds suffered extremely. Several attempts by ranchmen to introduce contagious diseases among the mice by means of adver- tised bacterial preparations failed. " The scourge of mice swept over about four-fifths of the cultivated area in the lower part of Humboldt Valley. Of about 20,000 acres in alfalfa, about 15,000 were so seriously injured as to re- quire plowing and replanting. Over most of this area the alfalfa was replaced by grain crops for the season of 1908, at great expense and loss, since good alfalfa lands pay gross returns of from $60 to $70 per acre, while good grain crops return only $35 or $40 per acre." This is said to be the first recorded in- stance of an eruption of field mice in North America attaining the proportions of a plague. Experiments conducted by the Biological Survey demonstrate that the mice can be effectively destroyed in winter by alfalfa hay poisoned with strichnia sulphate, and such poisoning is considered the most practicable. Ordinarily poisoning in winter will prevent the necessity for it in summer. When, how- ever, mice appear in alarming numbers in the spring they should be promptly suppressed, since under these conditions a plague may be well established by fall. Otlier remedies are considered at some length. Attention is also called to the part played by natural enemies of the mice and the importance of their protection. Proceedings of the twenty-first annual meeting of the American Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), ISio. 1, pp. 1-66, pi. 1 ) . — This is the report of the meeting held at Baltimore, Md., December 28 and 29, 1908, a preliminary note on which has been given (E. S. R., 20, p. 496). In addition to addresses, papers, and discussions, the report includes the busi- ness proceedings, including reports of the secretary, committees on legislation, nomenclature, insecticides, membership, memorial resolutions, etc., the constitu- tion as aodpted, and a list (pp. 14-16) of 89 common names of insects adopted at tlie meeting. President S. A. Forbes, in his annual address, discusses the Aspects of Prog- ress in Economic Entomology (pp. 25-35). Attention is called to the rapid development of economic entomology in the last 15 years, the value of statistical methods in determining the range of variations, the developing methods of ecology, the breeding of insect-resistant plants, etc. A paper on Pemphiffiis tcsscUata, by Miss Edith M. Patch (pp. 35, 36), calls attention to the fact that the life cycle of comparatively few of the species belonging to the genus Pem- phigus is known. It is shown that the Pemphigus common upon the leaves of Acer (laHycarpum from early spring to mid-July are hatched from the eggs of P. tessellala deposited upon the maple trunk, as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 856). The Economic Status of the House Fly is discussed in a paper by E. P. Felt (pp. 39^4). 89616— No. 1— (JO 5 56 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. lu a paper entitled Notes on Cranberry Pests, H. J. Franklin presents in- formation gained dnring tlie season of 1907 while studying the life histories of cranberry bog insects on Cape Cod (pp. 4G-48). Peronea minuta is said to be two-brooded in Massachusetts and three-brooded in New Jersey. The winter brood of moths in ISIassachusetts is slate-gray in color, but the summer brood is orange-red. In New Jersey also the winter brood is slate-gray, but the two summer broods are both orange-red in color. Differences in habits and colora- tion of the larvfe in the two States are also discussed. The difference in the habits of the fireworm (Eudemis laccimana) on Cape Cod and in Wisconsin is considered as probably due to the variation in the dampness of the bog surfaces. Attention is called to the fact that on the strictly dry bogs of Cape Cod certain undetermined species of ants collect both yellow-headed cranberry worms and fruit worms in large numbers, and the possibility of developing them as a means of combating these pests on dry bogs is mentioned. Under the title, An Example of Forest Insect Control at a Profit (pp. 49-5.3), A. D. Hopkins discusses an experiment in which a quite extensive outbreak in Colorado of Dendroctonus beetles was controlled without expense. This was brought about by methods of lumbering based upon a knowledge of the life his- tory of these beetles. Notes on Empoasca mali were presented by F. L. Wash- burn (pp. 54-58), in which the fall-laid egg, oviposition during the summer months, food plants, different stages and number of broods, and economic sug- gestions are considered. A general discussion of the subject. Do We Need the Insectary? opened by E. D. Sanderson, was entered into by a number of ento mologists (pp. 59-64). S. A. Forbes spoke briefly of Methods of Rearing White Grubs (pp. G4, 65). [Report of the biologist for 1907], H. W. Smith (Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. ]\'ova Scotia, J 907, pt. 1, pp. 20-33). — The year under report is said to have been very favorable to insect development in Nova Scotia. Inquiries were received from every part of the province concerning injurious insects, particularly the tussock moth, tent caterpillar, fall webworm, and the red-liumped api)le-tree caterpillar. As many nests of the brown-tail moth were found in 4 counties during the spring of 1907, studies were made of its life history, habits, and distribution in Nova Scotia. A synopsis is also presented of the life histories of a number of other injurious insects. Note on food habit of Liotropis contaminatus, H. Osborn (Ent. News, 20 (iVOO), No. Jf, p. 177). — This pentatomid has been taken upon Opuntia fulgida near Tucson, Ariz. The author considers this cactus as probably the native food plant of the species. Notes on CEcanthus, C. O. Houghton (Canad. Ent., J/l {1909), No. Jf, pp. 113-115). — The author concludes from observations upon CEcanthus niveus that tree crickets feed almost entirely upon animal matter such as plant lice, etc. The Hessian fly in Georgia, E. L. Worsham and A. C. Lewis (Ga. Bd. Ent. Circ. 7, pp. S, figs. 6). — The Hessian fly is said to be the only insect that seri- ously injures wheat in Georgia. As a rule the percentage of wheat infested is low, but in seasons favorable to the fly it may be very great. At Adairsville in 1905 the percentage of infestation in one field was 89.8. There are 2 broods of this fly in Georgia. " Notes made on the life history in the field and laboratory, so far as worked out, are as follows : The spring brood emerges between February 21 and March 23. The dates of emerging each year, as far as observations have been made, are as follows: February 21, 1905; February 26 to March 9, 1906; March 12 to 23, 1908. The fall brood emerges between September 28 and October 30. In 1904 they began emerging on October 18 and continued up to October 30. In 1905 they were found flying in a wheat fleld at Ringgold, Ga., on October 23. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 57 The egg laying period aud the length of the pupal stage have not been deter- mined. By December 20 most of the larv;^ are iu the ' flaxseed.' " On the basis of experiments here recorded it is recommended that sowing be done from October 20 to 80. What can be done in destroying' the cotton boll weevil during the winter, AV. D. HuNTEE (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 101, pp. -'/).— The author calls attention to the fact that while the most important step iu the control of the cotton boll weevil is the fall destruction of cotton stalks, there is much effective work that can be done while the pest is in hibernation. The raking and burning of trash iu cotton fields, the burning of turn rows, ditches, sorghum and corn tields, etc., and the cleaning of fence corners aud similar situations are particu- larly recommended. The rose slugs, F. H. Chittenden (f/. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 105, PI). 12, figs. 5). — Information is presented on the 3 sawflies which attack roses in the United States. For the so-called rose sawfly (Endclomyia rosw) the author uses the name American rose slug, indicating that it is native to America. This species is supposed to have originated in New England, where it fed upon the wild rose. It is now known to occur as far south as Virginia and west to Missouri aud Illinois. Life history notes are presented. The larvie or slugs feed chiefly at night aud always on the upper surface of the leaves, which are skeletonized and not eaten, except when the larvae ai'e nearly fully grown. The second species (Cladius pectinicornis), which has been given the name bristly rose slug, is thought to have been introduced from Europe prior to 1833. This species is said to be the principal enemy of the rose in and near the District of Columbia and to occur as far west as Missouri. No natural enemies of this pest appear to have been recognized in this country, but 2 parasites Acrotomus lucidiihin and MesocJwrus cimbicis, prey upon it in Europe. The third species (Emphytus ciiictus), which has been giveu the name coiled rose slug, is a comparatively recent importation, having first attracted attention near Boston in 1887. It has since been reported from Maine, New York, Penn- sylvania, and Canada. Tachina rustica has been reared from larvae collected in Pennsylvania, while in Europe an ichneumon fly (Cryptics emphytorum) is parasitic upon it. The remedies suggested apply to all three species. These are considered under headings of sprinkling with water, Paris green, arsenate of lead, hellebore, .soaps and other washes, etc. Experiments with repellents against the corn root-aphis, 1905 and 1906, S. A. Forbes {Illinois Sta. Bui. 130, pp. 3-28). — The corn root-aphis has become one of the most destructive and dangerous insect pests of the corn plant, due to the cornfield ant which protects, transports and guards the aphis and collects and preserves the eggs. The control of these insects is very important, because the injury to corn is sure to increase the more generally and continuously corn is grown. About the only natural agency that can be depended upon to reduce the numbers of the corn root-aphis is a long-continued soaking of the ground l)y frequent heavy rains. Experiments with repellents were initiated in 1905 and continued during in06. These are hei'e reported in detail and summarized as follows : " Thirty minutes' soaking of seed corn in kerosene before planting, injured seed but protected plants against root-aphis in preliminary field experiment made in 1905. " Summer plat-plantings made in 1905, with seed treated with kerosene, kero- sene emulsion, coal-tar water, or turpentine, showed no injury after a moderate 58 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. use of kerosene and coal-tar water. Results with kerosene emulsion and with turpentine were conflicting. "Indoor pot-plantings in 1906 showed no injury after a moderate use of kerosene, oil of lemon, carbolic acid, formalin, lysol, chlorid of lime, carbon bisulphid, tobacco water, or camphor. Soaking in common alcohol for 30 min- utes or in wood alcohol for 20 minutes, injured the seed. " Extensive field experiments were made in 1906 with minimum quantities of oil of lemon, kerosene, formalin, and carbolic acid applied to seed just before planting. Examination 6 weeks after planting showed average diminution of number of root-lice and of hills infested by them, as follows: Oil of lemon, 76 per cent; kerosene, 57 per cent; formalin, 49 per cent; carbolic acid, 8 per cent. Ten weeks after planting, corn in the experimental plats averaged 72 per cent taller than in checks. Examined 19 weeks after planting, applications made to the seed were found to have increased the number of ear-bearing stalks to the acre as follows: Oil of lemon, 1,159; carbolic acid, 945; formalin, 742; kero- sene, 274. " The increase in root-lice in the field was seven-fold in 23 days — equal to nearly 3 millions to 1 between April 1 and October 1. " In a small special test, made by planting a few hills of corn close around nests of ants in the field, kerosene and carbolic acid kept the insects away from the corn, but oil of lemon, formalin, and several other substances tested were without effect." The precautionary measures recommended include a short rotation period in corn, especially during relatively dry years; a deep, thorough, and repeated stirring of old corn ground in fall or spring as a preparation for corn planting; the maintenance and increase of the fertility of the soil ; and the use of repellents. Habits and behavior of the cornfield ant, Lasius niger americanus, S. A. FoKBES (lUiiwis »S7a. Bui. 131, pp. 31--'i5, fig. 1). — The author presents a detailed account of the life history and habits of the so-called cornfield ant. While of great economic importance, due to its protection of the corn root- aphis, this ant is by no means limited to cornfields, being abundant in all cul- tivated land, in pastures and meadows, in dense forests, and various other places. It is distributed over the whole of North America except the extreme southern and southwestern portion, and is said by W. M. Wheeler to be the most abundant of our ants. In the burrows of this ant are found various spe- cies of root lice which it harbors, while in clover fields it is said to harbor mealy bugs (Pscudococcus trifolii), which infest the roots of the clover plant. " Females and males hatching from pupm as winged ants in the underground nests from June to October, swarm out of their burrows as if by common con- sent in August or September. . . . " The males perish before winter, and the scattered females gc into the ground, each making for herself an oval or spherical cavit5% the beginning of a new family home. Some of these buried females begin to lay eggs in summer and fall — August 15 to November 10, as we have seen them — but others live there alone until spring, depositing their first eggs, according to our observa- tions, from the first to the middle of May, and continuing to lay additional eggs, a few at a time, until September. The minute, maggotlike, footless, and helpless larvte begin to hatch from these eggs in June, and this hatching process may continue until October. . . . We have found the oldest larvse full grown and beginning to pupate from the 12th to the 16th of June, and pupation continues, of course, throughout the season, as larvre from the later eggs successively get their growth. The first workers to emerge from the pupte in these small colonies ECONOMIC ZOOTXXtY KN'rf)MOT.0GY. 59 conio out early in July — from the Ttli to (ho lltli of that luouth, according to our experience — and the last emerge in Octoher, or possibly in November. " From solitary queens brought in from the field April 2G to May 3, 1906, and kept in the insectary under natural conditions, the first eggs were obtained May 8, 9, 10, and 15, and the first larvse from these eggs June 4. The length of the egg stage in the various lots deposited by these females varied from 22 to 28 days. The larviB began to pupate about the middle of June, the larval period being, in four cases, IG, 17, 19, and 23 days. The first adult appeared in this cage July 7, and others emerged at intervals throughout the remainder of the year, the pupal stage averaging about 18 days. Judging by these data, the time from the deposit of the egg to the appearance of the adult is approximately 2 months. ... •' The process of growth and multiplication are interrupted by winter, dur- ing which the ants hibernate in a dormant state in whatever stage they hapiten to have reached, resuming their activities in spring at the point where cold weather arrested them. The workers open up the nests to the surface, usually in late March or in April, the evidence of this beginning of their seasonal activi- ties being the appearance of circular heaps of minute pellets of earth around the months of their burrows." A table is presented which shows the number of ants in all stages contained in 20 nests dug out in an oat field on August 28, 1906. In fully developed nests the number of ants in the various stages varied from 655 to 1,434, with an average for the 17 largest nests of 979. Notes are presented on intercolonial hostilities^ and the area occupied by a single colony. One of the small red house-ants (Solcnopsis molesta) and another species {Formica schaiifussi), common in cornfields, were found inhabiting the nests of the cornfield ant. It is stated that under certain conditions this ant may do considerable injury to corn by direct imaided attack. Crop rotation is considered to be one of the most effective means for checking the multiplication of these destructive insects. The wheat strawworm (Isosoma grande), F. M. Webster and G. I. Reeves (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 106, pp. 15, figs. i3).— This pest is said to sus- tain about the same relation to winter wheat culture west of the Mississippi River that the jointworm does to its cultivation east of this river. Both, when excessively abundant, occasion losses from slight to total. In the Ohio Valley and south of Pennsylvania the ranges of .these 2 insects overlap. Both species are often to be found in the same field, the wheat strawworm, however, being less abundant and doing usually but slight injury, while the jointworm occa- sionally becomes a serious pest. There are two generations of the insect annually, the adults of the first gen- eration differing considerably in appearance from those of the second. Indi- viduals of the first generation emerge in April from the outstanding straws and stubble, are very small, most of them are females, and many are wingless. The females deposit their eggs in the young wheat plants, the stems of which at this time extend but little above the surface of the ground. The egg is placed in or just below the embryonic wheat head and the larva or woi"m works within the stem, usually causing a slight enlargement. These worms develop very rap- idly, and as they feed upon the most nutritious part of. the plant they become more robust and larger than those found in the straw in the late summer. In May the lurvaj become full grov/n and pass at once through a short pupal stage. In a few days the fully developed insects gnaw circular holes through the walls of the stem and make their way out. The adults of the second generation deposit their eggs from early May in Texas up to the middle of June in northern Indiana, or about the time wheat 60 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. is heading. Tlie larva? in tlie walls of the straw do uot as a rule kill the stem, but their effect is to shrink kernels, curtailing the yield by reducing the weight. Eupelmus {Isosoma) ally nil is said to be the most efficient enemy of the pest. Semiotellus isosomatis is very efficient in destroying the larvse in the straw, while Homoporus {Semiotellus) chalcidiphagns and probably other chalcidids are also instrumental in holding the pest in check. These parasites are all the more efficient, as they are double-brooded, developing in late summer and at once ovipositing in other larvte. The larvie of a small carabid beetle {Lepto- trachehis dursalis) crawls up the stalks, descends into the stubble, and devours the Isosoma larvre and parasite as well. The mite Pediculoides {Heteropus) vcntricosus is also an enemy, gaining access to the larvre precisely as do the beetle larvfe previously mentioned. A rotation of crops that vv'ill eliminate the growing of W'heat 2 years in suc- cession on the same laud is very effective, due to the fact that a large propor- tion of the females are wingless. Where rotation can uot be practiced, stubble and outstanding straw should be burned during the fall or winter. The junior author, who has investigated the pest in the State of Washington, presents an account of the relations of the wheat strawworm to wheat production in the Northwest. The strawworm is said to be found wherever wheat is grown in the Columbia Basin, but is not equally destructive over all that territory. Scale insects of the orchards of Missouri, E. P, Taylor (Missouri Fruit 8ta. Bui. 18, pp. 7-87, iJ?s. //, figs. 22). — This bulletin contains a description of the appearance, life history, habits, food plants, and methods of control of the San Jose scale, cherry scale, Putnam scale, grape scale, wali\ut scale, oyster- shell scale, scurfy scale, rose scale, terrapin scale, and cottony maple scale. In the fall of 1907 and spring of 1908, spraying demonstrations were ^"iven in eleven separate sections and eight different counties of the State where the San Jose scale was abundant. Spraying experiments conducted at several localities in St. Louis County for the purpose of comparing the most common forms of sprays, namely, lime-sulphur and miscible oil sprays, are reported. " The average percentage of dead scales upon all experimental orchards sprayed with the standard and commercial lime and sulphur sprays was 89.7 per cent as compared with 99.6 per cent scales dead upon all orchards where commercial miscible oil sprays were used." The author concludes that when very thorough spraying is done miscible oils (scalecide and target brand) should not be used stronger than 1 part to 20 of water. The comparison of the cost shows the standard lime-sulphur sprays to be somewhat cheaper than the commercial miscible oils, but ease and rapidity with which the commercial miscible oils can be prepared is a point in favor of their use. " It is concluded, however, that when cost and safety to the trees are considered that the lime and sulphur preparations are still for iuost orchardists the most practical sprays." Beport on experiments for control of San Jose scale, 1907-8, E. L. WoR- SHAM and W. W. Chase (Ga. Bd. Ent. Circ. 8, pp. 8). — This is a preliminary report in which the results of experiments conducted in the fall of 1907 and spring of 1908 with soluble oils and a prepared mixture of lime-sulphur are briefly outlined. Applications of target brand scale destroyer, kil-o-scale, solu- ble petroleum, scalecide, and Schnarr's compounds were made in the fall and the early spring. The fall applications were in every case more effective than those made in the spring. The results obtained from a single spraying of the prepared lime- sulphur solution seemed to be very satisfactory. They are said to hav(; been just as good as those obtained from any of the soluble oils and the trees seemed to be much tlie cleaner and healthier in appearance. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY, 61 The San Jose scale and lime-sulphur wash, W. E. Hinds (.Uahiniia Colhgc Sta. Bui. I'l-'i. i>i). 3-22, pi. 1, figs. J, dkii) 1). — This is an account of the life his- tory of the San Jose scale, the injury which it produces, and remedial meas- ures. A mai) is presented which shows the pest to be well distributed over the State. The calyx cup must be filled. A. L. Melander (Jour. Econ. Eat., 2 (190!)), No. 1, PI). 67-7S; ah.^. in Country dent., U, (1900) No. 2932, p. 3//8).— The author here presents a symposium of the objections (contributed by entomologists and horticulturists) to the western method of combating the codling moth. " The western method aims simply to place poison beneath the stamens. This can best be done by throwing a driving spray through Bordeaux nozzles, at a [jressure approximating 200 lbs. Most of the spraying is done from a raised platform, and a crook is used at the end of the rod to direct the spray down- ward. The spray must be thrown squarely into every blossom for success. A dilute spray of 1 lb. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water copiously applied is more conducive to thoroughness than is a sparing use of a concentrated wash. One such application destroys the first brood and thus actually insures prac- tically 100 per cent of clean fruit. Thus there is no need for later applications. In addition to assuring thoroughness, high pressure means rapid work, thus re- ducing the labor cost. The weak formula saves quite an item. The absence of late generations of worms eliminates disfiguring ' stings,' which ahrays re- snlt when 'late larvt^ have to be destroyed by late surface applications. The single application leaves time for other orchard work after midsummer. Irri- gation is not interfered with, as the orchard does not have to be dried out to permit the passage of the spray outfit. There is no damage to apple-laden branches, low hanging because of their weight of fruit, from driving a spray wagon through the closely planted orchards. Moreover, for oily skinned and glaucous varieties it is the only method that can be successfully used. A sin- gle thorough spraying has afforded practically 100 per cent returns over hun- dreds and hundreds of acres of AVashington orchards." Economic loss to the people of the United States through insects that carry disease, L. O. Howakd (V. ti. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 78, pp. JfO). — The author calls attention to the many infectious diseases transmitted through the agency of insects, and discusses in particular the economic loss through mosquitoes and house flies. It is stated that the development of the State of New Jersey has been held back by the mosquito plague, as has the growth of dairying in southern New Jersey and of paying industries near the mosquito-breeding areas in the vicinity of New York City and other localities. The cost of screening habitations alone for mosquitoes and the house fly exceeds $10,000,000 annually. Malaria is said to be spreading in this country. It is estimated that the annual death rate in the United States from this disease is nearly 12,000, but attention is called to the fact that the death rate of malaria perhaps, as with no other disease, fails to indicate the real loss from the economic point of view. It is pointed out that vast areas of rich land of the Delta region along the Mis- sissipi)i Iliver can not be cultivated becanse of this disease. Large sums have been and are annually being spent in the control of the mosquitoes which trans- mit malaria and yellow fever. The great loss due to malaria and yellow fever, and the imi)ortance of the control of the Anopheles and Stegomyia mosquitoes in the United States, Panama, and other countries are discussed at length. The author proposes the name " typhoid fly " as a substitute for that of " house fly " now in general use. The habits of this pest are described, and evidence is brought forward to show that it plays a very important part in the distribution of the causative agents of typhoid fever, cholera, tropical dysen- 62 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tery. and other endemic diseases, and that it also possesses importance as a disseminator of the bacilli of tuberculosis. Studies that have been made of the breeding habits of this fly are reviewed at some length, as is the spread of malaria in C4reece and its relation to the rise and fall of national power. The typhoid fly or house fly, L. O. Howard (Bci. Amer. Sup., 67 {1909), No. J7.3'J. pp. 21. 'i, 215). — This is an extract from the bulletin noted above. House fleas, L. O. Howard {TJ. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ext. Circ. JOS, pp. J,, figs. 2). — This is a brief account of house fleas, accompanied by directions for deal- ing with them. The dog and cat flea {Ctenoccphalus cams) is said to have been more frequently i-eported as infesting liouses in this country than the human flea PuJcx irrifans. Sixth annual report of the State entomologist of Montana, R. A. Cooley (Montana Sta. Bui. 15, pp. SD-112, pis. 2, fig. ]). — The author here presents a preliminary report of investigations concerning the life history and habits of the tick (Dcnnacentor venustus) that is the active agent iu the transmission of Rocky ^ilountain spotted fever of man in jNIontana and neighborhood States, together with brief notes on Glover's silk moth. An engorged female tick collected iu late July which commenced oviposition on August 4 had deposited 4,814 eggs by September 9, a total of 4,820 eggs being laid. These eggs began to hatch on September 30, thus apparently having required 57 days for incubation at the laboratory temperature. Seed ticks which hatched in early July were kept in a stender dish. These commenced to die iu the early part of August, all being dead on August 14, a longevity period of nearly 6 weeks. The author concludes that larvfe do not attach to a host until about a week has past after hatching. Larvje engorged upon guinea pigs commenced to drop on the third day following engorgement, the last leaving the host on the seventh day. This variation in the period required for engorgement may be explained bj* the fact that some seed ticks do not attach until long after others have done so. The author's observations indicate that the greater number of larvfe drop during the day. Records of the molting of larvse show 13 days to have been the minimum period with about 2 weeks as the average. The period required for engorge- ment in the nymphal stage was from 4 to 8 days. Engorged nymphs that dropped on August 12, molted after periods of 41 to 47 days. In order to investigate the host relations of this tick a trip was made into West Gallatin Canyon. During the trip numerous small mammals of 5 differ- ent species were shot. All of 6 Rocky Mountain pikas {Lagomys prince ps) and 2 of 12 chipmunks [Tamias quadrivittatus ainconus) collected had ticks iu the larval or nymphal stages attached in or very close to the ears. "It was noticeable that though we shot more red squirrels than other animals, we found no ticks upon them, and though chipmunks were very abundant in the immediate vicinity of the series of rock slides where we secured the pikas, those obtained at this place were in every instance free from ticks, though the pikas had them iu every case." Projects for future work are appended to this acccount. Brief notes are given on Glover's silk moth (Samia glovcri) a species fi"e- quently received at the station. While not a pest of much importance, it has been reported as feeding on the currant and gooseberry. Larvfe bred at the laboratory refused to feed on these plants, but willow and maple were eaten freely. Eggs laid on July 5 hatched July 23. Technical descriptions are pre- sented of the six larval iustars. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 63 FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Human foods, II. Snyder (New York, J90S, />/>. XVI+362, figs. 76).— The author had iu miud in the preparation of this volimie a text-boolv for university students, and has sumniarizeil the more important data regarding human luitri- tion, drawing hirgely on the results of his own extensive investigations on the subject. Prominence is given to foods most extensively used in the diet, such as flour, bread, cereals, vegetables, meats, milk, dairy products, and fruits, and to some of the physical, chemical, and bacteriological changes taking place in foods during their preparation for the table which affect digestibility and nutritive value. Dietary studies of the comparative cost and value of foods and the question of rational feeding of man are also considered, while experimental work and laboratory practice are special features of the work. Some of the topics which are closely related to nutrition are also taken up, such as the effect upon food of storage and household sanitation. Review questions, a list of references, and a full index add to the usefulness of the volume. Packing-house chemistry, A. E. Schmidt (Butchers' Advocate, Jf6 (1908), Xos. 1, p. 15; 2, pp. 19, 22). — Iu this discussion of chemistry in relation to the packing-house industry the author considers such topics as analyses of blood and tankage, cause of sour meats, and the importance of analyzing sui)plies, and reports some analyses showing the percentage of salt, sugar, and saltpeter of pickling solution which is absorbed by meat, and the amount which is left in the solution. The salt left iu the solution after pickling ranged from 49.23 to 76.55 per cent ; the sugar from 0 to 18.73 per cent ; and the saltpeter from 31.84 to 52.03 per cent of the amount originally present. The author believes that some of the saltpeter removed from the solution is destroyed by bacteria and that the same may be true for a part of the sugar. Treatise on the adulteration of foods, agricultural products, and drugs, L. CouKCELLE and II. IiICakd {Traitc dcs Fnnidcs Aliiiuntaircs Agricoivs et Medicamenteuses. Paris, 1909, pp. 693). — This exhaustive treatise on the adul- teration of foods, agricultural products, and drugs discusses the subject with reference to legislative enactments in France and also contains a summary of legislative enactments of other countries. The principal food and other prod- ucts, methods of manufacture, adulteration, and similar topics are considered. Biochemistry, F. Rohmann (Biocliemte. Berlin, 1908, pp. XVI+1'68, pi. 1, figs. J,3; rev. CJiein. Ztg., 33 {1909), no. 29, p. 2G8).—ln this text-book designed for studeuts of medicine, zoology, and botanj- the author takes up the principal divisions of organic chemistry with special reference to the needs of such students. Practical physiological chemistry, P. B. Hawk (PJiUadelphia, 1909, 2. ed., pp. XVI+.'t-'i7, pis. 6, figs. 126). — The author states that this edition has been thoroughly revised in all departments and in part rewritten from the first edition (E. S. R., 19, p. 358). Many new qualitative tests and quantitative methods have been added as well as a chapter on enzyms and their action. The book is desigued for use in courses in practical physiological chemistiy in schools of medicine and of science. Report of the royal commission on the meat industry (Jour. Depf. Agr. West. Aust., 18 (1909), No. 1, pp. 5-i//).— Cattle markets, abattoirs, transporta- tion facilities, market methods, and historical and other data regarding the extent of the West Australia nieat industry are sunnnarized. Bakery inspection and proceedings of Bakers' Institute, October 26-28, 1908 (Bicn. Rpt. Bur. Labor and Indus. Stat. [Wis.], 13 (1906-7), pt. ,7. /)/*. 64 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. G83-S.'iO, figs. Ji9). — The amended Wisconsin laws regarding the regulation of bakeries are quoted, and lists of licensed bakeries and a general account of the work under the State law are given. During the year 30 persons were prose- cuted for violations of the law and in every case a verdict of guilty was secured. In general, the results indicate considerable improvement iu the baking indus- try under the law. The report also contains the proceedings of the Bakers' Institute held in jNIilwaukee by the University Extension Division of the University of Wisconsin October 2G-2S, 1908 (E. S. R.. 20, p. 395), and the papers with discussions pre- sented at the meeting. Among others may be mentioned : The Inner Structure of the Grain as Related to Flour and Bread, by N. A. Cobb; Flour — Its Compo- sition and Adulteration, by A. L. Winton; Fermentation in Bread Making, by W. D. Frost, in which yeasis, malt extracts, etc., are considered ; Food Value of Bread, by J. Erlanger ; Examination of Flour with Practical Tests, by Hannah L. Wessling ; Bake Shop Hygiene and Sanitation, by M. P. Raveuel ; and Bake Shop Hygiene and Sanitation, by C. B. Ball. Determination of gluten in wheat flour, A. Berman {Pliarm. WeekhL, J/G {1909), No. 10, pp. 227, 228). — Results of gluten determinations in several sorts of flour are rei)orted. The changes in flour and cereals due to the action of sulphur dioxid, M. and G. Carteret (Bui. Soc. Cliim. France, J), scr., 5 {1909), No. 6, pp. 270- 272). — From their investigations on the subject the authors conclude that treat- ing flour with sulphur dioxid is harmful since it renders kneading of the dough difficult, hinders fermentation, and produces an inferior loaf. Honey and honey substitutes, A. Hasterlik {Der Bienenhontg urid seine Ersatzmittcl. Vienna and Leipsic, 1909, pp. VIII-\-232, figs. 63; rev. in Ztschr. Offenll. Cliem., 15 {1909), No. 1, p. 20). — This volume discusses the origin and collection of honey, its examination and valuation, honey substitutes, and simi- lar toi)ics. Preserved fruits in Europe, R. P. Skinner and H. L. Washington {Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3-',3, pp. 111-121).— Intormntkm regard- ing the French candied fruit, or glace fruit industry, including accounts of proc- esses of manufacture, etc., is summarized. Bacteriological studies of the softening of pickled cucumbers, A. Kosso- wicz {Ztschr. Landiv. Verstichsio. Osterr., 11 {1908), No. 12, pp. 89.'f-900). — Ex- perimental studies were made of the effects of different sorts of bacteria on dill pickles, the conclusion being reached that the potato bacterium {B. vtcscn- tcricns vulgatus) is certainly concerned in the softening. Studies of the total and nonvolatile acid were also made but no definite conclusions are drawn from the recorded variations. Pickled tea, W. H. Michael {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1909, No. 34.'i4, pp. 15, 16). — The author describes a fermented or pickled preparation of tea leaves which is eaten in Burma and the Shan States. Commonly the leaves are soaked iu oil and seasoned with garlic, dried fish, etc. In some regions a beverage is pr(>pared from this tea. ''Cognac" obtained from cactus figs [prickly pears], A Sanna {Stas. Sper. Agr. Ital, 1,1 {1908), No. 9-11, pp. 550-561; ahs. in Cliem. ZcnthL, 1909, I, No. 8, p. 675; Jour. Soc. Cliem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 5, p. 255). — Analyses of the cactus fig are given and a method for preparing a spirit which corresponds to a genuine cognac is described. Bussian kvass, F. Graftiau {Ann. Gemb1oh.T, 19 {1909), No. //, pp. 235- 2-'i6). — Directions are given for making different sorts of kvass, a fermented beverage much used in Russia. Kvass fermentation, yield, and cost of different sorts, and other questions are considered. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 65 Acetaldehyde in wine, its origin and. effects, A. Tkillat (Bui. Assoc. Cliim. Slier, ct Distill., ;^G (I'JO!)), No. 8, pp. C)5Jt-G90). — Acetaldeliydo exists in vary- ing quantity in wine and brandy, tlie author concludes, owing to tlie oxidation of alcohol by the oxygen of the air. Aeration, the presence of certain micro- organisms, and aging are factors affecting its quantity. Acetaldehyde and acetal contribute to the bouquet of wine. Other related topics are considered. Lecithin in wine and its physiological importance, G. Paturel (Monatsher. Grsell. ForiU Wiss. Ackerb. u. Kilnste Unter-Elsass, J,2 (1908), No. 2, pp. ^6- .'i9). — The author reports on an average about 0.1 gm. lecithin per liter and believes this constituent is important in determining the bouquet and iilso from the standpoint of nutrition. The work of other investigators is cited. French white wines, J. ISIayer (Ztschr. OffcntL Chcm., 15 {1900), No. 1, pp. 15-lS). — Analytical data are reported and discussed. Poisoning due to bacterial contamination of food, Thomann (Schiceis. Wclnischr. Chcm. ii. Pharm., .',6 (1908), No. 31, pp. 491--i9Jf).—A digest of data. Dust and disease, E. Owen (Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2-'i8J,, pp. 321-325).— A popular smnmary and discussion. Eleventh annual convention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments {[Procl Conv. Assoc. State iuid Nat. Food and Dairy Depts., It (1907), pp. .'ilG). — This volume contains the minutes of the con- vention of the Association of State and National Food and Dairy Departments held at Jamestown, Va., July, 1907, the report of the executive committee, and similar reports, as well as the papers which were presented. Of these may be mentioned among others : Publicity in the Enforcement of Pure Food Laws, by E. K. Slater; Review of Port Inspection Work, by R. E. Doolittle; The Element of Uniformity in National and State Food Laws, by J. Q. Emery ; The Effect on Butter from Feeding Cotton-seed or Cotton-seed Meal, and Difiiculties Met with in Detecting its Adulteration, by W. M. Allen ; Diabetic Foods, by A. L. Winton ; Antiseptics in Tomato Catsup, by F. W. Robison ; Bleaching of Flour, by E. F. Ladd ; Review of Pure Food Control in the West, by E. W. Burke ; The Sanitary Side of the Production, Manufacture; and Distribution of Food Products, by T. J. Bryan ; The Preparation of Fruits and Vegetables with and without Pre- servatives, by S. Mueller ; and The Preparation of Tomato Catsup with and without Preservatives, by C. F. Loudon. Foods (But. Ga. Dcpt. Agr., 190S, No. //.5, pp. 3-72). — This contains a general summary and report of the chemist. Woric under ttie State pure food and drugs act, T. G. Hudson (pp. 1-25). — The text is given of the State pure food and drugs act and the work carried on under this act is summarized. Report of the State cltcmist, R. E. StaUings (pp. 20-72). — Under the iirovisions of the State pure food and drugs act, samples of milk, sausage, oj'sters, butter, oleomargarine, vinegnr, molasses and maple sirups, catsups, extracts, olive oils, carbonated beverages, etc., were examined, the total number of samples being 632, of which 45 per cent were found to be adulterated, misbranded, or below standard. [Dairy and food commissioner report], R. W. Dunlap (Ann. Rpt. Otiio Dairy and Food Comr., 23 (1908), pp. 8}). — This report contains a summary and financial statement of the dairy inspection, pure food work, and drug and paint inspection carried on during the year. The total number of articles analyzed by the chemist wms 1,S07. During the year prosecutions were brought on 91 adulterated articles, the greatest number of any single article, 35, being with milk. A paper on glucose, its prepiiration, uses, and effects on the system, by W. McPherson, is also included in the report. 66 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Dairy and food division report (Dcpi. Agi\ and Immifir. Va., Dairy and Food Div. Bui. //, jip. 39). — The standards of the State Board of Agriculture and Immigratiou of Virginia are given. Tlaese are in accordance with the provisions of the National pure food laws and became effective January 15, 1909. Food control work of Chemnitz for 1908, A. Behre {Pharm. Zentralhalle, 50 (1909), Nos. 8, pi). 1^9-158; 9, pp. 171-179).— Meat and fish products, dairy products, flour, bread, yeast, sugar, honey, spice, and other foods and condiments, alcohol and alcohol-free beverages, cooking utensils, proprietary articles, and similar goods were examined. rood control in Prussia (Ztsclir. Offcntl. CItem., i-'/ (1908), Ao. IJf, pp. 265- 279). — The article is an extract from part 6 of Das Gesundheitswesen des Preussischen Staates iin Jahre 1906 (Berlin, 1908). Progress in the examination of foods, condiments, fats, and oils in 1907, IlTz (Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 11 (1908), ^os. 10, pp. 135-138; 15, pp. 20-i-208).— An annual digest of investigations. The Jamaica cookery book, Caroline Sullivan (Kingston and London, 1908, 3. cd.. pp. XII+90). — The author has collected a large number of charac- teristic recipes used in Jamaica, many of them being for the preparation of tropical fruits and vegetables. Student diet, X. Aknozan (Rev. Pedagog., n. set:, 53 (1908), Vo. 10, pp. 301- 325). — The general principles of student diet are discussed as well as the regu- lations governing diet in French " lycees " and colleges. Some details are given regarding the character of the meals served. Alleg-ed undernutrition in rural regions in Germany, Becker (Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 56 (1908), No. 49, pp. 1236-12-',6).— It has been stated that the diet of the population in rural regions in Germany is low, particularly in pro- tein, and that this condition is attended by serious results. A special investi- gation of this question in Saxony was undertaken at the request of the Central Association for the Welfare of the People, and the German Association for the Welfare and Advancement of the Home by a special commission. The conclusion was reached by the commission that in this province a gen- eral condition of undernutrition of the rural population does not exist. The report summarizes a considerable amount of data on food conditions in Saxony and similar topics. The diet of the Russian peasantry, :Madaui A. L. Pogosky (Teg. Messen- ger and Health Rev., 7. ser., 6 (1909), Nos. 2, pp. 37, 38; 3, pp. 6), 65).— A gen- eral descriptive article on foods and food habits. [Food habits, agriculture, hygiene, and other conditions in equatorial Africa], F. de P^ilippi (Rtnceiizori. An Account of the Expedition of II. R. H. The Duke of the Ahruzzi. London, 1909, pp. XVI-\-408, pis. 32, figs. 153, maps 5). — ^In this account of the exploration of the Mountains of the Moon much information is given regarding agricultural conditions, food habits and cus- toms of native tribes, hygiene, and other conditions in equatorial Africa. The volume also contains a summary of the geodetic, meteorological, and other observations made on the expedition and the mineralogical, zoological, and botanical specimens collected. Of the 337 species of plants collected 16 were new genera, 71 new species, and G new varieties. The feeding of the soldier in barracks, in hospital, and in war, H. J. Blackham (Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2484, pp. 310-317).— A summary of data regarding the rations of European and Japanese armies, with a discussion of food requirements, waste in army dietetics, use of canned goods, and related topics. In his suggestions for improving army dietetics the author lays emphasis on the need of variety in the ration in the field, which he lielieves may be obtained FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 67 by the addition of clieese and oatmeal, and perhaps sngar in some form. Fresli bread shonld be bailed wherever possible in place of the regnlation army bis- cuits. The hospital ration he considers too large, and he raises the question of protein requirement and the possibility of lowering dietary standards for the a rmy. The feeding of the soldier (Brit. Med. Jour., 190S, No. 2.iS-'h P- 3Jf7).—Xn editorial discussion of the above paper. How much proteid does the body require? A. Haig (London, 1909, pp. S; ilcd. Press and Circ, 138 (1909). No. SGS6, pp. 32, 33). — On the basis of his clin- ical experience the author concludes " that few people can remain below 9 grains of albumin per pound [about 90 gm. per 150 lbs. body weightl without loss in both these directions. Their cai^illary circulation slows because their heart loses power, and their blood quality falls because there is deficient produc- tion of its normal elements. . . . " This 9 grains per pound is to be calculated on a quite normal individual not carrying an excess of adipose tissue, as it is his normal muscle structure we have to nourish, and not the adipose he may have put on top of it when he becomes very sedentary in later life." Further experiments on the utilization of protein cleavag'e products in the animal body, E. Abderhalden, E. Messner, and H. Windrath (Ztsclir. Physiol. Chem., 59 (1909), No. 1, pp. 3o-.'/2). — Additional experiments (E. S. R., 20. p. 1166) are reported in which a nitrogen balance was maintained, or nitrogen gains made, on a ration of both meat and casein cleavage products, fed with considerable amounts of carbohydrates and fat. Discussion upon the physiology of purin metabolism, J. B. Leathes et al. (Brit. Med. Jour., 190S. No. 2-'iS6, pp. .',95--'i99). — At the meeting of the British Medical Association at Sheffield, July, 1908, the question of purin metabolism was presented for discussion by J. B. Leathes, who summarized the results of his exjierimental work on this subject. The question was also considered by C. Watson, E. I. Spriggs, Sir Lauder Brinton, T. H. Milroy, and I. W. Hall. In summing up the matter it was pointed out by Leathes that for persons in health very considerable physiological variations were to be noticed in the purin metabolism and that these did not depend on imperfect or delayed excretion, but that, generally speaking, the largest amount of uric acid was excreted when the standard of health and activity was highest. The uric acid excretion of normal men, P. J. Hanzlik and P. B. Hawk (Proc. Soc. E.Tpt. Biol, and Med., 6 (I90S). No. 1, pp. 18, i9).— The conclusions reached in this investigation follow : " The average daily excretion of uric acid for 10 men ranging in age from 19 to 29 years, and fed a normal mixed diet, was 0.597 gm., a value somewhat lower than the generally accepted average of 0.7 gm. for such a peri(xl. '■ The average daily protein ingestion for these same subjects, when permitted to select their diet, was 91.2 gm. or l.;j.S gm. per kilogram of body weight." The relation between the hourly excretion of nitrogen and its absorption in the intestine with reference to rest, work, and diuresis, E. Haas (Biochcni. Ztsclir., 12 (1908), No. 3-.'i, pp. 203-2'i1, dgins. 26). — Among the conclusions drawn from the investigations reported were the following: A curve represent- ing the renal excretion of nitrogen for the first 8 hours after taking food shows 2 and sometimes 3 maxima. The first of these is chiefly due to flushing out nitrogenous cleavage products. Neither severe work nor absolute rest during the first 8 hours after taking protein had appreciable effect on the amount of nitrogen excreted during this period. The increased excretion of nitrogen with a larger volume of urine is also attributable to the flushing out of the system. Fat cleavage with pancreas, E. Bauer (Ztsclir. Angcw. Chcm., 22 (1909), No. J, pp. 97-100). — On the basis of experimental data the author recommends 68 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the use of beef pancreas instead of castor bean for the cleavage of fat. The method which ho recommends for the estimation of fatty acids is outlined. The influence of muscular and mental work on metabolism and the effi- ciency of the human body as a machine, F. C. Benedict and T. M. Carpenter ([/. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. hitas. Bui. 208, pp. 100, figs. .3).— The first of the two papers reports data of 19 experiments on the effects of muscular work on metabolism and the efficiency of the human body as a machine, and the second 44 experiments on the effects of mental work on metabolism. lu all of these experiments the respiration calorimeter was used. The bicycle ergometer was used in the work experiments and is described. From the data reported in connection Avith the experiments on muscular work the authors compute that as regards the effectiveness of the body as a machine it shows an efficiency of 20 per cent; that is, for every calorie of muscular work produced by the body a total of 5 calories is expended. In the experiments on the influence of mental work on metabolism the stu- dents who served as subjects each took a more or less ditficult examination in some college study while in the respiration chamber, comparison being made with a similar period in which the same subjects engaged in reading or copying some material which would demand little mental effort. "From the results of the data accumulated in this series of experiments on Ihe effects of mental work on metabolism it would appear that the pulse rate was slightly increased, the body temperature somewhat higher, the water vapor output increased by about 5 per cent, the carbon dioxid production increased by about 2 per cent, the oxygen consumption increased by about 6 per cent, and the heat production increased by about one-half of 1 per cent as a result of sustained mental effort such as obtains during a college examination. Of these factors, those most accurately measured are undoubtedly the carbon dioxid elimination and the heat production. On the whole, however, the increase of both of these factors accompanying the mental exertion is so small and the exceptions are so numerous that it would not be wise to say whether or not the mental activity exercised a positive influence on metabolic processes in general. Indeed, more than half of the subjects studied produced more heat in the con- trol than in the mental work test, which might be considered as negative evidence. This is especially so when it is considered that although every pre- caution was taken to eliminate all other extraneous influences it still remains a fact that, with many of these subjects, the . . . [experimental period with mental work] was their first experience inside of a complicated respiration chamber aud they were more or less disturbed by the novel experience, and perhaps more restless — that is, made more muscular movements than during the control period. In view of this fact, we are very strongly of the opinion that the results obtained in these experiments do not indicate that mental eft'ort has a positive infiuence on metabolic activity." The influence of oxygen inhalations on athletes, L. E. Hill {Brit. Med. Jour., 1908, No. 2^86, pp. ^99, 500). — Respiratory quotient experiments are sum- marized with both ordinary breathing and forced breathing of oxygen. In both cases, pai'ticularly the latter, the oxygen was a benefit in athletic contests. " It has been proved conclusively that excess of oxygen docs not increase the rate of metabolism of living matter. It is not a question hero of fanning up the fire of life, but of assuring the athlete an adequate respiratory exchange in his muscle during his supreme efforts." Oxygen as a substitute for training {Illus. London News [Amer. Ed.], 4i (1909), No. 1138, pp. 289, 290, fig. 1).—A very brief description of the use of oxygen by athletes in experiments by L. E. Hill (see above), with an illustration showing the way in which the oxygen is taken. . ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 69 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The role of inorganic phosphorus in the nutrition of animals, E. B. Hart, E. V. McCoLLUM. and J. G. Fuller (Aiiicr. Jour. I'liysiol., ;i:i (WO!)), No. //, PI). 2.'i6-277). — The object of these experinieuts was to determine whether in- organic i)hosphates could take the place of organic phosphates in a ration for growing swine. In the first experiment IG pigs, averaging 47 lbs. each in weight, were fed for 95 days a basal ration low in phosphorus, which consisted of rice, wheat gluten, and of wheat bran fi-om which phytin, the organic form of phosphorus, had been removed by washing. The pigs which were fed the basal ration each received daily 1.12 gm. of phosphorus and made an average gain of 28.i}3 lbs., but though they gained in weight their limbs were weak and their appetites poor. Two lots of pigs that had jirecipitated calcium phosphate supplying daily 5..5 gnis. and 2.7") gms. phosphorus, respectively, added to their basal ration gained in the same time an average of 52.6 lbs. per pig. The lot fed a normal ration of ground rice, whole bran, and wheat gluten that contained on an aver- age 5.4 gms. of phosphorus in the daily ration gained an average of 59 lbs. in weight per pig. The final lot fed a normal ration of ground corn, ground oats, wheat middlings, and oil meal supplying daily 5.45 gms. phosphorus made an average gain of 65.5 lbs. per pig. These experiments were repeated, but in addition two known tri-calcium phos- phates were used. One was a bone ash, the other a crude ground phosphate rock (floats). During a portion of the experimental period one animal from each lot was placed in a cage and an accurate balance of the income and outgo of phosphorus was determined. The intake of phosphorus of the pig that re- ceived only the basal ration was l.OS gm. daily, but the average amount retained was but 0.53 gm. daily, which was insufficient for complete nutrition. The average intake of total phosphorus in the lots receiving inorganic phosphates as a supplementary food was from 4 to 5 gm. daily. "The average amounts re- tained daily ranged from 1.5 gm. in the bone-ash fed pig to 2.35 gm. in the float-fed pig. There wei-e days when the float-fed pig retained 3.11 gm." Analyses were made of the feeds and of different parts of the slaughtered animals. The specific gravity and the breaking strength of bones were also determined. From data secured from the two experiments reported the follow- ing deductions are drawn : "On the ration extremely low in phosphorus, pigs made as large gains up to 75 or 100 lbs. when starting at weights of from 40 to 50 lbs. as animals receiv- ing an abundance of this element. After reaching this point loss of weight began, followed by collapse. " When such low phosphorus rations as induced the above symptoms were supplemented with calcium phosphates, no untoward results appeared. Animals fed a low phosphorus ration, supplemented with inorganic phosphates, made as vigorous a development as others receiving their phosphorus supply wholly in organic form. " Precipitated calcium phosphates, a mixture of di- and tri-calcium phos- phates, gave no better results than did floats, a crude tri-calcium phosphate. " Phytin as the supply of phosphorus gave no better results than the inor- ganic phosphates. "A young animal of 40 lbs. weight receiving inorganic phosphates, together with other salts as supplementary to a ration very low in mineral constituents, grew to be an animal of 280 lbs. weight, bore a litter of fairly vigorous pigs, which on the same ration completed the cycle back to 80 lbs., while animals on the same ration less the inorganic phosphates collapsed in three months, with loss of weight accompanied by a loss of the use of their limbs. 70 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, " Determinations of calcium and pbospborus in the principal organs and tis- sues of the animals on the low pliospliorus ration showed that they maintained the proportion of these elements constant and comparable to that of normally fed pigs. " The percentage of ash in the skeleton of pigs on the depleted phosphorus ration was reduced to nearly one-half that of pigs receiving a normal ration, or a phosphorus-poor ration supplemented by an inorganic phosphate. " The marked reduction in the quantity of ash of the bones of the animal re- ceiving an insufficient supply of calcium phosphates, together with the ability of the animal to build up a skeleton very rich in cialcium phosphate when an abundance of the latter is supplied in inorganic forms, strongly points to the possession of a synthetic power by the animal which enables it to convert inor- ganic forms of phosphorus into the organic forms demanded by its body. "When the animals were starving for phosphorus, they drew this element from the skeleton, but removed calcium and phosphorus in the proportions found in tricalcium phosphate. " The daily phosphorus supply for a 50-pound growing pig should be at least 3 gm. A supply of 4 to 5 gm. is probably a safer quantity. " The data furnish no positive evidence of the syntliesis of nucleo-proteids or other organic phosphorus-bearing complexes from inorganic phosphates in the animal body." Experiments with powdered bone and ground chalk as feeds for swine, A. Carlier (Ann. GcmlAou.r, 19 {1909), No. 3, pp. 166, 167).— Three lots of 4 swine each were fed on the same basal ration for 114 days, except that ground chalk was added to the ration of one lot and precipitated bicalcium phosphate to another. The lots which received the chalk and phosphate gained, respectively, 124.5 and 157 kg., while those that received no supplementary mineral feed gained 170 kg. The transformations in the phosphorus compounds in the hen's egg dur- ing development, R. II. A. Plimmkr and F. H. Scott (Jour. PlnjsioL, 38 {1909), No. 4, PP- 2Jil-253). — According to the authors the phosphorus in an unincubated egg is divided as follows: Water soluble organic phosphorus com- pounds 6.2 per cent, ether soluble bodies 64.8 per cent, vitellin 27.1 per cent, nuclein-like bodies 1.9 per cent, and a trace of inorganic phosphate. Tables are submitted which show the percentage of the different kinds of phosphorus in eggs at diffei'ent periods of incubation. Until the fifteenth day there is little change in the distribution of phosphorus. At the end of the incubation period the distribution of phosphorus in the bodies of 3 chickens was as follows : Inor- ganic phosphorus 60 per cent, water soluble organic phosphorus compounds 8.6 per cent, ether soluble bodies 19.3 per cent, and nuclein-like bodies 12 per cent. The vitellin had disappeared, being probably changed at first into a water sol- uble compound, then into nucleic acid. There was a gradual absorption of the protein phosphorus bodies of the yolk by the developing chick before there was much change in the lecithin bodies. " The whole work points to the conclusion that the glycerophosphoric acid gives rise only to inorganic phosphate in the developing chicken and is not transformed into any combination with protein. There is no evidence of a synthetic process occurring in the developing egg as regai'ds the phosphorus compounds unless the probable transformation of the phosphoprotein into nucleo- protein be so considered." The nature of the stimulus which causes a shell to be form.ed on a bird's egg, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface {Science, n. ser., 29 {1909), No. I'/l, pp. .'i2S, ^29). — This is an abstract of a paper read before the American Society of ANIMAL I'HODUCTION. 71 Zoologists. ;it I'.nltlniore, Doconibin-, 1!»0S, in wliicli are reported investigations undertalven to determine the nature of the stiiunlns which excites the reflex activity of the shell-secreting glands. "The oviduct was transected 1 or 2 cm. above the upper end of the 'shell gland." The anterior i)ortion of the oviduct was then ligated. The intestine was transected just anterior to the cloaca and the cloacal wall repaired I)y inversion of the stump and a purse striug suture. Then the cut end of the intestine was anastomosed to the cut end of the oviduct (' shell gland '). As a result of this operation the feces must necessarily pass through the 'shell gland ' on the way to the cloaca. In hens on which this operation has been performed a calcareous shell is deposited on the feces during their passage through the shell gland. The results obtained from these experiments are held to warrant the following conclusions: "(1) The stimulus which sets the shell-secreting glands of the fowl's oviduct into activity is mechanical rather than chemical in nature. "(2) The formation of a shell on the hen's egg is brought about by a strictly local reflex, and is not immediately dependent upon the activity of other por- tions of the reproductive system (nervous impulse of hormone formation)." A Mendelian view of sex heredity, W. E. Castle (Science, n. sci:, 29 ( 1009), No. y.'fO, pp. 395-JfOO). — In this article the author suggests an hypothesis by which the recent theories of Wilson, Correns, and Bateson on sex heredity are apparently harmonized. From recent investigations there appears to be a differential factor between male and female which is allelomorphic in the ab- sence of that factor. It is inherited in Mendelian fashion and its presence is dominant over absence. "As regard* the transmission of this factor we can recognize two distinct categories of cases: "A. Femaleness is attained only when the differential factor is doubly repre- sented in the individual. In such cases tlie female is a homozygote, and the egg invariably transmits the differential factor. Sex determination then rests with the male parent, for half tue spermatozoa possess the differential factor and half lack it. The female is a homozygous dominant, not, as Correns sup- posed, recessive; whereas the male is a heterozygous dominant, pure recessives being unknown. " B. Femaleness is attained whenever the differential factor is present in one only of the conjugating gametes which produce the individual. The gamete which transmits tlie differential factor is of course the macrogamete (egg), since this factor is not possessed by the male parent. The female is a hetero- zygous dominant, the male a pure recessive; liomozygous dominants are unknown. "The experimental proof for the existence of these two categories of cases has been produced for class A by Correns, and for class B by Doncaster and others. Cytological evidence which strongly supports the interpretation given to class A has beeen produced by McClung, Stevens, Morgan and especially by Wilson. This evidence is fully corroborated by the work of many others. Direct cytological evidence for the existence of class B is not known at present, but may confidently be looked for." The author points out the importance of reciprocal crosses in the study of secondary sexual characters, and shows how it may be possible for these to be more common in the male even though the male be considered a retrogressive variation! Australian saltbush (Atriplex semibaccata) ; its com^position and digesti- bility. Notes on Russian thistle, W. I'. Hkauuicn (Colorado Sta. liiil. IS.'), pit. 3-16). — This bulletin discusses the value of the Russian thistle and the native 89616— No. 1—09 6 72 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and Australian saltbusli as feeds for stock, and reports 3 digestion experiments with the Australian saltbush. Three young sheep were gradually accustomed to an exclusive ration of the saltbush, which had the following composition : Moisture 3.645, protein 20.6, fat 1.37, nitrogen-free extract 39,368, crude fiber 16.382, and ash 18.635 per cent. The average digestion coefficients obtained were as follows : Dry matter 60.48, protein 84.65, fat 24.46, nitrogen-free extract 63.83, crude fiber 27.30, and ash 59.64 per cent. Australian saltbush was also fed green and as hay to horses. Some animals appeared to like it better than others. Analyses of different samples of the hay showed considei'able variation due probably to the nature of the soil on which they grew. " The following facts seem to have been established concerning this plant : First, when once established it will endure drought and even make a good crop with less than 5 in. of rainfall. Second, that stock will eat it or readily learn to eat it either green or as hay. Third, that it will produce very heavily under favorable conditions. Fourth, that it will, when fed alone, maintain the animals, and even better results are claimed for it. Fifth, that the hay is rich in protein, as rich or even richer than alfalfa. Sixth, that its coefficients of digestion are excellent, except for the fat or ether extract and crude fiber. Seventh, that it has no hijurious effects on the animals even when they have no other fodder with it. " The following facts, however, remain, that it has not become popular, and that when fed alone it does not produce the results that its composition and co- eflicients of digestion would seem to warrant us in expecting." Another new fodder grass (Phalaris comniuntata), C. F. Juritz (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 3Jf {J 909), No. 1, pp. 26, 27, fig. i).— The composition of this grass when partially air-dried was found to be as follows: Water, 13.77; pro- tein, 10..37: fat, 2.94: carbohydrates, ,34..36; fiber, 23.96; and ash, 14.6 per cent. Muskus grass and its feeding' value (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 3'/ (1909), A'o. 1, p. 39). — The leaves and stems of muskus grass (Erodium moschntum) when flowering and seeding freely contain the following percentages: Water, 90.13 ; protein, 2.23 ; ether extract, 0.41 ; nitrogen-free extract, 4.44 ; crude fiber, 1.24 ; and ash. 1.6 per cent. [Analyses of feeding stuffs], R. E. Rose (/'7a. Quart. Bui. Dept. Agr., 19 (1909), A'o. 1, pp. 6-8; 28-30; Si-iO?').— The State chemist reports analyses of 240 feeding stuffs. Fifty-three samples were appreciably below guaranty in protein, 09 in starch and sugar, and ISO in fat. Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, R. E. Stallings {Bui. Ga. Dept. Agr., 1908, A'o. J^5, pp. 73-132). — This report of the State chemist contains analyses of cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten meal, gluten feeds, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, peas and beans, red dog flour, bran and mid- dlings from wheat and rye, barley, corn, oats, rye, corn bran, and poultry and mixed feeds. Analyses of feeding stuffs, F. ^Y. Morse and B. E. Curry (Neiv Hampshire Sta. Bui. I'lO, pp. 231-236). — xVnalyses of 74 samples of commercial feeding stuffs collected by the agent of -the State board of agriculture are reported. The samples included wheat-mixed feeds, cotton-seed meal, linseed meal, gluten feeds, brewers' and distillers' grains, and hominy, molasses, flax, poultry and other miscellaneous mixed feeds. Quality of the concentrated feeding stufifs offered for sale in New Mexico, R. F. Hare (iVetf Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. JfO-J/5)- — Analytical data are re- ported of shorts, wheat bran, cotton-seed and alfalfa meals, bald barley, oil cake, flour, and poultry and stock feeds. ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 73 Sixth report on concentrated feeding- stuffs and cotton-seed meal, C. D. Harris, L. L. Brinki.ey, and J. M. Picket. (Bui. N. C. Dcpt. Agr., 29 {1908), No. 11, pp. 3-Jf5). — This biillt'tln reports the analyses of 4!)7 samples of feedmg stuffs, which include wheat bran, middlings, rice feeds, molasses feeds, beet pulp, hominy feeds, cotton-seed meal, and many mixed feeds. Commercial feed stuffs, T. L. Calvert (Off. Rpt. Sec. Ohio Bd. Agr. on Com. Feed Stuffs, J90S, pp. 3-31). — This report contains the text of the amended feeding stuffs law of Ohio and reports analyses of 14(> samples of feeding stuffs, a large number of which are proprietary mixed feeds. Animal husbandry in Denmark, 1908, A. Appel (MwlkeriUd., 22 (1909), No. 4, PP- 67-82). — An account of the general conditions of the industry dui-ing the year. The Columbian cattle, C. O. Gregory {R.iii-(i1 Ncio Yorker, 6S (1909), No. 3082, p. 182, fig. 1 ) . — This is a brief account of a new breed of dairy cattle which originated in New York from native stock and has characteristic white markings on the back and abdomen. The origin of the Dexter-Kerry breed of cattle, J. Wilson (Set. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. scr., 12 (1909), No. 1, pp. 17, pis. 7/).— The substance of this article has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 778). Sheep husbandry (Yerslag. en Meded. Dir. Landb. Dcpt. Landb., Nijv. en Hcndcl, 1908, No. 3. pp. 70, pis. 19, dgms. Ji, map 1). — This is a report by the director of agriculture on the sheep and wool industry of Holland. [Sheep breeding and feeding], F. W. Wilson (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 3.'i7-350). — The Tunis-native cross produces a good fleece, though rather coarse, of long staple and with few long hairs and is an improvement over the Tunis sire in quantity and quality. It is heavier than the native tieece produced under the same conditions. The length of staple is intermediate between the Tunis and native. The average weight of the fleece from 6 animals was 10.5 lbs., as compared with 9.58 lbs. for 6 native animals. " There is more yolk in the fleece than was expected, but this fact may be attributed to the abundance of feed and the peculiar climatic conditions of our southern irrigated valleys. . . . The first cross of Tunis on the native ewes pro- duces a hardy, active, early maturing lamb that stands the warm weather well and produces a profitable quantity of wool. Out of more than 70 Tunis-native lambs only 2 have been of the same type as the dam. This cross shows uni- formity in conformation, in characteristics of the fleece, and in weight." The average weights of the Tunis-native ci'osses at birth, G months, and at the end of a year are slightly higher than those of the native. The value of ripe olives was tested as a supplementary feed to alfalfa. Two wethers fed on alfalfa alone made an average gain of 3.6G lbs. in 1 month, as compared with an average gain of 16 lbs. with 2 wethers that received olives as a supplementary ration. " Since sheep do not injure mature trees while feeding on the waste olives, it would seem from the above experiment that they might act as excellent scavengers in olive orchards, utilizing feed that is ordinarily wasted." Beport of the wool specialist, J. A. Hill (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1908, pi>. 55-67). — The investigations on wool have dealt with the shrinkage of wool in scouring and the relation of the breaking strain to the diameter of the wool fiber. Tl\e wool scouring results show a wide difference of shrinlcage in the wools of Wyoming. In 1907 the shrinkage ranged from 55.9 to 77.9 per cent. I'reliminary to a study on the effect of dips on the tensile strength of wool a study was made on the strength of the fiber. The mean breaking strain of 1.000 separate fibers of a wool which seemed to l>e of average strength was 11.014 gm., but there was such wide variation that no reliable conclusions could be drawn 74 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. concerning the effects of dips on tensile strength. To see if the relation between breaking strain and diameter of fiber was more reliable 1,000 fibers of a Penn- sylvania half-blood sheep were tested. The means of the separate hundreds gave an average breaking strain of 6.769 gm., the diameter of the fibers being 22.17^. From the results obtained it is concluded that the breaking strain is more nearly proportionate to the diameter than, as might be supposed from the laws of mechanics, to the square of the diameter. A series of calculations w^as made to determine the number of tests necessary to give the tensile strength of a sample of wool with sufficient accuracy for the dip studies by using the standard deviation of the sample as a basis on which to calculate the probable error for any given number of tests. From the tabulated data " it can be seen that the reliability of the approximate mean as compared to the true mean, which is shown by the decrease of the probable error, increases quite rapidly from 100 to 700. This increase in reliability is relatively slower, showing that there is very little gain in reliability by increasing the number of tests to above 700. Since, however, it Is better to test too many than too few, and since 1,000 is a very convenient number to use In making calculations, it is quite probable that 1,000 [fibers] will be the number used unless further experi- ments show that some other number is better." Both the breaking strain and the diameter of each fiber should be measured, " but taking into consideration the fact that it requires more than twice as much time to measure both the breaking strain and diameter as it does to meas- ure only the former, it is plain that it is more economical to test 1,000 fibers for the breaking strain alone than to test 600 for both." A laboratory method of scouring wool. A, E. Vinson and W. H. Ross (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 367-310). — The authors advise a preliminary wash- ing in clear water when the amount of sand and dirt is to be determined. The stock scouring solutions recommended are much weaker than those ordinarily used by wool scourers. The method, which is described in detail, gave lower results than the tub method of using the whole fleece. " From these results it appears that the yield of pure dry wool by the labora- tory method, using a small sample, corresponds closely with that obtained by scouring the whole fleece with the same solution," Pork production at the Delta station, J. W. Fox (Mississiirpi Sta. Bui. 107, rev. ed., pp. 7). — To this revised edition (E. S. R., 19, p. 1170) is appended a brief note of experiments on the value of peas for pork production and as a fertilizer when planted in corn at the last working. " After the corn was gathered, 51 spring pigs were turned into the pea field of 17 acres. They had no additional feed. The gain made from the peas was 2,893 lbs., or 170 lbs. per acre. At 6 cts. per pound, this gives a value for the peas of $10.20 per acre. And this is net, as the hogs did their own harvesting. Also the manure and humus from stalks, vines, and seed were left on the land. By tests made at the station for two years to determine the value of peas grown in corn, as a fertilizer, it has been found that they increase the suc- ceeding cotton crop by 110 pounds of lint per acre. The land used was old and had been cropped continuously in cotton. A prolific short variety of cotton was used in the test. Figuring the increase at 9 cts. per pound, the peas had a fertilizing value of $9.90 per acre. The above eloquently suggests a means of improving our lauds, worn by a one-crop system, at a profit instead of an expense." Poultry problems and profits, W. L. Nelson {Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 6 (1908), No. 12, pp. 52, figs. 16, dgms. .',).— This bulletin was prepared for the use of those interested in practical poultry culture. The information contained DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 75 therein was obtained largely from Missouri lujuitry raisers and from investi- gators at a number of the experiment stations. A colony house. A trapnest, J. Dryden and A. G. Lunn (Oregon Sta. Circ. -}, PP- 7, figs. 2, dgm, 1). — This circular briefly discusses the advantages of the colony system of keeping fowls. Details are given for the construction of a colony house 7 by 12 ft. A house of this size will accommodate 30 to 40 fov/ls and it can l)e easily moved. Directions are also given for making the trapnest now i 1 use at the station. Frog- industry in France, F. H. Mason and H. L. Washington {DaUij Cons. and Trade Rpts. [U.'S.], 1909, No. S-^J/G, pp. 1-7). — These consular reports from different cities of France describe methods of propagation, catching, packing, transporting, and marketing the edible frog. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. A chemical and physical stvidy of the larg'e and small fat g'lobules in cows' milk, R. H. Shaw and C. H. Eckles (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Hill. Ill, pp. 16, Jigs. 2). — This is a preliminary report on the influence of vari- ous factors upon the chemical composition of milk, undertaken at the Missouri Station in cooperation with the Dairy Division of this Department. Samples of milk were taken from Jerseys, Holstein-Friesian, Ayrshire, and Shorthorn cattle. The large globules were separated from the small globules as far as possible by the gravity process and by running through a separator. The daily yield, percentage of fat, and iiercentage of globules of different sizes are given. The color, specific gravity, melting point, refractive index, sajjonification, iodiu, lieichcnt-Meissl. aiid Kehner values were determined, but no appreciable differ- ences were found between the large and small globules. Oh the modifications of milk g'lobules, G. Alessi and E. Carapelle (Gior. i^ci. Nat. ed Econ. [Palermo], 26 (1908), pp. 137-155, pis. 2).— Studies are re- ported of the morphological alterations of the fat globules of the milk from goats, guinea pigs, dogs, and Imman beings under pathological conditions. The composition of the milk of the dairy cow and buffalo in the Malay Peninsula, B. J. Eaton (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 8 {1909), So. I, pp. 15-22). — The amount of fat in the samples of milk from 25 native cows varied from 1..5 to 4 per cent. The average was 4 per cent of fat and 9.03 per cent solids-uot-fat. The composition of milk from 2.5 buffalo cows averaged 6.8 per cent fat and 10.09 per cent solids-not-fat. " Buffalo milk is of a bluish-white color and the fat obtained from this milk is white and produces a white butter, and yet many samples contained as much as 8 or 9 per cent of fat." Annual report of the Kirkee civil dairy, 1907—8, J. B. Knight {Dept. Agr. Boinhay. Ann. Rpt. Kirkee Civ. Dairy, 1907-8, pp. 13). — This report contains the individual records of a herd which consists of 54 cows and 50 buffaloes. The average yearly yield of the cows was 1,844 lbs., and of the buffaloes 1,886 lbs. of milk. The enzyms of cow's milk, J. W. England (Amer. Jour. I'harm., 81 (1909), Xo. J/, pp. 117-1 St }. — This is a resume of some recent work on this subject. Lactic fermentation in milk, M. W. Beijerinck (Arcli. Neerland Sci. Exact, et Nat., 2. scr., 12 (1908), No. 3-.',, pp. 356-378; ahs. in Bui. Insti Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 20, p. 912; Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1908, No. 5, p. 636).— Tlie author divides the lactic-acid bacteria into classes according to the temperature which is most favoral)lo for their growth. Tliose in which the optimum growth takes place between 5 and 20° C. constitute the cryoflora. Y6 EXPEEIMENT STATION KECOED. The type is represented by Bacillus oromaticiis and its varieties which produce a mucilaginous fermentation. The typical representative of the mesoQora is Lactococcus lactis, which thrives best between 20 and 25°. The lacto bacillus is the representative of the thermoflora, or those which thrive best from 35 to 45°. Methods for growing pure cultures of the different species are described. [The coagulation of milk by rennet obtained from Carica papaya], C. Geeber (Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris}, 1^8 {1909), No. S, jip. .',97-500; Compt. Rend. 8oc. Biol [Paris}, 66 {1909), Nos. 5, j)p. 227-229; 8, pp. 366-368) .—This rennet resists higli temperatures. It can coagulate either raw or cooked milk at all temperatures between 0 and 100° C, but its optimum action takes place at 80°, The action is accelerated by the addition of hydrochloric acid and retarded by sodium hydroxid. At temperatures below 10° its action is retarded by calcium chlorid and sodium chlorid. Above 10° it is accelei-ated by calcium chlorid and by small amounts of sodium chlorid. Investigations on the bactericidal properties of milk and on adaptable forms of Bacillus coli communis during the bactericidal phase, V. Brundy {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.}, 2. Abt., 22 {1908), No. 7-10, pp. 103-222; abs. in Chcm. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. J,, pp. 306, 307).— The author found that 4 different types of coli bacteria in fresh milk gradually decreased in number during the first 12 hours. A high sugar content increased the germicidal properties of milk. Evi- dence is cited to show that the destruction of the bacteria can not be due exclusively to unequal osmotic pressure of the medium and the bacterial cell. In discussing the toxic effect of milk in the light of modern theories of immun- ity, the author points out the probability that alexin or other antibacterial substances which circulate in the blood of the udder pass into the milk and remain active at low temperatures from 12 to 24 hours after the milk is drawn. A milk-borne outbreak of typhoid fever traced to a bacillus carrier, L. L. LuMSDEN and W. C. Woodward {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. 10, pp. 749-752, dgm. 1). — This outbreak of typhoid fever in the District of Co- lumbia was traced to a person who is apparently either a chronic typhoid bacillus carrier, possibly for IS years, or an acute bacillus cal-rier immune to the disease. If the sanitary arrangements on the farm had been better or the milk had been pasteurized the outbreak would probably not have occurred. The incidence of tubercle bacilli in New York City milk, A. F. Hess {Jour. Amcr. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. 13, pp. 1011-1016). — It was the author's pur- pose to study the nature, frequency of occurrence, and effect on children of viru- lent tubercle bacilli as found in the milk of a large city like New York. In 17 out of 107 samples obtained from 40-qt. cans, the presence of tubeix-le bacilli was demonstrated by animal inoculation. Bacilli were also found in 1 out of 8 samples of commercial pasteurized milk. Pure cultures were made from 8 samples of milk, of which 7 proved to contain bacilli of bovine type. In 1 case a human strain was isolated. The health of IS infants and children known to have ingested virulent bacteria was followed for 1 year. They seemed to be in average health, though 4 out of 16 reacted to a conjunctival tuberculin test. From these investigations the author states that it would seem that the bovine type of tubercle bacilli, although less virulent, is capable of infecting human beings and that children are more susceptible to it than adults. Al- though over 90 per cent of the cases of tuberculosis may be due to infection from human beings, he believes that as a safeguard against bovine infection milk not coming from tuberculin-tested cows should be pasteurized. Beport on the Danish pasteurization law, 1907—8 {Mwlkeritid., 22 {1909), No. 6, irp. 138-152). — During the year 1,348 different creameries were inspected for the purpose of ascertaining how far they conformed to the provisions of the law as to pasteurization of skim milk, buttermilk, and cream. Of 14,617 sam- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 77 pies collected dining the year about one-half were skim milk. In all 480 sam- ples were tested and 3.7 per cent of the skim milk antl 2.9 per cent of the buttermilk and cream were found to have been insufficiently heated. No viola- tions occurred in the case of 73 per cent of the creameries. Whey cheese (" mysost "), S. Hals (Tidsskr. \orskc Landhr., lo {1908), No. 12, pp. 5ol-oo7; Ztaclu: Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Gcnussmtl., 17 {1009), No. 2, pp. 673-677). — In recent years whey cheese has been largely made by evap- orating the whey from "white cheese" (hvitost) and adding varying quantities of separator cream, either from goat's or cow's milk, whereas previously none or only a little cream or milk had been added. As a result the whey cheese is now considerably richer in fat and in casein, and lower in milk sugar and water than was the case in earlier years. The following average analyses of the two types of cheese are given : Voinposilion of ichcy cheese {"' Diysost "). Water Pjotein (albumin and casein) Milk sugar Fat Ash Older type. Per cent. 23.25 5.05 50.74 14.(5 6.31 New type ("fetost"). Per cent. 11.47 10.34 43.40 30.43 4.36 Cheese making' in Europe, E. II. Farrington {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 27 {1009), Nos. 10, ijp. 798, 799; 20, pp. 8Ji2, S.'/3).— This was an address before the Wisconsin Cheese-makers' Association in 1908, and contained observa- tions and impressions on cheese making gathered from a trip through England, France, Holland, and Denmark. Methods of making Edam and Gouda cheeses are described in detail. Annual report of the association for the development of the dairy indus- try of Hoorn, 1907, F. W. J. Boekhout {Verslag Ver. Exploit. Proefzuivel- boerderij Hoorn, 1907, pp. 50, pis. 4)- — This report includes notes on cheese mak- ing, pasteurizing, molasses feeds, and trials of a new pasteurizer and several new forms of milk strainers. Review of the work of the 1907-8 season, W. M. Singleton {New Zeal. Dept. Ayr., Dairy Div. Bui. 11, pp. 53, pi. 1). — This is the annual report of the dairy commissioner and contains statistics and miseellaneous notes on dairying and some data of experimental work on the cool curing of cheese and on the overrun of butter. Pneumatic milk can (,S'c/. Anier., 100 {1909), No. 13, p. 2//8, flys. 2).—\ de- scription of a milk can which may be filled at the dairy and kept hermetically sealed until its contents have been removed There is uo exposure to dust or flies. Through the use of sterilized compressed air, the milk can be removed as needed by turning a valve, but no material can I)e added to the contents without breaking the lock. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Special patholog'y and therapy of domestic animals, F. Hutyra and J. Makek {Hpe::ielle Pathologic und Therapic der Hausiierc. Jena, 1008, 2. ed., voh. J, pp. XVI+lOSl, flys. 177; 2 pp. XIV+1.0Ji2, flys. l-'i2; rev. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1000), No. 1, p. J,9). — The second edition, like the first, previously noted (E. S. R., IS, p. 773), comprises two volumes. In the 78 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. light of recent knowledge many important chapters have had to be entirely rewritten, which has led to a considerable extension of the work. The clinical patholog-y of the blood of domesticated animals, S. H. Bur- nett (Ithaca, N. Y., 190S, pp. XI-\-lo6, pis. .'/, figs. 2-J). — In this work chapters are presented on the methods of examination, morphology of the formed ele- ments, normal blood of the seAeral domesticated animals, variations in red cor- puscles and hemoglobin, and influences affecting the leucocytes. Chapters are also devoted to the special diseases of the blood, general and infectious diseases, specific infectious diseases due to bacteria and fungi, infectious diseases due to protozoa, diseases whose cause has not been definitely determined, and diseases due to animal parasites. A bibliography is given at the end of each chapter. Leucocytes in invertebrates, M. Kollmann (Ann. Sci. Nat. Zool., 9. ser., 8 {1908), No. l-.'i, pp. 1-2^0, pis. 2, figs. 25; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [Lon- (lon'\, 1909, No. 1, p. 33). — The author has made an elaborate study of the leu- cocytes in representative types of invertebrates. He discusses the various kinds and in particular the development and role of granulated leucocytes. Review of some of the recent advances in tropical medicine, hyg'iene, and tropical veterinary science, with special reference to their possible bearing on medical, sanitary, and veterinary work in the Anglo-Egyptian Soudan, A. Balfour and R. G. Archibald {London, 1908, pp. 238; rer. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 1, p. 50). — This review has been written mainly with the object of enabling the medical and veterinary officers stationed in the Soudan to keep in touch with current literature, and especially with the more recent advances in tropical medicine, hygiene, and veterinary science. The subjects are dealt with in alphabetical order. Chemo-therapy of trypanosomiasis {Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London], Buls. 1, pp. -/-//.9; 2. pp. 86. 87). — In this review the treatment of trypanosomiasis in man, the biological accommodation of trypanosomes to chemo-therapeutic agents and the treatment of experimental animals are considered. It is concluded that the use of atoxyl or any other trypanocide by itself has ceased to be justi- fiable. The combinatory method has the advantage that each drug can be used in doses much under those which are poisonous to the organism. Alternation of trypanocidal agents avoids the habituation of the parasites to a single remedy. A bibliographical list of more than 200 titles is appended. Notes on nagana and on some hematozoa observed during my travels, H. E. Durham {Parasitology, 1 {1908), No. 3, pp. 227-235).— Home cases of remarkable resistance to nagana infection are recorded. Although such birds as pigeons are unable to harbor Trypanosoma hrucei, the kestrel is able to do so. Attention is drawn to certain changes which are brought about by the trypanosome infection and to the need for more precise chemical investigation of these heniatozoal diseases. Sensibility of fowls to the trypanosome of dourine, W. L. Yakimoff and Nina Kohl iCentU. Bait, [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., 1,7 {1908), No. J,, pp. -'i83-.'iS6; al)S. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 {1908), No. 23, p. 1032).— The authors injected 4 fowls. 2 subcutaneously and 2 intravenously, with blood from infected guinea pigs. Only 1 of the 4 fowls was affected, this one having been inoculated subcutaneously. Its blood was found to be infectious (for mice) 10 and 46 days after the inoculation. Trypanosomiasis and other diseases in camels, with experiments in con- nection with the former, J. B. Cleland {Jour. Dept. Agr. West, .lust., 17 {1908), Nos. 5, pp. 829-839; 6, pp. 970-979). — This is a report of an investigation of trypanosomes from camels. 500 of which had been imported into the north- ern part of West Australia from Karachi, India. An account is given of the VETERINARY MEDICINE. 79 spontaneous disease, probably surra, as manifested in camels and of the inocu- lated disease as manifested in horses, dogs, guinea pigs, and rats {Mus alexan- (Iriuus). Examinations were made of parasitic insects, etc., taken from the infected camels. Sarcosporidiosis, E. A. Watson {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 (1909), A'o. 1, pp. 1-10, ph. 2). — "The parasite sarcocystis under certain conditions be- comes a very important factor in disease, invading the entire musculature of its host with serious or fatal consequences. " Sarcosporidiosis may be closely associated with, and is probably a very frequent sequel to, the disease of horses and cattle known as ' loco disease.' It may complicate the diagnosis of this disease, and also of dourine, and probably of some others, and retard or prevent recovery from these and similar cachectic conditions. " The crescentic spores of sarcocystis bear a striking resemblance to the ' cres- ceutic bodies ' that have been described as developmental forms of trypanoso- mata, and it would be unsafe or quite erroneous to diagnose an infection by the latter from the presence alone of these ' crescentic bodies.' " Annual report of the stock department, J. Mills (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. West. Aust., 11 (1908), yo. 6, pp. 951-960) .—Imported camels found to be infected with surra are said to have been destroyed. The further spread of the cattle tick resulted in severe outbreaks of tick fever. Other diseases reported are tuberculosis, epizootic pleuro-pneumonia, and swine fever. Some animal diseases, G. H. Glover, C. L. Barnes, and B. F. Kaupp (CoJo- rada Sta. Bill. 137, pp. 3-12). — This is a popular discussion in which informa- tion is presented on the diseases of most importance at the present time. Sore mouth disease, known as necrotic stomatitis, is said to ha^e been a veritable scourge among hogs during the last 15 months. Lip and leg ulcera- tion, or necrotic dermatitis of sheep, caused by Bacillus necropJiorus, the same organism that causes sore mouth disease, is a disease that has recently ap- peared in the West. The different loco weeds are said to take first place from the standpoint of the disaster wrought to the live stock interests of the State. The 3 or 4 species of larkspur are by far the next most important weeds in Colorado, the loss caused by them amounting to about $50,000 annually. Blackleg, or symptomatic anthrax, is shown by reports from 1,656 stockmen to cause the greatest loss in May, June, September, and October. Glanders, foot-and-mouth disease, and hog cholera are also briefly considered. Report of the chief veterinary surgeon, J. M. Sinclair (South. Rhodesia, Rpt. Sec. Agr. 1907, pp. 19-22). — A brief report of the diseases occurring during the year. Particular mention is made of two serious outbreaks of African coast fever. Diseases of animals and meat inspection in Western Australia, J. B. Cle- LAND (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 17 (1908), yo. 6, pp. 961-969).— Dwving the year 26,563 cattle, 356 calves, 185,554 sheep and lambs, and 9,336 pigs were ex- amined ; 13.7 per cent of the cattle, 7.5 per cent of the sheep, and 14.9 per cent of the pigs examined were found to have pathological lesions ; 5.4 per cent of the cattle examined or 39.3 per cent of those diseased had tubercular lesions. A detailed list is given of the diseases met with. Observations on poisoning in horses, cattle, and sheep caused by feed- ing with musty fodder, M. Muller (Berlin. Tieriirztl. Wehnschr., 1908, Xo. 31, pp. oJ,l-5U; Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 (1909), No. 1, pp. 66-70).— At the beginning of December, 1907, several outbreaks of disease of an enzootic character occurred in lower Alsace-Lorraine, affecting horses, cattle, and sheep. The principal symptoms consisted in myoi)athic paresis or paralysis, and in the 80 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. oxen and sheep in excessive salivation. Tlie pulse and respirations were only increased in old-standing cases. There was no fever and the sensorium did not appear to be affected. Occasionally animals recovered after a very long period of convalescence. In post-mortem examination no visible pathological changes could be detected with the naked eye. Bacteriological examinations of the various organs ap- peared to indicate that the cases were due not to an infection but to an intoxi- cation. Examination of the materials sent revealed the presence in greater or less quauiities of cadaveric bacilli in all organs. The streptococci or other micro-organisms described by Schlegel, which are generally easy to discover, could not be detected in the interior of any of the organs. From inquiries it was found that during the previous year the grain of Essesdorf had been se- verely attacked by fungi. Microscopic examinations of the black mycelium showed that it was a form of Piiccinin graininis. An outbreak of poisoning from infected brawn, "W. G. Savage and C. H. GuNSON (Jour. Hyg. [Camhridye], 8 {1908), 'So. 5, pp. 60i-608).—" Eighteen persons after eating a. certain batch of pork-cheese, or vegetables infected from it, suffered from severe illness and three died. The illness was caused by a Gaertner bacillus of the Aertrycke subgroup isolated from one of the fatal cases. This bacillus was contained in the meat used for the pork-cheeses (brawn), infection being antecedent to preparation. Part of the meat was ob- tained from a pig suffering from local injury or disease of one leg and the bacilli were no doubt etiologically connected with this condition. The outbreak points to the need for a more complete and thorough veterinary inspection of meat before sale, and of tlie necessity for extended investigation into the dis- eases of animals used for human food caused by Gaertner bacilli." Tetanus or " lockjaw," X. S. Mayo and E. L. Luaces (Estac. Cent. Agron. Cuba Circ. 31, English Ed., pp. 11, pi. 1, figs. 2). — An account is given of the cause and nature of tetanus. The disease is said to be very common in Cuba and to cause serious losses of horses and mules. Preventive measures and remedies are discussed. Tuberculosis of the retropharyng'eal lymphatic glands in cattle, L. Spartz {Hyg. Viatide ct Lait, 2 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 2Jtl-2Jf3) .—An account by the director of the abattoir at Luxemburg. Tuberculosis of these glands is found very often in animals slightly affected with pulmonary tuberculosis and occasionally when lesions can not be found in any other part of the body. Of 28 animals which during the last 5 months of 1907 were found to present lesions of the retropharyngeal glands, 7 showed no lesion elsewhere. This disease is generally local, the bacilli having penetrated directly by the lymphatics of the pharynx and not in consequence of a gener- alization by the blood stream. When the glands become tuberculous they increase in size and cause continuous irritation, the action upon the pharynx resembling that of a foreign body. The author has never seen either cutaneous, osseous, or muscular tubercu- losis in the head. The nature and control of bovine tuberculosis, Y. A. Moore {Vt. Bd. Health Bui., 9 {1908), Xo. 2, pp. 12-29).— The "nosing" of heaithy cattle with, infected animals and their feeding and drinking after them are stated to be the most usual methods of contracting the disease. There is no evidence that in cattle tuberculin excites a latent tubercle into activity or that it tends to make the disease worse. For the eradication of the disease it is important that the dairyman have a source from which he can obtain sound animals. Three procedures from which to choose in eradication are, (1) the total destruction of the infected animals, VETERINARY MEDICINE. 81 (2) their slaughter for beef under proper inspection, procuring the meat values of those that are only slightly infected, and (3) the application of the Bang method. It is stated that the third method has been applied in this country with success at the Wisconsin and New York State stations and by several private cattle owners. It is the author's opinion that the offspring of tuberculous animals do not have any tendency to tuberculosis. Within a few weeks he has had tested 202 heifers between the ages of IS months and 3 years, nearly all the offspring of tuberculous dams, with only one reaction, the post mortem in this case showing a very slight lesion. Immunization of cattle to tuberculosis, A. Webkk and C. Titze {Tuber- kutosc Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 1908, No. 9, pp. 1-26; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), Xo. 23, pp. 1039, lO-'/O). — In continuation of experiments previously noted (R S. R., 19, p. 10S2) the authors used the Koch-Schutz vaccine known as tauruman, which is composed of bacilli of the human type. It was found that 10 to 15 days after the inoculation of an animal a fever develops, which continues high for 2 to S days and is accompanied by a cough and loss of weight. The resistance of animals inoculated at the age of 3 weeks was tested by intravenous and subcutaneous injections, inhalation and ingestion of tubercle bacilli, and by contact with diseased animals. None of the animals inoculated was afterwards found free from tuberculous lesions. The authors conclude that there is no marked difference in practice between bovovaccine and tauruman. Each can confer a resistance for a limited period. Permanence of the human type of tubercle bacillus in the bodies of bovo- vaccinated cattle, A. Weber et al. {Tithcrkalosc Arb. K. Gsnclhtnaiiit., 1908, Ao. 9, pp. 27--',9; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), \o. 23, pp. 10.',0, 10.',}).— Experiments are reported in which the bovovaccine of von Behriug and the tauruman of Koch and Schiitz were used. Three mouths after intravenous injections of tauruman bacilli were found in the lungs, and the bronchial and mediastinal glands only ; none was found after 7 months. With bovovaccine the persistence was not so long. It is concluded that the flesh of vaccinated animals should not be used for food within 4 months following inoculation. Elimination of tubercle bacilli with milk after intravenous injection of the human type of the bacillus, C. Titze {Tuberkulosc Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 1908, Xo. 9, pp. 50-58; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), No. 23, p. lO-'fl).— The author first reviews the investigations that have been made by other woi-kers. In the investigations here reported bacilli (typus humanus) were eliminated in the milk of cows that had been intravenously injected with tauruman. In the first experiment the elimination commenced the third week and still continued after 144 days had passed. The bacilli were only found, however, in milk from the left hind quarter of the udder. In the second experiment bacilli were not eliminated in the milk even after a second injection, made 3 months after the first (typus humanus) with bacilli of the bovine type. After a third injection (typus humanus) bacilli appeared in the milk from the left hind quarter of the udder. In a third experiment bacilli were eliminated in the milk from the left hind quarter of the udder 24 hours after injection, but none appeared after the ninety-ninth day. In another instance the elimination of the bacilli is said to have continued for IH months. Tuberculin as a diagnostic agent, W. Jowett (Jour. Compar. Path, and Then, 22 (1909), No. 1, pp. 10-22).— A resume of the new methods of diagnosis by means of local applications of tuberculin. 82 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Abstract of the proceedings of the conference on animal tuberculosis at the University of Illinois, October 15, 1908 {Illinois Sta. Circ. 128, pp. 16). — Following a brief report of a conference held at Urbana, 111., for the considera- tion of animal tuberculosis, the more important points in the control of the disease in animals are discussed at length. Measures for the eradication of bovine tuberculosis in Germany, Ij. Beante {MaliiKi. Liins; Hu.shdU. HaUsk. KrrtUxki:, muH, \o. 3, pp. GU2-U8S, fiffs. .'/).— A report presented to the Malmohus County Agricultural Society. Tick, redwater, or Texas fever in cattle, R. Wallace {Qnecnshnid Agr. Jour., 20 {1908), No. 6, pp. 314-325, pi. 1, figs. 4). — A general review of the pres- ent status of our liuowledge of the disease and of the ticks that transmit it, with methods for tick extermination. The foot-scab mite of sheep (Symbiotes communis, var. ovis), T. W. Cave {Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 1, pp. 50-52, fig. i).— The author presents an account of this parasite as occurring in a flock of yearling lambs at Kent, England. Acari were found in the feet of all lambs that appeared lame. The parasites showed no tendency to invade other parts of the body, remaining attached to the skin of the interdigital space and the short wool growing from it. Washing the feet with a 2 per cent solution of lysol was effective in destroying the parasites. Hog' cholera and hog— cholera vaccine, M. H. Reynolds {Minnesota Sta. Bui. 113, pp. 255-284). — The first part of this bulletin is devoted to an account of hog cholera in the light of recent Ivuowledge, wliile in the remainder is pre- sented the details of immunity experiments conducted by the author in which both the serum alone and serum-simultaneous methods were employed. The following conclusions have been drawn, based upon these experiments : " In herds already infected we have vaccinated 251 hogs, of which there died 44 (corrected for December 28, 1908). In these same infected herds there were unvaccinated 76, of which there died 68. " Of healthy hogs, i. e., hogs not yet exposed to infection so far as known, we have vaccinated 201, of which there died 2, neither showing' any satisfactory evidence of cholera. . . . " In the same herds, healthy at the time of vaccination, there were 9 animals left unvaccinated for various reasons, usually for checks. These 9 under the same exposure as the 201 vaccinated, all died. "Our present standard of doses is as follows: •' Serum.— Up to 20 lbs., 10 cc. ; 20 to 50 lbs., 15 cc. ; 50 to 100 lbs., 20 cc. ; 100 to 150 lbs., 25 cc. ; 150 to 200 lbs., 30 cc. ; 200 to 250 lbs., 40 cc. ; 250 to 400 lbs., 50 cc. " The dose of virulent blood is from 2 to 2.5 cc. with the exception of suckling pigs, for which 1 cc. is sufficient with 10 cc. of serum. " The writer feels warranted in saying that we can now immunize hogs so as to make them proof against cholera. " The method discussed in this bulletin has progressed to a point where it may be considered a practical method of field vaccination. " This serum has excellent keeping qualities, it having been proved potent after several years." The indications are that the danger of disseminating the disease through the use of virulent blood is slight and may probably be disregarded. " This vac- cine has still certain fault.s, the correction of which will add greatly to its desirability. These faults are such that it seems probable that they can be removed in a large measure." Concerning the cost of vaccine the author states: "From the best available information we estimate that the serum must sell at first for about 2 cts. per VETERINARY MEDICINE. 83 CO.. or 20 cts. for enouiili to viR'cin:il(> a suckling pig. . . . Tlie virulent blood which forms ii part of the vaccine will probably sell at ai)i)ro.\iniately 1 ct. per cc. This will add from 1 to 3 cts. to the cost of each dose when the simulta- neous method is used. The cost of vaccinating a hog weighing 100 lbs. at this rate would be about 42 cts. at the present cost of production. But when the serum is produced on a much larger scale, and we have improved our methods and learned to economize to the best advantage, the carcasses of hogs used up in Qur work, we exi)ect to produce this vaccine for perhaps 25 cts. for a full dose. At 40 cts. or even at 50 cts. a dose the dose would be very cheap for herds of exposed pure-bred hogs and for use in checking outbreaks." Methods of controlling' hog cholera, M. H. Reynolds (Northwest. Agr., 2.'i {190D), Xos. 8, p. l'J.3; 10, pp. J'i7, 2-'iS). — In this address, which was presented before the Minnesota Live Stock Breeders' Association, the author reviews the present status of our knowledge of hog cholera and discusses the investigations of the station noted above. Studies of conditions relating to catalepsy of swine, C. H. Hansen (Mdancdstcr. Dyrhnjvr, 20 (I'JOS). Xo. 13, pp. 333-360; ahs. in HoariVs Dairy- man. J/O (1009), Xo. 1, p. 10). — The report gives data relative to investigations along the following lines of study: The influence of cod-liver oil on the quality of pork, the poisonous effect of pliosphorized cod-liver oil in the case of healthy swine, the influence of phosphorized cod-liver oil on the deposition of lime salts in the organism, and the keeping quality of phosphorized cod-liver oil. Some colic cases in town horses, H. Lomas {Vet. Rec, 21 {1909), No. 1070, pp. Ji.'il--'i-'f3). — This account is based upon 1,244 cases among general work horses. The author considers the increased work during certain months and poor provender the important causative factors. That there is a direct relation be- tween hard work and death from twists and volvulus he considers quite evi- dent. The death rate is considered as very largely controlled by the age of the horses and the work exacted. " Old horses— horses over 3i years' service — have colic, but the death rate is very low indeed as compared with those of shorter service." The majority of the twists have been at the commencement and termination of the large colon. Glanders, W. Hunting {London, 1908, pp. 100+4, pis. l.'f). — In this work the author first considers the history of glanders and then deals with its distribu- tion and prevalence, etiology, symptoms, post-mortem appearances, diagnosis, cure and recovery, prevention, and legislation. An appendix is devoted to glanders in man. Observations indicating that the recent outbreak of diphtheria in the wood-pigeon (Columba palumbus) is caused by a filter-passer, G. Dean and W. K. Marshall {Jour. Path, and Baet., 13 {1908), No. 1, pp. 29S3).— From inoculation experiments here recorded it appears that an extract of the mem- brane after filtration through a Berkefeld filter still contains the virus. This reproduced the disease when inoculated upon the throat, whereas when sub- cutaneously inoculated an acutely fatal disease without any definite pathologi- cal lesions was produced. Note on the prevalence of intestinal worms in dogs in Cambridge, G. II. F. XuTTALL and C. Strickland {I'arasitologi/, 1 {190S), No. 3, pp. 261, 262).— In the course of investigations conducted at Cambridge, England, upon dogs in- fected with riroplasma canis 24 were examined for intestinal parasites. All were found to harbor worms. Of the 3 species of parasites found, 17 dogs harbored Ascaris inystax, 14 harbored Dipylidium. caninwm, and 4 harbored Twnia scrrata. The number of A. inystax per dog varied from 1 to 113, while D. caninuni varied from 1 to 102, and T. serrata from 1 to 8. The total number 84 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. of each species recovered from the 24 dogs was A. mystax 29G, D. camnum 312, and T. serrata 17. Hepatozoon perniciosuni (n. g., n. sp.); a hemogregarine pathogenic for white rats; with a description of the sexual cycle in the intermediate host, a mite (Lelaps echidninus), AY. W. JIiller (P«<6. Health and Mar. Uosp. Serv. V. S., Ili/ff. Lob. Bid. J/B. pp. 51. pis. 20). — " Hepatozoon perniciosum, n. g., n. sp., is a heniogregarine found in white rats in Washington, D. C, and the cause of an epizootic observed among tliese animals. The protozoon Is conveyed by a mite {Lelaps echidninus), which is the true intermediate host. Infection is transmitted to the rat when the mite is swallowed by the rat. The mites are ectoparasites upon the rats, from which they receive infection by sucking the blood. Multiplication of the hemogregarine in the rat takes places in the liver. In the stomach of the mite the hemogregarines conjugate and form an ookinet, which penetrates the stomach wall and completes its development in the body tissues of the mite." A new rabbit cestode, Cittotsenia mosaica, M. C. Hall (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mus., 3.'f (1D08). pp. 001-600, figs. 0). — A new species of tapeworm taken from a rabbit (Lcpus [Sylvilarjus] pinetis) in Colorado is here described as C. mosaica. This is said to be the only genus of rabbit cestodes represented both in the Old World and in America, The principles involved in the standardization of disinfectants and the influence of organic matter upon germicidal value, Harriettp: Chick and C. J. Martin (Jour. Hyg. [Camhridge], S {190S), No. 5, pp. 65//-6fl7).— Experi- ments made with phenol, mercuric chlorid, and emulsified disinfectants to deter- mine their effect in the presence of definite amounts of organic material are here recorded. A modification in the methods commonly employed for the standardization of disinfectants is suggested. A bibliographical list of 37 titles is appended. Wounds of animals and their treatment, N. S. Mayo and W. W. Dimock (Estac. Cent. Agron. Cuba Circ. 29, English Ed., pp. 15, figs. 4)- — A popular account prepared for the stock owner. RURAL ENGINEERING. Clearing pine lands, E. B. Ferris (Mississippi lita. Bui. ILS, pp. 3-11, figs. 3). — This bulletin discusses briefiy the I'emoval of stumps from pine lands by digging and cutting, burning, blasting, and pulling, and describes the devices used. Other methods such as filling auger holes in the stump with niti'ate of soda, kerosene, and strong acids have been tried, but are not considered practical. The cost of clearing 35 acres at the station in 1902 by blasting and burning averaged $17 per acre, but in recent experiments on 2.3 acres of land having 158 stumps reipiiring boring, a simple machine was used to bore the holes and then firing, this reducing the cost per acre to less than $S. The bulletin includes a description of this boring machine. The cost of clearing logged-off land for farming in the Pacific North- west, H. Thompson (U. S. Dcpt. Agr,, Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 25, pp. 16, figs. 9). — This is a summary of information obtained from contractors and owners in western Washington, western Oregon, and northern California. Various methods of removing stumps are described, with tabulated data of costs. The methods described include pulling with the donkey engine, burning, and blast- ing, and these are illustrated by diagrams shov,'ing the best way to employ them. There are three tables, the first giving an approximate ostiniato of the extent of cultivated, timber, and logged-off lands; the second, of the cost per stump of removing fir stumps; and the third of the cost per acre of clearing RURAL ENGINEERING. 85 bj various nielliotls. Tlie cost avorai^c^s al)oul $!(»(), iiulicatini; that clearlns of tlieso lands is profitable only on verj' rich land or that located near cities. Seepage and drainage, II, E. T. Tannatt and 11. D. Kneale {Montana Sia. Bui. 76, pp. 111-162, pis. IJf, figs. 2). — In continuation of the experimental work reported in Part I of the investigations (E. S. K.. 1!), p. 28.5), this bulletin gives the results of studies by the authors to determine the cause and amount of seepage from irrigation canals, and the best methods of draining the lands injured by the water. The results reported here were obtained chiefly from two sources : First, from drainage i)lans and investigations made of a tract of 80 acres of seeped land near T'ozeman, Mont.; and, second, from the investiga- tions of the Arnold drain which is about IC.'iOO ft. long and drains an area of some 5,2SS acres near Billings, Mont. For the first of these, which is called the Lamme project, a topographical survey and study of the subsoil conditions was made, the latter being deter- mined with .the aid of 135 test wells, which were also used for observations of the ground water level. The principal conclusions arrived at from the study of this project were that the open ditch laid parallel to the floor of the ground water and used for an intercepting drain is not satisfactory in clay soils under- laid by gravel ; that the relief system is best adapted to these conditions, and that the drains should be laid with reference to the surface of the gravel subsoil. In alkali soils open-bottom box tile is preferred to closed tile because of the danger of the joints being cemented, as was noted in Part I. The soil along the Arnold drain was a stiff clay with a gravel subsoil irregu- lar in surface, and the ground water was under pressure, as indicated by test wells which were driven through the clay along the line of the drain. The investigation of this drain confirmed the conclusions noted in the Lamme project. A summary of the conclusions reached from the study of this drain is given, with practical suggestions i-elating to the location, grades, and ma- terial for drains, and the relation of gravel to seepage. In studying seepage losses it was found difficult to secure accurate measure- ments because of additions to the flow reaching the canal en route. Tabular results of measurements in an irrigation canal 28 miles long are given showing the total and percentage losses in sections of the canal. The total loss was found to be 27 per cent of the amount entering the headgates ; 20.3 cu. ft. per second were lost, and 3.5 cu. ft. per second entered the canal. McGee Creek drainag'e and levee district (Engin.. Rcc, 59 (1900), No. 8, pp. .!.U, 2.LI ). — This is a paper read before the Illinois Society of Engineers and Sur- veyors, in which A. H. Bell, the engineer of this district, describes the mechan- ical equipment and other features of this district. About 12,0'00 acres of very rich bottom land fronting 9 miles on the Illinois River are to be reclaimed by levees and pumping. The pumping equipment consists of two horizontal return tubular boilers of 175 II. P. each, and two pumping units each including a 4-valve horizontal simiile noncondensing engine with 20-in. stroke and IG-in. cylinder with a steam consumption of 20 lbs. per I. H. P., and rated at 225 H. P. each, when running at ISO revolutions per minute with a steam pressure of 125 lbs. The pumps are of the centrifugal type with 36-in. suction and 32-in. discharge, are direct connected to the engines, and are designed to deliver 28,500 gals, per minute at 125 revolutions i)er minute against a 9-ft. head, or at 200 revolutions per minute against an IS-ft. head. The maximum suction lift is 10 ft. and the discharge head 8 ft., making the total of IS ft, all including friction. The cost of the entire district will be $180,000. Assesments on railroads in land drainage districts, .T. W. Dappert (Engin. liir., .'>9 (190!)). \o. 7. pp. JIG. 111). — Assessing railroads for benefits derived 86 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from drainage was the subject of a paper read recently before the Illinois Society of Engineers and Surveyors, and there are given in this article notes from the paper regarding suggestions as to benefits which can be assigned exact money values. Examples of this are as follows : A tile laid where there was previously an open drain would save the railroad the cost of removing and replacing a bridge, and the temporary traffic delay necessitated by the passage of a dredge boat. Trestles or bridges can be dis- pensed with as a result of the drainage, or perhaps shortened or replaced by structures less expensive to maintain. In illustration of these methods an actual case is cited. The works of irrig'ation in the United States, D. J. Xicolau and D. N. PuiG DE LA Bellacasa {Lds Ohvas de Riego en los Estados Unidos de America. Madrid: Ministerio de Fomento, 190S, pp. 285, pJs. 17, figs. 9, dgms. 71). — This contains an account of the establishment and development of arid land reclama- tion in the United States. There is a discussion of the natural conditions and resources of this country, and of irrigation works and institutions, with detailed descriptions of some of the large irrigation structures. Federal aid and laws relative to public lands and irrigation are treated at some length with reference to the possibilities of successful application of the methods used here to irrigation development in Spain. [Duty of water on alfalfa fields], G. E. P. Smith (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 371-373). — Measuring tlie duty of water on two alfalfa fields was begun in 1908. One of these fields, divided into plats A and B, contained 47.7 acres of heavy loam and was watered by a gravity ditch, while the other, containing 23.2 acres of clayey soil, was watered from a pumping plant. In the larger field plat A received 85.7 in. of water, or 19.8 in. per ton of alfalfa, and plat B 55.4 in., or 11.5 in. per ton of alfalfa, while the smaller field received 13.75 in. of water, or 5.7 in. per ton of crop. The heavy application on plat A was due to a mistake. The smaller field is regarded as having given the better results. In February and March 2.5 in. of rain fell, and in July and August 7 in. Duty of water records, H. T. Nowell {Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1908, p. 70). — A table is given showing the average depth of water in inches applied to 29 dif- ferent crops and crop mixtures on irrigated plats at the station farm from 1902 to 1907, inclusive. Only the data for alfalfa include each of the 4 years. Detecting' underground streams with an ear-trumpet (Sci. Amer., 100 (1909), No. 15, p. 277, figs. 2). — The apparatus described and illustrated is based on the principle of the " acoustele," or sound trumpet. It consists of a large ear-trumpet set mouth down on the ground with a device for considerably mag- nifying sounds produced beneath it, such as running water. The instrument is stated to have been operated with success in the vicinity of Paris. Concrete caisson wells, G. E. P. Smith (Arizona Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 373, 374). — A type of concrete caisson well is recommended for use where wells of great lateral dimensions are required by reason of the water supply being limited to shallow beds of gravel. There is given a brief description of a well of this khid built under the auspices of the station in 1908. This is 8 ft. in diameter and 24 ft. deep. It was built of reinforced concrete in 3-ft. sections on the ground, and these were successively sunk by excavating inside of them. Power irrigation, E. C. Reybold, Jr. (Irrig. Age, 24 (1909), No. 6, pp. 169-172, figs. 2, dgms. 2). — 'A steam pumping plant designed to supply water for the irri- gation of 1,000 acres of fruit land in Utah is described in this article, with data relative to its installation, operation, and cost. During 1908 the number of acres irrigated was about 500, 350 of which was planted to trees, 75 to cantaloups, and about 75 to other crops. The pumps ran for about 1,540 hours during the season and discharged about 7 second-feet. RURAL ENGINEERING. 87 This furnished .ibout 1.7 aere-feet per acre under (Miltivation. The estimated cost per acre when all the land is under water is $3.31 per acre. The system complete cost .'?1() per acre. Implements and machinery at the Paris show {Impl. and ilach. Rev., SJi {1909), X(i. '/OS, lip. l')()3-15t 1, pgs. 3). — An account is given of the annual show held recentlj', and a number of the exhibits are described briefly. Among these is r. new potato digger described as follows: "The digging apparatus is in the form of a scoop carried on a frame with large steel wheels, and supported in front by swivel wheels. A lever regulates the depth of scoop, which digs up the earth with the potatoes, and both are carried up by a chain elevator, when the soil is pulverized by the motion imiiarted and falls through the grid bottom. The potatoes being thus shaken free from soil roll up the elevator and fall from prongs into rows." There was also noted a road roller which is propelled by an internal com- bustion engine, and is the outcome of experiments carried on for three years. The drive is taken through a multiple disk clutch reducing gear direct to the road wheels. Electrical plowing- tackle {Imp}, and Mach. Rev., 3^ (1909), JVo. 407. pp. 1315, 1316, pg. 1). — The plowing engine described and illustrated is fitted with a device for anchorage which consists of a plate the length of the machine carried by vertical channel sections sliding in brackets fixed to the frame. It is stated that when the point of this plate is forced into the ground, the machine, which weighs 4 tons, offers as much lateral resistance as the heaviest traction engine, enabling it to perform deep plowing. Manure distributor, Sevegrand (Rev. Tit., 31 (1909), No. 196, pp. 302-305. figs. 5). — The distributor which is described and illustrated is stated to be designed especially to secure uniform distribution. This is accomplished by giving an oscillatory movement to a cylinder at the bottom of a hopper by means of two cranks actuated by gears attached to the axles. [A water-weed cutter] (Impl. and Mach. Rev., 34 (1909), No. 408, pp. 1496, J491, figs. 3). — A new machine for cutting water-weeds is described. One of the chief features is a stern wheel enabling it to turn in a little more than its own length. The cutting of the weeds is performed by an arrangement of weed saws in a V-shaped form, which is suspended from an oscillating hinged arm. The cutting knives, which are of steel with scalloped edges, trail along just above the bottom. The Heath book for threshermen, W. Boss (Winnipeg, 1908, pp. 312, figs. 55). — This is an elementary treatise on the subject of boilers and engines of types used for traction and farm operations, and is intended to serve as a book of instruction for engineers and firemen or others having to do with this class of engines. The principles involved in engines and boilers, their construction and their fittings are described, together wit]i practical suggestions as to their care and operation. The book is in the nature of a handbook and contains in addition to the above, tables of the properties of steam, weights and measures, and other engineering data. Caterpillar traction eng-ine (Engin. News, 61 (1909), No. 1, p. 195, figs. 4)- — The essential feature of this machine is an endless platform driving belt which replaces the large drivers of the ordinary traction engine. It is stated to be esi)ecially adapted to the loose, dry soils of the deserts, the adobe clays, and the soft reclaimed lands bordering rivers. The construction and operation are described. Farm building construction, R. Knoch (Landirirtschaftliehe Baulcundc. Hanover, 1908, vol. 1, pp. 113, figs. 31; 1909, vol. 2, pp. 108, figs. 6'6).— These 89610— No. 1—09 7 88 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. booklets deal with the construction of buildings, with special reference to those on the farm. The first takes up building materials, the construction of common building details such as steps, stairs, floors, doors, etc., and also ventilation. The second is devoted to barns and stables, and describes in detail methods of construc- tion which are considered to be best adapted to the purpose for which the building is erected. The author, who is a government architect, states that the booklets were pre- pared for the use of the farm owner to acquaint him with enough technical information to enable him to build to the best advantage. RURAL ECONOMICS. The International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, H. J. Dannfelt (K. Landihr. Akad. Haiidl. och Tidskr., ',S {190!)). Xo. 1, pp. 52-6-',).— A sketch of the history, organization, field of operation, and administration of the institute. The origin and organization of the International Institute of Agriculture at Rome, A. MacLean {Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. 118-124). — Similar in scope to the above. The small holding, F. E. Green (London and New York, 1908, pp. XII +122, pis. 2.'f, figs. It-'i). — This book describes the operation of individual and coopera- tive small holdings in England with particular reference to cooperation, through which phase alone, according to the author, can the success of the movement be attained. A list of societies helpful to small holders and a bibliography are included. Equipment and cultivation of small holdings, .J. H. Diggle (Irish Farming World, 22 (1909), Nos. 1101, pp. 346, 347; 1102, pp. 376, 377).— This article describes the actual cost of equipment of several blocks of land in England formerly cultivated as single holdings, but now divided and operated as single allotments, small holdings, and small farms. The various lines of work car- ried on by the tenants are also described. "The holdings are successful, judging hy the state of the cultivation of the land, the number of stock kept, the extremely rare changes of tenancy, and the prompt payment of rent. Upon 4,000 acres of land, let to 70 resident small holders and to upward of 300 nonresident small holders and allotment holders, the only arrear of rent is 33s., the rent of an acre allotment. During the past 12 years the lost rent has amounted to less than 2s. 6d. for each £100 payable." The lack of adequate capital is said to be the great drawback to the cultivation of small holdings. Agricultural holdings (Scotland) bill (London, 1908, pp. 11+23). — The text of the law of 1908 regulating the relations between farm tenants and landlords in Scotland is reported. Mutual insurance for farmers, C. F. Mingeneack (Bicn. Rpt. Knns. Bd. Agr., 16 (1907-S), pp. 67S-6S7). — A paper read before the thirty-seventh annual meeting of the Kansas State Board of Agriculture setting forth the estimated number of mutual insurance societies among farmers in the United States, the advantages of the system, and the rates and amounts of insurance in effect. Kansas in 1906 had 18 farmers' mutual societies insuring against fire, lightning, and windstorm, while the total number in the United States was estimated at 2,250. The paper is followed by a discussion. Grange banks are successful, W. F. Hill (Orange Judd Farmer, .{6 (1909). No. 18, p. 695). — Notes are given on the operation of fai*mers' banks in Penn- sylvania, of which 20 and one trust company have' been organized in three years. RURAL ECONOMICS. 89 A large cooperative creamery, M. Beau {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 11 {1909), No. 10, pp. 299-302, figs. 2; Indus. Latt. e Zootvc, 7 { 1909), IVo. 7, pp. 113, IVf).— This article describes the orf^anization and operation of the cooperative dairy of Vienna, Austria, confined largely to the distribution of fresh milk and crean), which is said to be the largest and best equipped organization of its kind in the world. Law of February 26, 1909, authorizing loans to agricultural cooperative societies in Algeria {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 17 {1909), .Ao. 9, pp. 277,278).^ The text of the law is reported. Agricultural bookkeeping, H. Schmidt and P. Walter {Landwirtschaftliche BuclifiiJiruiig. Hanover, 1908, pp. VI+59). — A single entry system of book- keeping for farmers is described and illustrated. The pensioning of farm laborers, S. Fereari {Bui, Agr. [Milan], J/S {1909), Kos. 16, pp. 1, 2; 17, p. 2). — This article discusses the forms of mutual assur- ance for pensioning aged or injured farm laborei's practiced by certain agricul- tural associations in France, and the author proposes a detailed plan for or- ganizing such associations in Italy, which is believed to offer a partial solution of the pi'oblem of retaining farm laborers on the land. The effects of the periodical movement of laborers in Italy and the at- tempt at government regulation, T. Mueller {Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 {1909), Ko. 3, pp. 99-117). — This article describes the custom which prevails among large numbers of farm laborers in Italy of traveling from place to place in search of employment. Statistics are presented of the number and classes of laborers seeking em- ployment during each month of the year, and the kinds of work at which employed during the seasons. The causes and effects of the movement are pointed out. Among the results mentioned are an oversupply of farm labor in some districts and a scarcity in others, the former frequently resulting in strikes, reduction in wages, and conflicts between the incoming and native laborers. The seriousness and frequency of these tendencies in recent years Lave led to the organization of government information and arbitration com- missions for the purpose of controlling the annual movement of farm laborers, and the economic and social advantages of these efforts on the part of the gov- ernment are discussed. Measures against contract-breaking agricultural laborers, Schade et al. (Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 56 {1908), Xo. .',9, pp. 1336-1348).— The regulations and penalties in force in certain parts of Germany relating to the breaking of con- tracts between farmers and farm laborers are presented and discussed. The development of the agricultural industry in Germany as a result of the scarcity of farm labor, F. Bornemann {Fuhling's Landiv. Ztg., 58 (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 92-108; J,, pp. 121-11,6).— The author reviews the history of German agriculture during the past 50 years, and discusses the cause and ex- tent of rural depopulation, the substitution of foreign for native laborers, the efforts made to retain the people on the land, the combination of agriculture with some industry in order to give constant employment to farm laborers, the changes in farm management to save labor, the changes in number and size of farm holdings, the use of implements and machinery, and the technical opei'a- tion of farms to save hand labor. He presents a comparison of agricultural conditions in England and the United States with German conditions, and a general forecast of what the future development of agriculture is likely to be in Germany. Two agrarian problems, J. Kozany {Wiener Landw. Ztg., 59 (1909), Nos. 23, pp. 235, 236; 2.'f, pp. 2^8, 2Ji9). — The author discusses the factors which 90 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. affect the prices of agricultural products and the increasing indebtedness of landowners in Austria. As to the former problem he shows that the farmer has little or nothing to say about the price of his products and that this has had considerable to do with increasing his indebtedness which has more than doubled since 1868. The indebtedness of landowners is now one of the most serious of national prob- lems, and, in the author's opinion, has no solution other than through an in- crease in the profitableness of agriculture. The agricultural development of Bulgaria, C. Wlachoff (Die landwlrf- schafUichc Entirickhiuc/ Biilgaricus. Itiaticj. Diss., Univ. Erlangen, 1907, pp. X-\-81). — An inaugural dissertation dealing with the economic development of agriculture from 1878 to 1903. Yearbook of rural economy, 1909, H. C. Larsen (Landokonom. Aarbog [Copenhagen], 10 {1009), pp. ISO). — This is the annual directory of public insti- tutions and associations for the advancement of Danish agriculture in its various branches. The present position of Danish, agricultural products on the English market, H. Faber (Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1909, Xo. 2, pp. 88-llS, figs. 2, dgms. Jf). — An address dealing with statistics of the Danish and other agricultural products on the English market and with questions regarding the trade in Danish butter and bacon in Great Britain in the future. The harvest in Norway, 1908 (Bcr. Hasten Xorge, 1908, pp. 76). — The re- port of the secretary of agriculture of Norway for 1908. Crop Reporter {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur, Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 {1909), No. 5, pp. 29-92). — Statistics on the condition, value, yields, and prices of principal crops in the United States, notes on European crop conditions, and a list of recent bulletins issued by the Biu'eau of Statistics are given in this number. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The problem of rural schools and teachers in North America, Edith H. Spalding {Bd. Ed. [London], Ed. Fantphlet IS, pp. 70). — This is a description from an English view point of the workings of those American school agencies which have been progressively developed in the attempt to solve the problem of rural education. It shows clearly how the problem itself arose from a con- dition of diminishing rural population as the trend to the cities increased, and reviews the various efforts made to counteract this tendency. The influence of utilitarianism and of sociological interest in educational reform is noticed, and the accomplishments of the Patrons of Husbandry, farmers' institutes, the nature-study movement, and special teachers' colleges are carefully estimated. Special attention is given to the subject of school consolidation in Canada under the provisions of the Macdonald Fund administered by Prof. J. W. Robertson, late commissioner of agriculture at Ottawa. An important chapter is devoted to the training of teachers for the new requirements of country life education, and the work of the newly-founded Macdonald College is emphasized as afford- ing to city as well as rural teachers the stimulus of a unique training in purely agricultural surroundings. Ten appendixes include statistics, regulations, plans of buildings and grounds, courses of study, and other matters referred to in the report. Agriculture in the high schools of Michigan, W. H. French {Mich. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. Bui. 2, pp. 12, figs. 5). — This bulletin relates some of the facts learned in nearly a year's observation of secondary agricultural instruc- tion given in the North Adams (Mich.) High School, which was instituted under the dii'ection of the chair of agriculture at the Michigan College. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 91 In a school poulation of 121 thero is an attendance of 42 nonresident stu- dents. Forty of the 43 high school boys are now stndying agricnlture, and 4 of these had previously graduated or had left the high school. The agricultural course is arranged as follows: Ninth grade — general and agricultural botany, a half year each; tenth grade — horticulture and field crops, half year each; eleventh grade — live stock, daii-ying, and poultry, entire year; twelfth grade — soils, one-half year, and farm management and farm mechanics, half year. In response to a strong demand from the surrounding country the school also gave a farmers' short course of one evening lecture each week for 10 weeks, to an average attendance of 25. Some conclusions drawn from the year's observations are that the practical applications of the agricultural instruction have greatly increased the interest in the high school and have "steadied" the work of the entire school; that agricultural instruction gives point and value to all other high-school work in science, arithmetic, and language; that it can be successfully given under ordinary high school conditions, and that it has furnished at least as much training in thought and judgment as any of the traditional studies in the curriculum. Report of the Royal Agricultural Academy of Sweden, 1908, H. Juhlin- Dannfelt (A'. Laiidthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., ^8 (1909), No. 3, pp. 111- 157).- — An account of the work of the Academy and its various departments during 1908. Instruction in forestry in Sweden (Yttranden i Anledninri af Betankundc. Stockholm, 1909, pp. 160). — This is the report of a committee of experts selected by the Agricultural Department of Sweden to consider and report upon the best arrangement of forestry instruction in that country. Agriculture for teachers, C. Seltensperger {Le Livrc Agricole des Institu- ieurs. Paris, 1907, pp. XI+480, figs. J77).— This is a text-book of agriculture for the use of teachers in normal schools, high schools, and colleges, and attempts to set forth in methodical order the facts of current agricultural prac- tice and the reasons for them. It consists of 5 main divisions; (1) General agriculture, dealing chiefly with the soil, drainage, irrigation, fertilizers, etc. ; (2) special crops, their diseases and the remedies to be applied; (3) vine culture, the choice of stocks, propagation, pruning, cultivation, fertilization, and the making of wine; (4) live stock, including the principles of feeding and im- provement of domestic animals and their . products ; and (5) rural economy and legislation, with a discussion of the organization and value of agricultural societies and of systematic farm accounting. Catechism of agriculture, T. C. Atkeson and D. W. Working (Morgantoirn, W. Va., [1909^, pp. 2.'i). — This little pamphlet contains a concise series of ques- tions and answers classified under the heads of scope of the sub.iect of agricul- ture, soil management, plant management, and animal management. It is stated that care has been used " to make every question suggestive and every answer accurate and intelligible." Elementary agriculture, F. Perai.ta (San Jose, Costa Rica, 1909, pp. 226-\- Vf, fills, 'i.')). — An elementary text-book of agriculture comprising 605 qu^^tious and an.swers on the study of plants, soils, and fertilizers. An appendix includes 32 simple experiments demonstrating some of the lessons, and tables giving the chemical conii)osition of different materials and of fertilizers. Text-book of Egyptian agriculture, edited by G. P. Foadkn and F. Fletcher (Cairo: Govt., 1908, vol. 1, pp. 320, figs. 63).— This is the first of a two-volume series to be issued by the Egyptian ministry of education, intended primarily for the use of students but dealing quite fully with the general conditions of agri- 92 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. cultural practice in tropical countries. Three chapters are contributed by A. Linton on atmosphere and climate in relation to agriculture, the soil and its properties, and the cultivation of the soil. R. Lang-Anderson has three chapters on irrigation and drainage implements, and land reclamation. The remaining two chapters discuss cultivating and harvesting implements and manures. Economical farm and dairy management, A. Ducloux {Econoinie Menagere Agricole et Laitcric. Paris, HJOS, pp. 332, flgs. 1S2). — This volume is designed especially for the use of students in traveling schools of agriculture and dairy- ing. It contains five treatises on agricultural topics. The first, which has to do with domestic economy, particularly for farmers' families, discusses the selection and furnishing of homes, food and diet, the px'eservation of fruits, and similar questions. The second part has to do with dairying and pork raising, and the third with milk, butter, and cheese. The fourth deals with poultry raising, and the fifth with gardening. The physical properties of soils, A. C. McCall {New York and London, 1909, pp. y 111+ 102, pis. 3, figs. 32).— A laboratory manual for the use of students in soil physics. It covers the range of experiments usually taught in such courses and includes rules for the use of the chromic-acid method of determining organic matter in a soil, and directions for standardizing the eye- piece micrometer used in the mechanical analysis of soils. Farm arithmetic, Jessie Field {Shenandoah, Iowa, 1909, pp. 20). — In this little manual about 125 agricultural problems, intended to supplement the text- book in arithmetic for pupils in the seventh and eighth grades, are grouped according to subject-matter, some dealing with the farm inventory, others with farm crops, rotations, the dairy, poultry, birds, weeds, insects, farm buildings, farm labor, and drainage. Seed testing', F. W. Taylor (A'. H. Col. School Bui. J,, pp. 63-76, fig's. 39).— ]\Iethods of testing seeds for purity and viability and the apparatus needed for these tests are described. Five exercises in testing seeds are outlined. Culture and marketing of tobacco, J. E. Davis {Hampton Leaflets, n. scr., 5 {1909), No. J/, pp. 8, figs. 5). — Information concerning the growing, curing, and marketing of tobacco is given in sulficient detail to be of special value to teach- ers of geography and agricultiu'e. Plant breeding, G. F. Freeman {Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], Farmers' Inst. Ser., 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 92, figs. 21). — A prefatory note to this number indi- cates as the general purpose of the series the stimulating of Kansas young peo- ple to a perception of the fact that successful farming is an intellectual occupa- tion. The present number takes up in succession the topics of fruit improve- ment, including grapes, apples, pears, plums, and the small fruits, and cereal breeding, including corn, wheat, and miscellaneous crops. It also includes a reprint of an article by the same author on the Scientific Principles of Plant Breeding. The historical development of the subject is adequately treated, and directions for its practical application on the farm are clearly given. An elementary study of insects, T. J. Headlee {Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], Teachers' and Pupils' Ser., 1 (1909), No. 3, pp. 52, figs. ^7). — This number con- tains an illustrated description of the structure of insects, directions for col- lecting and mounting specimens, and a detailed life history of the Hessian fly, chinch bug, codling moth, clothes moth, and honeybee, with methods of combat- ing those which are injurious. Insects injurious to farm crops, G. A. Dean {Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], Farmers' Inst. Ser., 1 {1909), No. J/, pp. 91, figs. 85). — This number is devoted to a study of insects and small animals injurious to farm crops and is fully illustrated. It is introduced by a prefatory note advising that some member MISCELLANEOUS. 93 in each farm family should become a practical outomologist by personal study and cooperation with the State experiment station. MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of Arizona Station, 1908 (Arizona Sta. Rpt. J!)08. lip. 323-3S2). — This contains the organization list, an administrative re- port by the director on the work of the station as a whole, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, seven departmental reports noted else- where in this issue, and an article on The Weather for 1908 noted on page 15. Twenty-first Annual Report of Georg'ia Station, 1908 {Georgia 8ta. Rpt. 1008. pp. ,i'i-j-255). — This contains the organization list, reports by the president of the board of directors and by the director of the station on its worli during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908. Nineteenth Annual Report of New Mexico Station, 1908 ( Xcw Mexico Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 58). — This contains the organization list, a I'eport of the director on the worlv, publications, and exchanges of the station, departmental reports on the various lines of station work conducted during the year, and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908. The report of the chemist is abstracted on pp. IS, 22, and 72 of this issue. Annual Report of South Dakota Station, 1908 {Soutli Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 20). — This contains the organization list, a report by the director on the personnel, lines of work, publications and exchanges of the station, a finan- cial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, and brief reports from heads of departments. Eighteenth Annual Report of Wyoming Station, 1908 (Wyoming Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 9-'i). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director on the work aud publications of the station during the year, a financial statement for the fiscal j-ear ended June 30, 1908, and reports of the chemist, botanist, agronomist, wool specialist, irrigation engineer, librarian aud meteorologist. The experimental work is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Soil moisture determinations for samples collected weekly from a field of brew- ing barley are also included. Experiment Station Work, L (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 353, pp. 32, figs. H). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Commercial clover seed, dodder in alfalfa seed, growing potatoes uuder straw, hens v. in(;u- bators, preparing fowls for market, preservation of eggs, the mound-building prairie ant, coagulation of milk in cheese making, effect of alkali on cement structures, silo construction, a cheap and efficient sterilizer, a cheap and efficient ice box, and the power laundry for the farm. Report of the agricultural department of Finland, 1906 (Landtbr. Styr. Meddel., 1908, No. 60, pp. 212). — The report describes the various activities of the department for the advancement of Finnish agriculture, through the schools of agriculture, dairying, forestry, horticulture, and domestic science, and through the work of agricultural experts, societies, and chemical and seed con- trol stations. NOTES Alabama College. — Charles S. Eldgway, of the Johns Hopkins Univei-sity, has been niipolnted instructor in botany. Alaska Stations. — At Kodiali Island, Laurence Kelly has been appointed as- sistant dairyman and J. W. McCausIand general assistant. Herman G. Zoellner has been appointed gardener at Sitka. Arkansas University and Station. — The agricultural work of the university and station has been reorganized into ten departments as follows : Entomology, horticulture, dairy husbandry, veterinary science, agricultural education, agri- cultural chemistry, agronomy, plant pathology, animal husbandry and farmers' institutes. Dr. C. F. Adams, acting dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station, has been appointed dean and director. J. L. Hewitt has been promoted to the chair of plant pathology, and A. K. Short to that of ani- mal husbandry and animal husljandman in the station. Additional assistants have been appointed including Paul Hayhurst, entomology ; R. A. Gow, veter- inary science; J. R. Tucker, agricultural chemistry; J. M. "Wilson, agricultural education ; M. B. Gates, animal husbandry ; and Ashley P. Boles, plant pathology. j California "University. — The Superior Court at Fresno has granted the petition of the university for a partial distribution of the estate of the late M. Theodore Kearney. It is expected that this will terminate the protracted litigation, and that the institution will thereby come into possession of pi-operty valued at over one million dollars, the income of which is to be api)lied to agricultural instruc- tion and research in the San Joaquin Valley. A short course in horticulture was held at Davis, April 26 to May 20, at which a special feature was a preparatory course for prospective horticultural commis- sioners and inspectors under the new State law. The course was preceded by a three-day conference at Berkeley of Pacific Slope entomologists, for the consid- eration of the special insect problems of the x-egion. At this conference a per- manent organization was effected under the name of Pacific Slope Association of Economic Entomologists, with C. W. Woodworth as president and W. B. Herms as secretary-treasurer. xU'tive membership is to be restricted to oCQcial and professional entomologists of the Pacific Slope, while associate membership is to be open to farmers and others interested in the objects of the association. The next meeting is to be held during the summer at Portland. Greg. Recent appointments include W. T. Home of the Cuban Station, as assistant professor of plant pathology. Dr. J. E. Coit of the Arizona Station, assistant ])rofessor of pomology, Charles B. Lipman instructor in soil bacteriology, R. M. Roberts instructor in farm practice, John D. Rose assistant in the cereal labora- tory, L. Bonnet assistant in viticulture, and E. Chagnon viticultural chemist. Robert H, Loughridge has been made professor of .agricultural .chemistry emeritus, F. T. Bioletti associate professor of viticulture, E. B. Babcock assistant professor of agricultural education, H. J. Ramsey assistant professor of plant pathology, Roscoe Farrar instructor in soils and farm crops, and N. D. Ingham assistant in silviculture. Leroy Anderson, who has been in charge of the second- ary school at Davis, is to direct its work from Berkeley, while E. W. Major and 94 NOTES. 95 Arthur M. Cleghorn are to reside at Davis, tlie former taking charge of the farm operations and the latter of the educational work. The board of regents has set aside $200,000 from the general funds of the university for an agricultural building, on which it is expected to begin work this fall. Connecticut College. — The C. A. C. Lookout reports an appropriation by the legislature of $1S,000 for four new cottages, and $5,000 for the poultry plant. Florida University and Station. — The board of control has been authorized to expend $80,000 for the erection of new buildings. Half of this amount will be used for the construction of a biological building and the remainder for the erection and equipment of a new station building. The legislature has appro- priated $15,000 for farmers' institutes for the ensuing biennium, and has passed an act requiring the teaching of agriculture in all elementary schools of the State. Stanley E. Collison has been appointed assistant chemist in the station, entering upon his duties July 1, and Owen F. Burger has accepted a position as assistant plant pathologist. E. P. Gi'eene has resigned as assistant ento- mologist to accept a position as assistant State chemist. R. Y. Winters, as- sistant botanist, has been given a year's leave of absence to take up postgraduate work at Cornell University. Guam Station. — John B. Thompson, for several years connected with the Bureau of Agriculture of the Philippine Islands, has been appointed special agent in charge, with H. L. V. Costenoble as assistant. Considei-able material has been received for the erection of the station buildings. Experimental plant- ings of forage and other crops fi'om seed secured from the mainland and Hawaii have been begun by the station, and seeds have also been distributed to farmers and others for trial. Eawaii Federal Station. — David T. Fullaway has been promoted from assistant entomologist to entomologist. Valentine Holt has been appointed assistant agricultui'ist. Idaho University and Station. — A law was passed by the last legislature divid- ing the State into two educational districts. In each of these a secondary agri- cultural school is to be established by the regents of the university and at their discretion a branch experiment station. The course of study for the schools is to have for its major function " vocational education in agriculture and in farm home making, not neglecting subjects of broadly educational value, and shall articulate such studies with agriculture and home economics courses of the State College of Agriculture above and the consolidated rural schools below." The work of the branch stations " shall be especially directed to the solution and demonstration of the agricultural problems of the respective dis- tricts in which the stations are respectively located." Illinois Station. — The annual appropriations for soil investigations have been increased for the ensuing biennium from $25,000 to $60,000. Iowa College and Station. — The new agricultural building was formally dedi- cated June 9, the ceremonies forming a part of the commencement exercises. The building is of the best niodei'u type, of simple but substantial fireproof con- struction of granite and Bedford stone, and cost about $400,000. It is a four- story structure with a main portion .2.34 by 78 ft., and a semicircular wing of 1)0 ft. frontage, the wing containing an assembly room seating about 1,000. Most of the agricultural work of the college and station is to be located in the new build- ing, including the departments of animal husbandry, soils, farm crops, horti- culture, forestry, agricultural extension, agricultural chemistry, and agricul- tural journalism. 96 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Breeder's (iazette atinounces the nppi-opriation by the legislature of $10,000, which it is exi)ecte(l will be snpplemeuted by private funds, for extension work in dairying under the direction of an executive committee composed of the officers of the State Dairy Association, the dean of the college, the professor of dairying, and the State dairy commissioner. Hugh G. Van Pelt, formerly in charge of the college dairy farm, has been given the general supervision of the work. A prize competition for the champion dairy animal in the State is in progress under the direction of the college. G. T. Guthrie has been appointed assistant professor of dairying, and F. L. Odell, of the Dairy Division of this Department, instructor. Dr. Milliken Stalker, head of the department of veterinary science for many years, died at Ames, June 14. Dr. Stalker was born August 6, 1841, and was graduated from the college in 1873. Upon graduation he was appointed pro- fessor of agriculture and for a time gave all of the instruction in that subject, besides acting as farm superintendent and as secretary to the board of trustees. Later he took up the study of veterinary science, receiving the degree of V. S. at the Ontario Veterinary College in 1877, and returning to Ames to become professor of agriculture and veterinary science. In 1878 the agricultural work was separated, and Dr. Stalker became thereby the head of the first school of veterinary science in the West. Upon the establishment of the station he also became its veterinarian, continuing in these positions until 1900 when he retired from active work. In the course of his long career Dr. Stalker was the instructor of a large number of men prominent in the veterinary profession. He was largely instru- mental in securing the establishment in 1884 of the office of State veterinary surgeon, and organized this work, remaining at its head until 1895. His chief contributions to science were made as reports from that office. Kansas College and Station. — A. L. Sponsler, of Hutchinson, has been ap- pointed to the board of regents, vice W. J. Todd, resigned. Miss Lorena H demons has resigned as secretary and has been succeeded by Miss INIargaret Butterfield. A recent hailstorm at the Fort Hays Substation did a large amount of damage to about 900 acres of farm crops. The cash loss is estimated at $6,000. Louisiana Stations. — Recent appointments at Baton Rouge include Thomas C. Paulsen as animal pathologist, and S. \V. Plauche as assistant chemist in the fertilizer and feedstuffs laboratory. Maine Station. — O. A. Johannsen. Ph. D.. has been appointed associate ento- mologist, and A. G. Durgin assistant chemist, the latter vice Miss J. C. Colcord, resigned. Massachusetts College. — The legislature has granted an appropriation of $80,(X)0 for the erection of a fireproof building for the dei)artments of zoology and entomology. The department of zoology is conducting a ten-day camp at the mouth of the Poquonnock River, Groton, Conn., for introductory work in marine zoology, the course forming a supplement to the regular courses in general and economic zoology. W. D. Hurd, dean and professor of agronomy at the University of Maine, has been appointed director of short courses. He will have charge of the entire short course work, including the winter courses and the summer school of agriculture. He will also undertake other work in cooperation with the State Board of Agriculture and the State Grange, this including lecturing and writ- ing in a general campaign for rural progress in the State. Montana College and Station. — Dr. Walter J. Taylor, a graduate of the New York State A'eterinary College, has been appointed to take charge of the newly NOTES. 97 established department of veterinary science, and will enter upon his duties September 1. O. B. Whipple, of the Colorado Colleso and Station, has been appointed horticulturist, beKinnlnjj work July 1. Whitfield Spain and Elwood Morris, graduates of this college, have been appointed to station positions, the fornier becoming assistant in agronomy in charge of agricultural engineering work, and the latter assistant biologist for work in botany. Nevada University and Station. — Dr. C. A. Jacobson, of the Rockefeller Insti- tute, has been ai»pointed chemist. Cornell University. — A portrait of the late Dr. George Chapman Caldwell was I)resented to- the university, June 16, by his colleagues and former students. The presentation address was made by Hon. Andrew D. White. North Dakota College. — A department of education has been established in accordance with the Nelson Amendment, with Arland D. Weeks as professor in charge. In addition to general courses in the history of education, psychology, adolescence, school observation, and administration, it provides a special course in agricultural and industrial education, supplemented with occasional lectures by specialists in these subjects. The new department conducts an industrial summer school for teachers this year, August 2-26. Instruction will be given in the regular public school subjects and also in elementary agriculture, manual training, nature study, domestic science, agricultural botany, and agricultural and industrial education. In addition to the class room instructiion many spe- cial lectures have been announced, among which are one by Dr. A. C. True, of this Office, on The Point of View and Atmosi)here in the Rural Schools, one by Dean L. 11. Bailey, of Cornell University, on The Outlook for Country Life, and seven by F. W. Howe, of this Office, on different phases of public-school agricul- ture and country-life problems. Industrialist notes the appointment of Miss Jessie A. Hoover as professor of home economics. Ohio University. — John F. Lyman, Ph. D. (Yale, 1009), formerly an assistant in the university, has been appointed assistant pi-ofessor of agricultural chem- istry and will begin his duties with the next academic year. Porto Rico Station. — Recent appointments include C. F. Kinman, of the Cuban Station, as horticulturist, vice the late M. J. lorns, and William C. Taylor as assistant chemist. Rhode Island College. — ImJustriaUst notes the appointment of Miss Helen B. Thompson as professor of home economics. Clemson College. — Press reports announce the resignation of Dr. P. H. INIell, for the past seven years president of the college. Dr. C. H. Shattuck, asso- ciate professor of botany and forestry, has resigned to accept a professorship in the Uni\erslty of Idaho. South Dakota College. — The legislature has appropriated .$10,000 for an addi- tion to the chemical laboratory and equipment therefor, and a like amount for the erection and equipment of a dairy barn. Tennessee University.— The Chattanooga News of June 10 announces that the ngricultural dei)artment of the university has offered free scholarships in the Summer School of the South, held at Knoxville, to four teachers in each county of the State who take the courses in elementary agriculture and horti- culture, introduce this work in their own schools, ;ind assist in getting it into the other schools of their county. These scholarships are worth .$10 each, and api)ointments to them are made by the various county superintendents. They adinjt appointees not only to the courses in agriculture and horticulture (four hours per day) but also to any of two hundred or more other classes for which the teachers have time. 98 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, Vermont University. — Miss Bertha M. Terrill lias been appointed to the newly established professorship of home eeouoruies. Virginia Truck Station. — ^A series of farmers' institutes, emphasizing especially the truck crop work of the station, was held along the Rappahannock River, June 4 and 5, the station cooperating with the State commissioner of agricul- ture. A steamboat had been put at the disposal of the institute officials, and this made S stops of about one and one-half hours each along the way. The attendance varied from 75 to 150 and the meetings seemed to be much appre- ciated. Wisconsin University. — The legislature has appropriated $50,000 for the gen- eral extension work of the university for the ensuing year, and $75,000 for the year following. In addition .$30,000 annually was granted for agricultural extension work and $20,000 for farmers' institutes. Principal K. L. Hatch, of the Winnebago County Agricultural High School, has been appointed extension secretarj\ H, C. Taylor has been promoted to the professorship of agricultural economics, E. G. Hastings to the associate professorship of bacteriology, and E. R. Jones and C. P. Norgord to the assistant professorships of soils and agronomy respectively. Agriculture in Minnesota High Schools. — The legislature of Minnesota has passed an act providing State aid for 10 high schools or consolidated rural schools which maintain agricultural and industrial departments. The State will pay two-thirds of the expense to maintain these departments provided that each school employs trained instructors in agriculture, manual training, and domestic science, possesses not less than 5 acres of land suitable for school gardens and experimental and demonstration purposes, and that the total expenditure for each school does not exceed $2,500. The 10 schools selected are the high schools at Albert Lea, Alexandria, Canby, Glencoe, Hinckley, Red Wing, and Wells, the high schools and associated rural schools at Cokato and Mcintosh, and the consolidated school at Lewiston. The act also provides that not to exceed 10 schools may be added to the list during each succeeding biennium. Agricultural Instruction in Porto Rico. — An act of the legislative assembly of Porto Rico, approved March 11, IltOO, appropriates .$.3,000 "to assist the Agri- cultural Institute of Arts and Trades at Lajas in its work of affording an education to students of agriculture and other subjects studied in the same," provided the de[)artnienL of education organizes and supervises instruction in the subjects included in the common-school course. This instruction is to be free to students regularly eui'olled in the institute and also to other children residing in the vicinity who may be legally enrolled in the public schools of Porto Rico. Of the appropriation $2,000 is to be expended for improvements in the shops and for agricultural implements, and $1,000 for the maintenance of poor children dwelling in the buildings of the institute. Agricultural Division of Oklahoma State Department of Education. — The OJcla- homa Scliool Herald announces that the Oklahoma State Department of Edu- cation has established an agricultural division for the assistance of public school teachers in agriculture, domestic science, and manual training. It plans first to promote the organization of boys' and girls' home culture clubs. School of Household Arts, Columbia University. — A new School of Household Arts, Teachers' College, Columbia University, will be opened in September, with 40 instructors and 125 courses. These will include diploma and degree courses in preparation for teaching domestic art, domestic science, supervising domestic art and science, and hospital economy; certificate courses in pi'eparation for technical callings — household and institution administration, dietetics, house NOTES. 99 decoration, and preparatory courses for nurses, and technical training in cos- tume design, management of institutional laundries, social work, and other specific fields; and special practical courses for part-time students in household management, home nursing, care of children, elementary and advanced cookery for household use, costume design, house sanitation, etc. The new building of the school ad.ioins the main building of the college on tlie east, is IGO feet long ;ind 00 feet deep, consists of 5 floors, a basement, and- Ji tower of 2 additional stories rising 120 feet from the street level, and will jicconrnodate 400 students. Summer School for Teachers. — The first session of the Oberlin Sununer School of Methods is being held in Oberlin. Ohio, during the G weeks ending August 0. Instruction will be offered in various subjects of interest to elementary and high school teachers, including manual training, agriculture, forestry, agricultural education, domestic science and art. nature study, and human physiology and hygiene. . Summer Course in Agriculture for Manitoba Teachers.— The law of Manitoba now requires that every teacher in the province taking normal work shall take the teachers' course at the Agricultural College before receiving a certificate. Three successive classes ai'e taking the 2 weeks' course this summer. The work includes field husbandry— importance of field crops in western Canada, insect economy, grain judging, and identifying foul-weed seeds; animal husbandry — lectures on the relation of live stock to modern agriculture, prin- ciples of feeding, development and characteristics of the more important breeds of live stock, together with practical demonstrations in the judging pavilion ; dairying — milk testing, composition of milk, and its products, principles of cream separation, churning, etc. ; horticulture, foi'estry, and botany ; and some work in mechanics. Nova Scotia Agricultural College. — The fourth annual report of the principal of the Xova .Scotia Agricultural College, Truro, shows that the attendance in the regular 2-year course has increased from 23 in 190.5-6 to 48 in 1908-9, and the attendance in the short course from 40 in 1904 to 221 in 1909. The attendance in the rural school of science, July-August, 1908, was 30. This summer school, especially suited for teachers, was conducted by the college and normal school staffs. The course is so arranged that the work can be completed in 3 summer vacations, or if students have had considerable science training, in 2 or even a single session. Teachers completing this course and receiving the rural science diploma receive an extra grant from the government of Nova Scotia. At the women's short course in January, 1909. there were regularly enrolled 18 students, and in some classes 30. Instruction was given in horticulture, dairying, seed selection, poultry raising, domestic science, and judging horses and cattle. For the first time in the history of the Maritime Provinces agri- cultural students have issued a paper dealing with matters relating to the agricultural college and the general interests of the eastern farmer. This magazine, the first number of which was issued in January, 1909, is known as The Maritime Students' Agrieiiltiirist. Forestry Education in New Brunswick.- — As an outcome of the Provincial For- estry Convention held in Fredericton in February, 1907, a grant of $2,.500 was made for the establishment of a department of forestry in the University of New Brunswick, Fredericton. The course now offered covers 4 years, leading to a bachelor's degree, and runs parallel with the engineering course, with the addition of botanj^ in the freshman and forest botany in the sophomore years. There are 13 men in all classes. 100 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD, Rural Education in England.— At the request of the Central Land Association, the Central Chamber of Agriculture, and the Farmers' Club, an important con- ference of the County Councils' Association was held at Caxton Hall, West- minster, on March 31, for the discussion of rural education in its various grades. A resolution to the effect "that local education authorities should aim at securing better instruction in rural subjects, and that the teaching should be adapted to the circumstances of country life ; school gardens and equipment for manual instruction should be provided, and elementary school teachers should be specially trained for their work," was referred to a special committee. It was pointed out that while it is nearly 40 years since elementary education was taken over by the Government, it is only in recent years that the education of the country child has begun to be related to his environment. The conference urged that the more promising children be sent to secondary schools to receive instruction in nature study and elementary science in close connection with practical work in the workshop and garden, and suggested further that (1) the elementary and secondary schools remain under the board of education, but the more special agricultural education should be dealt with by the board of agriculture, and that (2) each group of counties be connected with some agricultural college which should educate students sent to it and also give lectures and other instruction to farmers who can not attend college, as is being done in some counties. Nature Study and Elementary School Agriculture. — The Xatiirc-Study Revieiv for April presents a symposium on nature study and elementary school agri- culture by D. J. Crosby, specialist of this Office in agricultural education, F. L. Stevens, of the North Carolina College and Station, C. H. Robison of the New Jersey State Normal School at Montclair, and Dean Davenport of Illinois. To these papers is added part of an address by Dr. A. S. Draper, State commissioner of education of New York, on the same topic. The general trend of these discussions favors the large use of agricultural material for all rural nature-study work. Dean Davenport describes such work as " nature study plus utility ; " but Dr. Draper holds that " the education of the rural child is not to be narrowed down to things rural," and that ele- mentary work nuist have a universal interest. Iowa Vacation Farm School. — The Journal of Education for April 8 contains an illustrated reference to the plan of a vacation farm school which is being developed by Principal P. J. Horchem, of the Audubon School, Dubuque, Iowa. This plan aims to provide useful educational employment for town school boys during the summer vacation, and its projector hopes ultimately to develop it into a new system of public education based upon agricultural work as the central factor. Home Education. — Announcements have been sent out for the Third Interna- tional Congress for Home Education, to be held at Brussels. Belgium, in 1910. The congress will consist of five sections: (1) The study of childhood, (2) the education of children, (3) abnoi'mal children, (4) various subjects relating to childhood, and (5) publications. The secretary of the congress is Mr. L. Pien, 44 Rubens street, Brussels. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, SoUs, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Afiriciiltural Botany and Vej^etable Pathology — W. H. Evans, I'll. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny. Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy. and E. AV. Morse. l"]conomic Zoology, Entomology, and A'eterinary ^Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. (tRiiiin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultiu-al Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. 2. Editorial notes: Page. Agriculture at the National Education Association 101 Recent work in agricultural science 105 Notes 193 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Technical methods of chemical analysis, translated and edited by Keane et al. 105 Colorinietric determination of phosphoric acid, Pouget and Chouchak 105 The colorimetric estimation of i)hosphates in solution with other salts, Estes. . 105 Gravimetrit: determination of phosphorus in cast iron and steel, Chesneau 105 Determination of phosphoric acid by weighing the phosphomolybdate, Pellet. . 105 On the determination of sulphuric acid as barium sulphate, Ruppin 106 The determination of sulphuric acid as barium suli)hate, Sacher 106 The determination of sulphuric acid as barium sulphate, Ruppin 106 On methods of clay analysis, Atterberg 106 The colorimetric determination of nitrates in soil solutions, Syme 107 The colorimetric determination of nitrates in soil solutions, Syme 107 A new method for the determination of soil acidity, Albert 107 A study of the methods for iron and alumina in phosphate rock, Dumas 107 Methods for the determination of sulphurous acid and soot in air, Ilurdelbrink. 108 A rapid method for carbon dioxid in the atmosphere, Davies and McLellan . . 108 Polarimetric methods of estimating starch. Ewers 108 A polarimetric method of determining starcii in barley, Schubert 108 Comparative experimentson method for iiorse Hesh, Weidanz and Borchmann. 108 Technique of biological method for determining horse flesh, Uidenhtith et al. 108 The identification of artificial coloring matter in sausage skins, IMerl 108 Method of estimating essential oil in liqueurs, Vandam 108 I II CONTENTS. I'ago. Essential oil and alcohol in flavoring extracts, Hortvet and West 108 New state lal)()ratories for suppressing frauds, Le Koy 108 Practical guide for the analysis of milk, J. M. and P. Perrin 108 \ new method for the rapid analysis of milk, Rolet 109 Determination of proteins and formaldehyde in milk, Agrestini 109 A new method for the calculation of the proteins in milk, Olson 1 09 The determination of sugar in cow's milk, Wijsman and Meulenhoff 109 The determination of milk sugar with ammonia-copper solution, Shimidzu ... 109 Comparis( m of methods for preparation of milk serum, Lythgoe and Nurenberg. 109 On the value of reductase as a test for impurity of milk, Barthel 109 Distillation of butter fat, coconut oil, and fatty acids, Caldwell and Hurtley. . 110 Metallic salts of fatty acids of butter and coconut oil, Paal and Amberger 110 Detection of coconut oil in butter, Paal and Amberger 110 Determination of the Maumene value of oils and fats, Tortelh 1 10 Halphen's test for cotton-seed oil, Wagner and Clement 110 A^aluation of willow bark by von Schroeder's method, Appelius and Merkel . . Ill A sensitive reaction for galalith, Wolter - Ill A vegetable tallow from Irvingia oUveri, Crevost Ill [Miscellaneous analvses], Hooper HI Report of the work in 1908 of the analytical laboratory of Liege, De Molinan . Ill Report of agricultural chemist of Danish Agricultural Society, 1908, Rordam. . Ill Report of chemical analyses, Stein's Laboratory, 1907, Christensen Ill Report of the chemical station at Alnarp, 1908, WeibuU Ill [Miscellaneous analyses] HI Progress in agricultural chemistry in the year 1908, Stutzer HI Progress in agricultural chemistry for the second half of the year 1908 112 International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry 112 International catalogue of scientific literature. D — Chemistry 112 Proceedings of Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, 1908, ed. by Wiley. 112 METEOKOLOdV WATER. Monthly Weatlier Review 112 Monthly Weather Review - H-^ [Annual meteorological summary, 1908], Mitchell 113 Meteorological observations 113 Relation of the weather service to the farmer, Yoorhees 114 Some climatic features of Wyoming, and their relation to dry farming. Palmer. 114 Weather conditions and statistics, Harcourt : 114 On the climate of Sitka, Krcmar 114 [Meteorological observations in Orange River Colony, 1907-8], Lyle 114 Studies on the evaporation of water over lakes and reservoirs, Bigelow 115 The significance of Bacillus coli in potable waters, Guiraud and Maudoul 115 Role of septic tanks in the purification of sewage water, Mi'intz and Laine 115 SOILS FERTILIZERS. Causes of decrease in fertility in Groningen and Drenthe, Sjollema and Hudig. 115 Experiments with soils, fertilizers, and farm crops, Mooers 116 Soil drainage and fertility, Lyon, Cavanaugh, and Fippin 117 Judging of the productiveness of soils by their composition, Fleischer 117 The salinity of soils, Dumas 117 On certain physical-chemical processes in the formation of soils, II, Rohland. 117 Observations and researches on soil temperature. III, De Grazia 117 Tanks for soil investigation at Cornell University, Lyon 117 On a method of bacteriological investigation, Fischer 117 Bacteriological-chemical investigations, Lemmermann, Fischer, et al 118 Investigations on bacterial growth in sterilized soils, Fischer 118 Nitrification in soils and in solutions, Stevens, Withers, et al 118 Nitrification in soils and in solutions,, Stevens, Withers, et al 119 Investigations on nitrogen assimilation in its relation to soil climate, Remy .. 119 On nitrification in soils in place, Pouget and Guiraud 119 The gum produced by Bacillus radicicola, Buchanan 120 Nitro-bacterine, nitragin, or soil inoculation, von Feilitzen 120 New ideas in fertilization and inoculation of the soil, Giglioli 120 Fertilizer problems, Wein 120 Chemical industry and agriculture, Frank 1 20 CONTENTS. ITT rage. Experiments to determine the need of phosphoric acid and potash, Liechti. . . 120 Lime aiul nitrate of soda in beet culture, Stoklasa •. 121 Lime niter and calcium cyanamid, von Feilitzen 121 A note on calcium cyanamid, von Feilitzen 1 21 Nitric acid manufactured from atmospheric nitroj^en, Fries 121 Preparin<^ ammonia and transforming it into nitrates, Dony-l icnault and (rail. 121 Intensive nitrification and higli-yielding niter beds, Miintz and Lainc 121 Sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, Barcia y Trelles 121 Nitrate of soda, Keane - - 121 [Production^ exportation, and consumption of nitrate in 190.S] 121 On the fertilizer action of peat nitrogen, Herrmann 122 Potash fertilizing, iSchneidewind 122 Notes on potash fertilizers, Bachelier 122 The discovery of potash salts in Alsace, Pervinquiere 122 The discovery of potash salts in I' j>i)er Alsace, Vogt and INIieg 122 Tertiary potash deposits in Uj )] )er A Isace, Meinecke 1 22 Norwegian potash fertilizers, Gram : 122 The amount of potash annually carried into the sea by streams, Kris(;he 122 Production and consuini)tion of i)liosphates in 1908-9 and in 1912, Maizicres. . 123 Saving America's plant food, Mitchell 123 Mineral resources of the United iStates, 1907. — Part II, Nonmetallic products . 123 A much-neglected manure, Dixon 1 23 Manganese as a fertilizer ^ 123 Fish guano, Douglas 123 The agricultural utilization of city sewage, Danckwerts 123 Land utilization of sewage, Mawbey 123 The agricultural utilization of sewage, Bechmann 123 The agricultural utilization of sewage - 124 The transportation of garbage, Benard 124 The use of vinasse as a fertilizer, Libutti ■ 124 "Molascinder," Prinsen Geerligs 124 Molasses as a fertilizer, Ebbels and Fauque 124 Report on fertilizers, Ross ., 124 [Analyses of fertilizers], Rose and Heimburger 124 Conmiercial fertilizers, Jones, jr., et al 124 Inspection of commercial fertilizers for 1908, Haskins, AValker and Reed 124 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hand et al 125 Inspection of commercial fertilizers, Trowbridge 125 Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1908, Kilgore et al 125 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Colors and pigments of flowers with special reference to genetics, Wheldale.. 125 Investigations on the etiolation of plants, Kriinzlin 126 The permeability of the coverings of the seeds of barley. Brown 126 The oriein of osmotic effects. II. — Differential septa, Armstrong- 126 The utilization of saccharose by certain plants, Molliard 126 Carbon dioxid transportation in leaves, Zijlstra 127 The temperature of respiring plants 127 The respiration of plants at temperatures below zero, Maksimov 127 Experiments in the freezing of plants, Maksimov 127 The effect of formaldehydegas on green plants, Grafe and von Portheim 128 Experiments on the effect of flue dust on grass, Haselhoff 128 .Apparatus and expedients in the bacteriological laboratory, Gage 128 International catalogue of scientific literature. R— Bacteriology 128 FIELD CRors. Arid agriculture, Buffum i29 Crop production in western Nebraska, Snydi^r and Burr 129 Methods of tillage and dry farming. Severance ■ 130 Dry farming in \Vyoming, Towar Ij^t^ Irrigation -experiments at Brond)erg, (icrlach and Kriiger 131 The influence of mineral fertilizers on certain Cyperacea', Geze 132 Report of the committee on breeding cereals, Klinck et al 132 Seed grain, Boss et al 132 Variety testing, Mooers ^32 IV COl^ TENTS. Page. Alfa and alfa paper, De Montessus de Ballore 133 [AMragulns falailas] , Fal)re and Vidal 133 Alfalfa seed" in Oklahoma, Moorhouse and Bnrlison 133 Clovers and alfalfa, Mooera 133 Experiments in the growth of clover where it once grew bnt now fails. Squires. 133 Report on the propagation of resistant clover, Bain 134 Clover-seed production in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, Hunter 134 Corn, Bowman and Crossley . . . ." - - 134 Effect of selection on certain physical characters in the corn plant, Smith 134 Report of the committee on breeding cotton, Webber et al 135 Report of connnittee on breeding fiber crops, Shepperd et al 136 Fiber experiments, Gammie • 136 Improvement of hops by selection and breeding, Stockberger 136 The absorption and excretion of plant food by oats, Seidler and Stutzer 136 Peanuts, Beattie.. 136 Irish potato investigations, Close and White --- 136 Potato experiments and studies, Kohler 137 Potato growing for ^Minnesota, Kohler _. 137 Experiments with potatoes 1906-1908, Bruce 137 Summary of experiments on manuring potatoes, Porter and Gaut 138 The composition of the sugar beet in the past, present, and future, Briem 138 The sugar beet, Malpeaux 1 38 Report of the committee on breeding forage crops 1 38 Report of committee on breeding tobacco, Shamel 138 HORTICULTURE. Suggestions from a survey of the trucking region of Long Island, Crocheron 138 Celery, Newman 138 Onion culture, Beattie 1 39 The influence of manganese on the growth of pineapples, Kelley 139 Strawberry growing in Colorado, Longyear 139 Role of hyV)ridization in reconstruction of vineyards, Gervais and Weigert 1.39 Studies of the union between stock and scion in grapes, De Istvanffi 139 Influence of pinching shoots on the sugar content, Riviere and Bailhache 140 The setting of muscat of Alexandria grape, Lunt 140 Viticulture in the coastal region of Argentina, Baldassarre 140 Pruning mature fruit trees, Whipple 140 Composition of fruits from wall and trellis-grown trees, Riviere and Bailhache. 140 Orcharding 140 Commercial orcharding and its returns 1 41 Report on orchard extension and the propagation of native varieties, Keffer. . 141 Can the general farmer afford to grow apples? Hartman and Eustace 141 The planting of the apple orchard, Thornber 141 Some factors affecting keeping qualities of American lemons. True and Sievers. 141 Contributions to the knowledge of the coco palm ( Cocos inucifera ) 142 Comparative tests of nitrogenous fertilizers in pot culture. Petit 142 The workman's garden, Gravier and Latiere 142 FORESTRY. The management of mountains and private initiative, Descombes 143 Instructions for reforesting land, Pettis 143 Forest working plan for land belonging to Fall River, Rane and Cook 143 We must stop forest fires in Massachusetts, Rane 143 Review of forest administration in British India for 1906-7, Eardley-Wilmot. . 143 Progress report of forest administration in Ea.stern Bengal and Assam, Hill . . 143 Progress report of forest administration 143 Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans, 1907-8, Farrington. 143 Investigations of mixed stands, Schwappach 144 Forest flora of the Berar Circle, Witt. . 144 Notes on Sal in Bengal, Mclntire 144 Tapping experiments with Kickxia elastica in Kamerun, Shulte. 144 Exports and imports of forest products, 1908, Pierson 144 CONTENTS. V DISEASES OP PLANTS. Page. Notes on plant diseases in 1908, IMorse 144 Some bacterial diseases of plants, Sackett 145 Notes on ])lant diseases oceurrinjj; in North Carolina, Stevens and Hall 145 The parasitic diseases of cnltivated plants, Delacroix and INIauhlanc 146 The enemies of fruit trees and cultivated plants, Vermorel 146 Ear rots of corn, Burrill and Barrett 146 A study of corn mold, Stevens and Hall 146 Experiments upon the effect of formalin upon the germination of oats, Stevens. 147 Influence of Bordeaux mixture on the assimilation of potato plants, Kirchner. 147 Diseases of sugar beets, Fallada 147 Root diseases of sugar cane, Stockdale 147 A INIycosphitrella wilt of melons, ( irossenbacher 148 Gooseberry mildew and gooseberry cultivation, Eriksson •. . 148 Necrosis of the grapevine, Heddick 148 Gall formations on apjile trees, Jaeger 149 Fall blossoming of the apple induced by the black rot, Reed 149 Lime-sulphur mixtures for the summer spraying of orcliards, Scott 149 Influence of sulphur dioxid fumes on fruit and fruit rot fungi, Zschokke 149 Yellowing of citrus trees, Muller 149 Coffee leaf disease in the East Africa Protectorate 150 The resistance of Coffen congenxia to Hemlleia vastatrix, Dybowski 150 The fungus diseases of coi-onuts in the West Indies, Stockdale 150 The Diplodia disease of the coconut palm, Fredholm 150 The fungi of Herea brisiUensis, Fetch 150 Spraying for fungus pests, Massee 150 Iron arsenate and copper fungicides, Vermorel and Dantony 151 Some points in the preparation of Bordeaux mixture, Kelhofer 151 Increasing stability of Bordeaux mixture through addition of sugar, Kelhofer. 151 Analyses of some fungicides, Kelhofer 151 ECONOMIC ZOOLOCtY — ENTOMOLOOV. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus, Osgood 151 The nature and efficiency of certain rat viruses, Bainbridge 152 The bacillus of " ratin" as a means for exterminating rats, Xylander 152 Regarding free use of cultures for destruction of rata and mice, Danysz 152 California ground squirrels, Merriam 153 Treatment of seed corn with deterrents against crows, Duggar and McCool. . . 153 How to attract and protect wild birds, Hiesemann, trans, by Buchheim 153 Eel worms, Kirk 153 A manual of forest zoology for India, Stebbing 154 The insect book, Westell.'. i 154 The senses of insects, Forel, trans, by Yearsley 154 A sport of the silkworm ( Bumbyx marl) and its hereditary behavior, Toyama. 154 Catalogue of the diptera of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, Brfethes 154 Danish diptera, Lundbeck 154 Specific characters in the bee genus CoUetes, Swenk 154 Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic hymenoptera, VII, Brues. 154 The insect galls of Indiana, Cook 154 Locusts in India, Lef roy 154 Rei)ort on destruction of locusts, Honey 154 The hop flea- beetle ( PxjjlUodes punctulatn), Chittenden 155 Report on tobacco insects, Morgan 155 Insects injurious to tobacco, Anastasia 156 How to fight cranberry insects, Franklin 156 Some injurious orchard insects, Conradi and Thomas 157 The sulphur-lime wash, Melander and Beattie 157 The lesser apple leaf-folder ( Peronea mimiUi), Webster 157 Wormy apples and how to prevent them. Results of spraying in 1908, Buck. 158 Iliiponorneuta muUnella, Saracomenos - - 159 Investigations of the olive fly, Chapelle and Ruby -.-- 159 Hymenopterous parasites of olive fly in Italy an(t other parasites, Silvestri . . . 159 The olive tineid, Chapelle and Ruby 1§9 Observations on treatment of the Eudemis, Uteau and Perpezat 159 An enemy of grafts and cuttings in nurseries. Hoc 159 VI CONTEKTS. Page. [Forest insects], Stebbing 159 The biology of and remedies for bark beetles, Knoche 159 A nionograi)hic study of the Cherniesidjc, Borner 159 British oak galls, ( Junnold - - 160 Gum-tree blight and the natural enemy, Kirk 160 Insects affecting 11 v(! stock in Hawaii, Van Dine and Norgaard 160 The mosquitoes of the Philippine Islands, Ludlow 161 Remarks on the study of biting flies, Hamerton and Batemau 161 The Ixodoidea or ticks, Nuttall 161 Spirochetosis in man and animals, Nuttall 161 IMroplasmosis, Nuttall 161 The role of ticks in the transmission of disease, Meuleman 161 Apiculture, Kirk - 161 Annual report of the Royal Sericultural Station, Padua 162 FOOnS HUMAN NUTRITION. Chemical studies of American barleys and malts, Le Clerc and Wahl 162 Influence of malt diastase preparations on bread, Neumann and Balecker 163 The use of malt extract in bread making, Kohnian 163 Text-book of meat hygiene, Edelmann, trans, by Mohler and Eichhorn 163 The storage of beef at temperatures above freezing, Richardson and Scherubel. 163 Methods of chemical control in the New Zealand meat freezing works, Wright. 163 On preservatives in meat foods jsacked in cans or glass, MacFadden 164 The inspection of meat in Paris in accordance with the law of 1905, Martel. . . 164 Taxes and fees collected at abattoirs, Martel 1 64 Unfermented grape juice, jNIcGill 164 Maple sirup, McGill 164 Maple products, McGill 1 64 Ground coffee, McGill 164 Table oils, Guth 164 The influence of freezing and thawing upon wine, Rousseaux 164 Hindering fermentatipn in sweet solutions, Liihrig and Sartori 164 Report of the department of food and drugs to March, 1909, Barnard 165 Official inspection. Woods .' 165 Report of First International Congress for the Suppression of Adulteration 165 Summary of official enactments and documents relating to public hygiene 165 Notices of judgment 165 Decision of the Attorney-General in regard to legality of Referee Board 165 Drug legislation in the United States, Kebler ^ 165 The tireless cooker, Huntington 165 How to spend a shilling on food to the best advantage, Davies 166 How to feed a family of five on twelve shillings nine pence a week 166 Cost of feeding city prisoners 166 The food of Finland peasants, Siindstrom 166 Vegetable cookery and meat substitutes, Rorer 167 Reform in our diet, Hindhede, trans, by Bargum 167 Intracellular enzyms, Vernon 167 Occurrence of a phytin-splitting enzym in animal tissues, McCollum and Hart. 167 The effect of diet on the amylolytic power of saliva, Neilson and Lewis 168 The so-called amid nitrogen of protein, Skraup and von Hardtstremayr 168 The physiological significance of creatin and creatinin, Mendel '. 168 Diet as a means of increasing vital resistance in tuberculosis, Kellogg 168 Mineral metabolism of infants, Meyer 168 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Metabolism of organic and inorganic phosphorus. Cook 168 Investigation of neolithic bones of eastern Galicia, Dure 170 On the Irish horse and its early history, Scharff 170 Heredity of secondary sexual characters in relation to hormones, Cunningham . 170 Secondary chromosome-couplings and the sexual relations in Abraxas, Wilson . 170 Sterility, Leeney 170 Fecundity of swine. Surface 170 An experiment in crossing the American bison with domestic cattle, Boyd. . . 171 Data on variation in the comb of the domestic fowl, R. and M. D. Pearl 171 Inheritance of color in pigeons with reference to reversion, Staples-Browne . . 171 CONTENTS. Vlt I'age. [Analyses of feeding Stuffs], Rose and Henry » 171 Inspection of coiiiniereial feed stuffs, Smith and Goldsmith 172 Com{)()siti()n of feeding stuffs on the Canadian market, Shutt 172 The feeding of cotton-seed meal and hulls, Soule 172 A successful poultry and dairy farm, Spillman 172 Experiments in raising calves, Thiel 172 Breeding tendencies of the black spotted cattle in Posen, Jerzykovvski 172 Sheep and lambs in Tennessee, Quereau 173 The sheep industry in Nova Scotia, Spencer et al 178 Feeding experiments with swine, Thiel 173 Influence of -feeding stuffs on the fat and lean meat in swine, Popowitsch 173 American poultry culture, Sando 173 [Statistics of live stock in New Zealand] 1 73 DAIRY FARMING D URVINCi. Comparison and improvement of dairy herds in Tennessee, Barnes 173 Tests with different breeds of cows, Thiel 173 Feeding experiments with milch cows, Thiel 174 Effect (if feeding beet leaves on the composition of milk fat, Luhrig et al 174 The milking machine as a factor in milk hygiene, Hastings and Hoffmann... 174 Studies of the physiological leucocyte content of milk. Stone and Sprague 174 The physiological and therapeutical properties of the serum of milk, Blondel. 174 Ultramicroscopic investigations on casein suspension, Kreidl and Neumann . . 175 The action of acids on the coagulation of milk by vegetable rennets, Gerber. . 175 The chemical composition of tuberculosis milk, Monvoisin 175 Milk fat of goats, Siegfeld 175 Fishy flavor in butter, Rogers 175 The use of starters in butter making, Bouska 176 A study of South Dakota butter, Larseu and Shepard 177 Principles and practice of butter making, McKa\' and Larsen 177 Buttermilk cream, Farrington 177 The relation of different acids to the precipitation of casein and to the solubility of cheese curds in salt solution, Sammis and Hart 177 The elementary composition of different caseins, Tangl 177 Investigations of chemistry of milk and milk products, 1908, Grimmer 177 VETERINARY MEDICINE. The vet. book. Barton 177 The poison weed problem in the arid West, Glover 178 Some cases of diabetes in animals, Bru 178 Some properties of tuliercle bacillus cultivated on bile, Calmette and Guerin.. 178 The conjunctival tuberculin reaction in cattle, Wolfel 178 On the intradermal reaction to tuberculin in animals, Moassu and Mantoux.. 178 The value of tuberculin in the control of tuberculous herds, Moore 178 The problem of bovine tuberculosis control, Reynolds 179 The admission of Canadian st(jre cattle: What are the dangers? Woodruff 179 The occurrence and frequency of streptococcic mastitis in cows, Riihm 179 Lung sickness or contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, Christy 179 Hemorrhagic spotting [cavernous angioma] oi the liver in V)ovines, Chauss(5.. 179 Hemorrhagic septicemia or pasteurellosis of cattle, Hutchinson 180 A practical method for controlling the cattle tick, Hunter and Mitchell 180 The Natal spraying device, Watkins-Pitchford 180 Poisoning from gnat bites, Wigand 180 Notes on two stomach worms hitherto unrecorded in Australia, Dodd 181 Stomach worm disease of sheep and young cattle, Poweis 181 The fight against sheep i)Ox in Algeria and the Sahara, Boquet 182 Is the Bartlliis snipestifcr the cause of hog cholera or not? Hiibener 182 Prevention of hog cholera, Jacob 182 Shifting lameness, White 183 Shi])ping fever, Jewell 183 Infectious anemia or swamp fever. Acres 183 Inoculation of dogs with the parasite of Kala-azar, Patton 183 Mange iii coyotes, Knowles 1 83 Mycosis of domestic fowls, Neumann 183 Sy ngamosis of domestic fowls, Neumann 183 Interim report on the parasites of grouse, Shipley 183 VIII CONTENTS. Page. A cause of appendicitis and other intestinal lesions, Ship.ey 184 The life cycle of Filar la (jraam, Noe 184 Filaria rulrulits, its distribution, structure, and effects, Parsons . . 184 Some notes on the hemogregarines parasitic in snakes, Dobell 184 A trypanosome and hemogregarine of a tropical American snake, Wenyon . . . 184 The treatment of trypanosomiasis in horses, Thiroux and Teppaz 184 The use of tartar emetic in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, Laveran 185 The Schizogregarines, Fantham 185 KURAL ENGINEERIXG. Irrigation in Peru, Guarini 185 Earth slopes, retaining walls and dams, Prelini 185 Experiments in dust prevention, road preservation, and road construction . . . 185 Illinois ex]ierimental macadam roads 186 Agricultural machinery and implements, Wrobel 186 Agricultural machines, Walther 186 [Traction plowing] 186 Trials with fertilizer spreaders at Dalum Agricultural School, 1908, Dall 187 Industrial alcohol in relation to the farmer. True 187 Deriving ethyl alcohol from sawdust, Borde 187 The peat fuel industry of Canada 187 The peat resources of "the Ignited States, Davis 187 Reports upon the Irish peat industries, II, Ryan 187 The sanitation, water supply, and sewage disposal of country houses, Gerhard. . 187 "All improvements" in country houses _ 188 Home conveniences at small expense, Wolford 188 RURAL ECONOMICS. The cost of producing Minnesota farm products, 1902-1907, Parker ana Cooper. 188 An agricultural monograph of Great Britain, Dommen 189 [The condition of peasant proprietors in France] , Ruau 189 General expenses in agriculture and their influence on profits, Brandin 189 The profitableness of agriculture in Switzerland during 1907, Laur. 189 The condition of agriculture in Portugal 189 [The movement of agricultural wages in Bavaria] 189 The breaking of contracts bv agricultural laborers in Pomerania, von Stojentin . 189 Agricultural credit, Rudloff 190 The agricultural bank of the Philippine Government, Branagan. 190 Crop Reporter 190 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education and its methods, De Vuyst 190 Vocational possibilities in country schools, Rapp 190 Agricultural instruction in the army, Maier-Bode - 191 Popular horticultural instruction, Marchandise 191 School gardening and agricultural education in England, Bonser 191 Itinerant agricultural domestic science schools, Schindler 191 AVomen's institutes of Ontario, Putnam 191 Woman and the home, Piffault 191 Practical nature study and elementary agriculture, J. M. an mg. per liter of solution should be used. On methods of clay analysis, A. Atterberg (A. Laudtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Jf7 {1908), No. 5-6, pp. 365-397, figs. 8). — The methods of mechanical clay analysis proposed by earlier investigators are reviewed and the results of the author's studies bearing on classification of clays are given. A method is tentatively recommended for the separation of clays into 6 natu- ral groups, ranging from very stiff clays to sandy moor clays and so-called '■ mjun " clays. After a preliminarj^ examination the dry pulverized sample is carefully examined under the microscope, and a "rubbing test" made of a cake of the clay that has been dried at 100° C. The mechanical analysis is preceded by boiling or shaking the sample with water if it is high in calcium carbonate and clay colloids but low in humus. If it is high in both calcium carbonate and humus, the latter is oxidized by digestion with sodium hypo- bromite solution (50 cc. bromin to 500 cc. of 20 per cent soda solution) in the cold for 24 hours. If the sample is low in or free from carbonates, or the fine- ness of the carbonates is not to be determined, the following method of pro- cedure is adopted : Twenty gm. of the sample is first treated with 100 cc. hydrochloric acid (sp. gr. 1.12) in a boiling water bath for an hour; the solution is made up to 508 cc. with distilled water (volume of soil sample 8 cc), and then shaken and left to settle; the clear solution is decanted and the last portion filtered off ("hydrochloric-acid-solution A"). The residue is heated for 3 minutes with 20 cc. of a 20 per cent soda solution ; then cooled and diluted to 508 cc, mixed, left to settle, and the clear solution decanted (" sotla-solutlon B"). I'he residue is now elutriated in a graduated cylinder of si)ecial construction, and separated into coarse clay (0.02-(7.002 mm.) and fine clay (less than 0.002 mm. in diameter), the quantities jiresent of each portion being ascertained by weighing the dried residues. The hydrocliloric-acid-soluble clay is determined in .50 cc. of solution A and 50 cc. of solution B by addition of a little nitric acid ; diluting and heating in a covered beaker ; ammonia is added gradually AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 107 from a pipette till the fumes have au alkaline reaction, and after boiling for a little longer it is left to settle and the precipitate transferred to a weighed filter, dried, and weighed. Determinations are furthermore made of the humus content of the sample, calcium carbonate and sulphate, iron sulphid, sodium chlorid, and hygroscopic moisture. According to the results obtained by this method of analysis, the clays are referred to one of the following classes : Very stiff clays — fine clay with more than 50 per cent hydrochloric-acid-soluble clay and less than 25 per cent coarser portions (Silt, sand, and grit) ; stiffer medium clays — fine clay with 3.3 to 50 per cent hydrochloric-acid-sohible clay, 20 to 40 per cent coarser portions, and rela- tively low content of coarse clay; lighter medium clays— fine clay with 16 to 33 per cent hydrochloric-acid-soluble clay and 40 to 70 per cent coarser portions (silt mostly below 50 per cent) ; silty clays — fine clay with less than 16 per cent hydrochloric-acid-soluble clay and more than 50 per cent silt ; sandy clays, with low content of fine clay and hydrochloric-acid-soluble clay and high content of sand (and grit) with high silt content; and " mjun " clays, with more than 50 per cent coarse clay (or coarse clay and fine silt content). The colorimetric determination of nitrates in soil solutions containing organic matter, W. A. Syme (Xorth Carolina Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 6.'/, 65). — In the method proposed, potassium permanganate is added to the hot soil solution, containing a slight excess of sulphuric acid. The solution is filtered, made alkaline with sodium carbonate, and evaporated to dryness on water bath. The residue is treated with water, filtered, and diluted to its original volume, and nitrates determined in the usual way with phenoldisulphonic acid and ammonia. Tests are reported which indicate that no nitrate was formed by the action of the permanganate on the organic matter. The colorimetric determination of nitrates in soil solutions containing organic matter, W. A. Syme {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 3, pp. ISS, 189; abs. in Science, n. 'ser., 29 {1909), No. 7S8, p. 307; Analyst, 3// {1909), No. 398, p. 2.'fl). — Noted above from another source. A new method for the determination of soil acidity, R. Albert {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 12, i)p. 533-587; ahs. in Chem. ZentU., 1909, I, No. 16, pp. 1350, 1351; Analyst, 3Jt {1909), No. 398, pp. 228, 229).— In the method proposed the soil to be tested is suspended in water with a known amount of caustic alkaline earth (magnesia, lime, or baryta) and an excess of neutral ammonium salt (chlorid or sulphate), and the solution is boiled until all of the ammonia set free by the caustic alkaline earth is driven off. The ammonia is measured by collection in standard sulphuric acid and titration in the usual way. The dift'erence between the amount of ammonia thus formed and that shown by direct action of the alkaline earth on the ammonium salt solution is taken as a means of calculating the amount of the base combining with the soil acids and thus affording a measure of the latter. For use with magnesia the author recommends ammonium sulphate, with lime and baryta ammonium chlorid. On the whole the baryta ammonium chlorid coml)inatiou seems prefer- able to any other used. The method as a rule gives somewhat higher results than that of Tacke. A study of the methods for the determination of iron and alumina in phosphate rock, W. C. Dumas {Chem. Engin., 9 {1909), No. J,, pp. 107-113).— A compari-sou of the more important methods which have been proposed for this purpose is reported, and the sources of error in the different methods are pointed out. The conclusion reached is that the Glaser alcohol method is the best for iron and aluminum in the hands of the inexperienced. It was found also that "a combination of the (ilaser alcohol and acetate methods gives 732— No. 2—09 2 108 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. excellent results and consumes no more time than either alone. The caustic alkali method for alumina is superior to the thiosulphate in point of accuracy in the hands of the inexperienced." Methods for the determination of sulphurous acid and soot in air, Hur- DELBKiNK {Hvlir. Fhtjs. OkOHom. Gesell. Konigsb., 48 (1901), j)p. 145-150, fig. 1).— The construction and operation of an apparatus for this purpose, which con- sists essentially of an asbestos filter for the removal of the soot, an absorber containing iodin solution for the collection of the sulphurous acid, and a device for measuring the volume of air drawn through the apparatus, are described. The successful use of the apparatus in the examination of a number of samples of air is reported. A rapid method for determining carbon dioxid in the atmosphere, S. H. Davies and B. G. McLellan {Jour. Soc. Vhem. Indus., 2S {1909), No. 5. pp. 232-234). — This is a modification of the minimetric method proposed by Angus Smith and perfected by Lunge and Zeckeudorf. which is based upon the meas- urement of the air required to saturate the reagent used for the absorption of carbon dioxid. The principal modification consists of the substitution of a pump for the rubber bulb used in the original method, thus securing a more accurate measurement of the amount of air employed. Polarimeti-ic methods of estimating starch, E. Powers {Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 15 {1909), No. 1, pp. 8-14)- — A digest of data on the subject of estimat- ing starch. The paper is followed by a discussion. A polarimetric method of determining starch in barley, F. Schubert (Osterr. Ungar. Ztschr. Zuckerindus. u. Landw., 38 {1909), No. 1, pp. 11-31). — Experiments conducted with a view to devising a polarimetric method for the determination of starch in barley are reported, and the results obtained by the author and other investigators are tabulated and discussed. A description of the necessary apparatus is also given. Comparative experiments on the practical value of the precipitin reaction and the complement union method for identifying horse flesh, O. Weidanz and K. Borchmann {Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 28 {1908), No. 3, pp. 477-497).— From the experimental data reported the conclusion was reached that the biological method is the only satisfactory one for practical work along the line indicated. Technique of the biological method for determining horse flesh, Uhlen- HUTH, Weidanz, and Wedemann {Arb. K. Gsiidhtsauit.. 2S {1908). No. 3, pp. 449-476, figs. 8). — A digest of data and an extended description of this labora- tory method are given. The identification of artificial coloring matter in sausage skins, T. Merl {Pharm. ZentralhaUe, 50 {1909), No. 11, pp. 215-217).— An adaptation of the Polenski method for detecting artificial coloring matter is described which is suitable for use with small quantities. Method of estimating essential oil in liqueurs, L. Vandam {Bui. Soc. Chim. Belg., 22 {1908), No. 7, pp. 295-300).— \ comparative study of the method which the author iiroposes. The determination of essential oil and alcohol in flavoring extracts, J. HoRTVET and R. M. West (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 84-95, figs. 2). — An extended study of methods. New state laboratories for suppressing frauds, G. A. Le Roy {Separate from Bill. Soc. Indus. Rouen, 36 {1908), No. 1, pp. 98). — Municipal laboratories are described, the text of the French pure-food law of 1905 is quoted, and official methods are given. Practical guide for the analysis of milk, J. M. and P. Perkin {Guide Pratique pour VAnalyse du Lait. Paris, 1909, pp. yiI+344, figs. 14O). — This AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 109 book is intended as a laI)orator.v handbook for pharmacists, physicians, chem- ists, milk analysts, and others who wisli to have at hand brief descriptions of methods for the analysis of milk and milk products. The topics treated are as follows : Characteristics of milk ; determination of milli constituents, includ- ing urea, cholesteriu, lecithin, nuclein, and citric acid ; determination of the freezing point and specific resistance of milk ; modification of milk as influenced by heat, cold, electricity, disease, and other factors; detection of adulterations; microscopical and bacteriological examinations; milk fi'om different animals; butter and cheese; preparation of reagents; and extracts from French laws relating to the sale and inspection of milk and milk products. A new method for the rapid analysis of milk, A. Rolet (Lait. et Indus. Forme [/'ons], IV [I'JOD), Xo. 'i, pi). 25-27). — The author describes the method proposed by Bordas and Touplain (E. S. R., 17, p. 335), and states that the time required for milk analysis is mucli shortened l>y this method. Determination of proteins and formaldehyde in milk treated with formal- dehyde, A. Agrestini (8taz. Sper. Agr. Ital., .',1 (1908), No. 8, pp. 520-529 ; abs. ill Chcm. ZciithL, 1908. II, No. 19, pp. 161,0, 1GJ,1; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London^. 96 (1909), No. 556, II, p. 19.'/). — ^A discussion of methods. The mercury process of Deniges is criticised. It is thought that a little 10 per cent solution of hydroxylamin hydrochlorid should be added to samples of milk containing formaldehyde before adding the mercury reagent. A new method for the calculation of the proteins in milk, G. A. Olson (Jour. Indus, and Erigin. Cnem.. 1 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 253-256). — In this article the ratio of protein to other milk solids is discussed. The author thinks that this ratio is very constant, and may be considered as 1 : 1.34. " The protein content of normal milk can be calculated with a fair degree of accuracy when the total solids are known by the formula (TS) — TS/1.34=P. The percentage of casein can be found by multiplying the percentage of protein by 0.8." The determination of sugar in cow's milk, H. J. Wusman and J. S. Meulenhoff (PJiarin. WcekhL, ',5 (1908), No. J,2, pp. 1298-1305).— This is a discussion of polarimetric methods of determining the percentage of lactose. The determination of milk sugar with ammonia-copper solution, Y. Shi- MiDzu (Biochcni. Ztsclir., 13 (1908). No-. J-'/, pp. 2-',.3-261 ; . IS. p. .V'/N ). - 'I'lic aullior describes his experience with this test muUr varying conditions. 'I'he iiroportion of carbon bisulpliid and auiyl alcoliol may be reduced to o cc. for r> jjui. of fat. The reac- tion is more sensitive if the test is made with closed tlasks capable of resisting I)ressuro than if made in the usual way. Oils that have been exposed to light and air for some time often fail to react. Valuation of willow bark by von Schroeder's hydrometer method, W. Api'ELIus and F. Merkei, (Jour. ,s'oc. Clirin. Iiidii.-!.. 2S (t !)()!)). .Yo. ,',, p. 211). — Willow bark is used extensively in Russia for tanning both light and heavy leather. The authors usetl von Schroeder's hydrometer method for the valua- tion of willow bark and find it to give results similar to those obtained by chemical analysis. A sensitive reaction for galalith, I.. Wolter {Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 2, pp. 11, 12; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 2, p. 101).— The author has found that fuming nitric acid affords a means of detecting galalith when used to imitate tortoise shell. When so treated galalith yields a heavy yellow crystalline powder, while tortoise shell dissolves with the exception of a few transparent scales. A vegetable tallow from Irvingia oliveri, C. Crevost (Bill. Econ. Indo- Chine, n. ser., 11 (1908), No. 70, pp. 13-',, i35).— Chemical analyses of the seed and of the oil obtained from the seed of this plant, from which a vegetable tallow is made, are reported. [Miscellaneous analyses], D. Hooper {Ann. Rpt. Indian Mus. Indus. Sect., 1907-8. pp. 10-18; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 21 (1908). No. 17, pp. 906, 907). — Analytical data are reported of crude lac, shellac, sealing wax, gamboge, turpentine oil, animal oils, tans, brick cutch, 3 new kinos, and of the oils from the seeds of the following plants: Terminalia catappa, T. hclerica, T. clirbula, Cururhita pepo, C. maxima, Cucumis sativus, Luffa wgyptiaca, CitruJJus colo- ci/iithis, Garcinia morella, G. cambogia, G. indica, Mcsiia ferrcn, Sterciilia fiiiidii. Chrozophora rcrbascifoJia, and Lawsonia alba. Report of the work in 1908 of the analytical laboratory of Liege, M. de Moi.iNARi (Rap. Trav. Lab. Anal. Liege, 1908, pp. /J).— Analyses of fertilizers and feeding stuffs are reported. In all 7,077 samples were analyzed. Report of the agricultural chemist of the Royal Danish Agricultural Society, 1908, K. Eordam (Tids.skr. Landdkonomi, 1909, No. .'/. pp. 21'i-238).— Brief discussions of the main results of examinations made during the year are given, with methods of analysis followed. Report of agricultural chemical analyses, Stein's Laboratory, 1907, F. Chrlstensen (Tidsskr. Landokonomi, 1908, No. 5, pp. 299-320). — The report contains a discussion and summary of analytical work done by the Municipal Laboratory in Copenhagen during the year. The total number of samples of feetling stuffs, fertilizers, dairy products, etc., analyzed in 1007 was 20,442, nearly half of the number being cream samples. Report of the chemical station at Alnarp, 1908, M. Weibxjll (Mai mo. Ldns Ilii.shall. Sdllsk. Kvrtlsskr., 1908, No. If, pp. 910-928).— The results of chemical analyses of 2,020 samples of dairy products, feeding stuff's, soils, ftn-tilizers, etc., are given and, in some cases, discussed briefly. [Miscellaneous analyses] (Jahresber. Landic. Kammer Wiesbaden, 1907, pp. 119-122).— Mvdlyaen are reported of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, and other agri- cultural sul)stances. Progress in agricultural chemistry in the year 1908, A. Stutzer {Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909). Nos. 23. pp. 217, 218; 2G, pp. 230, 231).— A digest of the litera- ture on this subject. 112 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Progress in agricultural chemistry for tlie second half of the year 1908 {Chem. Ztschr., S {lUO!)), Ao. J, pp. .',!)-■', I ) .—This is a review of the literature of tbe more important results of investigations in agricultural chemistry. International catalogue of scientific literature. D— Chemistry {Internat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 5 (IVOS), pp. VIII +1202). —This is the fifth annual issue of this catalogue (E. S. R., 18, p. 711). The literature indexed is chiefly that of 100."), but some references to literature published from 1901-1904 are included. International catalogue of scientific literature. D— Chemistry {Intmiat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 6 {l!)Oa), /i]). V II 1+ 107 S).— This is the sixth ai'-'ual issue of this catalogue. Proceedings of the twenty-fifth annual convention of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists, held at Washington, D. C, November 12-16, 1908, edited by H. W. Wiley {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 122, pp. 2Ji8, flgn. 6). — This is the official report of the proceedings of the convention. A summarized account of the meeting has been previously given (E. S. R., 20, p. 395), and a circular of the Bureau containing extracts from the proceedings noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 911). METEOROLOGY— WATER. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., S6 (1908), No. 13, pp. X +Jf35-Ji78, figs. .'/, charts 6). — This summary "is based essentially upon data received from about 200 regular Weather Bureau stations, 33 regular Canadian stations, and from such climatological stations as have forwarded their annual summaries in time." It also includes the annual report of the Chief of the Weather Bureau reprinted from the report of the Secretary of Agriculture for 1908 (see p. 192), and the following special articles: Atmospheric Influences Causing Movements of the Soil ; Studies on the Thenomeua of the Evaporation of Water over Lakes and Reservoirs (illus.), by F. H. Bigelow (see p. 115) ; The Climate of the Historic Past (illus.), by E. Huntington; Weather Bureau Men as Educators; The Diurnal Variation of the Rainfall at Kingston, Ja- maica, by M. Hall ; and The Teacher and the Student. " Compared with the normal the barometric pressure for the year 1908 was in excess by small amounts over all portions of the United States, except a small area from Michigan westward to the valley of the Red River of the North, and in extreme eastern New England. . . . " The average temperature . . . was above the normal in all districts of the United States and Canada, except over the Rocky Mountain and southern por- tion of the Plateau districts, and along the immediate Pacific coast. . . . " The annual precipitation . . . was less than the usual amount over all districts east of the Mississippi, except along the eastern slopes of the Appa- lachian Mountains from northern Virginia to western South Carolina, over the greater portions of the lower elevations of Virginia and North Carolina, and along the eastern and southern coasts of Florida. Precipitation was al^o below the normal over the greater portions of Arkansas, Louisiana, and Texas, in the southern Rocky Mountain region, and generally over the Plateau and Pacific coast States. From the Mississippi River westward to the Rocky Mountain districts, except in the portions of Arkansas, Louisiana, Texas, and the southern Rocky Mountain region mentioned above, the precipitation for the year was above the normal. At points in southern Kansas, central Oklahoma, and northern Texas the excess ranged from 10 to 20 in. '■ The most pronounced feature of the weather of the year 1908 was the re- markably severe and long-continued drought during the late summer and early fall months over the greater part of the Ohio Valley and Lake region, portions METEOROLOGY WATER. 113 of the Middle Atlantic States, and New England. The combined effect of high temperatnre and deficient rainfall during the latter part of August and through- out the most of September, October, and November resulted in one of the most disastrous droughts in the meteoi'ological history of those districts." Monthly Weather Review (Mo. Weather Rev., 37 (1909), Nos. 1, pp. l-.',2, figs. 13, charts 11; 2, pp. '/3-S-}, figs. 5, charts S). — In addition to the usual re- ports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteorological tables and charts for the months of January and February, 1909, recent papers bearing on meteorology and seismology, recent additions to the Weather Bureau library, Weather Bureau men as educators, etc., these numbers contain the following articles and notes : No. 1. — The Pressure of a Saturated Vapor from Water and Ice as Measured by Different Authorities, by C. F. ^Marvin ; Summer and Winter Vertical Tempera- ture Gradients, by W. J. Humphreys ; The Formation of Hail, by J. B. Gibson ; The Importance of Systematic Observation of Persistent Meteor Trains, by C. C. Trowbridge ; Transformations of Snow Crystals, by A. Erman ; The Crys- tallization of Undercooled Water (illus.), by B. Weinberg; Recent Extensions of the Canadian Meteorological Service; Theories of the Color of the Sky, by E. A. Nichols ; Duststorms in Texas ; The Aurora Polaris ; A Study of Overcast Skies (illus.), by E. L. Nichols; Rain with Low Temperature, by A. L. Rotch; Great Inversions of Temperature, by A. J. Henry ; A Portable Rotation Psy- chrometer (illus.), by P. J. O'Gara ; The Psyclirometer — rotated, whirled, ven- tilated ; The Source of Our Cold Waves, by R. F. Stupart ; The Climate of the Glacial Epoch, by H. Arctowsky; A Plea for Terrestrial and Cosmieal Physics, by L. A. Bauer ; and Retirement of Professor Klossovskii, by A. Ziwet. No. 2. — Summary of Ice Conditions of the Great Lakes, by N. B. Conger ; Studies on the Vortices in the Atmosphere of the Earth (illus.), by F. H. Bige- low ; Dry Farming ; Some Climatic Features of Wyoming, and Their Relation to Dry Farming (illus.), by W. S. Palmer (see p. 114) ; Attendance on Scien- tific Meetings, by W. J. Humphreys; A Proposed New Formula for Evaporation (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; Changes in the Monthly Weather Review; Weather Words in All Languages ; Winter Aridity Indoors, by M. S. W. Jefferson ; In- fluence of Mountains and Coasts on Storms, by D. T. Smith; Barometric Pres- sure and Earth Pulsation, by N. Shimono ; Researches on the Solar Constant and the Temperature of the Sun, by J. Scheiner ; The Blanket Eff'ect of Clouds, by W. W. Coblentz; Mean Annual Temperatures for Mexico and Central Amer- ica ; and An Annotated Bibliography of Evaporation, by Mrs. G. J. Livingston. [Annual meterolog'ical summary, 1908], A. J. Mitchell (Fla. Quart. Bui Agr. Dcpt., 19 (1909), No. 2, pp. 25--'tl ) .—This is the report of the Florida section of the Cllmatological Service of the Weather Bureau of this Department, and contains summaries of the weather conditions (temperature, including killing frosts, precipitation, and cloudiness) during each month of the year, l)ased upon observations at a large number of stations in different parts of the State. Meteorolog'ical observations (Maine t^ta. Bui. 163, pp. 387-389). — The usual summaries of observations on pressure, temperature, precipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement at Orono, Me., and on precipitation at various places in the State during 1908 are given. The mean atmospheric pressure for the year at Orono was 29.S5 in. The mean temperature was 44.66° F., the mean for 40 years being 42.27''. The total precipitation was 37.51 in., the mean for 40 years being 43.58 in. The snowfall was 73.2 in., the average for 40 years being 91.4 in. The number of cloudy days was 127. " The year 1908 differed from the average year in several very important respects. Every month but three was warmer than the average. January was 114 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. especially warm, the mean tomi)ei-atiire for the moutli being (j.4° higher than the average for the past 40 years. The highest temperature reached was 97° on July 7 ; and the lowest —24° on February 5. May and October were warm months, and but for the prolonged droughts of June and September the growing season would have been exceptionally long. "The precipitation for the year was light, over 6 in. below the average. During the ])eriod of 47 days, from June 1 to July 17 inclusive, only 2.1 in. of rain fell ; and from August 18 to October 1 Inclusive, 48 days, the total precipi- tation was 0.0!) in." Relation of the weather service to the farmer, J. F. Voorhees (Tenn. Sta., Bpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Middle Tenn. IVOl-S, pp. 90-102, chttrts 5).— A series of charts based upon data obtained at about 25 stations in middle Tennessee during a period of from 11 to 30 years and showing average date of the last killing frost in the spring and the first in the fall, average length of growing season, mean temperature, and rainfall, is given. Some climatic features of Wyoming, and their relation to dry farming', W. S. Palmer (Mo. Weather Rec, 37 (I'JOD), ZV'o. 2, pp. 5ft~56, /?f/.s-. 2).— This article summarizes data collected during the last 17 years on precipitation, temperature, and sunshine with reference to dry farming in Wyoming. It is stated that " while the average amount [of precipitation] for the State is 13.68 in., there is a wide variation in the normal amounts received over the various sections of the State. There are portions of Big Horn and Sweetwater counties where the average annual precipitation is probably less than 5 in., while over the extreme northeastern and the extreme northwestern portions of the State there may be a few sections wher-e the annual average is nearly 20 in." A map is given showing the variations in annual precipitation in differ- ent parts of the State. As regards seasonal distribution, it is shown that "about 70 per cent of the total annual amount falls during the six months, March to August, inclusive. . . . " The varied topography of the State gives a wide variation in the tempera- ture conditions of the various sections of the State. In some sections the growing season is from 4 to 5 months in duration and summer" temperatures rise to 95° or 100°, or even higher; over some of the higher agricultural districts the growing season is short, summer temperatures never rise above 95°, frosts may be experienced in any month, and only the hardier grains and vegetables can be successfully grown." The percentage of sunshine is very large and is an important factor in agri- cultural production in the State. The possibility of extending the farming area, and particularly of developing a seed breeding industry, is discussed. Weather conditions and statistics, G. Harcourt (Ann. Rpt. Dept. Agr. Prov. Alberta, 1907, pp. Jt7-57). — The character of the weather of each month of 1907 is described, with tabular summaries of observations on rainfall and tem- perature at the various meteorological stations in the Province of Alberta. A statement is also given showing the amount of crop insurance against hail dur- ing the year following the inauguration of the policy of such insurance by the territorial government. It is shown that of the 700,000 acres under crop in the province 4.4 per cent was insured against hail. About 8 per cent of the insured aci-eage was damaged by hail, the average indemnity received per acre being $1.62. On the climate of Sitka, J. Krcmar {Met. Ztschr., 25 (1908), No. 7, pp. S15-320). — All of the available records, in some cases running back to 1828, are summarized in this article. [Meteorological observations in Orange River Colony, 1907-SJ, J. Lyle {Dept. Agr. Orange River Colony, Ann. Rpt., J, (1907-8), pp. 207-281) .—Tables SOILS FERTILIZERS. 115 are jjcivon wliich suniniarize the results of (jbservatioiis on rainfall at over 200 stations in the colony during the year ended June 30, 1!)0S. Temperature and pressure records for a limited number of stations during the same period are also given. Studies on the phenomena of the evaporation of water over lakes and reservoirs, F. H. Biuelow (Mo. Weather Rev., 36 (1908), A'o. 13, pp. Ji31l-l',5, pg. I). — This is a fourth paper on this subject ( E. S. li., 10, p. 1112), and deals with the progress in 1908 and proposed extension of the work, together with an analysis and application of the evapoi'ation formula with special reference to observations at Indio and Mecca, Cal. The significance of Bacillus coli in potable waters, Guiraud and H. Maudoul {Ann. Inst. PiLsteur, 22 (JOOS), No. 11, pp. 917-926, figs. 2).— This is an article based upon studies of the water supply of Toulouse, the general con- clusion fi'om which is that the presence of the coli bacillus in the water supply is intimately connected with the existence of causes of contamination. Its abundance is directly related to the importance of these causes. While the bacillus itself does not constitute a grave danger, it furnishes a valuable index of infection. The I'ole of septic tanks in the biological purification of sewage water, A. MiJNTz and E. Laine {Conipt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], US {1909), Xo. 10, pp. 597-601). — The most useful role of septic tanks in these experiments ap- peared to be as a means of decantation of matter in suspension. It is thought that it might be profitable to inquire whether some less cumbersome and costly method of accomplishing this result may not be devised. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Inquiry into the causes of the decrease in fertility of some soils in the Groningen and Drenthe moor colonies, B. Sjollema and J. Hudig {Versing. Lundhoinrk. Onderzoek. RijksJandhoun-proefstat. [yetlierlands], 1909, No. 5, pp. 29-157, 2)ls. 2, dgms. 11). — The investigation of which this is a preliminary report was begun in 1005 with field observations to determine in a general way the nature and extent of the so-called " oat sickness." It was found that for several years the productive power of certain fields in the Groningen and Drenthe moor colonies had been decreasing; oats was the crop chiefly affected, but rye and potatoes have also suffered. In the case of oats, usually in the month of May, the leaves gradually turn yellow and have a sick appearance ; withered spots appear on the leaves and the affected leaves fold and droop. Following the field observations field and culture tests were carried on at the Groningen Experiment Station. It is concluded from the results of 3 years' tests that the unhealthy proper- ties of the moor-colony soils are due to faulty treatment, especially as regards fertilization. As a rule the application of too much lime or calcareous fertilizers is a cause of sickness, while physiologically alkaline fertilizers (as nitrate of soda) and also fertilizers which increase the production of alkaline humates are unfavorable. By such treatment the properties of the soil are modified in vari- ous respects ; besides neutralizing the original acid reaction, changes take place in the behavior of the organic constituents (humate-silicate compounds), espe- cially toward oxygen. On soils still normal care must be observed in the application of such fer- tilizers and on soils already unfavorably affected these fertilizers must be avoided or at least alternate applications of acid and physiologically acid fer- tilizers must be made. 116 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. «ick soils can best bo cured by materials wliicli restore the original acid reaction ; acid canal sediment and moor peat turf are best for this purpose. The same change can be brought about by use of acid artificial fertilizers, but they are not so effective if the abnormal condition is marked. A sick crop can be re- stored to health by the innnediate application of manganese sulphate; this has no beneficial effect if applied beforehand, as it does not remain in an effective form in the soil. The explanation of the effect of manganese sulphate is not found in an insufiicient content of manganese in the soil. The properties of the humate-silicate compounds in sick and normal soils vary as follovi^s: Normal soils contain more alkali-soluble (in 5 per cent am- monia) compounds. The composition of these compounds easily soluble in ammonia is the same in sick and normal soils, while the difiiculty soluble in normal soils contains more silicic acid, iron, and aluminum; the insoluble in sick soils contains more lime and also more iron than in the normal soils, though the total iron content of sick soils is lower than that of normal soils. The insoluble compounds in sick soils, like the soluble, are poorer in silicic acid than in normal soils; the latter contain more colloidal silicic acid than the former. The capacity for absorbing potassium and ammonia is higher in sick than in normal soils, or at least never lower. In both soils a great deal of the amount absorbed is easily washed out and the amount washed out is greater in the case of the sick soil ; in an alkaline reacting humate this goes into solution. Sick and normal soils vary in respect to physical properties. Normal soils under most conditions when sampled in the field seem to contain more moisture, which may be ascribed to the higher content of organic matter. Sick soils have a looser structure and contain organic matter which swells more with the addition of moistur& than that contained in normal soil. Considering the differences in properties of sick and normal and of those recovering — both soil and crop — it is to be concluded that the alkaline reaction (including the action of added nitrates) of the soil plays an important part in the occurrence of " oat sickness." It is suggested that by the increased " au- toxidation " which is the result of this alkaline reaction, great quantities of compounds (peroxids) injurious to plants are formed and the favorable action of the manganese sulphate is due to the catalytic decomposition of these inju- rious peroxids. Experiments with soils, fertilizers, and farm crops, C. A. Mooers ( Ten- nessee Sta. Bui. SG, pp. 35-76, 83-88; Rpt. Coop, and Ed. Work Agr. 2Iiddlc Tenn. 1907-8, pp. 7--'iS, 55-60). — This reports the results of two years' experi- ments which were undertaken primarily for the purpose of securing information regarding the fertilizer requirements of various soil types in middle Tennessee. The experiments were as a rule made on fortieth-acre plats of as uniform soil as it was possible to secure. Chemical analyses were made of the soils. The systems of fertilizing employed included the use of rarious mixtures of chemical fertilizers, farm manure, and green manure (cowpeas). The crops used in the fertilizer experiments were wheat, corn, sorghum, millet, tobacco, cantaloups, buckwheat, peanuts, clover, and potatoes. The results of the experiments agree in showing that the soils of the Central Basin are as a rule well supplied with the mineral elements of plant food (phos- phoric acid, potash, and lime). Occasionally, however, areas were found which responded to phosphatic fertilizers. The principal requirements of the soils seem to be nitrogen and organic matter. The sandy loam soils of the Cumber- land Plateau were found to be very deficient in phosphoric acid and lime. The gray soils of the Highland Rim were apparently particularly deficient in phos- phoric acid, although also in need of potash. The limestone soils of this area SOILS FERTILIZERS. 117 wero also found to be deticient in jjlK^spliorie acid hut fairiy well supplied with potasli. Nitrogen and vejietable matter were apparently jienerally needed. A comparison of tlie results of chemical analysis with those obtained in the field experiments showed a very close agreement in regard to the indicated needs of plant food. Summing up this comparison it is stated that " the results of the field experiments demonstrate the immediate response to the elements of plant food as applied. The amounts of the various materials that may be used with profit are also indicated. The chemical analysis, on the other hand, only indicates the probable immediate need of the different elements, but demon- strates the extent of the total available soil supplies, a matter of very great importance." Soil drainage and fertility, T. L. Lyon, G. W. Cavanaugh, and E. O. Fippin {New York Cornell Sta. Circ. If, pp. 4). — This is a concise summary of informa- tion regarding the principal causes of decline in fertility of soils and practical means of improving productiveness. Judg'ing' of the productiveness of soils by their composition, M. Fleischer (Dciil. Lcnidtv. Pressc, 36 (1909), No. 26, p. 28S).—lt is pointed out that the content of fine particles and the mineralogical character of the coarse particles as well as the chemical composition and the solubility of the constituents should be taken into account in judging soils. The salinity of soils, L. Dumas (Ann. Genibloiix, 19 (1909). No. //. pp. 221-231). — This is a general discussion of the character and function of the soluble saline constituents of the soil. On certain physical-chemical processes in the formation of soils, II, liOHLAND (Landiv. Jahrb., 3S (1909), No. 2, pp. 273-278; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. l.'i. p. 1188). — The author corrects an error in statements by Ehren- berg relating to previous investigations by the author on plasticity of clay, coagulation, etc. (E. S. R., 19, p. 620; 20, p. 818). Observations and researches on soil temperature, III, S. de Grazia (Ann. R. Staz. Chim. Agr. Sper. Roma, 2. ser., 2 (1907-8), pp. 383-J,00 ; Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., J,t (1908), No. 9-11, pp. 739-756; ahs. hi Chem.. Zentbl, 1909, I, No. 12, p. 1035). — This is a third report on the same general subject (E. S. R., 21, p. 20), but dealing specifically with the causes of the rise in soil temperature produced by certain organic manures. The two principal factors of sucli increase being fermentation of the organic substances and the aeration which they make pos- sible in the soil, the object of the study was to determine the relative importance of these factors. By the use of peat, pieces of glass tubes, whole straw, finely cut straw, pota- toes, glucose, straw infusion, and potassium phosphate singly and combined in various ways it was possible to secure the following conditions : No aeration with slight and active fermentation; marked aeration with no and active fer- mentation ; good aeration with slight fermentation ; and fair aeration with fair fermentation. It is concluded that both aeration and fermentation are causes of increase of soil temperature, but that probably the latter is the more im- portant. The fermentation seems actually to produce heat while aeration ena- bles the soil to retain both the heat due to fermentation and any which it maj* have acquired from the surrounding air. Tanks for soil investigation at Cornell University, T. L. Lyon (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 7.'i6, pp. 621-623, figs. 2).— The construction of a series of concrete tanks each 4 ft. 2 in. square with a maximum vertical depth of 4 ft. 6 in. and*a minimum depth of 4 ft, to be used in soil investigations of various kinds, is described. On a method of bacteriological investigation, H. Fischer (Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Alt., 22 (1909), No. 18-23, pp. 65.), 655; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, /, 118 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. . No. l.i, })i>- lll-i. Ill'/)- — Tests of Keiiiy's iiietliod, using extracts of a sandy soil and of a clay soil and making reciprocal inoculations with the two soils, gave variable results under aj)i)arently similar conditions. These differences are attributed not to the inoculation but to the character of the soil extract used. Bacteriological-chemical invest"' Rations, O. Lemmermann, II. Fischer, et AL. (LdiKlir. ./(ilirb., 38 [l!)()/>. 40-63). — Noted above from another source. Investigations on the process of nitrogen assimilation in its relation to soil climate, T. Ueuy (Ccnthl. Bald. \clc.]. 2. Abt., 22 (190!)), No. 18-23, pp. 661-651, ph. 11, fig. 1; ahs. in Chcm. Zcnthl., 1909, I, No. 13, p. 1109; Jour. Chcm. Soe. [London], 96 {1909), No. 5.58, II, p. 3//0).— Delbruck's use of "soil climate" to mean the sum of life conditions in nutrient media (soils) is fol- lowed in this article, which deals not only with the relation between soil climate and the nitrogen fixing power of soils, but also with the best methods of measur- ing the latter. Numerous investigations, some of them going back as far as 1902, in which the author's well known methods were employed, are quite fully re- viewed. These investigations, which have been in large part ali-eady noted, dealt mainly with the effect on bacterial activity of cultivation and other forms of soil manipulation, fertilizers and other nutrient substances, acidity, basicity, moisture, nitrogen content, and various other conditions in soils and media. The experiments show in general that both in small laboratory experiments and in experiments with larger amounts of soil there is a considerable fixation of nitrogen and that this nitrogen is a useful source of supply of this con- stituent to higher plants, being not less readily available than the best forms of organic nitrogenous fertilizers. The possibility of working out practical means of increasing and controlling the fixation of nitrogen in soils is discussed. In general the conditions which are to be sought in practice are those which increase the stock of humus in the soil and at the same time promote its decomposition to yield readily assimilable sources of energy to the nitrogen fixing organisms. On nitrification in soils in place, Pouget and Guiraud {Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Pari.'i], 1J,8 (1909), No. 11, pp. 725-727; ahs. in Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 1,7 (1909), I, No. 13, p. J,ll; Chem. ZentbL, 1909, I, No. 19, p. 1601; Chern. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 13, pp. 1166, 1167). — Investigations are reported which show that during the winter on the Algerian seacoast nitrification in place is not retarded excejtt when the soil is water-logged by excessive rain, l>ut that when it is thus interrupted it stai'ts again with difficulty and does not become active until about the end of May, nearly a month after the close of the rainy season. During summer nitrification is active in a compact soil, but is often accompanied by denitrification. The decrease of the nitric nitrogen content of the soil during this season can not be attributed to drainage, because the rainfall is small and the rapid evaporation from tlie soil would tend to concentrate the nitrates in 120 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the surface soil. All forms of tillage of the soil which tend to increase aera- tion promote nitrification and diminish denitrification. It was observed that in February and April on a compact soil such as is found in a wheat field there was no evidence of nitrification. The author con- cludes that as this is a period of very active nitrogen assimilation by wheat its supply of this material must be obtained from ammoniacal compounds. The gum produced by Bacillus radicicola, R. E. Buchanan {Centbl. BaM. [etc], 2. AM.. 22 (WOO), A'o. 11-13, pp. 311-395; ahs. in CJiem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 35, Re pert., p. 167). — A detailed study of the composition of this gum and of the conditions affecting its production is reported, with a bibliography of the subject. Nitro-bacterine, nitragin, or soil inoculation, H. von Feilitzen {Svcnska Mosskulturfor, Tidskr., 23 {1909), No. 2, pp. 154-163, pi. 1, fig. 1; Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 23 {1909), No. 10-13, pp. 314-318, tils. 2).— The results of ex- periments on a virgin white moor soil at Flahult led the author to conclude that there is no occasion to abandon the advice previously given farmers to use soil inoculation, which always produces a certain and favorable effect. Prepa- rations of bacteria cultures are more or less uncertain. New ideas and new experiments in fertilization and inoculation of the soil, I. GiGLioLi {Nuovi Concetti e Niiove Espcrienze nella Concimazione ed Tnoculazionc dei Terreni. Rome, 190S, pp. 58. figs. 1 ; Bol. Quind. 8oc. Agr. Ital., 13 {1908), No. 22, pp. 914-1021, figs. 1). — This paper is in the nature of a resume of knowledge relating to oxidation and oligodynamic constituents of the soil ; enzymic action of roots upon the organic matter of the soil ; use and function of manganese as a fertilizer ; new cultural experiments with manganese dioxid and with manganese salts ; the law of the minimum in biologic action ; roots and their toxins; and organic inoculation of the soil. It concludes with a brief biographical sketch of Torricelli and Bai'bieri, pioneers in the field of the physics and chemistry of the atmosphere. Fertilizer problems, Wein {IUus. Landw. Ztg., 29 {1909), Nos. 15, pp. 129- 132; 16, pp. 143, 144)- — This is a review of various practical questions which have arisen in connection with the use as fertilizer of potash salts, phosphates, and nitrogen compounds, especially the synthetic nitrogen compounds which have been recently introduced. Chemical industry and agriculture, A. Frank {Dcut. Landiv. Pressc, 36 {1909), Nos. 19, pp. 209, 210; 20, pp. 222, 223; 21. pp. 233, 234; 22, pp. 241, 248; 24, pp. 261, 268). — This article discusses the development of chemical industry in relation to the supply of plant food — phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrogen. The development of methods for the preparation of nitrogen compounds from the free nitrogen of the air receives particular attention. On experiments to determine the need of phosphoric acid and potash in grass lands, P. Liechti {Landic. Jahrb. Schweiz, 23 {1909), No. 1, pp. 25-61). — The plan followed and the results obtained in the series of cooperative experi- ments in different parts of the Canton of Bern. Switzerland, with various fertilizer mixtures on grass lands, are given in this article. Fertilizing with phosphoric acid alone increased the yield in about 61 per cent of the experiments, and the use of potash alone in about 52 per cent. The use of phosphoric acid and potash together increased the yield in about 80 per cent of the exi)erinients. The addition of lime to phosphoric acid and potash was of very little benefit. The use of liquid manure gave higher results than a mixture of potash and phosphoric acid. In a number of cases no benefit was derived from the fertilizers during the first year, but when the average for three years was taken a decided benefit in many of these cases was noted, SOILS KKH riLlZHKS. 121 thus showing the unreliability of conclusions based upon a single year's experiments. Lime and nitrate of soda in beet culture, J. Stoklasa (Bh Zuclcerriibenha u, 16 {1909), Xo. 2, pp. n~2J; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 21, Repcrt., p. 97). — The comparative experiments reported show that nitrate of soda gave not only a greater yield than nitrate of potash, but also a greater sugar con- tent. This is ascribed to the fact that the sugar beet belongs to the Cheno- podiacete, which are soda-loving plants. However, there was no evidence that soda was able to replace potash to any considerable extent as a plant food. Lime nifer and calcium cyanamid, H. von Feilitzen {Svenska Mosskul- turfor. Tidski:, 23 {1909), Xo. 1, pp. 57-70, pis. 6; Mitt. Vcr. Ford. MoorkuUur, 1909, No. 1-2; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 557, II, p. 261). — This paper contains a report on trials of these fertilizers with oats, potatoes, hemp, and grass on moor soils and sandy soils during the season of 190S. Good results were obtained in all cases. A note on calcium cyanamid, H. von Feilitzen {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 29, p. 26Jf; abs. in Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 15, p. 687; Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. i-J, pp. 1202, 1203). — Examinations of samples received directly from the factories in Norway and elsewhere showed the presence of considerable amounts of undecomposed calcium carbid. The average percentage of nitrogen in the material examined was 19.39. Nitric acid manufactured from atmospheric nitrogen, J. A. Fries {Ann. Rpt. Penn. Dept. Agr., 13 {1907), pp. JfOS-Jjlo). — This is a brief account of progress in the manufacture f calcium cyanamid and basic lime nitrate. Methods of preparing- amr )nia and transforming it into nitrates, O. Dony- Henaclt and H. Gall {Rev Electrochim. et Electrometal., 3 {1909), No. 2, pp. 39-Jj3). — This is a brief review of the development of electro-chemical processes for this purpose. Investigations on intensive nitrification and on high-yielding niter beds, MtJNTZ and Laine {Man it. Sci., //. scr., 22 {190S), I, Nos. 796, pp. 228-2-^8, fig. 1; 797, pp. 308-320; II, No. 799, pp. Jt35-J,J,8, figs. 3; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1908, II, No. 9, pp. 817, 818). — This is a detailed account of investigations which have already been referred to (E. S. R., 19, p. 524). The authors first discuss the conditions favoring nitrification and especially the influence of organic sub- stances and temperature on the nitrification of ammonia salts in different soils. The construction of niter beds for the rapid nitrification of organic matter is then explained in detail. The investigations reported indicate that peat is the best material for the construction of such beds. It is explained how beds of this material may be constructed so that there is a continuous conversion of ammonia salts into nitrates. It Is estimated that by the use of the process described a peat bed of 2,471.04 acres and 6.56 ft. deep, with a nitrogen content of 2 per cent, will yield 800.000 to 900,000 tons of niter. Sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda, J. Barcia y Trelles {Ann. Geni- bloiix, 19 {1909), No. -',, pp. 223-226) .—A brief discussion of an article on this subject by Lf.hnis and Blobel (E. S. R., 20, p. 62.3). Nitrate of soda, J. Keane {Agr. Students' Qaz., n. ser., U, {1909), No. 3, pp. 77-81). — This is a concise sunnnary of the more important facts regarding the source of supply of nitrate of soda and its value and action as a fertilizer. t Production, exportation, and consumption of nitrate in 1908] (-4 .soc. Sal. Propaganda. Circ. Triniest. //«, 1908. pp. /-/F).— The figures here reported by the Nitrate of Soda Propaganda indicate that the production of nitrate during 122 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 1908 was 2,163,787 tons as compared with 2,026,626 tons in 1907. The exporta- tion in 1908 was 2,251,652 tons as compared with 1,818,093 tons in 1907. The consumption in 1908 is estimated to have been 2,016,136 tons as compared with 1,908,709 tons in 1907. On the fertilizer action of peat nitrogen, Herrmann {lllus. Landio. Ztg., 28 (1908), No. 102, p. SH^). — Conii)arative pot tests are reported showing that tak- ing the yield of rye without nitrogenous fertilizers as 100, tlie yield with stable manure was 153, while with moor pent it was 121 to 132 and with peat litter 95, although the latter supplied much more nitrogen than stable manure. Potash fertilizing, Schneidewind (Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 11 (1909), No. 14, pp. 150-152). — The results of a large number of experiments on sandy soils poor in potash and on more productive soils with potatoes, beets, wheat, rye, barley, oats, leguminous plants, and meadow grasses are reported. The potash salts used were kainit and 40 per cent potash salt used in connection with manure and with a basal fertilizer supplying nitrogen and phosphoric acid. The general conclusion reached is that it is not advisable to apply potash fertilizers in the spring if the season is very dry. In this case the application of potash salts as frequently results in injury as in benefit. The better class of soils, which do not form a crust when liberally fertilized with potash salts, may be so fertilized each year, but as a rule it is perhaps better to apply potash fertilizers every second or even third year, and to make the application only to such crops as are especially benefited by such fertilizers. The injurious effect of potash salts on the mechanical condition of the soil can be largely overcome by the use of caustic lime. Beneficial results from the use of potash fertilizers can be obtained only when the other fertilizing constituents are present in suf- ficient amount. Notes on potash fertilizers, P,achelier (Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909), No. 2, pp. 92-99). — Experiments with potash salts in combination with ether fertilizers on beets and oats grown on a clay soil containing 0.13 per cent of potash are reported. This soil had been liberally fertilized in previous years with barnyard manure. The results indicate that on such a soil potash fer- tilizers are not needed and that under certain weather conditions an increase of potash exerts an injurious influence on the yield. The discovery of potash salts in Alsace, L. Pervinqxjieee (Rev. Sri. [Paris], },1 (1909), I, No. 1.',, pp. 43Jf, //,J.5).— Extensive deposits of potash salts which have been discovered near Miilhausen are briefly described. The discovery of potash salts in Upper Alsace, J. Yogt and M. Mieg (Bui. Soc. lndu>5. Miilliouse, 1908, Scpt.-Oct.; ah-s. in Naturw. Rundnchau, 2-'i (1909), No. 25, pp. 317, 318). — The deposits discovered near Miilhausen are described. There are two layers of sylvinite, the upper 1.5 meters thick, the lower 2 to 3 meters thick. They contain on the average from 30 to 35 per cent of potas- sium chlorid (sylvin). Tertiary potash deposits in Upper Alsace, F. Meinecke (Naturu-. Wchnschr., 2'i ( 1909), No. 17, pp. 268. 269). — Extensive deposits are described. Norwegian potash fertilizers, J. Gram (Tidsskr. Kemi, Farm, og Ter., 1907, pp. 252-255; ahs. in Zcnthl. Agr. Chcm,., 38 (1909), No. 3, p. 210).— The prep- aration of potash salts from seaweed ash as a by-product of iodin manufacture, especially on the west coast of Norway, is described. Analyses of 30 per cent potash salt and 50 per cent chlorid produced are given. The amount of potash annually carried into the sea by streams, P. Krische (Kali, 1909, pp. 75, 76; ahs. in Chcm. Ztg., .33 {1909), No. 30, Repert., p. 1^5).— The amount is estimated at 50,000,000 tons, or about 100 times the potash produc- tion of Germany. It is estimated that the ocean contains about 4.50.000,000.000 tons of potash. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 123 Production and consumption of phosphates in 1908—9 and in 1912, Maizierks (I-Jngrais, 2.'i [1009), Xo. 12, pp. 321, 322).— The production of phos- phates ill 1908 is given in round numbers as 4,690,000 tons and the consumption as 4,590.000 tons. It is estimated that the production in 1909 will be, in round numbers, 5,000.000 tons, and in 1912, 0,000,000 tons. Saving America's plant food, G. E. JMitchell {Amer. Rev. of Rcvieios, 39 (1909), No. .'/. pp. -^'/J-'/'/N. fif/s. 2). — Attention is called especially to the neces- sitj' of conserving the phosphate resources of the United States and of further logis.ation to prevent v\'ast(>. Mineral resources of the United States, calendar year 1907. — Part II, Non- metallic products (U. S. Geol. Survey, 1908, pp. 897, pi. 1, figs. 6). — This is the usual detailed report on this subject. The chapter of greatest agricultural interest is that relating to phosphates. See a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 430). A much-neglected manure, A. E. Dixon (Natal Agr. Jour., 12 (1909), No. 2, pp. 113, n't)- — 'J^he value and use of iron sulphate as a fertilizer are briefly explained. Manganese as a fertilizer (Mark Lane Express, 100 (1909), No. JfO.'i2, p. 305; Phosphate, 18 (1909). No. 88G, p. 111). — Investigations on this subject by Javillier, Lecarme, and others are referred to, and suggestions are made as to the best method of applying manganese salts as a fertilizer. It is pointed out that the salts should be used in highly diluted form, and to this end it is advisable to mix them in pulverized form with chemicals or barnyard manure in such quantities as to give 8.9 to 35.7 lbs. of manganese per acre. Fish guano, L. M. Douglas (Natal Agr. Jour., 12 (1909), No. 2, pp. 166- 168; Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., IS (1909), No. J,, pp. 31.'t-31G).—A brief account is here given of the fish guano industry in the United Kingdom. The methods of manufacture and the character of the product are also described. The agricultural utilization of city sewage, J. Danckwerts (8. Internat. Lamho. Kong. Wien, 3 (1907), Sect. V, Ref. 2b, pp. 29, figs. 2). — In this article attention is called particularly to the fact that the fertilizing value of sewage depends to a very large extent upon the solid matter that it contains and to the desirability from an agricultural standpoint of preventing the dilution of the sewage with rain water. The i)aper also discusses at some length the most efficient means of handling and applying sewage water for agricultural pur- poses. It is pointed out that sewage will give best agricultural results if used in as fresh condition as possible. Some form of cooperative organization among farmers is essential to the efficient agricultural utilization of sewage. Land utilization of sewage, E. G. Mawbey (8. Internat. Landw. Kong, Wien, 3 (1907), Sect. V, Rap. 2B, pp. 13).— It is stated that "the trend at the present time in the British Isles is toward artificial treatment of sewage, chiefly by tanks and bacteria beds, because of the many instances where suit- able land is not aA'ailable, or the cost is entirely prohibitive, and because of some prejudice against sewage farms through mismanagement, etc. ; also be- cause artificial processes can be more uniformly controlled in all weathers." The agricultural utilization of sewage, G. Bechmann (S. Internat. Landw. Kong. Wien, 3 (1907), Sect. V, Rep. 6b, pp. 9).— The need of further study of methods of utilizing sewage in agriculture is especially emphasized in this article. Such use is to be recommended both for hygienic and for agricultural reasons. The newer biological processes, while giving hygienic results, yield such results with a loss of large amounts of valuable fertilizing material. It may be found advantageous to combine these methods with agricultural utilization. 732— No. 2—09 3 124 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The agricultural utilization of sewage (8. Iiitcmat. Landw. Kong. Wien, 1 (1907), pp. 706-709). — Kesolutions regarding this subject offered at tlie eighth international agricultural congress by G. Bechmann, J. Danckwerts, and II. Fischer are given. These resolutions surumarize the principal points brought out in the papers noted above. The transportation of garbage, J. Benard (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 17 (1909), Xo. 8, pp. 235, 236). — Various methods of transportation in use, partic- ularly in Paris, and of handling garbage for fertilizer purposes are briefly noted. The use of vinasse as a fertilizer, D. Libutti (Istria Agr., 2 {1909), No. //, pp. 77-80). — It is stated that the average amounts of fertilizing constituents in vinasse which has been distilled and washed are as follows: Nitrogen 0.89 per cent, phosphoric acid 0.24 per cent, and potash 0.43 per cent. From these figures tbe author estimates its value as about $2.42 per ton without taking into con- sideration the beneficial effect that it would have on the physical condition of the soil. On account of the low proportion of phosphoric acid and potash, phos- phates and potash salts should be used to supplement it. The vinasse can not be used as it comes from the press on account of its acidity and the slow decom- position of the stems and seeds. It is recommen;ied, therefore, that it be com- posted for several months, being kept moist to hasten decomposition. '' Molascinder," H. C. Prinsen Geerligs (Indische Mercimr, 32 (1909), Xo. 1-',, p. 250; libs, in Intcrnat. .^iigar Jour., 11 (1909), No. 121, pp. 3, kl Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 7, p. 817). — A brief account is given of a new fertilizer which is made in Java and consists of a mixture of molasses, furnace ash, filter press mud, and well dried pen manure. An analysis is reported which shows this mixture to contain 0.42 per cent of nitrogen, 0.9S per cent of phosphoric acid, and 1.12 per cent of potash. The fertilizer is supposed to return to the soil all of the fertilizing constituents removed by sugar cane. Molasses as a fertilizer, Ebbels and L. Fauque (Jour. Fabric. Sucr., 50 (1909), No. 2, p. 1; Wchnschr. Vent. Ver. Riihcnz. Indus. [Vienna], J,7 (1909), No. 10, p. IJ/.'i). — Better yields of cane were obtained- on soil to which molasses had been added. The soil so treated contained more nitrogen than similar soil which had not received molasses. It is suggested that the beneficial effect of the molasses was due to the promotion of the activity of nitrogen-fixing bacteria. Report on fertilizers, B. B. Ross (Bui. Agr. Dcpt. [Ala.], No. 25, pp. 112). — This report contains analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meal inspected dur- ing the year ended July 31, 1908, as well as lists of fertilizer licenses issued, tags sold, and number and names of brands of fertilizers registered ; the texts of the State fertilizer and cottou-seed meal laws with an explanation of their meaning; and a brief note on the soil survey work which is being done in cooperation with this Department. [Analyses of fertilizers], R. E. Rose and L. Heimburgee (Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dcpt.. 19 (1909), No. 2, pp. 51-61, 65-79, 98-111).— The results of inspec- tion of fertilizers for the first quarter of 1909 are reported, with notes on the laws and regulations relating to the inspection, and on the sources, cost, valua- tion, and use of fertilizers. Commercial fertilizers, W. J. Jones, Jr., et al. (Indiana Sta. Bui. 133, pp. 503-587). — This bulletin gives results of analyses of 902 samples of fer- tilizers inspected during 1908 with a summary of the Indiana fertilizer law and notes on its enforcement, estimated sales of different classes of fertilizers in the State, and a review of results of inspection for the seven years 1902 to 1908. It is estimated that 102,309 tons of fertilizer, valued at $2,457,406, was sold in Indiana in 1908. Inspection of commercial fertilizers for the season of 1908, H. D. Haskins, L. S. Walker, and J, C. Reed (Alassacltusetts ISta. Bui. 127, pp. 3-68). — This is AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 125 a report ou results of fertilizer inspection during tlie season of 1908, including also notes on methods of sampling, tbe essential constituents of fertilizers and the sources from which they are derived, trade values of fertilizing ingredients and A-aluatiou of fertilizers, and selection and purchase of fertilizers. "A summary of results of inspection of complete fertilizers reveals the fact that out of the 282 distinct brands analyzed, 110 or about 39 per cent of the whole number fell below the manufacturer's guaranty In one or more ele- ments. . . . The deficiencies in many of these brands were made up by an exce.ss of some of the other elements so that only 17 out of the 284 brands analyzed showed a commercial shortage. . . . This certainly shows a much better condition than existed during the previous year." Other fertilizing materials examined were generally of good quality. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State, AA\ F. Hand et al. (Mississippi Sta. Circs. 27, pp. 3-27; 28, pp. -J-^J; 29, pp. 4-29). — The results of analyses of 254 samples inspected during the season of 1908-9 are rept)rted. Inspection of commercial fertilizers, P. F. Trowbridge (Missouri Sta. Bui. 82, pp. 3-30). — This bulletin reports tbe I'esults of analyses of 322 samples of fertilizers collected by State inspectors during September and October, 1908, with a brief discussion of the results and a statement of receipts and disburse- ments for the year 1908. Analyses of fertilizers — fall season, 1908, B. W. Kilgore et al. (Rul. N. C. Dept. Agr., 30 (1909), A'o. 1, pp. .52). — The analyses here reported are of samples collected by the fertilizer inspectors of the State department of agriculture dur- ing the fall of 1908. A Kst is given of brands of fertilizers registered for sale m 1909. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The colors and pigments of flowers with special reference to genetics, M. Wheldale (Proc. Roy. Soc. [London], Srr. B, 81 (1909), No. B o'/J, pp. Jf-i-dO). — A series of investigations on the color of flowers has been undertaken with a view to the interpretation of the phenomena in the inheritance of flower color. The author makes an attempt to classify roughly the pigments found in flowering plants and at the same time to determine whether there is any con- nection between the genetic behavior of the pigments and their chemical re- actions. He classifies the pigments into those in solution in the cell sap and those associated with si)ecialized protoplasmic bodies, the chromoplasts. The fir.st group includes the soluble red, purple, and blue pigments known as antho- cyaniu and the soluble yellow pigments called xanthein. The second group, which is insoluble in water, includes carotin, xanthin, etc. About two dozen natural orders of plants were examined, and summarizing his results, the author states that anthocyanin includes several pigments differ- ing as regards their inheritance, the colors to which they give rise in varia- tion, and their behavior toward chemical reagents. The colors of the varieties arising fi-om the anthocyanic type may be regarded as components of the original anthocyanin, and the type may be supposed to lose its components in succession, thus giving rise to color variations. Broadly speaking, the author states that there are 2 series of color varia- tions, one containing a xantheic derivative and the other without any such derivative. Albinism in the first series is due to a lack of anthocyanin and xanthein ;> in the second series to a deficiency in anthocyanin only. Xanthein includes several different yellow pigments. So far as the investigations have proceeded, there appears to be a correlation in genetics between the behavior of pigments and their relation toward chemical reagents. 126 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In the case of plnstid pigments, the tjiie may contain carotin, xanthin, or both, and varieties arise in some cases from loss of power to produce carotin, or in others from loss of some of the constituents of xanthin. Anthocyanin may exist together with plastid pigments, in which case derivative products of both forms of pigmentation are found among the varieties. Investigations on the etiolation of plants, G. Kranzlin (Ztschr. Pflanzen- Icrank., 18 {1908), No. J,, pp. 193-203, fig. 1).— After giving a summary and criticism of Baur's investigations on infectious chlorosis (E. S. R., IS, p. 648), the author describes his studies on the distribution of coloring material in etiolated plants, particular attention being given to the presence of carotin and the different chlorophylls recently described by Tsvett (E. S. R., 20, p. 739). Material of a number of variegated plants was studied, and in all the yellow leaves chlorophyllin was found present, the only difference in the green leaves being in the quantity of green coloring matter present. There appears to be no distinction between the coloring matters in plants affected with infectious and noninfectious chlorosis or with the different forms of etiolation. The permeability of the covering's of the seeds of barley, A. J. Brown {Froc. Roy. Soc. [London], Scr. B, 81 {1909), No. B 5.'j6, pp. 82-93, dgm. 1).— The author states that the seeds of the variety of barley known as Hordcu))i vulgarc cccrulescens owe their color to the presence of a blue pigment in the aleurone cells. This pigment, like litmus, is turned red by acids. Such seeds, when immersed in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid, soon turn a pink color if their coverings are damaged, but if the integument is not injured they will imbibe water, become soft and swollen, and retain their color for a considerable time. A study was made of the behavior of the seed coats, and the penetrating power of solutions of a number of chemicals was investigated. The investiga- tions are considered as only preliminary, but the general ti'end of the evidence tends to show that solutions of the solutes which diffuse readily through the seed coverings differ in some essential manner from solutions of nondiffusible solutes. An explanation is offered in which it is stated that "^ome unrecog- nized peculiarity in the manner in which the molecules of the two classes of solutes are combined with the molecules of the solvent water may constitute the factor which orders their different behavior with respect to the seed cover- ings." The origin of osmotic effects. II — Differential septs, H. E. Armstrong {Proe. Roy. 8oc. [London], Scr. B, 81 {1909), No. B 5',6, pi). 9Jf-96).^A discus- sion is given of the results described in the above paper, which are held to be extraordinarily significant as affording the means of dividing substances into two classes according to their diffusion through a membrane such as the outer- covering of the seed of barley. The author says that " inasmuch as the barley grain contains but a small amount of soluble crystalloids, the absorption of water by the grain may be regarded as mainly conditioned by the extremely minute granules of starch inclosed within it ; presumably these have great attraction for certain molecules in the liquid and become coated superficially therewith. From this point of view the method developed by Professor Brown involves the study of a struggle for hydrone between a mass of fine particles of solid and the solution of a substance present in the liquid state in solution in water." The observations are believed to be the first of their kind. The utilization of saccharose by certain plants, M. Molliard {Bill. Soc. Bot. France, 53 {1908), No. 8, pp. 636-639).— In previous experiments (E. S. R., 19, p. 932) the author found that cress did not appear to grow well in solutions containing saccharose, although other cruciferous plants, especially radishes. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 127 developed normally. lu later experiments when Ki'own in solutions containing 10 per cent saccharose, cress made no more growth than it did in cultures where 0.5 per cent glucose was added. When grown together hi the same media, both radishes and cress made good growth. From this fact the author concludes that cress can take up only invert sugars through its roots. Radishes are able to take up saccharose and invert a considerable portion of the sugar, which could then be utilized by the cress. Carbon dioxid transportation in leaves, K. Zijlstra (Kohlensduretransport ill liluttcni. Imtiig. Di>is., Univ. Groningcn, 1909, pp. 128, pis. 2, figs. 3). — By means of specially devised ai)paratus, the author studied the transportation of carbon dioxid through leaves. Portions of the leaves of a considerable number of species of plants were exposed to carbon dioxid while the other parts were kept in atmosphei-es free from that gas. Different illuminations were also given to parts of the leaves and the movement of starch traced. In all cases it was possible to show a transportation of starch. In wheat it was carried for at least 2.5 cm., in Acorus 1.25 cm., in the dahlia 0.5 cm., and in the walnut, horse-chestnut, and linden leaves about 2 or 3 mm. The temperature of respiring- plants (Gard. Chron., 3. scr., Ifo (,1909), No. 1161, p. 200). — A review is given of some recent investigations by Peirce and Molisch on the temi)erature of respiring plants. Peirce has recently shown (E. S. R., 20, p. 734) the value of Dewar flasks for use in determining the rising temperature due to the respiration of seeds, peas giving an increase of temperature from 17° C. to a maximum of 56° in 8 days. In the experiments of Molisch cited, leaves of different trees were used, pre- cautions being taken to prevent any loss of heat by radiation. It was found that the temperature within the mass of leaves rose rapidly, in the course of 12 to 15 hours the temperature of apple leaves rising to 59° C, hornbeam 51.5°, and linden 50.8°. The leaves of a number of other plants, particularly ever- greens, gave less striking results. In both experiments there is said to have been no question of any fermenta- tion, the action being simply that of the normal respiration. In the experi- ments of Molisch. when the experiment was stopped before the highest tempera- tures were reached, the leaves upon examination were found to still be alive and fresh. The respiration of plants at temperatures below zero, N. A, Maksimov {Trav. Hoc. Imp. Xat. ^7. Prtcrsh.. l<(rt. Bot.. 31 {1008), III, Xo. 1, pp. 23-31, dgma. 2). — The fluctuation of the respiration of pine needles, leaves of mistletoe, and buds of spirjea during the winter was investigated, and it was found that the I'espiration rose and fell with the temperature, but did not cease entirely at the lowest temperature observed, —20° C. With the falling of the temperature to zero, the respiration fell off very sharply. Between 0 and — 12° the respira- tion of the pine was 1/25 and for spirsea 1/100. Experiments in the freezing of plants, N. A. Maksiaeov (Trav. Soc. Imp. Nai. St. Petersb., Sect. Bot., 37 (1908), III, No. 1, pp. 32-J,6, dgm. /).— Experi- ments were conducted with AspcrgillKS iiigrr to determine the efl'ect of increas- ing the osmotic pressure of the nutrient solution on the freezing of the mycelium. It was found that the mycelium would freeze before there was any formation of ice either within the mj-celium or in the nutrient solution. The death of the cells followed their cooling to the temperature of the surrounding medium, and this cooling is said to be a secondary cause of death. By increasing the con- centration of the nutrient solutions through the addition of glucose or glycerin, the death of the cells due to cold was retarded but not wholly prevented. There did not appear to be any definite relationship between the lowering of the tern- 128 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. perature of the nutrient solution and the temperature at which the mycelium became frozen. With the nutrient solution at --0.5°, the mycelium froze at 0°, while with the nutrient solution at — 2.6° the mycelium was able to withstand a temperature of — 10°. The author claims that, so far as his experiments with Aspergillus go, the theory of Miiller-Thurgau and :Molisch that freezing depends on the formation of ice within the plant tissue, and consequently a dehydration of the cell plasma, does not hold. Investigations on the effect of formaldehyde gas on green plants, V. Grafe and L. von I'oktheim (Ostcn: Bot. Ztschr., 59 {1909), Nos. 1, pp. 19-25; 2, pp. 66-7 'f, fig. 1). — Studies were made with seedlings and twigs of a number of plants placed under bell jars in atmospheres with and without formaldehyde gas and the effect of the gas on growth determined after an interval of from 7 to IG days. In the case of bean seedlings the hypocotyl and internodes were longer and better developed in the plants grown without formaldehyde gas, while the epicotyl and primordial leaves were longer and broader with those receiving the gas than in the normal or check lots. They also differed very considerably in shape. The roots of the beans were decidedly shorter and less developed than when grown under normal conditions. The authors found that formaldehyde gas apparently stimulated an abnormal development in 4he primordial leaves. For those organs well supplied with chlorophyll, it appeared to induce greater development, but whether it was only a stimulus or was actually assimilated by the plants the authors were unable to determine. In small quantities formaldehyde gas does not appear to be inju- rious to green plants. Experiments on the effect of flue dust on grass, E. Haseliioff {Lnndw. Vers. 8tat.. 69 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. //77-//82). — A study was made to determine the effect of the fumes from some blast furnaces and chemical works on grasses. Plats were sown to grass mixtures, and from December to February at intervals of 2 weeks the plats were dusted over, with mixtures representing the flue dust from the different works, as shown by analyses. In addition to the flue dust plats were dusted with calcium sulphid. sodium sulphid. and sodium sulphate. Three cuttings of the grass were made during the season and 2 days after each cutting a dusting with the mixtures was again made to each plat. The total dry weight of the grass for each plat is shown, and from this it is apparent that flue dust is injurious, especially to the second and thiixl crops. Analyses of the ash are also reported which show a higher ash content and decided increases in the percentage of sulphuric acid present in the grass on the treated plats. Apparatus and expedients in the bacteriological laboratory, S. DeM. Gage (Tcclniol. Quart., 21 (190S). No. //, /)/). 508-521. fl'r/s. 7). — Descriptions are given of various devices that are in use in the bacteriological laboratory under the author's direction, among them methods of cleaning apparatus and labeling media, apparatus for calibrating pipettes, automatic apparatus for filling dilu- tion bottles, a case used for shipping samples of water for bacteriological analy- sis, a thermo-regulator, and incubators. International catalogue of scientific literature. E. — Bacteriology {Inter- nat. Cat. Sci. Lit., 6 {1909). pp. rin+lOJ,0).—A list of over 9.000 titles to bac- teriological literature is given, the arrangement being similar to that described in previous reports (E. S. R., 19, p. 427). The literatui-e indexed is mostly that of 190G, although many earlier papers omitted in previous volumes are cited. The American literature still remains very inadequately represented. FIELD CROPS. 129 FIELD CROPS. Arid agriculture, B. C. Buffum {[WorUiiid, Wijo.], 1909, pp. J/Ji-S, figs. 61). — This book discusses tlie approved agricultural methods practiced in the arid region of this country. The contents are devoted to a description of this region, to a consideration of dry farming, and to discussions on irrigation, crops and crop culture, crop destroyers, live stock, and home building in the arid sections. Crop production in western Nebraska, W. P. Snyder and W. W. Burr yXcbraska Sta. Bid. 109, pp. .J-.J.7. figs. /.>).— This bulletin describes the substa- tion farm at North Platte, discusses the climatic conditions of Nebraska and more especially of the western part of the State, presents the records of pre- cipitation made at North Platte since 1875, reports the results of experiments in crop production, and considers the principles of cultivation entering into dry farming. Four crops of winter wheat have been grown at the substation. In 190.5 ex- cessive rains caused such a rank growth on summer-tilled land that the crop lodged and was not harvested. A field of heavy sod plowed in June, 190.5, and cultivated the remainder of the season gave an average yield of 42 bu. per aci'e, the range being from 31 to 45.7 bu. Five acres of new bench land broken in 1905 yielded 41 bu. per acre in 190G. In 1907 the test plats, aggregating 4J acres of summer-tilled land, gave an average yield per acre of 59 bu., as com- pared with 24.4 bu. on table-land not summer tilled. This table-land field plowed and planted to coi*n did not yield ov/er 5 bu. per acre, due to lack of moisture. In 1908, 8 acres of winter wheat in ^-acre plats on sumniei'-tilled bench land gave an average yield of 57 bu. per acre, the highest yield being 00.9 bu. and the lowest 53 bu. The field of summer-tilled land producing 59 bu. per aci'e in 1907 was plowed in the fall and again sown to winter wheat, but the j-ield per acre in 1908 was only 20.86 bu. The marked influence of the lack of summer tillage was also shown on a 5-acre field of bench laud, which produced 41 bu. per acre of winter wheat in 190G and a crop of oats in 1907, yielded an average of only 29.6 bu. per acre in 1908. Of a number of new varieties tested only No. 1435, which came up to Turkey Red in yield, was retained for farther trial. These tests, as well as others, indicate that Turkey Red and Kharkov are the best varieties for western Nebraska. The average results of seeding experiments conducted with Turkey Red for 3 years and with Kharkov for 2 years show but little difference in yield from 2, 4, or 5 pk. of seed per acre. The average yield per acre was 54.84 bu. from 2 pk.,. 55.48 bu. from 4 pk., and 56.24 bu. from 5 pk. Experience has taught that it is advisable to sow winter wheat before September 15 in order to secure a sufBciently strong growth in the fall. In work with sirring wheats it was found that the durum varieties are likely to be more satisfactory than local varieties. In 190S the yield of 4 durum wheats ranged from 30.3 to 32.5 bu. per acre, while 2 semihard local varieties gave 22.0 and 25.9 bu. This crop was grown on cornstalk ground double disked three times and seeded with a press drill at the rate of 5 pk. per acre. A com- parison of four methods of preparing the seed bed for spring wheat in 1907 and 1908 resulted in the lowest average yield on spring-plowed wheat stubble, fol- lowed in the order of increasing yield by disked corn stubble, fall-plowed wheat stubble, and summer tillage alternating with wheat. The yields in 1907 varied from 24.5 to 31.8 bu. and in 1908 from 22.7 to 40.5 bu. per acre. During 4 years' experiments with oats Kherson has given the best yields. In 1908 on fall-plowed land after winter wheat the yields i)er acre from the differ- ent varieties were as follows : Kherson 50.9 bu., Texas Red 40.7 bu.. Black 130 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Auioric-iin 40.'.) bu., Ked xVlgerian 27.2 bn., Burt 50.7 bu., and Swedish Select 34.1 bu. Sixty Day aud Kherson are so similar that the authors class them to- f.rether. Ited Algerian and Swedish Select are late varieties and of little promise for the region. Kherson is recommended as the best oats for western Nebraska. Seeding S pk. of Kherson oats per acre was apparently better than using smaller quantities of seed. In 1908 oats on spring-plowed oats stubble yielded 34.4 bu., on disked corn stubble 43.5 bu., on fall-plowed oats stubble 68.5 bu., and on summer tillage alternating with oats 82.3 bu. Under ordinary good methods of tillage barley yielded about 40 bu. per acre, but in 190G on 8 acres of summer-tilled land 60 bu. per acre were secured. In 1908 a summer-tilled field of several acres on the table-land gave 67.7 bu. per acre. In the seeding tests 6 and 8 pk. of seed per acre gave the best results. Different methods of tillage previous to sowing the crop gave widely varying yields in 1907 aud 1908. Emmer introduced from Amarillo, Tex., and fall sown yielded at the rate of 64 bu. per acre, but the following year it winterkilled badly. Spring emmer sown at the rate of either 6 or 8 pk. per acre gave better yields than when 2 or 4 pk. were used for seed. The average relative yields per acre of spring grains grown under the same conditions for 2 years were as follows : Kherson oats 1.741 lbs., common barley 2,256 lbs., hull-less barley 1,546 lbs., emmer 1,870 lbs., aud Black Don wheat 1.780 lbs. Drilling barley, oats, emmer, and wheat in the spring of 1908 gave 10, 1.0, 6.4, and 9.6 bu. more per acre, respectively, than broadcasting. Listing corn has generally given better results than surface planting. Among the most satisfactory varieties of corn tested are Pride of the North, Minnesota No. 13, U. S. Selection 133, and early strains of Calico. During four seasons the method of sowing sorghum broadcast has given better results than any other. In 1908 the use of 8 pk. of seed per acre gave the largest yield of forage. The highest yields of forage per acre recorded in experiments with different methods of planting conducted from 1905 to 1908 are as follows : Sorghum 6.47, milo maize 4.86, and Kafir corn 5.07 tons. The grain yield of sorghum in 1907 and 1908 in these tests ranged from 16.6 to 28 bu. per acre, and the yield of milo maize from 10 to 24 bu. The most satisfactory grass grown was brome grass, aud observations to date indicate that it is the only grass capable of making a permanent sod on tilled land in western Nebraska. Alfalfa is considered the most profitable forage crop for valley land. Nebraska-grown seed seemed to be best. Methods of tillage and dry farming, G. Severance {Washington Sta. Popu- lar Bill. 15, pp. 7, figs. 5). — The methods of tillage for dry farming are discussed and the implements used in this connection are described and illustrated. The essential features of the methods outlined include the maintenance of the humus by working into the soil all the straw and stubble available, disking the stubble before the beginning of the winter rains, preparing a dust mulch of 2 to 4 in. as soon as possible in the spring, following the plow immediately with a subsurface packer, aud keeping the fallow clean and mulched with a knife weeder. A test of these methods showed that the land could be kept clean without drifting of the soil, that 30 bu. per acre of winter wheat is a possible yield, that crops on the fallow preceding wheat often cause the wheat cro}) to be a failure, and that weeds such as Russian thistle may dry out the soil to such an extent that a timely germination of the wheat is prevented. Dry farming in Wyoming, J. D. Towar {Wyoming Sta. Bui. SO, pp. 3-29, figs. 3). — This bulletin summarizes the replies received in answer to a list of questions sent out by the station to parties engaged in dry farming in different parts of the State. FIELD CROPS, 131 These replies show that dry fiiriiiiuji has been practiced by these parties 9 years on an average, the time ranging from 1 to 25 years, and that the average farm is 109 acres, with the range from 10 to SOO acres. The greatest number favor a farm of 320 acres, but the average of the replies puts the area at 272 acres. The average rainfall as based on estimates and measurements given in the reports is 13.2 in., the range being from 7 to 20 in. Practically all the rain falls from May 1 to July 31. The following yields are reported: Wheat 21.G5 bu.. oats 33.7 bu.. barley 28.S3 bu.. rye 20.GG bu., spelt 30 bn., Indian corn 19.2 bu., potatoe.s 110 bu.. alfalfa hay 1.25 tons, timothy hay 1.5 tons, and rye hay 2.25 tons per acre. Most replies give fall plowing the preference over spring plowing, and seeding with the press drill is advocated. While many of these parties crop the land every year the consensus of opinion is in favor of using the moisture of 2 years for 1 crop. Extracts and quotations from an article by W. S. Palmer on some climatic features of the State and their relation to dry farming are also given in the bulletin and the principles of dry farming are briefly discussed. Irrigation experiments at Bromberg, Gerlach and Kbijger {JaJirb. Dent, handle. GcselL, 23 (190S), Xo. 4, pp. 664-675). — The results of one series of tests conducted for 3 years showed that irrigation ga^-e satisfactory returns only when the soil had been sufficiently fertilized. Mucli less water was required in the production of a kilogram of dry matter in corn and oats on fertilized than on unfertilized plats. An irrigation test with fodder beets sliowed that by the use of 200 mm. of water before July 28 and of 100 mm. after that date, the yields of beets, sugar, and dry matter on unfertilized soil were reduced 29, 28, and 31 per cent, respec- tively, as compared with the unirrigated check plat, but that when 100 mm. of water was used before and 200 mm. after July 28, the reductions were only 7. 6, and IG per cent, resijectively. On a fertilized plat receiving 200 mm. of water before and 100 mm. after July 28, the yield of beets as compared with the check plat was reduced only 1 per cent and the yield of dry matter onlj- 4 per cent, while the yield of sugar showed an increase of 4 per cent. On the fertilized plat which received 100 mm. of water before and 200 mm. after July 28 the beets gave an increase of 10 per cent, the sugar of 17 per cent, and the dry matter of 9 per cent. The use of water ranging from 5 to 12° C. in the ii*rigation of barley showed that the water lowest in temperature had been a little more effective in increas- ing the yield than warmer water. The irrigation of oats with different quantities of water applied in different ways resulted in a marked increase in yield in every instance. Ap])lying the water by sprinkling gave much more favorable results than furrow irrigation, while flooding proved least satisfactory. In 1908, which was a comparatively dry year, the use of the same quantity of water given in numerous small appli- cations did not seem to have an advantage over the use of larger ai)plicatious at longer intervals, but in 1907, a year of greater rainfall, numerous small applica- tions gave the more favorable results. Increasing the application of water from 140 mm. to 280 mm. gave only slight gains, and the use of only 70 mm. I)roduced only an unimportant increase. The weight of the individual grains. as well as the bushel weight, was greater with the irrigated oats than in the case of the crop grown without irrigation, but the different methods of applying water remained without effect in this regard. In the two tests in 1908, in which the water had been used to the greatest advantage, sprinkling required 5()('> liters of water to i»roduce 1 kg. of dry matter and furrow irrigation 825 liters, while in 1907 the quantities of water so required were G98 liters and 1,052 liters, 132 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. respectively. When precipitation and irrigation are both taljeu into account a kilogram of dry matter in the crop of 1908 required 467 liters of water applied by sprinkling and 581 liters under furrow irrigation. The influence of mineral fertilizers on certain Cyperaceae, J. B. GtzE (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], U/S (1909), No. 11, pp. 727-720; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 47 {1909), I, No. 13, p. Jflt). — In the experiments reported it was found that the leaves of Carex fiparia and C. stricta were greatly increased in length and size by the use of liberal applications of nitrogenous fertilizers. Phosphatic and potash fertilizers, on the other hand, produced no marked effect on the yield. The author concludes that the merchantable quality of sedges can be greatly increased by the proper use of nitrogenous fertilizers. Report of the committee on breeding cereals, L. S. Klinck et al. (Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, } {190S), pp. -'f'i-6o). — This report outlines promising lines of investigation in cereal breeding, describes the progress made in wheat, barley, oat, and rice breeding, and suumiarizes briefly the work in these lines by the experiment stations in this country and Canada. Seed grain, A. Boss et al. (Minnesota Sta. Bui. 115, pp. 363-384, figs. 2). — The seed of grain is described with reference to its parts, germination, and growth. Directions for cleaning and grading grain are given, together with notes on the grain smuts and their prevention and the results of variety tests made by the station. Minnesota No. 169, Hayne Blue Stem and Bolton Blue Stem have been found superior to the common blue stem wheats and Minnesota No. 16.3 has shown itself to be a superior Fife wheat. Manshury barley is mentioned as the best for Minnesota soils and Minnesota No. 10.5 developed from Manshury is also given as a standard variety. The following are considered the leading varieties of oats : White Russian, Silver ]Mine, Swedish Select, Minnesota No. 6, and Minnesota No. 26. The best variety of flax tested at the station is Minnesota No. 25. With reference to yields it is stated that the blue stem wheats seem to be more productive than the Fife varieties. Minnesota No. 169 has a record of 26.7 bu. and Minnesota No. 16.3 of 26.4 bu. per acre for the past 14 years. Where from 18 to 20 bu. or more of blue stem or Fife wheat can be produced it is believed that no increased profit will result from growing durum varieties. Among the varieties of oats Minnesota No. 6 has averaged 60 bu. per acre and Minnesota No. 26, 66.6 bu. for the last 15 years. In 1908, 41 varieties of six- rowed barley yielded at the rate of 44 bu. and 23 varieties of two-rowed barley at the rate of 31.5 bu. per acre. Minnesota No. 105 has averaged 50.4 bu. per acre for the past 10 years. Variety testing, C. A. Mooers (Tennessee Sta. Bui. 86, pp. 76-81; Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. 31iddle Tenn. 1907-8, pp. .'iS-53; 5-J, ,5.5).— The results of cooperative variety tests with corn and potatoes are reported in tables. Hickory King corn proved to be the best for poor soils and Leaming and Iowa Silver Mine appeared especially well suited to the Cumberland Plateau. Boone County White, Huffman, Webb Improved Watson, and the ensilage varieties Albemarle Prolific and Cocke Prolofic are adapted only to rich soils. It is stated that Hickory King should be so planted that an acre grows at least 1,000 stalks more than it ordinarily does of Huffman. With potatoes, the use of a complete fertilizer gave a high percentage of increase in the yield. The best yield, 360 bu. per acre, was secured with Bliss Triumph grown from Southern seed and fertilized with 300 lbs. of acid phos- phate, 50 lbs. of muriate of potash, 400 lbs. of cotton-seed meal, and 12 tons of barnyard manure per acre. Northern seed of this variety under the same con- ditions yielded per acre only 262 bu. FIELD CROPS. 133 Alfa and alfa paper, II. de Montessus de Ballore (Alfa et Papier D'Alfa, Paris, 1V09, pp. 69, pis. 8, figs. 20, map 1). — The habitat and value of alfa are described and the process of manufacturing paper from the plant is discussed in detail. Two species, Lygcutn spartum and SUpa tenacissima, are consid- ered, the one of greatest economic importance being the latter, which is the true alfa. The volume is printed on paper made from alfa. [Astragalus falcatus], J. Fabre and D. Vidal (Prog. Agr. ct Vit. [Ed. VEsf-Ccnlrc), 30 (1909), No. 13, pp. ^87-3.93).— Experiments showed that on soils well adapted to alfalfa A. falcatus is incapable of replacing it, but that it is of special value for- poor and dry soils where alfalfa can not be grown with profit. It was also observed that on soil rich in lime Astragalus made a poor growth. Alfalfa seed in Oklahoma, L. A. Moorhouse and W. L. Burlison (Oklahoma 8ta. Bill. S3, pp. 3-23, figs. 25). — Methods of testing alfalfa seed are described and the results of 42 samples analyzed are given in tables and briefly noted. The samples are grouped as follows: High in purity with medium germination; low in puritj' with satisfactory germination; low in purity with good vitality; and low in purity with low germination. Of 400 samples examined by tiie station not more than 20 were high in purity and at the same time vigorous in germination. A list of weed seeds found in alfalfa seed is given and the more important species are described. Setaria glauca, S. viridis, Plantago lanceolata, Panicum sanguinale, Chenopo- diiim album, Amaranthus hi/bridus, Panicum capillare, and Ccittaureu piciris, given in decreasing order of importance, were most common in the samples of alfalfa seed examined. Clovers and alfalfa, C. A. Mooer.s (Tennessee 8ta. Bui. SO, pp. 82, S3; Rpt. Coop, and E.vt. ^yorlc Agr. Middle Tcnn. 1901-S, pp. o), 55). — A general dis- cussion of tests with these crops is presented. Alsilie clover gave decidedly the best results when the soil was treated with 12 tons per acre of barnyard manure. Crimson colver as a winter cover crop gave fair results when sown into corn at the last cultivation. As indicated by observation and experiments, alfalfa can be grown successfully anywhere in Tennessee provided the soil has been inoculated and the land is in a high state of fertility and free from certain weeds. From 24 to 30 lbs. of alfalfa seed per acre is recommended. Experiments in the growth of clover on farms where it once grew but now fails, J. H. Squires (New York Cornell Sta. Bui. 26V/, pp. 3-i7-364, figs. 9). — The possible reasons for failure of clover arre discussed and the results of experiments in different parts of the State to ascertain what treatment would make clover growing profitable are reported. In these experiments lime, manure, and commercial fertilizers were used and the soil was inoculated as means to restore the clover-growing ability of the land. The first test on well-drained valley loam showed that the use of 1,500 lbs. of lime per acre exerted a marked influence. The average yield of hay from mammoth clover on the unlimed plats was at the rate of 2,178 lbs. per acre as compared with 4,343 lbs. on the limed plats. The manure applied at the rate of 15 tons per acre also produced very beneficial effects, while little benefit was derived from any of the commercial fertilizers. In general the best results were secured from applying manure and lime together and growing alsike or medium red clover. The second series of tests was made on a light brown or yellow silt loam with a yellowish or grayish subsoil. The treatment was the same as in the first test, but the plats were not inoculated and were seeded with oats. The unlimed plats in this case yielded 1,134 lbs. of hay per acre and the limed 134 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 1,843 lbs. The manure was not so effective as in tlie other work. Alsike and medium clover again gave better yields than mammoth. Sorrel, daisies, and redtop were the chief plants growing with the clover. The untreated plats con- tained approximately 76.5 per cent of grass, 1.5 per cent of clover, and 22 per cent of weeds, and the limed 88 per cent of grass, 8 per cent of clover, and 4 per cent of weeds. The lime and muriate of potash plats contained 13 per cent of clover, and the lime and complete fertilizer plats 10 per cent. The results of pot experiments with the silt loam soil were in the aggregate the same as those obtained in the tield. They indicated the need of lime with either manure or fertilizers. The greatest gain, which amounted to 71 per cent, was secured with a complete fertilizer applied with lime. Nitrate of soda applied with acid phosphate gave good results, but muriate of i)otash either with or without lime was used without effect. An experiment with this same soil conducted by the wire-basket method also showed the importance of manure and pointed out the greater need of nitrogen and of phosphatic fertilizers than of potash. Notes are given on lime and its use and a plan to conduct cooperative experi- ments in the growth of clover is presented. Report on the propagation of resistant clover, S. M. Bain (Tennessee Sta., Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Middle Tcnn. 1901-8, pp. 65-67).— This report reviews the work done by the station in the propagation of strains of clover resistant to anthracnose (Colletotrichum trifoUi) and reaifirms the statements made in a previous bulletin (E, S. R., IS, p. 843). Advice as to how to guard against the disease is also given. Clover-seed production in the Willamette Valley, Oregon, B. Hunter ([/. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 28, pp. 15, figs. 2). — This circular describes the methods used in the production of clover seed in this region. The types of soil, the yield of seed, means of securing a stand, rotations, pasturing, and clipping, the use of land plaster, and the manner of harvesting the clover crop for seed are discussed. Corn, M. L. Bowman and B. W. Crossley (Des Moines, Iowa, 1908, pp. 4^9, pis. 11, figs. 193, dgms. 6, charts IS, maps J/). — The discussions presented in this book cover the various phases of corn growing, judging, breeding, feeding, and marketing. The introductory chapter is devoted to the history of the corn plant, and among the 21 succeeding chapters may be mentioned those devoted to cli- mate and soil in relation to corn, seed corn, corn cultivation, harvesting and storing, cost of growing, marketing, commercial products of corn, composition and feeding value, corn silage, and judging corn. The last 3 chapters treat of corn breeding. The effect of selection upon certain physical characters in the corn plant, L. II. Smith (Illinois Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 51-62, figs. 5).— This bulletin reports the results secured in selecting corn plants with a view to influencing the height at which the ear is borne on the stalk and the position of the ear with refer- ence to its declination from the stalk at maturity. In 1902, two sets of ears of Leaming corn, the one representing ears growing high on the stalk and the other those borne low down on the plant, were se- lected. The following year each set was planted in a breeding plat and the se- lection for high and low ears continued each year. The results of this work are summarized in the following table : FIELD CROPS. 135 General averages of crnpfi produced in corn breeding for high cars and for low ears. Year. Heig'ht of ear (inches). Height of plant (inches). Number of inter- nodes below ear. Total number in- ternodes of stalk. High- ear plat. Low- ear plat. High- ear plat. Low- ear plat. High- ear plat. Low- ear plat. High- ear plat. Low- car plat. 1903 . 56.4 50.3 63.3 56.6 72.4 57.3 42.8 38.3 41.6 25.5 33.2 23.1 113.9 106.2 128.4 116.3 130.4 114.0 102.5 97.4 loe.o 86.0 99.7 79.3 8.5 7.6 8.2 9.0 9.2 8.2 7.2 6.2 6.5 5.9 5.8 4.7 15.4 14.5 15.4 15.1 16.3 15.5 13 9 1904 13 0 1905 13 6 1906 11 0 1907 13 0 1908 11.5 The I'esults show that two strains of corn have been produced, one of which bears the ears about 3 ft. higher on the stalk than the other. The high-ear strain has longer stallfs, longer internodes, a greater total number of internodes, and a greater number of internodes below the ear than the low-ear strain. " Perhaps the most significant of all as throwing light upon broader problems of heredity is the fact brought out by these results that the corn has not only responded to the selection, but there has been a gradual progressive shifting of the types so that even in the fourth generation the average height of ears in the one strain is more than twice that in the other." The smaller type of plant, or the low-ear strain, has a shorter growing period than the high-ear strain. In yield of grain no great difference is indicated, but the high-ear strain pro- duces the greater yield of fodder. The experiments to influence the declination of ears were begun in 1903, and the selections were made according to the angle of declination at harvest time from " Illinois High Oil " corn, a strain under selection for 7 generations for increase in oil content. The results of this experiment are brought together in the following table : Average declination of ears from the perpendicular in hrccding for erect ears and for declining cars. Average of seed. Average ot crop. Year. Erect- ear strain. Deelin- hig-ear strain. Difference between strains. El-ect- ear strain. Declin- ing-ear strain. Difference between strains. 1904 Degrees. 20.0 16.7 15.0 12.8 7.2 Degrees. 180.0 180.0 180.0 180.0 176.0 Degrees. 160.0 163.3 165.0 167.2 168.8 Degrees. 42.0 62.2 49.5 42.3 46.0 Degrees. 45.0 117.1 76.2 81.6 88.5 Degrees. 3.0 1905 1906 - -.- - - 54.9 26.7 1907 - 39.3 1908 42.5 . The results show that the declination of the ear is a character that Ciin be influenced by breeding. The length of shank is apparently the principal factor in determining the declination. The declining ear is the better protected from rain and is harvested by hand with greater facility. Report of the committee on breeding cotton, H. J. Webber et al. (Amer. Brecdcr-r As.soc. Proc, .', (1!)0S), pp. 21.5-219).— This paper consists largely of a report on hybrids ;iiid selections of cotton. The work here sununarized con- sists of straight selections, crossing big-boiled with small-bolled, big-boiled with big-boiled, and long-staple upland with short-staple upland cottons, and making 136 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. hybrids between upland short and long staples and Sea Island and Egyptian varieties. Report of committee on breeding fiber crops, J. H. Shepperd et al. {Anier. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 4 (1908), pp. 219-233, figs. 7).— This report consists of the following papers: A Survey of the Conditions Surrounding Fiber-Crop rroduction, by L. H. Dewey ; Hemp and Hemp Breeding, by F. Kuorr ; Breeding Fiber Flax for Resistance to Diseases, by H. L. Bolley ; and Breeding Flax for Fiber Type of Plant, by J. H. Shepperd. Fiber experiments, G. A. Gammie (Dept. Agr. Bomhaij, Ann. Rpt. Expt. Work Guneshkhind Bot. Sta. 1907-8, pp. 16-33).— In 1906 jute yielded in an experimental culture at the rate of 609 lbs. of dry fiber per acre, the percentage of fiber to stalk being 2.45. In 1907 an acre yield of SIT lbs. of dry fiber was secured and the percentage of fiber to stalk reached 4.72. The two species of jute to which attention is given are Corchorus capsularis and C. olitorius. Brief notes on work with other fiber crops are also presented. The results of experiments with a large list of cotton species and varieties are shown in a table and the behavior of several kinds is briefly noted. Improvement of hops by selection and breeding', W. W. Stockberger (Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 4 (190S), pp. 156-161). — This paper points out the need for improvement and the failure of introduced varieties, describes im- provement by selection and hybridization, and discusses the correlation of characters in the hop and the importance of breeding in hop culture. Experiments on the absorption and excretion of plant food by oats at different stages of growth, L. Seidlep. and A. Stutzer (Jour. Landw., 56 {1008), Xo. S, pp. 273-278; abs. in CJicm. Abs., 3 {1909), Xo. 6, p. 683).— 'Pot experiments with oats harvested at four different periods showed that the stai'ch content was at the maximum during the last period while the amount of nitrogen, potash, soda, phosphoric acid, and lime was greater before maturity. These results corroborate those of other investigators, and indicate that after the plant food, especially i)otash, has performed its functions in the plant it is returned in part to the soil. Peanuts, W. R. Beattie {V. 8. Dept, Agr., Farmers' Bui. 356, pp. 1/0, figs. 20). — This farmers' bulletin, which supersedes Farmers' Bui. 25 (E. S. R., 6, p. 803), discusses the soil and climatic requirements of the peanut and gives gen- eral directions for its culture. The topics treated are soil preparation, fertil- izers, rotation, seed and its selection, planting, cultivation, harvesting and pick- ing and cleaning. The varieties and uses of peanuts are described iiud the im- portance of the peanut as a farm crop is pointed out. Notes on insects and diseases attacking the plant are also given. Irish potato investigations, C. P. Close and T. H. White {Maryland Sta. Bui. 132, pp. 151-173, figs. 7). — The results of culture, seed, and variety experi- ments with potatoes are reported and directions for growing the crop are given. Experiments to determine the relative merits of shallow, medium, and deep cultivation at intervals of 5, 10, or 15 days showed the best yields from deep and infrequent cultivation. There was a difference of over 14 bu. per acre in favor of deep over shallow cultivation and of 21 bu. in favor of infrequent working. Different kinds of seed potatoes ranked in the following order of yield: Maryland second crop, Maine grown, Virginia second crop, and home- grown summer-harvested seed. The results of one test with seed potatoes kept in cold storage indicate that apparently cold storage has little advantage over ordinary storage for early spring planting. Of 2 varieties grown in 1907 and 3 in 1908, seed with strong sprouts gave an average yield per acre of 126 bu. of prime tubers and 54.1 bu. of culls, while seed with weak sprouts produced FIELD CROPS. 137 37.G bu. of prime tubers and oG.S bii. of culls. Fall-harvested seed gave better results than summer-harvested tubers. A comi)arisou of different sized tubers of summer aud fall-harvested seed crops graded into egg, walnut, and marble size, showed that the egg size pro- duced the best yield, being followed by the walnut and the marble size in the order mentioned. The seed end surpassed the stem end in Maine grown seed by 22 bu. and 19 bu. per acre for Eaily Rose and Sir Walter Raleigh, respec- tively. In the case of home-grown seed the corresponding figures were 44 bu. and 24 bu. per acre. A test is reported of 27 American varieties of northern seed, IT varieties of French, and 8 varieties of German seed planted in 1905. To these were added 21 varieties in 1906. The results showed the following varieties as leading in yield : Early varieties, Irish Cobbler, Noroton Beauty, Clark Pride, Early Ohio, and Early Six Weeks; medium-maturing varieties, Green Mountain, Rural New Yoi-ker, Planet, Sir Walter Raleigh, Early Thoroughbred, Early Reliance, Pat's Choice, Montana Prizetaker, White Elephant, State of Maine, Six Weeks, Man- istee, aud Early Rose; late varieties. Blue Peerless, Blush, Clinton, Canada, Pride of America, McCormick, Oom Paul, Agnelli, and Banner. Potato experiments and studies, A. R. Kohler {Minnesota Sta. Bui. llJf, pp. 287-333, figs. 2). — ^About 110 varieties of potatoes, including varieties and species from Mexico, South America, and Europe, were on trial at University Farm in 1908. Tlie results secured are tabulated and descriptions and notes are given on 63 of the more important varieties. A tentative classification of varieties into eleven groups is presented. In total yield in 1908 Factor led with 205.3 bu. per acre, being followed by Freeman with 203.7 bu. In yield of marketable potatoes Freeman stood first with 193.5 bu. per acre and Factor next with 168.1 bu. Among varieties tested 3 years or more since 1900, Bartlett stood first in average rank. Acme second, and White Beauty third. In a comparison of old and new seed stock of 7 varieties, made in 1908, the re- sults with the new stock ranged :ti'om a loss of 7.5 bu. of marketable tubers per acre to a gain of 105.1 bu. with an average gain of 45.1 bu. With only one excep- tion the tubers of the new stock were larger than those of the old stock. The amount, uniformity, and density of growth of the plants was also in favor of the new stock. The foliage of the plants from the new stock remained green longer in most cases than that of the old stock plants. An experiment with different quantities of seed per acre (ranging from 5 to 60 bu.) showed that the use of 11 bu. was the most profitable. The use of badly diseased tubers for seed reduced the yield quite extensively and planting even slightly diseased tubers resulted in a loss. In 1908 the increase in the yield of marketable potatoes per acre as apparently due to spraying with Bordeaux mixture was as follows : Spraying 6 times 18.7 bu., spraying 4 times 15.8 bu., spraying 3 times S.4 bu., while spraying 2 times gave a slight loss. Potato growing- for Minnesota, A. R. Kohler (Minnesota Sta. Bui. ll'u l)p. 33Jf-362, figs. //). — This article is a brief treatise on the culture of the potato in Minnesota. Potato crop statistics and methods for the control of the potato beetle and of the diseases which attack the plant are given in addition to cultural directions and suggestions for keeping up the seed stock. Experiments with potatoes 1906-1908, W. Bruce {Edinh. and East of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 17. />/>. .?'/). — Amonsi the best varieties of potatoes grown were Midlothian Early, Sharpe Express Conquest, Cottar, Dalnieny Acme, Factor, Dalhousie, What's Wanted, and Laugworthy. The two varieties last mentioned 138 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. ranked highest in quality but did not come up to the others in yield. Sets ob- tained by cutting tubers of market size produced as heavy crops as whole tubers of small size, and furnished a larger proportion of marketable potatoes. Plant- ing 12 in. apart in the row gave better results than planting at wider distances. Lime nitrogen proved an efficient nitrogenous fertilizer for the crop. The use of 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cvvt. of superphosphate, and 1 cwt. of potash per acre is recommended, either used alone or with a heavy dressing of barnyard manure. The use of 5 cvvt. of ground lime per acre in connection with a complete fertilizer was not profitable, and the corresponding use of 1 cwt. of carbonate of magnesia has so far not given results that would warrant its general use. Summary of experiments on tlie manuring of potatoes in Lancashire, E. Porter and It. C. Gaitt (Count!/ Council Lancaster, Ed. Com., Agr. Dci)t., Farmer's Bui. 13, pp. 25, pi. 1). — Basing their recommendations on the results of the experiments here described, the authors advise the use of 20 tons of barnyard manure per acre for potatoes on land in moderately good condition. Where commercial fertilizers ai-e to be used alone 2.5 cwt. of sulphate of am- monia, 6 cwt. of superphosphate, and 2 cwt. of muriate of potash is recom- mended. Satisfactory crops of potatoes were grown with the use of commercial fertilizers alone, but the practice is not considered generally good. For the pro- duction of the largest and most profitable crops it is advised that 10 tons of barnyard manure, 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia, 4 cwt. of superphosphate, and 1 cwt. of muriate of potash per acre be given. The composition of the sugar beet in the past, present, and future, H. Beiem (Osterr. Unrjar. Ztsclir. Zuckcrinilus. u. Landw., 3S {11)09), No. 1, pp. 32-Ji-'i). — This article points out the increase in sugar content and the greater yields of sugar secured from the earlier periods of sugar-beet culture to the present day, and discusses the possible improvement of the sugar beet in the future. A list of 13 references to literatui-e on the subject is given. The sugar beet, L. Malpeatjx {La Betterave d Sucre. Paris, 190S, pp. XII +128, figs. 57). — This book is divided into 3 parts, the first being devoted to a discussion of sugar-beet culture both for the manufacture of sugar and the production of seed. The second part treats of beets grown for distillery pur- poses, and the third briefly considers the culture of chicory. Report of the committee on breeding forage crops {Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 4 (1908), pp. 269-29-'/, figs. 13). — This report consists of a paper on The Improvement of Timothj-, bj' T. F. Hunt, and one on Some Preliminary Obser- vations Concerning the Improvement of Timothy, by H. A. Allard. Report of committee on breeding tobacco, A. D. Shamel {Amer. Breeders' Assoc. Proc, 4 {1908), pp. 245-258). — This report submits the following papers: Tobacco Breeding in the Connecticut Valley, by J. B. Stewart ; Report on the Improvement of Ohio Filler Tobacco, by A. D. Selby; and Report on Tobacco Breeding Work in Kentucky and Tennessee for 1907, by W. H. Scherfiius. HORTICULTURE. Suggestions from a survey of the trucking region of eastern Long Island, B. H. Crocheron {New YorJc Cornell Hfa. Circ. 5, pp. 5-12. fig. 1). — The author made a survey of agricultural conditions in the trucking section of eastern Long Island in 1908-9. The complete data secured is to be reported later in bulletin form. This circular contains some notes and suggestions based on the survey relative to crop systems and economic phases of trucking, fertilization, insect pests, and plant diseases. Celery, C. C. Newman (South Carolina 8ta. Bui. 144, pp. 5-24, fiffs. 9). — This is a popular discussion of celery culture taking up soils, fertilizers, nursery IIOKTK^ULTUKK. 139 niul plant in.i: practices, cultivation, met hods of lii.-inciiin.u, fiatlicriu!;, shipping and varieties. Onion culture, W. 11. Bkattik ( T. »s'. Dcpt. .Ir/r., I'liniicrs' liitl. So.'i, pp. 36, fiys.20). — In tills Farmers' Ilnlletin which supersedes Farmers' lUil. 39 (E. S.R., S, p. 224) information is given relative to areas, climate, and soils adapted to onion culture together with a\\ account of modern cultural practices, harvesting, curing, storage, marketing, important conunei-cial varieties of onions, and onion diseases and insect pests. The history and characteristic features of the Ber- muda onion industry in the Gulf Coast States is also given. Inasmuch as the production -of onion seed and sets is limited to certain localities and conditions, these snl).iects are not discussed. The influence of manganese on the growth of pineapples, W. P. Kelley (JIairaii Stu. Press Bui. 23, pp. l.)). — This is a preliminary report on an ex- tended investigation being conducted by the station to determine why pine- apples do not grow successfully on certain types of soil which sometimes occur in pineapple fields. The work and conclusions thus far reached are summarized as follows : " Some of the pineapple soils of Hawaii contain black spots on which pine- apples do not grow successfully. " The application of fertilizers and lime in conjunction with good tillage and drainage has not resulted in effectually overcoming the yellow appearance of the pines on black soil. "The black soils contain less acidity than the red soils. " There is but one important difference in the chemical composition of these soils, viz, in regard to the manganese content. The black soil contains many times as much manganese as the red soil. " The black color of these areas may in pail be attributed to the presence of higher oxids of manganese. " There is a close correlation between the degree of yellowing of the pines and the percentage of manganese In the soil. " Yellow pines from soils containing a liigh percentage of manganese are more active oxidizing agents than green i)laiits from red soil. "The yellow pines have a poor root system and contain but little cliloro- I'liyll. "xVs yet no positive remedy for tliis condition has been worked out. It seems wise to try other crops on the black soil, especially since sugar cane grows well on the black soil." Strawberry growing in Colorado, P.. (). Longyear {Colorado »S7«. Bill. L'/O, pp. 3-12). — This bulletin discusses cultural methods practiced by commercial strawberry growers in Colorado, the following phase.s being considered : Soils, location, preparation of land, fertilizers, planting operations, cultivation and irrigation, mulching, picking, packing, marketing, renewal of old beds, rotation, growing a second c^op in one season, varieties, cost of growing, yields and profits, insects and diseases. The role of hybridization in the reconstruction of vineyards, P. Gervais and L. Weigert (S. Iiitcnint. Landw. Kong. ir/c;(. .'/ (I!)07), t^cct. X, Rap. 1, pp. 17; Rcf. I, pp. 6). — This consists of 2 papers on the above sub.iect presented by the authors respectively before the lOighth International Congress of Agriculture at Vienna in 1907. Anatomical studies of the union between stock and scion in grafted grapes, G. DE IstVANFFi (8. Intcvnat. Landw. Kong. Wien, // {liUn), Hcct. X, Rap. J/, pp. 8). — A resume of the author's investigations along this line presented before the Eighth International Congress of Agriculture at Vienna in 1907. 732— No. 2—09 4 140 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The influence of pinching fruit-bearing shoots of the vine on the sugar content of the grape, G. Eivikre and G. Bailhache {Prog. Agr. ct Vlt. {Ed. rEst-Ccntre). 30 {1909). No. 18, pp. 5'il, 5^2). — In a previous investigation (E. S. R., 19, p. S44) with the Chasselas Dore grape it was found that the sugar content of the grape decreased approximately in proportion to whether 4, 3, 2, 1 or no leaves were left on the shoot beyond the bunches, two bunches being left on each shoot. The work was continued with the same variety to determine whether the sugar content continues to increase when more than 4 leaves are left. The sugar content was found to increase continually from 159 gm. per liter of must where no leaves were left beyond the bunches to 205 gm. where 5 leaves were left. No further increase was obtained when 6 or 7 leaves were left. Similar results were found for the acid content which decreased from an amount corresponding to 3.95 gm. sulphuric acid per liter where no leaves were left to 3.65 gm. where 5 leaves wei-e left. As a result of this work it is recom- mended that in pinching back tlie bearing shoots 5 leaves should be left beyond the second bunch. The setting of muscat of Alexandria grape, T. Lunt {Gard. Chroh., 3. set:, J/o {1909), No. 1168, pp. 306, 30?).— The author gives brief practical directions based upon his experience for several years rejative to the greenhouse treatment of muscat of Alexandria grapes. The points discussed include ventilation, shading, watering, tliinning, and pollination. Viticulture in the coastal region of Argentina, J. F. Baldassarre {BoL Mill. Agr. [Biicuos Aires]. 9 {1908), No. 5-6. pp. 276-33.',, figs. J8).— With the view of stimulating the grape industry in the coastal provinces of Argentina, a detailed account is given of the cultural methods used and varieties grown in a successful grape vineyard of that section. Pruning mature fruit trees, O. B. Whipple {Colorado Sta. Bui. 139, pp. 3-20, figs. 15). — This bulletin, which is supplementary to a previous bulletin of the station on pruning fruit trees (B. S. H., 17, p. 864), contains discussions on the physiology'- of pruning, treatment of wounds, and pruning tools, together with suggestions for pruning as applied to the apple, apricot, cherry, peach, pear, plum, and quince. Suggestions are also given for thinning apples, pears, and peaches. On the chemical composition of fruits from wall-grow^n trees as compared with that of fruits of the same variety from trees grown on trellises, G. Riviere and G. Bailhache {Jour. Soe. Nat. Hart. Franec, 4. ser., 10 {1909), Apr., pp. 236, 237). — Analyses were made of Calville Blanche apples from trees grown as double vertical cordons on a southern wall, and from trees grown as horizontal cordons on a trellis directed east and west. The fruits gathered from the wall-grown trees contained a considerably larger amount of sugar in the juice than the fruits gathered from the trellis-grown trees. Likewise the acid content of the fruit from the latter trees is greater than that of the fruit from the wall-grown trees. Further experiments are to be conducted to de- termine the requisite amount of heat necessary for the best de^■elopment of the t>ugar content in tliis variety of apple. Orcharding (Mass. [Bd.] Agr. Bui. 2, pp. 136, figs. 16). — This is a compilation of the following articles on fruit culture which have previously appeared in different years in Agriculture of Massachusetts: The Relation of Fruit Culture to the Value of New England Farms, and The Soil, Importance of its Character for the Culture of Fruit, by G. T. Powell ; Fruits for Local Markets, by J. H. Hale; The Planting of a Commercial Orchard in Massachusetts, and Renovat- ing Old Orchards, by F. C. Sears; Harvesting and Marketing Apples, by F. A. Waugh ; ^Massachusetts Fruit Trees and their Insect Foes, by H. T. Fernald. HORTICULTURE. 141 Commercial orcharding and its returns ((S. lutcrnat. Landiv. Kong. Vi'icn, .'/ {1901), Sect. XI, Ref. 1, pp. 76). — A series of reports ou (his subject by E. Gross, A. Havelka. J. Loschnig, K. Mader, F. Rebholz, and Von Solemncher- Antweiler to the Eighth International Congress of Agriculture at Vienna in 1907. The reports discuss the advantages and disadvantages of extensive cul- ture of orchard fruits, considerable data being given relative to the cost of ]iroduetion and returns from orchard fruits in Europe. Report on orchard extension and the propagation of native varieties of fruits, C. A. Keffeu (Tetinefisce Sto., Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Middle Tcmi. 1907-8, pp. 61-6-'f). — This consists of an outline report of cooperative orchard experiments conducted by the station in middle Tennessee in 1907-8, together with a discussion of the fruit and trucking interests and possibilities in that section and an outline of proposed experiments with fruits and vegetables. Can the general farmer afford to grow apples and suggestions on improv- ing and spraying apple orchards, S. B. Hartman and H. J. Eustace (Michi- gan Sta. Bill. 253, pp. S6-.'iS. Jigs. 9). — To show that it pays to grow apples along with other farming operations, S. B. Hartman gives a detailed account of the methods used and the i-esults secured with 3 old and neglected apple orchards which consisted in all of .52 trees of various varieties. The work of regeneration consisted chiefly of judicious pruning and spraying. Three good crops were secured during 5 years. The total expense for the period was $531.87, and the net profits $853.46, making at 83 trees per acre an average net profit per acre per year of $104.43. The trees also furnished free fruit for several families and for the stoclj;. The bulletin concludes with sug- gestions on improving and spraying apple orchards. The planting of the apple orchard, W. S. Thornber {Washingion 81a. Popu- lar Bill. 1 '/. pp. .'/, figs. 2). — This is designed for prospective apple growers and discusses location and soils, preparation of the soil, nursery stock, planting plans, planting operations, and varieties for different sections of Washington. Some factors affecting the keeping qualities of American lemons, R. H. True and A. F. Sievers ( [/. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 26, pp. 17). — The losses of lemons from parasitic diseases and blue mold, methods of pre- paring lemons for market, and the physical and chemical characteristics of lemons are discussed, and tentative results are given of studies made to deter- mine the relation between the present methods of preparing lemons for the market and the keeping qualities shown by the fruit after shipment. A chemical study of lemons relative to their acid, sugar, and water content indicates that there is a difference of a trifle less than 1 per cent of acid be- tween the best keeping grade of fruit, the tent-cui"ed fruit and the tree-ripened fruit, which latter class represents the poorest grade on the market. It was also shown, contrary to the opinion advanced by some, that the keeping quality of lemons does not appear to be directly influenced by the acid content. During the curing process the percentage of acid shows a tendency to increase, this being accredited chiefly to the water loss accompanying the curing process. There is relatively little change in the sugar content during the early history of the fruit, the principal development coming after the fruit has reached its full size ;ind is beginning to ripen. There appears to be no definite increase or decrease in the sugar content during the curing process. The loss of water from the fruit during the curing process does not increase or decrea'se week by week with any regularity. The total evaporation from lemons cured in boxes in which the bottoms wex'e paper-lined was somewhat less than where no papers were used. Water evai)oration appears to be influ- enced greatly by existing weather conditions, location of the curing house, etc. 142 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. A simple puiictiiro experiment was conducted to test the strength of the skin as a means of protection for the lemons. A blunted needle point applied with measured force was found to inmcture the skin much more readily when applied directly over an oil gland than when applied in the sunken places between the glands. The resistance to puncture in tent-cured fruit appears to be double that of tree-ripened fruit, the oil glands of the latter being less protected. A limited series of storage tests was made of tree-ripe, tent-cured and sweated lemons. Data are given showing the total loss of lemons from all forms of decay during IG weeks in storage as well as the loss apparently due to blue mold, which source of danger, as in the case of oranges (E. S. R., 20, p. 43), is chielly troublesome when the skin of the fruit has been mechanically injured. The tent-cured fruit possessed much better keeping qualities than the tree- ripe fruit. There was a great variation in the decay among the sweated lots, the cause of which has not been determined. There appeared to be no material difference as to the keeping qualities be- tween the fruit obtained from the coast, the foothills, and the inland districts. The most serious cause of decay during the first 3 or 4 weeks was the 1)1 ue mold. Five apparently distinct types of slow diseases of the rind were seen, which often possess striking form and color characteristics. No study was made of these diseases since the loss directly due to them was apparently small. At the end of 3 or 4 weeks the percentage of decay appears to decrease for a time, after which tlie fruit becomes weakened and a prevalent form of decay resembling in appearance and odor the virulent brown rot of the citrus region occurs. It is believed that the infection from this trouble probably takes place in California, the disease remaining undeveloped until weeks after arrival in the eastern market. The study of this disease is to be continued. Contributions to the knowledge of the coco palm (Cocos nucifera) {Bui. Kolon. il/w.s. Haarlem, 1909, No. .'/l, pi'- 100, pis. 16). — This is a collection of 5 prize essays by L. A. T. J. F. Van Oijen, J. B. Tabel, W. Tani. Sr., R. C. W. Welborn, and J. Bakker, consisting of accounts of the coconut palm in the Dutch East and "West Indies relative to its botany, details of culture, insect pests and fungus diseases, and the production of copra, coconut oil, and coir. Data are also given relative to the extent of the industry, cost of establishing and maintaining plantations, yields, returns, etc. Comparative tests of nitrog'eiious fertilizers in pot culture, A. Petit {Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 8 {1909), Ao. 1. pp. 7-9). — Tests to ascertain the best amount of nitrate of soda to apply in case of certain ornamental plants are reported. The conclusion reached is that it is not safe to apply more than from 0.5 to 1 gm. of nitrate of soda at one time to each plant in pots 11 to 12 cm. in diameter, 1 to 2 gm. in pots 14 to 16 cm. in diameter, or more than 4 gm. in pots 20 cm. in diameter. The workman's garden, A. Gravier and H. Latiere {Les Jardins Ouvriers. Paris, 1907, pp. VII +479, figs. 231). — This is a popular nianuai on fruit, vege- table, and ornamental gardening, especially designed for amateur gardeners. In addition to a discussion of the general principles of gardening, the cultural details for growing all kinds of fruits, vegetables, and flowers and other orna- mentals are given. Several chai>ters of the work are devoted to descriptions of various types of gardens, including working plans for the development of each type. FORESTRY. 143 FORESTRY. The management of mountains and private initiative, P. Descombes (8. Intcniitt. Landtv. Kong. Wicn, 3 (1907), .Sec/, l', L'djL 3, pp. 2,.').— This iJiipor, whicli was presonti'd at the Eighth International Congress of Agricul- ture at Vienna iu 1907, consists of a suuunarized account of the attempts of the French Government, private huidowners and associations to prevent soil erosion and disastrous torrents through the production and restoration of forests and other -vegetation on the mountain sIoi)es, regulation of pasturage, etc. Instructions for reforesting land, C. R. Pettis {Albany: Forest, Fish and Game Ciiin., IftOH. pp. i,.'. yi/.s. IS). — This pamphlet contains directions for secur- ing planting stock from the State nurseries, together with brief practical instruc- tions on what, where, when, and how to plant. The text is accompanied bj^ sev- eral plates portraying nursery and planting operations and forest plantations. In order to furnish an idea as to the value of forest plantings, some yield, valuation, and financial rotation tables for white pine prepared by the Massa- chusetts forest authorities (E. S. R.. 20. p. 541) are given. Forest working plan for land belonging to the city of Fall River on the North Watuppa watershed, F. W. Rane and H. O. Cook {Boston: State For- ester, 1909, pp. 29, 2)1s. 5. map 1 ) . — As a result of an examination of this tract of land by the Massachusetts forest authorities, a forest map and working plan have been prepared which, although primarily of local application, it is believed will pr()\e of v;ilue in carrying on similar work for other cities and towns. We must stop forest fires in Massachusetts, F. W. Rane {Boston: State Forester, 1909, pp. .'/S, pis. 11, figs. 3). — The author calls attention to the great need of checking the forest fires which occur iu Massachusetts, reviews the for- est-fire record of that State for 1908, and gives an account of the work which has already been undertaken by the State and enterprising towns in providing forest fire protection. RevieAv of forest administration in British India for the year 1906—7, S. Eardlev-Wilmot {Rci:. Forest Admin. Brit. India. 1906-7, pp. 7/+J'/). — This is the customary annual review of forest operations iu the various provinces of Britisli India, together with a financial statement for the year. All the im- portant data, which are similar in character to those given in previous reports (E. S. R., 20, p. 342), are presented in tabular form. At the close of the year there were 240,138 square miles of all classes of foi-ests. which represents 24.3 per cent of the entire area of British India. The area of reserve forests was 94.037 square miles. The surplus of revenue directly chargeable to revenue was ]7.9r)2.229 rupees (about .$."),.Sli;..'-)22). Progress report of forest administration in the Province of Eastern Bengal and Assam, JNI. Hill {Rpt. Forest Admin. East. Bengal and Assam, 1907-8, pp. 70+3, map 1). — Data similar to the above are presented relative to forest operations in the province of Eastern Bengal and Assam for 1907-8. The re- port is accompanied by a map of tlie province showing the location of the vari- ous state forests. Progress report of forest administration {Rpt. Forest Admin. Coorg, 1907-8, pp. 12). — Data similar to the al)ove are presented relative to forest operations in the province of Coorg for 1907-S. Progress report of forest administration in the Andamans for 1907—8, H. A. Faurington {Rpt. Forest Admin. Andaman.^. 1907-8, pp. IV+33). — Data similar to the above are presented relative to forest oi)eratious iu the province of Andamans for 1907-8. 144 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Investigations of mixed stands, Schwappach (Ztschi: Forst u. Jagdw., Jjl {1909), No. 5, pp. 313-332). — The details, including tabular data and conclu- sions reached, are given of investigations conducted bj' the author in East Prussia and Silesia relative to the growth behavior of mixed forest stands in comparison to that of pure stands, the determination of the influence of mixed stands upon the soil condition, and a study of methods of developing and man- aging mixed stands. Forest flora of the Berar Circle, D. O. Witt (Nagpiir: Govi., 1908, pp. VII+ 103). — This consists of a descriptive list of trees, shrubs and climbers, and other plants of the Berar Circle, especially those of economic importance in times of scarcity and famine. The species are grouped under their respective families and the scientific as well as the vernacular names when known are given. Spe- cial care has been taken to indicate characteristics readily noticeable in the field, and the lesser known species are described with considerable detail, al- though technical terms have been avoided so far as possible. Notes on Sal in Bengal, A. L. McIntire ([Indian Forest Dept.] Pamphlet 5, Sylvicult. /S'cr. 1, pp. 1-16). — This consists of popular notes on the distribu- tion, culture, and uses of Sal (Shorea robusta), which is the principal forest tree in Bengal, and occurs in greater or lesser abundance in all parts of that country. Tapping experiments with Kickxia elastica in Kamerun, A. Shulte (Guiiimi Ztg., 23 {1909), Nos. 28, pp. 877-880;, 29, pp. 91Ji-916).— In confirmation of the work reported by Strunk in 1906 (E. S. R., 17, p. 980) the author found the perpendicular slit method of tapping to be superior to the herringbone method for the Kickxia rubber tree, but not so well adapted for tapping Hevea. Just how far apart these perpendicular slits should be spaced, and the length of time which should elapse before the second tai»iiing is made in order to se- cure the best results both as to yield and the health of the tree, were not de- termined, although it appears that the Kickxia can not be tapped so frequently as the Hevea. Yields from individual Hevea trees are greater than from Kickxia trees, but the latter can be planted closer. Exports and imports of forest products, 1908, A. H. Pierson {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 162, pp. 29). — Summarized and detailed tables are given for 1908 relative to the exports and imports of forest products, including both raw and manufactured material of various kinds, together with sununarized tables on the exports and imports of forest products for the years 1904-1908, inclusive, and other data. The data are derived for the most part from the annual report of the Bureau of Statistics of the Department of Commerce and Labor, entitled Foreign Commerce and Navigation of the United States for the year ending June 30, 1908. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Notes on plant diseases in 1908, W. .T. Morse {Maine ^fa. Bui. IGJ,, pp. 28, pis. 2, chart 1). — In connection with the regular lines of investigation, the pathologist of the station has given some attention to a number of minor prob- lems, which are briefly reported upon. These include potato diseases, orchard tree diseases, development of scab on limed potato soils, self-boiled lime-sulphur as a substitute for Bordeaux mi.xture for apple scab, weather records in relation to winter injury of fruit trees, crotch injury of apple trees, and winter injury of white pine. The potato disease causing the most trouble was the early blight {Alternaria solani), very little of the late blight being observed even on unsprayed fields. Both the blackleg and Fusarium disease have appeared in Maine, but neither is as yet widely distributed. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 145 Anions tlio orcluinl diseiises nnder observation were tlie black rot, bitter rot, brown rot, pink rot, and species of Penicillinm, Botrytis, Rhizopus, and Alter- iiaria. lu addition 4 other rots were observed, wliicli are caused either by un- described species or fungi that have not been reported as causing apple decays. A brief account is given of tlie development of the apple scab ( Venturia in- aquaUa) on apples in storage. This was believed to be due to several factors, the principal one being that the entire growing and harvesting season was very wet so that tlie vegetative development of the fungus continued up to and during the harvest time. The moist apples, covered with spores, were placed in rather warm cellars, resulting in tlie infection of the fruit and the foi-mation of small scab spots in storage. In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 19, p. 955), the author has made a study of the development of potato scab on limed soils and has found that the effect of lime on the amount of scab is fully as great at tlie end ers, and 68.4 per cent as to starch. The summer of 1907 was very cold and cloudy, and it is thought that the presence of Bordeaux mixture on the leaves impaired their assimilatory activity. Whether the same results would be obtained during a bright warm season is thought doubtful, and further investigations are required to determine this point. Diseases of sugar beets, O. Fallada (Ostcrr. Ungar. Ztsclir. Zuckcrindus. u. Laiuhr.. 38 (1909). Xo. 1. pp. 11-11). — A brief account is given of some of the more common diseases to which the sugar beet is subject, among them the root I'ot due to Phomn hrhr. dry rot, beet scab, bacteriosis of beets, the root I'ot caused by Rlnz'xtonia riolnccn, club root due to Mii-romnnax hciw, and various leaf diseases, including those caused by Ccrcosporo hcticola, Spondcstiiiinii piifrrfdcirns. Ramiilaria l>cfa, and the curly top disease. Boot diseases of sugar cane, F. A. Stockdale (Wci^t Indian HiiL, 9 (1908), No. 2, PP.J03-116). — A description is given of the root disease caused by Mar- asmin-s Kacchari. with suggestions for its control. The means recommended in- cliide the use of fungicid(-s for the disinfection of cane cutting.s, rotation, and tlie elimination of rattoon crops. 148 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A Mycosphaerella wilt of melons, J. G. Grossenbacher (New York State Sta. Tech. Bui. ',), pp. 193-229, pJs. 6). — An account is given of investigations on a muskuielon disease wliieh caused considerable injury to plants grown in the greenhouses during 1907 and 1908. The disease was accompanied by attacks of a red spider, but in 1908 the spiders caused but little injury. The disease seems to be similar to that reported from Delaware (E. S. R., 5, p. 787; 17, p. 47) and the literature from the Delaware Station is critically reviewed. During 1907 and 1908 the author made a study of the disease which appeared on the muskmelon vines in the station greenhouses at about the time the vines attained their full growth. The affected plants wilt, their lower nodes and some of the internodes become oily-green in color with or without exudation, and finally turn dark and gummy or dry and gray. Cultures were made of the fungus and both ascospores and pycnidiospores were obtained and inoculations proved the identity of the organisms. Inocula- tions were also made of a number of related species of cucurbitaceous i)lants, but Curumis mclo was the only one that was positively affected, although it is probable that it occurs also on the watermelon. Technical descriptions are given of the 2 forms with the names MycosplaereUa citniUina n. n. and Dip- lodina citncllina n. n. According to the author, there is little probability of the disease becoming a menace in fields, as the fungus requires moist warm environment for its infec- tion and development. Gooseberry mildew and gooseberry cultivation, J. Eriksson (Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 3'/ {1909). .Ao. 3, pp. Ii69-.'i72). — An account is given of the introduction of the gooseberry mildew (Sphwrothcca inor.t-uvo') into Europe and the present aspect of the question is presented. Necrosis of the grapevine, D. Reddick (Ncu) York Cornell Sia. BuL 263, pp. 323-3'i3, pys. 11). — According to the author, a careful ex!.niin:;tion of vine- yards in 3 of the large grape-growing regions of New York showed that many of the vines were dying and that apparently the trouble was due to a fungus. Some work has been done on the life histoi-y of the parasite, and it is believed that enough is known to warrant a preliminary report in order to call attention to the disease, to obtain further information regarding it, and to suggest preven- tive measures. As far as the author's observations have gone, the Concord seems most affected, although the trouble has been noted upon a considerable number of other varieties. The disease is apparently identical with that described in Circular G4 of the Ohio Station (E. S. R., 18, p. 845), where it is called localized stem blight. Its presence may be recognized in a number of ways, among them the failure to put out shoots, the splitting of vines during hot weather, the dying of new shoots after a short period of growth, the dwarfing of the shoots and leaves, and a yellowing or blanched condition of the leaves, often crimpled about the mai'gins. The fungus causing this disease is identified as Fusicoccuin viticoluin u. sp., a technical description of which is given. The fungus is apparently distributed to a slight extent by the washing of the spores from the vines, but more com- monly by carrying infected material on pruning shears, and through the dis- tribution of diseased stock. The progress of the fungus on the old wood of the vine is slow and its action indicates that it is a wound parasite. Since the fungus is inside the tissues when the presence of the disease is indi- cated spraying would have no effect, except that thorough spraying in May and June would probably prevent new infections. The eradication of the disease must be through the renewal of the entire vine or a i»art of it, and pruning should be resorted to, the vines being carefully cut below the diseased areas. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 149 Gall formations on apple trees, Julie Jaeger {ZtscJir. Pflanzcnkraiik., 18 (1908), Xo. 5, pp. 251-212, pJ. I, fiij. I). — Anatouiical studies are rei)ortecl on galls observed on several varieties of apples, and the causes of similar galls on a number of other plants are pointed out. Among these ai"e mentioned the crown gall, various cankers due to fungi, and galls caused by different insects. The galls occurring on the apples are attributed for the most part to attacks of mites. Fall blossoniiug of the apple induced by the black rot, H. S. Keed {I'lant Wuriil, 11 ^{1908), A'o. 11, pp. 250, 257). — A description is given of the fall blooming of an apple tree at the Virginia Station, which was induced by a serious infection of the black rot {Sphwropsis maloruin). The Sph?eropsis cankers were abundant and had caused the death of over half of the top of the tree. Many of the small branches made little growth during the season, and it was upon these that the fruit buds opened. Lime-sulphur mixtures for the summer spraying of orchards, W. M. Scott {U. S. Dcpt. A[/r., Bin: Plant Indus. Circ. 27, pp. 17, pgs. 2). — The success attained in exiierinients in 1907 (E. S. R., 19, p. 1154) with self-boiled and unboiled lime-sulphur mixtures for the control of apple and peach diseases led to the repetition of the experiments on a larger scale in 190S, and the principal features of these experiments are discussed. Home-boiled, factory-boiled, and self-boiled lime-sulphur mixtures were employed and their efficiency in prevent- ing diseases of peaches, cherries, and apples was tested, together with their effect upon the host plants. The lime-sulphur mixtures were found to be very efficient in tlie control of the diseases of the fruit trees mentioned and less injurious to the foliage than Bordeaux mixture. In the experiments with the self-boiled lime-sulphur mix- ture, it was found that for peach foliage considerable injury was done to the leaves where the mixture was allowed to stand too long with a minimum amount of water. Where cold water was used to stop the cooking, no injury resulted from its use. The experiments with this fungicide showed that it was quite efficient in controlling peach scab, brown rot, cherry-leaf spot, and apple scab. Where the self-boiled mixture is employed as a fungicide, the last treatment should be made at least a month before picking time, otherwise the fruit will be badly stained. The commercial lime-sulphur solutions, two brands of which were used, adhered better and remained effective longer than the self-boiled mixture. The use of arsenicals with the commercial lime-sulphur is as yet an unset- tled question. With the self-boiled mixture arsenate of lead or Paris green may be usetl, but since Paris green is injurious to the peach, it is unsafe to use it in spraying peach trees during the growing period. Concerning- the influence of sulphur dioxid fumes on fruit and fruit rot fungi, T. ZscHOKKE (Landw. Juhrh. Scliwciz, 22 (1908), No. L'l, pp. 899-908, figs. 8). — The effect of sulphur dioxid on stored fruit and the fungi causing rots was studied. Apples and pears were naturally and artificially infected with fungi, among which were Glceosporium fructigenum, Miicor stolonifcr, M. piriformc, and Botrytis cinerca, after which the fruit was subjected to fumes of sulphur dioxid. The treatment seemed without protective value, and in liractice the author advises against its use, as the fruit was often injured and in some cases made worthless by the fumigation and the fungi were not in the least affected. Yellowing of citrus ti'ees, J. Muller {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, SJi {1909), No. 2, pp. tJf9-157, figs, i^).— The author states that for some time complaint has been mtide that citrus trees were dying in South Africa. At first sight it was suspected that root rot was the cause of the trouble, but ou examiuatiou it was 150 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. found tbat the cro\Ams and larger roots were apparently healthy in every case. Various reputed causes for the disease were investigated, and collections of soils and leaves were made for analysis, which showed that the soils were poor in plant food and that the leaves were decidedly deficient in lime, sulphates, and phosphoric acid. Some fertilizer experiments have been planned in VN'hich the trees are to be given a generous supply of superphosphate and sulphate of pot- ash with the lio]io that the trouble m;iy l)e overcome. CofEee leaf disease in the East Africa Protectorate (Gard. Chron., 3. ser., Jf5 (1900), Vo. 1162, p. 21Ji). — ^Attention is called to the destructive nature of the coffee leaf disease (Hemileia vastatrix) wherever it occurs. According to the author, the exports of coffee from Ceylon have decreased from about $15,- 000,000 in ISSO to $125,000 at the present time, due almost exclusively to attacks of the fungus. The Ilemileia is known to occur in most of the coffee-growing districts of the East, being present in Ceylon, India, Java. Sumatra, Singapore, the Philip- pines, Samoa, Mauritius, and Madagascar, and in Natal, German East Africa, and other places on the mainland of Africa. In order to prevent the introduction of the fungus into British East Africa, oflicial action has recently been taken prohibiting the importation of coffee plants from any region where the fungus is suspected as being present. The resistance of CofEea congensis to Hemileia vastatrix, J. Dybowski (Agr. Prat. Pays Cliaitds, 9 {1909), No. 71, pp. 159, J6V?).— Attention is called to the fact that plants of C. congensis have remained resistant to Hemileia for a number of years when adjacent trees of C. arahicu have been utterly destroyed. The author claims that 7 years' observations have definitely shown the resist- ance of this variety to the attacks of Hemileia. and he further states that the quality of the coffee i.s in no way inferior to that of the Arabian variety. The fungus diseases of coconuts in the West Indies, F. A. Stockdale {West Indian Bui., 9 {1909), Xo. //, pp. 361-381). — Descriptions are given of a root dis- ease due to Botryodiplodia. a leaf disease caused by Pcstalozzia palmarum, and the bud-rot disease of bacterial origin. The occurrence of these cjiseases through- out the "West Indies is traced and suggestions are given for their control. The Diplodia disease of the coconut palm, A. Fredholm (Proc. Agr. Soc. Trinidad and Tohago, 9 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. l'>9-n2, pis. 6). — A descripticm is given of a disease of the coconut palm which the author claims is caused by combined attacks of a fungus and bacteria. The fungus is held to be the cause of the disease and it is believed to be the same as that descril)ed under the names Diplodia, Botryodiplodia, and Lasiodiplodia. It is thought that it may also prove identical with Diplodia epicocos, which has been described as occur- ring on the coconut. The nature of the disease and its manner of spreading are described. As the palm has but one growing point, the bud, if this is destroyed there is no possi- bility of saving the trees. For the prevention of the disease, sanitary precau- tions and cultivation are recommended. The fung-i of Hevea brasiliensis, T. Petch {Ztschr. Pflanzcnkranlc, 18 {1908), No. 2, pp. 81-92). — Notes are given on the parasitic fungi known to attack the leaves, stems, and roots of Para rubber trees, about 30 species of fungi being mentioned. Attention is called to the fact that a number of the more destructive species have other economic plants, such as coffee, tea, cacao, and palms, as their hosts, and in making plantations this fact should be taken into consideration. Spraying' for fungus pests, G. Massee {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 3.'f {1909), No. 3, pp. 305-312, figs. 2).— This is a paper presented at a conference ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 151 on sprayin.c: frnit tivi's, in which the senoral s^nhjoct of siirayinj; for the preven- tion of plant diseases is discussed. Iron arsenate and copper fungicides, V. ^'ermoeei, and E. Dantony {Prog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. rE.st-Cciilrc), JO (IDOD), No. J',, piK .',23, .'/^"/).— On account of frequent requests for information repardini? the comhination of iron arsenate witli copper fungicides to he used as a combined fungicide and insecticide, the authors were led to investigate the suhject, and they state that the mixture is not jiracticahle for several reasons. In the first place, the times of application for the prevention of tlie principal insects and for mildew do not coincide. In addition, the combination is decidedly destructive to foliage, particularly if an alkaline arsenate is added to the sulphate of copper. In conclusion, the authors state that the iron arsenate sliould be used alone and in no case combined with copper. Some points in tlie preparation of Bordeaux mixture, W. Kelhofer {Intermit. PJiijtopath. Diciist {Bcigabc Ztsehr. rflaiizenkrank.). 1 {IDOS), \n. 3, pp. 65-73, flgs. 7). — A study was made of some of the factors which must be considex-ed in the preparation of B.ordeaux mixture of good quality. Among these were the influence of the quality of the lime and copper sulphate, the relative proportions in wliicli they are employed, the method of mixing the solutions, aud the effect of the addition of sugar to secure greater adhesiveness. Within certain limits, the quality of the material was found to be of less importance than the relative quantities used. In prejiaring Bordeaux mixture it is recommended that the copi)er sulphate solution be slowly poured into the lime mixture. A low temperature of the solutions was found to prevent the rapid separation of the material, a temperature of about 15° C. being preferred to one of 75°. A much slower precipitation was obtained when the copper sulphate was poured into the lime than when the reverse process was followed. The addition of sugar delayed precipitation on standing, and when stock solu- tions are used it is essentially advantageous in delaying the separation of the mixture. The increasing' of the stability of Bordeaux mixture through the addition of sugar, W. Kelhofer (Landiv. Jalirh. Sctiicciz, 22 (IDOS), Xo. I'l, pp. SUO-863, fig. 1). — A study was made of Bordeaux mixture to which vai-ying quantities of sugar was added. The solution after preparation was placed in glass cylin- ders and the amount of precipitate measured from day to day. It was found that the rapidity of precipitation was greatly reduced by the addition of sugar. Analyses of some fungicides, W. Kelhofer {Laiulw. Jahrh, Scluveiz, 22 (190S), Xo. l.'f, pp. 870-87.'/). — Analyses are reported of a number of fungicides, most of which are commercial preparations. Among them are Renommee, ground sulphur, Sulfostite, nzurin. and Tuv. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Revision of the mice of the American genus Peromyscus, W. H. Osgood {U. S. Dcpt. Agr:, Bur. Biol, tiurvcu, XortJi Aincricaii Fauna No. 28, pp. 285, pis. S, figs. 12). — This work consists of a systematic study of the genus I'eromyscus, which includes the so-calle^l wood mice, deer mice, vesper mice or white-footed mice; keys for the identification of the various forms; and illus- trations and maps which show the geographic distribution of the si)ecies. The mice of this group occur in great abundance throughout the United States, ijarticularly in the Western States, but up to the present time the interrelations and ranges of the various forms had not been worked out. More than 27,000 specimens were examined in this woi'k. 152 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The various species of tlie genus have widely different local habitats, some inhabiting woodland, others swamps and watercourses, others open upland prairies, and others rocks, cliffs, and arid desert regions. Even single species are said to live under a surprising diversity of conditions. All are habitually nocturnal, though occasionally individuals under unusual circumstances may be seen abroad l)y day. Many of them doubtless burrow to some extent, but in most cases those that live underground occupy natural openings or retreats formed by other animals. They do not hibernate, but remain active throughout the winter even in northern latitudes. Although the food habits of various species are not quite the same, in general it may be said that very few feed extensively upon green and succulent food, such as is taken by the meadow mice, but nearly all prefer dry food, especially seeds and small nuts. Nearly all the species readily enter buildings in search of food and finding an easy living make themselves permanently at home. On the whole, they are less injurious to agricultural interests than meadow mice, but nevertheless they are vermin and their i7ndue increase should be checked. This can be accomplished best by trapping and poisoning as in the case of meadow mice. On the paratyphyoid and food-poisoning bacilli, and on the nature and efl3.ciency of certain rat viruses, F. A. Bainbridge {Jour, Path, and Bact., IS (1909), Xo. .'i, j)P- .'I'iS-.'iGG). — "The viruses examined owe their potency to one or other of two bacilli which are indistinguishable from B. acrtryck or B. cnteritidis resjiectively. " Under the conditions of the experiments, namely, the provision for the rats of abundant sjiace, food, and shelter, the destructive power of the viruses was inconstant; the death-rate in different experiments varying from 20 to 50 per cent. " Experiments made with phosphorus paste under similar conditions caused a higher and more uniform mortality than did any of the viruses, the death- rate varying from 61 to 67 per cent. " There is reason to believe that a certain proportion of the rats fed on the virus become immune, and would therefore be unlikely to succumb to a second infection. "The statements of the entire innocence of the viruses for man require justification." A bibliography of 28 titles is appended. The bacillus of the comniercial product " ratin " as a means for extermi- nating- rats, Xylander (Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 28 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1^5-167; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), Xo. 17, pp. 786-788). — Details are here presented of the cultural and bacteriological characters of the "ratin" bacillus and of feeding experiments therewith. Under the most favorable circumstances no per cent of the wild rats remain immune to its action, this being due probably to old infections with the Giirtner group. Some reflections regarding the free use of bacteriological cultures for the destruction of rats and mice, J. Danysz (Brit. Med. Joior., 1909, No. 2508, pp. 209, 210). — The author here considers the possible source of danger to man from the use in the destruction of rodents and other small mammals of certain nncrobic cultures that belong to the Salmonella or Bacillus cnteritidis group. According to the most recent investigations two types are to be distinguished among these bacilli, first, those to which belong the l)acillus of LoefHer, that of hog cholera, and that of psittacosis, all apparently identical with B. paratyphus B, and second, those to which belong the bacilli of the viruses of Danysz, Is- satschenko, Neumann, and Dunbar, which seem to be identical with the B. cnteritidis of Gaertuer. While the microbes of the Salmonella group are ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 153 extremely widespread in nature and are frequently found in eases of poisoning through food, it is considered as far from being proved that they are active agents in these occurrences. Such cases are considered as probably due to ptomaines, etc. It is concluded that " microbic cultures which have l>een handled for moi-e than 10 years by more than a million individuals, and which have been scattered broadcast on bread or grain in many parts of the world and placed within reach of domestic or other animals without causing any serious accident, can not reasonably be considered dangerous." California ground squirrels, C. H. Merriam {Pub. Health and Mar. Hasp. Scrv. U. .S\, Pub. Health Ruts., 23 (1908), No. 52, pp. 186 1-1 86-'/). —Three genera and a dozen species of ground squirrels are said to occur in California. In addition to the great losses to agriculture caused by these animals it has recently been discovered that they can be infected with plague, a few cases from this source having been reported. The beechey ground squirrel (CltcUus bceeheyi). the species found to be a carrier and disseminator of plague, is particularly considered. Attention is called to the importance of coyotes, badgers, foxes, and the golden eagle as natural enemies, and directions are given for trapping, poisoning, and destruction through the use of fumigants. Sug'g'estions concerning- treatment of seed corn with, deterrents against crows, P.. M. DuGGAR and M. M. McCool {New York Cornell f^ta. Cire. 6, pp. 13- ICi). — In the experiments reported the percentage of seed corn that developed following ti-eatment with different substances was as follows: Treated with pine tar, 98 to 100: with coal tar, 98 to 100; with turpentine emulsion for 3 hours, 38 ; with turpentine emulsion for 4i hours, 8 ; with pyridin solution for 3 hours, 98 to 100 ; and with anilin oil solution for 3 hours, 0. The results of these experiments are considered as demonstrating conclusively that the use of tar in no way prevents germination, and further that a protracted treatment with turpentine is extremely injurious. It was found that tar at the rate of 2 tablespoonfuls per 10 qt. of seed was sutticiently effective to coat almost every seed in the mass. "As a result of our own experiments it is not possible to say that the use of tar will effectively deter crows, since no observations could be made upon the effect of the treatment in repelling these birds. It was possible, however, to determine that tar is obnoxious to fowl. . . . Seeds which had been treated with a coal tar were also exposed in a room where mice had proved a nuisance. None of the corn thus treated was touched. . . . "Corn freshly treated Avith either of the tar preparations could not be em- ployed in the corn planter without experiencing great difficulty in uniformly dropping the seed. On the other hand, it is found that when properly spread on the dry floor the treated corn will completely dry out in a few days so that it may be used without difficulty in a planter. According to the experience of others, a quart or two of fine land plaster or sifted ashes may be mixed with the seed immediately after the tar treatment, and the treated seed may in this way be used immediately without serious inconvenience. In this case it would perhaps be wise to xise a minimum amount of tar." How to attract and protect wild birds, M. Hiesemann, trans, bj^ Emma S. BuciiHEiM {London, 1!>08, pp. 86, figs. 3). dgm. 1). — A small guide on bird iiro tection and preservation, which has been translated from the (icrman. The provision of suitable nesting places, feeding in winter, suppression of enemies, etc., are considered at length. Eelworms, T. W. Kirk (Ncio Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 16 (1908), pp. 123-126, pis. Jf, figs. 5). — The species which have become injurious in New Zealand are the stem eelworm {Tylcnchus devastatrix), the cucumber eel- 154 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. worm (Heterodera radicicohi), the beet eehvorm (H. .sch(ichi), and the ear cofkle {T. tritici). A brief account is given of each. A manual of forest zoology for India, E. P. Stlbbing {Calcutta: Govt., 1908, PI). XXIX+229 + XXIV, i)ls. IIS).— This worli is stated to have been primarily drawn up as a manual for the use of students at the Imi)erial Forest College at Dehra Dun, India. Pages 21-1G7 are devoted to the insects. The insect book, ^Y. P. Westell (Xew York and London \1!>0S], /;/>. A-H 120, pis. 20). — This is a brief popular account of insects. The senses of insects, A. Forel, trans, by M. Yearsley (London, l!li)S. pp. XIV+324, pJs. 2). — A translation and rearrangement from the (Jerman. A sport of the silkworm (Bomby^x mori) and its hereditary behavior, K. ToYAMA (Bui. Assoc. -Sen. Japon, 1908, Xo. 200, pp. 1-12; Ztscin: Induktirc Abstani. u. Vcrcrbtingslchre, 1 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 179-188). — Finding red worms to suddenly arise from a cross between two normal black breeds, the author con- ducted experiments in view of working out the laws of their inheritance, the details of which are here given. The following are the conclusions arrived at: "(1) The sport ' red worms ' may arise from the normal black breed by cross- ing which apparently brings about the segregation of the dominant character ; (2) the red worm thus produced remains constant from its first appearance; it is recessive toward the ordinary black worms and segregates from the latter according to the Mendelian law of heredity; and (3) sometimes it happens that the segregation of both characters is not complete as in the case observed by Correns in plants." Catalogue of the diptera of Argentina, Paraguay, and Uruguay, J. Brethes (An. Miis. Xac. Buenos Aires, 3. scr., 9 {1908), pp. 277-30.')). — Fifty families represented by a total of 650 species are included. Danish diptera, W. Lundbeck (Diptera Danica. Copenhagen and London, 1907, pt. 1, pp. 166, pi. 1, figs. J,7 ; 1908, pt. 2,^pp. 160, figs. Ji8).—ln part 1 the families Sti'atiomyiidse, Xylophagidse, Coenomyiidte, Tabanidie, Leptididre, and Acroceridte, and in part 2 the families Asilidse, Bompyliidje, Therevidte, and ScenopinidiT? are taken up. Specific chai'acters in the bee genus Colletes, M. II. Swene (Univ. [Nebr.] Studies, 8 (1908), No. 1, pp. Ji3-102, pis. 3). — Keys are presented for the separa- tion of the bees of the genus. Twenty-six species are described, of which 3 and 1 subspecies are new to science. Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic hymenoptera, VII, C. T. Bkues (Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Sac, n. ser., 6 (1908), No. 3-1,, pp. 15.'t-163, figs. 2). — Descriptions are presented of 9 new species belonging to the genera Cephalonomia, Proctotrypes, Aphanomerus, Asaphes, Chrysocharis. Xesomyia. Cosmophorus, Rosnota, and Bephratoides, the last two of which genera are new. The insect galls of Indiana, M. T. Cook (Proc. Ind. Acad. Set., 1907, pp. 88-98). — Seventeen well defined species of galls ai-e added to the list previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 572). Locusts in India, H. M. Lefroy (Dept. Agr. Bombay Bui. 32, pp. 12, pis. 7). — Two species, the northwest locust (Acridium [ISchistocerca] peregrinum) and the Bombay locust (A. succinctum), are said to be periodically destructive to crops in India. The two species differ in life history and habits, and are checked by diverse methods. The biology of these locusts and methods of con- trol are briefly considered. Report on destruction of locusts, W. Honey (South. Rhodesia, Rpt. Sec. Agr. 1907, pp. 2Jf-26). — A brief report of the campaign conducted by Rhodesia against locusts. It is estimated that a total of 14,109 swarms were destroyed by means of arsenite of soda and through the agency of fire. Some insects injurious to truck crops. The hop flea-beetle (Psylliodes punctulata), F. II. Chittenden (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 66, pt. 6, ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY, 155 PI). 71-92, pla. 3, figa. S). — Tlie bop rioa-beetk' li;is diiriiii; tho past .'5 yoars be- come uiuisuallj' abundant, witb the result that in the Cbilliwack and Apissiz Valley bop-growing regions of British Columbia it has caused the loss of about 80 per cent of the crop, or a cash loss estimated at not less that $125,000. This beetle is a native American species, quite distinct from any found on hops in England or on the Continent. It is shown to be generally distributed in the northern United States and southern Canada, from the Atlantic to the racitic, but does not ai)i)ear to occur south of Nebraska. This tlea-l)eetle affects both surfaces of a leaf, gnawing through the skin and devouring the pulp, usually leaving the skin on the opposite side entire ; this latter becomes discolored, forming yellowish-brown freckles as the leaf grows and expands, the skin at this point in time becoming torn and frequently show- ing holes. When the beetle occurs in moderate numbers the leaves become rid- dled as by fine shot, the punctures being most obvious after the plants have made some growth. In its attack on hops it frequently causes the leaves to look like a mass of network or more or less completely strips the vines of leaves. As in the case with tlea-beetles in general, this species does most harm to young plants. The injury is most noticeable on hops, sugar beets, rhubarb, and some other vegetables. Eggs, larv?e, and pup;e have been taken at a depth of 3 to G in. from the surface of the ground in hop fields. The larvse apparently feed on the roots of hops as well as those of other plants growing in the yards. An account by H. J. Quayle of the life history and habits of the pest as it occurs in British Columbia is presented. In that locality the beetles appear very early in the spring. Those taken in mating and inclosed in vials with earth at the bottom have laid eggs in from 8 to 10 days. The eggs have been taken on the hop roots about 4 in. below the surface and larvfe from 2 to 4 in. below the surface, both around hop roots and in the spaces between the vines away from the roots. Brief notes are presented on the larval habits of the American and European species of Psylliodes, and on local conditions and natural influences. Methods of control are considered at some length. It is said that unless the hop plants are sprayed nearly every day it is practically impossible to keep them sufficiently covered with poison to entirely protect from the ravages of these beetles. " The abundance of the beetles when they appear early in the season on young plants, their constant reappearance, and the constant new growth of the plants from day to day make it difficult to apply direct remedies with more than tempo- rary benefit. Where the hops are sprayed with kerosene emulsion or whale-oil soap for the hop aphis, the numbers of the beetles are lessened. Among meas- ures which give promise of value are the institution of clean methods of culti- vation, including deep fall plowing, treating hop poles in such manner as to prevent the beetles from liibernating in them, and clearing all remnants from fields so as to leave them as bare as possil)le to prevent the beetles from shel- tering there in winter. Arsenate of lead, I'aris green, kert)sene emulsion, whale-oil soap, and Bordeaux mixture should receive further tests, as should the employment of trap crops in the manner advised in this article." A complete bibliography consisting of 12 titles, with annotations, is included. Report on tobacco insects, A. C, Morgan (Tennessee Sta., Rpt. Coop, and Ext. ^york Afjr. Middle Trim. JH07-8, pp. 6"8-7'.i).^-This is a brief report of the inves- tigations being made in cooperation with the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. The tobacco Hea-beetle i^Jpitri.r purriild) was unusually aI)Mndan( in 1!M)7, as the result of the exceptional weather conditions. Through lax methods in keep- ing seed lieds jtroperly covered witli canvas many l>eds were destroyed and it is 7.'J2— No. 2—00 5 156 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. estimated that tliis resulted in a needless? loss to growers of over $400,000. It has been found that the injury to newly set plants by flea-beetles, grasshoppers, tree crickets, etc., can be greatly reduced by spraying directly after setting with arsenate of lead (1 lb. to 16 gal. of water). Upon plant beds the remedy to be used against flea-beetles is arsenate of lead in paste form in water at the rate of 1 lb. to 12 gal. of water, applied in a fine spray. If powdered arsenate of lead is used, i lb. to 12 gal. of water is sufficient. When the plants are very small, that is, have not more than 4 or 6 leaves and barely cover the ground, 12 gal. of the insecticide will spray about 240 sq. yds. of bed. Sod land intended for tobacco should be plowed in the fall in order to destroy the vegetation and thus starve many of the cutworms. As a further remedy for cutworms it is recommended that clover or a similar succulent plant be poisoned with Paris green mixed with sweetened water and dropped about the field at intervals of a few feet 3 or 4 days before setting plants. The greatest insect problem to the growers is the tobacco hornworm, of which there are 2 species, the northern (Phlegethontius quinquemaculata) and the southern (P. scxta). Both species occur in Tennessee, but the southern form is by far the more numerous. The only remedy besides hand picking in use to any extent against the tobacco worms is the a]iplication of Paris green in pow- dered form. Arsenate of lead in powdered form and as a spray is now being tested. Attention is called to the great need in Tennessee for a standard of purity for insecticides. Observations made of the hornworm showed a mortal- ity of 39 per cent due to the breaking up of the protecting cells as brought about by fall plowing. As a result of experiments it is recommended that all land upon which to- bacco is grown be plowed in the fall in preparation for the succeeding crop ; also, that the old practice of poisoning " Jimson " blooms with cobalt to kill the tobacco moths when they feed be revived. A rotation that would be effective against tobacco worms and at the same time would supply humus and preserve the fertility of the soil is briefly mentioned. A tentative outline is given of the work for 1909. Insects injurious to tobacco, G. E. Anastasia {Bol. Tec. Coltiv. Tahacchi [Scafati], 7 (1908), No. 3-'„ PP- 173-181, pi. 1; 8 {1909), No. 1, pp. 3-9, pi. 1).— A continuation of work previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1151). The first article considers, under the Aphididae, the species ScMzoneura corni and Dre- panosiphon aceris, and the second, the Aleyrodidse, of which A. tahaci Is taken up at some length. How to fight cranberry insects, H. J. Franklin {Massachusetts Sta. Bui. 126, pp. 8). — In this bulletin, which is a revision of Bulletin 115. previously noted (E. S. R., IS, p. 954), are given the practical applications resulting from 2 years' study and experiments on cranberry insects. In combating the cranberry fruit- worm {Mineola vaccinii) .on bogs which have a water supply for winter flowage and for reflowage, it is recommended that refl owing be done immediately after picking and continued for 10 days or 2 weeks. After allowing the foliage to ripen the water should be put on for the winter, and drawn off as a rule early in April, but every third or fourth year it should be held until after the middle of May. On winter-flowed bogs which do not have a water supply for reflowage, the winter flowage should be put on as soon as possible after the cranberry foliage has ripened and hardened and held until early in April. Every third or fourth year it should be held until after the middle of May. In all cases, the screenings should be buried to destroy any worms which may be in them, and the cracks and crevices where worms may have spun up in the screen house, if near the bog, should be cleaned out in order to guard against infection fiom this source. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 157 The firewonn (Eudemis vacciniana) is rarely, if ever, troublesome in Massa- chusetts on strictly dry bogs, apparently because of parasites and winterkilling of the eggs, parasites jirobably being by far the more effective of the two. If the false army worm (Calocainpa nupera) is found in sufficient abundance to make it advisable, the bogs should bo flowed for 24 to 3G hours as soon after May 15 as practicable. If caterpillars are present a few days after the first reflow. the water should bo put on again for 24 to 36 hours. On bogs with winter flowage only, the winter flowage should be held until after the middle of May every third or fourth year. On dry bogs, if young worms are found to be hatching plentifully, spraying should be done at once with arsenate of lead used at the rate of 7 lbs. to 50 gal. of water. In Massachusetts the yellowhead cranberry worm (Peronea minuta) is troublesome only on dry bogs. One thorough spraying with arsenate of lead at the rate of 5 lbs. to 50 gal. of water at the time of the hatching of the eggs of the second brood of worms is sufficient to clear a badly infested bog for 3 or 4 years. For the cranberry girdler (Cramdus hortucUus) on bogs which can be i-eflowed, it is reconuuended that such be done immediately after picking and continued for a weelv or 10 days. In case a dry bog be badly infested the vines should be burned with a gasoline torch, choosing a time when the vines would not otherwise burn readily, to guard against a fire which might escape from control. This burning should be done early in the season before the growth starts. Hints on spraying and on the use of water are appended. Some injurious orchard insects, A. F. Conradi and W. A. Thomas (South CnroJina Hta. Bui. I'l-i. pp. S-S5. figs. 15). — This is a general account of the more important .insect pests of orchards in South Carolina and methods of control. Next to the San Jose scale the peach-tree borer is considered the most de- structive to i)each trees in the State. According to records kept during 1908, pupation begins about July 1, there being a gradual increase until the maxi- mum period of pupation is reached about August 2. There is then a gradual decline until about September 2, and a few specimens go into pupation even as late as September 16. Adults begin to emerge on July 20, gradually increasing in numbers until about August 22, when there is a decline in numbers until about September 20. At the station 3 generations of Scolytus ruffidosus developed during the year, the fourth remaining in the larval stage in the bark during the winter. The woolly aphis is found in South Carolina on the roots of the apple at all seasons of the year. Investigations made during 1908 show that the San Jose scale has made heavy inroads in almost every section of the State and is causing enormous losses in peach orchards. The plum curculio, which is common everywhere in the State, has come to the attention of the author lu'incipally as a peach pest. The plum aphis (Aphis sctaria). oyster-shell bark-louse, apple aphis, and codling moth are also briefiy considered. The sulphur-lime wash, A. L. Melander and K. K. Beattie (WasJiinploii tplication of the lime-sulphur wash. The lesser apple leaf -folder (Peronea minuta), K. L. Webster (loica Sta. Bui. 102, pp. 1H1-212, figs. 13). — This pest is said to have been the source of con- siderable injury to apple stock in nurseries and young orchards during the past 2 years. The larva folds a single leaf or ties several leaves together and remains inside this liiding place, where it feeds undisturbed. Frequently several young larvKi will tie uj) the tender unfolding leaves of the growing tips and work inside the protection thus formed. In such a place the larva; ofteu bore through the 158 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. tender leaves, riaaiiiig tlieui with suiall holes. Infested trees present a tied-up iuid scraggly appearance where the leaf-folders become very numerous. The leaves in which the folder works turn brown as the result of the feeding, and a badly Infested block of apple stock may have the appearance of having been swept by fire. The leaf-folder itself is a greenish-yellow worm, about i in. long when it is full grown. It is slightly hairy, but these hairs or setse are hardly noticeable. There are two different forms of the moths, an orange-colored form which appears in the late spring and in the summer, and a slate-colored form which appears in the fall. The leaf-folders appear three times during the season : First, as soon as the leaves are out on the trees; second, about the middle of June; and third, early in August. They remain on the trees from 4 to 6 weeks before they become mature. Where there is only a small area infested much benefit can be obtained by picking or pinching the infested leaves. From the experiments here recorded it is concluded that in order to be effective spraying must be done when the leaf-folders are very young or while they are still iu the egg stage. A home- made arsenate of lead applied when the folders were iu the egg stage gave good results. The 1* strength composed of arsenate of soda 6 oz., acetate of lead 18 oz., and water 50 gal., is recommended. The natural enemies of this pest are said to play an important part in regulating its abundance. Two species of tachinids determined as belonging to the genera Nemorilla and Bactromyia were bred by the author from these folders. The ichneumonid, Chorincaus cari- natiis, was bred from the pupal stage. The braconid, CUnocentrus americanus, is said to have been the most common parasite. Chalcis ovata, and several new chalcids, were also reai*ed. The synonymy and life history are considered, in addition to which technical descriptions of the stages, and a bibliography of the more important references are given. Wormy apples and how to prevent them. Results of spraying' for codling' moth in 1908, J. E. Buck iMrgiiiiu Sta. Bill. /,Si. />/j. ,i-l.i, fif/s:. 0). — Follow- ing an account of the life history of the codling moth, spraying experiments are reported, the details of which with the results obtained are presented in tabular form. The results of spraying by several practical fruit growers are also given. The more important points brought out have been summarized by the author as follows : " There are two broods of codling moth in Virginia. " Temperature conditions governing the blooming of the apple trees seem to determine also the appearance of the first moths in the spring. " The spraying right after the petals fall from the bloom is most important, it being possible to kill over 97 per cent of the worms l)y one thorough drench- ing application of arsenate of lead at this time. " Both Paris green and arsenate of lead, when thoroughly applied, will pro- duce a high percentage of worm-free fruit. A pressure of at least 00 to 80 lbs. is necessary to produce a good spi'ay with Bordeaux caps. "Arsenate of lead has proved superior to Paris green in all our tests this season. It adheres better, and can be applied simply in water without any danger to fruit or foliage. One and one-fourth pounds in a drench spray, and 2 lbs. in mist sprays to each .50 gaj. of spray, have given good results, the re- sults being slightly in favor of the mist spray, whei'e two sprayings were given. " Spraying IS to 20 days after the petals fell from the bloom this season gave very good results, and indicates that it may be worth while to make the appli- cations this late if for any reason the spraying has not been done at the proper time. No one, however, should neglect the earlier spraying with this iu view, as it may not prove true for every year. ECONOMTf ZOOLOGY ENTOMOT.OGY. 159 "This so:iso)i's roconls iiidic-ilc Hint iiliout '.) nine weeks from the time the peliils fnll is the ri.i,'ht tiiiic to irive Ihe lirst sprM.viii.u lor the second hrood." Hyponomeuta malinella. D. Saracomknos {Ci)i)niK Jour., 190S,. No. 11, pp. 21')-211. pi. 1). — The author describes the life history and habits of the apple- tree ermine moth. Arsenicals are said to control the pest. Investig-ations of the olive fly, J. Chapelle and J. Ruby (Bui. Agr. AJgerie ct Tiiiiisic. I', (I90S), \o. 22. pp. J.'/J-J'/T). — A report of experim<>nts conducted hi liKtx l)y the olive-culture service with remedies for the olive Hy. Hymenopterous parasites of the olive fly in Italy and the probable exist- ence of other parasites in the native home of the fly, F. Silvestri {Atti R, 1st. Incoragg. NuikjU. (1. .scr.. .3!) (1907), pp. 637-(ni). — The 4 species Eiipclmiis tirozonius, EuJuphus longiilus, Eiirytoma rosa', and Dinarmus dacicida of the family Chalcidid.-e are the iuiport;int parasites of the olive tly. Their habits and importiince in combating the tly are considered at length. There appears to be a considerable variation in the relative percentage of infestation by the dif- ferent species at the different points from which collections were made. The author also considers the methods of breeding and utilizing these parasites. He concludes that a study of the parasites of the olive tly in the native home of the olive in southern and western Asia ought to result in the discovery of species that will assist in the control of the pest. The olive tineid, J. Chapelle and J. Ruby (Bui. Mens. Off. Rcnseig. Agr. [I'diis]. 7 (190S), No. 6, pp. 677-GSO; Rev. Vit., 30 (ll. I). — In tins report the dh-ector, K. Verson, reviews the work of the station for the year 1900-7, and pri-seiits a furtlier study of the j?lands of the silkworm. E. Qnajat presents a study made of the influence of high temperature on the eggs of silkworms, and E. Bisson reports on a study of the influence of external conditions in rearing upon the physical condition of the cocoon. Mulberry culture in southern and insular Italy is also considered by E. Quajat. Experiments on the relative quantity of foliage re- quired by pure-bred silkworms and crosses are reported by P. Tomaselli and G. Manolescu. A list, compiled by E. Bisson, of publications pertaining to sericulture, i)ublislied during IDOG-T, is appended. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Chemical studies of American barleys and malts, J. A. Le Clerc and R. Waiil (U. S. Dcpt. Aijr., Bur. Clicin. Bui. 12), pp. 7J, pi. 1). — This study of the composition of American-grown barleys and malts was undertaken to ascertain the relative value for alcohol production and for brewing of tlie ordinary 6-row and 2-row varieties produced in different regions of the United .States. The studies of the barleys and corresponding malts also afforded an opportunity to investigate chemically and physically the changes taking place during the malting of barley. According to the experimental data reported, " the 2-row barleys are some- what richer in starch, extract, bran, and endosperm, have a higher bushel and 1,000-grain weight, and a higher coefficient of mealiness and degree of dissolu- tion than the 6-row varieties. On the other hand, the 2-row variety contains less protein, fiber, pentosans, hulls, sulphur, embryo, and steely grains than the (i-row. The Bay Brewing barleys have a higher bushel and 1,000-grain weight than the ordinary 6-row barley, but less protein. The Utah Winter barleys have the most endosperm and contain the most starch, yield the most extract, have the highest coefficient of mealiness and degree of dissolution, and contain the le;;st protein. "The 6-row barley malts contain the highest percentage of protein, lecithin, soluble protein, and embryo, but are lowest in starch, extract (in coarse grist), bran, weight per bushel, and weight per 1,000 grains. "The 2-i'ow barley malts are highest in weight per bushel, extract, and coeffi- cient of mealiness, but lowest in fiber, pentosans, hulls, and embryo. " The Bay Brewing and Utah Winter barley malts are highest in starch, hulls, and weight per 1,000 grains, and lowest in protein, soluble protein, endosperm,, extract (fine grist), and coefficient of mealiness. " It has been shown that large kernels yield a higher percentage of extract than small kernels of the same protein content. The former contain more starch, weigh more per bushel, and give a higher coefficient of mealiness. The heavier kernels average less in protein content and contain more starch. The small grains of the same variety contain more bran, hulls, fiber, pentosans, and ash than do the larger grains. When barleys are divided into two groups — those of high and low protein content — the former are richer in fiber, pentosans, hulls, bran, and embryo; the latter weigh more per bushel and per 1,000 grains, and have more mealy grains after steeping, besides containing more extract, starch, and soluble [)rotein. " Mealy grains are generally lower in protein content. The permanently steely grains are richer in protein. A high phosphoric acid content is generally accompaniet., Rpts. Insi). Foods, 1908, No. 6, pp. 37). — The practice of American manufacturers regarding the use of pre- servatives in canned meats exported to the United. Kingdom, tlie presence of preservatives in raw materials which may be employed in the preparation of British-made canned and glass packed meats, and the practice of British manufacturers with reference to the use of preservatives in such goods are the questions considered in this investigation of meat foods. In the form of ap- pendixes a number of analyses of different sorts of preserved meat and of a patent pre.servative are reported by P. A. E. Richards. The inspection of meat in Paris in accordance with the law of August 1, 1905, Martel {Bui. 8oc. Cent. M^d. Yet.. 86 {1909), No. '/. pp. 10-16, dyni. 1).— The data summarized are chiefly statistical. Taxes and fees collected at abattoirs, H. Martel {Hijg. Viaiule et Lait, 2 {1908), No. 2, pp. .'i89-518). — The subject is discussed with special reference to French conditions. Unfermented grape juice, A. McGill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bill. 166, pp. 2S). — Seventy samples were collected, of which 2 were spoiled and 5 appeared to be fermented wines. Of the remaining 6.3 samples 51 contained no alcohol or a trace so small as to be negligible, 11 contained from 1 to 5 per cent proof spirit, and 1 sample above 5 per cent. Of the 63 samples examined 11 contained salicylic acid as a preservative. " It is interesting and important to note that, with two exceptions, those samples which contain salicylic acid contain very considerable percentages of alcohol; showing that the preservative has been added to the already fer- menting juice, to stay further fermentation, and not to the fresh juice, in order to prevent fermentation from beginning." Ten of the samples of grape juice and 1 of the wines contained coal-tar dyes. " It is woi'thy of note that most of the samples which contain dyes contain a preservative also." Maple sirup, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 15S, pp. 11). — Of 84 samples of maple sirup examined 61 were found genuine, 4 doubtful, 13 adulterated, and 6 mixtures. Maple products, A McGill {Lah. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 151, pp. 19). — Samples of maple sugar and maple sirup collected in the Dominion of Canada were examined. Of 71 samples of maple sugar 62 were found to be genuine and 8 adulterated, while 1 was doubtful. Of 71 samples of maple sirup 62 were declared genuine, 3 compound, and 6 adulterated. Judging by a summary of work carried on since 1905, " a noteworthy increase in the percentage of genuine samples is observable ; and this is especially marked in the case of maple sirup." Ground coffee, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 112, pp. 31). — Of 449 samples of ground coffee purchased in the Dominion of Canada 391 were found to be genuine and 45 adulterated, while 13 were sold as com- pounds. Table oils, H. Guth {Phann. Zentralhalle, .'/» {1908), Nos. J,9, pp. 999-1003; ■50, pp. 1011-1021). — A number of analyses of olive oils and other oils are reported with a view to the detection of adulteration. The influence of freezing and thawing upon wine, E. Rousseaux {Ann. Set. Agron., 3. ser., 3 {1908), II, No. 3, pp. Ji^M-.'i28) . — The experimental data are discussed with reference to the French pure-food laws. Hindering fermentation in sweet solutions by means of preservatives, H. LtJHRiG and A. Sartori {Phann. Zentralhalle, 'i9 {1908), No. .'i6, pp. 93.'i- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 165 942). — Laboratory studios with ;i iiiiniber of preservatives are reported, includ- ing foriuic acid, benzoic acid, aumioniuni tluorid, i),vrocatechin, abrastol, and hexa-niethyl-tctraiuin. Report of the department of food and drugs, State board of health, to March, 1909, H. E. Barnard (Mo. Bid. Ind. Bd. Jlralth, 11 {W09), Yo. 2, pp. 15-22). — Of the 355 samples of milk and milk products, butter, beverages, sausages, extracts, canned goods, etc., examined 108 were found to be illegal. Information is also given regarding the drugs examined and the prosecutions brought under the food and drug law. Official inspections, C. D. Woods (Maine Sta. Off. /hs/j. 1, 2, 3, //, 5, 6, pp. 8 each). — These i)ublications contain data regarding the examination of foods, drugs, and fertilizers under the State law, data regarding standards, advice to manufacturers and dealers, and similar matter, and in some cases the re- sults of examinations. The materials considered include sausage, maple prod- ucts, ice cream and ice cream substitutes, soda water, drugs, flavoring ex- tracts, pickles, catsup, oysters, salt fish, rice, vinegar, and fertilizers. Report of the First International Congress for the Suppression of Adul- teration of Foods and Drugs (Compt. Rend. Trav. Cong. Internat. Rcpr. Fraudes Aliment, et Pharm. Geneve, 1 (1908), pp. 290). — A list of officers and delegates, rules and regulations, minutes of meetings, standards recommended, and other similar data are included in this report of the International Con- gress for the Suppression of Adulteration of Foods and Drugs, held at Geneva, September 8-12, 1908. Summary of official enactments and documents relating to public hygiene (Rec. Actes Off. et Doc. Hyg. Pub., Trav. Cons. tiup. Hyg. Pub. France, 31 {1901), pp. 123, pi. 1, figs. 19). — The material included in this volume is sum- marized under three general heads, namely. Legislation and Administration, The Work of the Superior Consul of Public Hygiene in France, and Supple- mentary Documents. Notices of judgment (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 50, pp. 2; 51-53, pp. 1; 5.',-55, pp. .',; 56-51, pp. //; 58-63, pp. 12; 6^-65, pp. //).— The sub- jects included are the adulteration of coffee, misbranding of bottled beer, canned corn, a drug, coffee, lemon extract, canned apples and vinegar, and adulteration and misbranding of oats, lithia water and buckwheat flour. Decision of the Attorney-General in regard to the legality of the Referee Board (U. S. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decision 101, pp. 6). — The decision of Attorney-General Wickersham in regard to the legality of the referee board appointed to give advice upon questions arising from the enforcement of the Food aod Drugs Act is quoted in full. It sustains the legality of the board. Drug legislation in the United States, L. F. Kebleb ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 98, rev., pt. 1, pp. SJ/S). — In this revision of an earlier bulletin (E. S. R., IS, p. 421) the summaries of Federal and State enactments regard- ing drugs have been brought up to July 15, 1908, the present edition being neces- sitated by the large amount of new legislation along this line which has been enacted since the bulletin was first i)ublished. The material is arranged alpha- betically by States. The fireless cooker, Ellen A. Huntington {BuL Univ. Wis., No. 211, pp. 38, figs. 10). — The author summarizes historical and other data regarding fireless cookers and reports the results of investigations on the use of different mate- rials in the construction of such cookers and the effects of amounts and density of matetials upon the conservation of heat. From studies of the materials of which the fireless cooker was made, the packing material, and the effects of the density of the food cooked, the author concludes that "so far as the retention of heat was involved, (1) the outside 106 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. i-('l:iiiicr iiiiuiil Ix' rouiul in- square, made of ;;:ilvani/.c(l iron or \yoo(1 ; (2) tlio pat-kiiif,' material sliouhl be iiiineral wool: CJ) tlie larjtcer the mass and the fjreator the density of the food cooked, the better the conservation of heat." From the experiments on methods of preparing' food with the tireless cooker, the following conclusions were drawn: •"ITiese expei-inients show the possibilities of the tireless cooker, which based on scientific principle proves itself practicable for household use." Experi- ments with custard and potatoes show that it is possible to overcook some foods if they remain too long in the cooker. " Foods may be well cooked in it and it iiroves most desirable and economical of time and fuel for those foods which require long shnv cooking, such as oat- meal, meats, and dried fruits. Since the temperature is that of boiling water, it is not practical for cooking those foods which require the high dry heat of an oven, or for steaming. It may be itossible to overcome this difiiculty by insert- ing a quantity of liquid which has a higher boiling point than water. "Also, there is a certain economy of fuel, labor, time, and utensils in using the fireless cooker. " Housekeeping has lagged far behind other industries. An evidence of this has been the disregard of small economies. There is, however, a gi-owing ten- dency towai-d such economies and toward measuring them accurately and scien- tifically. . . . "lln using a fireless cooker] it is self-evident that there will be no loss of water from evaporation as there is in cooking over a flame, and allowance should be made for this. It is also evident that salt or flavoring matter must be added to the foods before they are placed in the cooker." As the author notes, the fireless cooker may be used for insulating and keeping ice cream or other such materials cold. How to spend a shilling' on food to the best advantage, S. H. Davies ( York Hcfiltli (1 11(1 HokhUkj Rcfonn ,Usoc. \ Fooil ('hurt \o. /|, /o//o). — This chart shows by means of colored diagrams the nutritive and energy value of 25 cts. worth of bread, cheese, and other common foods. The accompanying text dis- cusses the foods and their relative value. How to feed a family of five on twelve shillings nine pence a week (Tor/.- Hcctltli (iiid Uoiisinn Rcfonn Assoc, Food Chart Xo. 2, ini. '/. .A/yv. <>. (hnii. I). — This leaflet, which is one of a series (see above) designed for popular instruc- tion, gives inexpensive menus for a week, with the quantities of the several foods lequired per day, and recipes and cooking notes. The amount of nutri- ents in several of the foods and the nutrients and energy in the suggested menus are shown by means of colored diagrams. Cost of feeding city prisoners (Municipal Jour, and Engin., 26 {1909), No. 11, p. 11 H). — Information is given regarding the character and cost of the food of prisoners in the county jail and the city and county prison of San Francisco. In the former institution the average cost of feeding and clothing was 2.3 cts. per person per day and in the latter the average cost of feeding each prisoner was 14.75 cts. i)er day. The food of Finland peasants, S. Sundstkom (Untersuchungen iiher die Enidhrung der Landbevolkerung in Finnland. Hclsingfovs, 1908, pp. 230; rci\ in Rev. Gen. Sci., 20 (1909), No. 5, p. 20J,; Biochem. ZentU., 8 (1909), No. 10, p. oOil). — According to the reported" data, a man of medium weight and at mod- erate work consumes food furnishing 4,0(K;> calories per day, whereas a wi»man consumes from 2,700 to 2,800 calories. In the case of the man, the average daily ration supplies 136 gm. protein, of which 84 per cent is digested. In the case of fats and carbohydrates, the coefficients of digestibility are 90 and 85 per FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 167 cent, rospoctively. \vhil(> sLfi per cent of tin' eiierj^y of Ihe ralion is said lo l)c availMl)lo. Vegetable cookery and meat substitutes, Sarah T. Koukk ( riiUiidclphia, I'M'.), pp. 32S). — A collection of recipos and menus. Reform in our diet, M. Hindhede, ti'ans. by G. Bargum {Eine Reform uiiserer Hrniihruiig. Copenhugcn and Lcipulc, 1908, pp. 232, pi. 1, flgn. .'/). — lu this trans- lation into German from the Swedish it is stated that original new material has I)een incorporated in the uiain portion of the volume, and additional material has liceii added which has accnnuilated since the worlc was first printed. On the basis of the experience of himself, his family, and others, the author advocates a low proteid diet which in his own case consists of potatoes, bread, grits, fruit, and considerable fat, with small amounts of meat, eggs, etc. The bulk of the volume is taken up with summaries and discussions of literature bearing upon . the subject. General suggestions are also made regarding the importance of air, exercise, and other similar hygienic measures. Intracellular enzyms, H. M. Vernon (London, li)OS, pp. XI +240). — The autlior has iiroseuted in this volume a course of lectures given at the Physi- ological Laboratory of the University of London on proteolytic endoenzyms, fat and carbohydrate splitting endoenzyms, zymase and other glycolytic enzyms, oxidizing enzyms, the constitution and mode of action of enzj'nis, reversible enzyni action, and endoenzyms and protoplasm. Indexes are provided. Of the importance of the intracellular enzyms, or endoenzyms, and their relation to biological problems, the following statements are made : " These enzyms differ from the exo-enzyms, such as are found in many of the secretions of living organisms, by reason of the fact that they are bound up in the protoplasm of the cells, and, so long as these cells retain their vitality, can only exert their activity intracellularly. On death of the cells, the protoplasm disintegrates, and many of the constituent enzym groupings gradually split off and pass into solution. It is inferred, though strict proof of the inference is wanting, that any zymolysing powers possessed by such solutions were, in all jirobability, i)ossessed by the protoplasm before disintegration. And as a living tissue would scarcely elaborate and store up within itse]f enzyms which were useless to it, it is supposed that any enzym which can be extracted from a tissue after death — apart from such enzyms as may be secreted externally dur- ing life — was of functional importance during the life of the tissue. A thorough study of all the zymolysing powers possessed by the disintegration products of various typical tissues, vegetable as well as animal, is therefore of paramount importance, for the knowledge so attained may lead us far toward the ex- planation of the properties of living matter. It is possible that it may show us that many or most of the catabolic processes of living tissues, and perhaps the anabolic processes as well, are due to nothing more than the ceaseless activity of a vast variety of endoenzyms, bound up together in the biogens, and exerting their powers as they are needed. . . . This hypothesis of cellular metabolism is not at present by any means completely established on a sound experimental basis, but it is at least a working hypothesis, and one which can only stimulate research, not retard it. Hence, even if it ultimatelj' prove ernmeous, it needs no further justification. It is from the point of view of the probable validity of this hypothesis that the experimental data col- lected together in these lectures are described." On the occurrence of a phytin-splitting enzym in animal tissues, E. V. .McUoi.LirM and E. B. Hart {Joio: Biol. Clinn., .', (IDOK). A'o.' «. pp. y.n-'m)).— From the results of their exiK-rinients tlie authors conclude that "the liver and blood li:i\c the i)roperty of cleaving the salts of phytic acid with the production of innrganic phosphoric acid. The wide distribution of inosit in the tissues 168 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. reuders it impossible for lis to say from experiments yet made whether this is also produced in this cleavage." The effect of diet on the amylolytic power of saliva, C. H. Neilson and D. H. Lewis (Jour. Biol. Chem., .', {1908), No. 6, pp. 501-506, fig. i).— The re- sults of experiments led the authors to conclude that " there is a change either in the amount of ptyalin or in its activity, or in the concentration of the saliva, which enables more or less starch to be digested with a given quantity of saliva according to the diet. . . . Whether this change in the amylolytic power of the saliva due to diet should really be called an adaption to diet is immaterial." Concerning' the so-called amid nitrogen of protein, Z. H. Skraup and B. voN Hardt-Stremayr (Monatsh. Chem., 29 (1908), No. 3, pp. 25.5-262). — From the experimental data presented the authors conclude that the greater part of the amid nitrogen of protein is set free in the first cleavage process of the mole- cule which breaks it down into albumoses. The physiological significance of creatin and creatinin, L. B. Mendel (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 74-5, pp. 584-591).— A digest of physiological, chemical, and other data on the subject of creatin and creatinin. presented at the meeting of the Society of Physiology and Experimental Medicine. Balti- more. 1908. Diet as a means of increasing vital resistance in tuberculosis, with spe- cial reference to the protein ration, J. II. Kellogg (Med. Rec. [N. Y.], 75 (1909), No. 7, pp. 253-26.3). — The author concludes that vegetarian diet and low protein are conditions favorable to the treatment of tuberculosis. Mineral metabolism of infants, L. F. Meyer (Biochem. Ztschr., 12 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. Jf22-.'f65, figs. 2). — With food furnishing 40 to 50 calories per kilo- gram of body weight, and water in abundance, nursing infants were found to lose various organic and inorganic body constituents for a few days and then make small gains in these constituents with practically constant body weight. The effect of adding casein and fat to the ration was a subject of special study. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Metabolism of organic and inorganic phosphorus, F. C. Cook ( V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bill. 123, pp. 63. pis. 3). — The author reviews the work of previous investigators on this subject, and reports the result of feeding experi- ments with 4 rabbits lasting 5 months. The food consisted of a ration of carrots, gluten, a mixture of starch and sugar, olive oil, and salt solution. To 2 of the rabbits organic phosphorus in the form of crude phytin was fed, and to the other 2 an equivalent amount of phosphorus in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihy- drogen phosphate. " TLie rabbits to which the inorganic salts were fed received daily 5 cc. of a standard salt mixtiu'e consisting of 450 gm. of sugar, 4 gm. of calcium chlorid, 15 gm. of sodium chlorid, .30 gm. of potassium chlorid. and 1 gm. of magnesium sulphate, made up to a volume of 2.000 cc. and containing 0.0492 gm. of phosphoric acid in the form of disodium hydrogen phosphate and sodium dihydrogen phosphate per cubic centimeter. The rabbits to which the organic phosphorus was fed received daily 5 cc. of a salt mixture made so as to supply an equivalent amount of the above minei'al salts, allow- ance being made for the presence of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and phosphorus in the phytin." The nitrogen and phosphorus balances were determined during a period of nearly 5 months. The inorganic phosphorus was estimated in the urine by the uranium-acetate titration method. During the last 4 weeks calciimi, mag- nesium, and ether-alcohol soluble phosphorus. (lecithin) balances were included. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 169 At the end of the period the ral)bits and also 2 uoruial rabbits were chloro- formed and the different orpins of tlie body analyzed. In all cases post-mortem examinations were made and slides of the various organs were made and histological changes noted. The i)reliminary feeding ])(>riod lasted !(»('' days, with the following resnlts: One rabbit that received a larger amount of nitrogen than the others gained in weight. The total nitx'ogen ingested varied during a period of 7 days fvom 5 to (5.6 gni. of nitrogen per 1,000 gm. of body weiglit. More nitrogen was excreted in the urine of those fed orgaiuc jiliosphorns tlian in the case of tliose fed inorgaiiic phospliorus. The amount of nitrogen eliminated in the feces varied with the individual rabbit from 9.3 to 14.6 per cent. The rabbits fed inorganic phosphorus retained a larger proportion of the absorbed nitrogen than did those fed organic phosphorus. The average amount of phosphoric acid ingested during 7 days per 1,000 gm. of body weight varied from 1.6 to 2.2 gm. From the average tigures it appears that the rabbits fed organic phos- phorus eliminated a smaller percentage of the ingested phosphoric acid in the urine than those fed on inorganic phosphorus. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in the food was but slightly above 3 : 1, a much larger propor- tion of phosphoric acid than is usually fed in a normal diet. The ratio of nitrogen to phosphoric acid in the urine varied from 5: 1 to 7.5: 1, being higher in the case of the rabbits fed organic phosphorus owing to the rebitively larger elimination of phosphoric acid in the urine of those fed inorganic phosphorus. The pi-incipal feeding period lasted 4 weeks. The amount of nitrogen ingested and absorbed was quite uniform. The amounts excreted in the urine and feces varied considerably. The relation of urine nitrogen to urine phos- phorus was Iiighest in the case of the rabbits fed organic phosphorus. The ratio in the feces was very regular. A higher ratio of calcium to magnesium was noted in the feces of the rabbits fed inorganic phosphorus. This ratio varied considerably in the urine of the individual rabbits, as did also the ratio of i)hosphoric acid to calcium in the feces. The phosphoric acid to calcium ratios in the urine again showed more phosphorus eliminated by rabbits fed inorganic phosphorus than by those fed organic phosphorus. The ether-alcohol extracted phosphorus represented but a small proportion of the total organic combined phcfsphorus. and it is concluded that no ether -alcohol phosphorus is normally present in the urine even after the feeding of organic phosphorus. '• In the case of the rabbits fed organic phosphorus the average amount of cal- cium absorbed from the intestinal tract or metabolized was higher than in the case of those fed inorganic phosiihorus. These figures agree with the theory that the calcium and phosphorus in the inorganic form unite to form the insol- uble calcium phosphate which is eliminated by the bowels in an unchanged form." The amount of metabolized magnesium that was retained indicates that the rabbits fed inorganic phosphorus, while metabolizing a smaller amount of the magnesium than did those fed organic phosphorus, retained a larger percentage of the amount actually metabolized. A post-mortem examination of the bones of the experimental rabbits showed tliat they formed a larger percentage of the body weight than in the case of normal rabbits and a higher content of ether-soluble matter. The livers of the rai>l)its fed on organic phosphorus for several months showed fatty degenera- tion as well as fatty infiltration. Of the livers of the inorganic phosphorus-fed rabl)its one showed both fatty degeneration and fatty infiltration ; the other, only slightly fatty infiltration. The livers were enlarged and contained con- siderably more nitrogen and phosphoric acid than normal livers when calcu- lated to a water and fat-free Itasis. As com]»ared with the normal ralibits, the brains and nerves of the rabbits fed on organic phosj)horus yielded a larger percentage of ether-alcohol soluble jihosphorus, while those of the rabbits fed 170 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. inorganic pliosplionis yielded a suialler percentage. There was also a larger percentage content of ether-solnhle material in tlie In-ains and nerves of tlie phosphorus-fed rabbits than is normal. Investigation of neolithic bones of eastern Galicia, M. Dure (Zt.schr. Landw. Tcrsuchsiv. Ostcrr., 12 (J!>0'J) Xo. 2, pp. 77-86). — Fossil bones of bison, horses, sheep, cattle, swine, goats, deer, beaver, and dog which were exhumed in 1908 from the remains of a neolithic settlement of the second century. B. C. are briefly described. Ai)parently the equine and probably the bovine specimens were those of domesticated animals, but the others were remains of wild species. On the Irish horse and its early history, R. F. Scharff (Proc. Roil. Irish Acad.. 27 (1D09), Xo. 6, »S'eci. B, pp. S1-S6). — In this discussion on the origin of the Irish horse the equine types in the Irish National Museum are compared with other types, and measurements of the museum specimens are given. The author thinks the domesticated Crannog horse, which dates l)ack to the tenth century, is descended from the wild Shandon horse rather than from later im- ported horses of Si)anisli or eastern blood. The heredity of secondary sexual characters in relation to hormones; a contribution to the theory of heredity, J. T. Cunningham {Proc. Zool. 8oc. London. J'JUS. Ill, p. 'iS'i). — This is a paper read before the Zoological Society of I^ondou. The author criticises recent theories of the heredity of sex and restates Darwin's tlieory of pengenesis in terms of modern physiology. If hor- mones can pass from sexual organs into the blood it is suggested that con- versely hormones from the soma might affect the gametes and so produce some heredity effect in succeeding generations. If this be so, the hormones would thus possess the characteristics of the theoretical pangens of Darwin. Secondary chromosome-coupling's and the sexual relations in Abraxas, E. B. Wilson (Science, n. scr., 29 (1909), A'O. 77/8, pp. 70.','7()(i).—X discussion of the sex heredity theories of Wilson and Castle, previously noted i E. S. li., 20, p. 1071; 21, p. 71). The author cites here cases in which the Y-element is not the vehicle for the transmission of secondary male characters. Sterility, H. Leeney (Live Stock Jour. [London], 69 (1909), No. 1827, p. J.S7). — The author calls attention to tlie increasing frequency of sterility in live stock which has been bred for special purposes, and thinks that many cases are due to influences which aft'ect that portion of the spinal cord which lies within the sacrum. Some drugs have a special influence on this part of the cord, but it is not known how far such artificial excitation is desirable or how long fertility may be restored in this manner. Fecundity of swine, F. M. Surface (Biomctrila, 6 (1909), No. Jt, pp. J,33-J,36, dgnis. 2). — Frequency curves were fltted to data previously reported (E. S. R., IS, p. 267), and analytical constants for variation of fecundity in brood sows of the Duroc Jersey and Poland China breeds were determined. The chief constants for the Poland China are : Mean, 7.435o±0.01 ; median, 7.8754; mode, 7.2924; standard deviation, 2.0.38 ±0.01 3 ; coelticient of variation, 27.411 ±0.172 ; and skewness, 0.0701±0.01. The constants for the Duroc Jersey are: Mean, 9.3372±0.021 ; median, 9.7631; mode, 9.2064; standard deviation, 2.427±0.016; and coefficient of variation, 2r).997±0.1t>9. These constants are of considerable value because of the large number of litters dealt with. The coefficient of variation is somewhat lower than. the average for other animals. The Poland China, with the smaller mean and larger variation, shows a slightly larger skewness. A difference in the value of the means of almost 2 pigs in favor of the Duroc Jersey conlirnis the common observation that this breed is very prolific. A short account of an experiment in crossing the American bison with domestic cattle, M. M, Boyu {Anicr. /ireaZcr.s' Assoc. Proc, '/ (1908), pp. ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 171 324-331, figfi. .'/). — A bison bull was mated witb pure-bred cows of the Polletl Angus, Hereford, West Highland, Sussex, and Devon breeds, with Polled Angus and Galloway grades, and with scrubs. The tentative list of dominant characters which appeared in the hybrids is as follows: The white face of the Hereford, polled head of the Angus, voice of the bison, white hind and forequarters of the beef breeds, and the gradual shedding of the coat of domesticated cattle. The body color of the bison was usually dominant. The hump of the bison was inherited, but in a moditied form. The length and (piality of fur were intermediate. The period of gestation varied from 244 to 277 days, with an average of 264. There were 59 successful births and 63 abortions. The hybrids are larger, yield larger carcasses of beef, and have a pelt which appears to be of more value than that of the pure bison. Data on variation in the comb of the domestic fowl, R. and Maud D. Peael {Biometrika, 6 {I90D), No. '/, pp. 420-.'i32, figs. 97). — In this article the authors endeavor to give a quantitative description of the nature and amount of varia- tion in the form and size of the comb normally occurring in a homogeneous pure-bred strain of Barred Plymouth Rock hens. Apparently there is a con- tinuous variation in every definable characteristic of the comb. The extraor- dinary degree of variation which exists even within a single comb type is illustrated by figures, and the frequency distributions for variation are pre- sented in tabular form. In hybridizing experiments with single and pea comb crosses results were similar to those found by Davenport (E. S. R., 20, p. 1072). On the inheritance of color in domestic pigeons, with special reference to reversion, R. Staples-Rrownk ( /'roc Zoo/. ,s'0(-. Ijjndoii, IHUS, /, pp. G7-10Jf, plx. -'i ; abs. Zt-scJir. Iiuluktirv Abstain, u. Vererbuiigslelirc, I (1909). \o. //. pp. 39j, 396).— In these experiments the greater number of matings were between the black Ba)'b and the white Fantail, a cross originally made use of by Darwin and by which he obtained a breed nearly identical to Columba livia. In the first generation the birds were all black except a few white feathers. In the second generation blacks, whites, reds, and blues appeared. " The black element is dominant or epistatic to the blue and must be regarded as not derived from the wild pigeon but added to it by some subsequent varia- tion. . . . The F 1 generation shows a dominance of black to white. . . . The blue type may be homozygous or may be dominant to white. Black was never obtained by the mating together of two blues. The mating of blues and blacks shows that blue is a simple i*ecessive to black. ... A majority of reds produced in a F 2 generation and from subsequent matings showed a bluish tail with a very distinct bar, the end parts also having a bluish tinge. . . . Red has shown itself to be recessive to both black and blue but dominant to white." AVith Harb-Xuu crosses no blue birds were produced. " A cross between a white Tumbler and a white Fantail gave an interesting lesult. The F 1 l)irds were either pure white or showed a few colored feathers. Two of the latter bred together gave whites, ' ticked whites." and tricolors. The appearance of these colored birds in F 2 ])oints to the white Tumbler being a dominant white." Studies were also made of the irides, beaks, claws, and eye wattles. There is a marked correlation between the black iris and the black plumage, and to a lesser degree between the black plumage and the white iris. Pigment in the beak and claws is correlated with certain types of plumage. The red wattle appeared to be dominant over the flesh-colored. [Analyses of feeding stuffs], R. E. Rose and \. M. Henry {Fid. Quart. Hill. IJrpt. Ayr., 19 (1909), No. 2, pp. 80-8i^).— Analytical data are reported of 732— Xo. 2—0!) 6 172 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. cotton-seed meal, wheat bran, cottonliead bay {FralicJua fioridana) . kudzu viue stems, corn and velvet bean cho])s, and many mixed feeds. Inspection of commercial feed stuffs, P. H. Smith and P. \. Goldsmith (Massachusetts 8ta. Bui. 128, pp. 3-56).— This bulletin contains analyses of commercial feeding stuffs found in tbe Massachusetts markets during the year 3908, together with such comments as are called for by the results of the inspec- tion. The principal products analyzed were cotton seed, linseed, corn, Kafir corn, hominy, and alfalfa meals, rice, flax, gluten, and molasses feeds, distillers' and brewers' grains, malt sprouts, wheat bran and middlings, meat scrap.s, poul- try and mixed feeds. Attention is called to the growing tendency on the part of the manufacturer of certain feeding stuffs to incorporate in the products weed seeds, grain screenings, and other low-grade material. Under the title, The Dairyman and the Grain Problem, J. B. Lindsey suggests grain rations that may be used for milk production. There is a tabulated list of the wholesale cost of feeding stuffs for the year. Composition of feeding stuffs on the Canadian market, F. T. Shutt {Ottaini: Govt., 1909, pp. 21-.'i2). — Analyses of corn, wheat, oat and pea prod- ucts, cotton-seed and linseed meals, flax refuse, molasses feeds, and other feed- ing stuffs are reported. The feeding of cotton-seed meal and hulls, A. M. Soule {Columbia, 8. C. [1908], pp. 51, figs. 12). — This is a popular exposition of the use of cotton-seed meal and hulls as feeds for stock, and includes the results of many feeding tests with cattle, sheep, and hogs which were made at various State experiment stations. A successful poultry and dairy farm, W. J. Spillman {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers" Bui. 355. pp. -'fO. figs. 7). — This bulletin describes in detail the methods practiced on a farm in Jefferson County, Washington, which was hewn out of the timber by the owner and his family and farmed by them for IS years prac- tically without outside help. The jn-incipal products sold are l)utter, eggs, and poultry. At the present time 33 cows and 700 hens are kept. About 35 to 40 hogs are butchered each year. The principal crops raised are potatoes, roots, wheat, clover, English rye grass, rye, barley, and oats. No corn is grown as it does not do well under the pre- vailing conditions. Clover and English rye grass are the main silage crops. On the drier fields orchard grass is sown instead of rye grass. Peas and oats were formerly used for silage, but the past few years the peas have failed. Experi- ments with vetch as a substitute for peas have been made, and it has been found satisfactory. One year the silo was filled with barley on account of a failure with peas. A neighboring farmer makes silage of barley without a silo by simply covering the green material with IS in. of earth. The annual income from this farm of SO acres is about $5,000. Experiments in raising- calves, PI. Thiel (Landtc. Jahrh., 37 {1908), Ergdn- zungsh. 3, pp. 228-235). — Feeding experiments with proprietary calf feeds are reported. Three years' experience with denatured starch have proved it to be a useful substitute for milk fat in calf raising. The breeding tendencies of the black spotted low-country cattle in the Province of Posen, Z. Jeszykowski {Die Zuchterfolge des 8ehwarzhunten Niedcruugsriiidcs in der Proviiiz Pqsen. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Breslau, 1907, pp. 88, figs. 3; ahs. in Miiehw. Zeiithl., J, (1908). A'o. 12, p. 5.'fl).— The agricultural and cattle industry of Posen is briefly described. Fi-om measurements of 07 ani- mals of the Oldenburg breed and of 5!> of the East Friesian, the author finds that since their introduction into the I'rovince of Posen these breeds have been somewhat reduced in size and approach more closely the form of a general- purpose animal than the original stock. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 173 Sheep and lambs in Tennessee, F. C. Quekkau (Tennessee St a. Bui. H.'i, pp. 15-24, map 1; Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Middle Tenn. 1907-8, pp. 89-98, map 1). — This is a preliminary report on lamb production for the early market. Methods of breeding and feeding are described and the market demands for the Easter lamb are discussed. The sheep industry in Nova Scotia, ,T. B. Spencer et al. {Ann. Rpt. Sec. Agr. Xora Scotia, 1901, pt. 1, pp. 67-156, pis. 12, figs. 5). — This consists of a series of articles on the various phases of the sheei) industry. Feeding' experiments with swine, H. Thiel {Landiv. Jahrb., 37 (1908), Ergunzungsb. 3, pp. 203-228). — This article reports the feeding experiments which have been in progress since 1903. Sugar chips when fed at the rate of 1 : 1.5 kg. per day have proved to be an excellent feed, but are less economical than dried potatoes. Barley when fed alone was a better feed than maizena feed or when mixed with maize or maizeua feefl. It increased slightly the cost of gains wheu fed as a supplement to potato flakes or to potato flakes and meat meal. Potato flakes made more economical gains than beets. On the influence of feeding stuffs on the properties of fat and lean meat in swine, K. Popowitsch ( Uber den Einfluss der Futtermittcl auf die Be- schaffenhcit des Fleisches und Fettes hci Schiceinen. Inaiig. Diss., Unic. Halle, 190S. pp. 71; ahs. in Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 17 (1909), No. 3, p. 139). — Ten pigs were fed a basal ration of potatoes and skim milk. To this was added at difl'erent times barley, maize, peas, and sesame oil meal, but with- out effect on the composition of lean meat. The composition of the fat varied accordiug to the nature of the feed. The oils from maize, peas, and sesame being rich in olein increased the olein content of the body fat. American poultry culture, R. B. Sando (New York, 1909, pp. IX+263, pis. 39, fig. 1, dgin. 1). — The information contained in this practical treatise on poultry culture is based upon the author's experience. It is prepared especially for the begimier and for those who wish to keep small flocks, although the methods reconunended can be applied to poultry keeping on a more extensive scale. [Statistics of live stock in New Zealand] (Statis. Neio Zeal., 1907, vol. 2, pp. .'i69--'i76). — These are tables showing the increase in the number of live stock of sevei-al provincial districts of New Zealaud since 1S58. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Comparison and improvement of dairy herds in Tennessee, S. E. Barnes (Tennessee tita. Bill. S3, pp. 3-12, pgs. ) ; Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Mid- dle Tenn. 1907-8, pp. 73-83, figs. .'/). — This is a report of the work of the station in coopei'ation with the Dairy Division of this Department. The records of 12 typical dairy herds are tabulated. The best herd averaged 307.5 lbs. of but- ter fat i)er cow per year, valued at $92.25. The poorest herd liveraged 177.8 lbs. of butter fat per cow per year, valued at $J'»3..3G. One cow made a profit of .$8G..32, whereas another was fed at a loss of $4.55. The advantages to be gained by improving the stock and feeding home-grown feeds are pointed out. Tests with different breeds of cows, H. Thiel (Landw. Jahrb., 37 (1908), IJrgiinzinigsh. 3, pp. 236-32'/). — This is a detailed report of experiments with 14 Red Ilolstein, 15 Angler, and 14 Weserrnarsch cows, and is a continuation of work jtreviously reported ( E. S. R., 18. p. 7()(;K The Roil Ilolsteins on an avei-age weighed (i02 kg. and iimduced during 1 year ."i.H8,") kg. of milk and 18().l kg. of butter fat. The Anglers averaged 443 kg. in weight, produced 5,222 kg. of milk and 183.4 kg. of butter fat. The Weser- rnarsch cows averaged 570 kg. in weight, produced 5.423 kg. of milk and 175.5 kg. of butter fat. 174 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Tlie data concerning the amount of feed eaten are submitted in detail, to- gether with descriptions and measurements of the individual cows. The results of these experiments are compared with similar data for other breeds. Feeding experiments with milch cows, H. Thiel {Landw. Jahrb., 37 (1908), Ergdnzungsb. 3, pp. 111-203). — In these experiments the basal ration consisted of meadow hay, beets,' and peanut meal, and the feeding stuffs tested were barley, oats, rye, maize, wheat bran, rye bran, rice-feed meal, and maizeua. As in earlier experiments (E. S. R., IS, p. 765), the feeding stuffs were found to exert specific effects on the amount and chemical composition of milk inde- pendent of their nutrient constituents. The work since 1903 is summarized. Maizena, and in a less degree, maize and oats, increase the amount of milk but decrease the percentage of fat, so that the total amount of fat remains about the same. Feeds like palm-nut cake and cocoanut cake increase the amount of fat, but poppy-seed cake and rice-feed meal decrease it. The other feeds did not influence the amount of fat so perceptibly, but linseed cake, rape-seed cake, sesame cake, and cotton-seed cake are deemed slightly more favorable for fat production than peanut cake. Wheat bran was a somewhat better feed for cows than rye or rye bran. The effect of feeding- beet leaves on the composition of milk fat, H. LiJHRiG, A. Hepner, and G. Blau (Pharm. Zentralhalle, 50 (1909), No. 14, pp. 215-282).— Experiments along the lines previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1010), were con- tinued, and indicate that the feeding of beet leaves increased the Reichert- Meissl, saponification, and Polenske values, but lowered the index of refraction and the iodin number. The milking machine as a factor in milk hygiene, E. G. Hastings and C. Hoffmann iCcntU. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 22 (1908). No. 1-10, pp. 222-231, fig. 1). — This article has been substantially noted from another source ( E. 8. R., 20, p. 77). Some studies of the physiological leucocyte content of cow's milk, B. H. Stone and L. P. Sprague {Jour. Med. Rcscaych, 20 (1909), No. 3, pp. 235-2 't3, figs. 2). — Parallel leucocyte counts \A'ere made of the blood an4 milk from 57 cows. The authors found that the number of leucocytes in the blood varied be- tween 6,000 and 10,000 per cubic centimeter, but was subject to no such varia- tion as the milk leucocyte content. There was no relation between the gen- eral blood condition and the leucocyte content of the milk. Apparently in cer- tain cows there is a tendency to a high leucocyte content over a considerable time. Leucocyte counts were also made of the milk of 2 healthy Jersey cows during the entire lactation period. " The I'esults of this work have tended to shake our confidence in an arbitrary numerical leucocyte standard as a reliable criterion of the sanitary fitness of milk when taken from single cows, yet we do believe that the physiological aver- age is considerably below 500,000 — only 1 per cent of the counts made by us were above this number — and that very seldom would the count of the mixed milk of 10 or more cows go above this figure unless there were present abnormal conditions in some of the animals. With the 2 cows selected by us, the aver- age was above 500,000 only 3 times in a total of 538. It is fair to presume that the additional introduction of one or more normal cows into the series would have materially lowered the percentage, as there seems to be no relation between the high counts in the milk of the 2 cows when kept on regular diet." The authors describe a new tube for quantitative and qualitative analyses of milk sediments. The physiological and therapeutical properties of the serum of milk, R. Blondel. [Lancet [London], 1909, I, No. 15, pp. 1038-1040) .—This article is DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 175 a translation of a nicnioir (•t)iuiinniicated to the Paris Academy of Medicine April 9, 1909. Subcutaneous injections of a serum of cow's milli from which the bacteria had been removed by filtering increased the number of polynuclear leucocytes and the excretion of uric acid and lowered the blood pressure. This last prop- erty sugjiiested the iise of milk serum in therapeutics, but its action so far has been uncertain except in cases of arterial hypertension in arterio-sclerosis. In 62 out of 03 cases of this nature the fall of blood pressure was constant and there was a mitigation of the subjective symptoms, such as headache and in- somnia. The methods of preparation and use are described. Ultramicroscopic investigations on the behavior of casein suspension in fresh and in coagulated milk, A. Kreidl and A. Neumann {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiffcr], 123 (1908), No. 9-10, pp. 523-539; ahs. in Milchiv. ZentU., 5 {1909), No. 2, pp. 83, 8.'i). — Ultramicroscopic particles composed of casein are found in the milk of the cow, dog, cat, rabbit, guinea pig, elephant, horse, goat, and rat, but are absent in human •milk unless acid is added. In the goat, rabbit, and dog they are found in the colostrum. In the cat they are found only from 24 to 36 hours after parturition. On coagulating these particles adhere in clusters. The number of particles is increased upon shaking with ether or centrifuging, and decreased when enough alkali is added to neutralize the acidity. The action of acids on the coag'ulation of milk by vegetable rennets, C. Gerber {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1^6 {1908), No. 21, pp. 1111-1111,; abs in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 9.', {1908), No. 551, I, p. 77/5).— The action of vegetable rennets that coagulate boiled milk more readily than fresh milk is retarded by the addition of small quantities of citric, succinic, butyric, i)hos- phoric, and hydrochloric acids and accelerated by larger quantities. In the case of rennets that curdle fresh milk more quickly than boiled milk, the above named acids, except citric, accelerate the action. Citric acid retards the action except in small quantities. The chemical composition of tuberculous milk, A. Monvoisin {Hyg. Viande et Lait, 3 {1909), No. .',, pp. 11,5-150; abs. in Rev. Gen. Lait, 7 {1909), No. 12, p. 285). — When compared with normal milk tuberculous milk contains a larger percentage of nitrogen and ash but less fat, sugar, dry matter, and acidity. Milk fat of goats, M. Siegfeld {Milch id. ZentbL, 5 {1909), No. 1, pp. 13- 15). — The author made a number of analyses of the milk fat of goats. The Reichert-Meissl number ranged from 23.9.5 to 26.85, the Polenske number from 4.60 to 7.10, the iodin value from 25.1 to 29.2, and the saponitication value from 235.1 to 242.2. Other determinations were also made and reported. Fishy flavor in butter, L. A. Rogers {JJ. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Circ. 11,6, pp. 20, figs. 2). — This is an investigation into the cause of the fishy flavor, a peculiar oily taste suggesting mackerel or salmon, sometimes present in butter. The trouble is of widespread occurrence and most noticeable in fresh butter during hot weather. Contrary to the results reported by O'Callaghan (E. S. R., 13, p. 179; 18, p. 1078), a fishy flavor could not be produced by inoculation with Oidium lactis. A biological study was made of farms, but no condition was found in the pastures and on the farms furnishing milk from which fishy butter was made which did not exist on some of the farms producing normal buttei*. This applied to the water supply as well as to the flora of the pastures. These results seemed to exclude the possibility of any direct connection between the feed of the cows and the presence of the fishy flavor in the butter. Fishiness could not be produced in butter made under winter conditions by any combina- tion of circumstances. Bacteriologically, the only peculiarity of the cream from 176 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the farms whore tlio fisliy tlavor was (l('vel()|)e(l was the prcsfMice of very active lactu-aciil bacteria. "In all cases in wliicli the records were complete it was found that those experimental butters wliich became fishy were made from high-acid cream. Fi.shy butter was made from cream acidified with lactic and acetic acids. How- ever, cream with high acidity does uot uniformly develop tishiness." It was apparent that acidity although having a determining influence on the fishy flavor was not its sole cause. The effect of overworking butter was next in- vestigated, and it was observed that fishiness occurred only in a combination of high acidity and overworlving. Further experiments in this line show^ed that overworking improved rather than impaired the flavor of the unripened cream butter, but evidently hastened the appearance of the fishy flavor in the ripened cream butter. The increased amount of air by overworking was determined with Barcroft's apparatus, a descrii)tion of w^hich is given. " In the o]iiuion of the writer, fishy flavor is caused by a slow, spontaneous, chemical change to wliich acid is essential and which is favored by the presence of small amounts of oxygen. Fishy flavor may be prevented with certainty by making butter from pasteurized sweet cream. Butter made from pasteurized sweet cream with a starter but without ripening seldom if ever becomes fishy.'" The use of starters in butter m.aking, F. W. Bouska {loiva Sta. Bui. 103, pp. 217-229). — This bulletin reports experiments wath starters and contains gen- eral information on their use in butter making. The acidity of milk, diluted milk, and milk to which milk sugar, brown sugar, and glucose had been added, whey, whey and ground casein, and various mix- tures of chalk, peptone, glucose. l)icarbonate of soda, and potassium hydrogen phosphate are tabulated. " The whey produced about the same acidity (0..3G per cent) as the sugar solution containing H to 10 per cent milk (0.2 to 0.3 per cent). But the whey and curd produced nearly as much acid (0.59 per cent) as the milk (0.74 per cent). Therefore the casein favors the development of acid." The acidity w^as low when sugar or a base was lacking. In mixtures containing sugar, protein, and a base the acidity was as high as in millv. . The casein of sweet milk fulfills the office of a base. " The use of chalk in deep vessels of starter is not feasible because it settles to the bottom. Theoretically, bicarbonate of soda seemed better suited. . . . Potas- sium hydrogen phosphate was substituted for the l)icarbonate of soda to test the effect of a phosphate. Six trials gave no more acid than was usually developed in the same mixture without the phosphate. Glucose solutions containing small quantities of sodium hydroxid did not favor the development of acid." Practical tests were made with glucose and condensed milk starters. " The low acidity of the glucose starters gives them weak tastes. They contain about as many bacteria as a milk starter and require from 2 to 3 times as much time to ripen cream. The flavor of the glucose starter butter is practically as good as that of milk starter butter. Reckoning milk at $2 a hundredweight and glucose at 10 cts. a pound, the material for 100 lbs. of glucose starter costs 50 cts." Condensed milk gave the best results when diluted with 3 to 4 parts of water. Starters were carried in pasteurized and in sterilized milk, but the results were not conclusive. It is stated that the flat flavor frequently noticed in the early stages of ripening is probably caused by euzyms acting on the casein. It was found that it had been introduced accidentally by neutralizing the starter with Jimmonia, and that ammonium lactate has this flat flavor. In a study of overripeniug of cream it was found that the increase of O'idiuin lactis had a more direct relation with bad flavors than did the numbers of putrefactive bacteria. VETEETNABY MEDTCTNE. lYY A study of South Dakota butter with suggestions for improvements, ('. Larsen and J. H. Siiei'akd {S<)iit]i Da Lola Shi. Iliil. III. /*/». 'i')S-.'iS2) . — This bulletin reports results of ;i cooiieriitive biittci- conlest whicii was instituted with a view of iniprovinff the quality of South Dakota butter. " Each couii)etitor, representing a creamery, sent at G different times, repre- sentinj; diflerent seasons of the yeaf, a 20-lb. tuli of butter to the experiment station, at which place the butter was scored bj' competent judges. . . . One hundred aiui fifty-seven samples of butter, representing 35 different creameries in different parts of the State, were examined and analyzed." The average composition of the samples of butter was as follows: Fat S4.05, water 12.2i), salt and ash 1.77, and protein 1.3 per cent. The average rating was 91.58 at fhe station and 89.2 when re.iudged at Chicago. Suggestions are given for improving butter by l)etter metliodi? on the farm ;\nd in tli(> creamery. Principles and practice of butter making, G. L. McKay and C Larsen (Neiv York and London, 1908, 2. cd., rev. and cnl., pp. XIlI+351, pis. 7, fl'f/f;. .177). — In tills new edition (E. S. R.. 17, p. 69G) chapters on cooling facilities for creanu'ries and on the economic oiteration of creameries have been added. Buttermilk cream, E. H. Farrington {Hoard's Dairyman, J/O (J909), No. 7, p. 218; N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amcr. Cream., 27 (1909), Xo. 26. p. 1090). — This new product is made by heating buttermilk to a temi)erature of 120° F. until it begins to whey off. After the whey has been thoroughly drained out the curd is mixei^i with slvim or whole milk and lias tlie appearance of whipped cream. It is claimed that the creamy consistency and the buttermilk flavor make it as attractive a disli as Devonshire cream. The relation of different acids to the precipitation of casein and to the solubility of cheese curds in salt solution, J. L. Sammis and E. B. Hart (Jpnr. Biol. Client., 6 {,1909), No. 2, pp. IS 1-187). — This is a record of observa- tions on coagulations of lime-water casein solutions with lactic, oxalic, acetic, and phosphoric acids at different temperatures, together with the solubility of the precipitates in salt solutions. The tabulated data show that the quantity of acid requii'ed varies with the temperature and the Ivind of acid used and the age of the casein solution. Tlie degree of solubility of the cui'd depends upon the kind of salt used and on the concentration in which it is employed. " The phenomena of milk coagulation and salt solubility of cheese curds are affected by conditions of temperature, concentration, and by the presence of many substances in solution, and with the discovery of new facts the older exijla- nations of these phenomena become increasingly inadequate and incomplete." The elementary composition of different caseins, F. Tangl (Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 121 {1908), No. 8-10, pp. o3-',-5Ji9; ahs. in Milchic. ZentU., 5 {1909), No. 2, p. 83). — The author made determinations of the different chemical ele- ments in the casein of the milk from the cow, buft'alo, sheep, goat, horse, and ass. The results show some individual variations, y(>t there is in general a close agreement. Report on the investig'ations of the chemistry of milk and milk products during the second half year 1908, Grimmer {Alilchw. Zentbl., J {1909), No. 2, pp. .'i9-G7).—A digest of the literature on this subject. VETERINARY MEDICINE. The vet. book, F. T. Barton {Ncir York- and London [1908], pp. A'.Y.YT"+ IJ/S, pis. II. fi(/s. 2.'i). — This is a small guide in which a brief account is given of the commoner ailments and accidents of domestic animals. 1Y8 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The poison weed problem in the arid West, G. H. Glover {Amer. Vet. Rev., S'f {1909), yo. ./, PI). .'i93-502. fi(js. 3). — This is considered the greatest problem with which stockmen have to deal in the arid region. Attention is called to the many obstacles to be met with in poisonous plant investigation. It is shown that some animals are more susceptible than others, that some plants are poisonous only at certain stages of growth, and that there are variations in the poison content of the plants according to the season, climate, etc. Some cases of diabetes in animals, Bbu {Rev. V^t. [Toulouse], 33 {190S), No. 10, pji. G19-6.lJi). — Two cases in cows and 3 in dogs are reported. Some properties of tubercle bacillus cultivated on bile, H. Calmette and C. GuERiN {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 17/7 {1908), No. 26, pp. 1456- l.'/59). — The authors found that experiments with tubercle bacilli in which cultures in glycerin media (gelatin, potato, and bouillon) were used gave dif- ferent results than those from natural infection such as infectious produced by the ingestion or .injection of milk or finely divided tuberculous organs. They also found the bacillus to grow perfectly on pure bile with 5 per cent of glycerin (sterilized), and that after several successive cultures on this medium it acquires very distinct physiological characters. Details are given of the mode of working and of the appearance and properties of the bacillus thus obtained. It is readily absorbed through the wall of the digestive tract and Avhen it has penetrated in suthcieut quantity in this way it can produce lesions with rapid calcification such as could never be obtained experimentally with cultures in ordinary glycerin media. The conjunctival tuberculin reaction in cattle, K. Wolfel {Berlin. Tierdrtztl. Wchnschr., 190S, No. 21, pp. 369-372). — The author briefly reviews the work of others on the subject and reports in tabular form the results which he has obtained from the application of the test to 16 cattle. He finds that not all of the animals which react to the subcutaneous injection of tuberculin give the conjunctival test. The subcutaneous injection of tuberculin does not have any important influence upon the following conjunctival reaction. The best time for the observation is from 12 to 18 hours after the introduction of tuberculin. There was no elevation in temperature as the result of the con- junctival reaction. On the intradermal reaction to tuberculin in animals, G. Moussu and C. Mantoux {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], l.'il {1908), No. 11, pp. .502-504).— The authors advocate a method of tuberculin testing which consists in inject- ing a stated dose of tuberculin into the thickness of the skin. This has been designated as the " intradermo " reaction. It is applicable to all the domestic animals, and the indications of its positive results are readily perceived. The injection has no effect upon healthy animals. The authors conclude that this reaction is more simple, more practical, and less dangerous in its ulterior effects than the subcutaneous test, of which, however, it preserves all the advantages. It is free from the inconveniences and the possibilities of error which attend the ophthalmic and the cuti reactions. For these reasons the authors think that it should supplant the other methods. The value of tuberculin in the control of tuberculous herds, V. A. Mooke {Amer. Yet. Rev., 34 {1909), No. 4, pp. .303-511). — A paper presented by the author at the International Congr.ess on Tuberculosis; held at Washington, D. C, October, 1908. Data have been collected of tests made in New York State of 083 herds (12,721 animals). As there is a considerable oscillation of the morbid process between an active and an arrested condition, it appears very necessary that cows from infected herds be retested if they have failed to react. There is shown to be VETERINARY MEDICINE. 1*79 considerable danger in building up lu^rds with nonre:uiiii^' :iiiinials talcen from herds in which there is tubercnlosis. The problem of bovine tuberculosis control, M. H. Hioynolds (Amer. Vet. Rev., 3Ji [190i)\. X<>. .'/, pp. .1,1,9— 'iSl ) .—Thin is an address presented at the Inter- national Congress on Tuberculosis, held at Washington, D. C. A review is given of the work against the disease in Minnesota, Pennsylvania, Wisconsin, and Massachusetts. In the conclusions drawn from the study of conditions in these States, the author considers that the more important ad- vances made have been the education of the public and the enlistment of a favorable opinion. In the discussion of eradication the author uses Minnesota as an ilhistratiou of the i^eneral ])r()blem. A plan is suggested f(ir control work. The admission of Canadian store cattle into this country: What are the dangers? H. A. Woodruff {Vet. Bee, 21 (1908), No. 1068, pp. J,n-419; 21 (1909). No. 1069, pp. 432, J,33). — In view of the demand for a revision of the stringent regulations in respect to the admission of live cattle into Great Britain from abroad, the author here considers the possible danger from free importations from Canada. The diseases discussed are contagious bovine pleuro-pHPunionia, foot-and-mouth disease, mange, tuberculosis, and Texas fever. Investig'ations on the occurrence and frequency of streptococcic mastitis in cows, G. RuHM {Wch.nschr. TierJieilk. u. Viehzucht, 52 (1908), No. 7, pp. 125-130; (lbs. in Berlin. Tierartztl. Wchnscln:, 1908, No. 50, p. 902; Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 1, pp. 62, 63).— Aside from tubercle bacilli, streptococci ai'e probably the pathogenic organisms most frequently found in milk* They are often present, and since they are regarded by many medical men as a cause of infant mortality, the consumption of milk containing them must be considered dangerous for young children. Experiments were carried out by the author in order to test Trommsdorff's method of determining the quantity of leucocytes present in milk. Five out of 16 cows in one stable were found to be affected with streptococcic mastitis. The author considers the processes in the development of the disease to be as follows: During the incubation period the streptococci increase in numbers without, however, causing any injury to the substance of the udder. As the bacterial products accumulate, however, inflammatory symptoms develop and leucocytes are poured out in increased quantity. Whenever the leucocytes increase in numbers to any great extent they immediately constitute an infal- lible indication of commencing inflammation. As milking removes the strep- tococci and their toxins, as w^ell as the leucocytes and the antitoxins, it prolongs the course of the disease and renders the clinical symptoms less marked until the afl'ected quarter gradually loses its function. Lung sickness or contagious pleuro-pneumonia of cattle, J. M. Christy {Transvaal Apr. Jour., 7 {1909), No. 26, pp. 199-201) .—Nlthowgh. nearly every South African farmer has had experience with this disease, the Transvaal is to-day practically free from it. Cattle from a colony in which lung sickness exists are not allowed to enter the Transvaal unless certified by a government veterinary surgeon to be free from the disease and to come from a property where contagion of animals has not existed for at least three months prior to the date of such certification. A brief account is given of the occurrence of the disease in other countries. Hemorrhagic spotting [cavernous angioma] of the liver in bovine animals, P. Chausse {Rcc. Med. VH., 85 {1908), No. 21, pp. 101,-115, fiys. 2; ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 1, pp. 56-6i).—" Hemorrhagic spot- ting of the liver is common in cows, much rarer in oxen, and never occurs in calves or in other animals slaughtered for meat. No theory hitherto advanced regarding its pathogeny appears satisfactory. The ijrcdoniinance of the portal 180 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. lesions, thf iiiiiforin dislrihutioii of i)Mtclifs tliroujilioiil llic liver, ami tlio rela- tion between certain lieniorrliaj;es and the divisions of tbe portal cirenlation suggest that the causative agent is carried by these venous channels; this cause is a toxic princiiile. either present in the food or of microbic character, more in our opinion due to microbes which produce a change in the tone of the capilla- ries and favors their walls yielding under the influence of blood pressure. " This latter manner seems to us more probable. One liuows that temporary attacks of enteritis, whiclj are much more common in animals that are overfed, such as milch cows, have a well-marked action on the liver in consequence of the absorption of toxins or of microbes. " We can not say that the agent isolated by us has any etiological role what- ever, experimentation being nearly impossible from this point of view. In regard to the inspection of meat we believe that one can without danger con- sume the livers unless they show general change; those which have undergone marked change should be destroyed." Hemorrhag-ic septicemia or pasteurellosis of cattle, F. Hutchinson {Natal Agr. Jour., 11 {1908). No. 12, pp. 153.'f-lo39).— This is a general account of the disease in which the results of a i)ost-mortem examination of an affected cow are included. A practical dem.onstration of a method for controlling' the cattle tick, W. D. Hunter and J. D. Mitchell {U. *s'. Dcpt. Agr.. Bar. Aniiit. Indus. Circ. L'lS. pp. .'/). — This circular deals with a demonstration of a method for con- trolling the cattle tick that was carried out by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department under practical conditions. The ob.iect of this demonstration was not so much to exterminate the tick as to bring it under control and avoid as far as possible the heavy expense of dipping cattle. In a pasture of about 30.000 acres located in the northeastern portion of Vic- toria County, Texas, an area of about 1 mile square was fenced off, the most brushy and. according to the owner, the most " ticky " part being purposely chosen. On the completion of the fence. July 25, 1907, the cattle were all removed and rigidly excluded until December 12 — that is, 140 days later. From the herd in the main pasture 65 head were then taken at random, dipped in a vat filled with a proprietary " tickicide," and placed in the demonstration pasture, there remaining undisturbed through the winter. In an examination of the cattle on June 2G a total of 7 ticks were found on 4 animals. These are supposed to have been the progeny of individuals w'hich dropped from the out- side cattle near the fence. In order to determine the longevity of the progeny under favoral)le conditions, engorged ticks were placed in glass tubes about the time of the removal of the cattle from the demonstration pasture, August 1. The seed ticks were all found to be dead 120 days after the engorged ticks were placed in the tubes. It is believed that equally successful results, can be obtained by any cattle raiser in the South from the methods used in this demonstration with slight modifications. The Natal spraying device, H. Watkins-Pitchfokd {Natal Agr. Jour., 11 (1908), Ns. 12, pp. 1576-1580, pis. 3). — The author presents plans and photo- graphs of a spraying device for use in destroying ticks and other ectoparasites. While the merit of portability can not be claimed for this device, it is simple of construction. Poisoning' from gnat bites, P. Wigand {Berlin. Tieriirtztl. Wchnschr., 1908, No. 48, pp. 858, 859; abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Titer., 22 {1909), No. 1, pp. 5/f-56). — During the past 10 years 2 species of gnats, Simiilium reptana and /S'. ornata, have attracted attention among breeders and veterinary sur- geons. Recently they have appeared in enormous numbers and caused exten- VETERTNARV MEDTCTNE. . 181 sive losst^s ainoiit; f^raziiii; herds in Mast I*i;ussia, Hanover, Sweden, and Kas(. and West Havellaiid. During the process of sucUinj; blood Ihe gnals iiijecl into tlu; punctured wound a minute quantity of poison wliicli, like snake jioison, is derived from the salivaxy glands and is probably albuminous in character. The symptoms of gnat poisoning are peculiar and the condition can scarcely be confused with any other disease. The two most marked symptoms, which never coexist in the same way lu any other disease, are the disturljance of circulation and the fall- ing of body temperature. Oxen which were overcome by great clouds of gnats died with signs of rapid loss of strength within 24 to oO hours, but death may occur withiu half an hour. Some observers believe a fatal termination in such cases to be due to the swelling of the air passages, but in the writer's opinion death results from heart failure. No fatal case was ever seen among cattle grazing more than 3 miles from the bank of a river. In Germany the swarms usually appear between the end of April and the beginning of May; in rare cases between the end of July and the beginning of August. Animals when attacked should be removed to the stable as soon as possible. According to their condition they should receive from 1 to 3 pts. of brandy in double that quantity of water. When the condition is very serious * to 1 pt. of brandy should be given every hour or every 2 hours until improvement is noticeable. Notes on the presence of two stomach worms in calves hitherto unre- corded in Australia, S. Dodd {Queensland Agr. Jour., 21 {1908), No. .'/, pp. 197, 198). — In a post-mortem examination made by the author on a calf, follow- ing typical symptoms of stomach worm infestation, Strongijlus cervicornis and S. gracilis were fovmd in the fourth stomach in large numbers, together with the twisted stomach worm {Hwmonvhus contortus). Stomach worm disease of sheep and young- cattle, M. R. Powers {South Carolina Sta. Bui. H2, pp. 3-19). — The stomach or twisted wireworm {Hwmon- chus contortus), which has long been recognized as a grave menace to the sheep-raising industry, now seems to be also a serious obstacle to cattle raising in some parts of the South. During the fall of 1904 a considerable loss of young cattle was i-eported from 11 counties in South Carolina (E. S. R., 17, p. 913), and its presence has been reported each succeeding fall. The disease is not confined to the southern portion of the State where the land is low, but it occurs also in the hilly pastures of the upcountry. These pastures, however, usually have small streams flowing through them, the low marshy banks of which furnish ideal conditions for the development of stomach worms. Lambs are very susceptible to stomach worm disease and as the result sheep raising in some localities is almost impossible. Quite frequently young cattle are also affected. That calves on a milk diet appeared less susceptible to this disease is deemed probably due to the additional nourishment received from the milk, as well as to the fact that these calves do not graze as much as other animals and therefore take fewer worms into the stomach. The disease is caused by large numbers of the worms occupying- the fourth stomach. These worms are supposed to be blood-sucking parasites, but the author has never found them attached to the walls of the stomach. It is sug- gested that the worms may eliminate some poison, or by their injurious action on the mucous membrane of the stomach allow the passage of bacteria into the circulation and thus produce the sym[)toms. Feces were gathered January 28, 1908, in an inclosure which had been free from stock since November 13, 1907. As there had been several heavy frosts and no snowstorm during this period, the worms had been exposed to severe 182 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. conditions before reaching the laboratory. The material was placed in a Petri dish, together with a small quantity of moist cotton, water being occa- sionally added. Examinations made at different times revealed a number of active larvae until August 18, at which time but one or two were alive, and these could not have lived much longer. It is considered probable, however, that the larvae would have lived much longer under natural conditions. A calf is said to have become infested when placed in a field that had been free from animals from November 26, 1906, to September 23, 1907. Medicinal treatment proved very unsatisfactory and is considered of little value. This was not due to the fact that the worms could not be destroyed but rather to the difficulty in getting drugs directly to the fourth stomach. The author drenched animals with colored solutions, but was unable to Hud more than traces of the coloring matter in the fourth stomach. The details of the experiments in which coal-tar creosote, carbon bisulphid, and other anthelmintics were used are presented in tabular form. During 1904-5 the administration of 1 per cent of coal-tar creosote appeared satisfactory, but subsequent trials have led the author to believe that the im- provement noted at that time must have been due to other causes, as all these materials were evidently useless. Most of the animals died and the post- mortem examinations showed that the parasites were not affected by the treatment. In view of these experiments it appears that the checking of the disease must be accomplished by preventive measures, and such measures, including the burning, abandoning, and cultivation of pastures are briefly considered. Pastures which can not be cultivated can be freed by burning and abandoning for 18 mouths if washing of material from infested land is prevented. The fight ag'ainst sheep pox in the high plateaus of Alg-eria and the Sahara, A. Boquet {Hyg. Yiande et Lait, 2 (WOS), No. 7, pp. 297-317).— This is an account of sheep pox which is said to be enzootic throughout Algeria, particularly in the high central plateau and on the Saharan border. It occurs in acute and subacute form, the acute form usually resulting in a mortality of from 6 to 8 per cent, but in some cases in a mortality of 40 per cent. The subacute form is benign. Is the Bacillus suipestifer the cause of hog cholera or not? HtJBENER iCentbl. Bald, [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., J,7 (1908), No. 5, pp. 586-590) .—The author concludes that hog cholera is caused by an organism that is more resistant to antiseptics than is B. suipestifer. Prevention of hog cholera, M. Jacob {Tennessee Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 27-31; Rpt. Coop, and Ext. Work Agr. Middle Tenn. 1907-8, pp. S-'/-8S).— In an in- troductory note the director of the station states that the results of tests of inoculation with serum have proved sufficiently satisfactory to warrant the station in giving this matter an important place in the cooperation and exten- sion work in Middle Tennessee. A brief account is given of the methods in use. The hog-cholera work was started at the station farm August 22, 1008. In order to test the efficiency of the serum produced, 2 pigs were each inoculated with 2 cc. virulent blood and one of the two simultaneously with 30 cc. of the serum. The check pig died, while the one simultaneously treated with serum suffered no ill effects whatever. In the middle of November a herd near Nashville in which hog cholera had broken out was immunized by the serum-simultaneous method. Whereas 64 animals had died during the 6 weeks previous to the treatment, up to December 31 but 16 additional hogs had died. No deaths had occurred during the last 2 weeks of December, indicating that those that did die after being immunized had probably been infected at the time the inoculation was made. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 183 Shifting lameness, G. R. White (Aincr. Yet. Rev., 3'^ (1909), No. Jf, pp. JiS2-.i92). — A paper read before the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, held at Philadelphia. Pa., in September, 1908. The author considers the pathology of the lameness-producing lesions and the differential diagnosis of osteoporosis, millet disease, and rheumatism, the three systemic diseases in which shifting lameness is a prominent and well-marked symptom. A bibliography is given. Shipping fever, C. H, Jewell (Amer. Vet. Rev., 34 {1909), No. //, pp. 512- 518). — A paper presented at the annual meeting of the American Veterinary Medical Association, held at Philadelphia, Pa. The diseases here considered are influenza, strangles, catarrhal fever, and pharyngitis. Influenza antitoxin, diph- theria antitoxin, and antistreptococcic serum are reported as having been in- jected into army horses, the influenza antitoxin giving the best results. The author considers that advantages are derived from immunizing young horses against these fevers. Infectious anemia or swamp fever, G. H. Acres (Amer. Vet. Rev., 3Jf (1909), No. Jf, pp. 0.25-527). — The author has found this disease prevalent in North and South Alberta, the Yukon Territory, and northern Ontario, treating several cases within the past few months. The best results were obtained from the following treatment : Two-dr. doses of liquor cresol in a pint of water given 4 or 5 times daily; potassium chlorate, i oz., antifebrin, 2 dr., and iron sulphate, 1 dr. given 3 times daily in a bran mash ; and when the animals are very weak grain doses of strychnin given 3 times daily. Antistreptococcic serum is re- ported to have been used in several cases. Inoculation of dog's with the parasite of Kala-azar (Herpetomonas [Leish- mania] donovani) with some remarks on the genus Herpetomonas, W. S. Patton (Parasitology. 1 (1908), No. .'/, pp. 311-313). — Experiments conducted by the author appear to show that the dog is not susceptible to //. donovani, and he supports the view that the Indian and Assam species is distinct from the Tunisian reported by Nicolle (E. S. R., 20, p. 883). The few dogs examined in Madras have never harbored the parasite. Mange in coyotes, M. E. Knowles (Breeder's Gas., 55 (1909), No. 3, p. 130). — A brief account is given of the occurrence of sarcoptic mange in wolves and coyotes in Montana and Wyoming. This is considered by the Montana State veterinarian to be due to original inoculations made by his department. Mycosis of domestic fowls, G. Neumann (Rev. V6t. [Toulouse'], 33 (1908), No. 7, pp. .'il7-.'i2.'f. fig. 1). — A brief review of the literature and a consideration of Aspergillosis of domestic fowls. While many species of Aspergillus have been reported as occurring in the respiratory system of fowls, for the domestic fowls at least it appears to be established that all cases of the disease are due to the Aspergillus finnigutus of Fresenius. Syngamosis of domestic fowls, G. Neumann (Rev. V6t. [Toulouse], 33 (1908), No. 9, pp. 549-560). — 'The author briefly discusses tracheal bronchitis in fowls and reviews the literature upon the subject. Two species are known to affect domestic fowls, .Synganius trachealis the gallinaceous, and >S'. bronchialis the palmiped, fowls. Interim report on the parasites of grouse, A. E. Shipley (Cambridge, 1908, pp. 12). — Among the ectoparasites of the grouse here recorded are 2 species of l)ii"d lice ((ioniodrs tetraouis and Nirnius eameratus), the louse fly (Ornitho- inyin luQopodis), 2 species of flea (Ceratophyllus gallinula: and C. garei), the European castor-bean tick (Ixodes ricimis), and the mite (Aleurobius farina:). It is stated that /, rieinus has only been found on grouse in the nymi)hal and larval stages. 184 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tlie endoparasites reported iuclude 3 species of cestodes (Davainea urogalli, D. ccsticiUnx, and N i/iiiciwlepis microps), 5 species of nematodes, aud 2 species of protozoa. D. urogulli is the commonest and by far the largest tapeworm found by the author in grouse. Trichostrongyliis i)crgracilis, the species of roundworm most commonly met with in grouse, lives in the paired ceca, and is the cause of serious lesions. The fly Scafophaga stcrcorarla, while not a para- site of the grouse, lays its eggs in grouse droppings and its maggots live on and in these dejecta. A cause of appendicitis and other intestinal lesions in man and other vertebrates, A. E. .Shiplf.y (Parasitologij, I (IDOS). Xo. '/. pp. 263-270) .—The author's observations on a large number of recently dead or dying grouse lead him to conclude that in many cases death is primarily caused by the presence of pai-asitic worms, either cestodes or nematodes, in various parts of the alimentary canal. Attention is called to striking cases of lesions caused by thread worms, such as ^^clcrostoiiKi (•(jiiiino)!. often found in the colon and cecum of the horse. The author considers in turn the effects upon the intestinal walls of three of the commonest human nematodes, OxywHs vermicularis, Ascaris hunbricoides, and TricJioccphalus IricJi iiiriis. The life cycle of Filaria grassii, G. Noe {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat, 5. ser., 11 {1908), I, A'o. .7, pp. 282-293, flgs. J,; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 6 (1908), Ao. 15. p. 689). — This large Filaria of the dog has been found by the author to be transmitted by Rliipicephalus sanguineus. The filarial larvje are ingested by the tick in the nymphal stage and complete their development in the adult tick, from which they are later inoculated into the vertebrate host. The fact that the male ticks also serve as intermediate hosts is important as regards the dissemination of the Filaria. An account is given of the develop- ment of the Filaria that takes place within the tick. Filaria volvulus, its distribution, structure, and pathological effects, A. C. Parsons {Parasitologg, 1 (1908), Ao. '/, pp. 3.59-368, fig. J). --The author has observed several cases of this infection in northern Nigeria, and concludes that time will prolial)ly show that F. roh-ulus is more common than has hitherto been supposed. "Analogy would lead us to suspect that F. roirulus is trans- mitted by some blood-sucking insect. The geographical distribution of F. vol- vulus, as at present known, seems to correspond more or less with regions in tropical Africa that are associated with such insects as have been proved to act as carrying agents in other parasitical affections." Some notes on the hemogregarines parasitic in snakes, C. C. Dobell {Parasitology, 1 {1908), No. .',, pp. 288-295, pi. i).— A list of the snakes infected with hemogregarines is appended to this account. A trypanosome and hemogregarine of a tropical American snake, O. M. Wenyon (Parasitology. I {1908). No. .'/, j>p. 3l'i-317, pi. 1). — The author de- scribes a new trypanosome taken from a snake of tropical America as Trypatw- soma crythrolamjm. While hemogregarines are very common in snakes the reverse is said to be the case with trypanosomes. Several observers have re- corded the presence of trypanosomes in snakes, but hitherto no one has given an accurate description of one of these in either the living or stained condition. The treatment of trypanosomiasis in horses by orpiment alone or in con- nection with atoxyl, A. Thikoux and L. Teppaz; (Conipt. Rend. Aead. Kc/. [Paris^, I'll' (1908), No. 15. pp. 651, 652). — The diseases caused by Trypanosonta cazalhoui (sounia) and by T. diniorphon have been successfully treated by the combination of orpiment and atoxyl. In exinn-inients conducted all of 3 horses treated were cured. It is possible that M'bori is also curable by thi.s treatment. Two horses suffering with souuia have been treated with success by t)riiimeut alone. RURAL ENGINEERING. 185 The use of tartar emetic in the treatment of trypanosomiasis, A. Lavj:ran U'ompt. Rend. Acad. »Sci. [I'liris], I'/J (I'JUS), Ao. J2, pit. 510-51.',). — Guinea pifis infected with Trypanosoma evansi, T. gnmbiensc and the trypanosome of Tojxo were treated with hyjiodermic injections of a 2 per cent solution of sodium antimony] tartrate. The results were generally favorable, particularly when the Mutimonyl salt was use. Fantiiam ( l'(irasitolo[/i/, 1 (1908), 'No. //, pp. 36D-)l.i, Jigs. !>. lUjin. I). — A review and a new classitication. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Peru, E. Guarini (Mem. Dir. Fomentn [Peru], 1D07-S, vol. 2, pp. 100-128, pi. 1). — In this report of the director of public works there is given a general resume of the status of irrigation in Peru, including descriptions of works under construction and proposed projects, and data relative to irrigation I)nmping by gas engines and electricity. Earth slopes, retaining walls and dams; C. Prelini CNew York, 1908, pp. IX+129, figs. 15). — As stated in the preface of this work, a large part of it consists of graphical methods of solving problems concerning the slopes of earth embankments, the lateral pressure of earth against a wall, and the thickness of retaining walls and dams. The subjects of the chapters are The Stability of Earth Slopes: Retaining Walls: Graphical and Analytical Methods; and The Design of Retaining Walls. Dams are treated as a particular case of retaining walls in which the material to be sustained is deprived of friction. The method of treatment is in the main based on the well-known theories, but greater prominence is given to graphical than to analytical methods. The graphical determination of eai'th slopes of uniform stability is presented in an original way by the author. Progress reports of experiments in dust prevention, road preservation, and road construction ( L. .S'. Dept. Agr., Office Pub. Roads Circ. 90, pp. 23). — This circular contains descriptions of experiments conducted in IOCS by the Office of Public Roads, together with further results of experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 11 SU). The 1908 experiments deal principally with the treatment of roads during construction, while earlier work has been chietly concerned with surface treatment of old roads. Eleven experiments were made at Newton, Mass. Ten of these were on dif- ferent sections of an old macadam road, using asphaltic preparations alone and with different flush coats of residual oil, water-gas tar, and water-gas tar and coal-tarred sand. A mixture of oil, molasses, and lime was used in resurfacing another road, this constituting the eleventh experiment. The total cost of applying new material to these roads to a depth of 4 in. was, per square yard, 46.92 to 64.04 cts. with the asphaltic prei)arations, 47.28 cts. with the oil, 46.55 to 53.40 cts. with the tar treatment, and 02.34 cts. with the oil, lime, and molasses. The difference between these costs and 40 cts. per square yard, which is the average cost of macadam in that locality, is considered to repre- sent the additional cost of using the binders. These costs are deemed to be greater than if the work had been on long stretches, where more system in construction could be employed. With resi)ect to the condition of these roads after 3 months' wear, all are stated to be in good condition. At Independence, Kans., a street composed i)artly of slate-colored gumbo and the i-«>nuijnder of bucksliot clay, and another comiiosed of disintegrated shale and argillaceous sandstone were treated with an a'rtificial asphalt prei)aration of specific gravity 0.981. The ctmstruction of these streets, exclusive of grad- ing, cost 28.25 cts. per square yard. 186 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Au experiment begun at Birniingbam, Ala., consisted of building a 24-ft. tar macadam road, witb 5-ft. sboulders, out of an old road. Tar, tar slag, and tar slag limestone ^A•ere used, the tar being a coke oven by-product of specific gravity 1.1G9. The average total cost per square yard was $1.10. Three experiments were begun in Kansas to determine if sand clay could be used as a wearing surface capable of resisting the action of the constant winds, and in one experiment clay was used to form a hard top surface on a bridge approach. The cost per square yard of this clay treatment was from 10 to 14 cts. Of the earlier experiments reported upon, the sections of road at Wayland, Mass., were inspected about 13 months after treatment. The special tar preparation employed on 2 of these sections proved to have given greatest satis- faction, and the other tar experiments showed varying results. It is reported that these experiments seem to indicate that a properly refined coal tar is much preferable to a crude tar. At Bowling Green, Ky., where rock asphalt was used as a binder and also to fill the voids of a fresh macadam surface, the road was found to be smooth and free from ruts. Crude oil had been satisfactory as a dust layer. At Jackson, Tenn., the tar treatment was found to be on the whole satisfac- tory, confirming results previously reported. Oil, where used on a country road, proved beneficial in preventing raveling and washing and in laying dust. Illinois experimental macadam roads {Good Roads Mag., n. ser., 10 {1909), No. 5, PI). 158-161. flij-s. (i). — This is an abridgment of a report as to the con- dition of several experimental macadam roads constructed in Illinois under the direction of the State Highway Engineer. Among the findings it is reported that the sticky and gumbo soils apparently furnish the most solid foimdation, while the most treacherous conditions exist on hilly roads where seepy places occur and where there is often encountered more open or porous soil. The chief deterioration of the roads was found to be caused by mud tracked upon them, and the report includes suggestions as to methods of protecting the ends of roads to prevent this. Tables of construction cost of some of the roads are given, with brief de- scriptions. In this connection it is stated that there is a prevailing impression that the average cost per mile is not over $2,000 or $3,000, but that it is im- possible to construct good roads at such figures. Agricultural machinery and implements, E. Weobel (Landwirtschaftliche Maschhien iind Geratc. Hanover, 1907, pp. 218, figs. 1^0). — The object of this book is stated to be to explain the construction and use of machinery with refer- ence to the peculiar purpose of each machine and its parts. An introductory chapter deals with soils and soil cultivation, and the essential mechanical and physical processes of plant growth. There is a brief review of the present status of the agricultural machine industry in Germany, followed by a detailed de- scription of plows, cultivators, harrows, manure handlers and spreaders, drills, weeders, and other implements for the cai-e of plants. Agricultural machines, K. AValther (Die Landwirtschaftlichen Maschinen. Leipsic, 1908, pp. 132, figs. 91). — This is the first of a series of books on the subject of agricultural machinery, and treats of machinery for cultivating soils and plants. The construction and mode of operation of various types of plows, cultivators, harrows, fertilizer distributers, drills, and machines for the care of plants are explained in detail. There is also included a chapter on the con- struction and management of machinery used for mechanical cultivation. [Traction plowing] (Canad. Thresherman and Farmer, 12 {1909), Xo. .'/). — This number is especially devoted to traction plowing, and contains a brief ac- RURAL ENGINEERING. 187 count of its evolution in this country and in Kn;,Man(l. and sovoral sliort articles givinjr tlio oxiHM-ience of users of traction plows. In tlit-so are f^iveu data as to cost of oiieratinj; and the capacity of engines and plows under various soil con- ditions and in different localities. Trials with commercial fertilizer spreaders at Dalum Agricultural School, 1908, M. Dall (Tidsskr. Landokntwiui, 1909. Xo. J, /)/). /,?.9-/',2). — An illus- trated account of trials of four types of spreaders, with descriptions of the machines, tabulated results of the trials, and a statement of the awards of prizes. Industrial alcohol in relation to the farmer, R. H. True {A)iii. Rpt. Wis. Bd. Agr., 1908, pi). .',02-J,ll ; Bicn. Rpt. Kans. Bd. Agr., 16 (1907-8). pp. 687- 696). — The author gives a brief account of the requirements of the revenue laws, the composition and denaturing of alcohol, the raw materials available for its manufacture, its uses for lighting, heating, and power, and a discussion of economical production. As regards economical production he states that, although there has been a very great increase in the manufacture of denatured alcohol since the enact- ment of the law relating to it, it seems improbable that the farmer will become an effective factor in the total distillation of the country, because of the large investment and plant which is required by maximum economy of operation. The influeuce of the law may, however, be felt by the farmer in increasing the market for his corn and other- fermentable products. Deriving ethyl alcohol from sawdust, G. U. Borde (Manfrs. Rec, 55 (1909). \(i. 1'). pp. .'i-'). 'i6). — The author gives here an account of experiments which he conducted in France with a still constructed especially for manufac- turing ethyl alcohol from sawdust. The process is briefly described, with data relative to the cost and economy of operation. It is estimated from the results obtained that the net return from 1,000 ft. B. M. of lumber would be $33.51 if this method is employed. The peat fuel industry of Canada (Eiigiii. and Min. Jour., 87 (1909), No. 18, p. 905). — This is an abstract of a memorandum presented by the Dominion superintendent of mines to the Canadian House of Conuuons. The question of utilizing peat bogs and lignite deposits is attracting attention because of present economic conditions. From reports received there is estimated to be in the Dominion about 37.000 sq. miles of peat bogs from 5 to 10 ft. deep, but this is thought to be but a small fraction of the total. It is believed that the successful working of bogs and the manufacture of raw peat into marketable fuel is possible, and an experimental plant for determining the value of peat and lignite is reconunended. The peat resources of the United States, C. A. Davis (Engin. Mag.. 87 (1909), No. 1, pp. 80-89). — This article discusses more particularly the utiliza- tion of peat for fuel, including gas, charcoal, and coke production, for paper making, fiber production, fertilizer tiller, and alcohol. The total amount of availal»!e peat in the United States is estimated at 12.88S.50O.OO0 tons. Reports upon the Irish peat industries, II, H. Ryan (Econ. Proc. Rog. DuIjUh »Soc., 1 (1908), No. IS, pp. .',65-5Ji6, pis. 2, figs. 78).— Reports on tho peat fuel and distillation industries are given, with a systematic bibliography of references to literature relating to peat and peat industries. The sanitation, water supply, and sewage disposal of country houses, W. I'. Gerhard (New York. 1909, pp. XX-\-3.i8. Jigs. 113, inn p. I).— An stated in the preface, " the first part of the book treats of the general sanitation of country houses, brings a comparison of life in the city and in the country from a health point of view, dwells on the advantages of country life, and gives a condensed summary of the essential requirements of heallhfuluess in 732— No. 2—00 7. 188 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. country houses. The soil, the subsoil, surface drainage, aspect, healthful sur- roundings and those which are objectionable, the cellar of the house, the light- ing, heating and ventilation, the water supply, sewerage and plumbing, are briefly discussed. " In the .second part detailed advice is given as to how to procure a satis- factory water supply. The sources of water, the various modes of raising it, the storage in reservoirs, elevated tanks or underground pressure tanks, and finally water distribution, are dwelt on at length and illustrated by actual examples from the author's engineering practice." "All improvements" in country houses (Dtni's Rev., 13 {1909), No. 3, pp. 49-51, figs. 6). — The installation of sanitary and heating appliances in country homes is discussed. Attention is particularly directed to equipment of this sort which it is claimed may be purchased ready fitted and installed by the purchaser. Home conveniences at small expense, Lulu S. Wolford (Ann. Rpf. Nebr. Bd. Agr., 190S, pp. 219-22S, figs. 3). — The construction of kitchens, water sup- ply, and other topics are discussed with special reference to lessening the work of the farmer's wife. RURAL ECONOMICS. The cost of producing- Minnesota farm products, 1902—1907, E. C. Paekeb and T. P. Cooper ( L'. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Stat is. Bui. 73, pp. 09, pis. 2, fig. 1). — In continuation of previous work this bulletin gives the results of investigations, including the statistics and conclusions reached for the years 1902-1904, inclu- sive (E. S. R.. 18, p. 686), on the cost of producing farm crops in typical sections of Minnesota with particular reference to the years 1905, 1906, and 1907. The factors of cost include a determination of the wages of farm .labor including cost of board, maintenance of farm horses and cost of horse labor, depreciation of farm machinery, land rental, and general expenses. The cost of production of staple crops grown was as follows: Average annual cost per acre of producing field crops, 1902-1907. Crop. Barley — fall plowed Clover — cut for seed Corn— ears husked from standing stalks Corn — cut, shocked, and shredded Corn— cut, shocked, and hauled in from the field Corn — grown thickly and siloed Flaxseed— thrashe(t from windrow Flaxseed- stacked from windrow Flaxseed— bound, shocked, stacked, and thrashetl Fodder corn — cut and shocked in field.— Fodder corn — cut, shocked, and stacked Hay — timothy and clover (first crop)-- Average for all farms. $8,211 6.500 10.438 15.297 10.265 19.892 7.496 7.851 7.278 9.630 12.362 5.591 Crop. Hay— timothy and clover (two cut- tings) Hay — millet Hay — wild grasses Hay— timothy. Hemp Mangels Oats — fall plowed Oats — on diskeil corn stubble Potatoes — machine production Potatoes — machine production (use o f fertilizer ) _ Timothy — cut for seed Wheat — fall plowed Average for all farms. $7,178 7.105 4.042 3.. 394 6.741 32.682 8.863 8.884 26.366 37.721 4.332 7.249 Some other cost data include the average cost of maintaining milch cows estimated at $40.97 per year exclusive of the cost of shelter, which ranges from $4 to $8. The average annual labor cost of feeding and managing 3 sows and 19 pigs amounted to $30.37 ; of feeding and managing a flock of 48 native sheei), $20.34 ; the cost of production of pasture per acre is about $4,07 ; the average cost of feeding a farm work horse a year was $51.39. RURAL ECONOMICS. 189 An agricultural monograph of Great Britain, K. Dommkn \. Monofivnpliic Affricolc (Ic la (iraiulc-BrrtiUjnv. I'aris, 190S, pp. 66). — This volume briefly dis- cusses physiograpliic features, land ownershii), agricultural production, farm equipment and management, live-stock raising, the dairy industry and technol- ogy, methods of selling agricultural products, agricultural instruction, the min- istry of agriculture, and agricultural credit. [The condition of peasant proprietors in France], J. Ruau {Bui. Mens. Off. Re'iscifi. Agr. [Paris], S (1909), Nf). 3, pp. 3J6-3Ji6; Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 275-3.'i0). — This is an address by the minister of agricul- ture, delivered March 14, 1909, before the National Federation of Mutual Associations. The author deals with the present state of agriculture in France, with par- ticular reference to the number of small holdings and the economic and social condition of peasant proprietors. Statistics of small, medium, and large-size holdings are presented and discussed. The number of small holdings is shown vastly to exceed all others, and the cause of this is traced to the inherent desire of French peasants to own the land they exploit. From this study, which is characterized as the most complete yet made, the conclusion is reached that the condition of peasant proprietors is prosperous and flourishing and not in a deplorable condition as claimed by labor agitators. A bibliography of the agrarian problem in France is included. General expenses in agriculture and their influence on profits, Brandin (Bui. Soc. Nut. Agr. France, 69 {1909), No. 3, pp. 172-185; Bui. Soc. Agr. France, n. scr.. .'il {1909), May 1, Sup., pp. 3'i3-351). — The author discusses the various items of general expense which differ on farms in France according to physical contour, condition of land, location as to markets, number of laborers and facilities for their accommodation, control of insects and fungus diseases and animal pests, premiums of insurance, and many other items which seldom enter into the farmer's bookkeeping, but which annually amount to large sums and greatly reduce the jirofits of the industry. Investigations on the profitableness of ag-riculture in Switzerland during 1907, E. Laur {Ann. Agr. Suisse, 10 {1909), No. 2, pp. 9-120; Landw. Jahrb. Schweiz, 23 {1909), No. 2, pp. 66-163).— In addition to data on the yields, value, exports, etc., of farm products raised in 1907. this report contains a detailed account of the profitableness of the industry as determined from 250 small, medium, and large holdings. The condition of agriculture in Portugal {Bol. R. Assoc. Cent. Agr. Portu- guesa, 11 {1909), No. J/, pp. 15.'/-196). — This is a series of propositions prepared l-y a committee and discussed at the meeting of the Eoyal A.ssociation of Agri- culture held on March 29, 1909. The economic, scientific, and educational defi- ciencies of the agricultural system in Portugal are presented and remedies to improve present conditions are suggested. Among the latter are mentioned general and special education, scientific investigations and research, the gather- ing and publication of statistics regarding rural conditions, agricultural credit and othei' associations, road improvement, etc. [The movement of agricultural wages in Bavaria] {Mitt. Dent. Landw. (icscll., 2.'i {1909), No. 11, pp. 277-282).— Data on the day and yearly wages of farm hands in Bavaria for the years 1S96, 1906, and 1908. as measured in money and actual values, are tabulated and discussed. A general increase in wages for all classes of rural workers is indicated. The breaking of contracts by agricultural laborers in Pomerania, von Stojentin {Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 {1909), No. -',, pp. 180-19',).— Th(^ number of foreign and native farm laborers employed in the province is presented and 190 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. discussed with reference to contract I)realving. wliicli tlie statistics for several years sliow to be on tlie increase, especially among foreign laborers. Agricultural credit, H. L. Rudloff (Wiener Landw. Zty., o!> (IDO!)), \o. 27, pp. 277, 27S). — The methods of securing credit from agricultural banks by tenants and landowners in Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, France, Belgium, and Denmark, and the legal limitations set by the various governments as to the extent of indebtedness and the kinds of property that can be pledged as security are discussed in this article. The agricultural bank of the Philippine Government, F. A. Bbanagan {Philippine Af/r. Rer. \En(ilish Ed.^, 2 {1909), ^^o. 2, pp. 98-10',).— The author briefly describes the organization and operation of agricultural banks in South Australia, Queensland, New Zealand, Egypt, and Oklahoma, with a more detailed account of the Philippine agricultui-al bank organized under the law of June 18, 1908. The object of the bank is to enable farmers to borrow money at a reasonable rate of interest (10 per cent), repayable at any time within 10 years. The kinds of securities required and the purposes for which loans can be made are described. Crop Reporter {U. .S'. Dept. Agr., Bur. *S'6,000 for hog cholera work, $6,000 for a denatured alcohol plant, $1,000 for •soil inspection, $4,000 for live stock, $3,500 for dairy extension work, $1,000 for horticultural investigations, $1,000 for entomological investigations, $3,-500 for the breeding of field crops, $9,000 for forestry instruction, $1,500 for ex- periments in the use of preservatives for timber, $2,000 for drainage studies, $400 for plant diseases, $3,500 for the distribution of entomological charts in the public schools, $1,000 for the study of noxious weeds, and $10,000 for the establishment and maintenance of a poultry department. The Crookstcm school- of agrimillure received $.S2,0(10 for maintenance and buildings, and the Crookston and (Jrand Rapids substations $11,500 and $14,000 resi)ective]y. The Grand Rapids substati entitled Milk for Babes. Seventh International Congress of Applied Chemistry. — This congress met in London, May 27 to ,Iune 2, with nearly 4,000 delegates and visitors, represent- ing 26 countries, in attendance. The congress was opened with a brief address by the Prince of Wales as vice patron, to which responses were made by the honorary president, Sir Henry Eoscoe, the president, Sir William Ramsey, and representatives of the various foreign countries, Dr. H. W. Wiley, of this De- partment, responding for the United States. The sectional meetings were of great interest and importance. A large amount of attention was bestowed uijon those phases dealing with chemistry in its relations to agriculture, both in the section of agricultural chemistry and in those of analytical chemistry, sugar chemistry, bromatology. anti others. The new processes for the manufacture of fertilizers from the nitrogen of the air were among the main topics of interest, several sections uniting for their consideration. An experimental demonstration of the processes of manufacture was given by Professor Bernthsen before a large audience, and was followed by addresses l)y Professors Birkeland and Caro. In the agricultural chemistry section, Dr. liichard Riecke, of Berlin, discussed Lime Nitrogen or Nitrolime on the Nutritive Elements of Plant Life, and Dr. H. von Feilitzen, The New Nitrogen ^Manures. The section of analytical chemistry, meeting jointly with that of agricultural chemistry, discussed a proposition for the international adoption of Ullmann's method for phosphoric acid in raw phosphate, but this was defeated. Other papers presented in the sectiim of agricultural chemistry included the follow- ing : The Influence of Environment on Wheat, by J. A. LeClerc and S. A. Leavitt, of this Department; The Relation of Composition to Bread-Making Value, by F. T. Shutt, of the Canada Experimental Farms; The Effect of Manures on the Composition of the Grain of Field Crops, by J. AV. Leather, im- perial agricultural chemist of India ; Investigations Relative to the X'se of Nitrogenous Manures, by E. B. Yoorhees and .1. G. I^ipman, of the New Jersey stations; Variations in the Analyses of Soil Samples, by I. 0. Schaub, of the North Carolina State Station ; Changes Produced in Soils by Subjecting Them to Steam under Pressure, by T. L. Lyon and J. A. Bizzell, of Cornell University and Station; A Chemical and Bacteriological Study of Fresh Eggs, by M. E. I'ennington, of this Department ; Some Studies in Relation to the Incubation of Chickens, by H. L. Fulmer, of the Ontario Agricultural College; and The Em- ployment of Artificial Cultures of Leguminous Bacteria for Soil Inoculation, by H. von Feilitzen. In the subsection of bromatology, among the papers presented were the following : New Criteria for the National Production of Milk ]Most Suited to the Nourishment of Infants, and A Comparative Study of the New Methods of Detecting Watering of Milk, by G. Cornalba, of the Royal Experimental NOTES. 199 Cheese ^lakin^ Station, at Lodi. Italy; On the A(lvan1a.i,'es r.nd Disadvantages of Legally I'inding Standards of Coniiiosition, by F. W. lleelc; I'rogress KeiK)rt of Investigations in Hnnian Nutritit)n in the I'nited Stati's, 11)05-1908, by C. F. Langworthy, of tliis Ottiee; A Summary of Recent American Work iu Feeding Stufls and Animal Nutrition, l)y E. W. Morse, of tliis Office; and several papers dealing with the adulteration of coco and chocolate. An invitation, extended to the congress by Ambassador lieid, on behalf of the United States, to hold the eighth session of the congress in this country was accepted with enthusiasm. Prof. E. W. Morley was elected honorary president, and Dr. W. IL Nichols, president. The next congress will be held in 1912. Southwestern Interstate Country Life Commission. — At a three-day session, held in Ma.y at (Juthrie, Okla., a iiermanent organization of this body, which is lo be devoted to the amelioration of country life conditions, was effected by the election of the State superintendents of schools of Oklahoma, Utah, and Texas, as president and vice-presidents, respectively, and of H. M. Ferguson, of Sherman, Tex., as secretary. The next annual meeting is to be held at Dallas, Tex. First Conservation Congress. — The First Conservation Congress will meet at Seattle, AVash., August 2(1-28, in the auditorium of the Alaska-Yukon-Pacific Exposition. The work of the congress will deal largely with irrigation, dry farming, soils, water fronts, forestry, transportation, and other economic questions. National Encouragement of British Agricultiire and Forestry. — The chancellor of the exchequer has proposed an increase of the national grant to agriculture by $1,000,000, with a view to more extensive development of the resources of the country. Such projects as the institution of schools of forestry, the purchase and preparation of land for afforestation, the maintenance of experimental forests, increased aid to scientific researcli in agriculture, experimental farms, the encouragement of agricultural cooperation and better transportation facili- ties, systematic extension work, and the aiding in a general way of the move- ment back to the farm are contemplated. As a partial solution of the problem of the unemployed an extensive afforesta- tion project has been receiving considerable discussion. It is estimated that 0,000,000 acres are avaihible for the purpose and that the annual afforestation of 10,000 acres would afford employment to 18,000 men temporarily and to 1,500 permanently, and eventually yield a large revenue. New Journals. — Tlic Jounial of Plianiiacolof/u and E.ri>vruHcutlished HauUhid ij Bcneflcrncia as its organ. The journal will appear monthly, and its original articles will for the most part appear iu Si)anish, English, and French. Among 200 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the articles in the iiiitiiU number are several dealing with yellow fever and tuberculosis. Zeitschrift fiir ImmKiiildtsforschinifj und experimentelle TJirrapic is being issued at irregular intervals. Part 1 of each number is to be devoted to origi- nal articles, and part 2 to abstracts of work in immunity and experimental therapy. O Entomologista Brasihiro is a monthly journal of economic entomology, pub- lished at Sao Paulo, Brazil. Considerable attention is given in the initial numbers to apiculture. Miscellaneous. — Dr. C. Gordon Hewitt, lecturer in economic entomology in the University of Manchester, has accepted an appointment as entomologist to the Dominion of Canada, vice the late Dr. James Fletcher, and will enter upon his new duties in September. Francis Watts, analytical and agricultural chemist and superintendent of agriculture for the Leeward Islands, has been appointed imperial commissioner of agriculture for the AVest Indies, in succession to Sir Daniel Morris, and has entered upon his duties. Dr. W. Benecke, of the botanical institute of the University of Kiel, has been chosen the successor of Dr. G. Karsten, formerly professor of botany at the University of Bonn. It is hoped that the new agricultural buildings for Cambridge University will be ready for occupancy in October. The cost with equipment is expected to be about $87,500. The Fourth National Dairy Show, which will be held October 1.5-24, has been transferred from Chicago to Milwaukee, where a new auditorium is being completed. H. E. Van Norman, of the Pennsylvania College and Station, has been chosen secretary and manager of the association. Journal des 8ociet^s Agricoles du Brabant ct du Hainault for March 13 and 27 contains an article on The Function of the Experiment Stations with Reference to the Popularization of Agricultural Knowledge, by P. de Vuyst, which deals largely with the work of the stations in this country. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. Editorial notes: Page. Dr. Samuel William Johnson, deceased 201 Recent work in agricultural science 207 Notes 296 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. The preservation of iron and stool, Cushman 207 Method for determination of nitrogen in small amounts, Mitschcrlich el al 208 The determination of total nitrogen according to Mitschcrlich, Merres 209 Use of nitron in solutions containing organic matter, Franzen and Lohmann.. 209 The determination of ammonia without a condenser, Davis 209 Phosphoric acid by Pemberton's and von Lorenz's method, Hissink 209 Determining phosphoric acid in Thomas phosphate powder, Leavens 209 A rapid method for the determination of total potassium in soils, Shedd 209 The determination of carbon by means of the bomb calorimeter. Fries 209 Rapid and direct estimation of water in foods and other materials, Thorner. . . 210 The chemical constitution of the proteins, Plimmer 210 Hydrolysis of egg white with sodium hydroxid, Skraup and Hummelberger. . . 210 Hydrolysis of vitellin from the hen's egg, Osborne and Jones 210 Hydrolysis of the muscle of scallo]), Osborne and Jones 210 Electrolytes and colloids. The ])hysical state of gluten, Wood and Hardy. . . . 210 Estimation of muscle albumin and myosin in meat, Bonamartini 210 The examination of flour, Schaffnit 211 On the determination of reducing sugars, Zerban and Naquin 211 Use of temperature corrections in polarizations of raw cane sugar, Browne. . . . 211 The detection of caramel in vanilla extract. Woodman and Newhall 211 The Schmitt process for total extract material in wine, Scurti and De Plato. . . 211 The determination of total sulphur in urine, Folin 211 The determination of rice hulls in feeding stuffs, Schroder 211 Milk testing without apparatus, Michaud 211 A new apparatus for the determination of catalase in milk, BiutI and Staub. . 212 I II CONTENTS. Pago. The detection of coconut oil in butter and lard, Fendler 212 Color reaction of oleic acid, Manea 212 Official method of American Leather Chemists' Association for tannin analysis. 212 Ethereal oils, Haensel 212 Essential oils 212 Animal fats and oils, Bentley 212 Report of the chemical division, Ilartwell. 212 Labor and time saving apparatus in American analytical laboratories, Samter. 212 Chemical problems in the province of bacteriology, Reitz 213 METEOROLOGY — WATER. Meteorology, Edmiston 213 Climatology of Oklahoma. 213 Report of meteorologist, Helme 213 Meteorology - 213 Meteorological observations in Moscow in 1907, Leyst 213 Vertical temperature-gradients of the atmosphere, Humphreys 214 On the mechanical energy of precipitation, Reisner 214 The influence of forests on rainfall and on agriculture in Mauritius, Walter 214 The effect of forests on rainfall 214 Cause and effect of the gradual disappearance of forests 214 Deforestation and tillage with reference to Michigan streams, Horton 214 Water purification and similar processes, Askenasy 215 Principles of sewage treatment, Dunbar, trans, by Calvert 215 Sewage purification abroad, Clark 215 High nitrification of sewage effluents, Scott-Moncrieff 215 Report on the sewage irrigation farm of Gennevilliers 216 Agricultural utilization of sewage 216 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Maintenance of soil fertility: Plans and summary tables 216 Soil fertility as affected by long use of fertilizers, Brown and Skinner 217 A study of adjoining fields which gave widely varying yields, Brown 217 Physical and chemical study of the Milton Grove soils, Frear 217 Wisconsin soil resources and need of a soil survey, Weidman and Whitson. ... 217 A preliminary report on the phosphates of Wisconsin soils, Whitson ; 218 The conservation of phosphates on Wisconsin farms, Whitson and Stoddart 218 Soil survey work in South Carolina 218 Soils 218 The genesis of loess a problem in plant ecology, Shimek 218 The influence of geology on horticulture, Hooper 219 BibliogT-aphy of North American geology for 1906 and 1907, Weeks and Nickles. . 219 The waste from soil erosion in the South, Ashe 219 The conservation of soil moisture, MacDonald 219 The water requirements of crops with reference to tro])ical conditions, Vageler. . 219 The chemistry of heated and of partially sterilized soils, Pickering 219 Comparative soil temperature study of two plats differently treated, Brown.. 219' Investigations on the action of sulphurous acid on soils, Haselhoff 219 Contribution to the knowledge of humus compounds, Miklauz 220 The catalase of soils, May and Gile 220 Increasing the soil's nitrogen content 220 Inoculation with nodule-forming bacteria, Sayer 220 General fertilizer experiments. Hunt 220 Action of fertilizers on woody plants, Chancerel 220 Experiments on the action of lime nitrogen, Gerlach 221 Effect of lime nitrogen containing calcium carbid on growth, von Feilitzen . . 221 Acetylene gas refuse as a manure 221 The actual state of production of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers, Ragondet.. 221 The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, Emich 221 Employing the atmosphere in the service of agriculture, Riecke 221 The industrial manufacture of calcium cyanamid, Marchand 221 Nitric acid and other spark reactions, Askenasy 221 Nitrogen compounds of carbid, Askenasy 221 The present state of the production of nitrate in Norway, Do la Vallee-Poussin. . 221 The consumption of nitrate of soda in the United States, Munroe 222 CONTENTS. HI Pago. Th(> phnsphatos, their isomerism, and transformations in the soil, QuartaroH. . 222 CarriiTS of phospliorus in fertilizers, Thome 222 Is the phosphoric acid of floats made soluble by rotting manure? McDowell . . 223 Decomposition of soil-producing rocks, Haselhoff 223 The value of potassic rocks as fertilizer, Schacke 223 The value of potassic rocks as fertilizer, Krische 223 Artificial kainit 223 The Stassfurt i)otash salts, Emslie 223 Tertiary potasli deposits in Upper Alsace, Meinecke 223 The jjroduction of potash salts in Germany in 1908, Maizieres 223 Loss of potasli in commercial fertilizers, Porter and Kenny 223 Sodium as a partial substitute for potassium, Ilartwell and Pember 224 Lime as a fertilizer, Thatcher 224 The decomposition of dolomite^ Knight 224 Sodium chlorid as a f(>rtilizer for sugar beets, Strohmer et al 224 Fertilizing with liquid manure, Ortmann 225 Sabek, Loucheux 225 The manurial earth of the Kistna Delta, Harrison 225 The valuation of peat litter on the basis of its water capacity, Wilk 225 The fertilizer industry, Carpenter 225 The use of commercial fertilizers, Hopkins 225 The fertilizer question in China, Krische 225 The wholesale trade in commercial fertilizers 225 [Trade in commercial fertilizers] 225 The failure of fertilizers used in Germany to come up to guaranty, Asmis 225 Commercial fertilizers, Scovell, Curtis, and Roberts 225 Analyses of fertilizers — spring season, 1909, Kilgore et al 226 Commercial fertilizers, Hills, Jones, and Miner 226 The bulletins of the fertilizer control. Hills 226 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Catalogue of the grasses of Cuba, Hitchcock 226 The power of growth exhibited by ostrich ferns, Stone 226 The water-storing tubers of plants, Harshberger _ 226 The relation of fertility to the nourishment and morphology of ])lants, \\Xgner. 226 The mineral nutrition of plants during germination, Schreibcr 227 A study on the disassimilation of plants, Deleano 227 Studies on chlorophyll, Tsvett 227 The photodynamic work of chlorophyll and photosynthesis, Hausmann 227 The role of light in the formation of proteids in plants, Zaleski 228 On the transformation of starch in plants, Butkewitsch 228 Biochemical researches on the development of anthocyanin in ])lants, Combes. 228 Relative toxicity of ferrous sulphate to barley and rye, Hartwell and Pember. 228 Use of lime nitrogen and copper sulj^hate for wild radish, Hiltner and Lang . . . 228 Xcnia in Solanacea', Griffon 229 FIELD CROPS. The Woburn field experiments, Voelcker 229 Thirty-first report of seed control and experiment station at Zurich, Stebler. . . 230 The Alpine experiment garden on the Sandling-Alp, Von Weinzierl 230 Composition of herbage on meadows under different treatment, Lindhard 230 Phosphoric acid and potash requirements of meadows, Liechti 231 Methods of harvesting hay, Nielsen 231 Alfalfa culture, Williams 231 Variety and distance tests of corn, Macnider et al 231 Cotton in the VjoU weevil infested sections of Louisiana, Newell and Rosenfeld. 232 Variety and distance tests of cotton, Macnider et al 232 Time and rate of sowing of oats, Hansen and Thyssen 233 Manuring oats in the Western Province, Hards 233 Manuring oats in the Longkloof, Thornton 233 Seasonal report of potatoes, 1 908 233 [Report of I j)otato growers' field meeting 233 Rape culture, Remy 233 The sugar content as a transmissible character in sugar beet, Andrlik et al 233 The sugar content of the beet in its relation to seed production, Bartos 234 rV CONTENTS. Page. Experiment with nitrogenous fertilization, Agee 234 Fertilizing tobacco, Crawley 234 Shelter-tent experiments with Sumatra tobacco, Frear 235 Turkish tobacco experiments in the Cape Colony, Stella 235 The Florida velvet bean and its history, Bort 235 Variety tests of rye and wheat, Nielsen 235 Viability of weed seeds in feeding stuffs. Beach 235 Iron sulphate and mustard, Vestergaard 235 HORTICULTURE. The artificial retarding of plants, Noel 236 Fertilizer experiments with vegetables near Milan, Menozzi and Griiner 236 Cabbage growing on the irrigated lands of Colorado, Bennett 236 Celery growing in Colorado, Reid 236 Onions, McMeans 236 Fruit culture in Crimea, Barsacq 236 Tillage, fertilizers, and shade crops for orchards. Paddock 236 Orchard fertilization, Stewart 237 [Report of the experimental horticulturist], Stewart 238 Whole r . piece root grafting, Stewart 238 A comparison of tillage and sod mulch in an apple orchard, Hedrick 238 How sod affected an apple orchard, Hall 239 Apple culture in Vermont, Stuart 239 Picking and packing citrus fruits, lorns 239 Small fruits in 1907, Pillsbury 239 Grape growing, Whipple 240 Studies on the resistance, breeding, and culture of American grapes. La Faugi. . 240 Adaptability of the white and red Delaware grapes, De Istvanffi 240 Practical advice to grape growers, Chauliac 240 [On injury to nursery stock by fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid gas], Waid . . 240 Fertilization of the almond tree, Cowie 240 A revised list of the plats on the experiment station, Peradeniya, Lock 240 The science of plant breeding, Groff 240 FORESTRY. Key to New England trees, Collins and Preston , 241 The tree book, Jarvis 241 The adaptability of Douglas- spruce (Pseudotsuga tarifolin), Jolyet 241 The culture of forest trees 241 A primer of forestry, II, Pinchot 241 A manual for northern woodsmen, Cary 241 Timber production and the industrial properties of wood, Laris 241 Preliminary statement regarding the forestry problems of Vermont, Hawes 241 State parks for Wisconsin, Nolen 241 DISEASES OF PLANTS. The constancy of mutants; the origin of disease resistance in plants, Bolley 242 Comparative effect of various seed treatments on germination, Burmester 242 Notes on some potato diseases, Kreitz 242 A dry scab of potatoes 243 Investigations on the leaf-curl disease of ])otatoes, Remy and Schneider 243 The potato harvest of 1908 and the leaf-curl disease, Appel • 243 A contribution to the study of brusone of rice, Brizi 243 Report of plant pathologist, Rolfs 243 Lime-sulphur wash for apple scab, Beattie 244 Fighting apple scab in the Middle West, Scott 244 Spraying for brown rot of the peach, 1908, McCue 244 Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits, Stevens and Hall 244 The treatment of the downy mildew of grapes, Gouthiere 245 The bud rot and some other coconut troubles in Cuba, Home 245 A Funtumia disease, Massee 245 Diseases of the almond , Arnaud 245 The appearance of oak mildew in Wiirttemberg, Kirchner 245 Mildew of peach in relation to new mildew on oak, Cuboni and Petri 246 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. A treatise on zoology, edited by Lankester 246 Treating seed corn to protect it from burrowing animals, Sf:hefl'er 246 The crow as a menace to poultry raising, Cole 246 A plea for the i)rotection of our birds, Bruner 246 Report on the spring migration of 1908, Stone 247 [Bibliography for 1908]..^ 247 Animal parthenogenesis, Doncaster 247 Sex determination and parthenogenesis in phylloxerans and aphids, Morgan. . 247 The Sphegoidea of Nebraska, Smith 247 Some undescribed Scolytidse of economic importance, Stebbing 247 Descriptions of new curculionid beetles of the tribe Anthonomini, Pierce 247 Contributions to the study of Japanese Aphidid^e, I and II, Okajima .". . . 247 Remarks on Indian scale insects (Ooccidie), III, Green 247 Notes on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), Lefroy 247 Gall midges of the goldenrod, Felt : 247 British flies, Verrall 248 The mouth parts of the solitary bees, Demoll 248 Notes on western Orthoptera; with description of one new species, Caudell. . . . 248 Report of the State entomologist, Hitchings 248 Twelfth report of the State entomologist, Washburn 248 Report of the entomologist, Bruner 249 [Insect pests], Swenk, Smith, and Bruner 251 Observations of the season [in Ohio], Gossard 251 The army worm, Garman 251 Soil sterilizing; Bordeaux mixture and poisons for tobacco seed beds, llorne. . 252 Sixth report of the chief inspector of nurseries and orchards, Evans, jr 252 [Report of the] department of entomology, Taylor 252 Report of the past year's work of the State board of entomology, Worsham 252 Spraying with lime-sulphur wash. A fungus parasitic on San Jose scale, Lewis. 252 The red scale and its injury to oranges in Spain, Aymes and Trabut 253 In combating fruit-tree bark beetles, Wilson 253 The olive fly in Calabria, Del Guercio 253 [A tea pest]. Fetch 253 The raspberry byturus {Bi/iurus unicolor), Goodwin 253 The raspberry flower beetle {Byturus unicolor), Gossard 254 Experiments with remedies for the grape Eudemis, Capus and Feytaud 254 A new parasite of the grapevine pyralid, Sicard 254 The pine-cone gall fly, Seitner 254 The jjreparation and application of insecticides and fungicides, Houser 254 The biting of man by squirrel fleas, McCoy 254 The transmission of Trypanosoma leivisi by fleas and lice, Nuttall 255 Relation of blood-sucking invertebrates to trypanosomes of vertebrates, with note on Crithidia ctenopthalmi, Patton and Strickland 255 Crocodiles and tsetse flies, Minchin 255 Glossina palpalis 255 Entomological technique, Langeron 255 On the structure of " Haller's organ " in the Ixodoidea, Nuttall et al 256 The structure of the spiracles of Hxmaphy salts punctata, Nuttall et al 256 The jjresence of an anticoagulin in Argas persicus, Nuttall and Strickland 256 The Spinjcheetes: A review of some border-line organisms, Fantham 256 The chub and the Texas horn fly, Moodie 256 External parasites on poultry in South Africa, Humphries 256 Mating experiments with bees. Miller 257 Silkworm rearing as a popular pursuit, Keleher. 257 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. The influence of sodium benzoate on the nutrition and health of man 257 Is food containing benzoates injurious to health? Smith 260 Effects on health of long-continued sodium sulphite, Lehmann and Treutlein. . 260 The effect of some so-called preservative salts on chopped meat, Boehncke 261 The effect of cold storage upon domestic fowls, Bissell 261 Tests on cold storage of poultry 262 The cold-storage industry in Ilruguay, Salmon 262 Protein coagulation and the heat shortening of animal tissues, Meigs 262 VI CONTENTS. Page. The autolysis of foods, Maier 262 The factors which influence the composition of wheat, Cserhati 262 The milling and baking properties of wheats of large yield, Martin 262 Martin's experiments on nutritive value of wheats of large yield, Schribaux . . . 262 Change in composition of unground cereals during storage, Leavitt and LeCierc . 262 White V. brown bread, Jago - 263 Molasses: Its definition and formation, Prinsen Geerligs 263 Bog hemes and their identification in preserved bilberries, Griebel 263 Gironde red wines of 1907, Carles. 263 Roman wine, Maggiacomo and Corso 263 The carbon dioxid content of artificial mineral water, Kisskalt 263 Noticc^s of judgment 263 The organization of the food-control work in the United States, Neufeld 263 Ohio general food and drug law as amended March 12, 1909 263 The daily meals of school children. Hunt 263 The feeding of the school children, Wahl 264 Feeding the school children 264 The school children's lunch room : . . . . 264 The tireless cooker, Lovewell, Whittemore, and Lyon 264 Camping and camp cooking. Bates 264 The metabolic function of certain glands, Diesing 264 The glands concerned in metabolism, Aufrecht and Diesing 264 Experiments on absorption in the large intestines, Keller 265 Effects of overfeeding and work on resorption in intestine, Heinsheimer 265 Fat resorption by man and animals under pathological conditions, Adler 265 Cellulose and hemicellulose digestion and nutritive value to man, Lolirisch. . . 265 Phosphorus compounds as brain foods, Koch 265 Acid intoxication, Nichols 266 On the composition of dilute renal excretions, Macallum and Benson 266 Factors regulating the ci-eatinin output in man, Levene and Kristeller 266 Thtdnfluence of protein and carbohydi'ate consumption upon metabolism, Ctigon . 267 The effect of muscular work upon the sugar content of the blood, Reach 267 The influence of training upon carbon dioxid excretion, Hellsten 267 Metabolism in man with greatly diminished lung area. Carpenter and Benedict. 267 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. On testing the working capacity of heavy horses, von Liitzow 267 The determmation of the shoulder slope of horses, Miiller 268 Anatomical and physiological investigations of fast and slow horses, von Liitzow. 268 Comparative anatomical and physiological investigations of fast and slow horses. 269 Regulation in the morphogenetic activity of the oviduct, Pearl 269 Resection of oviduct in hen, without loss of function, Pearl and Surface 269 Artiflcial modification of epithelial elements of mammalian ovary, Russo 269 The influence of lecithin on sex and Mendelian characters, Basile 269 Note on Russo's attempt to show differentiation of sex in ovarian ova, Heape. . 269 On the relation of race crossing to the sex ratio, M. D. and R. Pearl 270 On the sex of hybrids in the family of Phasianidse, Guyer 270 On the sex of hybrid buxls, Guyer 270 The prmciples of heredity as applied to the production of new forms, Dendy. . 270 The transmission of the self-black and "Irish" coat characters in rats, Mudge. . 270 The transmission of the albino character and black piebald coat in rats, Mudge. 270 Influences of pure-bred sires. Van Norman 270 Methods for the improvement of Michigan cattle, Shaw and Raven 271 The sheep stock of Gloucestershire, Swan wick and Hobbs 271 A biometrical study of egg production in domestic fowl, I, Pearl and Surface.. 271 Poultry notes, 1908, Pearl and Surface 273 Methods of poultry management at the Maine Station, Pearl 274 Methods of keeping pedigree records at the Rhode Island Station, Cole 274 Breeding work with pigeons. Cole 274 Naturalizing the ostrich, Robinson 274 Commercial feeding stuffs, Hills, Jones, and Beach 274 Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, 1908, Well 274 The digestibility of irrigated hay compared with meadow hay, Friedlaender . . . 274 A ration problem discussed, Miyawaki 274 CONTENTS. VII DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. Page. Milkiug-mac'liine experiments with B. L. K. cow milker, Woll and Humphrey. . 275 Bacterial cfHciency of the inilkin<^ machine, Meek 276 Milch cows and the production of store stock, Mackenzie 276 Tests of dairy cows, 1907-8, Woll and Harris 276 The amount of milk fat produced by milch goats and sheep, Morgen 276 Biological and biochemical studies of milk, VI, Koning 277 Nature of membrane surrounding milk globules, Abderhalden and Voltz 277 Milk pasteurization an economic and social duty, Straus 277 The canning of peas. Bitting 277 Canning vegetables in the home, Breazeale 278 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Immunochemistry, Arrhenius 278 Opsonins and other antibodies, Hektoen 278 Opsonic technic. Walker 278 The use of atropin sulphate in anesthetizing birds, Pearl and Surface 279 Zoo technic, veterinary, and epizootic service of Indo-China, Thomson 279 Veterinary division, Gilruth 279 Anthrax in India, Lowe 279 Report on the causation and spread of anthrax, 1908, Young 279 On the excretion of anthrax bacilli in milk, Horrocks 280 Protective and curative inoculation against dog distemper, Richter 280 Bacillus pestis and B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium, MacConkey 280 A micro-organism with specific relationship to Rocky Mountain fever, Ricketts. 280 African tick fever — a personal experience. Gray 280 The relation of bovine to human tuberculosis, Moss 281 Intertransmissibility of bovine and human tubercle bacilli, Pottenger 281 Tuberculosis among animals, Brend 282 The economic imi)ortance of tuberculosis of food-producing animals, Melvin. . 282 Curative treatment of tuberculosis in cattle by von Behring's tulaselaktin 282 Differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacillus, Jackson and Melia 283 Modification of Wright-Douglass vaccine method, McCampbell and Phillips. . . 283 The diseases of the eye in domesticated animals, Gray 283 Special report on diseases of cattle 283 Bovine contagious mammitis, Gilruth 233 Mastitis of the cow. Wall 283 Septicemia hemorrhagica in cattle, Curlewis 284 Parasitic diseases of sheep, Luckey 284 Experimental test of treatments for worms in sheep, Henry and Stewart 284 Hemlock poisoning in pigs, Calinescu 284 Horse sickness and its prevention, Watkins-Pitchford 284 The immunity of mules against horse sickness, Theiler 284 A malignant form of canine distemper. White 285 Blackhead disease of turkeys, Cole 285 Blackhead, a coccidial disease of turkeys, ( 'ole and ITadley 285 A new parasitic disease of pigeons, Lanfranchi 285 An affection known as botryomycosis and its parasite. Bureau and Labbe 286 Life history of ( 'rithldui nielo/ihugi in alimentary tract of sheep tick, Swingle . 286 Development of Ilemogregarina lacertic, Laveran and Pettit 286 Remarks on the avian hemoprotozoa of the genus Leucocytozoon, Sambon 286 The occurrence of nuclear dimorphism in a Ilalteridium parasitic in the chaf- finch, and its probable connection with a trypanosome. Woodcock 286 Trypanosomiasis in animals, Harvey 286 A trypano.some from Zanzibar, Bruce, Ilamerton, and Bateman 286 Note on the role of tabanids in the transmission of trypanosomiases, Sergent. . . . 287 Concerning the treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis, II, Moore et al. . . . 287 Contribution to a study of Porocephalus moniliformis, Broden and Rodhain. . . . 287 The microscopic anatomy of Trickinella spiralis, Frothingham, jr 287 Rubbing post for live stock .• 287 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Oregon, Lewis and Cupper 287 Irrigation in South Dakota, Lea .- 288 VIII CONTENTS. Pago. Irrigation in Kansas, Bark 289 Report of the public works department, irrigation branch, Bengal, 1907-8 289 The theory of drainage, Anderson 290 Report of the commissioner of public roads 290 Peat deijosits of Maine, Bastin and Davis 290 [A peat gas producer] 290 The increased use of electric power in agriculture, Krohne 290 A new motor plow 291 Farm practices in applying land plaster in Oregon and Washington, Hunter 291 [A new corn shock loader] 291 Cement pipe and tile, Hanson 291 Concrete silos, Gaylord and Wilson 292 RURAL ECONOMICS. Decline of farming in southern-central New York, Tarr 292 The agricultural labor problem in South Russia, Sagorsky 292 Rural conditions in the United States 292 The agricultural holdings act, 1908 293 Agricultural legislation in France, Rudloff 293 The significance of the colonial system to agriculture in Germany, Wohltmann . . 293 Agriculture in Italy and the spread of socialism in rural districts, Poggi 293 Agricultural associations and their functions. Convert 293 How shall the farmer pay off his mortgage? 293 Agricultural credit in Roumania 293 The progress of cooperative societies 293 The agricultural labor system in Chile, Coignard 293 The scarcity of farm laborers, Bertoni 294 The rights of farm laborers, Schlegelberger and Schroeder. 294 The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, Gobbi et al 294 Farm bookkeeping, Orwin 294 MISCELLANEOUS. Biennial Report of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1907-8 294 Fifteenth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1908 294 Twenty-first Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1908 294 Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1908 294 Twenty-first Annual Report of Rhode Island Station, 1908 ■. 295 Report of the director, 1908, Russell 295 State fair meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society 295 Experiment Station Work, LI 295 Durability and economy in papers for permanent records, Wiley and Merriam. . 295 Paper specifications, Veitch 295 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Colorado S tation : Page. Bui. 141, Apr., 1909 240 Bui. 142, Mar., 1909 236 Bui. 143, Mar., 1909 236 Bui. 144, Mar., 1909 236 Delaware Station: Bui. 85, May 1, 1909 244 Illinois Station: Circ. 129, Feb., 1909 225 Kansas Station: Circ. 1, Apr. 28, 1909 246 Kentucky Station: Bui. 136, Sept. 30, 190S 225 Bui. 137, Dec. 30, 1908 251 Bui. 138, Dec. 31, 1908 225 Maine Station: Bui. 165, Feb., 1909 273 Michigan Station: Circ. 4, Jan., 1909 271 Circ. 5, Mar., 1909 220 Missouri Fruit Station: Bien. Rpt. 1907-8 243,252,294 Montana Station: Fifteenth An. Rpt. 1908 294 New York Cornell Station: Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908... 294 New York State Station: Bui. 314, Mar., 1909 238, 239 Ohio Station: Bui. 202, Feb., 1909 253 Circ. 89, Feb. 20, 1909 233, 240, 253, 254, 295 Circ. 90, Mar. 1, 1909 233 Circ. 91, Mar. 20, 1909 231 Circ. 92, Mar. 20, 1909 216 Circ. 93, Apr. 15, 1909 222 Pennsylvania Station: Bill. 91, Apr., 1909 237 An. Rpt. 1908 213,217,219,220, 223, 235, 238, 239, 270, 276, 294 Porto Rico Station: Circ. 8, Mar., 1909 239 Circ. 9, Apr., 1909 220 Stations in the United States — Continued. Rhode Island Station: Page. Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908. . . . 212, 213, 224, 228, 246, 257, 274, 285, 295 Vermont Station : Bui. 138, Jan., 1909 235,274 Bui. 139, Mar., 1909 241 Bui. 140, Mar., 1909 226 Bui. 141, Apr., 1909 239 Circ. 1, Mar., 1909 226 Washington Station : Bui. 88, 1909 224,291 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 170, Feb., 1909 274 Bui. 171, Feb., 1909 295 Bui. 172, Feb. , 1909 276 Bui. 173, Feb. , 1909 275 Bui. 174, Apr., 1909 218 U. S. Department of Agricvltnre. 274 241 278 295 263 Farmers' Bui. 357 , Farmers' Bui. 358 Farmers' Bui. 359 Farmers' Bui. 360 Notices of Judgment 06-68 Rpt. 88 ($1.00) .- 357 Rpt. 89 (15 cents) 295 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 110, pt. 1 (15 cents) 271 Special Report on Diseases of Cattle (rev. ed. ) ($1.00) 283 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 125 (10 cents) 277 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 141, pt. 3 (10 cents) 235 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 209 (15 cents) 287 Bui. 210 (10 cents) 288 Bui. 211 (10 cents) 289 Office of Public Roads: Bui. 35 (10 cents) 207 Note. — The publications of the T'nited States Department of Asxricnlture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Ej'jxTUiicut Htution Reco^rd is .$!.()(» per volume, and there will be two volumes each year. The jjvices of other technical i)nblications are given above. The publications of the State e\- Iteriment stutious are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXT. SEPTE:vrBER, 1909. No. 3. The name of Samuel William Johnson will always bo intimately linked with the early history and the development of agricultural science in this country, as it will be with the establishment of the agricultural experiment station as an American institution. He was a pioneer of pioneers, a leader of thought, the disciple of a new idea in science. He gave not only results, but an intelligent understand- ing of their meaning and application; and in the early days of the new work he aroused an interest and confidence in it which went far toward making possible its spread and development. As teacher, writer, investigator, and guiding hand in the admin- istration of the first experiment station. Doctor Johnson wielded an influence exercised by few men of his time, and was a most potent factor in developing thought and understanding along the line of the relations of science to agriculture. His writings brought together and gave form to the isolated facts bearing upon that subject and laid the foundation for an agricultural science in this country. His greatest work was done before the experiment station movement became national and before popular sentiment had embraced the idea of a system of institutions devoted to scientific work in the inter- est of practical agriculture. His labors, his studies, and his public utterances prepared the way for the reception of this idea ; and the example of usefulness furnished by the station under his direction was a powerful stimulus in propagating this idea and l)ringing it to fruition in other States. A thorough scholar, imbued with the spirit of science, as well as its practical ap]:)lications, he develojoed in the station high ideals for thoroughness and accuracy and sane methods in the conduct and interpretation of its work. It was first of all a scientific institution, although its ultimate object was practical aid to the farming indus- try. Its methods must be those of science, and its results must be well substantiated and weighed with a cool judgment which would give reliability to the conclusions and applications. The farmer must be shielded against hasty and immature deductions on the part of the station, as he must against false j^rophets and charlatans who preyed upon his credulity. 201 202 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, These standards which were set by the Connecticut Station in the early days have meant a great deal in working out a proper conception of these institutions and in winning jiopular confidence in them. Doctor Johnson was born in Kingsboro, X. Y., July 3, 1830. His early life was spent upon a large, well-managed farm, where he be- came familiar with a wide range of agricultural practice. At an early age he developed a taste for natural science, especially chem- istry, and he is said to have fitted up a small laboratory of his own on his father's farm. The relations of this science to problems in farming appealed to him and gave him his original direction toward scientific agriculture. After graduating from Lowville Academy he taught for several years in the common schools, and later gave instruction in natural science in the Flushing Institute, on Long Island, and the State Nor- mal School, at Albany. He entered the Yale Scientific School in 1850, where he came under the influence of Profs. John B. Norton and Benjamin Silliman, jr., and devoted himself especially to the study of agricultural chemistrj-. In 1853 he went to German3\ continuing his studies for two years with Liebig, Pettenkoffer, Erdmann, and von Kobell at Munich and Leipsic. He traveled in France and England, giving special atten- tion to the agricultural methods and the institutions in those countries, and spent the summer of 1855 in stud}^ with Frankland in England. Thus well equipped, he returned to this country in the fall of 1855 to become chief assistant in chemistry in the Yale Scientific School, in charge of the laboratory. The following year he was appointed professor of analytical chemistry, and in 1856 he succeeded Prof. John A. Porter in the chair of agricultural chemistry. His title was changed in 1875 to j)rofessor of theoretical and agricultural chemistry, and in this capacity he continued to serve in the Sheffield Scientific School mitil 189G, when, on the completion of forty years of service, be retired as professor emeritus of agricultural chemistr}^ ♦ Doctor Johnson's writings on agricultural subjects extend back to 1847. They continued without interruption up to the time of his retirement, thus covering a period of more than fifty years. It was through them that his greatest influence was exerted, and they car- ried his name far beyond the boundaries of this continent. Together with the stimulus he gave to agricultural investigation, they con- stitute his greatest contribution.- He was a teacher through the written word. He understood well how to make effective the work and Avritings of others, as well as his own, and this gave to his writings a breadth of view which was espe- cially valuable at the time. He was first of all an earnest student EDITORIAL. 203 and a clear thinkor, and to these qualities was added the rare gift of expressing himself in clear, concise, logical English and of dis- cussing scientific facts and theories so simply and effectively as to put them within the understanding of those who had no previous acquaintance with such matters. His first paper, in IS-tT, Avas On Fixing Ammonia, and was fol- lowed a little later by others on county agricultural institutes, agri- cultural education, contributions of science to agriculture, Wliat is Science? agricultural charlatanry, the food of plants, and simi- lar topics. The above all appeared prior to 1854, showing how early his thought was turned to matters of popular instruction as well as expei'iment in agriculture. Throughout his student daj's he was a constant contributor to the agricultural press, especially the Cultivator and the Country Gentle- man, and during the time he was abroad a series of articles from his pen appeared in the latter paper under the head of " foreign corre- spondence." These described in popular language the new basis of agriculture as it was being worked out b}' foreign investigators, together with items of interest from his travels. Among the subjects discussed were Saxon agriculture, the new experiment station at ]\Ioeckern — the first to be organized with j^ublic funds in any country, the agriculture of Wiirttemberg and the agricultural academy at Hohenheim, and the practical value of analj^ses of soils and of plants. In 1855 he translated and abridged two of Liebig''s works on the rela- tion of chemistry to agriculture, and wrote popularly upon theory and practice in agriculture and the applications of science to the art. After Doctor Johnson returned to Yale he began the publication of a series of articles on agricultural education, discussing in separate parts the subject of agricultural science, the teaching of science, the means of practical instruction, and the farm school. He likewise con- tinued his popular writings on fertilizers and their use, the theory of plant nutrition, and the physical properties of the soil as affecting fertility. I*rior to 1853 Doctor Johnson took up the examination of com- mercial fertilizers sold in Connecticut, and in 1858, upon his aj^point- ment as chemist to the State Agricultural Society, he began publish- ing a series of reports upon that subject, Avhich were probably the first to be issued in this country. The early reports of the society and of the board which followed it were enriched by his reports, lectures, and essays, and became classic as an encyclopedia of agri- cultural science. He delivered a course of lectures on agricultural chemistr}' at the Smithsonian Institution in 1859, which were sub- sequently published by the regents of that institution. In 1868 Doctor Johnson issued his classic treatise on How Crops Grow, a book which has l^een more widely read and studied than any other work on agi-icultural chemistry. This book was " a treatise on 204 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the cheniiciil cuinposition, structure, and life of the plant," and em- bodied the results of his studies and compilations for his courses of instruction. It gave a new basis for the teaching of agriculture, as Avell as a broader understanding of the principles and the reasons of farm practice. It was received with great favor in this country and in Europe, and was, reprinted in England, and translated into the German, Russian, Swedish, Italian, and Japanese languages. Two years later the companion volume. How Crops Feed, was issued, which was similarly translated and widely used. These two books presented in small compass and with unsurpassed clearness and conciseness the state of knowledge of agricultural science at that time. The author's object, as expressed by him, was " to digest the cumbrous mass of evidence in which the truths of vegetable nutrition lie buried out of the reach of the ordinary inquirer, and to set them forth in proper order and in plain dress for their legitimate and sober uses." He did not aim " to excite the imagination with high-wrought pic- tures of overflowing fertility as the immediate result of scientific dis- cussion or experiment," and disclaimed any attempt " to make a show of revolutionizing his subject by bold or striking speculations." This was characteristic of the man. It was his cool, judicial weighing of the evidence and presentation of results in a clear, dispassionate way that gave these two books their scientific value and commended them to students of agriculture in the school and on the farm. They were the beginning of a new and better agricultural literature. The movement for the establishment of an experiment station in Connecticut started as early as 185G. Doctor Johnson was familiar Avith the new German stations and from his studies had become im- bued with the possibilities for benefit which might follow agricul- tural investigation. His books and other writings, as well as his work, had stimulated public interest in the subject. The papers and discussions of the Connecticut Agricultural So- ciety and the State board of agriculture, notably those of Doctor Johnson and his fellow-workers, supplied the germ of the new experi- ment station idea. This idea was at length realized in the estab- lishment of a station at Middletown in 1875, under the directorship of Prof. W. O. Atwater, which two years later was removed to New Haven and more permanently provided for, Avith Doctor Johnson at its head. The beginning Avas precarious. The station Avas a ncAV plant to this continent. A farmer appearing before the agricultural com- mittee in opposition to the bill establishing the station said, " I tell you, go sloAV. You are hatching an egg Avhich will certainly make this State a lot of trouble." The ncAv institution was thus on trial, and upon its ability to make good hinged the spread of the move- EDITORIAL. 205 nient to other States. That it met the reciuireiiients and established jiopidar confidence is a matter of history. Professor Johnson's work for years past had shown that the farm- ers were losing a great deal of money through inferior and care- lessly made fertilizers and through ignorance in the use of them. This showing supplied the argument for a station which appealed to the people, and it is doubtful whether a station could have come at that timeand place through other means. At the beginning, therefore, the defense work was a necessary and most important part of the station's work. It was the first and most obvious thing Avhich needed to be done for the benefit of agriculture. AVhile it Avas not regarded by those in charge as being the most ideal work which a station could perform, at the time it was the approach through which the ideal had to be reached. The first bulletin issued by the station under Doctor Johnson's direction was in his own handwriting, and has been reproduced by the station as a matter of historic interest. It reported upon a fer- tilizer known as " Composition for Grass," which was being sold under the rej^resentation that it contained 8G per cent of " organic and soluble plant food," and 14 per cent of inorganic matter. It w^as found to carr}^ only 0.19 per cent of nitrogen, 0.15 per cent of potash, and 0.37 per cent of phosphoric acid, on which a valuation of $1.03 per ton was calculated, whereas the selling price was $32. Doctor Johnson's significant comment is that " as analyzed the sample contains but 4 per cent of ' plant food ; ' 9G per cent is water, vegetable matter, and earth, not worth barreling." The material proved to be the dried product from a mud flat near New Haven, and the ])ublication of the fraud led the manufacturer to transfer his operations to another State. While this is not to be taken as rei^resentative of the fertilizers of that day, it shows the kind of fraud which was perpetrated and was possible to be carried on a little more than thirty years ago. Such frauds danuiged not only the farmer, but they damaged the makers of honest fertilizers almost irreparably, by bringing the whole busi- ness into unjust suspicion and disrepute. The thorough, conscientious, and efficient system of fertilizer inspection which Doctor Johnson developed has been a model to many other States, and helped to establish confidence in the trade. Upon it has been built a station renowned for the scope and high character of its defense work, which has been extended to include human foods, stock feeds, seeds, insecticides, and other products of interest. to agriculture. But the exclusively control station was not Doctor Johnson's ulti- mate ideal. The aim of the station, as stated in the act of incorpora- tion, was "to promote agriculture by scientific investigation and 206 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. experiment,'"' and that this ideal was clear in his mind is evident both from his work and his writings. The study of analytical methods received much attention from the first, and, with his assistants, he made many contributions upon methods and apparatus for improv- ing the accuracy and rapidity of various determinations. The rela- tions of the soil to water, cajiillary transmission and evaporation, and soil temperature studies formed a part of his earlier work. These laboratory studies were developed and broadened as time went on, and were extended to field experiments to test the needs of the soil and the comparative value of various fertilizing materials. The most extensive experiments of that kind were a series begun by the station in 1892, in cooperation with a tobacco growlers' organiza- tion, and continued for a period of five years. In 1882 the station, which had previously been housed in rooms of the Sheffield Scientific School, was removed to its present location, on grounds purchased by the State. At that time there were only eight such institutions in this countr}^, and the Connecticut Station was regarded as a model in work and equipment. Its influence upon the national movement which culminated five years later was unmis- takable, and its reports were much in demand for showing the char- acter and usefulness of experiment station work. Doctor Johnson took a deep interest in the movement for the estab- lishment of stations throughout the country, as he did in the organi- zation of the new stations and the working out of what has come to be regarded as the American system, a system distinct in itself, and an adaptation of the European station to the conditions and requirements of this country. Although a modest and retiring man, many honors of public office came to him. He was president of the American Chemical Society in 1878, chairman of the subsection of chemistry of the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 1875, a member of the National Academy of Sciences from 186G, an associate fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, and in 1895 president of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations. He retired from the directorship of the Connecticut Sta- tion in 1899, and since that time ill health has prevented his partici- j)ation in the work with which his life was so prominently identified. He died at his home in New Haven July 21, in his eightieth year. The career of this man is a monument to industry and to untiring devotion in behalf of a cause which appealed to him from his youth. As a teacher of agricultural teachers, as a leader in agricultural science, and as a father and promoter of the movement to bring the sciences to the aid of the farmer through the experiment stations, Doctor Johnson rendered signal service to the cause of agricultural advancement, and has left a name to be remembered with ffreat honor. RECENT WORK IN AGRICUETURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTTJRAL CHEMISTRY. The preservation of iron and steel, A. S. Cushman (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Office I'ub. Roads Bui. So, pp. JfO, i)ls. '/). — This is a continuation of studies previously reported (E. S. R., 19, p. 306), and lias a direct bearing upon the preservation of fence wire and other forms of iron and steel in general use. The controlling factors which influence the more or less rapid corrosion of iron and steel are discussed in the light of the electrolytic or autoelectrolytic theory of rust formation. The various methods which are in common use, or which have been proposed for the protection of iron and steel, are then considered with special reference to the results of recent investigations, and principles are announced to serve as a guide in the selection of paints for the prime or contact coatings for steel. Iron combines so readily with other elements that commercial iron is not a homogeneous pui-e metal, and the presence of small quantities of impurities serves to change its physical characters. The ferroxyl test, which is described in detail, affords a visible demonstration of electrolytic action taking place on the surface of iron and causing rapid corrosion at the positive poles. " This electrolytic action, which is shown to take i)lace whenever iron rusts, should not, however, be confused with the rapid destruction of steel in the neighborhood of escaped currents from high potential circuits used for electric lighting or tramways. In order to avoid such confusion of terms and ideas, it has been proposed to speak of the underlying electro-chemical cause of corrosion as autogenous electrolysis or, more briefly, autoelectrolysis." The electro-chemical explanation of the corrosion of iron is stated as follows : " Iron has a certain solution tension, even when the iron is chemically pure and the solvent pure water. The solution tension is modified by impurities or additional substances contained in the metal and in the solvent. The effect of the slightest segregation in the metal, or even unequal stresses and strains in the surface, will throw the surface out of equilibrium, and the solution tension will be greater at some points than at others. The points or nodes of maximum solution pressure will be electro-positive to those of minimum pressure, and a current will flow, provided the surface points are in contact through a con- ducting film. If the film is water, or is in any way moist, the higher its con- ductivity the faster iron will pass into solution in the electro-positive areas, and the faster corrosion proceeds. Positive hydrogen ions migrate to the negative areas, negative hydroxyls to the positives. . . . The rusting of iron is primarily due to attack, not by oxygen, but by hydrogen in its ionized condi- tion. Nevertheless, the function of oxygen in carrying on the process of rust- ing, although a secondary one, is absolutely essential to its progress, for in the absence of oxygen rust is not formed. It is owing to these separate, though coordinated, functions of hydrogen and oxygen that the formation of rust can be inhibited by the addition to the water of certain oxidizing agents, as well as by certain reducing agents, a seeming paradox that no other theory, attempts to explain. The strong reducing agent pyrogallol will inhibit rusting by inter- 3406— No. 3—09 2 207 208 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. fereuce with the function of tlie oxygen, while such conspicuous oxidizing agents as chromic acid and its soluhle salts, by inducing a passive condition, interfere with the action of the hydrogen ions." The etiiciency of preserving iron by coating it with different substances is discussetl. Samples of wire coated with zinc by various processes have been put up in the form of a fence to test tlie inhibitive effect of zinc, and other materials are also under test. Laboratory tests were undertaken by different investigators to ascertain the value of pigments as rust inhibitors, and from their results a tentative classification of the pigments is proposed in the follow- ing table: Classipratidn of jiUjinrnis. Inhibitors. Indeterminates. Stimulators. Zinc lead chromate. White lead (quick process: basic carbonate). Lampblack. Zinc oxid. Sublimed lead (basic sulphate). Precipitated barium sul- Zinc chromate. Sublimed blue lead. phate (blancflxe). Zinc and barium chromalo. Lithopone. Ocher. Zinc lead white. Orange mineral (An:erican). Bright red oxid. Prussian blue (inhibitive). Red lead. Carbon black. Chrome green (blue tone). Litharge. Graphite No. 2. White lea d ( Dutch process ). Venetian red. Barium sulphate Ultramarine blue. Piince's metallic brown. (barytes). Willow charcoal. Calcium carbonate (whiting). Graphite No. 1. Calcium carbonate (precipitated). Chinese blue (stimulative Calcium sulphate. Prussian). China clay. Asbestine. American vermilion. Medium chrome yellow. " If we apply the autoelectrolytic theory of the cause of corrosion to the sub- ject of protection by paint films, it follows that in general pigments that are good conductors of electricity should never be applied directly to the surface of iron or steel." Acceleration tests of a number of pigments made with water according to a simple method described in detail were found to agree with the oil-film test pre- viously used. It is pointed out that the protection of a metal which from the nature of its service can not be treated with a protective coating is purely a metallurgic problem to be solved by the manufacture of a perfectly homogeneous and care- fully worked material. " If anyone should discover a method for applying a skin of high silicon metal on worked steel it would be a contribution of the highest value to the art of metallurgy and to the world at large." A' method for the quantitative determination of nitrogen in very small amounts, E. A. Mitscherlich, P. Herz, and E. Merres {Landiv. Jahrh., 38 {1909), No. 2, pp. 279-3JS, figs. 2; Lanclw. Vers. Stat., 70 (tOO'J). No. 5-6, pp. J,05-Jfll, figs. 2; abs. in Chcm. ZentN., 1009, I, No. l',, pp. 1195, 1196).— The method proposed by the author.s, which is adapted especially to the determina- tion of small amounts of nitrogen as in bacteriological investigations, is in brief as follows: To the solution containing from o to 10 mg. of nitrogen in a K.jeldahl fiask add 3 gm. of Devarda's reagent. 'Connect with a Hugershoff distillation appa- ratus, add 50 cc. of concentrated sodium hydrate and distill into 10 cc. of nor- mal sulphuric acid, then add 50 cc. of water and 60 cc. of concentrated sul- phuric acid to the Kjeldahl flask, and heat until the mass becomes blue. To the distillate obtained add zinc filings and distill after adding 120 cc. of con- centrated sodium hydrate, collecting the distillate in tiftieth-uormal sulphuric AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 209 ncid ;ui(l titratiup with fifliftli-iiurni.il sodium hydrate, using {-(tiigo red as an indicator. The determination of total nitrogen according to Mitscherlich, E. Mekres {Ztsclir. AiKjctv. Chvm., 22 (1909), A'o. i//, />/>. (hil. (iJ2 ; ah.s. in Vhcm. Zcntbl., 290!), I, ^'o. J8, pp. 1503, loO.'f). — A brief description of the method noted above, its advantages, and the precautions to be observed to insure accuracy. The use of nitron for the determination of nitric acid in solutions con- taining much organic matter, II. Franzen and E. LOhmann {Jour. Prakt. Vhvm., n. 6Tr., 79 {1909), No. 7-8, pp. 3S0-33S; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chvm. Inilita., i:S {1909). A'o. 10, p. 5.'/6"). — Tests are reported which show that Busch's nitron method gives good results in tlie presen.ce of relatively large amounts of organic matter, as for example, in culture solutions, provided 2 to 2.5 cc. of concentrated sulplniric acid be added for each 200 cc. of sohition. The determination of ammonia without a condenser, It. O. E. Davis {Jour. Amrr. Chem. t?thod. In lOS determinations made with both methods the average variation was only 0.04 per cent. The von Lorenz method is somewhat quiclcer than the Pemberton method, but the former uses the more material. The use of the method is extended to include the determination of phosi)horic acid in acid-soluble phosphates, as follows: Boil 5 gm. of substance for one-half hour in 150 cc. of water. 40 cc. of nitric acid (1.2 sp. gr.), and. 10 cc. of 25 per cent hydrochloric acid, cool, dilute with water to 500 cc, filter, and proceed as usual. A discussion of methods for determining the availability of phosphoric acid in Thomas phosphate powder (basic slag phosphate), w^ith a complete transcript of Wagner's method, (i. I >. Leavens (1908. pp. 39. figs. 2). — This is a summary of information regarding the composition of Thomas slag, the availability of its phosphoric acid as shown by field experiments, and the relative merits of different chemical methods of determining availability. The Waguer method is reconmiended as giving the most satlsfactoi'y results. A rapid method for the determination of total potassium in soils, O. M. Shedd {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 1 {1909), No. 5, pp. 302-30',).— The method projKised, which is stated to be applicable not only to potash in soils but to silicates generally, "is a combination of the J. Lawrence Smith method with the cobalti-nitrite method of W. A. Drushel, the potassium being brought into solution by the former method and determined by the latter, without previous separation of the calcium." The determination of carbon by means of the bomb calorimeter, J. A. Fries {Jour. Amcr. Chvm. Soc, 31 {1909), No. 2, pp. 272-278, fig. 1). — From comparative determinations which the author reports tlie conclusion is reached that carbon dioxid can be very accurately determined with the Atwater- Berthelot bomb. 210 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED, From bis t^sts of determinations of hydrogen tlie uutlior concludes that " by means of the bomb calorimeter it is possible also to determine hydrogen, but it is a much more difficult and tedious operation, and it is very hard on the bomb, and with the kind of bombs in use at present, the writer considers it too costly and hence impracticable. Trials were made and it was found that the escaping acids attack the apparatus too much ; but as soon as the bomb can be made with platinum or other noucorroding lining all through the gas outlet, a method for hydrogen can doubtless be worked out successfully." Rapid and direct estimation of water in foods, condiments, and other materials, Thorner (Siidd. Apotli. Ztg., 1908, p. 585; abs. in Pharm. Praxis, 7 (1908), Xo. 8, pp. 363, 36-i). — In this method water is driven out of the ma- terial by distillation with petroleum ether, collected, and measured. The re- sults which the author obtained with milk and milk products, sausage, bread, etc., agree very well with those obtained in the usual way. The chemical constitution of the proteins, R. H. A. Plimmer (New York, Bombay, and Calcutta, 1908, pts. 1, pp. XII +100; 2, pp. YIII+66).— In this series of monographs on proteins the subjects considered are the chemical com- position of the protein molecule, the chemical constitution of its units, or the discovery and syntheses of the amino acids, the condensation together of amino acids, and the synthesis of the proteins. Each part contains a bibliography and an index. The hydrolysis of egg white with sodium hydroxid solution, Z. H. Skraup and F. Hummelberger {Monatsh. Chem., 30 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 12S-l'i5).—A progress report of cleavage studies with egg albumin.. Hydrolysis of vitellin from the hen's egg', T. P>. Osrorne and D. P>. Jones (Atner. Jour. Physiol., 2', (1909), No. 1, pp. 153-160).— The analytical results are discussed in comparison with earlier work. " The most striking difference, and one which we can not explain, is shown by glycocoll, which we were wholly unable to find, although persistent efforts were made to do so. The difference between the percentage of aspartic acid ... [in the authors' analysis and one quoted for comparison] is relatively large, but from such data as are now available it would appear that determina- tions of aspartic acid are among the most uncertain of all of the [jrotein decom- position products. We made no attempt to determine cystin or oxyprolin." Hydrolysis of the muscle of scallop, T. B. Osborne and D. B. Jones (Amer. Jour. Physiol., 21, {1909), No. 1, pp. 161-169) .—The results obtained in the hydrolysis of scallop (Pectens irradians) muscle are reported in comparison with those of similar studies of halibut and chicken. "The scallop muscle . . . resembles that of halibut and chicken in respect to the small proportion in which the lower amino acids are yielded by hydrolysis. " The amount of glutaminic acid is nearly the same as that obtained from chicken muscle, but decidedly greater than that from the fish muscle. " The scallop muscle yields distinctly more arginin and less lysin than the other two muscles, and in this respect shows a distinct difference which is greater than any probable error involved in the analysis." Electrolytes and colloids. The physical state of gluten, T. B. Wood and W. B. Hardy (Proc. Roy. ,S'oc. [London], Ser. B, 81 {1909), No. B 51,5, pp. 38-1,3, dgms. 2). — A study of gluten by physical chemical methods. The quantitative estimation of muscle albumin and myosin in meat of different sorts, G. Bonamartini {Ann. Ig. Sper, n. sen, 18 {1908), No. 2, pp. 235- 251 ; abs. in Biochem. Zcntbl, 8 {1909), No. 10, p. 551).— The author insists on the need of such determinations, gives some results, and outlines his method of analysis. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 211 The examination of flour, E. Schaffnit {Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Oenussmtl, 11 {1909), No. 2, pp. 86-88, fig. 1).—A separating funnel is de- scribed wbieh tlie author considers of use in the microscopical and colorimetric examhiation of flour. On the determination of reducing sugars, F. Zerban and W. P. Naquin (Intcntdt. ^tiinir Jour., 10 (IDOS), Xo. 115, pp. 328-332).— A critical study of methods. According to the authors, " in tlie determination of reducing sugars in low- grade sugar products the quantity of metallic copper present in the precipitate should always be determined. If that be done, clariticatiou with just a sufficient amount of neutral lead acetate may not be necessary in all cases, but it is advisable to use it, because it will remove at least a part of the reducing nonsugars without affecting the sugars. . . . " It appears that iu the analysis of low-grade products the volumetric method is preferable to the gravimetric, because the errors produced by tlie precipita- tion of organic and mineral matters are avoided, and fairly accurate results may be obtained in much less time." The use of temperature corrections in the polarizations of raw cane sug'ar, C. A. Browne {La. Planter, .',2 {1009), No. 12, pp. 185, 186). — A comparison and discussion of methods in use at the U. S. Treasury Department in the assessment of duty upon raw cane sugar. The detection of caramel in vanilla extract, A. G. Woodman and E. H. Newhall {Techno}. Quart., 21 {1908), No. 3, pp. 2.S0-2.S7 ) .— " The procedure found to give the best results in this investigation and recommended for use is as follows : 15 cc. of the extract are mixed with 2 cc. of zinc chlorid (5 per cent solution), and 2 cc. of caustic potash (2 per cent solution) are added The precipitate is filtered, washed with hot water, and dissolved in 15 cc. of acetic acid (10 per cent solution). This is concentrated to about half its volume, the excess acid neutralized, and the solution divided between two test tubes. To one of these three volumes of paraldehyde are added and just sufficient alcohol to make the mixture homogeneous. To the other tube an equal volume of a mixture of 2 parts phenyl-hydrazin hydrochlorid, 3 parts sodium acetate, and 20 parts water is added. Both tubes will show a brown, flocculent precipitate after standing over night if caramel be present." The Schmitt process for determining the total extract material in wine, F. ScuRTi and (J. De Plato {Stas. Spcr. Ag7\ Ital., U {1908), No. 9-11, pp. 681-688). — Analyses of a number of samples of wine are reported. The determination of total sulphur in urine, O. Folin (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc.. 31 (1909), No. 2, pp. 28//. 285). — In this note the author discusses criti- cisms of his method of determining total sulphur in urine CE. S. R., 20, p. 1106). On the detection and quantitative determination of rice hulls in feeding' stufEs, F. SciiRoDEK {Arb. K. Gsndhtsamt., 28 {1908), No. 1, pp. 213-22/,, figs. 6, dgm. 1). — Though the presence of rice hulls can be easily detected by the microscope, the extent to which feeds may be adulterated with them can only be determined by chemical analysis. Rice hulls contain more silicic acid than other feeding stuffs, and a method of determining the amount of this acid is described by the author :is affording a convenient means for detecting the extent of adulteration. Milk testing without apparatus, (4. Michaud {8ci. Amer., 100 {1909), No. n, p. 320, fig. I). — This article describes a method for testing milk suspected of having been skimmed or adulterated with water. It is claimed that if the milk has been skimmed or watered this can be readily detected by its opacity 212 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD, wlieu a sample diluted with 50 volumes of water is observed throusli the bottom of a glass held about 1 ft. above a lighted candle. A new apparatus for the determination of catalase in milk, II. Burri and W. Staub (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. Geniissmtl., 17 {190D), No. 2, pp. 88, 89, fig. 1; Rev. G&n. Lait, 7 (1909), No. 12, pp. 272-27 Jf, fig. 1; ahs. in Analyst, SJf (1909), No. 397, p. 160, fig. 1). — This apparatus has been previously noted (E. S. R., 2(». p. 1011). The detection of coconut oil in butter and lard, G. Fkndler {.-Vrh. Phnrm. Inst. Tliiiv. BcrHii. .5 {1907). pp. 261-278, figs. 2).— Analytical data of butter, lard, and mixtures of the same with coconut oil are reported. The methods em- ployed are based on the fact that the nonvolatile lauric and myristic acids are soluble in 60 per cent alcohol. Because of the large amount of these acids in coconut oil an addition of 10 per cent to butter can be detected. In testing for adulterations of lard the Reichert-Meissl value must also be taken into consider-, ation. Palm oil as an adulterant can be detected in the same way, though a distinction between palm and coconut oils can not be made with this method. Tests are also reported for detecting coconut oil by means of the melting points of the different ethyl esters of the fatty acids. Color reaction of oleic acid, A. MANf:A (Bui. fe'oc. Sti. Biicarcsti, 17 (1908), No. 3-J,, pp. 256, 257; ahs. in Chem. Zciithl., 1908, II, No. 20, p. 1702; Jour. Chcm. Soc. [Londonl. 96 (1909), No. 556, II, p. WO). — Vegetable fibers when mixed with oleic acid or its esters and strong sulphuric acid give a red coloration on the addition of water. This reaction may be used for identifying oleic acid and for distinguishing between vegetable and animal fibers. Official method of the American Leather Chemists Association for tannin analysis (Jour. Anicr. Leather CJieiii. .l.s-.s-or., '/ (1909). No. 5. pp. 118-138). — These methods include directions for taking and jireparing the samples, analy- sis of extracts, liquors, oils, fats, etc. Ethereal oils, H. Haensel (Ahs. in Jour. Chem. Koc. [London^, 96 (1909), No. 556, I, pp. Ill, 112). — This report contains analytical data on oils from a large number of plants of commercial value. Essential oils (8lemiann. Rpt. Scliiiiunel and Co., 1908, Nov., pp. 5-232, pi. 1, figs. 22; ahs. in Jour. Chcm. Soc. [London]. 96 (1909), No. 556. I, pp. 112-115; Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 19, pp. 156 '--1 566). —X collection of data on commer- cial oils, much of which has been abstracted in various journals. Animal fats and oils, W. H. Bentley (8ci. Amcr. Sup., 67 (1909), No. 1738, pp. 270, 271). — This is a brief popular account of the preparation of commercial grades of lards, tallows, oils, and greases. Beport of the chemical division, B. L. IIartweee (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 232-2.'i2). — This is a summary account of work during the year on the effect of sodium on plant composition, form of iihos])horus in turnips, avail- ability of nitrogenous manures, nitrogen gathering value of legumes, the wire- basket method for determining the manurial requirements of soils, soda as a supplement to potash as a plant nutrient, fertilizing value of potash in feldspar, effect of acid and of ferrous sulphate on seedlings, feeding stuffs and fertilizer inspection, and analyses of miscellaneous materials, including sludge, wool dust, dried blood, dissolved bone, ground bone, sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda, potassium nitrate, sulphate, muriate, and carbonate, common salt, sodium car- bonate, ground limestone, chicken feeds, and molasses. Labor and time saving apparatus in American analytical laboratories, V. Samter (Ztschr. Chem. Apparatenlc, 3 (1908), No. 2',. pp. 569-573. figs. 6; ahs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 11, p. 885, figs. 2).— The apparatus described include a grinding apparatus, an automatic sampler, a filtering apparatus, and the Jones reductor. METEOROLOGY WATER. 213 Chemical problems in the province of bacteriology, A. Reitz (Ztschr. Aiigcw. Chcm., 22 (li)09), A o.s. ,i, />/>. 100-101 ; .',, pp. 156-163).— It is shown in this article that bacteriological investigations furnish a series of new and inter- esting chemical prohleius .-ukI points of view. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Meteorolog-y, IT. D. Kdmiston {I'cnn.sylvania Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 179-192, 2-'i.j-273). — The observations here recorded are of the same character as those reporte2-J,68, fig. /).— This paper describes a simple method of obtaining highly nitrified sewage effluents for use in horti- culture. The arrangement used consists essentially of " a sereis of superim- posed trays, each containing suitable filtering material, so that the liquid could drip from one to the other, with an ample provision of air in the spaces 216 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. between the trays." This form of filtration is considered practical only on a small scale, but may be used with advantage in certain horticultural work. Report on the sewage irrigation farm of Gennevilliers (BuJ. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 8 (1909), No. 2, pp. ISO-lS-'i). — This is a brief report upon the operations of this farm during 1907 and 1908, including detailed statistics of the amounts of sewage water handled during the years 1905 to 1908. Agricultural utilization of sewage {Jour. Off. Repub. PrariQ., Jfl {1909), No. J,l, pp. J.',:2.5. L'i2G; ahs. in Rev. Scl. [Paris], 7/7 (1909), I, No. 16, p. 504; Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser.. 11 {1009). No. 7, pp. 19.',, J9.5).— The official report on the utilization of sewage on the Gennevilliers farm noted above is given, with discussion of the principal facts of agricultural importance brought out in the report. It is indicated that from the standpoint of sewage disposal the results have not been entirely satisfactory, and that in order to secure profitable returns in crop production it is necessary to use the sewage in such large amounts that complete purification is not secured. The use of peat beds according to the Miiutz method has been introduced to secure more perfect purification. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Maintenance of soil fertility: Plans and summary tables {Ohio Sta. Circ. 92, pp. 32, (Igms. 6). — This circular supplements Bulletin 184 of the station (E. S. II., 20, p. 428) and brings the data of experiments on maintenance of soil fertility begun in 1893 up to the end of the year 1908. The plans and table's are arranged for convenient reference in the field. Among the more important facts brought out by the results of the experiments to date are the following : " In the case of the crops grown continuously on the same land there has been a rapid falling off in yield during recent years on tlie unfertilized land, whereas there has been a slight increase in yield on similar land when the same crops liave been grown in rotation with each other and with clover. A given quantity of manure or fertilizer, moreover, has produced a smaller increase on crops grown continuously than on those grown in rotation. " In the 5-year rotation of corn, oats, wheat, clover, and timothy the unfer- tilized yield of corn has remained practically stationary throughout the 15 years of the test; that of oats has been slightly larger during the last five years than previously, and that of wheat decidedly larger, this gain in wheat yield being due chiefly to greater immunity to insect attack during the latter period. The average increase per acre in all the cereal croi^s has been very much greater during the latter period than formerly, due to the cumulative effect on the fertilizers and manure. "As between chemical fertilizers and open-yard manure, the manure has shown the greater increase in effectiveness during the later years of the test. " On both the thin land on which this 5-year test is located and on the richer soil used in the 3-year rotation of potatoes, wheat, and clover the great- est total yield and the greatest net gain after deducting the cost of the fer- tilizer, have been produced by comi>lete fertilizers, carrying nitrogen in nitrate of soda, phosphorus in acid i)hosphate, and potassium in muriate of potash. The experiments, however, demonstrate the practicability of replacing the nitro- gen and potassium with stable manure, thus greatly diminishing the cost of fertilizing and increasing the net gain. " The experiments with manure forcibly demonstrate the importance of avoid- ing the waste to which manure is subjected while lying in open barnyards and of reenforciug manure with some carrier of phosphorus, to replace the phos- SOILS FERTILIZERS. 217 phorus cari'ied ;i\v;iy in tlit> hones of live stock, in niill<, jind in the grains which are sold off the farm." An investigation of the causes of variation in soil fertility as affected by- long continued use of different fertilizers, B. E. Brown and J. J. Skinner (Penusj/lrftititt Sta. Ritt. 190S, pp. 26-68, pis. 3). — This article gives the results of investigations undertaken in 1907 to deterniirie if possible the causes of varia- tion in yield of plats of residual limestone soil which have been used for the past 2;") years in fertilizer experiments on a 4-year rotation consisting of torn, oats, wheat, and clover and timothy. The fertilizer experiments had shown that the soil resi)onds best to api)lications of pliosphoric acid. Extraction of the soil of the different i)lats with 1 per cent citric acid gave results showing some agreement between the amounts of phosphoric acid dis- solved and the yields obtained. Tliere were no decided differences in the amounts of lime, magnesia, phosplioric acid, and potash extracted by hydro- chloric acid of 1.115 sp. gr. Plats giving the highest yields were uniformly low in water-soluble nitrogen as compared with plats giving lower yields. Total nitrogen in general harmonized with the yields. Plats which had received muriate of potash alone or in combination were in greater need of lime than plats not so treated. " Soil extract studies were carried on, using wheat seedlings as an indicator of soil conditions. High-yielding plats, during season wiieat was on the ground, gave comparatively poor extracts. Low-yielding plats, however, gave good extracts during the same period. "After harvesting the wheat these plats approached much nearer the order that obtained in the field. The results may be ascribed to products of i)lant growth." A study of certain mutual properties of two adjoining fields which gave widely varying yields, B. E. Brown i rcnnsj/Ivania Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 102- lO-'f). — A chemical study of the soils of two adjoining fields, the soils of which were of the same origin but varied widely in productiveness as a result of difference in treatment, showed that the less productive soil was uniformly poorer in fertilizing constituents, less retentive of moisture, and more in need of liming than the productive soil. Physical and chemical study of the Milton Grove soils, W. Frear (Pcnii- sylvauia Sl) the frequency with which the tiask contain- ing the catalase and peroxid is agitated. " In the method adopted the catalase contents were compared on the basis of the number of minutes required by 5 gm. of soil to evolve 100 cc. of oxygen from 60 cc. of neutral 0.92 per cent peroxid, the flask being shaken continually during the reaction. " Exposure to a high temperatui-e for a short time had less eftect in destroy- ing catalase in soils than the action of a lower temperature for a longer time. " Carbon bisulphid inhibits materially the catalytic action. " Treatment of soil with manures was without effect on the activity or amount of catalase." Increasing- the soil's nitrogen content {Sci. Aiiirr. Sup., 67 {1909), No. 17^0, pp. 296, 297, flgn. 8). — This is a brief account of investigations by Bottomley on seed and soil inoculation for leguminous and nonlegumuious croi)s. Inoculation with nodule-forming' bacteria, W. S. Sayer {Michigan 8ta. Circ. 5, pp. .'/, figs. 3). — This circular explains briefly the value, need, and method of inoculation with nodule-forming bacteria. General fertilizer experiments, T. F. Hunt {Pcnnsitlrania Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 68-93. pis. 8). — This is substantially a reprint of Bulletin 90 of the station (E. S. R., 20. p. 1017), but giving more detailed data. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 15, p. 143). Action of fertilizers on woody plants, Ciiancerel {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 {1909), No. 3, pp. 235-2-'il). — Experiments in water cultures and SOILS FERTILIZERS. 221 artificial and natural soils with various tVrtilizcr combinations on seedlings of various forest trees are reported. Potash fertilizers checked Ki'owtii, and lime fertilizei-s. slaj:, and jihosphatic fertilizers j^enerally hastened i(. Experiments on tlie action of lime nitrogen, Gerlach (iJvitt. Ltuulio. Presse, 36 (,190!)), Xo. 33, pp. 353-355). — The results of comparisons of lime nitrogen with nitrate of soda on oats, barley, rye. potatoes, and beets in a large number of field experiments are summarized in this article. The results in general show that the nitrogen of lime nitrogen is the less effective. T;iking the action of nitrate'of soda as 100, that of lime nitrogen on medium fertile soil as 94, on sandy soil OO, and on heavy loam soil 52. In central Germany the cost of nitrogen in lime nitrogen is to that of nitrogen in nitrate of soda as 70: 100. The effect of lime nitrog'en containing a high percentage of calcium carbid on plant growth, II. von Feilitzen {Dciit. Laiidw. Prcssc, 36 {1909), No. 30, p. 3n).—li\ comparative tests with winter rye of nitrate of soda and samples of lime nitrogen containing high percentages (5.5) and low percentages (0.1) of carbid. it was found that nitrate of soda applied at the rate of 300 kg. per hectare (about 267 lbs. per acre) retarded but did not prevent germination when the seed was planted immediately after the application of the fertilizer, (lermination was more seriously interfered with and to a considerable extent prevented when application of lime nitrogen immediately preceded seeding. The injurious effect in this case was greater the higher the percentage of cal- cium carbid. AVhen the lime nitrogen was applied 14 days before seeding no injurious effect was observed. Acetylene gas refuse as a manure {Gard. Citron., 3. scr., J/S {1909), Xo. 1165, p. 26-'i).- — In pot experiments carried out by W. B. Burgess, of the Wye Agricultural College, it was found that the growth of plants (mustard) was in- versely ])roportional to the amount of carbid present. Even 1 per cent had an injurious effect, while 20 per cent comiiletely prohibited growth. The actual state of production of synthetic nitrogenous fertilizers, G. Ragondet {Ann. Gcmhioii.v, 19 {1909). Xo. 5. pp. 310-326). — This is a review of the present status of the manufacture of nitrogen comi»ounds from the nitrogen of the air. The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, F. Emicii (Mitt. Xatiinr. I'cr. ,ytayou Pierre 6 A-arieties were planted March 30 and April 1. On May 11 a])proximately 58 weevils per acre were found in the plats, and by May 28 the average number of over-wintered weevils had increased to 155 per acre. On June 13. 2 per cent of the squares on the plats were infested as compared with 3.5 to 12 per cent in fields near timber. On July 9 the average number of bolls per plant for the different varieties were as follows: Hawkins Early Prolific, 17.8 bolls per plant; Improved Peter- kin, 15.8; Mebaue Triumph, 12.4; Seago, 11.4; Keno, 10.9; and "native," 10.9. On this date an average of 11.33 per cent of the squares and 4..33 per cent of the bolls were infested on the plats. Of the varieties compared Keno led with 743 lbs. of seed cotton per acre at the first picking, August 19 to 29, fol- lowed by Hawkins Early Prolific with 702 lbs. These varieties gave a total yield of 1.031 and 911 lbs., respectively. At Mansura 2 adult boll weevils were found while planting April 1. April 23, 23 weevils were found per acre; May 2.5, 109; and June 2. 283. June 2, 6 per cent of the squares were infested. July IS the fruitage on the plats was as follows: Toole Early Prolific. 11. G bolls per plant; Hawkins Early Prolific, 10.8 ; Rowden, 8.2 ; King, 8.1 ; Simpkins, 8.1 ; Triumph, 6.5 ; and " native," 6.5. On this date 54 per cent of the squares and 2 per cent of the bolls were in- rested. The first open boll was found in Toole Early Prolific. In total yield, as well as in yield at the first picking, Hawkins Early Prolific ranked first with 503 and 212 lbs. of seed cotton \)ev acre, resi)ectively. Toole Early Pro- lific ranked next in total yield and Mebane Triumph in earliness. The results of other variety tests are briefly repoi-ted. In the fertilizer test on the rich alluvial soil at Bayou Pierre the results varied considerably, but nitrate of soda apparently increased the crop wher- ever used. At Mansura on dark, rather sandy loam, the nitrate was not so effective. The excessive weevil infestation prevented the utilization of the fertilizer ap))lied. The obstacles in the way of late planting to avoid weevil injury are pointed out and the results obtained in experiments along this line, which have been previously noted (E. S. R.. 19, p. 31), are briefly summarized. Variety and distance tests of cotton, G. M. Macnider et al. (Buh N. C. Dept. Agr., 30 (1909), No. 2, pp. 37-65).— The results of variety tests with cotton are tabulated in detail, notes on the varieties tested in 1908 are given, and early, medium, and late varieties, and large-boiled varieties and those having a high percentage of lint are pointed out. Russell Big Boll and Culpepper Improved have given the best average yields during 9 years at Edgecombe Farm, and King Improved, King Improved Native, and Edgeworth the highest average yields for 6 years at the Iredell Farm. During this time the differences in yields ranged from 530 to 915 lbs. of seed cotton per acre with the number of varieties ranging from 7 to 31, and from 455 to 505 lbs. of seed cotton per acre at the Iredell Farm with the varieties ranging from 9 to 30 in number. At Edgecombe Farm during the past 4 years the best average results were secured by planting cotton 3J ft. by 16 in., and at the Iredell Farm during the past 6 years by planting 3^ ft. by 16 in. FIELD CROPS. 233 Time and rate of sowing oats, A. J. Hansen and N. Thyssen {Tid-sskr. Lamibr. I'hintcavl, 15 {lUOS), .Vo. .'/, /jy>. SOi^-'i^G). — From the I'esults of experi- ments conducted at four Danish experiment stations from 1S96 to 1903 it is concluded that oats should be sown as early in April as weather conditions will permit and not later than May 1. Danish oats gave most satisfactory yields when sown at the rate of about 5 bu. per acre and gray oats at the rate of about 4 bu. Manuring oats in the Western Province, A. K, Hards {Agr. Jour. Cape Goud Hope, SJ, (HM)), Xo. //, pp. J,().')-',U, dijm. i).— Tabulated results of coo])- erative fertilizer tests show that all applications except the use of 10 tons i^er acre of kraal manure gave a profit this season. One hundred lbs. of nitrate of soda applied with 200 lbs. of basic slag or superphosphate per acre gave a good increase, but when either of these substances were used alone or in com- bination with 40 lbs. of sulphate of potash the inci'ease in yield hardly paid for the application. Manuring oats in the Longkloof, K. W. Thornton {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, .i.'f (t'JO'J), Xo. .'/, pp. .J/J- J/-', dgiii. I). — In these experiments 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre used alone ov with 40 lbs. of sulphate of potash re- sulted in a loss. A profit was secured when it was applied with 200 lbs. of basic slag, but when used with 200 lbs. of superphosphate no increase in yield was obtained. Seasonal report of potatoes, 1908 {Ohio Sta. Circ. 90, pp. 7, charts 5). — This circular embodies data based on notes taken at the station and on reports received from several hundretl farmers representing every county in the State. At the station this season a high yielding strain of Carman No. 3, selected for 5 years, gave an increase in yield of about 41 per cent as compared with un- selected stock. The results of other selection work indicates that if the highest yielding hills are selected without much regard to blight better yields will be secured than if blight resistance alone is considered. [Report of] potato growers' field meeting {OJiio Sta. Circ. 89, pp. 11-19, pgs. 2). — This is the report of a special potato growers' field meeting held in October, 1908, under the auspices of the Ohio State Horticultural Society, and includes reports of papers on Varieties of Potatoes by D. Egbert, and Potato Seed Selection and Improvement by F. H. Ballon. Rape culture, T. Remy {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), Xo. 3, pp. 81-92).— The results of variety tests of rape show that Dwarf ra])e led in yield of grain and Holland rape in yield of straw. Holstein and Canadian rape also gave good results. There was little difference in the oil content of the seed. In culture tests the best results with the crop were secured when it was grown on black fallow. A table reporting the study of plant-food requirements of various crops in different months of the growing season shows tliat rape uses large quantities of nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and potash in the fall from Se])tomber to November. The only crop resembling rape in this respect was I'uta-baga. The sugar content as a transmissible character in the sugar beet, K. Andkli'k, V. Bartos, and J. Urban {ZtscJir. Ziickcrindus. Boh men, 33 {1909), Xo. 6, pp. 3.'i5-357, flgn. 7). — The investigations described show that 100 indi- viduals, each grown from three isolated mother beets high in sugar and belong- ing to strains of high transmission, had an average sugar content only 0.15 to 0.35 per cent smaller than that of their mothers, which ranged from 18.9 to 19 per cent. The largest number of the progeny carried from 18.5 to 19 per cent of sugar. In the case of 100 individuals from three rich mother beets fertilized by beets also rich in sugar, the average sugar content was 0.8 per cent lower with one mother beet and 0.00 per cent lower in another, while in 234 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. the third the sugar content of the mother and the avei-age sugar content of the progeny were identical. The sugar content of the mother beets ranged from 1!).9 to 20.2 per cent. A hundred individuals each grown from three isolated beets low in sugar, but coming from strains high in sugar and high in transmissible power, contained on an average 1.36 per cent more sugar in one instance, 2.55 per cent more iu another, and 1.2 per cent more in a third. In this observation the mothers contained 15.2 per cent, 15.4 per cent, and 16 per cent of sugar, respectively. The polarization of beets iu 1896 as compared with data secured in 1908 shows an important improvement in the quality of the mother beets, but the figures also point out that a reduction in variability has taken place. The data which are here discussed were furnished by growers of sugar beet seed and breeders of sugar beets. The sugar content of the beet in its relation to seed production, Y. Bartos (Ztschr. Zuclterindus. Bohnien, 33 (1909), No. (!, iJi). 361-366). — From the ob- servations reported it is concluded that as the sugar content of beets is in- ireased their seed production is diminished. Attention is called to the fact that this does not indicate that strains low in seed in-oduction are rich in sugar. Experiment with nitrog-enous fertilization, H. Agee {La. Planter, 42 (1909), No. 11, PI). 170, 111). — This paper, read before the Louisiana Sugar Planters' Association, March 11, 1909, summarizes the results secured with nitrogenous fertilizers in growing sugar cane. The nitrogen was applied in different forms, at the rate of either 24 or 48 lbs. per acre. Where acid phosphate and sul- phate of potash were used they wei'e given in quantities furnishing 72 lbs. of phosphoric acid and 50 lbs. of potash per acre. The experiments covered the period from 1899 to the present time. The average yield of the unfertilized plats was 31.06 tons of cane. Where 24 lbs. of nitrogen was applied there was an increase of 1.76 tons over this yield, where 48 lbs. was used an increase of 3.77 tons, where 24 lbs. of nitrogen was used with mixed minerals an increase of 3.33 tons, and where 48 lbs. of nitrogen was used with mixed minerals an increase of 4.22 tons. In 1908 where nitrogen alone was given there was an increase in tonnage over the check plats of 2.67 tons per acre, with 24 lbs. of nitrogen and mixed minerals an increase of 4.88 tons, and with 48 lbs. of nitrogen and mixed minerals an increase of 7.10 tons. These results as compared with the average yields 10 years before show an increase of 0.75, 0.97, and 2.94 tons, respectively. Fertilizing tobacco, J. T. Crawley (E.stac. Cent. Agvon. Cuba Bill. 16, English Ed., pp. 26, pis. 12). — This bulletin is a report on extensive fertilizer tests with tobacco carried on in different tobacco growing districts for 2 years. The results indicate that very heavy dressings of barnyard manure are not so profitable as smaller quantities used in connection with green manuring with cowpeas, velvet beans, and similar crops and with applications of com- mercial fertilizers. On land in good physical condition commercial fertilizers gave much more profitable returns than manure. Phosphoric acid was found to be the dominant element on the red lands. Nitrogen and potash in com- mercial fertilizers" produced but little effect in these experiments. The author recommends sowing velvet beans or cowpeas on well prepared land at the beginning of the spring rains, plowing them under and applying from 5 to 10 tons per acre of barnyard manure or other organic matter about 2 months before the tobacco is to be planted, and to treat the land about 2 weeks before planting with 1,200 to 1.500 lbs. per acre of a fertilizer containing 10 per cent soluble and available phosphoric acid, 10 per cent potash from sulphate or car- bonate of potash, and 3 per cent nitrogen derived from sulphate of ammonia, nitrate of soda or dried blood. FIELD CROPS. 235 Shelter-tent experiments with Sumatra tobacco, W. Frear (Pennsylvania Sfa. Rpt. 1908, pp. 139-171, pis. 9). — The work and results described in this ju'ticle have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 1032), with the exceptions that the weather conditions are described in greater detail and that the cost per acre of growing the tobacco at Cocalico is given as $161.81 as compared with $156.75 in the earlier statement. Turkish tobacco experiments in the Cape Colony, L. M. Stella (Agr. Jour. Cape (load Hope. ,1'/ {1909). Xo. .'/, pp. 377-386. pus. ,5). — The results of cultui'e tests with Turkish tobacco are briefly summarized and complete directions for growing, harvesting, and preparing the crop are given. In 1906 when the tests were begun 3,000 lbs. were grown on 7* acres and sold at an average price of Is. Od. per pound. The following years 13,000 lbs. were grown and sold at an average of Is. lid. per pound. About 70 acres of Turkish tobacco were planted in 1908 and the production under favorable conditions is esti- mated at 35.000 lbs. The Florida velvet bean and its history, Katherine S. Bort ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr.. Bur. I'Uint Indu.s. Bui. I'lU pt. 3. pp. 25-32. pis. 3, fig. /).— The history of the Florida velvet bean and the identity of the plant are discussed. The name Stizolobium deeringianuni n. sp. is pi'oposed and a technical description given. Variety tests of rye and wheat, N. P. Nielsen (Tidsskr. Landbr. Planteavl, 15 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 365-382). — A study of.tlie comparative yielding capacity of wheat and rye at four Danish experiment stations from 1899 to 1904 showed that the average yields of wheat at three of the stations ranged from 78 to 92 Iier cent of the average yields of rye. At the fourth station where the crops were grown on fallow ground the average yields of wheat from 1900 to 1904 ranged from 88 to 95 per cent of those of rye, and in 1906 and 1907 the yield of wheat was 118 and 126 per cent, respectively, of the rye yields. Square- head or Stand wheat and Brattiugsborg rye were grown in the tests. Viability of weed seeds in feeding stuffs, C. L. Beach (Vermont Sta. Bui. 138, pp. 11-20, pis. ,}). — A commercial feed was found to contain over 20 per cent of apparently unground weed seeds, 26.4 per cent of which possessed the l)ower to germinate. The germinating power of these seeds was destroyed when they were steamed before passing through the alimentary tract of the cow, but when they were fed unsteamed 4 per cent of the seeds found in one sample of feces germinated, and in another sample 5 per cent. " Weed seeds sorted from this feed were placed rather more than half way down in a 100-ton silo full of mature silage when it was filled about October 1. These were taken out early in December, planted and many of them germinated. Laboratory gei-mination tests also indicated that the heat, fermentation and pressure of the silage did not inhibit germination." Weed seeds placed in ])iles of horse or cow manure and kept at temperatures of 120 to 201° F. had rotted at the end of 2 months. A similar trial of one month resulted in a failure of the seeds to germinate, though some of the seeds remained firm. From 2.3 to 12.8 per cent of the weed seeds in calf feces were found to germinate when used as a top-dressing. The harm which may result from these noxious weed seeds is pointed out. Iron sulphate and mustard, H. A. B. Vestergaard (Ugesln: Landm., 53 (1908), Xo. 10, pp. 133-13()). — In experiments at Funen the yields of grains were Increased about 60 i)er cent by applying 50 ]l)s. per acre of a 10 per cent solution of iron sulphate. Different machines for applying the solution are described and illustrated. 236 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. HORTICULTURE. The artificial retarding of plants, P. Noel (Naturaliste [Paris], 2. scr., 31 (1909), No. 52.'f, pp. 11, 12). — The author, who lives in Normanclie, had a six- year old plantation of several varieties of plums such as the Boston, Satsniua, Kelsey, etc., which flowered freely every year, but failed to form fruits owing to the frost in early May. A hole 16 in. deep was therefore bored in the ground in the neighborhood of the roots, ether was poured in, and the hole closed. After this root-etherization the trees flowered two weeks later than usual, escaped the late frosts, and set abundant fruits. Unsuccessful attempts were made to anesthetize the trees by causing the ether to evaporate within a box surrounding the truidv of the tree, also by allowing ether to be absorbed through a hole iu the base of the tree. The author concludes that the beneficial effects of ether in retarding growth are due to a refreezing of the soil through rapid evaporation of the ether, rather than through its anesthetic properties. Fertilizer experiments with vegetables in the vicinity of Milan, A. Menozzi and E. GRiJNER (Ric. Lab. Chim. Agr. R. Sciiala Hup. Agr. MUano, 3 (1908), pp. 15-1/7). — A detailed account is given of cooperative fertilizer experi- ments with vegetables conducted iu the vicinity of Milan, Italy. The general conclusions reached are tbat chemical fertilizers are more successful both as to yield and profit than sewage, their comi)osition is more reliable, they are more easily applied, and they are better from a sanitary standpoint. Cabbage growing on the irrigated lands of Colorado, E. R. Bennett (Colorado Sta. Bui. 143, pp. 3S, flgs. //). — This bulletin contains a detailed account of cabbage growing in Colorado under irrigated conditions. The follow- ing phases are discussed: History of the industry, soil, climate, soil preparation, l)lanting, irrigation, harvesting, insect i)ests and diseases, cost of growing and profits, markets, storing, and varieties. Celery growing in Colorado, li. J. Reid {Colorado 81a. BuL Ui'i, pp. 3-12, figs. 6). — A detailed account of celery growing under irrigated conditions in Colorado, including a discussion of soils, preparation of the land, varieties, seed, seed bed and planting practices, cultivation, irrigation, blanching, storing, harvesting and marketing, the cost of growing, and diseases and difficulties in growing. Onions, A. McMeans (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Vcg. Growers' Assoc, If {1908), pp. 13-35, figs. 22). — A report on the extent and nature of onion growing in Ontario, including considerable information relative to cultural methods em- ployed in different sections of the United States. Fruit culture in Crimea, ,J. Barsacq {Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Paris], 8 {1909), Nos. 3, pp. 303-315; J,, pp. 458-467).— A supplemental account to that previously noted on this subject (E. S. R., 20, p. S3!)) discussing varieties, methods and cost of culture, orchard management, disease and insects, and fertilizers. Tillage, fertilizers, and shade crops for orchards, W. Paddock {Colorado 8ta. Bui. I.'i2. pp. 5-16, pi. 1). — This bulletin discusses the importance and value of orchard tillage, fertilizers, and shade crops, the discussion being based upon practices employed in Colorado as well as those advocated by investiga- tors in other'parts of the country. The author maintains that, although the Colorado soils are fertile, they are usually deficient in humus and that clean cultivation to the exclusion of all cover crops as practiced by the majority of Colorado orchardists is likely to be detrimental to the orchards, since the humus which the soil does contain is apt to be burned out quickly when exposed to the action of the sunshine of HORTICULTURE. 237 that region during the heat of the summer. lie advocates and discusses a system of cultivation which provides for growing a shade crop in the orchard during the hot weather, the hind to be plowed at least every second season. In the case of young orchards when the ground is sufficiently fertile, the intro- duction of some hoed crop is deemed advisable. Although the best shade crop to be used has not yet been determined, red clover appears to be most in favor among those who have used any crop at all. Other crops which have been used to some e.xtent are winter vetch, peas, and alfalfa. Orchard fertilization, J. P. Stewart (Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 91, pp. .3-18, pffs. .'i). — This bulletin discusses the present status of our knowledge of orchard fertilization and gives an outline with the results to date of a series of experi- ments started at the Pennsylvania Station in 1907 with the view of determining the causes affecting yield and quality in apples. In these experiments are being studied the influence of plant food as affected by fertilizers, the influence of moisture as affected by soil management, the influence of cover crops and the influence of htn-edity as shown by propagation from best individuals and by variety. The fertilizer work is being conducted in 3 orchards ranging from !) to 19 years of age. The fertilizers are applied annually at the rates per acre of nitrogen 50 lbs., phosphoric acid 100 lbs., potash 150 lbs., lime 1,000 lbs., and .stable manure 12 tons. The data secured in 1908 indicate that the nitrogenous manures have materially increased the yield and decreased the color of the fruit. Phosphoric acid showed decidedly beneficial results only when in com- bination with other elements. Potash gave fairly favorable results in both yield and color, and lime appeared to decrease both, although this comparative harmful effect of" lime is not considered permanent. The effect of nitrogen ai)plied in the form of nitrate of soda as a top-dressing on July 8, 1907, was plainly evident before the close of August, and during the remainder of the season. In the following spring the trees on the nitrogen plats leafed out much greener than those in the other plats, and continued to show the same marked difTerence previous to the second application of nitrate of soda late in May. These results suggest the possible desirability of delaying soluble applications of nitrogen such as nitrate of soda until the season's growth is well advanced hut not completed, at which time the plant's supply of stored food is about exhausted. In the soil management experiments clean tillage, tillage and cover crop, sod mulch and sod are being compared in some young orchards from 6 to 15 years of age, and in a mature orchard about 35 years old. As indicated by the yields for 2 seasons, sod mulch in the young orchards shows 30 per cent better yields than clean tillage and I85 per cent better than the cover crop, while in the mature orchard the cover crop was 40 per cent better than sod mulch. Where plant-food is needed the author advocates the general I'ecommendation of about 10 tons of stable manure per acre or leguminous cover crops, alternated with a fertilizer carrying about 30 lbs. of nitrogen, GO lbs. of phosphoric acid, and 100 lbs. of potash per acre. The accompanying soil management suggested for most situations is tillage with a leguminous cover crop while the orchard is young, followed by a mixed grass and leguminous sod or sod mulch when bear- ing age and size is reached, with a return to tillage every second or third year after the i)earing habit is established, increasing the frequency of tillage with the age of the orchard and the demands of the fruit. In some related observations it was found that api)Io roots extend much farther laterally than is generally supposed, reaching in some cases more than 3 times as far as the spread of the branches. This fact suggests a wider area of distribution for fertilizers and mulches, 238 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. During the past season the soil management systems varied greatly in ability to conserve moisture. On one fairly porous soil tillage conserved the moisture much better than a 3-ton per acre sod mulch, and was superior to sod even when the latter was kept closely cropped and the grass left on the ground. Under the above conditions, the sticking qualities of Baldwin apples on the tillage plats were 52 per cent greater than on the sod-mulch plats. Northern Spies, however, showed no material differences in this respect. [Report of the experimental liorticulturist], J. P. Stewart (Pennsylvania 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 192-198, pis. //). — An outline is given of experiments being conducted by the department of experimental horticulture in connection with a study of the causes which affect the yield and quality in apples. The results of these experiments for 1907-8 are abstracted above. Whole V. piece root grafting', J. P. Stewart {Pennsylvania 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 198-200). — An experiment was started at the station in 1897 to test the relative merits of grafting apple trees on whole roots and on piece roots. Ten varieties of Hungarian apples of 6 trees each were received from the U. S. Department of Agriculture. Two trees of each variety were grafted on whole root, 2 on a top-piece root, and 2 on a bottom-piece root. The trees were measured in 1908, 11 years after planting, and the measurements and differ- ences are shown in tabular form. The advantage is slightly in favor of the top-piece root method of grafting with the whole-root method second. This is shown to be contrary to the results of similar work reported by the Alabama Station (E, S. R., 10, p. 1042) in which the advantage was slightly in favor of trees grafted on the lower half of the root with those made on the whole root third. A comparison of tillag'e and sod mulch in an apple orchard, U. P. Hedrick (New York State Sta. Bill. 31',, pp. 17-1.32, pis. 8, dgm. 1). — An account with the results secured to 1908 inclusive is given of a ten-year experiment started in 1903 and being conducted by the station to determine the relative values of tillage and sod mulch in orchard management. The experimental orchard con- sists of about 95 acres of Baldwins set out in 1877. The results secured to 1907 inclusive have been previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 20. p. 337). As indicated by the yields, the tilled trees are yearly increasing their bearing capacity, whereas the sod-mulch trees are decreasing in fruitfulness. The aver- age annual yield per acre on the sod plat for the past 5 years was 72.9 bbls., and for the tilled plat 109.2 bbls. The fruit from the sod plat is much more highly colored, and matures from 1 to 3 weeks earlier than that on the tilled plat. The fruit from the tilled plat is larger, more juicy, crisper, and of better flavor. It keeps 4 weeks longer in common storage than that from the sod plat, but there appears to be no difference in the keeping quality of the two classes of fruit in cold storage. Tillage exerted a favorable influence on the uniformity of trees and crops, the trees grown in sod showing abnormalities in foliage, branches, and roots, as well as in fruit bearing and in fruit characters. The sod-grown trees made an average annual gain in trunk diameter of 1.1 in. as compared with 2.1 in. with tillage grown trees. The leaves on the tilled trees were better in color, larger, more numerous, heavier, 3 or 4 days earlier in coming out, and a week or 10 days later in falling than the leaves on the sod- grown trees. Sodded trees made aa average annual branch growth of 1.9 in. as compared with 4.4 in. for tilled trees, with about twice as many laterals per branch on the tilled trees. During the dormant season the new wood on the tilled trees was plumper and brighter in color, indicating better health, and there was less dead wood than on the sod-mulch trees. HORTICULTURE. 239 The root systems of the tilled trees are approximately circular, while those of the sodded trees are very irregular, " iudicating a reaching out of a part of the roots in response to a demand for more moisture, food, or air or to escape some evil effect of the grass roots." Sodded trees grovping next to the tilled land showed better health and greater productivity than the trees on the inner sodded rows. The average cost per acre of management, exclusive of harvesting, was $17.92 for the sodded plat and $24.47 for the tilled. The average net income per acre for the sodded plat was $71.52 and for the tilled plat $110.43, an increase of 54 per cent. The following reasons are given why tillage seems to be better than sod for the apple: '■ The results of 120 moisture determinations in the Auchter orchard show that the differences in tree growth and crop in the two plats of this experiment are mainly due to differences in moisture, the tilled plat having most moisture. "As a consequence of the reduced water supply in the sod plat, there is a reduced food supply ; for it is only through the medium of free water that plants can take in food. Analyses show that the differences between the actual amounts of plant food in the two plats are very small. "Analyses show that there is more humus in the tilled plat than in the sod plat, contradicting the oft-made assertion that the tillage method of managing an orchard ' burns out the humus.' "At a depth of 6 in. the tilled soil is 1.1° warmer in the morning and 1.7° at night than the sod land ; at 12 in. the tilled soil is 2.3° warmer in the morning and 1.8° in the evening. " "We are justified, without the presentation of specific data, in saying that a tilled soil is better aerated than sodded land. " Soil investigators are well agreed that beneficial micro-organisms are found in greater numbers in a cultivated soil than in other soils." Although the experiment does not show that apples can not be grown in sod, it was noticed that the sodded trees began to show ill effects the first year the orchard was laid down to grass, and each succeeding year showed greater injury. How sod affected an apple orchard, F. H, Hall {Neiv York State Sta. Bui. Sl-'i, popular cd., pp. 3-20, fig. 1). — A popular edition of the above. Apple culture in Vermont, W. Stuart {Vermont Sta. Bill. I'll, pp. 63-100, pis. 8, fig. 1). — This bulletin discusses the extent and development of the apple industry in Vermont, and contains detailed suggestions relative to the starting, culture and care of an orchard, and the disposal of the crop. Picking' and packing- citrus fruits, M. J. Iorns (Porto Rico Sta. Circ. 8, pp. Jt-20, figs. 2 ) . — This circular contains suggestions on the practice and princi- ples of picking and packing citrus fruits. The information given is based largely upon the experience of successful growers in all the citrus growing regions of the world as gleaned from various publications on the subject. Small fruits in 1907, J. P. Pillsbury (Pennsylvania Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 20.5- 217). — Notes are given on the varieties of strawberries, raspberries, blackber- ries, currants, and gooseberries tested at the station during the season of 1907, and with the exception of the raspberries and blackberries, tabular data are reported indicating the flowering and fruiting periods and the vigor of the different varieties. With' the view of arriving at the relative merits of wide-matted row and narrow-matted row systems and the hill system of culture, some data were compiled relative to the average size of 10 varieties of strawberries which have 3406— No. 3—09 4 240 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. been grown continuously during the past 12 years. The results appear to dis- prove the theory that the hill system produces the largest average size fruit. When the yearly averages are taken the narrow-inatted row appears to produce the largest and most uniform grade of fruit, while the hill system yields the smallest berries. Grape growing, O. B. Whipple (Colorado 8ta. Bui. l.'fl, pp. 3-16, figs. 8). — This bulletin contains detailed suggestions for grape gi'owing under irrigated conditions in Colorado, in which the following phases are considered : Soils and locations, propagation, preparation of land, planting, cultivation, irrigation, pruning, summer ]iruning, winter protection, fertilization, picking, packing, varieties, insects and diseases. Estimates are also given on the cost of growing and returns. Studies conducted in the experimental vineyards of Messina on the resist- ance, breeding", and culture of American grapes during the biennial period 1907-8, La Faugi (Boh Mm. Agr., Indus, c Com. [Rome], S (1909), 8cr. C, No. 10, pp. 10-18). — This is a report on studies conducted with a large number of European and American grapes and their hybrids, including grafted and direct bearing vines, relative to their resistance to phylloxera, their production, culture and condition. The important data are classified in tabular form. Adaptability of the white and red Delaware grapes, G. de Istvanffi (Bui. Inst. Cent. Amp6lol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 (1906), pp. 60-62). — As a result of tests conducted for 6 years in the Hungarian state nurseries, both the white and red Delaware grapes were found to be unsatisfactory as regards their resistance to phylloxera, their yield, and the production of high grade wine. Practical advice to grape growers, M. D. Chauliac (Bui. Off. Gotrvt. G6n. Algcric, 1909, No. 10, Hu/)., pp. 73-706). — Practical directions, including methods of culture, propagation and varieties for reconstituting phylloxera-infested Algerian vineyards with American grai)e stocks, are given. The appendix contains data relative to the cost of replanting vineyards. [Note on injury to nursery stock by fumigating with hydrocyanic-acid g'as], C. W. Waid (Ohio Hfa. Circ. 89. pp. 7, 8). — The author reports a sus- pected case of hydrocyanic-acid gas poisoning of j^oung apple trees secured from a nursery in which the trees had been fumigated for San Jose scale. He is of the opinion that the possible danger of injury to nursery stock not perfectly dormant when thus fumigated is sufficient to warrant careful and thorough investigation. Fertilization of the almond tree, G. A. Cowie (Trop. Life, 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 68-70, figs. 3). — The author suggests fertilizer formulas for growing almonds on different types of soil, and gives the i-esults of a manuring experiment with almonds conducted with E. Albiach, Alicante, Spain, in which a complete fer- tilizer consisting of 330 lbs. of superphosphate, SO lbs. of niti'ate of soda, SO lbs. of sulphate of ammonia, and 450 lbs. of kainit gave a yield per acre of 1,532 lbs. of almonds, as compared with 433 lbs. per acre on unmanured land. This increase in yield was secured at an added cost per acre for fertilizer of about $30. A revised list of the plats on the experiment station, Peradeniya, R. H. Lock (Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, 4 (1909), No. 15, pp. 125- llfO, map 1). — This is a guide to the plats of the Peradeniya experiment station, the majority of which are planted to cacao, rubber, coconuts, and tea. The data for each plat consist of a brief record relative to its past history, and its condition at the end of 190S. The science of plant breeding', H. H. Groff (Ann. Rpt. Hort. ,Socs. Ontario, 3 (1908), pp. 76-85, figs. 6). — A popular discussion of plant-breeding methods with frequent references to the author's work in breeding gladioli. FOEESTRY. 241 FORESTRY. Key to New England trees, J. F. Collins nnd H. W. Preston {Providence, li. I., 11)09, pp. .'12). — This pnniplilot consists of a key to the wihi and commonly cultivated trees of New England, including some of the trees which grow in adjacent States. The key is based primarily on leaf characters. Directions are given for its use. together with references to more complete worlds on the subject. The tree book, Mary R. Jarvis CSew York and London \U}()9}, 2. cd. rev., pp. 132, pis. 31). — Popular discussions together with the distinguishing charac- teristics and illustrations are given of a large number of the more common P>ritisli trees. The adaptability of Douglas spruce (Pseudotsuga taxifolia), A. Jolye't {Rev. Eaujp ct Forcts, //S (1909), A^o. 11, pp. 321-331, maps 2). — A discussion of the comparative adaptability of the Pacific coast and Colorado forms of the Douglas spruce to different European conditions. The culture of forest trees {Die PflanzcnzueJit im Waldc. Berlin, 1907, 4 ed., rev. and enl., pp. XII +383, figs. 66). — This is a handbook for foresters and students. It treats in detail of the culture of young forest trees including seed bed and nursery practices, packing and shipping. Special rules are given for the culture of various species of conifers and hard woods. A primer of forestry, II, G. Pinchot {U. 8. Dcpt. A sprayings was given as a ])reventive of scab, and the lime-sulphur wash was found to excel the Bordeaux mixture under the condi- tions of the expei'iments. On the basis of one year's investigations, the author recommends for the prevention of apple scab the use of a lime-sulphur wash composed of sulphur 1 lb., linie i lb., and water 5 gal. The number and dates of sprayings necessary are yet to be definitely determined. Fighting apple scab in the Middle West, W. M. Scott ( West. Fruit-Grower, 20 ilOOH), A'o. i, pp. 5. 6", figs. 7). — A somewhat popular account is given of in- vestigati(ms which have been carried on by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department either as demonstration experiments or in connection with some of the stations in the Middle West. These have been conducted with a view to combating apple scab, leaf si)ot, and codling moth. The results obtained in Arkansas and Nebraska in 1908 were quite favorable to the use of a 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux mixture. Two brands of factory-boiled or concentrated lime-sulphur solution were tested and found to adhere better and remain effective longer than the self-boiled mixture, but owing to the interfer- ence of frost and excessive rains the experiments were not satisfactory and the results are not considered conclusive. In the experiments for the prevention of peach diseases scab, black spot, and brown rot were held under control by the lime-sulphur spray, and on varieties of apples subject to Bordeaux injury this spray is recommended. Spraying for brown rot of the peach, 1908, C. A. McCue (Delaware Sta. Bui. 85, pp. 3-12). — During 1908 the author carried on a series of cooperative spraying experiments with different varieties of peaches to test the self-boiled lime-sulphur wash as a fungicide for the prevention of brown rot of the iieach, due to tielerotinia fructigoia. Comparisons were also made of a number of other fungicides. As a result of one year's experiments with self-boiled lime-sulphur mixture, it appears that brown rot can be materially lessened by 3 or 4 sprayings, but that under some conditions considerable injury is done to the peach foliage. This may be prevented to a large degree by preparing the wash with cold in- stead of hot water. One of the principal objections to the use of this mixture is a heavy deposit of lime upon the fruit, and on this account the treatment can not be considered a success. The mixture proved an excellent remedy for the prevention of peach scab, and the author believes that 2 sprayings, one about May 10 and the other about June 1, would prove sufficient for ordinary attacks of the scab in the region where the experiments were carried on. The other mixtures experimented with were the liex brand of lime sulphur, benzoate Bordeaux, a boiled lime-sulphur mixture, sulphur water, and a strong homemade lime-sulphur wash. None of these proved safe and reliable reme- dies for the prevention of the brown rot of the peach. The commercial lime: sulphur washes are somewhat promising, but their action on the peach foliage is not sufficiently understood as yet to warrant giving definite directions for their use. Hypochnose of pomaceous fruits, F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall (Ann. MycoL, 7 (1909), No. 1, pp. .'/9-59, figs. 8). — A description is given of a disease of pomaceous fruits due to Hypochnus ochroleucus. This fungus causes a leaf blight, and its effect on the host plant resembles in some respects that of the bacterial fire blight of pears and apples. The later DISEASES OF PLANTS. 245 stages of the disease show, however, that only the leaves ai"e affected. The twigs are found carrying the fungus, but do not die from its presence. They seem lo be injured only indirectly through the destruction of the leaves. Tlie fungus was tirst described from Brazil, occurring on apples and quinces, and there a])pears to be little doubt of tlue identity of the present material. The disease is said to prevail generally throughout the mountain section of North Carolina and is also known to be present in West Virginia and Alabama, while other observations seem to indicate a still wider spread. As the fungus winters in a purely superficial manner upon the twigs, depend- ing but slightly on spores for its propagation, it is believed that thorough spray- ing in the spring will result in its control. The treatment of the downy mildew of grapes, H. Gouthiere {Prog. Affr. ct Vit. {Ed. VEst-Ccntre), 30 {1909), Xo. IT, pp. 507-.5i.'/).— Suggestions are given for the control of the downy mildew of the grape, and the relative merits of Bordeaux mixture, Burgundy mixture, and copper acetate solutions are dis- cussed. The author states that in order to be effective the proper time nnist be chosen for the application of the fungicides and the purest possible chemicals should be employed in their manufacture. The bud rot and some other coconut troubles in Cuba, W. T. Horne {Estac. Cent. Agr. Cuba Bui. 15, English Ed., pp. JfS, pis. 15). — The author describes the bud rot of coconut, giving an account of its history and occurrence in Cuba and the symptoms by which its presence may be recognized ; discusses the various attributed causes, and suggests methods for its control. The presence of the disease is first recognized by the dropping of the young fruits, followed by the fading or yellowing of the leaves, and later by the char- acteristic rotting of the undeveloped leaves in the center of the top. A number of fungi and bacteria have been isolated from the affected portions of the trees, and associated with the disease are a number of insects. Among the remedial measures suggested are the destruction of the tops of all dead or seriously affected trees, flaming or burning out the tops of all early or suspected cases, and spraying with Bordeaux mixture for the protection of healthy trees. Among the minor diseases described are the coconut leaf spot due to Pestalos- zia pahnarum, leaf dwarfing, the cause of which is not well understood, and water injury. In addition descriptive notes are given on a number of insect and other animal pests. A Funtumia disease, G. Massee {Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1909, No. S, pp. l.'il, l-'f8). — A description is given of a canker disease affecting one of the rubber trees {Funtumia elastica), the cause of which is said to be Nectria funtumia^ n. sp. A technical description of the fungus is presented. In general appearance and mode of extension, the disease is apparently similar to the cacao canker disease of Ceylon, which is also due to a species of Nectria. Diseases of the almond, G. Arnaud {Prog. Agr. et Vit. {Ed. VEst-Centre), 30 {1909), No. 15, pp. Ji51-Ii56). — Descriptions are given of the gummosis of the almond due to Coryneum heijerinckii, leaf curl {Exoascus deformans), leaf spot {Polysliyniu ochraceum), spot disease of the twigs {Fusicoveum umygdali), rust {Puvclina pruni), and anthracnose {(llwosporium amyydalinum) . together with suggestions for the use of fungicides in combating these diseases. The appearance of oak mildew in Wiirttemberg', O. Kirchner {Naturw. Zts'/ir. Forst u. Landw., 7 {1909), No. //, pp. 213-217).— The occurrence of oak mildew in Wiirttemberg is announced, the species attacked being for the most part Quercus sessiliftora and Q. pedunculata. An examination of the material showed the conidial stage of the fungus present in 34 forest districts. In 2 instances the perithecia were found, and a study of the fruiting bodies led 246 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the author to the conclusion that the fungus is Pht/Uuctinia coriflea, which also attacks the hazel. A study of the mildew of the peach in relation to the new mildew on the oak, (i. CuBONi and L. Petri (Aili R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sei. Fis., Mat. € Nat., 5. set:, 18 (1909), I, No. 7, pp. 325-326). — A comparative study was made of the mildew occurring on peaches, roses, etc. (Sphwrotheca pannosa), and of what the authors consider a new species the conidial form of which has been quite prevalent on oaks in southern Europe. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. A treatise on zoology, edited by E. R. Lankester (London, 1909, pt. 1, pp. XXII+296, figs. 151). — This is the first of two fascicles upon the protozoa. Section A on the Proteomyxa is by S. J. Hickson, Section B on the Heliozoa by W. F. R. Weldon and S. J. Hickson, Section C on the Mycetozoa by J. J. Lister, Section D on the Lobosa by S. J. Hickson, Section E ou the Radiolaria by F. W. Gamble, Section F ou the Mastigophora by Arthur Willey and S. J. Hickson, and Section G on the Haemoflagellates and allied forms, including a list of the known natural hosts, by H. M. Woodcock. A bibliographical list is given at the end of each section. Appendix A includes the Chlaniydomyxa, by J. J. Lister, and Appendix B the Xenophyophoridfe. by F. E. Schultze. Treating- seed corn to protect it from burrowing animals, T. H. Schedfer (Kansas Sia. Circ. 1, pp. '/). — This circular was prepared partly to supply timely information on the subject and partly to secure the cooperation of farm- ers in testing the various methods proposed. Examinations of the stomach contents of over 150 specimens taken in all months of the year have shown that mice and not moles are responsible for the numerous depredations. Experiments in methods of preventing the theft of seed grains in the ground have followed three lines — baiting the pests some days in advance of planting, regular planting of poisoned seed, and surface coating of seed with ill flavored substances, and the results with each are briefly discussed. Kerosene, crude petroleum, copperas, crude carbolic acid, fish oil, and spirits of camphor, when used in sufficient quantity or strength to impart an odor to the corn, were found to seriously injure the germinating powers of the grain. Mixing pulver- ized gum camphor with the dry grain and storing it in a closed vessel for some days, which has been recommended as an efficient treatment, gave negative results. Pine tar has a strong odor but leaves the grain too sticky to work in a planter. Coal tar makes an ideal coating of a rich brown color and a jier- sistent gassy smell. It dries nicely, is not in the least sticky, and will work well in the planter. Soaking corn in strong tobacco decoction for a few hours or simply wetting it with the liquid also seems to promise good results. It is stated, however, that no final i-ecommendations can as yet be made. The crow as a menace to poultry raising, L. J. Cole (Rhode L^land 8ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 312-316). — This is a brief discussion on the economic importance of the common crow as related to poultry raising. Losses in 1908 on two poultry farms are reported, one in which about 25 per cent of the chickens hatched out were taken, and another in which nearly 87 per cent of the duck- lings were carried away by crows. The eggs of the turkey, which is commonly allowed to roam and select its nesting site far removed from the house or poultry yard, are said to be especially liable to destruction by crows. A plea for the protection of our birds, L. Bruner (Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Nehr., Circ. 11, pp. -'/, dgm. 1). — A bi'ief account of the value of birds as destroyers of injurious insects. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 247 Report on the spring' migration of 1908, W. Stone (Caiisinia, J908, No. 12, J)}). .'i5-52). — The records of tlie spring niignitions of birds here rojtorted are based on reports from 50 stations in New Jersey and Pennsylvania. [Bibliography for 1908] (Vassinia, J!)OS, No. 12, jrp. 55-6V, ) .—Fifty-seven papers, larjj;ely relatins; to the birds of Pennsylvania, New Jersey, and Dela- ware, are listed. Animal parthenogenesis, L. Doncaster (Set. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 3 (1908), No. 9, pp. 40-52). — This brief review of the subject, accompanied by references to the literature, is of particular interest to the entomologist. Sex determination and parthenogenesis in phylloxerans and aphids, T. H. Morgan (Scicnee, n. scr., 29 (1909), No. 736, pp. 23Ji-237). — The phylloxera of the hickories are said to offer exceptional opportunities for a study of sex de- termination and i)arthenogenesis. In some species three generations can be followed within the same gall, two parthenogenetic and one sexual. The author has studied the cytological aspects of the life cycle of phylloxera and here presents an account of the chromosomal changes that occur in connection with sex determination. Phylloxera fallax and P. carycecauUs are the species here considered. The Sphegoidea of Nebraska, H. S. Smith (Univ. [Nehr.] Studies, 8 (1908), No. J/, pp. 323-JilO, pi. 1). — This is a paper based on material contained in the collection of the University of Nebraska. Of the 200 species recorded 118 were taken in Sioux county and 60 have not been taken elsewhere within the State. On some undescribed Scolytidae of economic importance from the Indian Region, K. P. Stebbing (Indian Forest Mem., 1 (1908), No. 1, Zooh Set:, pp. 12 ) . — The author describes 4 species of Sphserotrypes, 5 species of I'oly- graphus, and 2 species of Dryocetes as new to science. Life history notes are also given. Descriptions of new curculionid beetles of the tribe Anthonomini, W. D. Pierce (Proc. U. S. Nat. Alas., 3 J, (1908), pp. 173-181).— In the investigations of parasites of the boll weevil made by the Bureau of Entomology of this Depax't- iiient, numerous new species of weevils have been met with. The author here jiresents descriptions of 2 genera (Smicraulax and Mecynopyga) and 10 species hitherto undescribed. These are accompanied by breeding and collecting records. Contributions to the study of Japanese Aphididae, I and II, U. Okajima (Bui. Col. Agr., Tokyo Imp. Univ., 8 (1908), No. 1, pp. 13-26, pis. .)).— The first of these two articles is on the structure of the antennae of Aphididje, the second upon 3 new species of Trichosiphum in .Japan, Remarks on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), III, E. E. Green (Mem. Dept. Atjr. India, Ent. Ser., 2 (1908), No. 2, pp. 15-^6, pis. 3). — A paper in continua- tion of a series previously noted (E. S. R., 12, pp. 369, 1067). The author presents notes on the occurrence and food plants of a number of species, to- gether with descrii)tions of 1 genus and IS species new to science. A catalogue of all the species hitherto recorded from India is appended, in which 102 species are listed, exclusive of varieties. Notes on Indian scale insects (Coccidae), H. M. Lefroy (Mem. Dept. Agr. India, Ent. Ser., 2 (1908), No. 7, pp. 111-137, pis. 3, fig. i).— Notes on the food l)lants are given and the life cycles of Monophlehus stebMngi octocaudata, Iccrya minor, and Daetylopius saccharifolii are described in detail. The num- bering of the species is that of Green's list, noted above. Gall midges of the goldenrod, E. P. Felt (Ottaica Nat., 22 (1909), No. 11, pp. 2-'i'i-2Ji9). — This account includes a table of the galls supplemented by brief descriptions of the insects bred therefrom. 248 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. British flies, G. H. Verrall (London. 1909, vol. 5. ijp. 780+3-'/, [A. 1. figs. JfOl). — In this, tbe secoud voluine published on British tiies and the fifth of the work on British Diptera, the families Stratiomyidje, Acanthomeridie, Leptidie, Tabanidte. Nemestrlnidie, Cyrtidie, Bonibylidie, Therevidie, Seeuoitiuidte, My- daidse, Apioceridie, and Asilid;ie are taken up. A systematic list of the Palte- arctic Diptera Brachycera is appended. The mouth parts of the solitary bees, R. Demoll (Ztschr. Wiss. Zool., 91 (1908), No. 1, pp. 1-51. pis. 2, figs. 11). — This is a description of the mouth parts of the solitary bees, accompanied by drawings and a bibliography. Notes on some western Orthoptera; with the description of one new species, A. X, Caudell (Proc. U. S. Xat. Mus., 34 (1908), pp. 71-81). — This is a record of collections of Orthoptera made on a trip through the western part of the United States. The species Marsu tiiberculata collected at Eureka, Cal., is described as new. Report of the State entomologist, E. F. Hitchings (Ann. Rpt, State Ent. Maine, 3 {1907), pp. 105, pis. 20, figs. 11; Agr. of Maine, 1907, pp. 205-306, pis. 20, figs. 11 ) . — Brief notes are presented on the insects of the year. Many of the asters in nurseries are said to have been badly infested during August by the plant louse Xectarophora amhrosiw. Conopthorus conipcnia was received in twigs of the red pine. The tarnished plant bug (Li/gus pratcnsis) was the source of injury to the buds of dahlias. The American silkworm (Samia cecropia) was frequently received at the station. The buck moth (Hemileuca inaia) occurs in a number of places in the State. Numerous letters were received regarding the caterpillars of the lo moth (Automeris io), which is common throughout Maine. The mourning cloak butterfly {Euvanessa antiopa) has become a pest within the past few years. The maple borer (Plaginotus speeiosiis) is said to be causing a great deal of damage to shade trees. A nvimber of parasites which came under ol)servation during the year are reported. The larvae of Vanessa atalanta were infested with the tachinid Exorista futilis, tent caterpillars were badly attacked by Tacliina mella. and red-humped caterpillars were parasitized by E. ehelonia. Several specimens of the common Pimplas, P. pedalis and P. eonquisitor, emerged from the pupae of the brown-tail moth. The tachinid Frontina frenchii is said to be a very common enemy of the Cecropia, while Gryptus extrematis and Ophion hilineatus were bred from this moth. A list is given of many of the insects that were taken under burlap in the course of the gipsy moth work. A detailed account of the brown-tail and gipsy moth work in the State is accompanied by numerous figures and original photo- graphs. A brief report is iucluded of the State exhibitions of injurious insects at fairs, of entomology in schools, and of publications and circular letters of the year. The principal insects of the orchard are considered in connection with a somewhat extended account of Elaine apple orcharding. Twelfth report of the State entomologist, F. L. Washburn (Rpt. State Ent. Minn., 12 (1907-8), pp. X+205, pi. 1, figs. iOJ).— Much of the information here presented has been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 1049) Many reports of grasshopper ravages were received during the jear. Direc- tions for combating them by means of ho])perdozers, etc., and the Minnesota grasshopper law as revised in 190.5 are given. Eggs of the spring grain aphis ( Toxoptera graminum) were found on grass at St. Anthony Park April 7 and 23. 1908, showing that the eggs may survive the winter in Minnesota. Records kept of the number of young produced by the first individual born in each of 17 generations (between April 14 and August 25) gave a total of 959, or an average of 57 per generation. A second series of 20 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 249 generations extending from January 22 to August 'U gave a total of 814, or 41 young per generation, while a third series of 22 generations extending over the same period gave a total of 1,117. or an average of 51 young per generation. The average number of young produced by the tirst form of each generation of I he third series was HO. Notes are presented ou the English grain louse {Macrosipltum granuria), the life history of which is under investigation. Records kept of the number of young produced by the first offspring of each of 13 generations (between April and October) gave an average of 16 young, while in a second series au average of 14 young was recorded. The thirteenth generation of this species was still producing young on October 19. The European grain louse (Sii)liocorynce uvvnw) was found attacking the leaves and young stems of wheat, oats, barley, and rye, and later the heads of the same grains. In 11)07 it was generally dis- tributed over the State. An average of 15 young were produced by the first born of each of 7 generations between January 10 and March 11. The corn leaf louse (Aphis maiiUs) was collected from grain and Macrosiphum trifolii from corn. A report on nursery inspection for 1908 is here given, in which is included a compilation of the latest laws in the different States relating to nursery inspection and nursery shipments. Notes are also given on the grape flea beetle (Halticu clialybca), the grape phylloxera, buffalo tree hoppers (Ceresa hubahis and ('. iaurina), the strawberry root louse {Aphis forbcsi), black flies, etc. In a preliminary report upon the work with stalk borers in Minnesota, the biology and injury of Papaipema species (P. nitela, P. f areata, and /'. cata- phracta) are considered. P. furcata was found in the nursery boring in the new growth of young ash trees. The work of the experimental garden and insectary is briefly considered, and a list of abstracts of publications dealing with insect pests of fruit, as reviewed in Experiment Station Reeord between January and October, 1908, are given. Appended are A Comparative Study of the External Anatomy of Plant Lice, by R. A. Vickery ; descriptions of three new Hymenopterous parasites of the cabbage maggot {Loxotropa pegomi/ice, Mcsocrina pegomyiic, and Aphareta pegomyice), by C. T. Brues; and descrip- tions of the larv:e and pup;e of Papaipema nitela and P. eataphracta, and of the larva of /'. furvitta, by II. J. Franklin. Report of the entomolog'ist, L. Bruner (Ann. Rpt. IVebr. Bd. Agr., 1908, pp. 2ii7-3.'il, fig^- 3Z). — The first part of this report, on The Principal Insects Injurious to Agriculture during 1900-7 (pp. 287-300), is by M. H. Swenk. Dur- ing the period under report there have been strong indications of a revival of chinch bug activities in several counties along the southern borders of the State. The false chinch bug (Xystus angustatus) was unusually abundant in northern Nebraska. The army worm was destructive to millet and oats in three counties in 1906. Cutworms attacked corn, wheat, alfalfa, potatoes, and tomato plants. The corn root worms were reported as a source of injury in Otoe and Hamilton counties in 1907. Other insects reported include the rose chafer, wheat insects, the clover-hay worm, blister beetles, cucurbit insects, granary pests, and the clover mite. Au account is given by H. S. Smith of the Aphids Injurious in Nebraska dur- ing 1906-7 (pp. 307-326). The spring grain aphis or green bug (Toxoptera graminum), which was the source of great injury in States to the south during 1907, was found in Nebraska on wheat and rye. lint did not occasion any ap- preciable loss. This was [jrobably due to the effective work of the parasite l.ysiphlebus tritici. The English grain aphis (Mdero.siphiim yranaria), which was found to be quite abundant over almost all territory where wheat was 250 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grown, was mistakt'ii by many cinring tlie spring of 1907 for T. graminum. It is present in Nebraslva in some numbers every year, being the source of a more or less steady and continuous drain on the small grain crop. The European grain aphis (Sipliocorync avcnw) was found in some numbers associated with T. gramimim and M. (jranaria. It has probably always been present to some ex- tent in the State but has never become so numerous as to be a menace to small grain. The root-infesting aphid (Forda occidentalis) was found in great abundance in almost all wheat fields examined while investigating the green bug. Some plants in these fields supported as high as 40 lice, although the field as a v.^hole was not noticeably damaged, and usually a much smaller number was found upon the plants. It is always attended by a small brownish ant, the species of which has not yet been determined. A second root-infesting aphis {Gcoica sp. ) was found abundant in one locality in October, 1907. The corn root aphis {ApJids maidi-radicis) was reported as doing considerable damage north of the Platte River. The corn leaf aphis (.4.. maidis) was fre- quently found upon broom corn, sorghum, and Indian corn. The cherry aphis (Myzus cerasi) did considerable damage to cherries and plums. The green peach aphis (M. persiccr) is fairly numerous upon peach trees in orchards of southeastern Nebraska. The woolly aphis has become very common in Ne- braska. The boxelder aphis {Chaitophortts ncgundinis ) has done considerable injury to boxelder trees. The melon aphis has become injurious to pickle grow- ing in the State. An account of The Botflies Affecting Live Stock in Nebraska is given by M. II. Swenk (pp. 327-341). Owing to persistent and emphatic complaints from farmers and stock raisers, detailing losses from injured hides, shortened milk supply, etc., due to the ravages of the ox warble fly {Hypodcrma liucata), a cir- cular was sent out to prominent cattle men outlining the known habits and life history of the insect and asking questions in order to bring out such personal observations as had been made. The general concensus of opinion as reflected in over 100 replies has been summed up by the author and is in part as follow^s : " The ox w^arble fly is present over the entire State, and while eastwardly it seems to be only fairly common, in western Nebraska it is abundant and of recent years has been decidedly on the increase. On the majority of ranches from 50 to 75 per cent of the cattle are affected. . . . The first grubs appear as early as September, when a few very small ones are discernible upon close inspection, more appearing during October, November, and December, and all reaching very obvious size by New Year's day, from which time on they are conspicuous. ... "As a I'ule there is no dockage on animals poor in flesh because of warble attack, but sometimes 5 to 10 per cent of the value is docked for this cause. Warbled hides, however, are always rated second class, which is equivalent to a dockage of one-third. Where only a few grubs are present the interference with fattening is too slight for consideration, but badly Infested animals fatten only with great difficulty or not at all, require 10 i)er cent more feed, and are usually about a moiith behind uninfested individuals, an interference in all of perhaps 25 to 35 per cent. Where the two are equally accessible to the flies, farm and range cattle seem to be equally infested, but westwardly the range cattle seem to have much the worst of it. . . . "The eggs are deposited on the lower portions of the limbs, usually the hind legs about the hoofs. The cattle ai-e everywhere afraid of the flies and try to escape from them by running or seeking water, where the fly will not follow. . . . Very few had found evidences of the grub elsewhere than in the back of the animal. . . . ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 251 " The ouly remedies generally practiced are the squeezing out of the grubs or Icilling them by putting some substance, such as turpentine, carbolated oil, axle grease, etc., into their breathing lioles in the animal's back. Dipping, being practiced in the fall and early spring befoi'e the breathing holes are well formed, is considered usually ineffectual against warbles. Late spring dipping has, however, apparently proved helpful in some cases. Actual experimentive tests, which it has as j-et been impracticable to make, seem necessary for the complete determination of this point." The common horse botfly (GastropJiilK.s equi) is found in all sections of the State, and the chin botfly ((7. nasal is) of the horse was almost equally preva- lent. The red-tailed botfly (G. luetnorrhoidalis) is said to be comparatively rare, but the sheep botfly (Oestrus oris) is found nearly everywhere that sheep are kept. An account is given of the life history of these flies. Other Ameri- can botflies briefly considered include species of Cephenomyia, which infest the various members of the deer family, and species of Cuterebra, which para- sitize rodents, etc. [Insect pests I, M. H. Swenk, H. S. Smith, and L. Bruner (Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Nebr., Circs. 7. pp. 4, fiff. 1 ; 8, pp. 4, figs. 2; 9, pp. //. figs. 3; 10, pp. Jt, fig. 1). — These circulars take up. respectively, the strawberry leaf- roller (Anei/lis coniptana), potato stalk borer (Trichobaris trinotata), corn- ear worm (Ucliothis obsolcta), and the house fly. Observations of the season [in Ohio], H. A. Gossard (Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 62 (1907), pp. 90^-911). — Scoiytus rugulosus is said to be attacking and threatening the destruction of orchards in some districts of the State. In con- nection with the codling moth experiments here briefly consi-dered. it is stated that the ordhiary Vermorel nozzles with medium caps give the best spray at 100 lbs. pressure. The variegated cutworm (Peridronia saucia) was quite destructive in some localities, while the radish maggot was not so destructive as in former years. The grape-berry worm, while not so destructive in the grape x'egion along the lakes, became more injurious in the interior sections. The greenhouse white fly has become established in many greenhouses. A Millipede became very numerous in the station greenhouse and killed a few cucumbers. The raspberry flower beetle {Byturus unicolor) was quite de- structive in one county. The army worm, H. Garman {Kentucky Sta. Bui. 137, pp. Ji3t-.'f/i9, ;j/.s. 6, figs. 5). — Ileliophila itnipuncta is said to attract attention in Kentucky from time to time because of its injury to timothy, millet, and other grasses. In 1908, complaints were frequently received from farmers living in the bluegrass region of the State. Bluegrass, corn, and even red clover were gnawed, while alsike clover, in one case noted, was rather badly injured. Alsine octoftora was stripped of its leaves wherever it occurred in a field of clover. White top {Erigrron annuus) was a favorite food plant. Brief notes are presented on the crops attacked by army worms, localities in which the worms gather head, and the weather most favorable to their de- velopment. Technical descriptions of the stages and notes on the early litera- ture of the army worm are also given. At least 3 broods develop during the season In the State. The moths of the second brood were observed from June 22 to July 10, tliose of the third brood emerged on August 5, and a fourth brood emerged on September 18. The tachinids Winthemia Ji-pustulata and Phorocera leucamw, and the bracho- nid Apahtelcs niilitaris are the parasites found to attack it in Kentucky. The tachinid Bclvoisia unifasciata also occurs in the State, but has not as yet been found to be a parasite of the army worm. Several species of the digger wasps have been found to destroy the army worm. Observations on the methods of 252 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. attack, etc., in the case of Ammophila plcUpennis are here described. During the wet season by far the most destructive enemy of the army worm is said to be a species of Empusa, probably E. virescens, one of the parasitic fungi. A Micrococcus which is easily cultivated on nutrient gelatin also appeared to destroy the worms during spells of excessively hot weather. The treatment found most effective is destruction of the breeding places. After they begin to march, plowing trenches about infested land causes them to accumulate in these and permits their destruction with coal oil and fire. Soil sterilizing; Bordeaux mixture and poisons for tobacco seed beds, W. T. HoRNE (Estac. Cent. Agron. Cuha Circ. 30, English Ed., pp. 11). — Damp- ing off, due to a Rhizoctonia, is said to be a well-known disease of tobacco in Cuba. The principal insects which injure the tobacco seed beds are cutworms (Feltia annexa aiad other species), climbing cutworms (Prodenia sp.), the leaf folder (Micromima olivia), and the flea beetle (Epitrix parvula). Hot water is considered the most practical means for sterilizing tobacco seed beds so far tried in Cuba. Bordeaux mixture, when properly prepared and ap- plied in time, has thus far proved an effective remedy for the damping off of these beds. It is also a valuable repellant for insects attacking the beds, and if used with poisoned baits will probably be effective. The baits are the most valuable means of protecting the beds from insect injuries and should be used whether insects are seen or not. Where these remedies are not effective a spray of arsenate of lead is recommended. Sixth, annual report of the chief inspector of nurseries and orchards, W. E. Evans, Jr. {Ann. Rpt. Ohio Bd. Agr., 62 (1907), pp. .58.0-67)) -—This is a report of the inspection work for the year 1907. The damage done by the oyster-shell scale is said to have been very marked, especially in the lake region on poplars, maples, etc. On account of the injury by this pest the city of Cleveland has prnhibiited the setting of Carolina pop- lars within the city bounds. Ravages of the white-marked tussock moth were seen all over the State, and the apple datana was a troublesome pest to nurserymen. [Report of the] department of entomology, K. P. T.wlok (Missouri Fruit Bta. Rpt. 1907-8, pp. 10-15, pis. 3). — A large part of the insect work has been directed against the San Jose scale. In a single township as a result of spray- ing demonstrations by the station and the influence of a few progressive or- chardists, 20.000 fruit trees and shrubs were sprayed by orchardists for the San Jose scale in the fall of 1907 and spring of 1908 with excellent results, where previously practically nothing h;id been done to check the spreading of the scale. Experiments were conducted against the codling moth and curculio infesting the apple in perfecting a scheme of spraying which would effectually hold both under control. Studies of the life history and habits have also been made of a large number of the principal insect enemies of the orchard. Report of the past year's work of the State board of entomology, E. L. WoRSHAM (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 27, pp. 70-80). — The author briefly reports on the work of the year. This includes the inspection work, investigations on the San Jose scale and red-headed fungus (see below), and experiments with soluble oils (E. S. R.. 21, p. 60). Brief ijotes on experiments with plum curculio are also reported, from which it is concluded that arsenical poisons have a decided tendency to reduce infestation from curculio. Effect of spraying with lime-sulphur wash. Red-headed fungus as para- sitic on San Jose scale, A. C. Lewis (Ga. Bd. Ent. Bui. 27, pp. 81-86). — Bi'ief notes are given on the effect of spraying with lime-sulphur wash. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 253 The red-headed funjius ( Spliarostilhc coccoitliila ) is snid to be parasitic on the gloomy scale (Af^pidinitis oh-wura) in many sections of Georgia, but in only a few instances has it been found occurring on the San Jose scale. From the experiments here reiiorted. in which attempts were made to transfer it to the San Jose scale, the author concludes that it does not increase fast enough in (ieorgia to be of much value. Report of the investigation of the red scale and its injury to oranges in Spain, P. Aymes and L. Trabut (Bui. Agr. Algcric ct Tunisic, 1 't (190S), No. 9. PI). 215-225, figs. 6). — This is the report of a commission appointed to investi- gate the red scale {Chrysompliciliis minor), with a view to perfecting measures for preventing its introduction into Algiers. This species is said to be a native of tropical Asia and also found in the Antilles, but only in countries bordering on the Mediterranean has it become a source of serious injury. The pest is said to have first been observed in Europe by Berlese at Florence, Italy, in 1895. Since 1899 it has become the source of great injury in sections of Spain, particularly to the orange, which when badly attacked has ceased to be grown at a profit. At Barcelona the red scale was found on all green plants offered for sale in the markets, particularly upon palms, and it is concluded that this point is the center of its distribution in Spain and to the Balearic Isles. At Valence it was found in nearly all the orange groves, associated with Lepidosaplics {Mytilaspis) gJovcri and L. citri- cola, two species known in Spain as " serpeta." L. gloveri is said to have destroyed the collection of oranges at the Valence Botanical Gardens. The passage of regulations requiring the inspection of imported plants and fruits, particularly nondeciduous plants and oranges, is recommended. In combating fruit-tree bark beetles, H. F. Wilson {Ohio Sta. Circ. 89, pp. 4~6). — Phlcetrihns liminaris and Scolyttis rugulosiis are said to be the worst of these pests. The author briefly considers the nature and extent of their injury and methods of treatment. A more extended account by the author of P. liminaris has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 955). The olive fly in Calabria, G. del Guercio (Atti R. Accad. Ecoii. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 5 (1908), No. 1, pp. 18-63). — This is an account of Dacus olece, its injury, and methods of combating it in the province of Calabria, Italy. [A tea pest], T. Fetch {Trop. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. Soc, 32 {1909), Xo. 1. p. 82). — An examination of specimens has shown the so-called green bug (Lvcanitim viridc) and not the Lautana bug {Orlhczia insignis) to be the source of injury to tea plants in Ceylon. The raspberry byturus (Byturus unicolor), W. H. Goodwin {Ohio Sta. Bui. 202, pp. 173-186, figs. 8). — During the last two years this pest has been the source of almost a total loss of the red raspberry crop of a number of Ohio growers. The adults feed upon the young leaves and buds of the raspberry. The larvje develop in the head ui)on \^hich the berry is borne causing the affected berries to ripen earlier and tending to make them small and unfit for niiirket. While the injuries ai'e severe, these are usually confined to small and some- what local areas. It is considered probable that the pest has some insect enemies which in most cases hold it in check as it seems to disappear after a few years of severe injury. It has been previously reported as injurious in Canada, Minnesota, Michigan, New York. Massachusetts, and Ohio. Experiments have demonstrated the efficiency of an arsenate of lead spray applied k few days before the beetles emerged from their pupal cells. This time varies in different seasons, but is usually about May 10 in northern Ohio. The spray may be applied most readily with a machine of the grape-sprayer type, but with 1 or 2 nozzles so attached that the spray is thrown directly 254 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. from above to the bushes. In this way the bushes will be entirely covered with spray and a great deal of labor saved beside enabling the grower to cover a large area of berries in a comparatively short time. In connection with the arsenic spray, thorough cultivation late in the fall close up around the bushes will destroy many of the pupre or expose them to the freezes and thaws of winter, thereby causing their destruction. " Spraying with kerosene emulsion is only to be recommended where the beetles are already very numerous, and the spraying with arsenate of lead has been deferred until after the beetles have appeared in large numbers; even then, the arsenate of lead will be full}- as effective and last for a much longer period, but in extreme cases the two may be used together. Bordeaux may be added for fungus diseases, and will help to hold the arsenate of lead on the foliage and buds, making the spray slightly more efficient than if arsenate of lead were used alone." The raspberry flower beetle (Byturus unicolor), H, A. Gossard (Ohio Sta. Circ. 89. pp. 3, -}). — A brief account is given of this pest (see above). Experiments with remedies for the grape Eudemis, J. Capus and J. Fe\'- TAUD {Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 29 (1908), No. 29, pp. 77-87).— A report of experiments made in Gironde in 1907 with remedies for Eudemis ioirana. Nicotine and bariuni chlorid were tested, the best results being obtained from the latter. A 2 per cent solution of barium chlorid and molasses, applied in July before the eggs were deposited, decreased the amount of injury by S2 per Cent. The toxic effect of this insecticide is said to be very high. Nico- tine was also quite effective, as was the hand collection of the pest while in the pupal stage. A new parasite of the grapevine pyralid, H. Sicard (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], i.J7 (1908), No. 20, pp. 9',l-9-'i3). — The tachinid Parerynnia (Erynnia) tihrissata, is reported to have been so abundant during 1908 that it destroyed 60 per cent of the grapevine pyralids (G^Jnophtira pilleriana). Chalcis sminuta, previously i-eported as a parasite of this moth, and a species of Pteromalus are hyperparasites and prevent a more extensive parasitism by the tachinid. Tachina hortontm, a second species, is said to be a well-known parasite of this motli. The pine-cone gall fly, M. Seitner {Centhl. Gesam. Forstw., 3'/ (1908), A'O. 5, pp. J 85-190, figs. 9). — The author presents an account of the life history and habits of Pletneliella abietina, with descriptions of the life stages. The preparation and application of insecticides and fungicides, J. S. HousER iEstac. Cent. Agroii. Cuba Circ. 33, English Ed., pp. Jfl, figs. 23). — Formulas of insecticides and fungicides, with directions for their application, are given. Spraying machines and equipment are described and illustrated. The biting of man by squirrel fleas, G. W. McCoy (Pub. Health and Mar. Hasp. Serv. U. 8., Pub. Health Rpts., 23 (1908), No. 48, p. 1719).— "The find- ing of several plague-infected ground squirrels in California, together with the belief that it is possible for man to be infected with plague from squirrels, prompted experiments to determine whether fleas from these rodents would bite man under experimental conditions. "In the experiments the common California ground squirrel {Citellus beecheyi), the species in which plague infection has been found, was etherized in a mouse jar and the fleas were collected and identified. The fleas were then placed in large test tubes, 4 to 6 fleas in each tube. To feed them the tube was inverted over the forearm of a healthy man. "For the first experiment 30 fleas {Ceratophyllus acutus), the majority of which were females, were applied 1 hour after they had been removed from ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 255 tbeir natural host; only 2 fed. Twenty-four hours later but 1 fed. On the third day 4 of the S living tieas in 3 of the tubes fed well. On the sixth day only 12 of the 30 fleas were alive; none of these fed. " In the second experiment 5 female fleas {C, acutiis) were applied to the arm 4 days after they had been taken from the squirrel ; nouo fed. Seven days later, 11 days after being collected, 1 flea was alive, and it fed vigorously. " lu the third experiment 4 female specimens of Hoplopsiijlliis anomaJus were taken from a squirrel. All of these fed well on the fourth day after they were collected. " These experiments prove that the common fleas of the ground squirrels in the vicinity of San Francisco will bite man under the experimental conditions noted. Whether man is actually infected from squirrels through their fleas is a matter that remains to be determined. The Indian Plague Commission be- lieved that infection from the rat flea was probably through dejecta from the flea. In our experiments it was noted that eveu during the most prolonged feeding the fleas never ejected blood or feces from the anus." The transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by fl.eas and lice, G. H. F. Nut- tall {Parasitology, 1 (1908), No. .',, pp. 296-301; Proc. Cambridge Phil. Soc, 15 (1908), No. 1, p. 53). — Experiments are here recorded which show that the two fleas, C'eratopliyllus fascial us and Ctcnopthalmus (TyphlopsyUa) agyrtes, and the louse, Hwmatopinus spinulosus, transmit T. lexoisi from rat to rat. The ease with which infection took place through the agency of fleas suggests that they are probably the chief transmitters of the trypanosomes. In the flrst experiment with lice, 30 to 60 transmitted the trypanosome from diseased to healthy rats, while in the second experiment 14 lice failed to do so. No signs of any development of the trypanosome were observed in the bodies of the lice. The author concludes that " since 3 distinct kinds of blood-sucking insects are capable of transmitting T. leicisi it appears doubtful that this flagellate is a parasite of the invertebrate 'host' in the sense claimed by Prowazek and other investigators." A critical review of the relation of blood-sucking' invertebrates to the life cycles of the trypanosomes of vertebrates, with a note on the occurrence of a species of Crithidia, C. ctenopthalmi, in the alimentary tract of Ctenop- thalmus agyrtes, W. S. Fatton and C. Strickland {Parasitology, 1 {1908), Xo. .'t, pp. 322~3.'i6, figs. 12). — Following this critical review, the author describes Crithidia ctenopthalmi, a new species found infecting the alimentary tract of a flea {Ctenopthalmus agyrtes). Fifteen species are placed by the author in the genus Crithidia. Crocodiles and tsetse fl.ies, E. A. Minchin {Nature [London], 79 {1909), No. 2051, p. -'i58). — The author calls attention to the fact that while crocodiles may serve as hosts for trypanosomes there is no evidence whatever that they serve as an alternate host of Trypanosoma gambiense and that it is improbable that any reptile should play such a part. Reports by the press that the croco- dile serves as such host for the causative agent of sleeping sickness appear to be due to a misinterpretation of Koch's report, in which he mentioned the find- ing of a trypanosome (not T. gambiense) in, and observing Glossina palpalis feed upon, the blood of this reptile. Glossina palpalis {Sleeping i^ickness Bur. [London] Bui. 3, pp. 89-ltS, pi. 1). — This is a sunmiary of our knowledge of the life history, habits, enemies, and distribution of G. palpalis. The projthylaxis of sleeping sickness is also considered and a list is given of the papers consulted. Entomological technique, M. Lanoeron {Arch. Par., 12 {1908), No. t, pp. 15.'i-159, figs. 5). — Directions are given for the dissection of the digestive tube and the salivary glands of mosquitoes. 3406— Xo. 3—09 5 256 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. On the structure of '* Haller's organ " in the Ixodoidea, (i. H. F. Nuttall, W. F. Cooper, and L. E. Kobinson {Paiasitology, 1 (1908), 2\'o. 3, pp. 238-2Ji2, pi. 1, fig. 1). — The authors doubt that the function of Ha,ller's organ is auditory. They consider tlie structure of the organ, the peculiar antenna-lii^e movements of the first pair of legs, and the results of Lahille's experiments to be strongly in favor of the assumption that it is olfactory in function. On the structure of the spiracles of a tick (Haemaphysalis punctata), G. H. F. Nuttall, W. F. Coopek, and L. E. IvOijinson ( I'ara-sHoloi/y, 1 {1908), No. .'i, pp. 3'i7-351, pis. 3). — An account of the structure of the stigmal plates of II. punctata. On the presence of an anticoagulin in the salivary glands and intestines of Argas persicus, G. H. F. Nuttall and C. Strickland {Parasitology, 1 {1908), No. Ji, pp. 302-310; Proc. Cambridge Phil. 8oc., 15 {1908), No. 1, p. 53). — ^Attention is called to tlie work of Sabbataui published in 1898, which shows that the bodies of Ixodes ricinus contain substances which, when in- jected into dogs, prevent the coagulation of the blood and cause toxic symptoms, but do not cause hiemolysis. The following conclusions have been drawn from experiments made with A. persicus obtained from South Africa : " There is clinical and experimental evidence that the bites of Argasidse may be occasionally followed by toxic effects which are either local or general in character. " This toxic effect may be due either to the peculiar susceptibility of the individual upon whom the bite has been inflicted or to the character of tbe substances injected into the wound by the tick in the act of biting. The cause of the toxic effect remains to be discovered. . . . " The salivary glands and intestines of A. persicns contain anticoagulin but no h.'emolysin. " The amount of anticoagulin pi'esent in the salivary glands of A. persicus varies considerably. The amount contained in the glands of a single tick may delay the coagulation of 0.02 cc. of human blood for 45 to 95 minutes or in- definitely. The anticoagulin also acts on rabbit's blood. " The movements of human leucocytes remain unaffected by exposure to emulsions of the salivary glands of A. persicus. " Exceptins' the effects due to the presence of anticoagulins, it has not been established that the bodies or salivary glands of A. persicus contain toxic substances. "The anticoagulin in the salivary glands of A. persicus is destroyed by an exposure of 10 minutes to a temperature of 80° C. Its action is partially abol- ished by a similar exposure to 55° C" The Spirochsetes: A review of some border-line organisms between ani- mals and plants, H. B. Fantham (Set. Prog. Ticentieth Cent., 3 {1908), No. 9, pp. H8-162, figs. -i). — This is a brief review of our knowledge of the Spiro- chsetes. The chub and the Texas horn fly, R. L. Moodie {Amer. Nat., J,3 (1909), No. 507, pp. 186-188, fig. 1). — The author reports that in northwestern Nebraska the fish Scmotilus atromaculatus meets cattle, as they enter streams to drink and jmnps out of the water to catch the horn flies {Hwmatobia serrata). External parasites on poultry in South Africa, W. A. Humphries (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 3'/ {1909), No. I. pp. 51-57). — Four parasites of poultry in South Africa here considered are the red mite, fowl louse, sand flea, and tampan. The author considers it probable that more poultry are killed directly or indirectly by the ravages^' of parasites than from all other causes. The fowl tick 01 tampan is considered the most destructive parasite. Methods of treatment are discussed at length. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 257 Mating experiments with, bees, A. C. Miller (Rliodc IxJand Sta. Rpf. 1908, pp. ,U>(1-.UI, fhj. J). — The bolief has long existed' that control of the mating of the (Innu's and queens must be secured before any very marked progress in the development and fixing of desirable traits will be possible. Elating takes place while the insects are Hying, but when the males and females ai-e confined either to a hive or to large inelosures they as a rule fail to mate. But few exceptions to Ihe rule are known, several of which are here mentioned. The author reports investigations conducted during 1907-8, in which a cloth house 9 ft. square and 9 ft. high was erected. Every factor which could be thought of is said to be embodied in the experiments, but so far without suc- c(>ss. Just what the inclosure has to do with the mating is not known. That sight is not the primary means for finding or attraction seems evident, and the only remaining proliability seems to be in sound. It is suggested that the instinct of the queen and drone to fly high has to do with the getting away from the noise of the horde of workers. Silkworm rearing as a popular pursuit, T. A. Keleiier (Guide to Nature, J (tOOS), Xo. 9, pp. Jl 1-320, jUjs. 10). — A popular account accompanied by illustrations. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. The influence of sodium benzoate on the nutrition and health of man ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. lipt. SS, pp. 7S4. dgnis. 8, charts .'/). — This volume contains the detailed reports of investigations made by three members of the Referee Board of Consulting Scientific Experts, appointed by President Roosevelt to study the influence of sodium benzoate on the nutrition and health of man. A bihli- ographj- of the ^iiore important work on benzoate of soda is appended. The main conclusions reached by the Referee Board are as follows: " Sodium benzoate in small doses (imder 0.5 gm. per day) mixed with the food is without deleterious or poisonous action and is not injurious to health. " Sodium benzoate in large doses (up to 4 gm. per day) mixed with the food has not been found to exert anj- deleterious effect on the general health, nor to act as a poison in the general acceptation of the term. In some directions there vrere slight modifications in certain physiological processes, the exact significance of which modifications is not known. " The admixture of sodium benzoate with food in small or large doses has not been found to injuriously affect or impair the quality or nutritive value of such food." Alt ('.rpcriDioituJ sfadij of the influence of sodium benzoate on the nutrition and health of man, R. H. Chittenden (pp. 9-292). — Using G men as subjects the effects of sodium benzoate were studied, the experiment as a whole covering a period of 12o days. A period of 2 weeks, during which records were made of the subjects under normal conditions, was followed by a benzoate period of 2 months, in which each subject receiA-ed iter day 0.3 gm. of benzoate of soda, designated as the "small dose." Next followed an "after period" of 10 days, in which no benzoate was given, and then a 4 weeks' period with larger doses of benzoate of soda, ranging from O.G gm. per day at the beginning to 4 gm. per day at the close of the period. During this period of "large doses," cover- ing 28 days, each subject took 53.2 gm. of benzoate. The investigation closed with an " after period " of 10 days. Tln-ouffhont the wholi,' time data were collected regarding food con.suniiitiou and coiii])<)sition, urine and feces, results t)f clinical and medical examinations, bacteriological studies of feces, blood count, etc.. the results of the benzoate periods being comi)ared with those obtained during the normal periods. 258 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The general conclusions which were drawn from the investigations follow : " Sodium benzoate, in small and large doses, up to a maximum of 4 gm. per day, is without disturbing influence upon the general health of the indiA-idual, so far as can be seen from clinical observations. There was no attendant loss of body weight ; neither was there any disturbance of digestion, assimilation, or utilization of either the fat or protein food. Indeed, the subjects of our experi- ment showed a gain of weight and even an improved condition of digestion dur- ing the period of the experiment in which the action of sodium benzoate was tested. "Again, there was no deleterious influence on the part of sodium benzoate upon the blood, either on the number of erythrocytes, leucocytes, or the hemo- globin content of the blood. " Upon the less tangible processes of metabolism as indicated by the quantita- tive study of the urine, etc., there is no indication of any marlced action. No changes of any special significance were to be noted during the period when sodium benzoate was fed even in large doses, aside from a slight efl:"ect on the reaction of the urine, so that the conclusion is obvious that sodium benzoate does not exert, in small or large doses, any pronounced influence upon the pi'ocesses of metabolism or of nutrition. " Sodium benzoate is without effect upon the pi-oduction of nitrogen balance. Throughout our experiment a plus nitrogen balance was easily maintained, and in such fashion as to clearly indicate that sodium benzoate does not exert any harmful or disturbing influence. " In our judgment, therefore, based on the character of the results obtained in this study of the action of sodium benzoate on the general health and nutri- tion of man, there is no suggestion of any pronounced effect whatever produced by the salt in such doses as we have employed. We are of the opinion that sodium benzoate, in small and large doses, up to a maximum of 4 gm. per day, is no more harmful or provocative of disturbance of the human organism than corresponding amounts of sodium chlorid or common salt. " This conclusion, while based entirely upon the results of our investigation, is in close harmony with what is known regarding the occurrence of bonzoyl- containing radicals in many natural products, wliich have long served as useful foods for mankind. As our results show, in harmony with well-known facts, the ordinary diet of man contains a suflicient amount of benzoic acid or kindred substances to give rise to appreciable quantities of hippuric acid in the urine. Further, huckleberries, cranberries, and other related fruits well recognized as noninjurious to health have in them amounts of benzoyl radicals sufficient to form quantities of hippuric acid in tlie urine larger than the small doses of sodium benzoate fed in our experiment ; thus making it apparent that some natural foods at least contain quantities of benzoate, or related substances, in amount equal to what was fed in our daily dosage with sodium benzoate, and that the system is well inured to the presence of moderate quantities at least of this aromatic group. " Finally, it may be added that the results of our experimental study make it evident that tlie admixture of sodium benzoate with food does not lead to any reduction in the quality or strength of such food ; neither is the food injuriously affected thereby when the salt is added in small quantities or in large quanti- ties, up to a maximum of 4 gm. per day. Were the contrary true, we should expect to find in our experimental results indications of either a disturbance of digestion, an inhibition of the normal power to digest and assimilate the food treatefl with sodium benzoate, together with a tendency toward the production of a minus nitrogen balance, with possible loss of body weight." FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 259 Invest if/at ions o/; tliv effects of sodium hoizoate on the health and general metal>olism of man, J. II. Long (pi). 2!);i-r)G3). — Six men students in normal health were the suhjects of these investigations in which sodium benzoate was taken in exi)erimental periods. In the first of GO days" duration the daily dose was 0.3 gm. per person ; in the second of 14 days' duration the daily dose was 0.6 gm. ; and in the third iieriod of 18 days' duration it was 1 gm. The diet throughout the whole test was ample, the men following their own tastes and desires in so far as possible. The amount of food consumed and the nitrogen and ether extract content were recorded together with the calculated fuel value in certain cases. Detailed studies were made of the urine and feces. In his summary of the results obtained the author states that in the chemical studies of the urine and feces it was not found that there was any change in the normal metabolism attributable to the action of benzoate of soda. "There was no alteration in the distribution of the nitrogen of the urinary constituents, and no decrease in the utilization of the protein or fat of the food." So far as could be judged by the various special tests made, there were no alterations in the qualitative composition of the urine. " In the bacteriological and other tests carried out in the feces, which were extended to a considerable length, no essential change from the beginning of the fore period to the end of the high preservative period was discovered. There were fluctuations, but they were not systematic, and varied with the individuals rather than with the dosage. It is fair to conclude that the action of the ben- zoate, in the amounts used, on the intestinal activities or on the characteristic flora must be, at most, exti'emely slight. "The pi'olonged clinical observations are intended to show clearly the actual conditions of the men from day to day. . . . [The author considers them] of equal importance with the chemical tests made, for the purpose of this inquiry. But one conclusion may be drawn fi-om them, and that is that the health of the men has suffered no impairment through the use of the benzoate in the period of the observation. . . . [The author believes], further, that the period is long enough to show change were it likely to occur. '• In conclusion it nuist be said, then, that the experience in our laboratory justifies the statement that the modern addition of sodium benzoate to our food, up to at least 1 gm. daily, does not give rise to any abnormal conditions in the subject, or lead to any changes in metabolism which may be detected with the means at our command. " It follows, further, from the same observations, that such addition of ben- zoate to the food does not lower its value by robbing it of any element, by dimin- ishing its digestibility, or by introducing a factor which modifies in any dis- coverable way the normal metabolism. The quality or strength of the food is not lowered or injuriously affected through the presence of the preservative, and this is true for large quantities as well as for small, since the amounts of preservative used in our experiments must all be considered large from the standpoint of actual use." The action of sodium henzoatc on the human body, C. A. Hcrtcr (pp. 505- 7G1). — The investigations which were made with 4 subjects included a fore period, a low benzoate period, a high benzoate period, and an after period, in which the author studied particularly the physiological body processes. During the low benzoate period the daily dose of sodium benzoate was 0.3 gm. During the h\g\\ benzoate period it ranged from O.G gm. to G gm. per person per day. The discussions include general medical notes, analytical data regarding the urine and feces, fats and fat balance, the results of general and special urinary examinations, and of chemical and bacteriological examinations of the feces, clinical data, and similar topics. 260 EXPEETMEKT STATION EECORD. According to the author's suniniary. the following conclusions may bo drawn regarding the action of small doses of sodium benzoate : " No action from small doses of sodium benzoate was detectable by the methods used in this Investigation in respect to the following physiological features : The general health of the subject as indicated by subjective and objective signs; the composition of the urine (with one exception, viz, the physiological effect on the hippuric acid excretion) ; the composition of the feces ; the absorption of fats and the fat balance ; the character of the bacteria of the intestinal tract ; the weight of the body ; the hemoglobin of the blood ; the red blood cells ; and the white blood cells. " The observed rise iu hippuric acid of the urine was such as was to be ex- pected from the well-kuowu metabolism of benzoic acid in the animal organism. . . . " The failure to detect significant departures from any physiological processes may safely be taken as a practical certainty that none of the experimental subjects who submitted themselves to our investigation derived any injurious effects therefrom. The fact that the composite curves made from our subjects to indicate the body weight and the hemoglobin percentage show a rise both iu weight and in hemoglobin for the entire benzoate experiment (low benzoate period and high benzoate period) is a practical and obvious confirmation of this conclusion derived from two important indices of physiological well being or health." As regards the action of large doses of benzoate of soda, " it may be stated that no definite physiological consequences of large doses of sodium benzoate were detectable by the methods employed in this investigation except in the following instances : " There was a considerable or large rise in the hippuric acid excretion, such as would be expected from the doses of sodium benzoate ingested. The signifi- cance of this rise has been discussed at sufficient length in the preceding section dealing with small doses of sodium benzoate, " There was an increase of the indican of the urine, not great but unmis- takable. This rise, discernible iu all 4 subjects, seems attributable to an action of the sodium benzoate, as other known factors in the experimental conditions fail to satisfactorily account for it. It is perhaps attributable to a slight irritant action on the gastro-enteric tract, so altering the secretions or bacteria (or both) as to favor intestinal putrefaction. " There was a depression of the gas-foi'ming function of the mixed fecal bacteria. " There was a moderate but apparently unmistakable rise in the proportion of coccal bacteria observed in the fermentation tube sediment derived from the inoculation of the mixed fecal flora. The precise significance of this phe- nomenon and of the depression iu gas production noted . . . [above] is not known, but both conditions are frequently associated with slight or pi'onouncetl inflammatory affections of the gastro-enteric tract. " There was a distinct rise in the free hydrochloric acid of the gastric juice." Is food containing benzoates injurious to health? E. K. Smith (Med. Rcc. [JV. Y.], 75 (1909), No. 1, pi). 16-18). — A discussion of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 404), with the conclusions from which the author does not agree. The effects on health of long-continued small doses of sodium sulphite, K. B. Lehmann and A. Treutlein (Arch. Hyg., GS (1909), No. J,, pp. 303-.31S).~ From experiments with cats and dogs the conclusion was reached that medium doses of sodium sulphite do not produce noticeable effects on the health of the animals even when continued for 200 days. The authors point out that it POODS HUMAN NUTT^TTTON. 261 Wdiild not ho fair 1o coneludc from llicsc results tlint sodimn sulphite should be used in preserving uient, since if it is added, spoiled meat can he used and inferior meat given the appearance of meat of better quality. The effect of som^e so-called preservative salts on chopped meat, K, E. BoKiiNCKK (H}/f/. Rundschaa, 19 (lOO'J), Xo. 6', pii. ,'/7J-//. 'i ; ahs. in Buffalo [Dcpt. Health] Sanit. Bill., n. sen, 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. I, 2). — ^The turkeys used in this investigation were purchased alive and kept under observation for several days, then killed, dressed, and placed in cold storage for a year under wliat the author considers the most favorable circumstances. With a view to comparing the effect upon quality, half of the turkeys were stored drawn and half undrawn. At intervals the birds were removed from storage for study and cultures were made of tlie flesh and sections of the tissue were examined to ascertain whether during the period of storage bacterial migration took jilace, and if so, when- it occurred, the results being compared with data obtained from similar examinations made before storage. A number of tests were also made of the stored birds in which their quality when cooked was judged by different individuals. According to the author's conclusions, no changes making the food detri- mental to health take place when turkeys, and presumably other domestic fowls and game, are kept a year in cold storage inider proper conditions, provided the material is in perfectly fresh condition when stored, and is especially pre- pared for storage. The flavor of turkeys kept in cold storage, and probably of other domestic fowls' and game also, differs from that of the fresh birds of equal quality, being less sweet and relatively less pronounced. "When the turkeys are undrawn, " there is a tendency for the odor, and un- doubtedly the taste, of the material contained in the intestines to permeate the ad.iaceut tissues at the time of the thawing-out process. There is also the possibility of the bacteria contained in the intestinal contents to migrate through the abdominal tissues at the time of the thawing-out process. It is tlie opinion of the investigator that all domestic fowls submitted to cold .storage should be drawn and should be properly killed and otherwise prepared . . . [and packed] with the express intention of being placed in cold storage, and that domestic fowls, unless so prepared, should not be allowed to go into cold storage, and that regulations suitable to the enforcement of such pro- cedure should become a health administratiA'e measure. Changes in turkeys, and probably the same is true with other domestic fowls and game, do not take lilace during the actual time of the proper application of cold storage, but occur befoi'e being placed under tlie influence of this pi-ocess for food preserva- tion, at the time of the thawing-out process, and at times subsequent thereto. Material in any state of decomposition is in no way improved by the applica- tion of cold storage, and its application will only tend to retard the destructive process, or cause it to be arrested at the point reached at the time of being snl)jected to cold storage. " In the case of turkeys, and probably the same applies to other domestic fowls and game, cold storage is the only possible method by which this class of food material can be preserved. Food of this kind is largely of seasonal pro- duction, which seasons are relatively of short duration. If cold storage was not resorted to, there would be months of the year when turkeys, and prob- ably the same applies to other domestic fowls and game, could not be obtained 262 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. for food. As a result of the facts (lotorniiiu'd l)y this investlfration it would sooni that under the projier regulntion, . . . cold storage can be safely employed for this class of food preservation." Tests on cold storage of poultry (Ice and Rcfrig., 36 {W09), Xo. 5, p. 260). — A reprint of the greater part of the article noted above. The cold storage industry in Uruguay, D. E. Salmon (7. Cong. Rural An. \Uriif/uaij]. J 90S, pp. SD-DS). — A discussion of statistical and otlu>r data. Concerning the supposed connection between protein coagulation and the heat shortening of animal tissues, E. B. Meigs (Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 2i (,1909), .A'o. /, pjK 17S-JS6, dg)its. 6). — From his experimental data the author concludes that the facts reported " do not, of course, preclude the possibility that the precipitation of protein from its solutions and the shrinkage of animal tissues under the influence of heat may be fundamentally more or less similar processes. They do show, however, that the shortening of striated muscle at temperatures above 50° is independent of the coagulation of myogeu, and they make it seem probable that the heat shortening of most animal tissues is dependent, not on the aggregation of the particles of coagulable protein, but on some other process." The autolysis of foods, A. Maier (Arch. Vcrdauungslcranlc, 15 (1909), pp. 29- J/l; ahs. in Biochcm. Zcnthh, S (1909), No. 10, pp. 52-'), 526). — These experi- ments on auto-digestion were made with meat, arrowroot, potato and wheat flour. The factors which infl^uence the composition of wheat, S. Cserhati (Kis6rlet. Kozlem., 11 (1908), No. 3, i)p. 253-275; aJjs. in Ztschr. Vntersuch. Nahr. w. Genussmtl., 17 (1909), No. 6, p. 328). — In this paper the effect of climate, soil, fertilizer, and other conditions is discussed with reference to the composition of wheat, the weight of the grain, and similar topics. The milling and baking properties of wheats of large yield, J. B, Martin {Bui. Mens. Off. Rctiseig. Agr. [Paris], 8 (1909), No. 2, pp. l.',7-157 ; Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 17 {1909), No. 16, tip. 502, 503). — Milling tests, analyses, and baking tests led the author to conclude that the wheats under consideration are not inferior to older varieties with reference to milling properties, gluten content, or bread making qualities. Martin's experiments on the nutritive value of wheats of large yield, E, ScHRiBAUX (Piog. Agr. ct Vit. (Ed. VEst-Ccntrc), 30 (1909). No. 18, pp. 536- 5-1,0; Bui. Hoc. Nat. Agr. France. 69 (1909), No. ',. pp. ,W 0-3.5.')). —See above. Change in the composition of unground cereals during storage, S. Leavitt and J. A. Le Clerc (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem,, 1 (1909), No. 5, pp. 209- 302). — From analytical studies extending over two years the authors conclude that " there is more or less change in all cereals under the influence of aging. These changes seem to take place whether the cereal is stored in the whole grain or is ground to a fine powder before storage. In the latter case, how- ever, the changes take place more rapidly. We notice that the principal products which seem most susceptible to change are flrst the sugars and then the 70 per cent alcohol-soluble proteins, the 5 per cent K2S04-soluble proteins and the water-soluble proteins coagulated by so-called Stutzer's reagent. " Corn, barley, and oats are most subject to loss of sugar during aging. On the other hand, many samples of wheat show a slight loss the tirst year and then quite a rapid gain in the sugar content, in some cases a gain of 24 per cent of the total sugar present being noted at the end of two years. " Considering the grains most susceptible to protein change we have in the order given corn and to a very slight degree barley, rye. wheat, and oats. As we should expect, there seems to be no change in the mineral constituents of FOODS HITMAN NUTIUTTON. 263 the .iirniii or in the total ]iitro,u:('ii, the woitiht per Ijuslu'l and (ho wci.t^ht in-r ],(»(»(» kci-iu'ls roniainini: i)raetirally constant." White V. brown bread, W. Jaco {Millcr.s' CJaz:, 33 {1909), No. 2, ///). /'/, ]'>).— TIio anthoi- fonelndes, fi-oni a snnnnary of data inchuUng the resnlts of jinalyses of bread from ordinary tionr and wbolo-wbeat tlonr, that " m nutritive vahie, . . . white bread is fully able to hold its own." Molasses: Its definition and formation, H. C. Prinsen Geerligs (Internat. ^iigar. Jour., 10 {I'JOS), Nos. 113, pp. 227-235; ll'i, pp. 28Ji-292) .—Fvom the auiilytical and other data sunnnarized the author defines molasses as "a Lydrated combination between sugars and salts, which can not be broken up by evaporation, and therefore can not give off sugar in a crystallized form." Bog berries and their identification in preserved bilberries, C. Griebel (Ztuchr. UntcrfiHvh. Nahi: u. (SetiHSsmtl., 11 {1909), No. 2, pp. 65-73, figs. 2).— Histolfigical studies of bog berries {Vacciniiini o.pycoccos) and their seeds are reported and discussed with reference to their detection when used as an adulterant in red bilberries {Vitis idaca). Gironde red wines of 1907, P. Carles {Proa. Verb. aS'oc. 8ci. Phys. rt Nat. Bonlcdii.r, 1907-8, pp. 111-118). — Analytical data are presented and discussed. Roman wine, F. Maggiacomo and G. Corso {tilnz. Spcr. Agr. Ital., .'// {1908), No. 9-11, pp. 717-72.'i). — A number of analyses of Itoman wines of the vintage of 1907 are reported. The carbon dioxid content of artificial mineral water, K. Kisskalt {Hyg. RundscJiau, 18 {1908), No. l.'i, pp. 817-820).~lt was found that the carbon dioxid content of charged mineral water varied with the method followed in opening the bottle and in pouring out the contents. In the analyses re- ported the carbon dioxid ranged from 2.S9G to 3.925 liters per liter of water. The experimental data did not substantiate the popular belief that placing a glass rod or some similar article in the glass aids materially in removing carbon dioxid from the water. The author's studies led him to conclude that the eructation of gas and other unpleasant symptoms experienced after drinking charged water are to be ascribed to the amount of material in the stomach rather than to the carbon dioxid. Notices of judgment {V. S. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 06-67, pp. 5; 68, pp. 6). — The subjects included are the misbranding and adulteration of stock feed, the misbranding of butter, and the misbranding of whisky. The organization of the food control w;ork in the United States of America, C. A. Neufeld {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Oermssmtl., 17 {1909), No. 4, pp. 197-202). — An article descriptive of the food and drug inspection work in the United States. Ohio general food and drug law as amended March 12, 1909 {Cohimbus: Dairy and Food Comr., 1909, pp. 11). — The text of the amended State food and drug law is given. The daily meals of school children, Caroline L. Hunt {Bur. of Ed. [U. S.] Bui. 3, 1909, pp. 62, pis. 3, dgm. 1). — In this monograph which summarizes the results of the author's own experience and the investigations and experience of others the questions discussed include the serving of food in schools, the cultural possibilities of the noon hour in rural schools, lunches for school children, the preparation of lunches by domestic science classes, high school lunch rocmis, food for children of different ages, the underfed child, plans which have been followed in the United States and other countries to remedy under- feeding, and similar toi)ics. The author makes many suggestions for meeting the problem of the feeding of school children from a practical, au educational, and a scientific staudi)oint. 264 EXPERIMENT STATlOlSr RECORD. As is iiointed out, the proper feeding of school children " involves not only questions of hj-giene hut of educational policy and social economy, questions which are only beginning to receive serious consideration. . . . *' It seems obvious that there are two problems before us, alike in many respects but differing, in others. One of these, the problem of the underfed child, is a problem chiefly of poverty ; the other, that of the feeding of school children, is a problem chiefly of education." A full index is provided and a classified bibliography. The feeding of school children, Lillian D. Waiil (Charities and Commons, 20 (JOOS), iVo. 11, PI). Sll-31.'i)^ — Some data are given regarding the attempts made to supply food to children in some of the New York public schools. Experiments of former years and of the present time in the authors opinion have shown " the futility and mistake of meeting the needs of the underfed or improperly fed school child by free lunch rooms or kitchens on the basis of charity. T,he need of the school lunch [for the sale of food under proper super- vision] has again been recognized. . . . Estimated by the most material meas- urement, it is a comparativelj^ small investment of public thought and public money for a large result." reeding the school children (Charities and Commons, 20 (190S), No. 12, pp. oSl, 3S2). — A discussion of the situation in New York City with reference to the above article. The school children's lunch room. (Charities and Commons, 20 (1908), No. 12, pp. J/00-li02). — A discussion of the school lunch room problem for New York City. The fireless cooker, Caroline B. Lovewell, Francis D. Whittemore and Hannah W. Lyon (Topeka, 1908, pp. 211, figs. 11). — Directions are given for making fireless cookers of different sorts and for using these devices in tlie preparation of single dishes and meals. The recipes included in the volume are arranged especially for use with the fireless cooker. On the basis of experi- ence and study of the subject, the authors believe that fireless cookers are an important labor saving device and may be used in a variety of ways to lessen the housekeeper's burdens. Camping and camp cooking, F. A. Bates (Boston, 1909, pp. 116, figs. 9). — Equipment, amount of provisions and other materials, cooking utensils, and other matters connected with camp life and camp cookery are discussed, and recipes are given for the preparation of a considerable number of dishes. The metabolic function of certain glands, E. Diesing (Zcnthl. Gesam. Physiol, u. Path. Stoffiveehsels, n. ser., J, (1909), No. 6, pp. 209-216).— The author discusses the function of certain glands, particularly with reference to the metabolism of mineral constituents (iodin, arsenic, iron, sulphur, and calcium), and other metabolic functions, and believes that they are especially important in the mineral metabolism of the body. In his discussion he has arranged in schematic form the data presented, under the headings Assimilation, Eegulation of Total Quantity, Kegulation of Central and Peripheral Growth, liegulatiou of Ctxidation and Reduction, and Excretion. The glands concerned in metabolism, Aufreciit and E. Diesing (Zenthl. Gesam. I'hijsioJ. u. Path. Stofjweeliseli, n. ser., J, (1909), No. 10, pp. 369-371).-- Continuing the discussion referred to above, on the relation of certain glands to mineral metabolism, the authors conclude from their investigations that the suprarenal capsule contains a substance which is to be regarded as the sulphur regulating component of the body. Like other glandular constituents regulating mineral metabolism which they state can be isolated from specific glands, this body is a pigment. According to the authors' experiments, this suprarenal body POODS TiTTMAN NITTRTTTON. 265 iiiorcMscd lilixxl in-cssni'c. rcdiicctl flic liciiKi^lnbiii (•(inlciit of llic Mood, ;iiul lind oidy .1 sli.ulitly toxic ('ITtHJ't. Exijeriinents on absorption in the large intestine, F. Keller ( Experi- hiciitrUc licitiiigc sur Fragc Rcsnrptifiii tin DickduDti. Inaug. Diss., Univ. lircslaii, I'JO'J, pp. 39). — lu the experimeutiil data reported the resorption of undigested protein (sodium casein) and egg albumin was not noted in the large intestine in the case of dogs or man. Peptonized protein was absorbed but in much smaller amount than in the small intestine. Grape sugar and cane sugar and also Aery small amounts of 0.5-1 per cent solutions of sodium bicar- bonate were absorbed in tbe large intestine. Experiments on the effects of overfeeding and muscular work and upon resorption in the intestine, Heinsheimer {Med. Klinik. 190S, No. 50, pp. 1915, 191G; ahs. in Zentbl. Gesam. Pligsiol. u. Path. Stoffwechscls, n. set:, .'/ (1909), A'o. 6, p. 229). — From the experimental data the conclusion is drawn that the digestive power of the intestine was in no way diminished by the enforced mus- cular work. It appeared rather that muscular work increased digestion, partic- ularly that of fat when excessive quantities were taken. Fat resorption by man and animals under pathological conditions, M. Adler {Zt.sclir. Klin. Med., 66 {190S). p. 302; ahs. in Zcnthl. (jcsani, PliysioJ. a. Path, ^iotfu-cchseis, n. scr., Jf {1909), No. 6, p. 229).— Under pathological conditions cooked bacon was more readily absorbed in the intestine than raw. Cellulose and hemicellulose digestion and the nutritive value of these sub- stances to man, H. Lohriscii (Ztschr. Expt. Path. u. Ther., 5 {1909), No. 3, pp. .'i78-539). — The author reports and discusses extended investigations of the digestion and nutritive value of cellulose and hemicellulose. These substances, he points out, are closely related chemically but usually can be clearly distinguished by means of their chemical properties. As regards I'h.ASiological value, they show no marked differences. Under normal conditions about 50 iier cent of the cellulose and hemicellulose taken in the food is digested by man, but in cases of chronic constipation as much as 70 or SO per cent is digested. It is possible for a man to digest much larger quantities of hemicel- lulose than cellulose. The manner of digestion of hemicellulose and cellulose by man is the same as in the case of starch, these substances being changed in the intestine into their respective sugars, but the transformation into sugar and resorption take place more slowly than in the case of starch. The i-esorbed material is com- pletely burned in the body and therefore protects protein and fat from com- bustion. There is no doubt that both hemicellulose and cellulose can be used for glycogen formation if a sufficient amount is resorbed. The pi'oduction in the small intestine of volatile fatty acids from cellulose and hemicellulose was not noted, but the possibility of the formation of a small amount in the large intestine is pointed out. Cellulose and hemicellulose the author considers harmless for diabetics, even in severe cases, and suggests that they use particularly hemicellulose as a Itrincipal substitute for the more easily digested carbohydrates. A bibliography is ai)pended to the report. Phosphorus compounds as brain foods, W. Koch (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. IS, pp. 13S 1-1383). — This is a general discussion of the subject, on the basis of the author's studies of the composition of normal and diseased brains and other data, which led to the following conclusions : "There is no evidence of any need to supply phosphorus to the brain in con- ditions of exhaustion, as a lack of that element has not y<'t been demonstrated. The actual amount lost in the exhaustion of general paralysis can not, of course, 266 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. be replaced on nfcount of tlic iiial)ility of the central nervous system to regenerate. "Tbe phosphorus required for the growth of the brain is amply supplied by the phosphorus of our daily diet. If desired, the addition of phosi)horus-rich foods, such as eggs, sweetbreads (pancreas), liver, and some meats, can be made to meet further requirements, and will far exceed in amount the phos- phorus obtained in less natural form from the prescribed doses of any of the various drugs in commercial use. The use of such foods is, however, limited by their richness and their tendency, on account of their rich fat content, to interfere with gastric digestion. "As far as the nervous system is concerned, the addition to the diet of com- mercial ]>hosphorus compounds, such as hyi)oi)hosphites, glycerophosphate, phy- tin, lecithin, etc., is to be discouraged because, in the first place, there is no conclusive evidence that they have any effect on the growth of the brain, and, second, the amount usually recommended means only a very insignificant addi- tion to the amount of phosphorus (even in its special forms such as lecithin) taken with the daily food." Acid intoxication, J. B. Nichols (Wafiliington Med. /inn., 7 (1908), No. 2, pp. 133-l.'i7). — It was the author's piu'pose in this discussion of the subject " not only to present an outline of existing knowledge concerning acid intoxica- tion, but also to call attention to the fact that the condition, even in marked and serious form, f>ccurs much more frequently than is generally realized." On the composition of dilute renal excretions, A. 15. Macallum and C. C. Benson (Jour. Biol. Cliem., 6 (1!)0D), No. 2, pp. S7-10'i). — Quotations from the authors' summary follow: "The elimination of water is not due to filtration, but to the i)hysiological activity of the renal membranes involved in the elimination. "The removal of potassium salts and of chlorids from the blood by the kid- neys is not due to filtration, but to forces which may be termed ' secretory,* " that is, it is caused by an activity which is apparently selective, or differential, but which may be explained as due to differences in solubility of the different inorganic constituents of the plasma in the secreting membrane. The solu- bility, either relatively, or absolutely, or both relatively and absolutely, would be altered by changes in the constitution of the membrane brought about by the action on it of unusual constituents of the plasma or of constituents of un- usual proportions." Factors regulating the creatinin output in man, P. A. Levene and L. Kristellee (Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 2', (1009), No. 1, pp. //.5-6.5).— The following statements are quoted from the deductions drawn from the experimental data reported : " From the results of our experiments one also x-eeeives the impression that the formation of creatin and creatinin represents two phases in the catabolism of but one substance, as in most observations a fall in the creatinin output was associated with an increased creatin elimination, and a high protein diet (crea tin-free), in some patients, caused a rise in the output of both substances. " The constant value of the creatinin output in normal men is conditioned by the high velocity of creatin combustion in health. Thus, the creatinin of the urine normally represents only a small fraction of the creatin formed in the- organism. The condition might be analogous to the uric acid output in the dog, in which the power of oxidation of purin derivatives is exceedingly high. The uric acid content of dog's urine is minimal, and, being so, appears to be practically constant. However, as soon as the liver is excluded from cir- culation and the intensity of purin oxidation is diminished, the uric acid out- put in the dog begins to show marked variations influenced by the character ANIMAL PRODUCTIOISr. 267 of the food. In a similar iiianiiei- tlio noriiial crcatiiiiu output iu conditions of high muscular activity may be explained by the assumptioa of a higher in- tensity in the power of the organism to oxidize creatin, although the creatin production in these conditions probably exceeds the normal limits." The influence of protein and carbohydrate consumption upon metabolism, A. GiGON {Skaud. Arch. Phi/ftioL, 21 (IDOD), \o. 6, pp. 331-367). — From the respiratory quotient experiments reported it appears that taking either sugar or protein caused a temporary rise in the excretion of carbon dioxid. If the luuount was taken in several like portions at regular intervals, the increased carbon dioxid excretion remained constant for several hours. The excretion of nitrogen and phosphoric acid iu the urine was not affected by a regulated consumption of sugar, and there is no reason for supposing that with respect to metabolism sugar replaced protein. The increased respiratory exchange after food is taken, the author considers, is connected entirely with the digestive processes, but he does not believe that the term " work of digestion " is applicable iu such cases, since one can hardly believe that the muscular work of the intestinal region is sufficient to explain the observed increase in respiratory quotient after food is taken. It is also hard to understand why dextrose solution should cause a marked increase iu the work of digestion. From his investigations he concludes that it is proper to speak of the " specific dynamic effect " of certain foodstuffs. The effect of muscular work upon the sugar content of the blood, F. Reach (Zcntbl. Gcsam. Physiol, u. Path. Staff icechscls, n. ser., 4 {1909), No. 7, pp. 2'fl, 2.i2). — From a discussion of experimental data not yet reported in full, the author concludes that neither the lowering of the sugar of the blood owing to muscular work, nor the stimulation of the muscles and liver, is the cause of the rush of sugar to the blood. He considers rather that the passage of sugar from places of storage to the blood is due to the action of hormones. The influence of training upon carbon dioxid excretion when isometric muscular work is performed, A. F. Hellsten (Skand. Arch. Physiol., 22 (1909), A'o. 1, pp. 1-22). — In general the author found that as a result of training the excretion of carbon dioxid was diminished when muscular work was performed under the experimental conditions. The generally observed fact that when the same amount of muscular work is performed an untrained person is more exhausted than one in training, according to the author, is not a subjective condition, but is due to the greater excretion of carbon dioxid, or iu other words, to a greater expenditure of muscular work. In connection with his observations studies were made of body temi)erature and it was found that it was decidedly increased by the work performed. Metabolism in man with greatly diminished lung area, T. M. Carpenter and F. G. Benedict (Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 23 {1909), Xo. 6, pp. .'il2--'ft9). — liespiration calorimeter experiments with a subject having the use of only one lung are reportetl and discussed iu comparison with similar data obtained with normal subjects. According to the authors, " the only deduction that can be drawn from the experimental data is that the reduction of the area for oxygen absorption and carbonic acid elimination in the lungs by about one-half has not materially altered the total metabolism." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. On testing the working capacity of heavy horses, K. L. von TiUTzow {Dent. Laiidw. /'rc.s.sT, 36 {1909), No. 20, p. ^SJ).— The author presents in tal)ular form the loss in weight and number of days required to regain the original weight of three groups of horses after having been at hard work for two different periods of 14 days each, separated by a resting period of 3 days. 268 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Twenty Belgian horses weighing from 755 to 850 kg. lost during the first work period from 20 to GO kg. each, or an average of 42.75 kg. In the rest period 5 horses regained or surpassed their original weight. During the second work period 16 horses lost on an average 46.5 kg., and one of these lost 95 kg., whereas 2 other horses gained 10 kg. each, and 2 horses 15 kg. each. Most of the horses in this group regained their original weight In from 1 to 10 daj'S. Twenty light Belgian horses weighing from 645 to 730 kg. lost during the first work period from 25 to 65 kg. each, an average of 41.25 kg. After the 3 days of rest 6 of them regained or surpassed their original weight. After the second work period the loss ranged from 5 to S5 kg. each, or an average of 32 kg. All but 4 of the horses regained the original weight in from 1 to 9 days, but these had not recovered it at the end of 14 days. Eight light Danish horses weighing from 590 to 660 kg. lost during the first work period from 35 to 80 kg. each, an average of 51.1 kg., and none of them regained the original weight after the 3 days' rest. At the end of the second work period 4 had lost from 10 to 45 kg., an average of 28.75 kg., 3 had gained 5 kg. and 1 had gained 40 kg. It required from 1 to 6 days for this last group of horses to recover the original weight. At the close of the working periods the pulse of each horse was taken. As a rule from J to 3i hours elapsed before the pulse became normal. During the entire experiment each horse received an extra feed of 3 to 4 kg. of oats per day. It is suggested that by the determination of the loss in weight we have a quantitative method of estimating the soundness and capacity for work of draft animals. The determination of the shoulder slope of horses, M. MDller (Landw. Jahrh., S7 (lOOS), No. 5, irp. 873-S93, figs. ,3. drjins. ;^).— The degree of obliquity of the shoulder blade in horses has been determined by previous investigators from the median ridge, but the author submits comparative measurements which show that the ridge does not coincide and is not parallel with the median line of the shoulder blade. In measurements obtained from 38 horses the deviation of the ridge from the vertical ranged from 19° 30" to 39° 49", and the median line of the shoulder blade ranged from 26° 51" to 44° 40". The difference between the two angles in the same horse varied from 1° 53" to 11° 5". Hence, the shoulder blade is much steeper than is commonly supposed. In judging horses the steepness of the shoulder blade must be considered in connection with other factors. Too steep a shoulder may be counterbalanced by a more horizontal humerus. The angles formed by other bones were also determined by the author. Comparative anatomical and physiological investigations of fast and slow horses, K. L. von LtJTZOw (Lainhc. Jahrh., 37 (IHOS), No. 5, pp. 731-855). — In this study the author presents data on the live weight, external body measure- ments, weight of heart, lungs and different parts of the central nervous system, volume of the thoracic cavity, stomach and cecum, volume and length of the colon, and measurements of individual bones. It is pointed out that in the present state of our knowledge but little practical application can be made from the data collected, its chief value being as a con- tribution to the statistical study of variation and to furnish a stimulus for further inquiry on the subject. There are, however, a few deductions which may be obtained from the determinations made, among which are the following: The thoracic cavity volume and weight of lung are larger in slow horses than in fast horses. The heart weight is proportionally larger in fast horses. The spinal cold is heavier in lean horses than in fat horses of tlie same group. The cerebellum is larger in early castrated than in late castrated horses. ANIMAL rUODUCTTON. 269 Tliroiifxliout lli(» article tlic results are eoiniiared with these obtained by previous iuveslipitors. The literature on the subject is appended. Comparative anatomical and physiological investigations of fast and slow horses (Fiihiing's Landio. Ztg., 57 {1908), Nos. 23, pp. lOI-lOJ,; 2J,, pp. 83U-8','i ; 5S (1909), No. .'i, pp. 153-158).— In this series of articles by H. Rodewald, T. B. vou Neergaard, and K. L. von Liitzow are discussed the methods used in the iuvestiirations noted above. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. Regu- lation in the morphogenetic activity of the oviduct, Iv. Pearl {Jour. Expt. ZouL, G {1900), No. 3. pp. 339-359, pis. 2. ffgs. 2; abs. in Science, n. ser., 29 {1909), No. l.'il, p. 1/28). — This paper, which is the first of a series on reproduc- tion iu fowls, contains an outline of the work in progress at the biological laboratory of the Maine Station, and reports a case of regulation in the morpho- genetic activity of the oviduct. The first egg of a Barred Plymouth Rock pullet was abnormal iu shape (long and narrow and concave on the side). As other eggs were successively laid there was a gradual change iu shape from the abnormal condition- found in the first egg to a substantially normal condition. The progressive regulatory change was iu accordance with tlie logarithmic curve of the type y=a+bx+c log x, where y deuotes the length-breadth index of the egg, x its ordinal number iu the series hiid, and a, b and c are constants. From tlie data obtained in this case it is concluded that the shape of the egg is determined by the active contractions of the muscular wall of the uterus. Resection and end-to-end anastomosis of the oviduct in the hen, without loss of function, R. Pearl and F. M. Surface {Atner. Jour. PJnjsioL, 22 {1908), No. 3, pp. 351-361, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1908, No. 6, p. 707). — To determine whether or not a portion of the oviduct of a hen could be removed without permanent loss of the egg-producing function, the author removerature is presented tending to show (a) that it is possible to get average annual egg yields higher than any of those which have been observed at the Maine Exi^eriment Station, and {h) that records exist showing that in exceptional cases average annual egg yields were obtained dur- ing the middle and earlier half of last century which were just as high as any we now know. " When the laying hens were kept in flocks of 100 birds each the average annual egg production per bird was distinctly and significantly lower than when they were kept in flocks of 50 birds each, though the numljer of square feet of floor space per bird was the same in the two cases and all other environ- mental conditions were made as nearly as possible identical. " Laying birds kept in flocks of 150 birds each, and with somewhat less floor space per bird than those kept in flocks of 50 and 100 birds each, have In every case an average annual egg production signiflcantly smaller than that of the birds kept in smaller flocks. It is pointed out that great caution must be shown in drawing practical conclusions from these results relative to hous- ing, because we are here dealing only with annual egg production. " Those conditions of housing and flock size which tend to lower the mean annual egg production are found to .tend lo increase the variability of the pro- duction, so that poor producing flocks are at the same time flocks very variable in production, and vice versa. " Egg production in the second laying year is found, on the basis of rather meager data, to average about a third lower and to be distinctly more variable than thai in the pullet year. There is no sensible correlation between the pro- duction of the first and second year. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 273 " During the period covered by tlie statistics all birds used for breeding have been the offspring of mothers laying IGO or more eggs in their pullet year and of fathers which were the sons of high-producing mothers. It is now pos- sible to determine what have been the results of this extensive experiment in selection. It is shown that the intensity or stringency of selection became rela- tively greater during the progress of the exiieriment. though the absolute standard of selection remained the same. It is further shown that there is no evidence that the selective breeding practiced has improved the strain in respect to egg production. On the contrary, the data show that (a) the mean egg production has diminished during the experiment, (&) the variability in egg production has remainetl unchanged, and (c) in the last years of the ex- iieriment relatively slight environmental changes caused A-ery marked changes in the flock productiveness. This is obviously inconsistent with the view that any particular type of egg production has in any way been fixed in the strain by the breeding. ". . . The practical conclusion to be drawn from the results of this breeding experiment seems to us to be clear. It is that the improvement of a strain of hens in egg-producing ability by selective breeding is not so simple a matter as it has been supposed to be. Nothing could be simpler than breeding from high producers to get high producers. But if this method of breeding totally fails to get high producers — in other words, if the daughters prove not to be like the mothers in egg production — it can not fail to excite wonder as to whether the simplicity of the method is not its chief (possibly its only) recommendation." Poultry notes, 1908, 11. Pearl and F. M. Surface {Maine Htu. Bill. JGo, pp. 2D-.'/S, figs. 5). — This bulletin is a report of the progress of the work in poultry at the station in 1908. Some of the changes made for facilitating the work are the adoption of new UK'thods in pedigree poultry breeding, and the erection of a hospital house for sick poultry and for carrying out experiments of a physiological character. A new type of trap nest has been constructed, and an improvement has been made in ventilating the brooder house. Details for using liquor cresolis compositus for destroying bird lice are given. A diagram of the seasonal distribution of egg production for the past 9 years "shows that beginning with an average production of between 4 and 5 eggs in November the line rises rather sharply to an average production of nearly 12 eggs per bird in January. The line drops slightly in February, then rises very sharply to a maximum of a little more than IG eggs per bird for the month of March. From March on the line drops very steadily forming almost a straight line until it reaches a low point in October." The form of a price curve platted on the same diagram is similar to that of the production curve turned upside down, yet there is a lag of the price curve behind the pro- duction curve. Examples are cited to show that the value of a bird for egg production depends upon the season the eggs are laid as well as upon the number of eggs. One bird laid 193 eggs during the year, which were worth $4.24; another bird laid 184 eggs, but were worth $4.8:5, as a larger percentage of them were laid when eggs w(n-e high. It is the purpose at this station to develop a breed which will lay in the winter season. A method is proposed f(»r estimating egg production on a percentage basis as follows: "The measure of an individual lum's egg production in any given time lyay be taken to be the percentage which the number of eggs actually laid is of the maximum number of eggs which might have ))een laid by the indi- vidual in this given length of time, assuming the production of on(> egg a day to be the maxinunn of which a hen is cai>able." For (he iiurpose of easily calculating this percentage a table is presented which shows the maximum 274 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. possible number of eggs which can be laid from the first day of any given month to the first day of any other month. Brief summaries of the two articles abstracted above are also inchided. Methods -of poultry management at the Maine Agricultural Experiment Station, K. Pkarl (U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 357, pp. 39, fly. 10). — The information in this publication has been compiled chiefly from Bulletin 90 of the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department (E. S. II., IS, p. 471) and from various bulletins of the Maine Station. The principal topics treated are the selection of breeding stock, raising chickens by natural and artificial processes, feeding chickens on the range and the cockerels for market, housing and feeding the hens, the yards, a poultry house disinfectant, and trap nests. A portable brooder house, a chicken feeding trough, a trap nest, and two types of curtain-front houses are figured and described. Methods of keeping pedigree records in use at the Bhode Island Agricul- tural Experiment Station, L. J. Cole {Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. I'JOS, pp. 311- S2Ji). — The method of keeping pedigree records used in the poultry experi- ments at this station for the past few years is described. It is a modification of the method used by (4alton for keeping human pedigree records. Breeding work with pigeons, L. J. Cole (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 299-302). — This is a preliminary report on the inheritance of color in Tumbler pigeons. When red Tuml>lers and black Tumblers are mated black appears to be dominant and red recessive. The birds of the first generation are all black but with reddish tips that may be lost in later molts. Naturalizing the ostrich, W. Robinson (Amer. Rev. of Reviews, 39 (1909), No. 5, pp. rj61-')G6, fl(/s. 9 ) . — This is a popular article on the ostrich industry. Commercial feeding stuffs, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and C. L. Beach (Ver- mont Sta. Bui. 13S, pp. 3-10). — Analyses are reported of cotton-seed, linseed, and alfalfa meals, gluten, flax, molasses, oat and hominy feeds, distillers' and brewers' grains, and poultry and miscellaneous feeds. Licensed commercial feeding stuffs, 1908, F. W. Woll ( Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 110, pp. 3-96). — A total of 521 samples of licensed and GO samples of unlicensed brands of feeding stuffs were analyzed during the past year under the State feeding stuff law, against 257 samples in 1907, an increase of 129 per cent. The feeding stuffs analyzed included oil and cotton-seed meals, distillers' grains, gluten and hominy feeds, wheat bran, and middlings, red dog flour, rye, barley, buckwheat and mixed feeds, dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, and poultry and miscellaneous feeds. The bulletin contains also a list of licensed manufacturers and dealers in proprietary feeding stuffs, the text of the feeding stuffs law in operation, and a discussion of violations thereunder. On the digestibility of the different sorts of irrigated hay compared with meadow hay in the same district, K. Friedlaender (Landw. Vers. Stat., 69 (1!)0S), Ao, 3-1/, pp. 2.'i5-258). — In this digestion experiment with 2 wethers it was found that in all cases the irrigated hays had a higher protein digestion co- efficient than had ordinary meadow hay. The reverse was true of the fat and carbohydrate coefficients. A ration problem discussed, G. Miyawaki (Hoard's Dairyman, .'/O (1909), Ao. 10, pp. 3'i0-3.'i2, dyms. 6). — In this article the author gives illustrations of what is stated to be an easy method for balancing rations. It is an application of the method now in use for standardizing milk and cream. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 275 DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. Milking' machine experiments with the B. L. K. cow milker, F. W. Woll and G. C. Humphrey {Wisconsin ,S7rt. Bui. J73, pp. 3-30, py,ir> ki;. of fat in :;7'.> days, which is equivalent to 1.oth ^'oats jxained in weij^ht during the experi- ment. From these results and from additional data obtained with sheep, the author concludes that according- to the live weight sheep and goats yield a larger amount of fat than do cows. Biological and biochemical studies of milk, VI, C. J. Koning {Milchw. Zcntbl.,'5 (1909), Nos. J,, pp. 1.10-108; J, pp. 217-227).— Noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. 372). Contribution to the knowledge of the composition and the nature of the membrane surrounding milk globules, E. Abuekiialden and W. Voltz {Zt.schr. Phyx. Clicm., 59 {191)'.)), Xo. 1, pp. 13-18; uhs. in Rev. (Jen. Lait, 7 (1909), A'o. 12, p. 2S6).— In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 10, p. 192) the authors report analytical data on the membrane of fat globules after separating by the Lehmann method. The results were exceedingly variable. The ash content varied from 4.57 to 45.28, the phosphorus from 0.18 to 0.57, and the nitrogen from 7.2 to 12.01 per cent. Later experiments showed greater variation. Among the products formed by hydrolysis of the protein were tyrosin, 2.05 per cent ; glutamic acid, 8.5 per cent; glycol, 0.5 per cent; alanin, 1.5 per cent; leucin, 2 per cent; and small quantities of phenylalanin and aspartic acid. Milk pasteurization an economic and social duty, X. Straus (Heidelberg, 1908, pp. 22). — This is an address to the students of politial economy at the University of Heidelberg on the relation of the milk supply to infant mortality. In support of the advantages of pasteurization the author cites the results accomplished since the opening of milk depots in New York and other large cities. The canning of peas, A. W. Bitting (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 125, VP. 32, figs. 6). — This bulletin discusses the various phases of the pea canning industry from growing the crop to utilizing the by-products of the canning factory, the information being based upon factory inspection and on experi- mental data. There is a short historical note ou the history of canning peas, factory operations at the present time are illustrated and described, and methods are suggested for a more economical treatment of the raw material and better sanitary conditions in the factory. Chemical analyses for peas graded for size and quality show " more total solids and higher protein and starch content in the third-grade goods. This might be expected, as the third grade represents the more mature product. If canned peas were purchased for their nutritive properties only, then the third grade would be the preferable one to buy, but they are usually selected for their delicacy and flavor, w'hich are found in the liighest degree in the youngest and tenderest peas, or the first grade." It is suggested that a great saving of labor can be effected by seiiarating thistles from the pea vines at the vining machine and by using a light brine to remove the thistle tops. " Experiments were made to determine the effect of varying periods of blanching on the different sizes and grades of peas and the influence exerted on swelling, tenderness, color of the liquor, and fill of the can. While the primary object was to determine the relation of blanching to spoilage, the secotfdary effect on the commercial grading was evident. Young peas will stand either a long or short blanch better than old ones." The increase in size by blanching for 10 minutes was much greater in grades 2 and 3 than lu grade 1, 278 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. "Tender peas which are ovei-blanched, softtMi, bi-eak open, anil discharge free starch grains so as to make a muddy liquor, and if in great excess, the liquor in tlie bottom of the can becomes pasty. Old peas which are underblauched re- main hard and unpalatable after processing, or, if given a hard process, they will take up all the liquor in the can and become a more or less thickened mass. Such peas never have clear liquor. If the tender and hard peas be mixed, and the blanching be set for the young peas, the older ones are not well done; if set for the older peas, the tender ones are overdone. It follows, therefore, that to get good results requii'es much judgment, and a system of blanching tests could possibly be worked out to advantage. . . . From a sanitai-y standpoint [the continuous washer] is the better type of apparatus [for blanching], though in practice the trough blanchers are probably the more economical but not so cleanly. i " Experiments made to determine the increase in the weight of peas as the result of iirocessing showed that, given the same process, the first or best gr.-ide increased from S to 11 per cent, the second or intermediate grade from 10 to 21 per cent, and the third grade from 24 to 33 per cent. " Cans heated gradually — that is, by turning the steam on slowly so that it required 10 minutes to heat the retort — have a clearer liquor than when the steam is turned on suddenly at full pressure. The very quick heating injures the peas in contact with the can and also causes a blackening inside of the can. . . . The effect of long processing is to cause a gradual decrease in the amount of free liquor in the can and to cause the peas to become sticky and adherent." Of commercial canned peas 135 brands were purchased in the market and examined for weight, size, and quality. Many of these fell below the grade claimed, " The peas taken from the vines at different times showed no constant change in the sugar content. The vines soured slightly, but the appearance of the peas remained unchanged. An increase in the cloudiness of the liquor was observed as the time after cutting was prolonged." Chemical analyses of pea vine hay are given. Canning' vegetables in the home, J. F. Breazeale ( V. *S'. Drpt. Affi:, Farmer,^' Bui. 350. pp. 16. figs. 9). — This is a popular article written specially for the information of farmers' wives. Sterilization and the kinds of jars and other containers for use in canning are discussed, and directions are given for canning corn, string beans, beets, peas, eggplant, okra, asparagus, cauliflower, carrots, parsnips, kohl-rabi, lima beans, squash, tomatoes, pumpkins, succotash, and " vegetable roust " or u mixture of several vegetables. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Immunochemistry, S. Arrhenius (Ergch. Phij.'^ioL. 7 {1908), pp. -'/80-//S.3). — This is a review of work on immunochemistry, in which 140 titles upon the sub- ject are referred to. Opsonins and other antibodies, L. Hektoen {Science, n. ser., 29 {1909), Xo. 737, pp. 2'tl-i'iS). — This is a paper presented before the section of physiology and experimental medicine of the American Association for the Advancement of Science, at Baltimore. December, 1908. in which the author considers the pres- ent status of our knowledge of antibodies. Opsonic technic, R. E. Walker {Jour. Med. Research, 19 {1908), No. 1, pp. 237-257, figs. 8). — The author describes methods which, in his opinion, with some practice will enable anyone having a fair laboratory training to do accu- rate work in tliis field. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 279 The use of atropin sulphate in anesthetizing- birds for surgical experiments, R. Pearl and F. M. Sukkace (Join: Aincr. Med. A.s-.sof., 52 {J!)0!)), Xo. .1, pp. 382, 3SS). — The authors hore report their experience with anesthetics in con- nection with investij^ations of tlie physiolojry of reproduction in tlie domestic fowl conducted at the Maine Station. At the conunenceniciil il was found that if any anesthetic was pushed to llic iioint at wliicli tlie l)ird was in satisfactory condition for operative procedure in aixait i) cases out of 1(» tlic liiid would die on the table before the operation could be completed. Nearly every method of anesthesia that has been advocated is said to have been tried but with failure to yield satisfactory results, except in tlie case of atropin used in connection with chloroform or ether anesthesia. Complete relaxation with the disappearance of the reflex activity resulted when atropin was thus used. The method of procedure now followed by the authors is described as follows: " Immediately before beginning the administration of the anesthetic a 1/200 grain atropin sulphate tablet is dissolved in 1 cc. of warm normal saline solu- tion. The salt solution with the dissolved atropin is then injected subcutane- ously in the axilla. Ether is used as the anesthetic. It is administered fi-om a small improvised mask which admits of the condition of the comb being seen during the oi)eration. Depending on how hard the ether is pushed, the bird is ready for ojieration in from 15 to 20 minutes after the anesthesia is begun. The dosage of 1/200 grain atropin to a bird may seem large, but we have never been able to see the slightest bad effect from it, provided the ad- ministration of ether was begun immediately after the injection of the atropin." Zootechnic, veterinary, and epizootic service of Indo-China, C. G. Thomson {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 1 (IDOS), Xo. 12, pp. 503-510). — This is a translation of an article furnished by the veterinary authorities of Indo- China, to which the author adds some information. Veterinary division, J. A. Gilruth (Xcw Zeal. Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt., 16 (lOOS), pp. 103-21.'/, pis. 3). — In this report an account of the meat inspection Is included. Among the affections considered are tuberculosis, septic metritis of cows, contagious stomatitis in lambs and sheei), facial eczema in sheep, partial hernia in fat lambs, a H;ematopinus of sheep {H. ovillus), the sheep maggot (Lucilia serieatu), new growths simulating tuberculous lesions due to Cysticerci in sheep, beef measles {Cystieerrus hovis), bovine contagious mam- mitis, and blackleg, with brief notes on other diseases. Anthrax in India, W. C. Lowe {Yet. Ree., 21 (1909), No. lOSG, pp. 738-7/,'/, ijl. 1, cliarts 2). — This is a report of an outbreak of anthrax in India which commenced in December, 1907. Records are presented in tabular form of 79 horses inoculated against the disease. Of these 40 were cured, G died, and ?.o were destroyed. Report on the causation and spread of anthrax, 1908, J. M. Young (Aher- dccn and Xo. of Scot. Col. Agr. Bui. 9, pp. 39, maps 2). — On account of the extraordinary prevalence of anthrax in the County of Aberdeen an inquiry into its causation and spread .was begun, and the information thus obtained during the past 4 years is here presented. The following conclusions have been drawn by the author : "Anthrax occurs more frequently in sheep than is generally known. It is more likely to appear in feeding [for the butcher] than in hill [pasturing] or wintering sheep. There are many opportunities by which it may be spread by sheep to other farm animals. There is abundant evidence it is spread to other animals by cattle, horses, and pigs. It would be advisable to frame some regulations for the examination and proper disposal of the carcasses of feeding sheep dying suddenly. Shepherds on high as well as low land pastures 280 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. shduld adopt a better method of disjiosiiig of carcasses. There should be coui- l)n]sor.v iiotiflcalion of all sudden deatlis in farm stock." On the excretion of anthrax bacilli in milk, W. II. IIorrocks {Jour. Rny. Army Med. Corps, 11 {1908), No. 1, pp. JiG-J/S). — "The results prove conclu- sively that virulent anthrax bacilli are excreted in the milk of animals dying from anthrax acquired either naturally or artificially, but that the excretion of the bacilli only occurs a fevv^ hours before death, and consequently, the risk to the public is practically limited to one milking." Protective and curative inoculation against dog" distemper, F. Richter {Die Hinulvxtaupc, ihrc Yorhciigiing und BcluuidJung dtirch Impfung. Dessau, 1908, pp. 211, pis. 8; rev. in Vet. Rec, 21 {1909), No. 1077, p. 566).— After reviewing the work done by various investigators the author reports his own investi- gations. In a systematic test made of various prophylactic and curative sera used according to the directions of their inventors, only negative results were obtained. It was found that the virus of cow pox could be transmitted to the dog and that it produces in such cases the eruption of typical variolous jiustules, which much resemble those of man. The author could not produce a disease resembling distemper by the inoculation of Copeman's bacterium or Lignieres' I'ustrurrlla eauis. On the relationship between Bacillus pestis and B. pseudotuberculosis rodentium, A. T. MacConkey {Jour. Hyg. [Camhridge], 8 {1908), No. 3, pp. 335-3-'il). — The author reports experiments made with guinea pigs and rats, and draws the following summary : " Morphologically and culturally the Bacillus pseudotuberculosis rodentium liears a strong resemblance to B. pestis. The iiltrate from an autolyzed agar culture of B. pseudotuherculosis rodentium and a similar filtrate from a B. pestis culture both gave a precipitin reaction with pest serum. It has been found possible to immunize both guinea pigs and rats against league bj^ means of inoculations of cultures of B. pseudotuherculosis rodentium, and this imiuuiiity lasted in many cases at least (> mouths." A micro-organism which apparently has a specific relationship to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, H. T. Ricketts {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. 5, pp. 379, 380). — It is stated that a repetition of experiments with ticks resulted in the transmission of spotted fever to susceptible guinea pigs by 50 per cent of the seed ticks from infected females. An examination of eggs of a female from INIontana, that had jirodxiced fatal infection in two guinea pigs, showed the presence of an organism that api^eared typically as a bipolar staining bacillus of minute size, approximating that of the influenza bacillus. These organisms were present in varying numbers in different eggs, but as a rule they were surprisingly numerous, and in some instances thousands were to be found in a single egg. Eggs from three females of a different species of Dermacentor that had been collected in Idaho and fed on an infected guinea pig also showed the presence of the same forms. The salivary glands, alimentary sac, and ovaries of infected females were literally swarming wath exactly similar organisms. They appeared to be absent, however, from the viscera of the uninfected tick, both male and female. Similar forms have been found in the blood and serum of infected guinea pigs. The organism has not as yet been cultivated. African tick fever — a personal experience, A. C. H, Gray {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 11 {1908), No. 1, pp. ^9-55, charts 3). — An attack of tick fever experienced by the author is here reported. The disease is supposed to have been contracted through the bite of a single Ornithudoros moul)ata. Tick fever VETERINARY MEDICINE. 281 is said lo be tlie worst of the many iioiil'alal diseases lliat occur in T'^.-mda, and becoinini,' more and more connnon every year. The relation of bovine to human tuberculosis, W. I^. Moss (Bitl. ./nlmx Hopkins i/o.s/)., 20 (inO!)). Xo. 21.',, pp. 39-//.';).— This is an exhaustive review of the subject, both from the clinical and the autopsy point of view. The fol- lowing conclusions are drawn : " The clinical cases collected ... in which the circumstantial evidence points more or less strongly to human beings having been infected with tuberculosis from bovine sources, can not be presented as furnishing absolute proof of the question, but they point so strongly to tuberculous cattle as a source of danger to man that with such eAidence alone before us it would seem advisable to take strict precautious against bovine tuberculosis. " The economic losses among the cattle themselves, aside from any possible danger to man, are sufficiently great to demand a vigorous effort to staniji out bovine tuberculosis. "The evidence furnished by autopsy statistics of primary intestinal tuber- culosis, reported by different observers, is very conflicting, and even if there was agreement on a high incidence, this evidence could only be taken as circum- stantial, since there is abundant opjiortunity for primary intestinal infection to occur with tuberculous material of human origin. "The use of tuberculins from human and from bovine bacilli has not yet thrown much light on the question. The agglutination reaction does not serve to differentiate the two types of bacilli. " It seems definitely established that there are two distinct types of tubercle bacilli, the human and the bovine type, which in a majority of cases investi- gated have characteristics sufficiently fixed so that mutation from one type into the other does not occur. " The bovine type of bacillus has been demonstrated in 20 per cent of a series of 306 cases among human beings. " The bacillus which causes bovine tuberculosis may also cause tuberculosis in man. It must be borne in mind that every case of tuberculosis in man show- ing the bovine bacillus need not have received the infection directly from cattle, for it is easily conceivable that a human having become infected from cattle may pass the infection on to other human beings. " The dangers from bovine tuberculosis to man are sufficiently great to war- rant strict precautions against it." A bibliographical list of 40 references is appended. Intertransmissibility of bovine and human tubercle bacilli, F. M. Potten- CER (Jour. Ainer. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. 13, pp. i007-i0ii).—" Interpret- ing laboratory findings, animal experiments, clinical observations and the diag- nostic and therapeutic use of tuberculins made from bacilli of both human and bovine varieties, as well as reasoning from the analogy between smallpox and cowpox, I feel that we have some light thrown on the question of intertransmis- sibility of tubercle bacilli of human and bovine origin that can not l)e derived from the laboratory and animal experiments alone. " The following points in the discussion of this question seem to be pretty thoroughly established : "Human and bovine tubercle bacilli are different, as shown in: (a) Mox-pho- logic characteristics, (h) cultural characteristics, (c) virulence for animals, {(I) staining characteristics (not generally confirmed). " Cattle can be iunnunized against bovine bacilli by inoculation with moderate numbers of human bacilli. 282 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "The resistancp of cattle can be overcome and iiifeciion hnmslit about l)y inoculation of liunian bacilli in larse nunil)ers or in moderate numbers if the inoculations are leapt up for a prolonged period of time. " Human beings are sometimes infected with bacilli of bovine type. " Reasoning from the data obtained from the diagnostic and therapeutic use of tuberculins made from bacilli of bovine and human types, we conclude that: " Bovine and human bacilli are different in that their toxins are different. " Judging from tlie maimer in which patients suffering from tuberculosis react toward tuberculins made from human and l)ovine bacilli, we would con- clude that both varieties of bacilli are able to produce tuberculosis in the human body, but that the localization of the two infections is more or less con- stant. We have found that : " A, Infections of the lungs, larynx, and intestines, when complicating tuber- culosis of the lungs, are, as a rule, best treated by tuberculins made from bovine bacilli. These infections are most probably produced by l)acilli of human origin. " B. Infections of the bones, glands (as a rule), ]»eritoneum (with effusion), ear and genito-urinary tract are, as a rule, best treated liy tuberculins made from human bacilli. These infections are most itrobably produced liy bacilli of bovine origin, "Reasoning from the analogy furnished by smallpox, the fact that human bacilli will immunize cattle against infection with bovine bacilli would suggest that bovine bacilli might immunize human beings against human bacilli ; and, if our belief that tuberculosis of the bones is of bovine origin is true, and our observation that persons suffering from bone lesions rarely suffer from tubercu- losis of the lungs is correct, we have clinical evidence whicli supports the fact that immunity in human beings against human bacilli may be produced by infection with bacilli of the bovine type.'' Tuberculosis among animals, W. A. Breno (Sci. Prog. Twentieth Cent., 3 {1D08), \o. it, pi>. IJS-'A)). — This is a brief review of recent work as related to the differences in the degree of susceptibility to tuberculosis exhibited by different classes of animals. The economic importance of tuberculosis of food-producing animals, A. D. Melvin {Amer. Yet. Rev., 35 {1909), A'o. 1, pp. lS-32). — An address pi-esented before the International Congress on Tuberculosis, held at Washington, D. O., in 1908, in which the subject is discussed at length. It is concluded, as a general average, that about 3.5 per cent of the cattle of the United States are affected with tuberculosis. The loss on all food animals killed in this country is estimated at $3,832,436 annually. " Taking into con- sideration the various items mentioned, the tribute which the United States pays each year to this scourge among its farm animals aggregates more than $14,000,000. Such a loss is too great, merely as a matter of economics, to be allowed to continue and increase from year to year." The curative treatment of tuberculosis in cattle by Professor von Behring's tulaselaktin (Ahs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Then, 22 (1909), No. 1, pp. S.'/- 96). — This is an extract from the official report presented by the commission to the minister of agriculture of Argentina. The facts recorded in this report lead the commission to the following conclusions : " Prof, von Behring's tulaselaktin has had no prejudicial effect on the experi- mental cattle, for the local reaction (at the seat of the injections) observed in some of the animals, and the general reaction, due to pulmonary congestion (very similar to that sometimes produced by an injection of tuberculin), noted in others, were temporary and apparently without influence on the subsequent development uf the lesions. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 283 "Prof, vou BehriiiK's tulasclaktin. as (-nii)]()ye(l by Dr. liouior, his ropresenta- tivo, has not caused the recov(>ry from, or the retrogression of, the tuberculous lesions in the cattle to which it was applied. ■' Tulaselaktin has not hindered the development of fresh tuberculous lesions iu some of the exi»erimental animals. "The satisfactory general condition and increase of w^eight observed in a number of animals during the experiments can not be attributed to tulaselaktin, but to attention to hygiene, excellent fodder, the condition of rest in which they were kept, and the growth of the animals (young cattle in most cases), as is provetl by the fact that the same things were observed in the animals that were not treated." Differential methods for detecting the typhoid bacillus in infected water and milk, D. D. Jackson and T. W. Mklia {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6 {t'JO'J), No. 2, PI). 19'i-20Ji, figs. 2). — "Bile is a natural medium for the growth of the typhoid bacillus and it retards the growth of other bacteria except BaciUiis coli. When lactose is present in the bile B. coli causes copious gas formation and soon produces sufficient acidity to retard its own growth so that the final result is a predominance of B. typhosus which has been multiplying rapidly in the meantime and is not materially affected by this acidity. " When samples of water or milk are inoculated into lactose bile and incu- batetl at 37° C. and then transplanted in varying dilutions into Ilesse agar, very characteristic colonies are formed in the high dilutions when the typhoid bacillus is present." The authors were able to isolate typhoid cultures from feces with certainty at any stage of the disease from milk artificially infected with small niunbers of B. typhosus, and from river, pond, and stream water. The treatment of suppurative conditions in animals by a slig'ht modifica- tion of the Wrig'ht-Doug'lass vaccine method, E. F. McCampbell and ,T. INIcI. Phillips {Amcr. Yet. Rev., 3Jf {1909), No. 5, pp. 600-608).— Two methods that Lave given good results are described, together with directions for the prepara- tion and use of the vaccine. Good results ha^e followed the application of this vaccine in fistula of the poll and withers, and in suppurative conditions of the hoof, etc. Recovery is said to be extremely rapid when treated in the way described. The diseases of the eye in domesticated animals, II. Gray (Vet. lire, 21 {1909), No. 1082, pp. 678-688). — An account of the various diseases of the eye and methods of treatment. Special report on diseases of cattle {U. 8. Dept. Ayr., Bur. Ani)ii. Indus., 1909, rev. ed.,.pp. 551, pis. 52, figs. 27). — This work, originally issued in 181)2, and revised in 1904 (E. S. R., 16, p. 70S), has again been revised in accordance with a resolution passed by Congress. The changes made in the present edition consist mainly iu a revision of the chapters on diseases of the digestive organs, infectious diseases, and a substitution of a new chapter on animal ])arasitos for the chapter on that subject in the edition of 1004. Bovine contag-ious mammitis, J. A. Gilruth {New Zeal. Dept. Agr., Yet. Div. Bui. 13, pp. 9, pi. 1 ; Ann. Rpt., 16 {1908), pp. 202-208, pi. /).— Tlie nature of this disease, its symptoms, transmission, prevention, and treatment are consid- fred. Since attention was first drawn to the presence of the disease in >sew Zealand, 5 years ago, it ai>i)ears to have spi*ead extensively. Mastitis of the cow, S. Walf, (Die Euterentziindungcn der Kufi. Stuttgart, 190H,^pp. YIII+122, figs. 29; nr. in Jour. Cornpar. rath, and Thrr.. 21 {1908), No. If, p. 337). — The author here discusses the various forms of niasfitis of the cow. The observations and investigations made were largely upon tuberculous udders. 284 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Statistics given regarding the localization of the disease in different quarters of the udder show that in a total of 115 cases the disease was confined to one quarter in 47 per cent, to 2 quarters in 33 per cent, to 3 quarters in 13 per cent, and that all 4 quarters wei'e involved in only 7 per cent of the cases. One or both hind quarters were diseased in 91 per cent, and one or both fore quarters in 50 per cent, of the cases. The disease was confined to the hind quarters in 50 per cent, and to the fore quarters in 9 per cent of the cases. The author concludes that the primary lesions in the gland are embolic, and started by bacilli which have been admitted to the blood stream from some tuberculous focus in the lungs. In regard to their source the reviewer says " when account is talien not only of the much greater frequency of lesions in the hind quarters, but also of the further fact that the supra-mammary lymphatic glands (which overlie the hind quarters) often show lesions which are obviously older than those in the udder tissue, and that the primary inva- sion of the latter is usually at the upper part of a quarter, the only permissible conclusion is that infection of the udder usually takes place by way of the lymphatic vessels." Septicemia hemorrhagica in cattle, A. W. Curlewis {Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Vic- toria, 7 (HJOD), 7\o. 2, pp. 91-93). — During the last few months considerable mortality in cattle has occurred in parts of A' ictoria from a form of septicemia hemorrhagica known in some countries as buffalo disease. Seven cases are here reported. Parasitic diseases of sheep, D. F. Luckey {Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 6 {J908), No. JO, pp. 3Ji, figs. 17). — Nearly all the losses of sheep are said to be caused by parasites, which are here briefly considered. Experimental test of treatments for worms in sheep at Glen Innes Experi- ment Farm, M. Henry and J. D. Stewart {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. WaJcs, 19 {1908), No. 12, pp. 981-985). — "The results obtained would seem to emphasize again the fact that the giving of good feed and salt is the best treatment to apply to sheep affected with worm infestation of any description; that while stomach and intestinal worms can be dislodged fairly readily, bronchial parasites can be so only with .great difficulty ; and that stock owners must look to preventive methods rather than to 'cures' to save themselves from loss from this cause." Hemlock poisoning- in pig's, I. Calinescu {Arhiva Vet., 5 {1908), No. Jf-5, pp. 229-231; ahs. in Vet. Ree.,21 {1909), No. 1076, p. 550).— The author reports an outbreak of a fatal disease in swine found to be due to the eating of the stems and leaves of the large hemlock {Coniuni maculatum). Horse sickness and its prevention, PI. AVatkins-Pitchford {Natal Agr. Jour., 11 {1908), No. 12, pp. 1543-1558; Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 3', (1909), No. 1, pp. 22-25). — This is a paper read before the Annual Conference of the Intercolonial Agricultural Union in which the author presents a general account including the history of the disease. The disease is essentially South African. By a process of elimination the author attempts to prove that the infection which is due to a filteral)le virus is transmitted by insects. Experiments are reported in which horses protected from mosquitoes by the screens of gauze netting remained unaffected while near-by unprotected horses were attacked by the disease. The use of smoke smudges to keep away insects has -given considerable protection from the disease. The immunity of mules against horse sickness, A. Tiieiler {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 {1909), No. 2(), pp. 175-183). — The author here reviews the results obtained from inoculations of mules against horse sickness, these being first introduced into practice in November, 1905. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 285 A coiisukTMblo varialioii was found in tlio variability of tlu! virus. Finding; tliat one particular kind of virus did not conipletoly protect aj^ainst subsequent inoculation of (lie S(>cond or tliird virus, u polyvalent virus was made composed of blood collected from mules showing relapses in practice, the ordinary virus, the Tzaneeu virus, the lUilawayo virus, and blood collected from spontaneous cases of the disease. These were mixed together and injected into a horse which developed the disease. The animal was tapped during reaction and the virus obtained was the polyvalent virus. While this virus did not completely prohibit a reaction from its constituents it prevented mortality. The author states that experience in practice has shown that an inoculation of mules with any of the virus used protected against death to the extent of 0S.7 per cent. P.realvdowns vary in the different districts and even in the same locality. In the laboratory it was possible, with blood obtained from immunized animals that died from horse sickness after exposure, to break the immunity given by almost any virus. A malignant form, of canine distemper, M. White {Amcr. Vet. Rev., 3} (1909), No. 5, p. 635). — The author has observed a canine distemper in Denver, Colo., that is quite different from the usual form. The affected dogs are said to show digestive complications, to bleed from the nose, and to discharge pus with the blood. I^ater the mucus membrane of the mouth shows a brick-red discoloration and inflammation, followed by bleeding from the month and bowel. Death takes place within 7 days. It is estimated that from 5 to 10 per cent of the cases are of this severe form. Blackhead disease of turkeys, L. J. Cole (Rhode Island Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 207-290). — A brief account is given of the investigations now being carried on. As noted below, this disease has been found to be due to organisms belonging to the genus Coccidium. The investigations under way consist of a study of the life history of the causative agent, its resistance to injurious substances and conditions, its occurrence in and effect on other birds and mammals, the means by which it might in nature be transmitted from one bird to another, etc. Blackhead, a coccidial disease of tui-keys, I.. J. Cole and P. B. Hadley (Science, n. scr., 27 (lOOS), No. 70.'i. p. OO'i). — The authors believe they have demonstrated that this disease is caused by a Coccidium which, according to the nomenclature adopted, may be of the variety Coccidium cuniculi, and that Amoeba mcleagridis Smith is probably the schizont stage in the development of the Coccidium. The stages of the Coccidium most commonly found were the schizonts and the macrogametes or oocytes. By means of feeding portions of cecal content or parts of ceca of diseased birds, the disease was produced experimentally in turkeys, chicks, and sparrows, but not in guinea pigs, kittens, or rabbits. In young turkeys the disease is almost always fatal ; older birds may recover. It is doubtful if death is caused directly by the Coccidium in the majority of cases; whether there is a specific accompanying organism pathogenic to turkeys under these conditions, and less so to chickens, has not yet been determined. In cases of perforation of the cecum, death soon follows from acute p(>ritonitis. No method of treatment is at present recognized. A new parasitic disease of pigeons, A. Lanfkanchi (Mod. Zooiatro, 190S, No. (J, »S'Hy>., pp. 2S0-,il7; snlts in from 10 to 20 days. Flagellates were 'found in the saliva and salivary glands, bone marrow, blood, and peri- toneal exudate, in small nodules formeS'cf. [London], n. scr., 53 (1909), No. 210, pp. 339-3-'f9, figs. 8). — The author has obtained certain indications which point to a transformation of Halteridium from a flagellate stage, thus presenting the first definite piece of evidence tending to confirm one of Schau- dinn's conclusions. The author concludes that Halteridium is probably a stage in the life history of a trypanosome which 'has advanced a step further and become adapted also to the red coriniscles. Trypanosomiasis in animals, F. Harvey (Jour. Roij. Army Med. Corps, 11 (1908), No. 1, pp. 12-23, figs. 3, map 1; Jour. Trop. Vet, 8ci., 3 (1908). No. J,, pp. Jf68-.'f78, 2>?s. 5). — The author reports investigations made of a trypanosome found in cattle, horses, and dogs in the British colony of Sierre Leone, Africa. " This trypanosome was found to increase in virulence by passage through the same species. Guinea pigs appeared most refractory and puppies least so. A natural strain from the horse appeared noninfective for dogs, but the cattle and dog strains were infective for horses. It is possible, therefore, that these may be two distinct strains; further work is required to settle this point. This trypanosome appeared to be invariably fatal and most widely distributed, and at one place, Minti, thei-e were only 2 dying cattle left out of GO." The species, which is nearly if not quite as virulent as Trypanosoma brucci, is ^'onsidered as T. dimorphon, although clinically strikingly similar to nagana. A trypanosome from Zanzibar, 1). -Bruce, A. E. Hamerton, and H. R. Bate- man (Proc. Roy. Hoc. [London], Her. B, 81 (1909), No. B 5-',5, pp. lJ,-30, pis. 2). — This is a study of a trypanosome taken from a horse in Zanzibar which was suffering from an obscure disease. It is concluded that the species is Trypanosoma dimorphon, although proof of the identity or uouideutity of the carrier is wanting. RURAL ENGTNEEKINO. 287 Note on the role of tabanids in the transmission of trypanosomiases, E. Sergent {Ann. Tntp. Med. and Par., 2 (1909), No. Ji, p. 331).— The author has shown that the two species of horse flies most common in the Algerian Tell, Atylotus iomenlo.sHS and A. nemoraHs, can experimentally transmit infection from a diseased to a healthy animal when tlie blood sucking follows imme- diately. In one experiment it was found that horse flies which had ingested blood from an affected animal could infect a healthy animal 22 hours later and not 48 hours later, as previously rei)orted, through a typographical error, in an article prfeviously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 285). Concerning' the treatment of experimental trypanosomiasis, II, B. Moore, M. NiERENSTEiN, and J. L. Todd (Ann. Trap. Med. and Par., 2 (1909), No. 4< pp. 265-2S8, pi. 1, fiys. 8). — This is in continuation of experiments with various proposed remedies previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 478). "None of the coloring matters employed was of much value; it is suggested that the active radicle in trypanocidal anilin derivatives is the ' trypanophobe ' group, NHs. ... In the treatment of dogs, guinea pigs, and mice, the compara- tive value of (1) acetylated atoxyl followed by bichlorid of mercury, (2) of acetylated atoxyl, and (3) of atoxyl, is as the order in which they are named; none of these methods is usually able to definitely cure well-established infec- tions in these animals. " Atoxyl followed by bichlorid of mercury is found to be much superior to atoxyl alone in the treatment of rabbits infected with Trypanosoma brucci; the latter is nlso effective in the treatment of rabbits infected with T. gamhicnse. Atoxyl and mercury combined are distinctly superior to atoxyl alone in the treatment of donkeys infected with T. hrucei. but neither method is able to cure a well-established infection." Bibliogr;iphical references are given. Contribution to a study of Porocephalus moniliformis, A. Broden and J. RoDiiAiN (Ann. Trop. Med. and Par., 2 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 302-313).— The authors have found that in nature the immature stage of this parasite infests monkeys and the adult stage infests snakes. Man and various animals which accidentally swallow the eggs of this parasite become intermediate hosts. Snakes, particularly the larger species, if infested through swallowing inter- mediate hosts become definite hosts. Bibliographical references accompany the account. The microscopic anatomy of Trichinella spiralis, C. Frotiiingiiam, Jr., (Jour. 21cd. Research, 19 (190S), No. 2, pp. 301-308. pi. 1, figs. 2).— The author presents a report of studies made of the microscopic anatomy of this parasite at two ages, one 3 days the other 10 days after the ingestion of infected meat. Both male and female are said to be developed in 3 days. The trichinellse studied were in the intestines of rats which had been fed nmscle from an infected cat. Rubbing- post for live stock (Nci. Amer., 100 (1909), No. 13, p. 2J,8, fig. 1).— An iUustration and a description are given of a rubbing post recently invented. The rubbing post contains a reservoir filled with insecticide or antiseptic, and may be jilaced in a suitable place convenient to the live stock. The application is produced automatically by the rubbing. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in Oregon, ,7. II. T.kwis and P. A. Cupper (V. H. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 209, pp. 67, figs. 8, mai> /).— This belongs to the series of reports dealing with irrigation in the arid States, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 987). Its purpose is to furnish information regarding the present status of irrigation and opportunities for settlement. 3406— No. 3—09 7 288 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The authors describe the topography, climate, water and laud resources, products of irrigated lands, water laws, settlement of irrigated lands, and the future development of irrigation farming. Climate and rainfall conditions are discussed in their relation to irrigation, the rainfall variations throughout the State being particularly noted. At Prineville the total annual rainfall is 8.2 in., while at Glenora it is 136.3 in. The water resources are stated to be exceptionally great because of the topography, the average run-off from the entire State being 1.9 second-feet per square mile. This is, however, mostly in the western part of the State, where it is impossible to utilize it for irrigation purposes, although the possibilities for water power development are apparently almost unlimited. The discharge of streams in the main drainage areas of the State is given in tabular form and there is a map showing the streams available for irrigation. Of the lands in the State about one-third of the total area was public unre- served land on July 1, 1906. Its distribution and character are shown in a table compiled from the report of the U. S. General Land Office for 1906. The leading feature of agricultural development in the State is the great variety and excellent quality of the products. The average yield and value of fruits in the State are given, and the yields and net profits of crops are shown by tables. Fruits are reported to yield from $120 to $350 an acre, while alfalfa has yielded a net profit of $32 per acre, and sugar beets of $40 per acre. The fact of the large annual rainfall has made it difficult to convince the people of the need and benefit of Irrigation and is thus operating against its development. The laws previous to 1909 have also not been favorable, and it is only within a few years that irrigation has developed rapidly. More expensive works are now being undertaken, largely it is thought because of Federal legislation. The authors consider that the future of irrigation farming will be affected by recent favorable legislation, improved transportation facilities and methods of irrigated agriculture, and a better understanding of the needs and benefits of irrigation. Experiments conducted by this Office have demonstrated these benefits, but it is believed that actual demonstrations on a practical scale will be necessary to convince the landowners of the need for irrigation. In discussing the laws the authors include the numerous statutes and court decisions prior to the 1909 law, the principal points and applications of which are noted and explained. Irrigation in South Dakota, S. H. Lea (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 210, pp. (SO, )ii(ip. 1). — This report, which is one of the series noted above, gives the present status of irrigation in South Dakota and includes the in- formation deemed necessary for lu'ospective settlers. The first part of the bulletin describes the natural features of the State and mentions briefly its industries, viz, agriculture and stock raising, the latter being by far the more important. Considerable space is devoted to the water resources, under which are described the various river systems, with a map showing streams available for irrigation. LTnderground waters and the appro- priated and unappropriated waters are enumerated. Tables of stream measure- ment, abstracted from the reports of the U. S. Geological Survey, are included. The different types of land found in the State are indicated, with their loca- tion and extent, showing the unoccupied and irrigated areas. The greater part of the lands of the State are classed as arable, there being over 16,000,000 acres, exclusive of Indian farms, in this class. The rest of the area comprises National Forests, swamp and overflowed lands, hills and buttes, and 2,000 sq. miles of Bad Lands. The crops raised are small grains, fruits, vegetables, RURAL ENGINEERING. 289 alfalfa, and native bay. tho smaller fruits and vegetables being tbe best irri- gated crops. In the section of the Stale west of tbe Missouri River, and espe- cially in tbat part adjacent to tbe Black Hills, irrigation is required to produce good crops, wbile tbe otber balf of tbe State bas sutbcient rainfall. Tbat part of tbe report dealing directly witb irrigation embodies information as to tbe crops grown, tbe development of irrigation, a detailed description of tbe various enterprises, present and prospective irrigated areas, cost of land and water, and a discussion of laws governing the control and use of water, in wbicli tbe autbor explains tbe State law in detail witb an account of its ojieratiou and tbe functions of tbe State engineer. In conclusion recommenda- tions as to tbe prevention of waste and tbe storage of flood waters are given, together witb suggestions as to needed legislation. Irrig-ation in Kansas, D. H. Bark (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 211, pp. 28, maps 2). — Tbis is another of tbe series of bulletins being issued l)y this Office to supply information as to conditions and opi)ortunities for settle- ment in irrigated sections, and follows tbe same general plan. The introduction deals briefly with tbe geography, climate, and topography, and tbe following sub.iects are discussed in order : Water resources, lands, products of irrigated lands, history of irrigation development, irrigation enter- prises, laws governing the control and use of water, settlement of irrigated lands, and tbe future development of Irrigation farming in Kansas. Kansas is considered as a w^bole to be a well-watered State, but the need for irrigation is imperative in tbe western part, where tbe rainfall alone is not sufficient to grow ordinary crops. Tbe enormous supply of underflow water is deemed to be a considerable factor in tbe water resources of tbe State, and to be destined to play an important part in tbe future development of western Kansas, particularly in tbe upper Arkansas Valley. This supply bas not ■visibly be^n affected by individual pumi)s, and it is believed tbat but slight difficulty will be exi)erienced in tbe future. Tlie artesian flow also contributes to the amount of water available for irrigation. Kansas bas but little land tbat can still be bomesteaded, and tbis is not irrigable. Tbe irrigated land is confined to the western one-third of tbe State and but a small percentage of the land cultivated is under irrigation. Alfalfa is the principal irrigated crop, while sugar beets are successfully raised under irrigation. A description of irrigation enterprises is given in detail describing the vari- ous ditches, their size, capacity, and area of land irrigated. Tbis discussion includes tbe private pumping plants in the Arkansas Valley, with some results of tests made on tliem. A large number of tests under ordinary conditions at Garden City showed the cost of irrigating an acre to vary from 30 cts. to $1.50 with gasoline at 11.5 to 15 cts. a gallon. \\\ih. a total lift of 15 to 30 ft. AVind- mills are used extensively in tbe shallow water districts, and some data on these is included. The future development of irrigation in Kansas calls for tbe construction of large reservoirs to bold tbe entire flow of rivers, the installation of pinnping plants and windmills in shallow water areas, new modes of irrigating, and a better understanding of the economical use of water, as well as winter irrigation. Triennial revenue report of the public works department, irrigation branch, Bengal, for the three years ending 1907—1908 {Trlcn. Rev. Rpt. I'lib. Works Dept.. I nig. Branch. Bengal, 1907-8, pp. 88, dgms. 7, maps 6"). — Tbis contains statistics relating to the cost, operating expenses and revenues of canals in Bengal. There are also given data relative to tbe extent of irrigated 290 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, areas under each project, the crops grown, duiy of water on rice and other crops, and items on adniinistratiou and control. The theory of drainage, A. O. Anderson (Brick, 30 {1009), 'So. J, pp. 2.'i9- 251, figs. 3). — In this article the author discusses soils and their properties, the relation of moisture to the soil, and the purpose of drainage. There are also practical suggestions as to methods of draining, and a discussion of tile and open drauis in which the author pohits out the advantage of tile drains. Report of the commissioner of public roads (Ann. Rpt. Comr. Pub. Roads [A. J.], 15 (190S), pp. 20.'/. pis. l-'i). — In a review of the road improvements made in New Jersey under the State Aid Law, the commissioner, F. Gilkyson, lays particular stress on the experiments conducted to determine the methods of construction and treatment which will insure permanency and resistance to the destructive influence of automobiles. As a result of these experiments it is believed that the use of heavy asphal- tum oil as a binder will prove the most satisfactory. Experience in repairing roads led to the recommendation that they should be first scarified to a depth of at least 2 in., all foreign matter removed, and then treated with the binding substance. Among the different methods of applying liquid binders used was one which differs somewhat from the ordinary methods, and which met with success. This was to apply the liquid between the surfacing of | in. stone and the next course of 1* in. stone, allowing it to work into the interstices. The surface layer was then spread and rolled, causing the oil to ooze up and adhere to the stone of this layer. The principal requirement is stated to be to incorporate thoroughly the asphaltum or other compound with the upper layers of the road. A new machine was used in the construction of one of the experimental X'oads. This is a rolling tamper and is composed of a series of cast-iron sprocket wheels loosely revolving upon an axle. Each tooth has a superficial area of about S sq. in., which comi)acts the material thoroughly during its con- tinued passage. Peat deposits of Maine, E. S. Bastin and C. A. Davis ( U. t>. Gcol. Survey Bid. 370, pp. L27, pis. 3, figs. 20). — It is stated that the aim of this bulletin is "to present an estimate of the extent and value of the more accessible peal deposits of Maine and to direct attention to their economic importance, . . ." The dejiosiis in Maine are described by localities, with notes as to the value and probable yield as indicated by analyses and field tests. The analyses and determinations of fuel values are given in tabulated form at the end .of tlie report. Preceding the special reports on individual deposits there is a general discus- sion of the nature, origin and character of peat deposits, methods of preparing raw peat for the market, and the various factors bearing on its commercial exploitation, [A peat gas producer] (8V-j. Amrr., 100 (IHOD), Ao. 21, p. 392, figs. 2).— This describes a peat gas producer designed to disintegrate the peat, that it may be thoroughly and uniformly heated. A muffler with thin sides connected to the gas engine is placed inside the producer so that the vibratory motion of its sides is transmitted in the chamber to the air and gas, which is forced alternately in and out of the pores of the peat, thus aiding In its being broken up. To accomplish this fui'ther, the peat chamber is connected with the base of the engine so that its vibrations also will be Imparted to the peat. The increased use of electric power in agriculture, K. Krohne (ElcktrotreJi. Ztschr., 29 (WOS), Nos. 39, pp. 92S-935, figs. 15; 1,0, pp. 950-95J,, figs. 2; J/l, pp. D79-981,, figs. 3; Mitt. Dent. Landw. GcselL, 23 (1908), Nos, J,l, pp. 332-337, figs. 7; 1,2, pp. 31,7-351; 1,3, pp. 360-372. figs. 3; ',',, pp. 3S2-381,, fig. l).—ln this RURAL ENGINEERING. 291 ;;iti('l(> lilt' niithor troats at some length tho aiiplications of electricity in ajj;ri- ciiltural operations and the relative economy of luiinan, animal, and machine liower. In the latter connection he discusses farm and lai)or conditions and their relation to the status of machine farming and the agricultural machine industry. This has deve]op(>d so rapidly that the author believes Germany to be fast becoming independent of England and America. There are detailed descriptions of niachines and implements operated by electric power classified according to the nature of the work done, with diagrams illustrating their mode of operation under the various systems, and data relative to initiaTand operating costs. A chapter deals with the extent to which electrical power is employed and with the central stations which furnish power to a large number of farms within their zone. It is stated that the use of electricity in agriculture is increasing with the develoi)ment of water power as a source of electrical energy. A new motor plow (Lninlir. Mitxch. u. CJcriitc, !) (1D09), Nos. 10, pp. 2, h, fig. ] : //, pp. 5, 7). — In the tirst of these articles there is described a new motor plow which has been successfully tested in Germany. In this, two plow frames with a variable number of shares are attached to the body of the wagon, one at each end. The machine is operated by benzin and is also provided with a drum for hauling on a light cable attached to an anchor wagon. This is a novel feature, the cable being used only when the soil is wet and there is a tendency of the wheels to slip. As it is used only in connection with the traction wheels great strength is not required and a light cable is sutflcient. The anchor wagon need not be in line with the furrow, and it is thus jiossible to plow a strip 40 ft. without moving the anchor wagon. The second article gives an account of the results of tests of this machine in different liinds and conditions of soil and when used as a traction engine. Its average hourly working capacity was found to be 2 acres, plowed to a depth of 8 to 9 inches. Farm practices in applying land plaster in western Oregon and western Washington, P.. Hunter {WiifihiiKjton tiia, Bui. 0 to 100 lbs. per acre, HO to GO lbs. being considered sufficient for a hay crop if evenly distributed. The plaster is as a rule distributed by hand, but it is difficult to secui'e even distribution by this means. The author therefore describes mechanical devices which have been worked out by farmers in the region and which have been used with satisfactory results in the distribution of i)laster. " It is hoiied that the descriptions given are sufficiently clear to enable any farmer who is reasonably handy with tools lo construct, at a nominal cost, an efficient implement for distributing land plaster." [A new corn shock loader] {Farm Macliiucrj/, J90D, Xo. D20, p. 20, fig.<<. 2). — Illustrations and a brief descrii)tion of a corn shock loader recently invented by J. B. Schuman are given in this article. The machine consists of a frame mounted on wheels, and l)earing curved receptacles which are lowered (o re- ceive the shock and then elevated by horse power to an upright position on the wagon. Cement pipe and tile, E. S. Hanson (Chicago, 1909, pp. HO, figs. 25, dgins. Jf, maps 2). — This is a handbook containing information regarding the manufac- ture and use of cement i)ipe and tile. In the tirst chai)ter there is a brief review of drainage conditions and the work of swamp land I'eclamatiou in the United States. The author outlines 292 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. the .1,'rowing demand for itroper farm drainage, iiointing out the benefits of tile drains in this connection. Considerable space is occupied with a discussion of the relative merits of clay and cement tile, with a review of the present controversy on this question. Evidence is presented to show that cement is generally superior to clay for tile and pipe. A short chapter devoted to the chemical action of cement in the soil touches briefly on the effect of alkali on cement. The author considers that disintegra- tion may be prevented by making the concrete impervious to moisture, which is possible if care is taken in selecting and mixing the materials. The book includes the results of a number of strength tests of cement pipe in this country and in Germany, while there are 2 chapters on methods and cost of manufacture, describing plants and their equipment and giving cost data in different localities. The concluding chapter describes tile and pipe-making machinery on the market. Concrete silos, C. W. Gaylord and P. H. Wilson (Concrete Rev., 3 (1909), No. 11-12, PI). 67. fig ft. 37). — This pamphlet states the requirements for silos, sets forth the advantages of the use of concrete in their construction, and describes the various methods of employing it. It contains illustrations and descriptions of concrete silos in use. and gives directions for building solid, hollow-wall and concrete-block silos. The making of forms and methods of reenforcing and mixing and placing the concrete are described in detail, with plans and tables of data necessary. RURAL ECONOMICS. Decline of farming in southern-central New York, R. S. Tare (Bui. Amer. Geogr. .Soc, -'// (UiOit), \o. .'>, iiji. 270-27 f<). — Statistical data on rural depopula- tion and the increase of tenant and share farming in the counties of P.roome, Tioga, Chemung, Schuyler, Yates, Tompkins, and Cortland are presented and discussed. The causes of these economic phenomena are believed to be the com- petition of the West, shiftlessness in individual farmers, soil deterioration, bad roads, and social isolation. W^hile the outlook for farming is not regarded as very encouraging in this section of the State, the author believes that the industry could be improved, and to this end suggests as remedies the better education of the farmer, the planting of poor land to forests, road improvement, better marketing facilities, and extensive farming. The State statistics show about 20,000 vacancies on farms and these places are being taken by foreigners. The agricultural labor problem in South Russia, S. Sagorsky (Die Arbeiterfragc in dcr Siidnissischeii Landicirtschaft. Munich, 1908, pp. 208, charts 5). — This is a history of agricultural development in South Russia from the date of the emancipation of the serfs on February 19, 1861, to the present time, with particular reference to the effects of emancipation on the economic welfare of farm laborers and the peasant class. In general, under the system of land holding and other agrarian features which prevail throughout Russia, it is shown that the economic, social, and general welfare of the agricultural laboring classes is in a very deplorable condition in South Russia, which is taken as a typical agricultural section of the empire. Rural conditions in the United States (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), No. 2, pp. 132-135). — A brief discussion of the report of the Country Life Com- mis.siou (E. S. R., 20, p. 1089). EURAL ECONOMICS. 293 The agricultural holding's act, 1908 {J(jiir. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 113-111). — A discussion of tlie uiahi provisions of this act (E. S. R., 20. {). !»!)<)). Agricultural legislation in France. II. I^. Rudloff (Linnhr. .Jalnb., 3S (1909), No. 2, pp. 193-250).— The autlior gives a historical slcetch of French legislation relating to agriculture, the article being an epitome of the French rural code discussed under the topics of the laws relating to land and labor, water rights, and the public welfare. The sig-nificance of the colonial system to agriculture in Germany, Woiilt- MAXN (jQlirl). Dent. Landw. (JchcU., 2', (1909), No. J, pp. o/-6-'/).— This is an address before the meeting of the German Agricultural Society at Berlin on Februar.v 24. 1009. The author discusses the extent, location, and agricultural products of the German colonies, shows that these products do not compete to any extent with home production, and believes that the agricultural develoi»ment of the colonies, particularly in the growing of tropical and subtropical products which are now imported from other countries, would be of great economic and financial advan- tage to Germany and her colonies. Agriculture in Italy and the spread of socialism in rural districts, T. Poggi (CoUivatore, 55 (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 65-68: 6. pp. 161-16',; 13. pp. 3S5-3S9 ; 15, pp. .'i-',9-.'i5S; IS, pp. 5.'f5-5Ji9). — The author discusses the extent of the formation of unions among the peasants in certain provinces of Italy as a result of socialist propagandists, points out the economic errors on which such doctrines rest, and offers suggestions for the imi)rovement of rural conditions, the better- ment of the agricultural classes, and the increase of social welfare in Italy. Agricultural associations and their functions, F. Convert (Rei\ Vit., 31 (1909), No. 803, pp. 503-508). — A discussion of the features of the proposed laws relating to the limitation of the functions of agricultural associations in France (E. S. R.. 20, p. SS8). How shall the farmer pay off his mortgage? (Wiirttcnib. Wchnhl. Landw., 1909, No. 19. p. 3.7/).— The great advantages to the farmer of being able to borrow money of agricultural credit societies on long-time loans at 4 per cent interest over e\ery other method of securing credit are discussed in this article. Agricultural credit in Roumania (Bui. Mens. Off. Rcnscig. Agr. [Paris], 8 (1909), No. 3, pp. .'iOO-.'i04). — A brief I'eview of the development of agricultural credit in Roumania with statistics from 1882 to 1908. inclusive. The progress of cooperative societies (Indian Agr., 3'/ (1909), No. .',, pp. 102. 103). — Coojierative societies in India increased during 1908 from 84.3 to 1,201, and the membership from 91,000 to 149,000. The cooperative credit societies lend money at Vlh per cent, as compared with the prevailing rate of from .37* to 75 per cent charged by professional money lenders, though in some parts of India interest r:ites run from 150 to 720 per cent. The agricultural labor system in Chile, P. Coignard (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. sn:, 11 (1909), Nos. 15. pp. J,12-.'il'i; 16. pp. ',9. ',-.',96). —The author shows that Chile is a country of large holdings, that the extensive system of agriculture necessaril.v prevails thei'e, that settlements and villages are remote from each other, and that because of these conditions the agricultural labor system is different from what it is in many countries. The life and labors of the permanent and temporary farm hands are de- scribed in detail, including the privileges granted as to residences, the amount and quality of food furnished, use of land for cultivation and pasturing of stock, fuel for household purposes, etc., rates of wages, the extent of piece work and its advantages to the laborer, the management of stores on large 294 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. farms for the acconmuKliition of the laboiei's, aud the way that the farm help l.ass their time on Smulays ami holidays. The wages received are estimated as equivalent to nearly 700 francs per year (about $13")), and fully one-half of this amount the lal)orer can save if temperate and industrious. The scarcity of farm laborers, G. Bertoni {Coltwatore, 55 (1909), No. 18, pp. 5'i9-.j5I). — The author calls attention to the scarcity of farm laborers in Lombardy, Venetia, and the whole of south Italy as a result of emigration, and urges upon the government the necessity of proper legislation as a means of in-eventing further rural depopulation throughout Italy. The rights of farm laborers, Schlegelberger and Schroeder (Jahrb. Dent. Ldiidir. 6'r.sr//.. .?// (IDOD), No. 1, pp. 36-50). — This includes two papei'S pre- sented before the meeting of the German Agricultural Society at IJerlin on February 24. 1909. The papers deal with the relations i-ecognized by the German law as existing between the farmer and his hired help of all kinds, with particular reference to the legal rights of laborers and domestics as to the interpretation of con- tracts, the giving of notices as to discontinuance of services, hours of labor con- situting a day's work, and other factors bearing on the economic life of the different classes of farm hands. The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, IT. Gobbi ET AL. (Bui. Agr. \2inan], J,2 (1908), Ao.s. 35, p. 1; 36, p. 2; 38, pp. 1. 2; 39, p. 2). — This is a report of a commission appointed at a congress of the Agri- cultural Society of Lombardy, which treats of the different kinds of accident insurance societies for farm laborers in Italy, together witli their organization, operation, amount of ])remiums. etc. Farm bookkeeping, C. S. Orwin (Jour. Roji. Agr. Soc. EngUnid, 69 (1008), pp. Jf9-62). — An outline of a system of bookkeeping for farmers is i)resented. MISCELLANEOUS. Biennial Report of Missouri State Fruit Experiment Station, 1907-8 (Misf^ouri Fruit Hta. Rpt. 1901-8, pp. 18). — This includes a financial statement for the biennial period ended November 30, 1908, a report of the director on the work of the station for the biennium and its present needs, and reports of the entomologist and plant iiathologist noted elsewhere in this issue. Fifteenth Annual Report of Montana Station, 1908 (Montana f^ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 167-186). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, lists of station publications, donations, and loans, and a meteorological summary of temperature, precipi- tation, wind direction, sunshine, cloudiness, and frost during 19(»s. Twenty-fi.rst Annual Report of New York Cornell Station, 1908 (New York Cornell Stu. Rpt. 1908, pp. XXXVII+265-',92+68+2^^).—'rh\s report, which is not intended for general distribution, contains the organization list of the station, a report of the president of the university, a report of the director which includes brief statements of the main lines of work of the various departments, a statement of expenditures under the State appropriation for the fiscal year ended Sejitember 30, 1908, and reprints of Bulletins 250-258 and of Circulars 1-3, which have been previously noted. Annual Report of Pennsylvania Station, 1908 ( Pennsii/lvania Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 213). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, a report of the director on the work and publications of the station during the year, and departmental reports of which that of the meteorologist is abstracted on page 213 of this issue. The rejjort MISCELLANEOUS. 295 also contains sovoral special articles abstracted elsewhere in this issue, a reprint of Huiietin 84. and reprints with some chanj^es of P>nlletins S, a list of exchanges, and other data. Report, of the director, 1908, H. L. Russell (Wisconsin Sta. Bid. 171, pp. 35). — This contains the organization list; a report of the work of the station during the year, especially those phases de.-iling with administration, research, publications, and the extension service; brief summaries of Bulletins 1.5.S-1G3 ; lists of donations, loans, and exchanges; and a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 190S. State fair meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society (Ohio Sta. Circ. 89, pp. 19, figs. 2). — This contains brief summaries of the papers and addresses presented at the meeting of the Ohio State Horticultural Society at Columbus, September 2. 190S,,some of which are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Experiment Station Work. LI {U, S. Dcpt. Agr., Fanners" Bui. 360, pp. 32, figs. 6). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Distance between corn hills, the bursting of carnations, street trees, spraying for weeds, market classes and grades of sheep, vetch b:^y -and vetch silage for cows, digestibility of kale, hulled corn, and mixing fat into dough. Durability and economy in papers for permanent records, II. W. Wilf.y and C. H. Merriam (U. S. Dept Agr. Rpt. 89, pp. 9-12). — This is a report sub- mitted by the committee of this Dep:irtnie;^t o-i paper for departmental use. "Those dei)artmental public;. tions whicli i.re distributed to the public should bar printed on pai)er made from bleached chemical wood or its equivalent. This paper should be as light and thin as is compatible with sufficient strength and opacity, and its surface and color should not be injurious to eyesight. For bulletins and circulars of all kinds a paper weighing 40 lbs. per ream 25 by 38 is sufficiently heavy, while for large volumes containing GOO or more pages somewhat thinner and lighter paper should be used. . . . "A small edition of each publication, or certainly of those of scientiflc value, should bo ])rinted on high-grade paper for distribution as i)ermanent records to public and institution libraries. This paper should consist of at least 75 per cent r:ig stock, should be strong and thoroughly well made to with- stand much bundling." Paper specifications, F." P. Veitch {U. S. Dcpt. .\gr. Rpt. 89, pp. 1.3-51, figs. Jf). — This enumerates and discusses the factors governing the quality and dur- ability of papers for various purposes, describes the methods of the Bureau of Chemistry of this Department for testing paper, and gives specifications for practically all kinds of paper. The ])ai)ers used in many current pul)lications and records ar(» doomed open to serious criticism, in that "they are of inferior quality, needlessly heavy and bulky, and. because of the highly itolished surface so frequently given them, injurious to the eyes. It is the purpose of this bulletin to point out how these conditions may be remedied." NOTES, Connecticut College and Station. — Charles ^I. Jarvis, of New Britain, and Henry W. Alsop. of Avon, liave been appointed to the board of trustees, vice George S. Palmer and B. C. Patterson. Georgia College. — A conference of tbe trustees, superintendents, and teachers of the district agricultural schools of Georgia was held at the college July 20-22 for the purpose of discussiug problems of organization and methods of teaching and financing tliese institutions. Among those who took part in the conference were President Soule, of the college; Hon. li. F. Ducliworth, of Union City, Ga. ; and D. J. Crosby. E. Gentry, J. P. Camitbell. and J. W. Willis, of this Department. Before adjournment it was decided to hold annual con- ferences of representatives of the district agricultural schools. Idaho Station. — Arrangements have been made for the establishment at Clag- stone of the third substation provided by the last legislature, the dry-farming substation having been located at Idaho Falls and the irrigation substation at Gooding. At Clagstone a tract of 200 acres near the junction of the Spo- kane International and the Idaho and Washington Northern railways has been contributed by the speaker of the State legislature for the purpose. A tract of 40 acres adjoining, which has been leased, is ready for immediate experi- mental work. Kansas College and Station. — The farmers" institute work, for which the legis- lature increased the appropriation from $10,500 to $52,500. has been reorgan- ized on a more extensive basis by the appointment of the following additional assistants: P. E. Crabtree and G. C. Wheeler, assistants in general farming, institutes, and demonstration work ; C. V. Holsiuger. institute and demonstra- tion work in horticulture; C. H. Hinman. assistant in dairying; S. W. Black, work in agricultural education, school garden?, etc. ; Miss Frances Brown, institute and demonstration work in domestic science: W. S. Gearhart. insti- tute assistant in road making: and J. E. Brock, secretary. These assistants, with the exception of the assistant in road making, are to devote their entire time to institute and demonstration work, spending from Ocober 1 to March 1 at the institutes and the remainder of the year in dem- onstrations on county and private farms, orchards, and dairies, the building of roads and bridges, and similar field work. C. K. McClelland, superintendent of the Fort Hays substation, has resigned, to take effect January 1, 1910. Minnesota Tlniversity and Station. — Harry Snyder has severed his connection with the division of agricultural chemistry, retaining the professorship of soils. J. A. Hummel, assistant chemist, and A. D. Wilhoit, assistant in soils, have re- signed to engage in commercial work. Nebraska University. — AV. L. French has been appointed adjunct professor of dairy husbandry. New Jersey Stations. — George B. Trasher has been appointed field asssistant in horticulture. 296 NOTES. 297 New York State Station. — L. T^. .Moroll, of Kinderlionk, has been iipitointfd to the board of coutrol. North Carolina College and Station. — In addition to the annnal appropriatiou of $70,000 for maintenance the legislature has appropriated $18,000 annually for the ensuing bienninm for permanent improvements and equipment. Under a recent law the station bulletins and reports are to be published by the State I.rinter. as is other State printing. I. O. Schaub, of the State station, has been appointed professor of agricultural extension. North Carolina State Station. — By an act of the last legislature the duties of the State 'Crop Pest Commission have been transferrred to the State board of agriculture. A seed-insi)ection law was passed, the enforcement of which is left to the State board. The board is given authority to sell any of its test farms and invest the net proceeds in similar fai'ms elsewhere. Ohio University. — A bronze memorial tablet has been erected by the instructors and former students in agriculture and veterinary medicine to the memory of the late Dr. Norton S. Townshend, one of the founders of the university and its first professor of agriculture. Oklahoma Station, — C. E. Sanborn, formerly of the Texas Station, has been appointed entomologist, and A, L. Lovett, assistant entomologist. Oregon College and Station. — For the ensuing bienninm a total of $210,000 was appropriated by the last legislature. Of this $00,000 is for additional equip- ment, $.35,000 for a central heating plant, $55,000 for an agricultural building, $.35,000 for a drill hall, $5,000 for greenhouses, and $20,000 for the imrchase of additi(mal land. The annual aiipropriation for maintenance was also increased to $80,000. An appropriatiou of $2,.500 was made for dry-farming experiments and $3,000 for irrigation experiments, both in cooperation with this Department, and $15,000 was granted for the maintenance of the Eastern Oregon substation. A law was also passed under which a board of five members, to be known as the board of higher curricula, is to be appointed by the governor. The duties of this board are to be the prevention of duplication of studies or departments in the higher educational institutions of the State, viz, the agricultural college and the State university. The boai'd is empowered to determine and define the courses of study to be offered by each institution and the departments to be con- ducted, and after investigation and twenty days' notice may direct the elimina- tion of any duplicating courses or departments. C. C. Cate, assistant plant pathologist in the station, has been succeeded by H. S. Jackson, Austin Teaching Fellow at Harvard and formerly of the Dela- A'iare Station. Pennsylvania College. — A convention of the State Millers' Association was held at the college, September 8-10, witli addresses by several of the college staff. Washington College and Station. — A feedstuff's law was enacted by the last legisliiture, the enforcement of which is to rest with the director of the station. The expenses of the inspection are to be defrayed by the sale of stamps or labels. The most complete demonstration train yet sent out from the college traversed western Washington during the last of June. The outfit included a specially equipped car for dairy stock and a milking machine in operation : a horticul- tural car containing .several orcliard trees with which demonstrations were given of horticultural i)ractice and spraying operations, an extensive horticul- tural library, iuul appliances for the marketing of orchard crops; a lumltry car fitted mj) with small models of a|tproved poultry buildings, incubator houses, brooder houses, etc.; and a dairy car containing bottling apparatus, milk coolers, cream separators, and other dairy apparatus. The cars were lighted by a special apjiaratus such as can be readily installed in farm homes. 298 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Dr. W. E. lialston has been relieveil of his duties as assistant veterinarian of the station in order tliat lie may devote his entire time to instruction in the college. Recent appointments include the following: D. J. Kraus, formerly of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department, assistant in entomology, beginning September 1 ; Rex N. Hunt, a graduate of the Washington College and postgraduate student of the University of California, assistant botanist, be- ginning July 15; Walter L. Hadlock, a graduate of the University of Nebraska, assistant chemist, beginning September 1 ; and W. H. Hein, formerly of the Nebraska University and Station, assistant horticulturist, beginning August 1. Wisconsin University and Station. — In accordance w^ith an act passed by the last legislature, a soil survey of the State is to be made in cooperation with the State geological and natural history surA-ey and the Bureau of Soils of this Department, as a means to ascertain the character and fertility of the developed and undeveloped soils of the State, the extent and practicability of drainage of swamp and wet lands, and the means for conserving and increasing the fertility of the soils. An appro])riation of $10,000 annually for the ensuing bienuium has been made for this work. A seed-inspection law has been enacted and went into effect July 1. The station is charged with the enforcement of the act, and A. U. Stone has been apjiointed seed inspector. Dry Farming Demonstrations in Wyoming. — An appropriation of $5,000 per annum was made by the last legislature for the carrying on of demonstrations relative to the adaptability of the soil and climatic conditions for the production of different classes of grain and grasses, shade, ornamental, and fruit trees. The work is to be under the supervision of a board of three men. to be ap- pointed by the governor, and of a director of experiments to be designated by the board. A report of the results secured must be rendered prior to December 1, 1910. Summer Institutes for Farmers. — The Superintendent of Farmers' Institutes for MiiHiesota has inaugur;ited a system of " school house " institutes to be con- ducted by one speaker, assisted by local farmers, for two or three meetings in each district. A twelve weeks' lecture institute has already been held in con- nection with the high school at Cokato and an eight weeks' course at Cannon Falls. A fee of $2 was charged for these courses. About thirty institutes, primarily for women, are also to be conducted during the season, including such topics as gardening, fruit growing, poultry I'nising, country schools, care of milk, and home economics. Second International Congress of Alimentary Hygiene. — The next meeting of this Congress will be held at Versailles, in October, 1010. The congress will be organized into seven sections, as follows: Biological physics; physiology and physiological chemistry; alimentary hygiene, bacteriology, and parasitology; composition, analysis, and adulteration of foods and dairy products; potable waters; legislation, repression of frauds, inspection, and statistics; and the teaching and popularization of rational alimentation and hygiene. Dr. N. Ziintz will act as secretary of the section on physiology and physiological chemistry. Agriculture at the University of Chicago. — Two courses in agricultural educa- tion have been conducted during the university summer quarter by Dr. B. M. Davis, who was instrumental several years ago in developing courses in agri- culture at the California State Normal School at Chico, and is now in charge of the department of agriculture at Miami University. Agricultural Work in the College of Idaho. — The College of Idaho, located at Caldwell, is to enlarge its faculty and the extent of its courses, as the resTilt of recent increases in endowment. Among the new i-ourses to be (iCCci-ed is mie in NOTES. 299 theoretical asriculturo which will im-liulc the ehimiistry of the soil, diseases of plants and orchards, and entomology. Additional courses will also lie offered in biology, geology, and botany. A Colonial Training Farm in England. — A recent number of Farm Life an- nounces the establishment last September, by a well-known firm of shipping agents in London, of Craig Wood Lodge Colonial Training Farm at Ilorsted Keynes, Sussex County, England, for the imrpose of testing the capacity and fitness of young men wishing to go to the colonies. The farm comprises 20 acres and- is said to be well etinipped with live stock, poultry, fruit, kitchen garden, etc. At present there are accommodations for 15 pupils. The in- struction is entirely practical, covering the elements of mixed and dairy farming. The course extends over two months, and if at the end of that time the pupil is found adapted to colonial farming, the firm undertakes to place him with a reliable farmer in Canada or Australia. State Laboratories for the Manufacture and Distribution of Hog-Cholera Serum. — The Illinois legislature has appropriated $4 000 for the purchase of at least 40 acres of Ifind. .$20,000 for the erection and equipment of a suitable laboratory, and $0,000 annually for maintenance of what is to be known as the State biological laboratory. This will be under the management of the State board of live stock commissioners. The hog-cholera serum and other biological materials produced in the laboratory are to be distributed free of charge to stock raisers in the State. The Missouri legislature has made an appropriation of $10,000 for the devel- opment and distribution of hog-cholera serum in that State. New Joiirnals. — Mcdcdrrliugni van dc Rijks Iloogcrc Land-, Tuin- cii Bosch- boHicscJiooI is an illustrated publication which is to be issued at irregular inter- vals by the Royal High School of Agriculture, Horticulture, and Forestry and alhliated institutions, at Wageningen, Netherlands. The initial number con- tains the following articles : The Excretion of Acids by Eoots, by J. II. Aberson ; The Catalase Keactiou in Milk, by J. van Ilaarst; A Report of Investigations Conducted by the Phytopathological Institute During 1907, by J. Ritzema Bos; Report of a Test of Machines for Distributing Chile Saltpeter, by S. Lako ; and " Tulipthieves " and '* Oneleaves," by B. A. Plemper van Balen. Annalcs dcs Falsifications is a monthly designed to constitute an interna- tional journal as to the repression of fraud in food and drugs. It is issued under the patronage of the White Cross Society of Geneva, with C. Franche as editor, assisted by a corps of collaborators from the various countries, among them being Drs. Wiley, Bigelow, and Jenkins, and J. Q. Emery from the United States. Each number is to contain original articles, abstracts, notes, accounts of legislation, etc. The princli)al article in the initial number deals with the detection of adulteration in coco and chocolate. The Southti-est Montlilif is being published at Pulaski, Va. The initial number is very largely devoted to agricultural topics, the articles including The Problem of the Rural Woman, by Dr. J. P. McConnell, of Emory and Henry College; The New Country School as a Force in the Enrichment of Rural Life, by F. B. Fitzpatrick. principal of the Pulaski schools; A Comparison Between Hood River, Oregon, and Virginia in Apple Culture, by Director S. W. Fletcher, of the Virginia Station ; and The Relation of Live Stock to Successful Agriculture, by Dr. W. J. Quick, of the Virginia College and Station. Soutiieni Woodlands, the bimonthly published by the Georgia Forest Asso- ciation, began its third volume in .June under the new name. Forest, Fish and Game. The change was made to emphasize the relation between forest preser- vation and the perpetuation of fish and game, and to bring the work of the 300 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOTJD. Forest Association into toueli with tlie Georgia Game and Fisli Protective Association, which was recently formed in Atlanta. Boletin de Agricultura Tecnica y Economica has been established as the monthly organ of the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Industry, and Commerce. The initial numbers are largely statistical, but also contain entomological and other studies, brief abstracts of current publications, a catalogue of the agri- cultural library of the department, etc. Zeitschrift fiir Botanik is being issued as a monthly. Each number will con- tain original articles, reviews, and a list of recent publications in the various lines of botanical work. The original article in the initial number is on The Influencing of the Flowering of Orchids Through Dusting and Other Conditions. The Ohio State Department of Agriculture is issuing a series of official bul- letins monthly, or oftener. The initial number contains a crop and live stock statistical report, lists of fertilizers and feed stuffs registered for 1907, analyses of fertilizers and feed stuffs, and miscellaneous data. The Dairy Bulletin is a monthly journal devoted to the dairy interests of northern Ohio. The initial number contains an article on Dairying in American Agriculture, by Oscar Erf of the Ohio University. Ion, a monthly journal of electronics, atomistics, ionology, radioactivity, and raumcheniistry, is being published at London. Miscellaneous. — Walter S. Buchanan, a graduate of the Tuskegee Institute and of the Bussey Institution, has been appointed president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College for Negroes, at Normal, Ala. The Agricultural and Mechanical College for the Colored Race at Greens- boro, N. C, was granted an annual appropriation of $10,000, together with $4,350 annually for the ensuing biennium for repairs, improvements, and sewerage. W. S. Sowder has been appointed professor of agriculture in the Arkansas State Normal School at Conway, in place of L. A. Niven, who goes to a similar position at the Winthrop Normal College, Rockhill, S. C. Census and Statistics Monthly gives the organization of the Canadian de- partment of agriculture and a description of various phases of its work. Deutsche Landicirtschaftlichc Presse for June 16 contains an illustrated account of the work and equipment of the Royal Agricultural Experiment Sta- tion at Mockern. An agricultural chamber was formally established at Chiapas, Mexico, May 30, under the presidency of Ernesto E. Gutierrez. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ''.; Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: IL L. Knight. KDITOUIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Ft-rtiliztrs — W. IE Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — ^\V. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Fooils and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairpng, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Mokse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosbi'. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. 4. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 301 Notes 400 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Annual reports of the progress of chemistry for 1908 301 (olloid chemistry and some of its technical aspects, Alexander 301 The relation of colloids to agricultural chemistry, Ehrenberg 301 Weathering in the light of colloid chemistry, Cornu 301 Contributions to the knowledge of ph^nt phosphatids 301 Tables for calculating phosphoric acid from pyrophosphate, Gotschke 302 Simplification of the determination of hardness in water, Basch 302 Colorimetric determination of dissolved oxygen in water, Frankforter et al. . . . 302 The interpretation of a water analy.^is 302 Quantitative determination of the soot content of air, Or,^i 302 The determination of the germ content of the air, Kiihl 302 Accuracy of the determination of nitrogen in soil extracts, Densch 302 The estimation of some organic plant acids, Jorgensen 302 Biuret reaction and cold nitric acid test for protein, Vjfti Norman 302 Determination of ash when proteid preparations lia"\e been added, Feder 303 Estimation of phosphoric acid in foods, Worner 303 On the determination of mineral constituent:^ in vegetables, A'uaflart 303 Honey, Liihrig and Sartori 303 Judging honey, Liihrig 303 Concerning the Fiehe reaction, von Raumer 303 Critical studies of the Fielie react ion, Klassert 303 Albuminates in natural and artificial honey, Lund 303 The identification of artihcial honey, Jiigerschmid 304 Judging the products of bees fed on sugar, Neubauer 304 Vinegar chemistry with special reference to analysis, Brode and Lange 301 1 II CONTENTS. The estimation of caffein in coffee, Lendrich and Nottbohm 304 Judginiihrig 378 On the reducing properties of milk and the Schardinger reaction, Tromsdorff 378 On the identity of the milk coagulating and proteolytic ferments, Sawitsch 379 Rennet, Effront 379 Action of rennet at different temperatures, Gerber 379 Studies of buttermilk, Burr 379 Some bacteriological investigations of dairy products, Weigmann et al 379 The cause and nature of bitter milk, Wolff 379 On some fungi that produce the turnip taste in butter, Weigmann and Wolff 379 The formation of the reddish-yellow coloring matter on cheese, Wolff 379 On the red spots of Emmenthal cheese, Thoni and Allemann 379 ' ' Soaked " and ' ' washed '' curd 380 Cheese making for small holders, Benson 380 [A study of guava jelly], Belling 380 Experiments with fruit drying, Lind 380 The technique of desiccation, Bechstein 380 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Eleventh report of Maryland Live Stock Sanitary Board and State veterinarian . 381 Fourth report of Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1907, "\\'ard ct al . . . 381 Fifth report of Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1908, Ward et al 381 Second annual report of the Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1908 381 Report of traveling pathologist and protozoologist, Wenyon 382 Origin of the recent outbreak of foot-and-mouth disease, Mohler and Rosenau . 383 Plague bacilli in ecto-parasites of squirrels, McCoy 383 Bacillus lactimorbi, n. sp. Its relation to trembles, Jordan and Harris 383 The cause of trembles and milk sickness, Moseley 383 The importance of heredity in tuberculosis, M'Fadyean 384 Meat as a souix'e of infection in tuberculosis, Littlejohn 384 A campaign against bovine tuberculosis in Wisconsin, Russell and Hoffmann. . 384 The control of bovine tuberculosis, Rutherford 385 Bovine tuberculosis and its eradication, De Vine 385 Contagious abortion in cattle 385 Contagious abortion, Dodd 385 Test of Roberts's so-called anti-abortion serum 385 Sheep scab. Good 385 Disease among sheep at Yallinup, Weir 386 Veterinary section, McNeil and Stange 386 An uncommon kidney parasite of pigs (Sclerostoma pinguicola), Henry 386 Canine cysticercosis, Mitter 386 Epithelioma contagiosum, Jowett 386 Spirochetosis in fowls due to the fowl tick {Argas persicus), Pease 386 Spirochetosis of Sudanese fowls, Balfour 386 Tuberculosis of fowls, Edwards 386 White diarrhea of chicks. Roup of fowls, Hadley 387 Studies on the structure and classification of the digenetic trematodes, Nicoll . . 388 Piroplasmosis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, Balfour 388 A note on the cultivation of Spirochseta duttoni, Duval and Todd 388 Note on experiments in connection with transmission of tick fever, Leishman. . 388 The development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies 388 Mode of transmission of trypanosomes by tsetse flies 389 Occurrence of Trypanosoma cuniculi in the rabbit, Ashworth and Macgowan. . 389 Races resistant to serums in trypanosomiasis, Mesnil and Brimont 389 Trypanosomiasis in the Anglo- Egyptian Sudan, Balfour 389 Atoxyl and its action, Breinl and Nierensteiu • 390 Poisoning of stock with arsenic, Bevan 390 VIII CONTENTS. RURAL ENGINEERING. Page. Report of the State engineer of South Dakota for the years 1907-8 390 The Wentworth irrigation area, Harris 390 Drainage [work of the Ontario Agricultm-al College], Day 391 The King's highway, Ryves 391 The systematic patching of macadamized roads, Pickering 391 Dust formation on stone roads, and experiments in preventing it, Bernhard 392 Experiments in dust laying, Meyer 392 [Tests of wagon draft and axle friction], David-o:i 392 Trials of manure distributors 392 Poultry-picking machine 393 The Bergner-Revalo milking machine 393 Choosing a farm power, Evans 393 Electroculture : A study of electricity in agriculture, Lecler 393 Modern gas-producing units and their applications in agriculture, Courquin 393 Fuel from peat, Ekenberg 393 Corrosion of wire fence, Michael et al 393 Stable ventilation, Grisdale 394 Muslin curtain ventilation v. Massey system and King system, Day 394 Plans of farm buildings 394 Radford's combined house and barn plan book, Radford 395 RURAL ECONOMICS. [Papers relating to rural economics]. Brooks et al 395 Science and the problem of rural life, Plunkett 395 First general assembly of the International Institute of Agriculture 395 Value of farm lands East and West, Price 395 List of farms for sale or rent in New York State, Riddell 395 Rural depopulation and scarcity of labor, von Knebel Doeberitz 395 Japanese farmers and farm hands 396 The holdings and products of agricultural laborers in Bavaria, Roitzsch 396 Agricultural mutual insurance against accidents, Labergerie 396 Agricultural credit banks 396 Agricultural warrants, Castelin 396 The national association of German agricultural cooperative societies in 1908 396 Law authorizing loans to agricultural cooperative societies in Algeria 396 The cooperative elevator, Streeter 397 Robbing the hand that feeds, Crissey 397 Bookkeeping for farmers, Mclver 397 Crop Reporter 397 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The American system of agricultural education. True and Crosby 397 The school of agriculture on the university farm, Davis, California 397 Proceedings of twenty-second annual convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, 1908, edited by True et al . . . . 397 Industrial and vocational training in the public schools, Warriner 397 Recent tendencies toward industrial education in Europe and America, Gibson . 397 The essential requirements of negro education, Phillips 397 California State farmers' institute at Davis, October 8-10, 1908 398 Annual report to institute members 398 Farmers' institute bulletin, 1907 and 1908, Lloyd 398 Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by Beal and Hamilton 398 MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1907 398 Twenty-first Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1908 398 Annual Report of Florida Station, 1908 398 Biennial Report of Iowa Station, 1907-8 399 Nineteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1906 399 Twentieth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1907 399 Twenty-first Report of Canada Experimental Farms, 1907 399 Ohio Station Circulars 1-50 [reprints] 399 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Stations in the United States — Continued. New York State Station: I'age. Bui. 315, Mar., 1909 334 Ohio Station: Circ. 95, Apr. 30, 190« 352 Circs. 1-50 [reprints] 399 Porto Rico Station: Circ. 7 (Spanish ed.) 353 Vermont Station: Circ. 2, Mar., 1909 350 Virginia Station: Circ. 6, Mar., 1909 330 Circ. 7, Mar., 1909 351 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 175, May, 1909 384 Arkansas Station: ^age. Bui. 79 (2. ed. rev.), 1909 334 California Station : Bui. 202, Dec. 31, 1908 316 Circ. 40, Oct., 1908 398 Circ. 41, Nov., 1908 397 Colorado Station: Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907. . . 371, 398 Twenty-first An. Rpt. 1908. 352,398 Florida Station: An. Rpt. 1908 307,308,311, 313, 320, 328, 333, 342, 343, 349, 356, 370, 375, 380, 398 Iowa Station: Bien. Rpt. 1907-8 328, 330, 332, 333, 370, 386, 392, 393, 399 Kentucky Station: Bui. 139, Jan. 20, 1909 330 Bui. 140, Mar., 1909 316 Bui. 141, Mar., 1909 307 Bui. 142, Apr., 1909 345 Bui. 143, May, 1909 385 Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1900 308, 309, 399 Twentieth An. Rpt. 1907 308. 309, 399 Maine Station: Bui. 166, Mar., 1909 372 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 245-246, May-June, 1909 308 Michigan Station: Spec. Bui. 47, Oct., 1908 330 Spec. Bui. 48, Feb., 1909... 333,353 Mississippi Station: Bui. 119, Mar., 1909 328 Bui. 120, Dec, 1908 398 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 265, Apr., 1909 351 Bui. 266, May, 1909 344 Circ. 7, May, 1909 306 Note.— The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1.00 per volume, ane two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX U. S. Department of Agriculture. Circ. 29 Bm'eau of Animal Industry: Circ. 147 Bureau of Biological Survey: Bui. 33 (15 cents) Circ. 69 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 75, pt. 7 (5 cents) Bui. 79 (15 cents) Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 139 (15 cents) Circ. 29 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 7, July, 1909 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 212 (15 cents) Bui. 213 (10 cents) Circ. 83 385 383 340 347 357 354 320 330 397 397 398 397 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. YoL. XXI. Septemijei!, 1J)01). No. 4. RECENT WORK IN A(;RICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICirLTURAL CHEMISTRY. Annual reports on the progress of chemistry for 1908 (Ann, Rpts. Prog. Chvin. [Luiulon], J (1008). pp. VIII+2D.5, figs. J).— This is the fifth volume of this series of reviews of progress in chemistry issued by tlie London Chemical Society. As heretofore, it includes reports on geueral and physical chemistiy by A. Findlay, inorganic chemistry by H. Marshall, organic chemistry by C. II. Desch and G. T. Morgan, analytical chemistry by X. R. Ling, physiological chemistry by W. D. Halliburton, agricultural chemistry and vegetable pliysiology by A. D. Hall, and crystallography by W. J. Pope. The section on agricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology reviews in- vestigations in soil bacteriology, chemistry, and physics ; chemistry of the grow- ing plant ; manures and manuring ; chemistry of animal nutrition ; and chemical analysis. It is stated that during the year the activity of the many workers in the varied field of agricultural chemistry and vegetable physiology " has been well maintained, although nothing very novel has come to light either in the way of a discovery or a new point of view." Colloid chemistry and some of its technical aspects, J. Alexander {Jour, tioc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), lloyed are siuumarized. The estimation of some organic plant acids, G. Jorgensen {Ztsehr. Unter- sueh. NaJir. u. Genussmtl., 17 {1909), No. 7, pp. 396-Jfl2). — An extended study of methods together with the results of numerous analyses. The biuret reaction and the cold nitric acid test in the recognition of protein, K. II. van Xokman {Bio-Chem. Jour., J/ {1909), No. 3-.), pp. 127-135). — In a watery solution of albumin the limit of delicacy of the biuret reaction is "0.0004 per cent, or 4 parts of albumin in 1,000,000 pai-ts of distilled water. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 303 "In nlbuniinons urine diluted with distilled water lit] is O.OOl per cent, or 1 part of albumin in lOO.OUO parts of urine and distilled water." In the case of the cold nitric acid tests the limit of delicacy " in a water solution of albumin is O.OOOOG per cent, or G parts of albumin in 10,000,000 parts of distilled water. "In albuminous urine diluted with urine free from albumin |it| is (t.(M)()2 per cent, or 2 i)arts of albumin in l.OfMI.OOO jiarts'. of urine." Determination of ash when proteid preparations have been added to meat goods, E. .Fedeb {Ztschr. UntcifHtch. Xulii: u. (jcnusamtl., 11 (WOO), Ao. .J, pi). 19t-VJJf). — From the analytical data reported the author concludes that the de- termination of the calcium content of the ash is of importance in estimating whether proteid preparations of similar composition have been added to meat goods, and that it is possible from the data obtained to judge of the amount of such addition. Since alkali is almost always used in making commercial proteid preparations, it is also of importance to determine the alkalinity of the ash. Estimation of phosphoric acid in foods, E. Worner (Silihl. Apotlt. Ztg.. HlOS, p. 5S6; ahs. in Phanii. Praxis, 7 {1908), A'o. 8, p. 363). — In the method described the material is heated with a mixture of sulphuric and nitric acids, and the phosphorus precipitated with ammonium molybdate, dissolved in sodium hy- droxid solution, and titrated witli sulphuric acid. On the determination of mineral constituents in vegetables, L. A'uaflart (Ztschr. Vcr. Dciit. Zuckerindus., 1909, No. 638, II, pp. 221-229).— \ discussion of methods. Honey, H. Luhrig and A. Sartori (Jahresber. Cliem. Untcrsuch. Amt. Bres- lau, 1907-8, p. 43; abs. in Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Xahr. u. GeniissmtL, 17 (1909), yo. 1, p. 59). — The authors' conclusion is that the ash content is of less value than is usually believed in determining the purity of honey, as there are natural honeys with lower ash content than the minimum legal requirement. They con- clude further that the Ley and the Fiehe reactions give satisfactory results with honey mixtures when artificial honey constitutes only one-third or less of the total. Judging honey, H. Luhrig (Pharm. ZentralhaUe, 50 (1909), Xo. 18, pp. 355- 360). — Analytical data are reported and discussed with special reference to the Fiehe and the Ley reactions. Concerning the Fiehe reaction, E. voN Raumer (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Xalir. u. Gcnussintl., 17 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 115-125). — According to the experimental data reported, it appears that the Fiehe reaction does not show whether or not honey is adulterated with invert sugar since a number of genuine honeys of foreign origin but which had been heated gave the reaction, as did also pure fructose which had been heated. The constituent which gives the reaction is volatile with ether vapor by rapid evaporation. Critical studies of the Fiehe reaction, M. Klassert (Ztschr. Untcrsucli. Xahr. u. (IcnuKsintl.. 17 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 126-128). — The Fiehe reaction, according to the author, only shows that the sample of honey has been wholly or in part heated to a high temperature. Definite conclusions regarding the character of a honey necessitate thorough investigation and in many cases the nitrogen and phosphoric acid content must be dotormined. Albuminates in natural and artificial honey, II. Lund (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Xahr. ji. (Jrnu'. 21-28, flgs. 3). — This is a description of new forms of testing bottles for determininj; the percentage of water and fat in butter and cheese. The reagents used are sulphuric acid and amyl alcohol. An apparatus for measuring acidity in cheese making and butter making, C. A. PuBLOW (Nciv York Cornell 8tu. Circ. 7, pi). 17-20, flg. 1) . — This circular describes an acidimeter for measuring the acidity of milk, and contains detailed directions for its use. Fat analyses and the chemistry of fats in the year 1908, W. Fahrion {Ztuchr. Aiiycir. Chcm., 22 ( 1009), .Vo. 77, /08, 2. al.. rcr. and ml., pp. l7//+5-'/6". Jigs. 21). — This second edition (E. S. li., 11, p. 618), has been thoroughly revised and enlarged to include recent researches. A chapter on terpeueless oils lias been omitted and an appendix, which gives the requirements of the i)rincii)al pharmiicoiKeias. has been added. There is a brief treatment of general metliods of preparation and analysis of essential oils and the mixture of the coniiiounds contained therein. The main part of the book consists of a systematic study of oil-producing plants and special uu^thods of preparation. Considerable eniijhasis is given to the variation in I he properties of oils produced by diflerences in soil, climate, and general conditions of growth. Perfume plants, P. IIueeut (I'lunlcs a I'arfuinti. Paris, 1000, pp. XI1+(U0, figs. 172). — This is a treatise on the technology of perfumes. The first part is devoted to the chemistry and manufacture of perfumes. In the second part tlie cultivation and preparation of each perfume-producing plant is described in detail. The third part consists of a directory of officials in the French colonies and of dealers in perfumes and materials used iu their production. The determination of fatty acids in soaps, G. Fendler and L. Frank; (Ztschr. Angrir. VJian., 22 (1900), No. 6, pp. 252-261, figs. 3; abs. in Analyst. S.'f (1900). \(j. 397, p. 166). — This is a discussion and description of methods. Oleaginous products, T. E. Heenan et al. (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. K.J, 1909, Xo. 3','/. pp. /JJ-Zo'ti).— Consuls from China, Great Britain, India, Turkey, and Mexico report present trade tendencies in vegetable oils from their re- spective stations. Improved methods have been devised for obtaining oil from the soy bean, which is the principal product of Manchuria. Large shiimients have recently been sent to I<]ngland, where the oil is used as a substitute for cotton-seed oil and the residue is converted into cattle feeds. In India, ghee made from cow's milk is preferred to butter by the masses of the Hindus, and formerly sold for 25 per cent more than butter. Within the l)ast 2 years the price of ghee has increased more than 125 per cent. There is a good opening for the sale of a substitute for ghee made from cotton-seed oil. The past 2 years the olive crop has been a partial failure in Turkey, and recently the government prohibition has been removed from the importation of cotton-seed oil. It is thought that a good trade can be developed in cotton-seed and oleo oils from the United States. The consular agent of Oaxaca, .Mexico, writes that the lowlands of Mexico afford a rich field for the palm-oil industry and describes a recent invention for hulling the nut. Thirteenth annual convention of the Interstate Cotton-Seed Crushers' Asso- ciation (\at. Provisioncr, J/O (1909), Xo. 21, pp. 20-5.'iL; OH, Paint and Drug Reporter, 75 (1909), Xo. 21, pp. 28C-2SX). — This is an account of the proceed- ings of the association, which met at Memphis, Tenn., May IS to 20. Many papers were presented of practical value to those engaged in the cotton-seed products industry. Among these, methods of sampling and analyzing cotton-seed prcKlucts were discussed, and papers were presented on the desirability of a uniform moisture basis for reporting analytical results, and on (he increas(>d \alue to the planter and oil mills by seed deveUti)menl. A pajuM- by A. M. Sonic is noted on page o(!T of this issue. The investigation of molasses feeds, M. Gonnermann (Ztselir. Offenll. Clieni., 15 (IHO'l). \'o. 6. pp. 101-107). — A discussion of methods. Miscellaneous [analyses], A. W. Blair (Florida t'o. 4— O'J 2 308 EXPERIMENT GTATION EECORD. [Miscellaneous analyses], A. M. Peter, S. D. Averitt, aud O. M. Shedd (Ken- tucky Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 259-262). — Analyses are reported of evaporated dis- tillery slop, butter, arsenate of lead, dike rock, boiler compounds for preventing scale in boilers, and petroleum for oiling i-oads. Annual report for 1908 of the consulting chemist, J. A. Voelcker {Jour. Roy. Ayr. 8oc. England. 69 {1908), pp. 295-307). — This report consists chiefly of analytical data on feeding stutfs, fertilizers, sewage sludge, soils, and other products. Report on the activity of the agricultural experiment station of Saxon Upper Lusatia at Pommritz for the year 1908, Loges {Her. Ayr. Chem. Vers. Stat. Pommritz, 1908, pp. 7). — Analytical data of fertilizers, feeding stuffs, milk, milk products, and other agricultural substances are reported. METEOROLOGY— WATER. The climatic importance of forests, Schwappach {Ztschr. Balneal., Klimat. u. Kurort Hyg., 1909, No. 10; ahs. in Vmschau, 13 {1909), No. 20, p. //33).— The influence of forests in equalizing temperature, increasing the humidity of the air in summer, moderating air currents, controlling the soil water level and the flow of springs and streams, and preventing erosion is discussed. The fertilizing value of rain and snow, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1907, pp. 17.3-176; Proe. and Trans. Roy. Soc. Canada, 3. ser., 2 {1908-9), Sect. Ill, pp. 181-185). — A report on previous work on this subject has been noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 15). The present report includes additional data, ex- tending the observations over 12 months ending with February, 190S. The data reported show that the nitrogen in the rain and snow at Ottawa dur- ing the year was 4.32 lbs. per acre. Of this 74 per cent was in the form of ammonia and ammonium salts, and 26 per cent in the form of niti-ates and nitrites. The total precipitation during the period was 37.3.5 in., of which 24.05 in. fell as rain and 13.3 in. (the equivalent of 133 in. of snow) in the form of snow. It is estimated that approximately 75 per cent of the "nitrogen in the total precipitation was furnished by the rain. Evaporimeter records {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. XV, JT7). — Partial rec- ords are given of evaporation at 4 different places on the hurticuUura! grounds of the station from July 1. 1907. to .July 13. lOOS. Meteorological summaries for the year 1906 {Kentueky Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. 279-282). — Summaries are given of observations on temperature, pressure, pre- cipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement. Meteorological summaries for the year 1907 {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 209-212). — Summaries are given of obscrvntions >m tem]ierature. i)re.^su!-e. pre- cipitation, cloudiness, and wind movement. Meteorological observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. C. Lindblad {Massachusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 2'i5, 2.'i6, pp. h each). — Summaries of obsei'A'ations at Amherst. Mass.. on pressure, temperature, humidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, cloudiness, and casual phenomena during May and June. 1909. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Weather report, W. H. Day {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Ayr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 3't {190S). pp. .'/J-50).— Summaries are given of observations at (Juelph and other places in the Province of Ontario during 1908 on temperature, precipita- tion, wind, and injury from lightning. Attention is called particularly to the climatic conditions of the Abitibi region, about 350 miles north of Toronto, with special reference to the agricultural possibilities of the region. METEOROLOGY WATER. 309 Annual report of the director of the [Philippine! Weather Bureau for the year 1906 (Ann. Rpt. [Philippine] Weather Bin:, ]90(i, pf. /, pp. 153).— This is u tahiil.ir record of meteorolojjical observations made during the year at the (•outral observatory at Manila. Climatology, L. Morandi (An. Efitad. Uruguay, 20 (1907-8), pt. 1, pp. .'{-28, pis. 12). — This is the meteorological report of the National Physico-Clima to- logical Institute of Montevideo for the year 1007, and includes summaries of observations on temperature, pressure, rainfall, humidity, and cloudiness at various places in Uruguay. The data are given in tables and also fully pre- sented in the form of charts and diagrams. The weather of 1908 in Switzerland, R, Billwillkr (Schicei:;. Ztselir. For.stir.. HO {190!)), Xos. 2, pp. ol-.'u ; .',, pp. 112-116). — A summary of observa- tions on temperature, pressure, rainfall, and sunshine is given as usual in the form of tables and monthly notes. Water-supply investigations in the Yukon-Tanana region, Alaska, 1907 and 1908, C. C. Covert and C. E. Ellsworth (U. S. GcoI. Surrey, W'ater-Hup- piy Paper A'o. :.^..^s', pp. 108, pis. 7, figs. 3). — This paper describes conditions and reports results of sti-eam measurements in the Fairbanks, Circle, and Rampart districts, covering the drainage systems of an area of about 4,200 square miles. The paper also discusses hydraulic development in tlie region. Surface water supply of Nebraska (J. C. Stevens (U. N. Geol. Surrey, Water-Supply Paper A'o. 230, pp. 25 1, pis. 6, figs. 5). — This is a compilation of all discharge data collected in Nebraska, containing also discussions of units and methods of stream measurements, accuracy and reliability of stream flow data, and relation of rainfall to run-off. It is shown that " the streams of the western plains differ markedly with respect to the relation between rainfall and run-off from streams in other i)or- tions of the United States, and formulas elsewhere aiiplicable are wholly inade- tpiato and may lead to gross errors." Geology and water resources of the Harney Basin region, Oregon, G. A. AVaring ( r. »s'. (leal. Sun-ey, Water-Supply Paper .Vo. 231, pp. 93, jtls. 5). — This report deals in the usual way with the geography, geology, pliysiography, and surface and underground waters of the region, with detailed accounts of the several basins included in the area. There are also short sections relating to temperature of imderground water and well-sinking metliods and costs. Some desert watering places in southeastern California and southwestern Nevada, "\Y. C. Mendenmall (U. S. Geol. Surrey, Water-Supply Paper .Vo. 22'/. pp. 98, pis. Jf). — This paper describes llie mineral resources, industrial develop- u)ent, physical features, climate, and water supply of the region, gives hints on desert traveling, and contains information regarding the main routes of travel, irrigating and artesian waters, and springs. Mineral waters, A. M. Peter, S. D. Averitt, and O. M. Siiedd (Kentuclcy Sta. Rpt. 190(i, pp. 262-278). — Analyses of samples from different parts of Kentucky are reported. Analyses of mineral waters, S. D. Averitt and O. ]\I. Siieod (Kentucky Sla. I'pl. 1907. pp. 197-208). — Analyses of samples from different parts of Kentucky are rei)orted. Well waters from farm homesteads, F. T. Siiutt (Canada E.rpt. Farms h'pts. 1907, pp. 170-181). — Analyses of 05 sanii)les are reported and classified as follows: "Good and wholesome, 20; suspicious and probably dangerous, IS; seriou'sly polluted, 12: saline, I). The tabulated data are appended." The inspection of domestic wells, A. McGii.l ( Lah. Inland Rer. Dept. Canada lliil. I 'i9, pp. 21. Jiyx. '/, dgin'<. 3). — This bulletin discusses the sources, means of prevention, and detection of contamination of wells, and summarizes the 310 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. results of examinations of 730 samples of well water collected chiefly within the drainage area of the Ottawa Valley with a view to determining their normal chlorin content and the possibility of using this determination as a means of detecting contamination. More complete analyses, showing not only chlorin but also alkalinity and total, permanent, and temporary hardness, are reported for 32 wells each in the towns of Weston and Richmond Hill and 64 In Oakville, Ontario. The chlorin test is advocated because it is very simple and definite, but its value depends upon the exact determination of tlie normal chlorin content of ground waters. The results reported by the author show that this normal is very difficult to determine with the present careless method of constructing wells. He therefore believes that there should be some legal requirement pro- viding that new wells shall be so constructed as to protect them from surface drainage. Conference of municipal and private owned w^ater plants of Indiana with the State board of health, 1908 {Indianapolis, Ind.: State Board of Health, J908, pp. 111). — This is an account of a conference held at Indianapolis July S and 9, 1908, to consider the source of water supplies in Indiana, their preserva- tion and purification, and to establish standard and uniform methods of analysis. Among the more important papers presented were : History of Indiana's Water Supply, by J. X. Hurty; Undergroimd Water Supply of Indiana, by F. G. Clapp; Transmission of Typhoid Fever, by H. E. Jordan ; and The Present Condition of the Water Supply of Indiana, by H. E. Barnard. Smaller articles relating to water pollution and its prevention and methods of examining waters are included. Purification of water by freezing, F. T. Shutt (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1907, pp. 176, 177). — Analyses are reported which show the elimination of a laige amount of organic matter from highly colored river water on freezing. It was also observed that a large proportion of the saline matter in lake water was removed by freezing, a samjile of the water before freezing containing 1,525 parts per million of total solids yielding an ice containing only 00 parts per million of solids. The disinfection of sewage and sewage filter effluents, E. B. Piifxps (TJ. 8. Gcol. Surveif, Watpr-Siipplji Paper No. 229, pp. 91, pi. 1). — The results of investigations on disinfection of sewage at Boston. Mass.. Red Bank, N. J., and Baltimore. Md.. are reiiorted. An account is also given of investigations at the sanitary research laboratory and sewage experiment station of the Massachusetts Institute of Technology on the putrescibility and stability of sewage effluents. It is pointed out " that purification of sewage has come to mean primarily the I'emoval of its tendency to putrefy and not the total oxidation and removal of all its organic matter," and that " chemical disinfection offers a means whereby a reasonable bacterial purification may be accomplished without com- plete purification of the organic matter." On a cost basis, chlorin in some form is considered the most efficient agent for chemical disinfection. " The application of 3 parts per million of avail- able chlorin in the form of bleaching powder to a trickllng-filter effluent similar to those on which experiments were made effects satisfactory disinfec- tion. . . . The cost of disinfection ranges from $1 to $1.50 per million gallons of sewage, depending chiefly on the size of the plant. Effluents of higher degrees of purity can be disinfected at still lower cost. Five parts per million l)robably represents the maximum amount of chlorin required for the treat- ment of tricklhig-filter effluents of poorer quality." SOILS FERTILIZERS. 311 The removal of over OS per cent of the total bacteria of crncle sewage re- quires •• the application of from 5 to 10 parts per million of available clilorin, the amount depending on the character of the sewage. Such disinfection costs from $1.50 to $8.50 per million gallons." In the investigations on putrescibility and stability of sewage effluents the aim was to establish a definite and stable standard of comparison based upon -the ,1 mount of oxygen which the effluent will eventually require before it will liave become perfectly stable. The amount of this available oxygen is es:iniated fairly well by the chemical determination of dissolved oxygen and nitrates." It is believed that " in general, effluents having a relative stability greater than 90 per cent may be discharged into any stream without danger of their consuming any of the oxygen of the water, because effluents of such high stability will retain oxygen indefinitely on exposure to the air." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Handbook of moor culture, W. Bersch {Hamlhuch dcr Moorlvidiur. Vienna and Leipsic, 1909, pp. XII +288. pis. 8, figs. //I).— This book supplements earlier treatises on the subject and embodies the results of the recent rapid progress in moor culture. It treats of the origin and formation of moors, classes of moors, chemistry and physiology of moor soils, cultivation of moors, moor agri- culture, moor forestry, meadows and pastures on moors, suppression of weeds, moor cover, and cost and economy of moor culture. Soil surveys as related to geology, H. B. Kummel {Ann. Rpt. N. J. Bd. Agr., 36 (1908), pp. 162-169).— The importance of soil surveys as an aid to the better utilization of soils is emphasized, and it is stated that such a survey is about to be undertaken jointly by the New Jersey State Station and the State geological survey. This survey " will include a chemical examination to determine the chemical composition of the soils and subsoils and the amounts of plant food present ; a mechanical examination to determine the mechanical condition of the soil, its fineness or coarseness; its porosity or imperviousness, etc. It will also include an agricultural examination to determine the nature and quantity of crops now produced, and all will be based upon the topographic and geological investiga- tions of the past 40 years." Analyses of soils of Formosa, Argentina, J. J. Bolla and F. Lavenir {Cron. Agr. \ Argentina], 2 (1908), No. ■), pp. 67-72).— Mechanical and chemical analyses of 20 samiiles of soils from this district are reporter!. An interesting soil problem, K. D. Watt {Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 {1909), No. 27, pp. Ji28, Jf29). — Analyses are given of samples of a soil which is thought to have been rendered unproductive I)y the presence of ferrous salts. Acid soils, A. W. Blair (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. AM\YF--TXX/X).— Ex- aminations of soils with reference to depth, acidity, and nitrogen content made since the issue of Bulletin 93 of the station (E. S. R.. 20, p. 116) are here re- ported. These soils included samples from the high pine, spruce pine, and flat woods regions and from palmetto hannnocks. Of the 103 samples of soils and subsoils examined, 89 were tested for acidity by Veitch's limewater method and in 00 nitrogpn were determined. Eighty-seven per cent of the cultivated soils. 61 per cent of the. cultivated subsoils, 40 per cent of the deeper subsoils, and none of the virgin soils were found to be acid. The nitrogen content of soils bearing citrus fruits was found to be very low. 312 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. An examination of the brownisli colored water collected, in low places where large quantities of saw palmettos were scattered over the surface of the ground, showed that while the water was distinctly acid, there was only the faintest indication of tannic acid. This indicates that there is no foundation for the common belief that the acid condition of Florida soils is due to tannic acid leached from the saw palmetto. Report on fertilizer experiments on swamp soils, li. Harcourt (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. and Expt. Union, 30 (1908), pt). 37-39). — This is a brief summary of information which has been collected for a number of years on the compo- sition and productiveness of Ontario swamp soils. It has been observed " that where the swamp material lies over clay, and particularly if it is not so deep but that some of the clayey materials may become mixed with the top soil, good results are obtained. But when the materials are not sufficiently decomposed to form a soil that will hold water when the land is tile-drained, or when the subsoil is a sand, the results are invariably poor." Out of 44 samples of swamp soils analyzed only 3 were found to contain less than 1 per cent of lime and none was noticeably sour or acid. " Eight of the samples contained less than 0.3 per cent of potash and only 6 had less than 0.2 per cent of phosphoric acid. In nearly every case the lowest per- centage amounts of these plant food constituents were found in swamp soils lying over sandy subsoils. The quantities of potash and phosphoric acid found in these soils are not large; but the average results show fully as much as will be found in most of our good arable soils, and some of them contain an unusually large amount. They also contain from four or five to ten times as much nitrogen as our ordinary soils. Consequently, it is evident that the unproductiveness of these soils can not always be charged to the lack of plant food. " The results of determinations of humus show that decomposition has pro- ceeded further in some cases than in others, and, as -the nitrogen and possibly the greater part of the mineral constituents are held in organic combination, it is quite probable that in many instances decomposition does not take place rapidly enough to furnish a full supply of food to the plant." In fertilizer experiments with oats on the swamp soils the use of potash as a rule increased the yield, especially in cases in which lime was not used. Lime and phosphoric acid had little effect. Swamp soils, R. Harcourt (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, SJf (,1908), pp. 66-68). — This has been noted from another source (see above). On the process of separation of soluble mineral products from plant residues, .S. Kravkov (Ztiiir. Opiiitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landa\], 9 (1908), No. 5, pp. 569-626; aJjs. in Chcm. Zcnthl., 1909, 1, No. 6, pp. Ji58, .'/59).— This is an account of a series of systematic studies of the mineral constituents dissolved by water from plant residues such as leaves, straw, hjiy, and roots before and after decomposition. The processes of interaction between the products of the decomposition of organic remains and the constituents of the soil, S. Kravkov (Zhiir. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 10 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-3 'f). — In continua- tion of the investigations noted aboAS, an attempt was made to determine the changes in the chemical composition which soil undergoes under the influence of the soluble products of the decomposition of plant residues. From the results of experiments on a rather light sandy chernozem and on a gray forest soil the author concludes that where the conditions are such that the soluble coustitueuts are rapidly removed from the soil there is a progressive SOILS FERTILIZERS. 313 tlecline of both linnms couiiiountls and mineral constituents, the reverse being true where the conditions favor accumulation of the soluble constituents. The lime and magnesia of the plant residues, as well as of the soil, play the leading rr.le in these changes. The degradation of the chernozem soil as well as the •' regradatiou " of the gray forest soil into chernozem can be brought about artificially. [Org'anic matter as a means of preventing' loss of soluble plant food by leaching'], A. W. Blaik (Florida *S7«. A'/j^ 1908, pp. XXXIX-XLI). — In experi- ments in which a rather coarse sandy ^oil without admixture and with varying amounts (-1 to 10 per cent) of muck was subjected to leaching, it was found that the addition of the organic matter reduced the loss of plant food through leaching and imjiroved the capillary power of the soil. The relations between permeability of soils and their adaptability to irri- gation,.A. MiJNTz and L. Faure (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/S {1909), Xo.22,pp.lJ,35-lJ,J,0; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris],. ',7 (1909), I, No. 2.',, p.763).— It is shown that the permeability of the soil is an essential factor in connection with the use of irrigation water. The permeability may iu certain cases be so great as to render irrigation unprofitable or greatly reduce the benefits that may be derived from it. It is recommended that the determination of the permeability of the soils should precede the establishment of every irrigation project and that in case of a limited supply of water its application be limited to the soils of medium per- meability. The distributing syst?m could iu this case be more economically installed and the efficiency of irrigation would be increased. Moisture determinations, A. W. Blair (Florida St a. Rpt. 1908, pp. XLI- XLIV). — Determinations of moisture during April and May in samples of vari- ous soils taken in 1 ft. sections to a depth of 4 ft. are reported. Contribution to methods of bacteriological soil investigation, "\'ogel and Zeller (Milt. Kaiser WiUicIins Inst. Landic. Brombcrg, 1 (1008), Xo. 2, pp. 167: abs. in Centbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Abt., 22 (1909), Xo. 1J,-17, pp. J,18- 420). — The authors' experience with various chemical-biological methods of soli examination with reference especially to the increase of the nitrogen sup- ply of soils by bacterial activity is given. Investigations on Azotobacter chroococcum, S. Krzemieniewski (Centbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Abt., 23 (1909), Xo. 6-9, pp. i6J-i7J).— Studies' are reported which show that mixed cultures of Azotobacter chroococcum are more active in fixing nitrogen than pure cultures. Both Azotobacter and Granulobacter fix free nitrogen, but iu a medium free from humus the latter is much more active than the former. In neither case does Radiobacter alone fix nitrogen, although it aids fixation by other organisms. In the decomposition products of carbohydrates (humate) in cultures of Azotobacter the author, contrai'y to the observation of Stoklasa, found neither alcohol nor organic acid in determinable amounts. Experiments on the inoculation of legumes with nodule bacteria, Geklach and VoGEL (Mitt. Kaiser Wilhelins Inst. Landiv. Broniberg, 1 (1908), Xo. 2, pp. 123; abs. in Centbl. Bald, [etc.], 2. Abt., 22 (1909), Xo. l.',-17, pp. J,16- J/IS). — The results of pot experiments with soils from different parts of the provinces of Poseu and West Prussia to determine the extent of distribution of active root tubercle organisms show that in many cases inoculation is needed, particularly on new or peaty soils and where new leguminous crops are introduced. If inoculating material were cheaper general use of it would be advisable. A new theory of soil fertility, A. Einecke (ilitt. Dent. Lundio. GcselL, 2.'f (1900), Xo. 21, pp. 3.'i0, S'll). — This is a review of the theory advanced by the 314 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bureau of Soils of tbis Department in Farmers' Bulletin 257 (E. S. R., 18, p. 119). Is the value of manure affected by the use of disinfecting materials? .SoBOTTA (D'nt. Landiv. Prc.ssc, 35 H'JOS), No. 7.S, pp. 620, 821; (;f>.s. in Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 23 {1909), No. 6-9, pp. 262, 263).— The author is of tho opinion that the coal-tar preparations in particular injuriously affect the value of manure and in some cases act as plant poisons. In general he cautions against the continued use of poisonous materials which may accumulate in the soil to the detrimoit of grcming plants. Green manures, R. Gagey (BiiI. Dir. Agr. Com. et Colon. [Tunis], 12 (1908), \o. 'i9, lip. Jil9-')1'), pis. 2, pg. J). — The advantages of green manuring, plants adapted to the purpose, and tlieir methods of culture, especially as applied to Tunisian conditions, are fully discussed in this article. Contribution to the study of Sardinian guanos with special reference to the determination of the ammoniacal nitrogen, R. Binaghi (Staz. 8pcr. Agr. ItuL, 1,2 {J9i'9), No. 3. pp. 105-230, Jig. 7).— After a discussion of the location and source of various guano deposits and of analyses of samples of guano from different parts of the world, the author gives the results of his own investiga- tions of Sardinian guanos. For determination of nitrogen the Schloesing-Aubin method was used with a modified apparatus, which is descril)ed and illustrated. The following conclusions are drawn : (1) The view of other analysts that bat guano is less rich in fertilizing con- stituents than that of sea birds is confirmed; (2) the Sardinian guanos are to be classed as ammoniacal; (3) they possess every quality requisite for fer- tilizing the soil and are not inferior to American and African guanos; (4) with the modification of the Schloesing-Aubin apparatus more exact and quicker results are obtained than with the original method. The guano birds of Peru, R. E. Coker {Science, n. ser., 29 {1909), No. 751, p. 838). — The chief guano-producing birds are described as well as the con- ditions which promote or hinder their multiplication. A system of rotation whereby birds are to be allowed to remain un.disturbed for a period of years on certain islands, thus greatly increasing the accumulation .of guano, is proposed. Sulphate of ammonia in Germany in 1908 {Chrm. Ztschr., 8 {1909), No. 11, pp. 121, 122). — Statistics of production and consumption in Germany and other countries are reviewed. Nitrogen from the air {Jour. Roy. Soc. Arts, 57 {1909), No. 2951, p. 621).— Brief reference is made to a paper presented at the London meeting of the Inter- national Congress of Applied Chemistry by Bernthsen, in whicli attention is called to the Schonherr and Hessberger process of producing an electric arc flame of new form and higher efficiency in the oxidation of the nitrogen of the air. In this process magnets and magnetic fields are entirely dispensed with and the arc is produced inside an iron tube of comparatively small diameter, through which the air is made to pass and thus brought into intimate contact with the arc. It is stated that two new companies have been formed to exploit the process in Norway. The manufacture of cyanamid, ue Seynes {Rci\ G4n. Agron., n. sen, 4 {1909), No. 5, pp. 196-198). — A very brief description is given of the pi'ocess, with a list of European factories and oi'ganizations manufacturing and handling the product. The new nitrogenous fertilizers utilizing atmospheric nitrogen, R. Guillin {Bui. tioc. Agr, France, 1909, June 1, pp. 915-921). — This is a report presented SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 315 to the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London and deals with the results of practical experiments to test the fertilizing value of basic lime nitrate, calcium cyaiiaiiiid, and dicyiindianiid. The actual status of the new nitrogenous fertilizers, G. L. IIagondet {Jour. Soc. Cent. Ayr. BvJ(j., JO' (IDOU), Xo. 7, i>i). .iO'i-i'-h !'(J'i). — The author briefly desciibes a method by which he has been able to make accurate studies of the effect of external stimulus on plants. He claims to have shown that all organs of all plants are sensitive to excitation. Further he claims that the fibrovascular elements provide prefer- ential channels through which waves of excitation are conducted. The influence of electricity on plant growth, M. Breslauer (Electrochem. Ztschr., 16 {WOO), Nos. 1, pp. 1-5; 2, pp. 35-3U, figs. //; 3, pp. 72-75, figs. 3).— A descripfion is given of investigations of various individuals relating to the application of electricity as a stinuilus of plant growth, particular attention being given to the experiments of Lemsti'om (E. S. R., IG, p. G4G), Sir Oliver Lodge (E. S. R., 20, p. G30), aud others. 318 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Movement in plants, F. Darwin (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 190S, pp. 3-27). — This is the presidential address delivered before the British Association and describes the author's investigations and conclusions regarding the power of movement in plants. The influence of pulling tension on tlie formation of mechanical tissue in the stems of plants, J. S. Bordner (Rpt. Mich. Acad. 8ci., 10 {190S), p. JfS). — A brief account is given of experiments conducted to determine the effect of pulling tension along the longitudinal axes' of plants. One hundred and thirty- hve stems were subjected to tension and an anatomical study afterwards made of them. The tension was applied by means of weights suspended from cords running over light pulleys. The results obtained with sunflowers, nuistard, beans, castor beans, etc., showed an increase in the breaking strength of from 5 to 55 per cent. This was accom- panied by an increase of xylem or of hard bast and in most species of both. In the case of the blackberry {Ruhus occidentalis) there was an increase in the hard bast but a decrease of xylem in the experimental iilants. The influence of contact and tension upon the tendrils of Passiflora coerulea, W. D. Brush (Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 10 (1908). p. -f'/).— A brief sketch is given of experimental work carried on by the author during two years to determine the effect of contact and tension upon the strength of tendrils. The results show that contact had a marked effe-ct in producing greater strength of the tendril, and important anatomical differences were found in tendrils due to contact and 1o tension. Effect of swaying' by the wind on the formation of mechanical tissue, Maude Gilchrist (Rpt. Mich. Acad. !Sci., 10 (1908), p. -'/o). — Experiments are reported with the common garden sunflower to show the effect of swaying mo- tions on the development of mechanical tissue. These motions were obtained by means of special apparatus operated by an electric motor. It was found that the stems of plants swayed as by the wind are shorter and thicker than those not swayed, the diameter in the plane of swaying is greater than that at right angles, the xylem in the plane of swaying is increased In amount, the rigidity of the stems is increased, and the tensile strength appears to be de- creased, although the work on this point is not considered conclusive. The influence of living cells on the transpiration current, H. H. DixoN (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adr. Sci., 1908, p. 901). — A brief account is given of some investigations to determine the influence of living cells on the transpiration cur- rent. Two similar branches were selected, one of which was killed by being surrounded with steam, and the rates of transmission were observed in both branches. The similarity of action of both branches indicates that the influence of living cells on water transmission is insensible. Similar results were obtained when branches were killed with picric acid. The fading of leaves due to want of water is held to be quite different from the fading of those supported by dead cells. In the latter case there appear indications of poison, and the poisonous effect of water which has passed through a killed branch may be observed by supplying water to the basal leaves. These experiments are held to lend no support to the vital theories of the ascent of sap. On the increase in dry weight as a measure of assimilation, D. Thoday (Rjjt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1908, pp. 905, 906). — The author has carried on investigations on the method of determining the rate of assimilation from the dry weight of plants, since that method appears to be the only one available for determining the rate of assimilation in the open air. This method was first suggested by Sachs in 1883, and the author's investigations show that AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 319 Sachs' ostimat(Hl rnto of nssiniilntion of loaves of sunflower, 16 mg. per square (leeinieter i)er hour, is substantially correct. The calculation of the equivalent intake of carlxtu dioxid from the increase of dry weight can only be considered at present as a rough ai)proxiination, since there is too little known of the com- position of the various i)roducts of 'assimilation. The carbohydrates of the snowdrop leaf and their bearing on the first sugar of photosynthesis, .7. Parkin {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. tici., 1908, pp. 907, 908). — The author carried on experiments with the snowdrop {Galanthus niva- lis) to -v^xtend knowledge regarding the sugars which appear as a direct effect of pliotosynthesis. Thks plant was selected, as under ordinary conditions no starch is formed in its mesophyll and the problem is not complicated by the presence of maltose. If sucrose is present it is held that it could not have originated from maltose. The author found, as a result of about 40 duplicate analyses, that the quan- tity of sugar in the leaf is considerable, and that the amount in a single leaf increases from above downward. At the same time the ratio of sucrose to glucose and fructose diminishes. The proportion of sucrose to the hexoses (glucose and fructo.se) decreases as the season advances. The percentage of hexoses remains fairly constant while that of the sucrose fluctuates greatly, increasing during the day and diminishing at night. Leaves darkened for some days still contain a moderate quantity of sugar, and when reilluminatetl they show a large increase of sucrose, while the amount of hexose undergoes little alteration. The author believes that in photosynthesis the formation of sucrose precedes that of the hexoses rather than that the converse takes place. The factors influencing photosynthesis in water plants, A. M. Smith {Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1908, pp. 906, 907). — By means of an apparatus which maintains a current of water containing dissolved carbon dioxid passing at a constant rate over a plant inclosed in a chaml)er, the author was able to study the conditions of assimilation, such as carbon dioxid supply, temperature, and light. These are held to be the actual limiting factors under the different con- ditions of the experiments, and it is shown that when carbon dioxid is the limiting factor, plants with an internal atmosphere (flowering plants) have an advantage over those without it in being able to convert a higher propor- tion of the carbon dioxid. No depressing effect of carbon dioxid on assimila- tion could be detected up to a point when the supply was abt)ut one-third of saturation, corresponding to an atmosphere containing 33 per cent carbon dioxid. or from 30 to 50 times as much as occurs in ordinary tap water. Water plants were found extraordinarily sensitive to external conditions, a night in the laboratory considerably depressing assimilation, and a week's con- finement under laboratory conditions reducing it to a very small amount. Color changes in flowers produced by controlling insolation, H. E. Rawson (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. »S'ci., 1908, pp. 902, 903). — A brief account is given of experiments carried on in South Africa in which the color of nasturtiums was decidedly influenced by cutting oft' the rays of the sun by op.-ique screens at certain intervals during the day. The experiments with dahlias and cosmos indic.-ite that their coloration can be changed as readily as that of nasturtiums. Mutual interactions of plant roots, J. B. Dandeno {Rpt. Mich. Acad. ISci., 10 {1908), pp. 32-36). — Experiments are reported which were conducted to ascertain information regarding the material excreted by roots and the inter- actions of the roots of one plant upon another. The experiments wei'e divided into two groui)s. For the first period the seedlings were grown until the radi- cles had attjiined a length of 15 to 20 mm. The second period included the growth up to about 4 weeks. 320 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It was foniKl that during the first 24 to 48 hours 2 seedling plants when grown together often promote the growth of each other, but afterwards bacteria and aquatic fungi prey upon the dead cells of the root cap, and upon the dying root hairs, producing substances decidedly injurious to the roots. The injurious effects noted are attributed mainly to the excretion of fungi and bacteria in cultures. It was found that when a plant was watered with plant juice the first bacteria or fungi which attacked the plant juice produced harmful effects, and it was not until these harmful excretions were decomposed by other bacteria or by the chemical action set up by manure that the injurious causes were removed. The excretion of fungi was usually injurious to plant roots, excepting in the case of a symbiosis of mycorrhiza and host. Prelim- inary experiments indicate, however, that the excretion of mycorrhiza is in- jurious only to the roots of other than those of the host plant. In conclusion the author says that the loose cells set free by roots are the prime cause of the injury, though not the direct cause. They furnish food for fungi and bacteria, but it is the excretion of these organisms that causes the injury. [Studies on the adventitious embryos in the orange and mango], J. Bell- ing (Florida Sta. Rpt. 190S, pp. C7.Y-C'A'-YT', pis. o). — Attention is called to the work of Strasburger and others showing the occurrence of adventitious embryos in. the seed of the orange, and the results of the author's investigations with the mango are described at length. A large number of seeds of a variety known as No. 11 were examined and comparisons made with other varieties. The occurrence of polyembryos seemed to be quite constant in some of the varieties, while an examination of the egg cells of fruits of the variety No. 11 from isolated trees showed that there was no embryo formed in the embryo sac, all the embryos being ai)parently ad- ventitious. Attention is called to the fact that mango seeds may retain their vitality for a considerable time during the hot weather in Florida, and that stones taken from mango fruits immediately upon gathering, if cleaned from the pulp and planted in clean sand, usually give healthy germination. These results confirm those of Higgins as reported in Bulletin 12 of the Hawaii Station (E. S. R., 17, p. 1155). Further contributions to the subject of graft hybrids, H. Winkler (Ztschr. Bat., 1 (1909),. No. 5, pp. SloS-'/o, pi. 1, figs. Jf). — In continuation of previous reports on a graft hybrid between the cultivated tomato and the black night- shade, further notes are given on this form, which the author has called Sola- ntim tuhingcnsc, and descriptions of additional graft hybrids are given. These new forins have been designated by the following names : S. protcus, S. darwin- ianttm, S. koclreuteriamim, and S. gccrtnerimmm. Trees, H. M. Ward (Cambridge, 1909, vol. 5, pp. X+ 308, pi. 1, figs. 209).— This volume treats of the form and habit of trees, with an appendix on seed- lings, and is the concluding volume of the Handbook of Forest Botany for the AVoodlands and the Laboratory. The previous volumes have already been noted (E. S. R.. 20. p. 113.3). American medicinal barks, Alice Henkel (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 139, pp. 59, figs. //J). — In this bulletin, which forms the second of a series on American medicinal plants (E. S. R., 19, p. 529), are given descrip- tions of the barks recognized as " official " in the eighth revision of the United States Pharmacopoeia, together with a number of other " nonofiicial " ones that are in considerable demand, if judged from the quotations and trade catalogues of dealers in drugs. The number of drug plants fully described is 35, but under many descriptions closely related species are also briefly treated. FIELD CROPS. 321 The Uredineae of Finland, J. I. Liro (formerly Lindroth) (Bidr. Kdnn. Pinland!^ Natiir och Folk, 1908, No. 6\5, pp. 6.'t2, flffs. 15). — This Is a contribution on tlie morphology, biology, wintering forms, injury, and method of investiga- tion of rusts. After discussing these different factors, systematic descriptions are given of the species occurring in Finland, 240 having been so recognized. The synonymy of the different species is given in full, and an extensive bibli- ography concludes the work. Culture experiments with some rust fungi, I, II, J. I. Liro (formerly LiKDBOTH) {Acta Soc. Fauna et Flora Fciinica, 29 (1906-1908), Nos. 0, pp. 25; 7, pp. 58, figs. 6). — Descriptions are given of culture experiments with a num- ber of rust fungi, the object of the investigations being to determine the alternate generations, host plants, methods of wintering, specific relationships, affinities, etc. The death rate of bacteria under the action of disinfectants, Harriette Ohick (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1908, pp. 901, 902). — The author claims that disinfection is a process closely analogous to chemical reaction, the dis- infectant representing one reagent and the protoplasm of the bacterium the other. The process is found to proceed in accordance with the mass law, the number of surviving bacteria being substituted for the concentration of reacting substance. The number of living bacteria, when enumerated after successive intervals of time, is found to decrease in a logarithmic manner. The experiments upon which these conclusions are based Avere made by the author and other workers with spore-bearing and vegetative types of a num- ber of bacteria, employing metallic salts, phenol and other coal-tar derivatives, and heat as means of disinfection. FIELD CROPS. Field experiments with farm crops, W. Saunders, J. H. Grisdale, W. T. Macoun, F. T. Shutt, C. E. Saunders, R. Robertson, J. Murray, A. Mackay, W. H. Fairfield, G. H. Hutton, and T. A. Shakpe (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1908, pp. 5-9, 17-31, 33, 34, 38, 39, 80-90, 12J,-127, 131, 132, 135-152, 216-219, 223-2J,0, 267-283, 291-305, 317-336, 357-366, 368-380, pis. 4).— The results with field crops at the Canada Experimental Farms in 1907 are reported, in a manner similar to that in previous years (E. S. R., 19, p. 935). A general review of the season is given and a brief report on culture tests with wheat, emmer, oats, barley, corn, turnips, and potatoes at Ft. Vermilion, 350 miles north of Edmonton, is presented. In brief descriptions of visits to the different farms, the work of each place is briefly summarized. The results of variety tests at the different farms are summarized in the following table : Varieties leading in yield at (lie Canada Experimental Farms in 1907. Crop. ■ Varieties tested. Leading varieties. Yield per acre 1907. Date of ripening. Growing Bushels. Pounds. period. Ottawa: 30 39 12 20 11 54 24 28 Pinnacle Beauty Chelsea Gharnovka 462 45 54 62 Days. Spring wheat Aug. 8 Aug. 13 July 27 Aug. 28 Aug. 13 July 30 Aug. 4 101 30 30 2,850 6 18 18 102 Winter wheat Emmer and spelt Oats 6-rowecl barley 2-rowed barley American Banner Smooth Spelt 332 110 Improved American Odessa Haniichen 96 54 64 103 95 99 322 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Varieties lending in yield at the Canada Experimental Farms in 1907 — Cont'd. Crop. Ottawa— Continued. Peas Do Spring rye Winter rye Beans Flax Nappan: Oats 6-rowed barley 2-rovved barley Spring wheat Durum wheat Emmer and spelt. Buckwheat Potatoes Millet Brandon: Spring wheat Durum wheat Emmer and spelt. Oats 6-rowed barley 2-rowed barley Peas Corn Potatoes Millet Indian Head: Spring wheat Durum wheat Emmer and spelt. Oats 6-rowed barley 2-rowed barley Peas : Flax Potatoes Lacombe: Spring wheat Dunmi wheat Emmer and spelt. Oats 6-rowed barley Do 2-rowed barley Turnips ." Mangels , Carrots Sugar beets Potatoes Agassi z: Winter wheat. . Winter rye Oats 6-rowed barley . 2-rowed barley . Peas ." . . Potatoes Varieties tested. Leading varieties. Yield per acre 1907. Nelson Paragon Ottawa Select Thousandfold Norwegian Brown. Novarossick Golden Giant Mensurj' French "Chevalier. Red Fern Roumanian Red Spelt Silverhull........ Rochester Rose. . African Early Red FifeH Roumanian Common Emmer. Danish Island Oderbruck Stand well Gregory King Philip Collin Seedling.. . Hungarian Bushels. Pounds. Date of ripening. 45 576 130 81 79 48 2,040 40 24 1,480 Aug. 16 Aug. 25 Aug. 5 July 29 Aug. 26 Aug. 19 Sept. 16 Aug. 31 Sept. 6 Sept. 14 Sept. 12 Sept. 17 Sept. 3 40 2,820 Marquis B Goose Red Spelt Sensation Blue Longhead. Jarvis Chancellor Yellow Seed Ashleaf Kidney . Percy A Yellow Ghamovka Common Emmer Pioneer Nugent Mensury Clifford'. Hartley Bronze Giant Yellow Interme- diate. Improved Short White. AVanzleben Early Envoy Red Velvet Chaflf. Emerald Danish Island Empire Standwell Chancellor Morgan Seedling. . 127 86 61 51 17 12 8 20 42,966 40 10,312 Sept. 9 Sept. 7 Sept. 14 Sept. 6 Aug. 23 Sept. 2 Sept. 17 Growing period. 40 2,200 32 2 2 40 Sept. 18 Sept. 18 Sept. 19 Sept. 25 Sept. 26 Sept. 3 Sept. 14 Sept. 15 110 72 72 50 36 37 91 55 57 52 598 1,200 10 24 24 52,800 65,528 52,744 36,960 34 40 July 24 July 26 Aug. 10 July 30 Aug. 7 Aug. 8 At Ottawa iu cooperative experiments with potatoes on small plats in the station tests. White Giant and Dibble Favorite each gave a total yield of 391 bu. and 36 lbs. per acre, and the Cottar in the same kind of an experiment and on still smaller plats ranked first with a yield per acre of 471 bu. and 54 lbs. Among 36 varieties of potatoes tested this year for resistance to blight the best yields were secured from Pearmain. The Factor, King Edward, Dalmeny Beauty, Dr. Maerker, and Pairal Blush, mentioned in decreasing order of yields which ranged from 334 bu. and 24 lbs. to 184 bu. and 48 lbs. per acre. On field plats from i to li acres in area at the station Gold Coin ranked first with a yield of 200 bu. per acre, while Carman No. 1 variety ranked next, pro- FIELD CHOPS. 323 (iiicing 181 bn. Of the 10 varieties in lliis test Rochester Rose stood last with 60 bu. Turnips, niansels, carrots, and sn£?ar beets were each sown on May 23 and June 7. Of 13 varieties of turnips, Hartley Bronze ranked first in both early and late sowing, the yields being respectively 38 tons and 100 lbs. and 24 tons and 300 lbs. per acre. The average yield per acre from all varieties at the first sowing was 32 tons and 1,692 lbs., and at the second sowing 20 tons and 1,815 lbs. The first sowing of 10 varieties of mangels gave the average yield of 27 tons and 680 lbs., and the second sowing 1!) tons and 180 lbs. Gate Post and Selected Yellow Globe ranked fir.st and second in the early sown series of plats, with 31 tons and 1,100 lbs., and 30 tons and 600 lbs. respectively. In the later sown series of plats these two varieties also led, but Selected Yellow Globe produced 22 tons and 400 lbs. per acre, while Gate Post produced only 21 tons and 100 lbs. Among 6 varieties of carrots. Improved Short White gave the best yields for both early and late sowing, the yield per acre from the first sowing being 30 tons and 900 lbs., and from the second sowing 22 tons and 1,000 lbs. The first sowing of carrots gave an average yield of 24 tons and 1.517 lbs., and the second sowing 19 tons and 567 lbs. The first sowing of 3 varieties of sugar beets yielded on an average 21 tons and 1,300 lbs. per acre, and the second sowing 15 tons and 600 lbs. Vilmorin Improved ranked first in the early sown series with 23 tons and 1,200 lbs., and Wanzleben in the later sown series with 16 tons and 1,300 lbs. per acre. Twenty varieties of ensilage corn were grown in rows and in hills. The average yield from the rows was 18 tons and 911 lbs. per acre, and from the hills 18 tons and 1,130 lbs. Eureka led in yield in the row grown series of plats with 27 tons and 120 lbs., and Giant Prolific Ensilage in the hill grown series with 25 tons and 1,150 lbs.. Eureka standing second in this series with 23 tons and 1,410 lbs. Three varieties were sown in rows 21, 28, 35, and 42 in. apart. Selected Learning and Champion White Pearl gave the best yields in rows 21 in. apart, while Longfellow produced best when planted in rows 42 in. apart. In this test Champion White Pearl ranked first in yield with 22 tons and 37 lbs. per acre. At Nappan 15 acres of mixed grain, oats, barley, and peas gave an average yield of 31 bu. and 5 lbs. per acre. Of 21 varieties of ensilage corn grown in the rows the leading varieties. Giant Prolific Ensilage, Eureka, and Early Long- fellow all yielded over 13 tons, and Ein-eka also stood first in the hill grown series, with 14 tons and 700 lbs. In the distance experiments Selected I^eaming gave the best yield in the test, 13 tons and 1,075 lbs. when grown in rows 21 in. apart. The second best yield was produced by this same variety in rows grown 35 in. apart. Turnips, mangels, carrots, and sugar beets were sown June 1 and June 15. On the early sown plats Good Luck turnip stood first with a yield of .34 tons and 1,465 lbs., and also ranked first on the later sown series, with 26 tons and 140 lbs. The best yield among the early sown plats of mangels, 38 tons and 1,385 lbs. per acre, was produced by Giant Yellow Intermediate, and the best yield among the later sown plats, 28 tons and 100 lbs., was produced by Gate Post. In the test with carrots the first sowing was a failure. On the plats sown June 15, the yields of these varieties ranged from 14 tons and 50 lbs. to 17 tons and 815 lbs., Ontario Champion standing first, and White Belgian last. The best yield per acre for the early sown sugar beets, 15 tons and 195 lbs., was produced l)y the Wanzleben variety which also produced the best yield, 14 tons and 710 lbs., in the later sown series. 5117— No. 4—09 3 324 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. At Brandon the largest yield of ensilage corn sow^n at different distances apart. 23 tons and 200 lbs., was produced by Selected Learning, grown with 30 in. between the rows. The next best yield, 22 tons and 1,540 lbs., was produced by this same variety with 24 in., the smallest distance between the rows. Turnips, mangels, carrots and sugar beets were sown May 22 and June 5. Among 12 varieties of turnips. Perfection Swede led with 34 tons and 904 lbs. per acre in the early sown series, and :Mammoth Clyde with 27 tons and 1,176 lbs. in the later sown series. Prize Mammoth Long Red gave the best yield for both early and late sowings of mangels, the yield being 27 tons and 1,704 lbs. and 23 tons and 1,520 lbs. per acre, respectively. Of 6 varieties of carrots, Im- proved Short White stood first with 24 tons and 400 lbs. per acre for the early sown, and Ontario Champion stood first with 19 tons and 60 lbs. for the second sowing. The best yield for the first sowing of sugar beets was produced by ^Yanzleben and amounted to IS tons and 1.224 lbs. per acre. The best yield for the late sowing was by Vilmorin Improved. 17 tons and 320 lbs. Wanzleben led in sugar content with 17.86 per cent of sugar in the juice while Vilmorin Improved ranked first in purity with a coefficient of S5.6. At the Saskatchewan Experiment Farm, Indian Head, among field plats of spring wheat Huron grown on a field of 2* acres led in yield per acre with 32 bu. and 37 lbs. Red Fife on a 25-acre field produced IS bu. per acre. The average yield of wheat on land which had produced a crop of peas the preced- ing year was larger than that of the varieties grown on fallow. The average yield of the fallow land was 22 bu. and 57 lbs. per acre. The results of a 5-year comparison showed that Huron ranked first with a yield of 39 bu. and 24 lbs., and was the earliest of 5 varieties compared, requiring 130.2 days to mature it and being 12.2 days earlier than Red Fife. Of S varieties of oats grown in field plats, Thousand Dollar was the most productive, yielding 95 bu. per acre. The average yield for these sorts was 79 bu. and 16 lbs. Field plats of oats were compared for 5 years and these tests show that Banner ranked first in average yield per acre with 94 bu. and IS lbs., and ticking 119.2 days to mature. The earliest variety in this test, Tartar King, ripened only 2.4 days earlier. Four varieties of 6-rowed barley in field lots ranged in -yield from 48 bu. and 6 lbs. to 59 bu. and 22 lbs., the leading variety being Mansfield, while 4 varieties of 2-rowed barley ranged from 36 bu. and 32 lbs. to 48 bu., the leading variety being Canadian Thorpe. The average yield of 8 varieties was 48 bu. and 36 lbs. per acre. In a 5-year comparison of these same varieties, Claude ranked first with an average yield of 59 bu. and 35 lbs., being followed by Odessa with 58 bu. and 4 lbs., Mansfield 56 bu. and 31 lbs., and Meusury 53 bu. and 21 lbs. Of 21 varieties of ensilage corn grown in rows and in hills Angel of ^Midnight stood first in both cases, yielding 13 tons and 1,170 lbs. in I'ows, and 11 tons and 550 lbs. in hills. The best yield in the distance test of this station was secured with Longfellow which yielded 14 tons and 1,010 lbs. per acre in rows 21 in. apart. The next best yield, 14 tons and 866 lbs. per acre, was secured with Selected Leaming in rows 35 in. apart. Turnips and mangels at Indian Head were sown on May 27 and June 3 and carrots and sugar beets on May 22 and June 3. Hartley Bronze turnip jjro- duced 31 tons and S32 pounds per acre, leading among the early sown plats, and Mammoth Clyde produced 23 tons -and 1,520 lbs., the highest yield secured from late planting. Of 10 varieties of mangels sown early. Giant Yellow Inter- mediate ranked first with a yield of 19 tons and 412 lbs., and of the same varieties sown late Half Sugar White stood first with a yield of 19 tons and 3,204 lbs. The best yield for early sown carrots was 13 tons and 268 lbs., being produced by Improved Short White, while on the series of plats sown June 3, FIELD CROPS. 325 the highest yield was producod by Ontario Cliauipion, reaching IS tons and 1,752 lbs. The highest yielding variety of sngar beets was Vilmorin Im- proved, which gave a yield of 13 tons and 400 lbs. from early sowing and 12 tons and 2SS lbs. from late sowing. At Agassiz the leading variety of ensilage corn of 19 varieties tested was Eureka, which produced 22 tons and 220 lbs. grown in rows and 21 tons and 900 lbs. grown in hills. In the distance experiments with corn at this station the corn was al.so grown in rows and in hills. The best yield in rows, IS tons and (5S(i lbs., was produced by Champion White Pearl iu rows 42 in. apart. Cham- pion White Pearl also stood first in yield of 18 tons per acre when grown iu hills at a distance of 42 in. between the rows. Turnips, mangels, carrots, and sugar beets were sown on two different plats about 2 weeks apart iu the early part of May. The highest yield in the experiment with turnips on the early sown plats was produced by Jumbo, and amounted to 18 tons and 1,752 lbs. On the late sown plats Mammoth Clyde ranked first with 16 tons and 76 lbs. Half Sugar White produced 25 tons and 160 lbs., being the highest yield for the early sown mangels, and Giant Yellow Intermediate yielded 20 tons and 1,844 lbs., which was the highest yield for the late sown plats. Ontario Champion among 6 varieties of early sown carrots produced 39 tons and 1,936 lbs., and also ranked first among the late sown carrots with 38 tons and 32 lbs. Vilmorin Improved among 3 varieties of sugar beets ranked first in botli early and late sowings. In 1907 the best yields from the special fertilizer experiments with wheat now in progress for 20 years were secured on plats 1 and 2 treated with 15 tons per acre of barnyard manure. Plat 6, which ranked first iu 1906, stood second this year. In average yield for the 20 years the barnyard manure plats also stood first. In the tests with barley, plat 2 stood first with 38 bu. and 16 lbs. per acre, and this plat also heads the list iu average yield for the entire period. In the tests with oats plat 1 ranked first with 64 bu. and 4 lbs. in 1907, and plat 2 ranked first in average yield for the entire 19 years with 55 bu. and 25 lbs. Plat 1 produced the highest yield of ensilage corn, 12 tons and 1,110 lbs. per acre in 1907. This plat also ranks first in average yield for 16 years with 16 tons and 272 lbs. Plats 1 and 2 also gave the best results for the year as well as the best average results with turnips and mangels. Notes on the pi-ogress and the results of other fertilizer tests as well as i-ota- tiou experiments and vitality tests are given. Experimental work in fi.eld Tiusbandry, C. A. Zavitz (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Affi: Col. and Expt. Farm, 3', (lOOS), piK 172-182, lS.',-2.iO, figs. J3).— Experi- mental work carried on by the college, and the weather conditions prevailing during the season are described, and statistics on crop production in the prov- ince, including average yields of the different crops for 25 and 26 years are presented. Earlier reports have been previously noted ( E. S. K., 19, p. 1130). In 2 experiments made to determine the relative production of the principal grain crops, 1 in progress for 6 and the other for 2 years, it was shown that in both instances emmer jiroduced the largest yield, followed in the order men- tioned by barley, oats, huUess barley, and Wild Goose spring wheat. In the 6-year experiment common emmer produced 2.756 lbs., Mandscheuri barley 2,715 lbs., Joanette oats 2,559 lbs., and Black Hulless barley 2,527 lbs. of grain per acre. In the 2-year experiment the yields were a little larger. In the first experiment. Wild Goose wheat and flax produced the stiffest straw, and in the second. Wild Goose wheat and Dakota Mammoth spring rye. The difference in productiveness of varieties is shown in a table. The aver- age yields of Joanette. Siberian, Egyptian, and Rlack Tartarian oats grown for 19 years was 87.7, 87.3, 75.6, and 71.8 bu. per acre, respectively. The average 326 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. yield per acre for 4 different varieties of barley also grown for 19 years are as follows : Mandscheuri 71.2, Oderbruck 64.6, Mensnry 60, and New Zealand Chev- alier 58.3. Four varieties of winter wheat grown for 13 years yielded as follows : Dawson Golden Chaff 55.4, Imperial Amber 51.2, Turkey Red 45.5, and Treadwell 44.8 bu. per acre. Three varieties of spring wheat grown for 19 years gave the following average yields per acre: Saxonka 31 bu., Red Fife 30.7, and Colorado 27.9. The average yields per acre for 16 years for 3 varie- ties of spring wheat were as follows : Wild Goose 38.4, Medeah 34.3, and Ontario 23.5 bu. Empire State, White Elephant, Rural New Yorker No. 2, and Stray Beauty potatoes were grown for 19 years, and produced on an average for this period 225.5, 203.6, 203.4. and 161.5 bu. per acre respectively. A comi)arison of the leading selected strains with the original variety of dif- ferent varieties and classes of farm crops is reported. In nearly all cases the selected strains gave comparatively higher yields per acre than the standard varieties. Striking examples were Early Ripe oats, the standard yielding 67.7 bu., and the selected strain 81.6 bu. per acre; Dawson Golden Chaff winter wheat, the standard yielding 49.1 bu., and the selected strain 59.5 bu. per acre, and Siberian millet, the standard yielding 40.2 bu., and the selected strain 46.9 bu. per acre. The croi)S in these tests have been grown for 2 or 3 years. The average results with different sizes of seed show that in every instance the largest seed produced the largest yield of grain. In continuous selection experi- ments with seed oats, it was shown that there was an average annual differ- ence in favor of the heavy plump seed of 10.4 bu. the first 4 years, 15.8 bu. the second 4 years, and 22.4 bu. the last 4 years, including 1903-1906. Sprouting of winter wheat in the field before harvesting was found to injure the grain a great deal for seed purposes. The average results have shown that seed with the skin unbroken had a percentage of germination of 94. seed with the skin broken of 76, while considerably sprouted seed had a percentage of germination of only 30, and badly sprouted seed of only 18. The results of 12 separate tests show an average increase in the yield of winter wheat per acre of 7.8 bu. from the plump as compared with shrunken seed, and of 35.6 bu. from sound as compared with broken seed. In experiments with 'spring grains, shrunken and broken seed show a similar influence. A comparison of varieties of oats to determine their susceptibility to attacks of smut shows that Early Ripe is probably entirely immune to attacks of this disease. The average results for 4 years show the highest average yield of flax- seed per acre was iirodnced from 2 bu. of seed per acre. From mixtures of oats and barley tlie best average yield for 2 years was pro- duced by sowing 34 lbs. of oats and 48 lbs. of barley per acre. The best combination of varieties was Mandscheuri barley with a very early variety of oats, such as Alaska or Daubeney. Mandscheuri barley always gave the highest percentage in the crop produced. An experiment in growing for 2 years in succession 8 kinds of grain further demonstrates that Mandscheuri barley is a very heavy yielder, whether sown in combination with other grains or sown by ilself. All experiments made along this line point out that a combination of barley and oats is the most productive mixture. While it was found that there may be a decided advantage in growing different classes of cereals together, growing different varieties of the same class in combination proved to be of no marked benefit. Among 6-rowed varieties of barley Mandscheuri gave the best yields. Among the 2-rowed barleys, Hanna was one of the most satisfactory, and among the hulless varieties Guy Mayle ranked first. The average results for 12 jears with winter barley were as follows: Weiglit per measured bushel 47.1 lbs. yield of straw per acre 1.2 tons, and yield of grain per acre 54 bu. During the FIELD CROPS. 327 last 2 years Tennessee winter barley has given decidedly the largest yield of grain per acre as compared with other varieties. The varieties of oats producing an average yield of more than 00 bn. per acre based on the results for 5 years are Banner, New Zealand, Yellow Russian, and Peerless. Scarboro produced the largest yield of straw, being 3.27 tons per acre for this period. In experiments conducted on 115 farms throughout the Province in 1908, Yellow Russian gave an average yield of 46.4, Irish Victor 45, and Daubeney 43.1 bu. per acre. Yellow Russian produced the largest amount of straw, and was the most popular of the varieties. A comparison of the strength of straw of a few varieties shows that Liberty possesses the strongest straw of the varieties in the tests. American Banner also made a good showing. Tartar King was found to lodge badly on low land. A table is given showing the average weight per measured bushel for 12 years, the yield of grain per acre for 1908, and the average yield of both straw and grain per acre for 13 years of 15 varieties of winter wheat grown for flour pi-o- duction. The average results for the 15 varieties are as follows: Weight per measurewn on the ditTerent plats was also decidedly in favor of those on which phosphoric acid had been used. These results in general coincide with the chemical analyses of the soil which show that it is short in phosjihoric acid, and very well supplied with potash and nitrogen. Troublesome weeds of the year, S. B. McCre.u)y (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Euiit. Farm. 3.', (HWS). pp. Sl-.'il, fig.^. 2).— A list of the most trouble- some weeds during the year is given and the spread of pepper grass {Lepidimn campcstrc). roquette (Enica .satira). Russian thistle (HitJsoJa kali tragus). and Barnaby's thistle {Centaiirea . discusses i)lant effects for different seasons of the year. Gardening and tree planting, F. Borgesen {Botany of the Ficrocs tjascd upon Danisti Investigations. Copentiagcn, Christiania, and London, 1908, pt. 3, pp. 1027-10-'i3, figs. 7). — A brief account is given of horticultural conditions on the Fperoes Islands, including information on the varieties grown and brief cultural notes. Owing to imfavorable climatic conditions, most of the trees and shrubs do not ripen their annual wood. They appear for the most part as large bushes and are grown principally for ornamental purposes. FORESTRY. Problems in nursery practice, C. R. Petti.s {Pror. Soe. Amer. Foresters, Jf {1909). .Yo, /. pp. Ji2-.'i9). — A discussion of several problems in connection with the growing of forest seedlings based upon experience gained in the man- agement of the New York State forest nurserie's. 336 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Trials of ^•al•ions iiietliods of covering seed beds toiiroeiire protectiou from birds, and at the same time avoid damping-oflC. has resulted in the use of a box in which both top and sides are of wire. Movable lath screens, together with thick paper inclosing the sides of the box have proved of value in regulating temperature and moisture conditions. With this type of seed bed from 10,000 to 22,000 trees are grown in a 4 ft. by 12 ft. bed. The cost of the wire box is $3 per bed. Including lath shade. The best germination is secured by pressing the seeds into and even with the surface of the bed before covering with soil. Much difficulty having been experienced in regulating the winter cover of the seed beds to conform with the snowfall for any particular season, the plan was successfully adopted of covering the beds with one thickness of burlap placed over about 2 iu. of snow. The burlap prevents the melting of the snow and the thawing of the soil underneath, and at the same time Is so porous that heating or molding does not occur. It has been found cheaper than a leaf covering. Insect troubles confined chiefly to the attacks of chermes have been practically exterminated by using kerosene emulsion, which is applied as early as possible after the eggs hatch. The loss due to transplanting has been reduced to a minimum by wetting the soil when necessary before planting. This was cheaper than the temporary use of lath shade in dry weather. The quantity production of the nursery especially with tap root species is in- creased by transplanting the seedlings when 1 year old. Experiments along this line with Scotch pine show that, as far as this species is concerned, 1-year- old seedlings transplanted 2 years are far larger and stronger plants than 2-year-old seedlings transplanted 1 year. In order to determine the density in production suitable for the Scotch pine, 6, 7, 8, 9, and 10 oz. of seed were sown in 5 different beds. At the end of 2 years there were over 10,000 seedlings in the bed whore 8 oz. of seed had been sown, which was about 1,500 more than in the bed where 7 oz. was sown. The trees in both beds were equally good, were raised at the same cost, and were better than in the bed where only 6 oz. of seed were sown. The experiment showed that the use of more than 8 oz. of seed is not desirable as many of the plants are apt to be stunted and suppressed, but the actual production from very dense sowing was fully as good as from the bed where only 6 oz. of seed was sown. In cooperation with the Forest Service of this Department a series of soil tests was started in the spring of 1907. One 4 ft. by 12 ft. bed was covered with pure muck to a depth of 1 ft., and sown in equal parts with white pine, Scotch pine, and red spruce seed. Thirty-six other beds were used in rows of G each. The beds in rows 1 and 2 were covered with layers of muck 6 in. and 3 in. thick respectively. Row 3 was a check, 4 was covered with 3 in. of muck mixed with 3 in. of well rotted manure, 5 had a 3 in. coat of manure, and 6 a 5 iu. coat. With the exception of the muck applied 1 ft. deep, these fertilizers were all worked into the soil and thoroughly mixed. AVhite and Scotch pine seeds were sown in all the beds. An examination of the 2-year-old seedlings showed that wherever muck was used the seedlings are smaller and have a poorer color than on the check bed except iu the case where muck was used without soil, which bed compares favorably with the check. The larger the amount of manure used the better the vigor and color of the seedlings. Muck and manure mixed gave poorer re- sults than where the same quantity of manure was used alone. In addition to the soil test, a top-dressing of finely ground bone meal was applied to one-third of each bed when the seedlings were 1 year old. The re- sults were especially favorable with the pine seedlings on check beds, and where little or no manure was used. The seedlings on muck responded least. FORESTRY. 337 Bono nioal npplied on the bed in which spruce soedlinss were growing: killed from one-fourth to one-tenth of the plants. As a result of these tests it is recommended that l-year-old pine seedlings be top-dressed with bone meal if they are to remain in the seed bed the second year. This dressing, however, should not be applied to spruce. A frost occurring in the late spring of 1908 nearly ruined all the 1-year-old sjiruce seedlings in the nursery. The red spruce grown from seed collected in the .Vdiroudacks was more severely injured than any other spruce, the loss of this species being i)ractically 9.") per cent in one nursery and about 60 per cent in another. A species of Siberian spruce was damaged almost as much. Nor- way spruce suffered al)out 5 i)er cent loss, and white spruce collected in the Champlain A'alley about one-third loss. Engelmann spruce and Colorado spruce suffered very little damage. Japanese larch was all killed, and Siberian larch was uninjured. The planting of Douglas spruce in the Adirondacks is unsuc- cessful because the frost injures the terminal buds. A study of the reproductive characteristics of lodgepole pine, G. E. Tower (Pn,c. Soc. Amcr. Foresters, J, {WOO), Ao. 1, pp. 84-106).— A contribution to knowledge relative to the growth and reproduction of lodgepole pine, in which the author endeavors to show, among other things, that aside from the com- monly noted differences in the species due to the factors of locality, there is a definite and Aery distinct variation which is associated with a particular quality in one of the physical factors. In studying the two distinct i)hases in the reproductive functioning of the lodgepole pine, one phase being that in which closed cones are produced and remain on the trees for 20 or 30 years, and the other in which cones open at maturity or soon after, the author finds that this difference in the opening of the cones is due solely to a difference in the character of the soil. The closed cones are produced in stands growing on a soil rich in lime, whereas the cones which open at maturity grow on a silica soil or one having a low lime content. The former type has been designated as the lime-form and the latter as the silica-form. The variations in the reproductive functions in these two forms ai*e discussed and suggestions are given relative to securing satis- factory stands of each. In the lime-form, whicli was given special study, it was found that the cones were produced yearly with great regularity and investigation was made to determine the relative production of seed in different years. Nine different lots of cones each of different age were taken and the number of seed counted in about 30 cones. From the limited study made it appears that the lime-form produces a fairly uniform amount of seed in periods of 3 successive years, which periods are alternated with a ])artial cessation of the seed pro- duction. The successful reproduction of the lime-form which often follows a tire in the forest is attributed to the fact that heat is an effective means of opening the cones. A study was made relative to the degree of heat necessary to open the cones and of the effect of the heating on germination. The cones were tested at temi>eratures differing by 5° and varying from 45° to 100° C. At the end of 15 hours cones which were tried at 40° C. showed no signs of opening, at 45° (» hours were required to open the cones, at 65° 40 minutes were required, and at 100° they opened in 10 minutes. The effect of simply placing the cones on the ground was also studierations in forest areas, forest surveying, protection work, sylvicultural and miscellaneous opera- 5117— No. 4—09 i 340 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, tions, exploitation, management, and financial results for the year. All of the important data are presented in tal)ulav form. Progress report on forest administration in the Punjab for 1907-8, C. P. Fisher {Rpt. Forest Admin. Punjab, 1907-8, pp- 15+XLI+VII). — Data similar to the above are presented relative to the constitution and management of State forests in the Province of Punjab. Palo amarillo rubber, P. Olsson-Seffer (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1909, No. 3516, pp. 1, 2). — The author discusses the probable importance of the palo amarillo tree [EiipJiorbia fulva) as a rubber yielding species. This tree, which is a hitherto botanic-ally unknovi^n species, occurs in the dry, semi- tropic zone on the slopes of the Sierra Madre in Mexico, and has recently been exploited as a desirable source of rubber. Chemical examination of the latex shows it to contain from 7.3 to 15.7 per cent of rubber and from 19 per cent upward of resins. The latex from the lower parts of the trunk is richer in rubber, the rubber content of the latex from the branches being only from about 3 to 6 per cent. The author is of the opinion that, although the palo amarillo tree can be commercially exploited, the entire supply of the tree is too small to warrant the exaggerated estimates sent out by certain pi-omoters. The resulting rubber is classed as about similar in quality and value to guajule rublier. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Plant pathology, \. Ducomet ( Botaniqitc agricolc. Pathologic Vcgctale. Paris, 190S, pp. X-r298, figs. 21). — This book treats of the fungus and bacterial diseases of plants and is one of the agricultural series published under the direction of J. Dumont. After a general discussion of parasitism and sapro- phytism, the author describes fungus parasites and their effect on the host, predisposition to disease, and resistance, after which a number of the more prominent fungus and bacterial diseases of plants are describe, p. 11.37). The toxic action of Bordeaux mixture and of certain solutions on spores of fungi, J. B. Dandeno {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Hci., 10 (1908), pp. 58-62).— The object of the experiments reported was to determine the resisting power of some of the common forms of fungi to certain toxic solutions and also to Bor- deaux mixture. The following species were used : PcniciUium glaucnm, Puccinia asparagi, Macrosporiuiii nobilc, Ustilago maydis, and Glomcrclla rufomaculans. The chemicals tested were caustic soda, caustic potash, hydrochloric acid, sul- phuric acid, copper sulphate, and Bordeaux mixture. All these substances, ex- cepting the last, were used in fractions of normal solutions. The test made was to determine whether the spore was able to germinate and send out a hypha while actually immersed in the liquid. The results obtained show a number of rather remarkable apparent para- doxes. The spores of Macrosporium were much more injured by solutions of hydrochloric than of sulphuric acid, while the reverse appears to be the case with the spores of Ustilago. The spores of all the fungi, and pai'ticularly Ustilago and Macrosporium, proved very resistant to solutions of copper sul- phate. Caustic potash and caustic soda did not show any results of great importance, although the caustic potash appeared more toxic than the soda solution. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 341 Corn smut was foinul to siirvivo solutions of P.orde;uix niixnirc nf full strength nnd double strength, but was destroyed by one-half and one-fourth strengths. Macrosporiuni was not quite so resistant as corn smut, but grew readily in half-strength solution. The spores of (Jlomerella did not grow in any of the Bordeaux mixtures. The last chemical tested was the supernatant liquid of Bordeaux mixture. and this was found toxic to Glonierella spores when u.sed in a dilution as weak as 1 : 10. In double strength it was also toxic to spores of Ustilago and Macrosporiuni. Fungicides and insecticides, F. T. Shutt {Canada Expt. Farms. Rpts. 1901, PI). 165-17 J). — Studies are reported on the effect of exposure on solutions of formaldehyde, the action of certain fungicides on the vitality of wheat, and the composition of lime-sulphur washes and a number of proprietary insecti- cides and fungicides. Formaldehyde in uncorked bottles or open dishes is said to concentrate rap- idly, becoming polymerized and in part solidified, so that the strength of the solution increases very materially. In studying the action of certain smut preventives on the vitality of wheat, comparisons were made between different strengths of formaldehyde and cop- per sulphate solution. It was found that there was some depreciation in vital- ity in all the lots treated, the greatest loss being where a strong copiier sulphate solution was employed. The effect of allowing grain to stand after treatment was also investigated, and as a result it is recommended that but little delay in sowing the grain should follow after treatment. Where seed grain has been injured by frost, in treating it for smut a solution of formaldehyde not stronger than 1 lb. in 48 gal. should be used. Analyses are reported of lime-sulphur wash used for San Jose scale and fungus diseases, 2 trade preparations of the same, and 2 proprietary fluids for which value as insecticides and fungicides is claimed. The proprietary fluids consisted in the main of crude carbolic acid, nonsaponifiable petroleum oils, saponiliable oils, and caustic soda. Vaporite, another commercial product, was analyzed and found to consist of 25 to 30 per cent naphthalene oils and 70 to 75 per cent gas lime. Anti-fungi, a trade preparation, was found to consist of 54.5 per cent iron sulphate, 44.9 copper sulphate, and a small quantity of ether extract. While the material has a fungicidal value, its cost is believed to be entirely out of proportion to the price of the chemicals. Treatment of grain for smut, C. A. Zavitz {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, SJf {1908), pp. 1S3, IS/f). — For several years, as previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1150), studies have been carried on for the prevention of smut in wheat and oats by treating the seed in different ways. The treatments have consisted of immersion and sprinkling with dilute formalin, innnersion in hot water, in copper sulphate solution for 12 hours, in copper sulphate solution for 5 minutes, and in potassium sulphid solution for 2 hours, and sprinkling with copper sulphate solution. The results, as shown by inspection of the fields, are tabulated, from which it appears that the several treatments have been quite succ(>ssful in preventing the development of stinking snuit in wheat and loose smut in oats. There was some slight injury to the germination of the seed in some instances, but the greatest yields of both winter wheat and oats per acre were produced where the seed had been inunersed in the formalin solution. 1 pt. to 42 gal. of water, for a period' of 20 minutes. Diplodia disease of maize, E. F. Smith and Florence Hedges {Science, n. ser., 30 {1900), A'o. 75S, pp. 60, 67). — A preliminary report is given of investi- gations which the authors have been carrying on for two years with special 342 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. roferenco to the manner of infection in tlie Diplodia disease of corn. Their experiments seem to indicate that the fnngus occnrs in the soil and that nnder certain conditions it may infect the growing plants. The question is raised as to whether this Diplodia may not be the cause of the so-called cornstalk disease prevalent among cattle in the AVest and possibly also responsible for the disease pellagra that has been reported in the southern part of the T'nited States during the past three years. A disease of cotton, G. Fron (Bill Trimest. »Soe. Mycol. France, 25 (1909), No. 1 ))!>• 66-6S, fig. i).— An account is given of a fungus disease of cotton which is said to prevail in the western part of Africa, particularly in Dahomey, where it has caused considerable loss. The disease is characterized by the browning and drying of the leaves and the arresting of the growth of the bolls, which never mature nor open. It spreads with great rapidity through the fields, and an examination of specimens showed that the fungus is localized on the branches and extends but slightly on the older stems. The terminal branches and petioles seem to suffer the most. Upon these canker-like growths are formed. A study of the material showed that the disease is due to a species of Phoma. to which the name P. roumii n. sp. is given. Fungus diseases of vegetables, J. W. Eastham and J. E. Howitt {Ontario Dcpt. Ayr. Bui. Ill, pp- 37-62, figs. 11). — Popular descriptions are given of a number of the more common fungus diseases of vegetables, together with sug- gestions for their control. The arrangement is according to the host plants. Directions are also given for the preparation and application of a number of the better known fungicides and insecticides. Report of assistant in botany, R. Y. Winters {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. XCVll-CIV). — Brief reports are given on celery diseases, the bacterial disease of lettuce and the lettuce drop, with suggestions for their control. It is popularly believed that certain fertilizers influence the presence of the disease of" celery known as black heart, and a series of experiments was carried on in which 36 formulas of fertilizers were tested. Plats receiving nitrate of soda and kainit wei"e uniformly, severely attacked by the disease, and those plats which received fertilizers consisting of bone meal, fish scrap, and high- grade sulphate of potash gave best results. As a result of the studies, it seems that some physical weakness of the plant makes it susceptible to infection and that certain forms of fertilizers produce plants more susceptible to this disease than others. Foot rot {Sclerotinia lihertiana), which it is said has proved very destructive to celery, and the celery blight {Ccrconpora apii) are described. [Notes on some diseases of cabbage, lettuce, roselle, rose, and water oak], H. S. Fawcett {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. LXXV-LXXXIX, pis. J).— An account is given of the black rot of cabbage, due to Pscudonionas campcstris, including a general description of the disease and suggestions for its prevention. Attention is called to a bacterial rot of lettuce, which though quite distinct from the lettuce drop, due to Sclerotinia lihertiana. is often associat(>d with that disease. The author isolated the organism causing the disease, cultivated it in various media, and carried on a series of inoculation experiments resulting in the production of typical forms of the bacterial disease. It is stated that other bacterial diseases of lettuce have been reported, and that one, described by Yoglino (E. S. R., 16, p. 1093), was due to an organism to which he gave the name Bacillus lactucce. The bacterium causing the disease in Florida has not been fully identified with this organism. The rose disease described is a mildew {Sphwrntheca pannosa), for the pre- vention of \Aliich spraying with potassium sulphid solution is recommended. DISEASES or PLANTS. 343 The author reports the occurrence of Microsphccra euphorbue on roselle, and on the basis of the investisations of Bessey. dusting the plants with sulphur while wet with dew is sujrsested as a moans for control. A brief note is given on the occurrence of Fomcs tnarnioraliis on the water oak (QiieiTiis (Kjiutlica). Report of assistant plant physiologist, B. F. Floyd {Florida Sta. Rpt. JDOS, pp. XV-.\C]', pi. /). — The investigations reported have been largely c(»n- flned to studies in plant nutrition. Mori)hologica] and cytological studies have been Jiegun on citrus, pineapple, and cassava plants. A description is given of a leaf spot of citrus trees, the exact cause of which is not definitely determined, and of chlorosis of cassava, with which no organisms appear to be associated. Winter stage of Sclerotinia fructigena, J. B. Dandeno {Rpt. Mich. Acad. Sci., 10 {1008), pp. 51-53, pis. 3). — A study was made of the winter stage of Monilia fructigcna on plums. In the fall of 1!)05 diseased plums abundantly affected with the conidial stage were planted in various situations to furnish laboratory material. An examination of the material was made and information secured regarding the development of the ascus stage. It was found that when infected fruits were placed on the surface of the ground among dead, long grass, near the foot of the trees, there was au abundant production of Sclerotinia, while those in the open, on the naked ground, either on top of the soil or underground, did not produce any. When on top of the soil the fruits completely dried and when underground they rotted without producing the winter forms. In sod, where the surface soil is not disturbed and the old fruits are pro- tected by grass, the ascus stage is developed.. This has a practical bearing on the subject of control, and it is suggested that orchards should be plowed in the fall and the ground dug over, thus covering all the old fruits so that the fungus will not survive. The presence of cover crops is held to be favorable for the development of the fungus. Citrus diseases, H. S. Fawcett {Florida t^ta. Rpt. 1908, pp. LXIV-LXVII).— The principal investigations carried on by the author during the past year have been on the diseases of citrus trees, particular attention being paid to the scaly bark disease, an account of which has already been given ( E. S. R., 20, p. 1045). In the present report brief accounts are given of the scaly bark, smoky fungus, withertip. gumming, and scab. A disease of the cacao, E. Griffon and C. Maublanc {Bill. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 25 {1909), Xo. 1, pp. 51-58, figs. 2). — A study was made of dis- eased branches and roots of cacao trees, the specimens having been received from French Kongo. These were found to be infested with a fungus which was recognized as that described by rrillieux and Delacroix (E. S. R., G, p. 909) under the name Macrophoma vcstita. Further studies were made of the fungus, and as a result the authors claim that a number of the species of fungi described by different authors as attacking cacao are in fact the same species. Of these Botryodiplodia tlico- bromw, Macrophoma vcstita, Diplodia cacaoicola, and Lasiodiplodia nigra should be combined under one species, the proper name of which, according to the rules of nomenclature, would be Lasiodiplodia thcohromw. Tea root diseases, T. Petcii {Indian Planters (la;:;., 5t {1909), Xo. 23, pp. 795, 791!) . — Attention is called to the apparently selective par.isitism of Roscl- linia hothrina on tea and other plants, spreading from the roots or stiunps of one species to those of another, but often passing related forms. In the case of the tea root fungus {Ustulina zonata), which is spread by spores, the fungus is found to grow also on stumps of Grevillea and to cause 344 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. :i root disease of the pomelo. It lias also been found on the coconut, but prob- ably it is only saprophytic on this host. It is said that this species does not often form fruiting bodies on the tea plant, since the bushes die and are usually uprooted before the mycelium has ascended in the stem to the ground level. Physiolog'ical diseases of the vine, F. T. Bioletti {Pacific Rural Press, 78 (1009). Xo. 7, p. 5). — Popular descriptions are given, with suggestions for prevention so far as means are known, of a number of physiological diseases of the vine. The forms most generally recognized are said to be folletage and apoplexy, rougeot and red leaf, brunissure, the Anaheim disease, and sunburn. The coulure of the vine, F. T. Bioletti (Pacific Rural Press, 77 (1909), Xo. 22, p. J/Ol). — The author describes the coulure of grapes, two conspicuous forms of which are noted. The iirst is characterized by the failure of the flowers to set, or by the berries dropping off without growing, while the second is indicated by the falling of the berries after they are well formed. To the first the name early coulure is given, while the second form is called late coulure, or, as it is commonly known in the United States, shelling. A number of causes of this disease are described, among them the presence of imperfect flowers, excessive vigor, which results in a tendency to the pro- duction of abnormal flowers, and unfavorable weather. The variety of grapes known as Muscat seems to be pretlisposed to this trouble, and the cause lies in the structure of the flower, which is said to lead to imperfect pollination. The black rot of the grape and its control. Second report, C. S. Wilson and D. Reddick (Xgw York Cornell Sta.BMl.266,pp. 391-411, figs. 12). — In con- tinuation of the previous report (E. S. R., 20, p. 249), the authors give an ac- count of spraying experiments for the control of the black rot of the grape (Guignardia hidiveUii). The correlation between rainfall during the growing season and the abundance of black rot has been pointed out in France, and the authors have verified these relationships when applied to New York conditions. The previous investigations on methods of control are briefly reviewed which indicated that a moderate degree of spraying will control the black rot, that iron sulphate as a fungicide is of little value, that the addition of a sticker, such as resin, flsh oil soap, etc., is of no practical value, that burning the tendrils on the trellis is a means of destroying some of the winter spores, and that the times of application of the fungicide bear an important relationship to the control of the disease. In 1908 experiments were carried on to demonstrate on a commercial scale that black rot can be controlled and also to determine the minimum strength of mixture, the value of cultivation in the control of the disease, and the best time to apply the mixture in relation to the blooming period and the weather conditions. The results of the experiments give evidence that the rot can be controlled commercially by thorough spraying with mixtures properly made and applied, although it has not been demonstrated that spraying will control the rot in exceptionally wet seasons. For the control of the black rot the authors recommend the plowing of the vineyard to cover all the rotten clusters and leaves, keeping down the weeds and grass, the destruction of mummied fruits, keeping the vines off the ground, and thorough spraying, the spray to be applied at a pressure of at least 100 pounds. The applications will depend on the weather, and contrary to the common belief, it is recommended that the spray be applied before rather than after a rain. In general the first spraying should be with a 5 :5 :50 Bordeaux mixture at the time when the second or third leaf is showing, followed by a second application just before the blossoms open, and a third soon after they DISEASES OF PLANTS. 345 have fallen. Ahnnf 2 more ai)i)Iicatioiis should Ix' siivcn at intervals of 10 days to 2 weeks, dc'iiendiiii; upon the weather conditions. Lathrsea clandestina, a parasite of the vine, A. Col (Coniiit. Rend. Acad. Set. U'aris]. JJ,S {ID09),No.2.i,pi). 1J,15, 1476; Rev. Vit., 31 (1909), No. 807, jip. 621, 622). — An account is given of an injury to grapes in Loire-Iuferieure, France, which was found to be due to a phanerogamic parasite (L. clandestina) . Additional studies are being carried on to determine the method of attack and means for control of the iiarasite. Carnation root knot, H. Gauman {KcuIhcI-ii tita. Bui. 1^2, pp. 207-216, pis. .'i. Jiffs. J. dffin. 1). — Tlie author's attention was called to a diseased condition of carnations in which the plants were stunted and the roots covered with an extensive development of swellings and knotty growths. An examination of these swellings showed that the plants were infested with nematodes, and the author believes that the species present was that commonly described in Europe under the name Heterodera radicicola. In addition to carnation plants, a large number of other plants in the station conservatory have shown that they are sub.1ect to attack. Various methods of treatment are described at some length, and in conclusion the author suggests the destruction of all plants if badly infested, the freezing of the soil during winter, and drying and sterilizing by heat during summer. For outdoor treatment, the jtractice often followed in Europe of planting trap crops is recommended. Mycorrhizae on Michigan trees, G. A. Duthie and D. M. Matthews {Rpt. Mich. Acad. ScL, 10 (1908), p. J/6). — An examination was made of 2G species of forest tree roots to determine the presence of mycorrhizje, and 16 were found to be associated with ectotrophic mycorrhizse, 7 with endotrophic, while 3 were apparently free from any fungal affection. The ectotrophic species were the red, white, and black oak, tamarack, Norway pine, chestnut, American elm, m-ockernut and bitternut hickories, beech, blue beech, ironwood, black cherry, trembling aspen, poplar (Popiilus grandidcntata), and paper bark birch {Bctnla jmpyrifera) , wliile the endotrophic species were swamp and sugar maple, bass- wood, horse chestnut, walnut, butternut, and sycamore. Those which showed no mycorrhiza, so far as the authors were able to determine, were black and Avhite ash and willow. A superficial examination of the tulip tree, Ailantlius {/landiilosa, and papaw seemed to indicate that they too were nnaffected. Mycorrhiza-producing' Basidiomycetes, L. H. Pennington (Rpt. Midi. Acad, ^ci., 10 (190S), pp. .'i7-50). — A study made of recent literature shows that little investigation has been reported regarding endotrophic mycorrhiza, and a series of studies was carried on to determine the relationship of tlie fungus to mycor- rhiza. A number of species of Basidiomycetes have been reported as producing mycorrhiza upon the roots of trees, and the author's observations have sliowii that Russula enietica, Boletus speciosus, Tricholoma transmutans, and an undetermined species of Cortinariiis produce mycorrhiza on certain species of oaks. It is further reported that B. speciosus produces sclerotia, and it is said that this seems to be the first time that sclerotia have been reported in connec- tion with P><)]('tus and with mycorrhiza. Diseases of chestnuts in the United States and Europe, E. Henry (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., Jf (1909), I', No. J/, pp. 2^1-251). — Descriptions are given of the disease in America caused by Diaporthe parasitica (E. S. R., 19, p. 250) and of the disease in Portugal and elsewhere which is characterized by the blackening of the roots due to a tannic exudate coming in contact with iron salts in the soil. Bacteria and the mycelium of fungi have been found in con- nection with the diseased roots but the exact cause has not yet been positively determined. 346 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED, The oak mildew, E. Griffon and C. :Maublanc {B.ul. Trimest. ^oc. My col. France. 2.j (I90i)), So. 1, pp. 37-50; uhs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 47 (1909), II, :No. 1, pp. 20, 21).— Au account is given of tlie oak mildew, wliicli prevailed in forests of France and otlier parts of Europe in 1907 and wliich became espe- cially noticeable in 1908. Tlie autliors show that, contrary to previous observa- tions, the American species of oak are subject to this mildew, and that it does not seem to be especially limited to oaks but also attacks the beech, elm, and chestnut. From the botanical standpoint, the mildew is of interest, and a number of writers have suggested its relationship to various species of Erysiphacefe, particularly Wicrosphwra alni and PhylJactinia corylea. The authors consider the relationship between the oidium form and the Microsphiera as very doubtful and that its affinity with Phyllactinia is not proved. They seem to favor the opinion that it can not be safely associated with any of the known species of Erysiphace:P. The origin of the invasion of the mildi'w is discussed at some length. The authors state that opinions seem to differ as to whether it is an indigenous species which has made an unaccountable development or whether it is an introduced fungus, like the grape mildew, rot. etc. A disease of Zizyphus baclei, P. Hariot and N. Patouillard (Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France. 25 {1909), Xo. 1, pp. 13, 1!,; Rev. Sci. [Paris], 1,7 (1909). I, Xo. 2Ji, p. 758). — An account is given of the occurrence of a fungus upon the fruits of Z. haclei in Africa. The fruits were badly deformed and covered with a yellowish white powder. The fungus was determined and is described by the authors under the name Coniodictyum cJicvalicri u. sp. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The brown rat in the United States, I). E. Lantz (U. S. Dcpt. Ayr., Bur. Biol. Survey Bui. 33, pp. 5'i, pis. 3, figs. .'/). — The author describes the rat as the worst mammalian pest known to man. Its depredations throughout the world result in losses amounting to hundreds of millions of dollars annually. After discussing the distribution of the genus Mus in America, the history of the brown rat and the habits of rats in general are taken up. The damage by rats is considered under the headings of grains, poultry and eggs, game and other birds, fruits and vegetables, merchandise in stores and warehouses, flowers and bull)s. fires, damage to buildings and furniture, and miscellaneous damage. The part that the pest plays in the transmission of bubonic plague is briefly reviewed. Trichinosis among swine is probably perpetuated entirely by rats. The probability that many disease germs adhere to rats' feet and are carried to places where they threaten human health is mentioned. Ptomaines are some- times said to be conveyed to meats or other human foods in this way. Hygienic considerations are stated to furnish the strongest argument for the extermina- tion of rats. The more important means of fighting rats are discussed at some length under the captions, natural enemies of the rat, rat-proof construction of build- ings, keeping food from rats, driving away rats, and destroying rats, including trapping, poisoning, and contagious diseases. The author has drawn a summary of the more important aids in limiting the number of rats and reducing the losses from their depredations, which is as follows : " (I) Protection of our native hawks, owls, and smaller predatory mam- mals— the natural enemies of rats. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 347 " (2) Greater cleanliness about stables, markets, grocery .stores, warehouses, courts, alleys, and vacant lots in cities and villajies, and like care on farms and suburban premises. This includes the storage of waste and garbage in tightly covered vessels and the prompt disposal of it each day. " (3) Care in the construction of buildings and drains so as not to iirovide entrance and retreats for rats, and (he permanent closing of all rat holes in old houses and cellars. " (4) The early thrashing and marketing of grains on farms, so that stacks find mows shall not furnish harborage and food for rats. '' (f>) Removal of outlying straw stacks and jiiles of trash or lumber that harbor rats in the tields. " (G) Rat-prooting of warehouses, markets, cribs, stables, and granaries for storage of provisions, seed grain, and feedstuffs. " (7) Keeping effective rat dogs, esi)ecially in city warehouses. " (S) The systematic destructicm of rats, whenever and wherever possible, by (a) trapping, (h) poisoning, and (r-) organized hunts. " (I)) The organization of 'rat clubs' and other societies for systematic war- fare against rats." Key to animals on which wolf and coyote bounties are often paid, Y. Bai- ley (U. iS'. Dci)t. Afjr., liur. Biol, t^iirrri/ Circ. 69, piK 3, dgiii. 1). — The author calls attention to the fact that the bounty system has everywhere proved an incentive to fraud and that thousands of dollars are wasted annually in paying bounties on coyote scalps offered in place of wolves, and on the scalps of dogs, foxes, coons, badgers, and even cats, which are palmed off for wolves and coyotes. " If in all States having the bounty system whole skins, including nose, ears, feet, and tail of both adult and young animals, were required as valid evidence for bounty i)ayments. the i)ossibility of deception would be reduced to a minimum. The common practice of paying bounty on scalps alone, or in some cases merely the ears, is dangerous, as even an expert can not always positively identify such fragments. A satisfactory way of marking skins on which the bounty has been iiaid is by a slit 4 to (J in. long between the ears. This does not injure the skins for subsequent use. If all bounty-paying States would adopt such a system, the possibility of collecting more than one bounty on the same skin in different States would be avoided." Keys are given as an aid to county and State officers in identifying scalps, skins, and skulls of wolves and coyotes, the pups of wolves, coyotes, red. gray, and kit foxes, and young bobcats, coons, and badgers. A diagram showing the relative size of nose pads, heel pads of front feet, and diameter at base of upper canine teeth of wolves and coyotes is also included. The blue foxes of the Pribilof Islands, J. Judgk {Ahs. Science, n. ser., 29 {I'M)',)), .Vo. 7'.'/.J, pp. 598. 599). — This is an abstract of a paper presented before the Biological Society of Washington, in which the author discussed the life history and habits of the blue foxes of the Pribilof Islands. Methods used in trapping, artificial feeding, etc.. are considered. Proceeding-s of the twenty-first annual meeting of the American Asso- ciation of Economic Entomologists (Jour. Econ. Eat., 2 {1909), No. 2, pp. 89-174, pis. 2). — This is a continuation of the report of the proceedings pre- viously notetl (E. S. R., 1, p. 55). J. G. Sanders in a paper entitled. Notes on Insect Photography and Photo- microgi-aphy (pp. 89-95) considers the methods and details necessary for the best results, and R. A. Cooley discusses Photcmiicrography of the Diaspina^ (pp. 95-99). The importance of proper methods in entomological iuvostigatious Is emphasized iu a paper by F. M. Webster (pp. 99-108). 348 EXPERIMENT STATION KECORD. In n pnpor entitled. Biological Notes on ilurgantia histrionica, R. I. Smith presents the results of a study made of this pest (pp. 108-114). The egg-laying habits, number of eggs deposited by different generations, incubation period, number of generations annually, and length of life cycle are considered in detail. E. F. Phillips discusses Means whereby the Economic Entomologist can Advance Apiculture (pp. 115-117), and B. N. Gates A Method of Securing Apicultural Statistics (pp. 117-120). Types of Cages Found Useful in Parasite Worlv, described by C. E. Hood (pp. 121-124), are accompanied by photographic illustrations. In a paper on Tree. Crickets and Injury to Apple Wood, P. J. Parrott presents observations and studies made of the habits of (Ecantlms niveus and O. nigricornis in depositing their eggs in the bark of apple trees and raspberry bushes (pp. 124-127). In considering The Distribution of San .Jose Scale in Iowa, H. E. Summers states that the pest has been found doing injury in only 5 counties (pp. 127- 129). In discussing this paper, F. L. Washburn mentions the occurrence of the pest at Madison, Wis,, and in South Dakota. A paper on The Self-Boiled Lime- Sulphur Mixture as a Summer Treatment for the San Jose Scale by A, L. Quaintance discusses the experiments that have been conducted under his direction (pp, 130-135). The results indicate that while there is but little immediate effect on the older scales, the crawling young and recently set individuals are killed or fail to establish themselves owing to the presence of the wash upon the trees. As a result, as the old insects die the scale gradually disappears. In continuation of experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 553), E. D. Sanderson presents Notes on Recent Experiments for the Control of the Codling Moth (pp. 135-142). The results of 3 yeai's' worl^ are said to show a necessity for the most careful arrangement of plats and recording of data in order to secure definite results. The (luestion. Is Arsenical Spraying Killing our Fruit Trees, is considered at some length by E. D. Ball (pp. 142-148), who concludes that the subject is a matter for careful and exhaustive investigation and that any statements preceding such investigation should be of the most guarded nature. E. G. Titus presents information upon The Alfalfa Leaf Weevil (pp. 148-154). This insect {Pliytonomus murinus), which has long been known as a serious pest of alfalfa in Europe, has been introduced into this country and is seriously injuring alfalfa in Utah. Unfortunately the weevil is beginning to turn its attention to sweet clover (MelUotns alba), yellow clover {M. officinalis), and red clover (TrifoUum jrratensc) also. Its life history and habits are here considered. An experiment in the control of curculio on peach is described by E. P. Taylor (pp. 154-160), who considers the following points to be established: "The increase of lead arsenate in the spray formula increases the danger of injury. The addition of lime to lead arsenate for peach spraying reduces the danger of injury. The use of lead arsenate as dilute as 2 lbs. per 50 gal. with the addition of 4 lbs. of lime is not always safe for peach spraying. Early applications of lead arsenate upon peach are less likely to cause injury than those of the same formula applied later. Lead arsenate used upon peach should be practically free from uncombined water soluble arsenic and should contain a maximum amount of arsenious oxid." Under the title. Carbon Disulphid Fumigation for Grain Infesting Insects, W. E. Hinds discusses the results obtained from preliminary experiments with corn and cowpeas and the pests Calandra onjza, Silvanus surinamensis, and Bruchus chinensis (pp. 161-1G8). A Summary of Fumigation and Dipping ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 349 Experiments is given by. T. B. Synions (pp. I(i0-174). in wbicli it is conclndod that tlie varying results show that further experiments are necessary in order to establish what may be expected from such treatment. Eeport of the entomologist, E. W. Berger (Florida St a. Rpt. 1908, pp. XLVl II-IjX III, pi. I). — Part 1 of this report is devoteil to investigations made during the year of the white ily, a partial account of which has been l)reviously noted (E. wS. R., 20. j). 10.^)3). In exi)eriments as to methods it has been found that the period of summer rains is the most favorable time for introducing fungus parasites; also, that it is possible to introduce such fungi 1() the end of November at least by the spore-spi-aying method. Observa- tions on the red and yellow Aschersonias point to the conclusion that the white tiy spreads the fungi. Attention is again called to the fact that under certain conditions the white fly matures on detached leaves. During the year the pest made its appearance at Palm Beach and Geneva. The pome- granate bush was found in one locality serving as a host plant for the pest. The twice-stabbed ladybird {Chiloconus hivulucrus) was found to feed upon the white fly. The press bulletins and addresses of the year are listed in part 2. In part 3 several injurious insects are considered. A scale infesting guava and Ficus, Pulvinaria psidii, is reported to have been found in Florida, this being the first occurrence of this destructive pest in the United States. Lach- nopus hispidus and an undetermined species of the same genus were received at the station, with the report that they were the source of injury to oranges in Porto Rico. The seed-corn maggot tiy (Phorljia fusciceps) was discovered near Gainesville, where the maggots were destroying seed potatoes, peas, radishes, and onions. Report of the entomologist and botanist, 1907-8, J. Fletcher (Canada Expt. Faring Rpts. 1UU7, pp. iiSJ-2/J, pi. 1). — The scarcity of insects of all kinds during April and May of 1907 is said to have had a direct effect on bird life, as well as in many places also upon fruit crops. The Hessian fly occurred in the maritime provinces in several localities, but only in Prince Edward Island was noticeable Injury reported. The wheat-stem saw fly (Cephas occidentalis) appeared in central Manitoba and the eastern part of Saskatchewan in much more serious numbers than at any previous time. The wheat jointworm (Isosoma tritici), which in Prince Edward Island has been the source of considerable loss from year to year, is believed by some correspondents to be rapidly spreading throughout the province. Specimens of the green bug (Toxoptera graminum) were received from Emerson, Manitoba, but these had merely spread over the border from an infestation a few miles to the .south in Minnesota and did no injury in the Manitoba wheat flelds. Serious complaints were made of injury in Manitoba and the eastern part of Saskatchewan, due to the grain aphis (Macrosiphuin granaria) . Locusts were injuriously al>undant in some places in eastern Ontario along the Quebec shore of the Ottawa River, considerable injury being done to pastures and growing crops. The pea weevil is apparently increasing in numbers. The codling moth in western Ontario was so destructive in some places that several fruit growers discussed seriously the advisability of cutting down their apple trees and planting grapes or peaches. This part of the province is within the area where there are two regular broods of codling moth in the season, the latter of which is by far the more destructive. Owing possibly to the inclement season the increase of the oyster-shell scale in the summer of i;)07 was par- ticularly noticeable. Although the San .Tose scale si)read to new orchards it did not invade new territory in Ontario, where the San Jose scale inspector for the province reported 350 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tli.-it nevor before luul there been so mncli done by fruit growers for the destruc- tion of the scale. 2sursei-y stoclv can be imported into Canada only at Vancouver, B. C, \Vinnii)eji;, Man., Windsor, Out., Niagara Falls, Out., St. John's, Que., and St. John. .X. 15. At these points the Dominion government maintains houses for the fumigation of all nursery stock entering from countries known to be infested by the San Jose scale. The formula used at these stations is 1 oz. of cyanid of potassium (98 per cent), 1 oz. of commercial sulphuric acid (66°B.), and 3 oz. of water for every 100 cu. ft. of space, and all nursery stock is exposed to the gas generated by this mixture for 4.5 minutes. Dejtredations by the rose chafer {Macrodactijlus siihspinosus) were so serious that in many vineyards the whole crop was destroyed. In combating the brown- tail moth in Nova Scotia, a bounty of 10 cts. per nest was paid on about 3,500 nests after identification by stated qualified officials. Throughout the whole of eastern Canada considerable damage was done to forest trees of several kinds, such as hickory, elm, birch, a,sh, and basswood by the hickory tussock moth (HaUsidota canja'). The rusty tussock moth {Notolophus untiqua) was the source of injury to api»le and other fruit trees. The report of the apiarist, D. D. Gray, is included. Instructions are also given for the sending of insects through the mail. [Report of] the professor of entomology and zoology, C. J. S. Bethune (Ann. h'i)t. Oiilario .[(/r. Col. and E.rpf. Faint, 3't (IHOS), pp. 2J,-35, floa. 3). — Among the forest and shade tree insects of which reports were received from correspondents were the fir sawfly (Lophyrus abietis). which defoliated peach trees at Whitby; the larch sawfly (Nematus erichsonU), which destroyed enor- mous numbers of tamaracks on the north shore of Lake Superior; and the car- penter ant, which injured basswood trees. Gossyparia ulmi appeared in large numbers on an elm at Toronto, while the spruce gall louse, tussock moth, pigeon tremex, and Eriophyes galls were very abundant. Farm crops were as a rule little affected during the year under report, the chief injury being that to turnips and cabliage by plant lice. The brown rot fungus i^rlcrotina fructiffcna) was found to be the prol)able cause of the ab- normally large amount of gunmiy exudation on iieach trees in Niagara County. A vigorous warfare is reported to have been carried on in various districts against the oyster-shell scale as a result of which many orchards are now almost free from the pest. The leaf blister mite of the apple and pear is rapidly spread- ing. In Prince Edward County the apple maggot was a source of considerable damage. Much of the injury that has been charged to the lesser apple worm is considered to be due to other pests. The fruit-tree bark beetle threatens to become very destructive in the Niagara district. In reporting insecticide experiments it is stated that jioisoned bran was found to be remarkably successful as a remedy for cutworms. Pyrethrum used dry is repoi'ted to have killed all the cabbage worms and chrysalids that it came in contact with. Kerosene emulsion at the strength of 6§ per cent kero- sene, whale-oil soap 1 lb. to 6 gal. of water, and soapsuds 1 lb. of soap to 4 gal. of water all gave about the same results when used against plant lice. A test made with the commercial lime-sulphur seemed to indicate that this mixture at the ordinary reeonmiended summer strength would not kill the apple aphis. The gipsy and brown-tail moths, W. Stuart (Vennont Sta. Circ. 2, pp. li, figs. 9). — While these two pests ha've not yet invaded Vermont, they may be expected to do so at any time. Illustrations are presented of the stages of the pests, in order that they may be identified and dealt with when they appear. The life history of the Argentine ant, W^ Newell {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {Um), No. 2, pp. 114-192, pis. 3, figs. 4).— This is a detailed account of in- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 351 vestiffatioiis mado of tlio life history of Iridomyrmrr Innnilis, u general Mccount of which lias hocii i)revionsly iiotod (E. S. R., 20, p. 252). On certain seed-infesting chalets flies, C. R. Crosby (.Ynp York Cnrncll Sta. Bui. Sa.j, PI). SG7-3SS, p?.s. .), flgi^. 23).— A great majority of the chalcis flies, of which more tlian 5,000 nominal species have been described, are bene- licial since they prey as parasites on other insects. A small number, however, probably not over 100 species, are known to have vegetable-feeding liabits. The life history of the apple-seed chalcis (Si/ntomasim drnparnm) previously noteli or 4 iier cent wormy on some trees to 33 or 34 per cent wormy on others. An unsprayed check plat yieldeoiling was carried on. The length of time it takes for the color to develo)) doi)ends upon the amount of iron or similar metal which is present. Fumigation with cyanid of potassium, II. L. Hutt and W. Hunt {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Af/r. Vol. and Expt. Farm. 3', ( IHOS), pp. JUl, /6*,3).— Experiments in continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 19, p. IIGO) with hydrocyanic-acid gas for exterminating the greenhouse white fiy {Alcyrodv.'^ vaporariorum) showed that a comparatively tight house is necessary for effective worlv. In fumigating the black aphis on chrysanthemum the best results were obtained by placing a jar or vessel of the material at least every 20 ft. throughout the length of the house. The density of the foliage of these plants and the greater vitality of the black aphis as compared with the white tly are factors necessi- tating stronger fumigation. rumination investigations in California, 11. S. Woglum ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bid. I'd, pp. 13, figs. 2S). — Tliis is a r('i)ort of fumigation investigations which were commenced July, 1907, in California with the view of thoroughly standardizing the process. The author first considers the insect enemies of citrus fruits and their dis- tribution in California. The scale insects which are generally so d(>structive as to require extended efforts for their control are the j)urple scale, the red scale (CJrri/soniphaJus mirantii), and the black scale. Brief notes are included on other less destructive species. " The most important i)ests other than scale insects are to be found among the mites, of which the rust mite of the orange or silver mite of the lemon (PhyUocoptm olch-orus) and the citrus red spider (TetranycJitis mytilaspidis) are highly injurious. The orange aphis (Aphis (jossijpii) becomes very numerous during some seasons but is soon attacked by its natural enemies and held in control. A species of thrips [I*^- S. II., 20, p. 950], worked quite extensively in some localities on ripe oranges during the first months of 1908, removing the coloring matter from beneath the epidermis, thus giving to the fruit a spotted appearance wliich lowered its market grade." Trees have been noticed from 2 to 3 years after i^lanting which Iiave been killed by the red scale. Large orchard trees are frequently destroyed by this pest, while it is a common sight in regions of severe infestation to see large branches killed back to the trunk. Although no trees have ever come to the author's attention which were killed by the purple scale, severe infestations are said to result in the destruction of many branches and to cause such a drain on the tree that the production of fruit is greatly reduced. The purple scale spreads to the fruit as does also the red scale, resulting in expense for ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 355 the cleauiug of fruit or reiuloriug it of a lower grade, and iu extreme cases entirely Aalueless. The black scale, although a much larger insect than cither the red scale or purple scale, appears to have generally little effect on the vitality of the tree. Its commercial importance arises largely from its habit of secreting honeydew, which spreads over the leaves, fruit, and branches, furnishing a growing medium for a black or sooty-mold fungus, resulting in a black coating through- out the tree. This coating is removed from the fruit by washing, or in light attack^ by brushing, although the investigations of Powell et al. (E. S. R., 20, p. 43), have shown that the decay is greater in washed than in unwashed fruit. To avoid the washing of fruit it is necessary to destroy the scale iii the orchards. The more directly injurious effect to the tree resulting from the attacks of the red, puri)le, and yellow scales appears to the author to be due to the ability to produce some toxic effect in the host plant in addition to the injury caused by the removal of sap. The equipment and methods of fumigation, including dosage and dosage tables, methods of computing volume, measurements of trees, etc., are considered at some length. An imported cyanid designated as 98 to 99 per cent pure is reported as used almost exclusively for fumigation purposes in southern Cali- fornia under the popular belief that it is superior to American cyanids for this purpose. There appears, howevex", to be no real basis for this belief. In procur- ing sulphuric acid for fumigation purposes only that should be purchased which is entirely free of nitric acid and which is guarantied 6G° (Baume), or 93 per cent pure. The proportions of materials to be used are considered in detail. The use of one part (fluid measure) of acid to each part of cyanid is recom- mended. Water should always be used. Practice is said to have demonstrated that with a greater proportion of water the injurious effect of the resulting gas on the leaves and fruit is materially lessened. The lessening of the injury has been attributed to the fact that the escaping gas was less heated when large propor- tions of water were used. In order to determine the actual action an experi- ment was conducted in which 1 part of cyanid, 1 part of acid, and from 1 to 8 parts of w'ater were used. It was found that the maximum temperature of the escaping gas is always realized within the lirst minute, usually 30 to 40 seconds after the generation commences, and an examination of the maximum temperatures of the gas in this experiment indicates that the temperature of the gas is reduced when large proportions of water are used. When using from 1 to 4 parts of water the temperature is nearly uniform, but with .5 parts of water the decrease becomes marked. The violence of the reaction and the temperature of the gas are affected more or less by the size of tlie pieces of cyanid. A very violent reaction results from the use of cyanid in powdered form. As the pro- portion of water to sulphuric acid becomes larger the resulting temperature of the mixture is lessened. Experiments were made to determine the temperature of gas resulting from large and small doses, in wbich the proportions 1 part cyanid, 1 part acid, and 3 parts water were used. An examination of the results shows that the tempera- ture of the escaping gas increases somewhat as the dosages become larger. The highest temperature of the acid-water mixture occurs about i minute after the mixing takes ])lace. The highest temperature of the hydrocyanic-acid gas occurs about i minute after the generation conunences, and theu the temperature of the gas rapidly decreases during 2 to 3i minutes, at the end of which time most of the gas has b(>en evolved. At the expiration of 3 to 5 minutes the gen- eration of gas has practically ceased. 5117— No. 4—00 0 356 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. It is said tlmt in fiold oporntions luivnin.c; results to some extent from in- creased dosages, due to tlie lieated gas being more injurious tlian cooler gas. From the experiments conducted it is evident that the largest amount of gas is availal)le when 2 parts of water are used with one each of cyauid and acid. It is said to be impracticable, however, to use 2 parts of water in field work and 3 parts are recommended. Preliminary experiments for the control of the purple scale are reported. These lead to the conclusion that for normally shaped orange trees from 11 to 14 ft. in height exi)Osed to the gas for 1 hour, when situated in a region with conditions comparable to those at Orange, Cal., a d(»sage rate of lA oz. of cyanid per 100 cu. ft. will destroy the purple t^cale in all its stages on the leaves and wood. If the tree ccmtain fruit infested with this scale it will be necessary to slightly increase the dosage. The author believes that a period between 50 minutes and li hours, while producing satisfactory results will at the same time be most economical. The cost of the extra cyanid required to kill the eggs on the fruit above that necessary for the destruction of the eggs on the leaves and branches is said to be more than the scaly fruit is worth. Under the heading of "general considerations," many important lujints are taken up, including leakage of gas during the operation, time of the year for fumigation, fumigation during the blossoming period and while the fruit is of small size, anil other information of value to the fumigator. An improved system of fumigation, which was introduced into California in July, 190S, is described at some length. This is said to have decided advantages over the old method. A dosage schedule is also included. Parasitic fungi of the white fly, H. S. Fawcett {Florida Hta. Rpt. 1908, pp. LXVn-LXX\ , pi. /).— In addition to the fungi previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 55G), the cinnamon fungus {}'vrtirilliinii iKfcrochidnin) and the white-fringe fungus (Microccra sp.) have been found to be parasitic ui)on the white tly. The cinnamon fungus, which was found on white tly l.-irva^ at Palmetto, was also found to attack several scale insects. The white-fringe fungus, which was found killing large numbers of white fly larvae at Sutherland, is now thought to be a. species of Fusarium, but until the perfect stage is discovered the name Microccra sp. will be retained. The growth of this species in culture is said to have been much more rapid than any of the other white fly fungi. Experiments indicate that the fungus requires favorable conditions of moisture for its growth and that it is probably even more dependent upon moisture than are any of the othei' white fly fungi. The work with pure cultures of the rod and yellow Aschersonias has been continued and is here briefly reported upon. Insect pests of cacao, H. A. Ballou (Imp. Dept. Agr. WQSt Indies Pamphlet 58, 1009, pp. 26, figs. 12). — Cacao thrips {Physopus ruhrocincta) and the cacao beetle (Stcirastoma depressiim) are said to be the insect pests chiefly found in cacao orchards. Aphids, mealy bugs, the akee fringed scale {Asterolccanium pustulans), and the root borer of the sugar cane {Diaprcpcs abbrcviatus) are also mentioned as pests. Spraying machines and insecticides are briefly considered. Cryptorhynchus lapathi, J. Vanhoudenhove {Bui. Soc. Cent. Forest. Belg., 16 {1909), ho. 1, pp. 2.'{-21). — Attention is called to the importance of this curculionid, which was not included in the account of the enemies of the willow previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 857). The occurrence of the larvae of a parasitic fly (Protocalliphora chrysorrhoea) in bird nests in the vicinity of Shawnee, Pa., C. W. Miller {Worthington -Soc. Study Bird Life Bill. 2, pp. 8, pU. 7/). — The author reports the occurrence in "Pennsylvania of the immature stages of this fly iu nests of the wood thrush, FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 357 robin, bluebird, niondow Inrk, ro(l-winso«l blackbird, wroii, Eiifrlish siiarrow. and catbird. He coik-IhiU's tliat tlie niair^ots do not rely upon tbo liesh of living birds for food, but tliat tlioy live for liio most part in tlio rubbish of nests. Pupa^ liavo Ixvn found jjarasitiztul I)y Xd.toiiia hicfivornis. A description of tbe fly i)rei)ared by D. W. Coqnillett is presented. Bee keeping in Massachusetts, B. N. Gatks (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Entl liuJ. 7.5, pt. 7, i>i>. SI~IO!), jit/s. 2). — In lliis account the autlior first reviews the history of bee keeijinj,' in .Massachusetts, which dates from 1644. To-day there are said to be at least 2,1(»(» persons in the State who derive some proht from their bees. The 1,()."»() I)ee keepers who reported in the spriiif,' count of lOOO had 5.s;}9 colonics, or an avei-aj^e of about ~<.~> colonies. There were but three per- sons who report T-"* to 100 coloilies in tlicir yards and but two who had more than 100 colonies. The number of amateur bee keepers is reduced throujih the droppin.i,' out of 50 per cent of the beginners duiin^' the first ;"> years. "The more important honey sources, as reported by the l)ee keepers in all parts of the State, are clovers, golden-rod and asters, fruit bloom, basswood, wild raspberry and blackberry, sumac, and locust. Some other plants, such as clethra and huckleberry, are of local importance and some listed as of minor importance are probably underestimated. " The Italian race in varying degrees of purity is most i)opular. The German or ' black ' still persists, but is rarely found pure. " Twenty-five per cent of the bee keepers still use box hives to some extent. The presence of box hives is most noticeable in the back country, where modern methods ])enetrate less niiiidly. Of the frame hive types, the one standard for the country, the I.angstroth, is most generally used. "The loss in the winter of l!)00-7 was 16 to 17 per cent, which taxed the bee keepers nearly $5,000. By far the majority winter their bees on summer stands, protected in various ways or un]n'otected. A few take advantage of cellar wintering, but most of those who follow this practice are not especially proficient. "A thousand colonies or more are annually used in cucumber greenhouses. Since practically all of these colonies are useless after coming out of the houses, there is a constant demand and sale for bees. " The queen-rearing industry is limited to a few persons and late springs make it difticnlt to compete with southern producers. " The chief enemy reported is the bee moth. There is great doubt, however, if the damage attributed is really and primarily due to it. There is, on the other hand, sufficient reason to believe that disease is primary and that destruc- tion by the moth is secondary." Gipsy and brown-tail moths are also reported as interfering severely with apiculture in the eastern part of the State." A list of the more important articles on bee keeping in Massachusetts is ai)pended. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Wheat and flour testing, R. Harcourt {Ann. Rpt. Onlario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 3'/ (1908), pp. 79-87). — Tests were made of the baking qualities of a number of varieties of winter wheats grown on the college experimental plats. The general plan included 3 tests with each variety. The better quality of loaf noted with many of the samples in the second baking is, according to the author, attributable to the improvement of the flour on storage for the 6 months which had elapsed between tJie 2 tests. " Taking the third baking as a basis of comparison, the largest loaf was got with Crimean Red, which had a volume of 124.1 as compared with the standard 358 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. at too and an average quality of bread of 104. Rnda Testli bad a volume of 110.2 and an average quality of bread of 104.(), wbile Red Wave bad a volume of only 91.0 and an average quality of 97.3." " Tbe ideal wbeat is a beavy yielding variety baving good milling and baking characteristics. Yield naturally commands tbe first attention, but we can not get away from the fact that the wbeat is grown to be converted into flour which must have the necessary strength to produce a good loaf of bread." According to the author, there apiiears to be some relationship between yield per acre, weight per measured bushel, and quality of flour as indicated by size and quality of tbe loaf of bread it will produce. The following table summarizes tbe experimental data from this standpoint: Yield and iccight of wheat, and quality of flour eoinjiarcd. Number of samples. Average yield per acre. Average weight per measured bushel. Average size of loaf. Average quality of loaf. Bushels, 63.84 49.27 40. 52 Pounds. 61.78 62.05 62. 19 Per cent. 97.3 104.4 105. 3 Per cent. 98.5 30 samples yielding between 45 and 60 bushels per 100.2 23 samples yielding below 45 bushels per acre 100.3 "The above table shows that, taking the average of tbe results obtained for the individual wheats and flours, as tbe yield of wheat per acre decreased, tbe weight per measured bushel and the size and quality of tbe loaf the flour was capable of producing, increased. "This statement, however, can not be applied to individual cases, for there are two or three of the very poorest bread making wheats in tbe last or lowest yielding group." Report of experiments with six different fl.ours, to determine whether strong wheat or soft wheat flour is best for milk biscuits made with baking powder, Mary U. Watson {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, S'l {t'JOH), pp. 2.'i2-2Jfl). — Strong flours, soft flours, and a blend of two sorts were compared. The ingredients in making biscuits were weighed, oven temperatures and losses in weight were recorded, and an attempt was made to keep experi- mental conditions uniform. The general conclusions follow : " Otlier things being equal, soft wheat flours make tenderer milk biscuits than strong wbeat flour. " (iiven a strong wbeat flour dough and a soft wheat flour dough of etpial slackness and suitable for milk biscuits, tbe soft wbeat flour dough is the easier to handle. "At the present prices of the different flours tbe strong wheat flour biscuits cost more than soft wbeat flour biscuits. " It is possible that a larger proportion of fat used with the strong wheat flour would yield biscuits of tenderness equal to those of soft wheat flour, but the cost of fat makes that method of improvement a disadvantage." Milling and baking tests, C. E. Saunders {Canada E.rpt. Farms Rpts. J!)07, pp. 219-223). — Milling and baking tests with spring wheat, durum wbeat, and winter wheat previously reported (E. S. R., 19, p. SOI), are summarized and additional data are given regarding the effects of storage on wheat and flour. According to the author, " tbe amount of improvement both in strength and in color varies very much in the cases cited. In a few of the other flours studied, little or no change could be found. . . . From the work already done on this FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 359 subject it nppoars th;it the jiain in liakinji stron.^tli is uioro rai)i(l when the material is stored as tlitur than when stored as wheat ; but the change takes place in both cases and seems to reach the same limit in the end. . . . " It is to be hoped that before long the increased value of wheat which has been stored for a considerable time will be more fully recognized, and that such wheat will be sold at the enhance-l 06). —It is claimed that the form of wheat bread described jtossesses si)ecial advantages. An analysis is reported in comparison with corn bread. Table sirups, A. ]\Ic(iiLL {Lah. Inhiiid Rev. Drpt. Canada Bui. /77, pp. 13). — Data are given regarding the examination of 75 samples collected in different region^ in Canada. Of these, 39 consisted essentially of cornstarch glucose, with varying amounts of cane sugar; 23 were essentially cane sugar sirups, although several of them contained notable amounts of glucose; while the remaining 13 samples contained usually as much as 30 per cent cane sugar. 360 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOKD. " Mixed sirups, consisting of glucose sirup and true sirup, may be perfectly wholesome foods; as, indeed, may be true of glucose per se. But, in order to be perfectly honest articles of commerce, the fact of their composition should be made known to the purchaser. " The differences in taste and flavor between a true sirup and a glucose sirup, or a sirup made by mixing glucose with a true sirup, are quite well marked; and it may be urged that, so long as the purchaser tinds no fault on the ground of sweetness, flavor, and other qualities that appeal to the sense of taste, there is really no ground of complaint, even should he be, supplied indiscriminately with one or other of these articles. The nutritive properties (energy producing power) possessed by them may, so far as we know, be considered identical. . . . fDoubtless] there are many consumers wlio distinguish between cane sirup and glucose sirup ; and in the interest of such consumers, as well as for the purpose of making a clear statement of fact, ... [it seems] that table sirups should be sold under distinctive names, as for example, maple sirup, cane sirup, glucose sirup, mixed sirup, etc." The occurrence of oidiurti fungi on preserved fruits, Kuhl (PJiarni. Zentral- halle, 50 (1909), ISo. J6, pp. 317, 3/8).— The author studied the growth of this sort of mold under a variety of conditions, especially with reference to its growth on food products. He does not believe it should be regarded as harmless. Cashew nuts as a substitute for walnuts or almonds, AV. Theopold (Pharm. Zcntralhullr, J,9 (1008), No. 52, pp. 1057, 1058; obs. in Chcm. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 6. pp. .'i55, .'i56). — According to the author's analysis, cashews differ from walnuts and almonds in the presence of starch and in the iodin value of the fat. It is stated that cashew nuts are used in place of walnuts and almonds in making chocolate goods. Baking' powders, A. McOill (Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bid. 17.'/, pp. 27). — Of 158 samples of halving powders, 60 were cream of tartar, 84 alum phosphate, and 14 alum powders. The author discusses the keeping quality of baking powders, efficiency of different types as gas producers, and other questions, and reports determinations of the available, total, and residual gas, and of the excess of bicarbonate of soda in the different brands of powders. The average amounts of available carbon dioxid in the different brands of cream of tartar powders was from 7.88 to 13.G8 per cent, in the alum powders from 0.55 to 11.27 per cent, in the alum phosphate powders 7.44 to 11.13 per cent, and in a cream of tartar-alum powder, 16.84 per cent. In the author's opinion, a minimum limit of 10 per cent of available gas would be quite rea- sonable, and he believes that there is no necessity for having on the market any baking powder with less than this quantity. " When the reaction between the bicarbonate of soda and the acid present in the powder is completed, the further addition of acid will cause the evolu- tion of more carbon-dioxid gas, ])rovi(led that an excess of bicarbonate of soda is present in the powder. The amount of such gas evolved affords a measure of the excess of bicarbonate in the powder. It must be untjerstood that this additional gas, while available to the analyst in the laboratory, is not avail- able to the cook, in ordinary baking ojierations. . . . [Such gas is termed * residual carbon dioxid ' and the quantity] should be small, in a carefully prepared powder. " The starch component in a baking powder is of no importance, except so far as the presence of a high percentage of starch necessitates a lowered per- centage of the active components. On account of its high acidity burnt alum permits the use of a high starch percentage, and it is no unusual thing to find from 45 to 50 per cent of starch in alum powders. Alum phosphate powders FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 361 usually contain from 35 to 4n per cent of starch. As already shown, a good creaui of tartar powder can not contain much above 20 per cent of starch. This may. however, be considerably increased without lowering the efficiency of the powder, if free tartaric acid Is made to take the place of an i-qual weight of cream of tartar. "Sulphate of lime (terra alba) is an undesirable filler. It is usually present in phosphate powders, as the acid phosphate of lime is manufactured by treat- ment of the neutral phosi)hate with sulphuric acid, leaving in the product an equivalent weight of sulphate of lime. Less objection can be taken to this modicum of sulphate of lime than to the addition of terra alba, as such, to the baking powder. While having no positively harmful effect, terra alba has the objectionable rpialities of great insolubility and total lack of food value. " It is sometimes claimed for it that being less hygj-oscopic than starch, it makes a better filler, enabling the powder to be kept longer without deteriora- tion. . . . [I'robably] the majority of consumers would jirefer some form of starch, and with reason." Ground cloves, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rcr. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 173, pp. li>). — Of 142 samples of ground cloves analyzed 74 were foimd to be genuine. Mustard, A. McGill (Lai). Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 176, pp. 11). — A considerable number of .samples of nuistard were examined with a view to the detection of adulteration. "The question of the amount of added matters which may be pei'mitted is serious, from the point of view of the use of nuistard as a domestic remedy, in blisters, poultices, emetics, etc. The nuistard of the pharmacopoeias permits, of no admixture. Mustard as a condiment is another matter, and the public should learn to rerogiiize the distinction between the two. Condimental mus- tard may be regarded as a substitute, in emergency, for the pharmacopceial mustard, but by no means to be confused with this last." Studies on cider and perry. I, Sulphite preservatives, H. E. Durham {•Jour. Hjig. [('ainhridi/i ]. D (I<)(i9), Xo. /, /)/>. 17-32). — According to the author's conclusi(»ns, further and more precise regulation is needed in Gi'eat Britain at an early date regarding the use of ]treservatives in food. " The additicm of sulphurous acid and sulphites to cider and perry needs regulation. "The permissible limit of addition of the substances should be expressed as ' total sulphur dioxid ' obtained by distillation with phosphoric acid. " .ludging from the iiractice of some makers, the addition of sulphites or other preservative is unnecessary, and from that of other makers whose i)rodiicts only contain relatively small proportions, the maximum legal limit of 'total sulphur dioxid' should be Idw: and at any rate not exceed 100 nig. per litor." Analytical studies of wine from the province of Caltanissetta, F. Car- Pi'-NTiEiu (Htaz. Hixr. .{(/r. Ilal.. ) i { HiO'.l). Xo. .?. ///». /67-/7N). — Analyses are reported and discussed. Roman wine. Vintage of 1907, F. Maggiacomo and G. Corso {Ann. R. Staz. Chiin. Ayr. Hpn: Roma, 2. srr., 2 {1907-8), pp. 361-368).— A number of analyses of Roman wines are reported. Boric acid in genuine Sicilian wines, E. Azzarki.lo {Gioi: ^ri. Xat. cd. Ecou. \ I'alcrnni]. 26 ilDOS). ji)). 2-21). — lioric acid occurs norm.ally in Sicilian wines, according to the author's investigations, the amount being dependent upon the character of the soil. The dead meat trade {Dcpt. Af/r. and Tech. lush: Trcland Jour., 0 {1009), No. 3, pp. .'il')-.'i2'h /''•'>■• ^')- — 111 view of the possibility of developing in Ireland a dressed meat industry similar to that carried on between the North of Scotland 362 EXPERIMENT STATION HECORD. and London, an investigation Avas made of the conditions nnder which the busi- ness is carried on. The question of the amount of capital involved, the transpor- tation of the meat, market classification, and similar topics are discussed. Meat trade in Paris in 1907, G. Cadoux (Jour. Hoc. ^fafis. Paris, .',9 (1908), No. 10, pp. 3.'/2-3//// ) .— A summary of statistical data. Concerning the fat of hens' eggs, R. Paladino (Bioclirin. ZiscKr., 11 (1909), No. //, j)p. 356-360). — According to the author's summary, the fat of egg yolk consists of a mixture of a liquid and a solid, the solid fat, which is of a light yellow color, being present in greater quantity. The liquid fat is oily and of a dark orange color. In both fats ole-ic, palmitic, and stearic acids are present, as well as considerable quantities of phosphoric acid together with iron and sulphur. Volatile acids were not present. Data regarding spectroscopic behavior are also given. It was possible to obtain lipochrom in these fats in characteristic yellow crystalline needles. Studies of the lecithin of egg yolk, H. jNIacLean (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 59 {1909), No. 3-4, pp. 223-229). — The author's conclusion is that the total nitrogen of the lecithin is to be regarded as nitrogen of cholin and compounds, as yet unknown, derived by cleavage from the cholin molecule. Concerning crab extract, H. Barschall (Arb. K. GsiuUitsamt., 30 (1909), No. 1, pp. 74-76; al)s. in Ztschr. Angeiv. Chem., 22 (1909), No. 16, p. 741). — Studies of the amount and distribution of the nitrogen are reported. Creatin and creatinin were not found. The effect of cooking on cellulose, Edna D. Day (Jour. Home Econ., 1 (1909), No. 2, p. 177). — It is commonly stated that the cell walls are ruptured when potatoes are boiled or baked, but the author states that such a condition has not been observed in the numerous investigations which she has made. When cells from cooked potatoes were examined it was found that the middle lamella which holds the cells together had dissolved and that the cells had separated from each other, but the cell walls were not ruptured. " If, how- ever, saliva is added to these unbroken cells, the starch filling them is very quickly digested, as shown by the fact that they no longer give the blue color with iodin, proving that the breaking of the cell wall is not at all essential for ease of digestion." The fireless cookbook, Margaret J. Mitchell (New York, 1909, pp. Xn+315, figs. 18) . — As the author states in the preface, " the aim of this book is to present in a convenient form such directions for making and using fireless cookers and similar insulating boxes, that those who are not experienced, even in the ordinary methods of cookery, may be able to follow them easily and with success." The early chapters give directions for making and using fireless cookers, methods of measuring food materials, tables for ready reference, and a large number of recipes, some of them original, especially adapted to the method of cookery under consideration. In most cases the number of persons the dish will serve is stated. The chapter on institution cookery discusses the problem with special refer- ence to the needs of small institutions, boarding house keepers, lunch room man- agers, and others whom the author believes might benefit in the saving of labor and expense if fireless cookers were introduced. For such cases recipes using large quantities are given. The appendix describes or suggests a series of ex- periments specially planned for students of household economics and illustrating the scientific as well as the practical side of the fireless cooker. The author also gives detailed directions for the making of homemade cookers for boiling and steaming food, insulated ovens for baking, insulated boxes for keeping foods cold, and similar devices. Economy of fuel, labor, and expense FOODS HUMAN Nt^TRTTION. 363 is claimed for the cooking tlovicos and economy of ice for those designed for the storage of cold foods. The country cooking' school, C. Rarnaud (Housekeeping Expt. Sta. [Conn.] Bui. 5, pp. .'/). — The need for instruction in coolcery in rural scliools is insisted upon. The autlior believes that such instruction is greatly facilitated by the use of stoves which burn denatured alcohol in gaseous form. The subject of Euch fuel in relation to rural instruction and cookery is considered at length. Food for the farm family, Fi.oua Rose (Cornell Count njnian, 6 (1909), i\'o. 5, pp. 13~i-l.i9). — In this general discussion of the subject the author con- siders the requirements of the diet and urges the importance of knowledge and intelligence on the part of individual housekeepers. Studies of the condition of Lombardy peasants, E. Gruner (Ann. 1st. Agr. [Milan], 7 (1903-6), pp. '/-SS, pis. 2). — Housing, hygienic conditions, incomes and expenditures, character of the food, and similar questions are discussed in continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 18, p. 1006). The report includes analy- ses of corn meal, bread, polenta, and other typical foods. Diet in the Philippines, C. F. Langworthy (Jour. Home Econ., 1 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 111-113). — Some data collected from a variety of sources are sum- marized and discussed. The ration allowance of the ordinary Filipino laborer, according to the calculations made, would supply 70 gm. protein and 2,340 calories per day on the basis of 120 lbs. body weight, or 88 gm. protein and 2.925 calories on the basis of ITiO lbs. Social life in the Philippines, A. Brown and P. Whitmarsii (Cooking Cluh Mug., 11 (1909), Xos. //, pp. 291-298, pis. 2, figs. 6; 5, pp. 39o-.',01, figs. J).— In this discussion of the living conditions of natives in the Philippines information regarding food supply and preparation and other similar questions is sum- marized. Food products in China, A. P. Wilder (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1909, Xo. S.'iSl, pp. l-'i-16). — In a discussion of Chinese conditions with reference to the possibilities for American trade in starclies, sirups, corn products, etc., some general information is given regarding food habits and similar topics. "The dietary of the natives in southern China is limited. It carries vege- tables and ' green stuff.' some iiork, and salted eggs, but sifts down to rice and fish as the substantials. When times are bad the sweet potato is even substituted for the rice. Cornstarch, so much in use ... [in the United States] for blanc manges and thickenings for gravies, etc., is not in demand, as the natives use for such purposes the water in which they have boiled their rice— congee water. This liquid when cold sets into a thick, viscous, and transi»arent jelly which is colored, sweetened, and eaten as we eat blanc mange. . . . " The use of flour is being extended. It is worked up into cakes." Recent development of industries and natural resources [in Japan], E. G. Babbitt (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1909, No. S-'/'i, PP- 213-222).— In this discussion of the industrial situation, labor, and related matters in Japan information is given regarding changes in food habits, wages, and living ex- penses. It is pointed out that there has been a gr.-idual increase in wages and a corresponding increase in the cost of living. " Bread, meat, and potatoes have been added to the former diet of the Japa- nese, wliich ccmsisted of fish and the vegetables indigenous to tlie country. The men at the front during the Russo-Japanese war were often fed on beef and bread or biscuits made from American flour, and tliis created a taste or api)etite which had to be catered to on their return, and other articles followed, so that during and after the war there was considerable increase in the use of meats and flour, canned goods, fresh and condensed milk, butter, and foreign foods generally. ^64 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "There were a great number of farm bands in the Japanese army dnrinj; the war, and the use of meat and other unusual articles of diet led to the increased demand for these commodities ou the return of these men from the front. This change is -felt less, however, among the farm hands than among any other classes, although more potatoes and bread are consumed by this class than was the case with them prior to the war with Russia." Report of Committee on Social Betterment, G. M. Kober (Reports of the PrcfiidvnVs: Homes Commission. Wnshiiiffton. D. C, 1908, [pt. 5], pp. 281, pis. //; Reprint, pp. 281, pis. .'/). — The Report of the Committee on Social Better- ment, which forms one of the reports of the Homes Commission appointed by President Roosevelt to study housing, sanitation, and social betterment in the District of Columbia, includes sections on such topics as Industrial and Per- sonal Hygiene, Alimentation and Foods (noted below). The Causes and Pre- vention of Infectious Diseases, Infantile Mortality, The Prevention of Per- manent Disabilities in Childhood, and The Scale of Wages and the Cost of Living, by the author of the report, papers on Good Food at Reasonable Cost (noted below), by C. F, Langworthy, Food and Home Betterment (noted below), by G. M. Kober and Emma M. Cross, Sociological Study of 1,251 Families, by G. H. Weber, The Business Relations of Wage-Earners, by J. B. Reynolds, and How to Benefit the Poor in the Slums, by W. F. Downey. The Sociological Study of 1,251 Families includes a summary and discus- sion of living conditions, income and expenditures, occupations, hours of labor, employment, and similar topics. Inquiries concei'ning the noon-day meals of wage-earners brought out the information that in 078 cases they were compelled to eat cold food, 750 carried dinner pails, and 205 " were reported as being accustomed to consume alcoholic beverages with their meals. The number in each case was greater among the white than among the colored wage-earners." As a whole the Report of the Committee on Social Betterment is a very valu- able document not only for the information which it provides regarding con- ditions in the District of Columbia, but also for the general discussions of social conditions and for the suggestions made for bettering existing conditions. Alimentation and foods (U. S. Senate, 60th Cong., 2. Session,' Doe. G.'i'h PP- 121-157). — This discussion of food problems with special reference to the need of wage-earners' families and the providing of a palatable, wholesome, and adequate diet at reasonable cost forms a part of the Homes Commission Report (see above), and includes three papers. The first, Alimentation and Foods, by G. M. Kober, is general in its nature and discusses the principles of nutrition, the composition of food, and similar topics. The second, (Jood Food at Reason- able Cost, is by C. F. Langworthy, and the third. Food and Home Betterment, is by G. M. Kober and Emma M. Ci'oss. The second paper discusses the general principles of nutrition especially with reference to families of moderate income, gives in tabular form the approximate weight and nutritive value of an average iiortion of a number of common foods, and explains the use of such data in calculating the food value of a meal and a day's ration. In the introduction to the third paper it is stated that sociological studies made with some 1,200 workingmen's families showed that 47(» families with an income of $500 or less expended 43.68 per cent of their annual income for food; 1.53 families with an income of from .$500 to $600 expended 43.59 per cent; 153 families with an income of from $600 to $700 expended 41.40 per cent; and 153 families with an income of from $700 to $800 expended 40.21 per cent. With a view to improving the diet of such families with respect to cost, nutritive value, and palatability, typical menus are suggested for v^^inter and FOOPR irUMAN NTTTRTTTON. 865 snmmor nso and a largo iiiiinlKM- oi' i-i'cijies f^ivcii of iiicxponsivc dislios fnuii which snch nu'iuis may ht> made up. Golden rules of dietetics, A. L. Benedict if>t. Loui.s, 1!)0S, pp. .'lOl). — In this volume the author has summarized and discussed data on physiolojiieal chemistry with special reference to nutrition, food re(iuiremeuts of tlie human body, dietary standards, quantitative estimation of food, cookery, the impor- tance of the different food constituents, and other general data, and also pre- sents chapters on infant feeding and diet in relation to various diseases. The volume is designed particularly for the use of medical practitioners. Linnaeus' lectures on diet, A. (). Lindfoks {Uppsala Univ. Aarsskr. 1007, Linurfcut »S'7.t. 2, jtp. 2 '/'J). — This translation was made from Linnjeus' origin:il ni.-iterial. Concerning the physiological protein minimum, L. Michaud (Ztfirlir. I'ln/siol. Vlinn., 59 {I'JO!)), A'o. 5-6, pp. Ji05-Ji!)J, pi. /).— The results of an ex- tended series of tests with dogs are reported in which different kinds of protein were studied with reference to the determination of the minimum amount re- quired for physiological processes. According to the author's summary, failure to maintain nitrogen equilibrium in former experiments with a quantity of protein equal to that excreted after long continued fasting is due, apart from resorption and circulation in the body, principally to the character of the proteid molecule. It must be assumed that when proteids are sujtplied the body selects those proteid cleavage products which are needed for the regeneration of body substance and rejects those not fitting for this purpose. The latter constitute the proteid materi;il in excess of that essential for attaining nitrogen equilibrium. In harmony with this theory it was found in the experiments reported that it was not possible to attain nitrogen equilibrium when the plant proteids, gliadin and edestin, dissimil;ir in character to the body proteids, were supplied in an amount eipial to the minimum excretion in fasting. On the other hand, nitrogen efiuilibrium was attained with such a quantity when the proteid se- lected was of the same character as the body proteid; that is, in the case of dogs with dog muscle, dog blood serum, or best of all, with a ground mixture of the internal organs of a dog. In the last case apparently the selective function of the body is done away with or reduced to a minimum. The greater the dif- ference between the proteid supply and the body proteid, the greater the difli- culty of attaining nitrogen equilibrium. The lack of extractives in plant proteids in comparison with animal proteids apparently did not exercise any marked effect. In fasting experiments a long fasting period is requircnl to attain the mini- nuim nitrogen excretion. If fasting periods and periods with food are alter- nated, it is possible to diminish nitrogen excretion to a small quantity, namely, 0.1 gm. ]ier kilogram body weight. Protein consumption in the animal body, C. A. Pekelhabing (Zcnthl. (Icsdin. riiiisiol. II. I'dth. mofficcchnvlx, n. ncr., ', iHX)!)), No. S, pp. 2S9-3tO).— In this address, delivered in Amsterdam, the author ])resents a digest and dis- cussion of data on the metabolism and utilization of pi'otein in the body. The influence of nitrogen-free energy-yielding substances upon the rate of protein cleavage, W. Fai.ta and A. Okion ( Bioclicni. Zfscin:, l.i (tDOS), \<>. !i-'i. pp. 2(i7-27'^). — Acc(n-ding to the i-csults of the authors' investigations, the comi'osition of standard diets may have a marked effect upon tlie rate of cleavage of tile supplementai-y ration in the bod.\- in exi)erimental work. The action of the most important digestive glands, the glands of the stomach and the pancreas, on fish and meat diets, W. N. Boi.uyreff (Arch. 366 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. y..S2, fat G0.2, nitrogen-free extract 5(>.J>S, crude tiber '>2.74. Corn meal was fed 8 days and botli animals retained good health. Tlie average percentages digested were protein - 79.81, fat 94.8, nitrogen-free extract 88.48, fiber 83.92. The wheat bran w'as fed 5 days, and the average percentages digested were protein 75.18, fat 06.47, niti'ogen-free extract 7.5.90, tiber 50.75. "The corn meal was made by grinding whole corn and sold f. o. b. at the mill for .$19 per ton. Barley dust contains all the hulls of barley, and our expei'iment shows it to be very high in crude tiber. For feeding purposes alone it is worth $5.25 per ton less than wheat bran and .$2.25 per ton less than oat dust. Nevertheless it sells readily for $1S per ton. Oat dust, on the other hand, sells for $S ])er ton and is worth for feeding purposes alone, when conii)ared with bran, $17 per ton. "These facts lead us to conclude: First, that the prices charged for by-prod- ucts from the mills are no indication of their actual feed value; second, that the by-products from different mills must vary greatly in com])osition, and in many cases the market price is set from the inferior article." The analyses and fertilizing value of the feeds are also given. Experiments comparing the relative merits of short and long periods of feeding, noted in previous years (E. S. R., 19, p. 1109), were continued. The basal ration was ground barley, bran, hay, straw, roots, and silage. Eight steers fed for 77 days made an average daily gain per head of 2.25 lbs., whereas a similar lot fed for 168 days made an average daily gain per head of 2 lbs. The short-fed steers have returned higher prices for meal consumed in each of the experiments for the past three years than have the long-fed steers. " So far as these results go, they indicate that steers which can be finished with about 2 months of feeding, may give fairly satisfactory returns with a spread of i ct. per pound between the buying and selling prices; but with steers which have to be fed 5 or 6 months, the feeder is hardly safe with a spread of less than 1^ cts. per pound. " The marked advantage of the short keep over the long keep steers is due to two things: (1) The greater original weight of the short keep steer, upon which the owner gets the advantage of the spread between the buying and selling price per pound; (2) the smaller amount of expensive meat which it is necessary for the owner to put upon the short keep steer to maki^ him tit for the market." An experiment was m;ide in feeding loose v. tietl steers and as in three pre- vious experiments the loose steers ate more than tied steers and made larger gains. A feeding experiment was made with pigs, lasting 120 days, in which dairy by-products were compared. The basal ration consisted of a grain mixture of barley, frozen wheat, and middlings. The group fed skim milk as a supple- mentary feed made an aA'erage daily gain per pig of 1.30 ll)s. With buttermilk as a supplementary ration the corres])onding gain was 1.2;> lbs., with ordinary whey 1.16 lbs., and with separated whey 1.07 lbs. With water and the basal ration the gain was 0.7 lb. 370 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. In an experiment in which liarley was compared with frozen wheat, one lot of pigs fed harley and middlings made an average daily gain per pig of 1.08 lbs. in 120 days. A lot fed frozen wheat and middlings made a corresponding gain of 1.1 lbs., and a lot fed a mixture of barley, frozen wheat, and middlings a gain of 1.18 lbs. Alfalmo and gluten feed for fattening steers, W. J. Kennedy (Iowa State Col. Agr. Rpt., 1D07-S, pp. lol, 152). — A basal ration of corn and hay was fed for 140 days to 34 steers divided into two equal lots. The lot fed a supple- mentary ration averaging 3.22 lbs. per day of alfalmo, a commercial feed, made an average daily gain of 2.42 lbs., and yielded a profit of .$1.50 per steer. The lot fed an average of 2.12 lbs. of gluten feed daily made an average daily gain of 2.11 lbs., and yielded a profit of $2.05 per steer. Steer feeding, J. M. Scott (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. XXIII-XXVII).— The data have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 1066). Cattle feeding- experiments in Britain, H. Ingle (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 21 (1909), pp. 796-25-)).— This Is a summary of over 200 feed- ing tests with cattle between 1838 and 1908. The data collected are presented in tabular form. The relation of feeds to the formation of renal calculi in rams, Ij. G. Michael et al. (loua State Col. Agr. Rpt., 1907-8, pp. lJf2-l.'iJi). — This is a pre- liminary report of a study of the effect of feeding roots on the excretion of nitro- gen and phosi)liorns by the kidneys. Mangels and sugar beets appear to affect the kidneys similarly. A small calculus was found in one kidney of a ram fed on sugar beets. The membrane about the calculus and extending down into the urethra was pigmented a decided black. In the kidney of a ram feil mangels the same kind of pigmentation oc- curred but no calculus was present. Both rams gained in weight throughout the experiment. The sugar beet-fed ram dressed 52.52 per cent of the live weight, the mangel-fed ram 48.9 per cent, and the dry-fed ram 41.92 per cent. "The bodies of the sugar-beet ram and the mangel ram were much fatter than the dry-fed ram. This was especially true of the superficial fat about the kidneys. The increase in fat accounts for the gains in weight ' made by the root-fed rams and in part for the low percentage of body nitrogen. . . . On a fat free basis, the carcass of [the dry fed] ram contains 28.25 per cent protein, [the mangel fed] ram 30.28 per cent, and [the sugar beet] ram 30.56 per cent. This shows that the feeding of mangels and sugar beets is accompanied by a replacement of the ' red-fiesh ' of the animal by fat. The disappearance of the flesh is largely due to the washing out of the nitrogen by the large amount of water ingested with the roots. . . . ' " These roots containe-h " i-c.^istcrcd pulli'ls" ( (liui.t,'lilors of 200-et;R bens) are compared with their motliers and with unret;islered pullets in respect to efijr production wlien j^iven tlie same treatment as to housinj;. feeding, and care. Two hundred and titty liarred Plymouth Kock pullets, each the (hiu.^hter of a 200-egg heu, were divided into five equal flocks. All the birds were trap nested from November 1, 1907, to July 1, 1908. The registered mother hens averaged to lay 58^S eggs per bird between November 1 and March 1, or a iiercentage produc- tion of 40.5. .The daughters averaged 15.29 eggs per bird, a percentage produc- tion of 12.7. The egg production of the registered mother hens in the S]iring months, from March 1 to July 1, averaged 59.1.'} eggs, a percentage production of 04.4. The daughters averaged 40.(51 eggs, a percentage production of ,59.7. " There is no reason whatever to suppose that these averages would have been any nearer together if records for the daughters had been taken for the whole year." Constants of variation and correlation measuring the degree of inheritance were determined. The constants of variation were found to be as follows: The standiird deviation of variation in egg production of the mothers when un- weighted in winter was 14.00±1.2, in spring 7.7.3±0.00; of the mothers when Aveighted w-ith their fecundity in wnnter ]4.93±0.51, in spring 8.41±0.3, in total production 12.09±0.45; of the daughters in winter l(i.l±0.55, in spring 1S.1± 0.04, in total production 2e.3S±0.94. The coefficient of variation in egg produc- tion of the unweighted mothers in winter was 25.2±2.29, in spring 13.07±1.13; when weighted with their fecundity in winter 20.57±0.97, In spring 13.8±0.49, in total production 9.32±0.33 ; of the daughters in winter 101.14±0.44, in spring 38.eG±1.54, in total production 35.43±1.41. The coefhcient of con-elation betw(>en mothers and daughters in winter egg production was — 0.008±:0.048, in spring egg production +0.023iii0.050, total egg production — 0.055 ±0.050 ; between the mother's individual performance and her daughter's average performance in winter — 0.329±0.108, in spring +0.034± 0.121. The daughters show a greater variation than their mothers, but there appears to be no appreciable correlation between daughter and mother in respect to egg production ability. " The data so far obtained do not indicate that egg-produciug ability is sensibly and directly inherited bet%veen mother and daughter. There may be such an inheritance but further data are needed to demonstrate it." Six hundred " unregistered pullets " which received precisely the same treat- ment but whose mothers were birds ];>ying l)etween 150 and 200 eggs in their pullet year were tested. The egg production of 350 of these is shown in the form of frequency distributions. The means and constants of variation were deduced and compared with the registered pullets. " The mean egg production of the ' registered ' pullets (daughters of ' 200-egg' hens) is, with a single exception, smaller than the egg production of the ' uni-eg- istered ' birds (not daughters of '200-egg' hens), regardless of the season of the year or of the size of the pens in which the ' unregistered ' birds were kept. The single exception to this rule is found in the comparison with reference to spring production between the 'unregistered' birds kept in a flock of 10p. 13S-l.'i2, fig. J). — Herd records are reported, to- gether with feeding trials in which oats and bran were contrasted witli Schumacher and Molac dairy feeds. The average yields of milk per day per cow were as follows : In the first experiment with oats and bran, 25.71 lbs. of milk containing 3.85 per cent fat, and with oats and Molac, 25.57 lbs. of milk containing 3.76 per cent fat; in a second experiment, oats and bran, 35.45 lbs. of milk containing 3.68 per cent fat, and with bran and Schumacher feed, 33.43 lbs. of milk containing 3.45 per cent fat; in a third experiment, bran and oats, 26.83 lbs. of milk containing o.OS per cent fat, and with Molac and Schumacher feeds, 27.93 lbs. of milk containing 3.74 per cent fat. " The amount of Molac fed in the first experiment was less than the amount of bran, and the Schumacher fed in the second experiment was less than the amount of oats. It might have been more satisfactory had the amomits been equal in each case, but the i-eduction was made because it is claimed that Molac contains more nutriment than bran, and that Schumacher contains mor<' iiutrinieut than oats, and an attemiit was made to equalize the rations." The grape as a feed for dairy cows, G. Fascetti and N. Fotticchia (Agr. Mod., 1.1 { 190!)), A'o.s-. JS, pp. 110-112; 1',, pp. 188-190; 16, pp. 2i2-2/.'/).— Grapes were mixed with a ration of bran, maize cake, meadow hay, and alfalfa and foinid to he palatable and nutritious. They were estimated to be worth about 4 lira per quintal (about 35 cts. per 100 lbs.) as a dairy feed, which is some- what higher than would be expected from a chemical analysis, which was as follows: I'rotein, 0.862; fat, 0.30G ; nitrogen-free extract, 16.711 per cent. Importance of the dairy industry for the Latin- American countries {lioJ. Min. Agr. [Buenos Aires], 10 (1908), No. 3, pp. 2,'/0-„^6*2).— Statistics are pre- sented as a basis for showing the importance of making more progress in the dairy industry in South American countries. Pure milk and the public health, A. 11. AVard and M. E. Jaffa (Ithaea, N. Y., 1909, pp. XIII -f 218, figs. 11). — This is a manual for the milk and dairy inspector, in which are assembled facts needed by the health officer and others directly concerned in the crusade for better milk. The principal topics treated are equipment of a sanitary dairy plant, proper methods of handling milk, the changes in milk caused by bacteria, epidemic diseases transmitted by milk, 376 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. municipal sanitary control, and tlio methods of microscopical, bacteriological, and chemical examination of milk. Each chai)ter is accompanied b.v a list of references hearinji on the snb.iect discussed. Voluntary stall and milk control by the Verein Berliner Molkereibesitzer, SCHKOTEE {rure rnxlHCf^, 6 {W09), No. 5, pp. 2;27-22.'M.— This is a brief account of an association of dairymen in the vicinity of Berlin whose ob.iect is to pro- duce clean and pure milk at a moderate cost. The character of the product has been materially raised since the formation of the association. The expense of insi)ectins herds, stables, and methods of milking is met by the members. Milk records, J. Speir {Trans. Highland and Agr. 8oc. Scot., 5. ser., 21 (1900), pp. 175-196). — An account of the work of the milk record societies in Scotland for the year 1908. During the year 8,132 cows were tested, more than twice as many as were tested the year before. Investigations on the milk production of goats, Weber { Milch w. ZentljL, 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 193-208). — The author reviews the work of other investi- gators on the yield of milk and milk fat by goats and furnishes some additional data from which it appears that the annual yield of a goat equals about 10 times its own weight or 500 kg. of milk, containing from 2.6 to 2.7 per cent fat. The literature on the subject is appended. Influence of temperature on milk yield, J. Speir (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. Scot., 5. scr., 21 (1909), pp. 255-306). — This is an account of experiments in the production of milk in winter under free v. restricted ventilation. Ex- periments were made on 5 different farms and involved 100 cows. From the tabulated data the author concludes that rather more milk has been produced under conditions of free ventilation than where ventilation was restricted, but until these results have been corroborated by other trials it will be in.iudicious to consider that this will invariably happen. It is unques- tionable that the general health of the cows will be better under free than under restricted ventilation. Investigations on the milk of spayed cows, J. Kossmeisl (Biochcm. Ztschr., 16 (1909), No. 2-3, pp. 16.'i-181). — Work of other investigators is reviewed and the author reports results of his own work on milk from 5 spayed cows. In all cases the annual production of milk was increased and in 4 of the cows the percentage of fat. In 2 cows the lactation period was shortened. Three of the cows gained in body weight and 2 lost. [Report of] the professor of dairy husbandry, H. H. Dean (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 31f (1908), pp. 97-127).— A trial of the Hart casein test (E. S. R., 19, p. 707), with 22 samples gave results 0.04G4 per cent higher than by chemical analyses. In only 1 case was the difference more than 0.2 per cent, and in most cases the difference was less than 0.1 per cent. It was found that this test was not adapted for composite sampling. In a study of the variation of the casein conteiit of milk of 9 individuals representing 3 different breeds, the average percentage of casein in the Hol- stein milk was 2.15, in the Ayrshire 2.39, and in the Jersey 2.56. The relation of milk casein to milk fat by breeds was Holsteius, 0.63 lb. casein per pound of fat in the milk, Ayrshires, 0.61, and Jerseys, 0.53. Among the Holsteins the extreme variation in the percentage of fat in one day's milk was from 3.2 to 4.6. The casein varied from 1.8 to 3.6. but the extremely high tests were at a time when the cows were nearly "dry and were being milked but once a day. "The variation in the ]>ercentage of casein in milk does not appear to be so great as is the variation in the percentage of fat in milk. Generally speaking, milk with a high percentage of fat contains also a high percentage of casein, but the increase of the casein is not relatively so great as the fat." DATKY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 377 Tho effoct of casoiu on Iho eontont of fat in milk is prosr>nt(Hl in tabular form. "As cows advanco in laotation they tond to incroaso in both tho perccMitaso of fat and casein in thoir milk. This is more niarkod when we compare the milk just before ' dryins; up' with that given soon after freshening. The evidence as to the effect of season on the percentage of casein in milk is somewhat con- flicting." Two series of experiments were conducted to determine the relation of casein in milk to tlie quantity and quality of the cheese produced. " The average casein tests of the vats of milk in the cheese room were lowest and fairly uniform for the months of April (2.3), May (2.28), and July (2.31). The highest vat tests were for June (2.46), September (2.45), and Octolier (2.61). All the testimony seems to agree that the June milk is comparatively liigh in casein. " The cheese experiments confirm previous conclusions, viz., that the yield of cheese is not in proportion to the fat in the milk. The pounds of cheese per pound of casein in the milk were fairly uniform throughout the season, the extreme variation by months being 3.87 to 4.1. . . . " The addition of the factor 2, to the percentage of fat in the milk, makes a fairly reliable basis for distributing proceeds of sales at cheeseries. At present, we do not think daily, or weekly testing of milk for casein is practicable in fac- tory worlv, but a Hart casein tester along with the Babcock tester ought to be a part of the equipment in every cheese factory, to be used as I'equired." Experiments were made in making butter from whey. It was found that about 2* lbs. of fair quality butter could be made from 1,000 lbs. of whey, but that it did not pay to make whey butter in small factories. It is advisable to pasteurize the whey wherever possible. In a study of moisture in butter and cheese, 1.5 comparative tests of butter made with the high and low pressure oven and with samples varying in weight from 2.5 to 20 gm., gave average results of 14.69 per cent moisture by using the high-pressure oven at a temperature of 250 to 300° F., and 14.36 per cent by the low-pressure oven with temperatures of 212 to 219°. Whether the tendency for slightly higher results by using the high-pressure oven " was due to more complete drying or to oxidation of some of the fat, we are unable to say, but are inclintM^I to think it was due to the latter, as the fat always appeared darker in color from the samples placed in the oven at the higher temperature. How- ever, we do not think that any serious error is likely to be introduced by using the high-pressure oven, and as the results are got more quickly as compared with the low7pressure oven, we ai'e inclined to faA'or the former." . . .' The average of 24 experiments with cheese where curds were not stirred gave 55.062 per cent moisture in the curds at the time of dipping, whereas similar experiments where the curds were stirred averaged 48.468 per cent. In the green cheese the average percentages of moisture in the 24 lots from curds not stirred was. 35.664, and from the lots stirred in the usual way 34.877. The mar- ketable cheese from curds not stirred showed an average of 35.017 per cent, while the lots from stirred curds tested an average of 34.771. Tlie advantage of not stirring lies in the saving of labor and of the milk solids remaining in the cheese after the moisture has evaporated. Coagulating agents other than rennet have proved unsatisfactory because more solids were left in the whey. Milk solids lost in making cheese from over- ripe milk were about tlie same as from normal milk, which is contrary to the connnon l)eli(^f. The curds from the lots of overripe milk remained in the whey an average of 53 minutes. The yield of ripe cheese i)er 1.000 lbs. of milk was 91.3 lbs. with an average score of 93.3. The total solid^ in the milk averaged 378 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 12.1G. and the solids in the whey averaged 6.S per ceut. The curds from the normal lots were in the whey an average of 2 hours and 55 minutes, and yielded 04 lbs. of cheese per 1.000 lbs. milk, with an average score of 95. The milk averaged 12.24 per cent solids, while the whey contained 6.71 per cent solids, or an average of but 0.09 per cent less than did the whey from the over- ripe milk. Fifteen experiments were made with curds from normal milk, comparing a perpendicular curd knife made of fine wire and having the wires i in. apart with a coarser wire knife having the wires § in. apart. Altogether there were 12,822 lbs. milk used, testing an average of 3.71 per cent fat. The whey from the lots cut with the fine knife tested an average of 0.23 per cent fat, and that from the lots cut with the coarser wire knife tested 0.26 per cent. The yields of ripened cheese per 1,000 lbs. milk w^ere 95.3 and 95.7 lbs., and the average scores 93.6 and 93.9 respectively. It is stated that it is difficult to account for the increased yield of cheese by using the coarse knife, except that the latter cheese may have contained more moisture. The common method of pressing curds was compared with a gradual, light pressure. The results indicated that light, gradual pressing produces more cheese and that both green and ripe cheese contain the slightly less moisture. Heavy pressure applied at once to curds yielded about the same amount and quality of cheese as the common method of pressing. Two experiments were made to note the effect of adding 0.25 per cent of borax to curds at the time of adding salt. Very little difference was found in the general quality, and it would appear that under these conditions preservatives have little or no effect upon the cheese. In studying the temperature of w^ash water in butter making it was found that in the months of April and May butter washed with water at a tempera- ture of 58° F. gave an increased overrun of about 0.5 per cent, as compared with lots washed with water at 50°. "This extra overrun appears to have been practically all extra moisture in the butter, as the tests for moisture indi- cated about 0.5 per cent more water in the lots washed in water at the higher temperature. There was little or no difference in the quality of the butter, either when fresh or when held for a month or more." In an experiment in pasteurizing cream a smaller yield but a better quality of butter was obtained than with raw cream. In the experiment with preservatives, borax produced no marked difference in grain and quality from that with a commercial preservative. On the changes in the acidity of milk by heating, W. Van Dam (Milchio. Zenfbl., 5 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 15.\, 155). — In continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 20, p. 1178), the author finds that though the potential acidity of milk is decreased by heating, the concentration of hydrogen ions is increased. Investigations on milk serum, H. LIjhrig (Molk. Ztg. [Hildcsheim'l, 22 (190S). No. .'i5, pp. 1291-1293; abs. in Rev. GVh.. Lait, 7 {1909), No. 12, p. 2S4; Milchio. Zentbl., 5 (1909), No. 3, p. 132). — The si>ecific gravity of serum from milk that coagulates spontaneously was found to be lower than that obtained by coagulation with acetic acid. The ash content of the serum is not altered when the serum is preserved for a considerable time. On the reducing properties of milk and the Schardinger reaction, R. Troms- DORFF (CentbJ. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., J/9 (1909), No. 2, pp. 291-301; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 12, pp. 1030, 1031; Jour. Chem. Soc. [London'], 96 (1909), No. 558, II, p. 330). —The author reviews the work of other investi- gators and describes his own experiments. He concludes that fresh milk which is germ free contains no reductases, although it gives a characteristic reaction DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 379 to formalii. and methylene blue. The nature of the " Schardinger ferment" is not known. The literature on the subject is appended. On the identity of the milk coagulating and the proteolytic ferments, W. W. S.\wrrs'Mi {Zl.schr. Physiol. Cheni., J.T (1908), .Yo. /. /. S'l-KHi; aha. in Milchw. Zenthl., 5 (1900), No. 2, pp. 95, 96). — From the investigations re- ported, the author thinks that the proteolytic and coagulating enzyms ai'e identical. Rennet, J. Effront {Man it. -S'ci., //. .scr., 23 (1909), I, No. S09. pp. 305-325).— This is a review of the more important work by the author and other investi- gators concerning the nature of rennet and its action on the coagulation of milk when modified by chemical and physical agents. Action of rennet at different temperatures, C. Gerber (Compt. Rend. Acad. ScL [Paris], 1J,1 {190S). No. 2',, pp. 1320-1322; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Lon- don], 96 {1909), No. 557. I, p. i96").— This is a study of the deviations from the law that the time required to coagulate a given quantity of milk is inversely proportional to the amount of ferment added. It was found that these devui- tions increase with the temperature and are largest with rennet that contains a high proportion of saline matter. Hydrochloric acid, and in a greater degi-ee, calcium chlorid, accelerates the action. Studies of buttermilk, A. Burr {Milch Ztg., 3S {1909), Nos. 1, pp. 2-5; 2, pp. 13-16; 3, pp. 27-29; Jf, pp. 1)0-42). — ^A review of investigations on the chem- ical, physical, and physiological properties of buttermilk. Some bacteriological investigations of dairy products, H. Weigmann, H. Huss, and A. Wolff (Milchic. Zen f hi., 5 {1909), No. 1, pp. 2-12).— Numerous samples of abnormal milk and milk products were examined and found to be due either to bacteria, yeasts, or molds. The cause and nature of bitter milk, A. Wolff {Milchic. Zenthl., 5 {1909), No. 2, PI). 67-73; abs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 11, p. 931).— The author found large numbers of bacteria on the leaves of grass, white clover, and yarrow where cattle were feeding. About 80 per cent belonged to the coli grouj). Uuless the udders of cows are ^\■ashed these bacteria may fall into the milk pail in sufficient numbers to cause the bitter taste often noticed. On some fungi that produce the turnip taste in butter, H. Weigmann and A. Wolff iCenthl. liakt. [etc.]. 2. Aht.. 22 (1909). No. 2'i-25. pp. 657-671, i)ls. 6).— A continuation of earlier work (E. 8. R.. 20, p. ISO). Penicillium hrevicaule and several other fungi, which were present in large numbers in the food and litter of stables and were thought to be the cause of the turnip flavor in milk, were isolated and grown as pure cultures. Descrip- tions of each fungus are given in detail and their relationships are discussed. What micro-organism contributes to the formation of the reddish-yellow coloring matter on the upper surface of cheese in curing cellars, A. Wolff {Milehw. Zenthl.. 5 {1909). No. J,, pp. ///.J-i.Ji).— This is a study of the super- ficial flora of cheese. Descriptions are given of 9 species of bacteria, some of which are new, which the author obtained from the surface of Tilsiter, Konia- dour, and cream cheeses. On the red spots of Emmenthal cheese produced by Bacterium acidi propionic! rubrum, J. Tiioni and O. Allemann {Landic. Jahrh. Schtceis, 22 {I90S). No. 2. pp. 'iH-52. pi. I ; Rev. G&n. Lait, 7 {1909), No. II. pp. 21,1-251; ahs. in Milchw. Zenthl.. J, {1908), No. 11, p. 5/8).— Cultures of a bacterium taken from abnormal red spots of Emmenthal cheese were plated and its char- acterisstics found to be similar to the organisms found by Von Freudcnreich and Jensen (E. S. IJ.. IS. i). 177). As the new species has also the i)ower to prixluce a red pigment as well as i)ropionic acid, the authors have named it B. aeldi propioniei rubruni. 380 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. "Soaked" and '< washed " curd (N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amci: Cream., 28 (J!)Ofl), No. 1, pp. 2S, 2!>).- — This is a symposium by different cheese makers. Cheese curd may sometimes be improved by washing in order to remove defects. If cheese is nllowed to soalc for 5 or 10 minutes so much moisture is absorbed that its quality is impaired, but there is a difference of opinion as to how Ions cheese may remain in tlie water before it shall be branded as soaked curd cheese. In the execution of pure food laws in many cases it is difficult for the inspector to draw the line between soaking and a beneficial washing unless the law defines the amount of moisture that cheese may contain. Cheese making for small holders, J. Benson {Jour. Bd. Ayr. [London'], 16 (1009), No. 2, pp. 89-99). — The author points out the internati(mal reputa- tion of small cheeses made in France, where the holdings are small, and thinks that small fancy cheeses of distinct types should be made in England. Methods are described for making two varieties of pressed cheese and two varieties of soft cheese which can be made on a small scale. [A study of guava jelly], J. Belling {Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. OF-" CIX). — The aim of this experiment was to ascertain a condition for making a product uniform in consistency, taste, and color. Studies were made of pre- liminary heating, final temperature, color, and the effect of different percentages of water, sugar, and acid. "The preliminary heating of the fruit is essential to make the juice pass readily through the filtering cloth. It also seems to lielp in extracting the flavor. This flavoring quality does not appear to reside in the oil glands of the rind. An analysis . . . showed that the juice from guava fruit which had been steamed for half an hour in a double boiler, contained 9.6 per cent of total solids as compared with 5.9 per cent in the juice pressed out of the uuheated fruit. Probably some of these extra solids are pectins extracted by the action of the hot acid of the fruit. This acid in both cases was about 1^ per cent of the juice and the juice formed more than half of the weight of the fruit. . . . " The best jelly made was obtained by using equal parts of undiluted juice and sucrose without adding any water and boiling to 113° C. It was clear pink, quite firm, not sticky, and was voted of excellent flavor. . . . A- jelly can be made with only one-quarter as much pure guava juice as sugar; yet, since a well-flavored jelly is what is required, it would seem better to use equal quan- tities of juice and sugar. . . . " In the boiling of guava jelly some acid (the natural acid of the ripe fruit) is absolutely necessary to change much of the sucrose into invert sugar, and if this does not take place then the sucrose crystallizes out. Too much acid (and probably too prolonged boiling) seems to make the jelly sticky from the excess of invert sugar, and also to alter the pectin so that it will not gelatinize. . . . " The depth of color seems to be increased by additional amount of acid, pro- longed boiling, and higher temperature at which the boiling is stopped." General directions are given for making guava jelly and guava juice. Experiments with fruit drying, G. Lind (K, Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Jft {1908), No. 5-6, pp. J,03-J,23, figs, io).— Different drying houses and machines used in the manufacture of dried fruit are described and illustrated. The technique of desiccation, O. Bechstein {Sci. Amer. Sup., 67 {1909), No. n-'i.2. pp. 332-33 'i. flgs. 16). — This is a brief account of the growing im- portance of the artificial drying of agricultural products. The kinds of appa- ratus used in drying, which are figured and described, are an apparatus for drying si)ent beet chips by means of gases at a temperature of 1,500° F., a stationary and a portable dryer for beet tops and leaves, potatoes, hay, etc., and a roller dryer for drying potatoes and potato flakes, milk, yeast, blood, and other substances by steaming the material and then working into flakes. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 381 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Eleventh report of the Maryland Live Stock Sanitary Board and State veterinarian ( A'y//. Md. Lire stuck Sanit. lid. mxl Stulc \'(f.. II (1907), pp. 52). — Brief roiiorts (ui the jterittd from Deeeiuher 1, r.Mi.'.. to .\'oveiul)er 30, 1907, are presented by the chief veterinarian inspector (pp. .■>-S), and by the live stock sanitary board di]). 0-12). The two addresses j;iven, one by A. D. Melvin entitled Futtn-e Work in Kradicatinj; Tnberculosis (pp. 13-20), the otheV by J. 11. Mohler and II. J. Washburn entitled Tuberculosis in Hogs, with Special Reference to its Suppression (pp. 21-.")2). have l)een previously noted (E. S. li.. 20. pp. !),si. <.)S2). Fourth annual report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1907, S. II. Wakd et al. (Ann. Rpt. Minn. Live Stock Sanit. Bd., J, {1!)07), pp. 76, pis. J/). — Reporting upon tuberculosis it is said that the rua.iority of the large breeders of the State have had their herds tested with tuberculin. A table given by counties of cattle tested and killed on account of the disease shows a total of 18,022 cattle that have been tested, of which 1,105 were killed. A srualler number of outbreaks of glanders was recorded during the year than at any other time. A serious outbreak of hog cholera was experienced during the year. Notwithstanding the many outbreaks of rabies that were experienced during tjie winter, it was impossible to obtain any legislation along any line looking to the control of the disease. A number of complaints were received of losses from stomach worms of sheep. Reports of verminous bronchitis were received during the winter months and occasioned some losses. A report on bacteriology by W. L. Beebe (pp. 31— IS) includes detailed ac- counts of trips made to investigate disease outbreaks and the results of bac- teriological examinations. The diseases thus reported are rabies, hemorrhagic septicemia, swamp fever. tul>ercuiosis, maladie du coit, diarrhea in cattle, vul- vitis in cattle, malignant catarrh, and iufiueuza. Under the title Dissemination of Tuberculosis by the Manure of Infected Cattle, M. H. Reynolds presents a report (pp. 49-58) of investigations pre- viously noted from another source (E. S. R., 10, p. 080). Fifth annual report of the Minnesota State Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1908, S. II. Wakd et al. (Ann. Ri>t. Minn. Live Stock Sdiiit. fid.. 5 (1008). pp. 39, pis. .'/). — About 15 cities require the tuberculin testing of their dairy cattle and 27,000 cattle have been tested during the year. During this i)eriod there was a total of 206 outbreaks of hog cholera in 23 counties. Work upon swamp fever is being carried on at the station in cooperation with the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department. Several outbreaks of Johne's disease were encountered during the year and one outbreak of anthrax api)eared. Stomach worms caused more or less loss to flock owners and there were several outbreaks of blackleg. In a report on bacteriolog.v by W. Ij. Beebe (pp. 22-.32) details are .given of investigations made of outbreaks of anthrax, suspected hemorrhagic sei)ticemia, forage poisoning, swam]) fever, suspected ptomaine poisoning in hogs, malignant catarrh, and .lohne's disease. Second annual report of the Live Stock Sanitary Board, 1908 (Ann. Rpt. Live Stock Sanit. lid. N. Dak., 2 (U)0.. Li9, ids. JO, fif/. /).— Tliis report covers the year endetl November 1. 1008. Glanders and glanders-farcy are .said to have re. 2D, fig. J ; uhs. in Jour. Anicr. Med. As.soc, 52 (lOOO), No. 21, pp. J67!), 1680, fig. 1). — In this circular the authors consider the nature and characteristics of the disease, its occurrence in man, and give a history of recent outbreaks. Various theories as to the source of infection in the recent out- break, such as its introduction with imported live stock, by immigrants carrying the virus on their clothing, its entry through hay or straw used for packing, or in biological products, are then discussed, and investigations conducted l)y the authors, including experiments with vaccine virus, are reported in detail. It is shown that the recent outbreak of tlie disease in this c(mntry started from calves used to propagate smallpox vaccine virus and that the outbreak in 1902-3 probably had a similar origin. " Tlie vaccine virus used on these calves Inis been proved to contain the infection of foot-and-mouth disease. ... It is probable that the foot-and- mouth infection got into tlie vaccine virus in some foreign country where the disease prevailed, and was introduced into the United States through the importation of this contaminated vaccine. " The symbiosis between the infections of vaccinia and foot-and-mouth disease is especially interesting. Animals vaccinated with the mixed virus, as a rule, show only the lesions of one of these diseases, viz, vaccina ; nevertheless the infectious principle of foot-and-mouth disease remains in the vaccinal eruption." Plague bacilli in ecto-parasites of squirrels, G. W. McCoy {Pub. Health and Mar. Hasp. Sen: U. S., Pub. Health Rpts., 2.) {1909), No. 16, p. Jpo).— Baeillus pest is was proved to be present in the bodies of the flea {Ceratophijlhis acutus) taken from infected ground squirrels {Citeilus beechyi), also in feces passed during 72 hours succeeding its removal from the host. It was also proven to be present in a louse (probably Ha'niatopiaus montanus) taken from jilague infected siiuii'rcls. Bacillus lactimorbi, n. sp. Its relation to milk sickness and trembles, E. O. Jordan and N. M. Harris {Abs. Hcienee, n. scr.. 29 {1909), No. 7.56, pp. 1010, 1011). — This description and account was presented at the meeting of the Society of American Bacteriologists held at Baltimore, Deceml)er 29-31, 1908. This organism appears to be a hitherto undescribed bacterium and was iso- lated by the writers from several cases of trembles in cattle, from one case of the disease in a horse, from two lambs, and from four cases of milk sickness in the human subject. It woidd seem that the disease in man is incurred through the ingestion of infected milk, milk products, or of meat; in animals by the eating of infected pasturage or by drinking infected water, the contamination of these being from the soil in which the bacterium has its abode. By means of pure cultures the authors succeeded in reproducing the essential features of the naturally acquired disease in 3'Oung rabbits, dogs, calves, and one horse. Cats and lambs have been infected with the production of pathological lesions, but without any well-defined clinical symptoms. The cause of trembles and milk sickness, E. L. Moselky {Med. Itee., [N. y.], 7 J {1909), No. 20, pp. S39-S.',.'i). — The author considers trembles and milk' sickness to be due to aluminum phosphate. In Ohio and Illinois animals get this substance by eating white snakeroot, in New Mexico by eating the ray- less goldenrod. 384 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " We have foinid considerable quantities of alumiuum pliospbate in tlie leaves of white snal Bureau of Animal In- dustry shows that it is not a serum and contains no serum. The sample con- tained approximately 98 per cent of water, the remainder consisting of phenols (carbolic acid), oil of cloves, and a very small proportion of what appeared to be some form of vegetable matter. Sheep scab, E. S. Good (Kentucky Sta. Bui. IJfS, pp. 219-246, figs. 8).— The number of scabby sheep going into the markets from Kentucky is said to be constantly increasing, and to such an extent as to cause this Department to consider the necessity of quai-antining the State. In this bulletin the author presents information on the cause, symptoms, treatment, etc., of the disease. From experiments made at the station as to the longevity of the parasites off the body of tlie host it was determined that when kept at the room temperature 386 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of the laboratory they lived but a few days. The author advises farmers owning as many as 25 sheep to obtain good dipping vats. For smaller numbers than this scalding barrels will do. Plans are given of. the dipping vat in use at the station. The Federal regulations to prevent the spread of scabies are appended. Disease among- sheep at Yallinup, R. E. Weir (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., JS (,1009), j\"o. 5, p. 365). — A disease, in which the chief symptoms are general debility, dropsical swelling in the lower maxillary space, and weakness, particularly of the hind quarters, is reported to have been the source of a serious mortality among flocks of sheep during the past 12 months. Veterinary section, J. PI. McNeil and C. H. Stance (Iowa State Col. Agr. Rpt. 1907-8, pp. 161-166). — This report consists of a discussion of hog cholera. Six experiments in which the serum-alone and serum-simultaneous methods were employed are briefly described. It is stated that no animal became sick as a result of treatment nor did any untreated hog become sick while run- ning with treated hogs except when sick untreated animals were in the same pen. From these experiments the authors draw the following conclusions : " The serum of the blood of hogs hyperimmunized by injections of large quantities of disease-producing blood will protect susceptible hogs for a variable time against quantities of disease-producing blood sutficient to kill non-immune animals. " The same serum will protect susceptible animals against infection during exposure to natural outbreaks of the disease such as occur on Iowa farms. " Hogs injected with serum and virulent blood at the same time will resist the disease when exposed to natural outbreaks or artificial inoculation of disease-producing blood. Undoubtedly young pigs will acquire lasting im- munity if they are treated with serum and immediately exposed to infection." An uncommon kidney parasite of pigs (Sclerostoma pinguicola), M. Henry {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 {1909), No. J,, pp. 319, 320, figs. 3).— A report of a case of this affection. Canine cysticercosis, S. N. Mitter {Vet. Jour., 65 {1909), No. 408, p. 294, pi. 1). — The author reports a case in which post-mortem examinations revealed 13 cysts, varying in size from a large pea to a small areca nut, in the miiscular substance of the heart. Epithelioma contagiosum, W. Jowett {Agr. .Jour. Cape Good Hope, 34 (1909), No. 3, PI). 210-216, figs. 4; Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 1, pp. 22-29, figs. 5). — This disease, also known as chicken pox, fowl pox, and sore head, is said to be very prevalent among fowls, turkeys, and pigeons in Cape Colony. Spirochetosis in fowls due to the fowl tick (Argas persicus), H. T. Pease {Agr. Jour. India, 3 {1908), No. 4, pp. 309-322, pi. 1, figs. 4).— This is a resume of what is known of spirochetosis in fowls. The disease is said to have been frequently met with in the Punjab. Spirochetosis of Sudanese fowls, A. Balfour {Rpt. Wellcome Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 {1908), pp. 38-58, pis. 2, figs. 5). — Follow- ing a review of the work of investigators on the subject, the author presents a brief account of his investigations. Tuberculosis of fowls, S. F. Edwards {Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and Expt. Farm, 34 {1908), pp. 128-135, figs. 4).— During 1908 19 fowls affected with tuber- culosis were received. Many farmers reported that they had lost a fowl or two occasionally, and that the loss is gradually increasing, while 2 farmers stated that they had each lost about 100 within 2 years, and a third reports that he has lost one a week for over a year. Tuberculosis of birds is said to be con- VETERINARY MEDICINE. 387 fined mostly to chickens, although other fowls may contract the disease. The post-mortem appearances of diseased fowls are described, and a table is given showing the distribution of lesions in 37 cases examined during the last 5 years. ExaminatlDiis made by the author have shown the tubercle bacillus to be present in the droppings of affected fowls, and this he considers as one of the most important sources of infection. The quickest and most effective method of eradicMtiug the disease is that of destroying all fowls and thoroughly disinfect- ing the premises. White diarrhea of chicks. Roup of fowls, P. B. Hadley (Centbl. Bakt. [efc], 1. Abt., Orig., 50 (1D09), Xo. ;i, iip. 3.'iS-353; Science, n. sci:, 29 (1909), No. 756, pp. 1006-lOOS) .—This paper is based upon investigations conducted at the Rhode Island Station. The macroscopical pathological appearances in white diarrhea as observed in 427 autopsies are here s\nnmarized, and an account is given of the microscopical examinations made of smears riud sections. " The epithelium lining the duodenum, small intestines, large intestine and ceca was usually denuded, to a greater or less extent. In and among the epithelial and mucus cells were many coccidia in the schizout or macrogamete- stage. The thickening of the walls of ceca or intestines was apparently due- both to the number of parasites, and to the proliferation of small, granular cells. The necrotic areas of the liver contained coccidia both in and out of the large liver cells. Where the coccidia were present in greatest numbers, the- normal liver tissue was largely broken down and the parasites lay free in the connective tissue matrix. The nodules from the lungs revealed, upon section, areas of marked congestion and occasional necrosis. The capillaries were goi'ged with blood cells, and small hemorrhages were common; the pulmonary alveoli were surrounded by numei-ous proliferated granular cells. The epithe- lium of the smallest branches of the bronchi and infundibula was often brokert down, and in both cubical and ciliated cells were found inclusions which pos- sessed the appearance of coccidia. The parasitic bodies described above were, for the most part, the schizont stage of Coccidium cuniculi, which is also the cjiusative agent of ' blackhead ' of turkeys, and of at least some of the cases of so-called ' roup.' The schizont stage of this organism is probably identical with the Amoeba meleagridis described by Smith (1895) [E. S. R.. 7, p. 524] as the causative agent of ' blackhead ' in turkeys. In the present epidemic other stages of the coccidium were also found, especially the merozoites and the macrogametes. No cysts were found in chicks under one month old. . . . " Experiments in transmitting the disease by feeding the schizogonous stage of the coccidium, while not completed, indicate that the disease may be per- petuated in a flock without infection by means of the permanent cyst stage of the coccidium. . . . " In reality, white diarrhea is not a disease, but a symptom. It is merely the result of a deranged metabolism, which may be caused by several factors working together or separately. One of these is coccidiosis; another may be the septicemia of Rettger, but it is i)robable that the disease of ' white diarrhea ' as it is known to most poultrymen is primarily a form of coccidiosis. . . . " These results show that Bacteria nepticcmiw (/uUinarum has a high patho- genicity for young chicks, especially when associated with cases of coccidiosiK or white diarrhea, but that it is not the only pathogenic organism accompanying coccidiosis." The details are presented of examinations made of »i fowls which died with the symptoms of roup. "In the cases reported no liacteriological examinations; were made. It was apparent, however, that the factor of coccidiosis of the 5117— No. 4—09 7 388 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. imioiis membranes was, in all cases examined, sufficient- to produce, without the assistance of bacteria, nearly all the pathological conditions observed. Just as blackhead, so called, Is a coccidiosis of the ceca and liver of turkeys, and as white diarrheal is a coccidiosis of the ceca, small intestines, and duodenum of young chicks, so the writer believes that many, and perhaps all, cases of the disease popularly called ' roup ' are instances of coccidiosis of the mucus membranes of the head region with <.i without intestinal complications." A list of six references is appended. Studies on the stnicture and classification of the dig'enetic trematodes, ^X. NicoLL {Quart. Jour. Micros. Sci. [London'], n. scr.. 53 (1909), Xo. 211, pp. 391-jf87, j)Is. 2). — In this paper an attempt has been made to allocate each of the forms dealt with to its approximate systematic place. Piroplasmosis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, A. Balfour (Rpt. Wellcome Research Labs. Gordon, Mem. Co]. Khartoum, 3 (1908), p. 37, pi. 1). — Brief notes are given. Bovine piroplasmosis is said to haA^e been probably introduced by means of a bull from Egypt. The canine form is common and the equine exists, having apparently been introduced from South Africa. A note on the cultivation of Spirochaeta duttoni, C. M. Duval and J. L. Todd {Lancet [London]. 19(i9, L Xo. 12, pp. S3-'i, S3J).— From the facts pre- sented the authors conclude that »S'. duttoni can be maintained virulent for wild mice in artificial media for 40 days and that it will multiply and can be suc- cessfully transferred iu artificial media. Preliminary note on experiments in connection with the transmission •of tick fever, W. B. Leishman {Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 12 {1909), No. .2, pp. 123-13Jf). — From the studies here recorded the author considers it pos- sible that natural infection by the tick bite occurs, not, as usually supposed, hy the inoculation of unaltered spirochetes fi-om the salivary glands, but through the agency of chromatin granules, which may be either regurgitated from the intestinal sac or passed in the Malpighian secretion which is voided by some ticks when engorging. "After the ingestion by the tick of blood containing spirochetes these soon lose their motility in the intestinal sac and, eventually, their characteristic ap- pearance. Morphological changes occur in. them which result in the formation and liberation of small chromatin bodies, rod-shaped, coccoid, or curved in form. No recognizable spirochetes have been seen in any ixjrtion of a tick later than ten days after it had been fed on infected blood, nor have any been seen in the egg of a tick. " The chromatin bodies traverse the walls of the intestinal sac and enter, or are taken up by the cells lining the Malpighian tubules; they are also to be found iu quantities iu the tissues of the ovary and the oviducts. Multiplication of the bodies within the tissues of the tick appears probable. Some of the bodies derived from the spirochetes penetrate into the immature eggs within the ovary and have been found in all the stages of the further development of the eggs, as well as in the earliest embryonal cells. In the embryo tick, the bodies are taken up by the cells lining the primitive Malpighian tubules and they have been found in the Malpighian tubules throughout all the subsequent stages of the tick's life. Inoculation of crushed tissue containing the chromatin hodies, but no spirochetes, has resulted in the infection of the inoculated ani- mal when the tick from which they were obtained had been kept at a high tem- perature for some days before dissection." The development of trypanosomes in tsetse flies {Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London] Bui. 5, pp. 165-177, fig. 1). — A review of the literature on this subject. VETERINARY MEDICINE. '389 Mode of transmission of trypanosonies by tsetse flies (t^Iccpiiig thickness Bur. [Loiuloit] Bui. 5, pp. 177-180). — ^A review of the literature on this subject to wliich is apiiended a list of the papers consulted in this and the above accounts. Note on the occurrence of a trypanosome (Trypanosoma cuniculi) in the rabbit, J. H. Ashwokth and J. P. Macgowan (Jour. Path, and Bad., 13 (1U09). Xo. .'f, pp. .'iJ7-.'f'i^). — Triipiuiosoma cuniculi has been comparatively seldom noticed, although it has been previously recorded from the blood of either wild or tame rabbits in Elstree (Herts). Bordeaux. :Montpellier, Tliomar (Portugal), and Sardinia. The authors here report the presence of this or- ganism in tame rabbits obtained in and ai'ound Edinburgh. The health of the host is, accordiug to the authors" observations of 5 strongly infected rabbits, not appreciably affected by the presence of large numbers of T. cuniculi in the blood. The properties of serums in trypanosomiasis. Races resistant to these serums, F. Mesnil and E. Brimont (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23 (1909), No, 2, pp. 129-15.'f; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [Londnn] Bui. 6, pp. 218-222).— The history of this subject is given in some detail. The conclusions arrived at are as follows : " The serum of animals infected with subacute, and more especially chronic trj'panosomiasis, acquires siiecific protective properties very quickly. A mixture of this serum with ti'ypauosomes prevents infection of mice. The appearance of these properties and their degree are independent of the course of the disease; they diminish somewhat quickly after recovery, if it occurs. This protective power is up to a certain point specific; it may help in tlie differentiation of trypanosonies. It resists heating from 5G to 64°. The active substances are fixed at least in part on the trypanosomes, which may then be injected into mice without effect. The active serums do not exercise in vitro any micro- bicidal action on the trypanosomes, even when one adds mouse serum (comple- ment). In vivo there is seen in the peritoneum of mice which have received a mixture of trypanosomes and serum a rapid phagocytosis of the parasites, the vitality of which has been completely preserved. All the effects observed lead one to think that the serums act by making the trypanosomes capable of inges- tion by phagocytes, and that they are comparable to the antibodies with alexin and sensitizing substance. One can obtain from the blood of the animals whicli furnish the serum trypanosomes which are refractory to these homologous serums, and which keep their properties for a good many generations measured by passage in mice (a little less than 19 for a trypanosome isolated from a he-goat, at least 19 for one obtained from a dog). The strain from the he-goat is sensitive to the dog's serum, that of the dog to the goat's serum, but with some diminution in comparison with the normal mouse strain. The strain from the he-goat, which is extremely resistant to the serum obtained at the same time, is no longer resistant to that obtained at a later bloodletting." Trypanosomiasis in the Anglo-Egyptian Sudan, A. Balfour (Rpt. Well- come Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 (1908), pp. 27-35, pi. 1, map 1). — Owing to the destruction by fire of nearly all of the records of try- panosomiasis work, and especially that on therapeutics carried out by the author, the report has had to be much curtailed. The work on camel try- panosomiasis is briefly reviewed. Regarding the carrier of this trypanosome (probably Trypanosoma soudancnse) the author states that Glossina morsitaus exists at Kawalib in the Kordofan Province, but that the fly belt is very limited and it is almost certain that some species of Tabanus, probalily Tnbanns socius, is effective. This species has been found in the districts where the disease occurs and the natives attribute the illness to its bite. It 390 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. is considered lilvely lliat tliis disease bears a close relation to that found in Algerian dromedaries, wliicla is known to be transmitted by a species of Atylotus or Tabanus. A brief account is given of trypanosomiasis of cattle and of mules. Up to the present time the following forms of animal trypanosomiasis have been found to exist in the Sudan : That of mules and horses, due to Trypanosoma diniorplion or T. pccaudl, which also seems to effect cattle and camels in one jirovince; that of camels, possibly due to T. soudancnse; that of cattle, due to T. nannm; and that of cattle, due to a new trypanosome, probably either T. cazalboui or T. hrticei. Atoxyl and its action, A. Breinl and M. Nierenstein {Ztsclir. Immunltdtsf, 11. E.vpt. Thcr., I, Orig., 1 {1909), pp. 620-632; abs. in Sleeping Sickness liur. [London] Bui. 6, pp. 224-226). — The authors' conclusions are as follows: ''Atoxyl unites in part with the serum proteids by means of the amido group. The atoxyl-serum is oxidized and arsenic set free, with combustion of the aromatic nucleus, both by means of oxidative ferments and also probably by the trypanosomes themselves. At the same time a process of reduction goes on by means of which the atoxyl is split up into arsenious acid and anilin and the anilin is excreted with the feces. The arsenic set free, in part by oxidizing, in part by reducing ferments, and also probably by the trypanosomes exercises in the nascent state its destructive influence on the parasites." Poisoning' of stock with, arsenic, L. E. W. Bevan (Yet. Jour., 6-\ (1908), 7io. 401, pp. 5o7-559). — Many cases of poisoning are said to have occurred among stoclt in Rhodesia during 1908. Arsenite of soda, which is supplied in large quantities by the government for the eradication of locusts, is said to have been the form chiefly responsible for the fatalities. Cattle grazing over sprayed areas are loath to leave on account of the sweet or the brackish taste. The careless dipping or spraying in arsenic-containing dips is another frequent source of poisoning. In order to prevent drinking while in the dip, or the licking of each other while wet, aloes has been added which renders the dip unpalatable. Poisoning also results from absoi-ption when solutions are used which contain too great a proportion of arsenic or when animals remain in the dipping tank too long. The symptoms and jiost-mortem lesions are described. RURAL ENGINEERING. Report of the State engineer to the governor of South. Dakota for the years 1907-8 {Bicn. Rpt. State Engln. S. Dak., 2 [1907-8), pp. 208, figs. 6). — During the period 1907-8, the greater part of the work of the State engineer's office was in administering the water code in regard to irrigation and water power. This work has increased steadily with the agricultural and industrial growth of the State. Attention has also been given to engineering features of irrigation, drainage, and hydrography, all of which are reported upon. The various private and public irrigation projects throughout the State are described, and their progress noted, and the status of irrigation, and the water code and its operation are discussed at some length. In the eastern part of the State a-large drainage project has been carried out from plans and investigations made by the State engineer. This and other drainage midertakings. which are stated to be rapidly increasing in number, are described. The Wentworth. irrigation area, E. Harris (Agr. Gaz. N, S. Wales. 20 {1909), -Yo. 4, pp. 267-274, figs. 8). — This article gives the location, extent, and EURAL ENGINEERING. 391 kind of soil of this ;uva. tojiotlier witli a lirii'f doscription of the irri;;ating plant and the cost of pivparini; the land for water and cnltivation. The plant consists of a GO-horse power horizontal engine operatinj; a centri- fugal pump with a capacity of 4.000 gals, a minute, and the water is delivered into 'a canal the dimensions of which are, base. 2 ft., depth. 3 ft. G in., and side slopes 1* : 1. A large amount of this land is already settled, and the cost data and notes on preparing the land for cultivation, which are given, were obtained from the settlers. A map of the area accompanies the article. Drainage [work of the Ontario Agricultural CollegeJ, W. H. Day [Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. antl Expt. Farm, S-'t {1908), j)i). 50-58).— The work re- ported for 190S Included surveying and demonstrations, investigations of ditch- ing machinery, and cement tile making. Thei'e were 100 surveys unule during the year, and progress is reported iu increasing interest in drainage by this means and by demonstrations or tield meetings which have been held in the localities where the surveys were made. It is reported that ditching operations in Ontario are hindered by scarcity of labor and failure to adopt improved methods. In order to arouse interest iu machine ditching an investigation was made of a traction ditching machine. The machine, which is similar to one previously described (E. S. R., 20. p. 484) is reported to operate satisfactorily and to lessen considerably the cost of trenching as compared witti hand work. The machine dug on an average of 90 to 100 rods of 3-ft. trench per day in very heavy clay. The total cost was about 21 cts. a rod for 2i-ft. depth and 24^ cts. a rod when excavating to a depth of 3 ft. In experiments in making cement tile, it was found that using a tile machine, one hag of cement and 6 cu. ft. of sand would make 75 .3-in. tiles and at a rate of 525 per day of 10 hours. The total cost of making in that locality was at the rate of $9.33 per thousand. The remainder of the report is devoted to a brief discussion of the laws re- garding drainage and public funds available for drainage operations. The King's highway, R. Ryves {London [190Si, pp. VIII+96, pis. 7, figs. 27). — The author of this vs^ork discusses road making and improvements largely from an economic standpoint, but somewhat as to its engineering features. Of the subjects treated, the following are the most px-oniinent : The administration and practice of road making in Europe and England and some of the more pro- gressive States of this country; road policies, including laws regarding high- ways; motor traftic, and its intiuence on roads, as well as its economic aspect; dimensions of roads and factors affecting them; road materials; maintenance and repair; dust lu-eventives; and the influence of the elements on the life of roads. The systematic patching of macadamized roads, .T. S. Pickering {Surveyor, So {J 909), No. 903, Sup., pp. ■',!, 48; abs. in Engin. Rrc, 59 {1909), No. 22. pp. 698, 699). — In a paper read at a road conference recently held in England the author advocates systematic patching of roads, and points out its many advantages. When a patch is too small to warrant the use of an ordinary steam roller the author has used a specially designed roller and water tank combined, which is completely described. The essentials of its construction are a rolling wheel 3 ft. 6 in. wide and 3 ft. 6 in. in diameter at the rear of the roller, sur- mounted by a 200-gal. water tank, which distributes the water through a per- forated pipe. There is a box for weiglits, so that these and the quantity of water in the tank can be regulated to give any desired pressure on the roller. 392 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. Investigations concerning dust formation on broken stone roads, and experiments in preventing it, F. Bernhard {Untersuchiingeii iibcr die Ursaclicti der Bildung des StaWbes auf Steinschlagstrassen und iiber VersucJie zur Bekdmpfung desseJhcn. Leipsic, 1908; rev. in Osndhts. Ingen., 32 (1909), No. 21, pp. 862-364). — This book contains the results of experiments made on tlie streets and roads of Carlsbad by the author, who is city engineer. In connec- tion with the reports on studies of dust formation there are tables showing the weight of different road materials and their resistance to crushing, the wearing power of the basalt which is used as a road material there, and data on the weight of teams and amount of traffic on the streets experimented with, as well as other facts bearing on the life of the road material, including rainfall and temperature data. The dust preventives experimented with included water, tar, calcium chlorid, magnesium chlorid, and several of the more prominent commercial prepara- tions. The cost and efficiency of these materials in laying and preventing dust is reported upon in the book, and there is also in the review a summary of these giving briefly their composition and cost, condition of the road experimented on, and the nature and amount of traffic on it. Experiments in dust laying, K. M. ^Ieyer (Ztschr. Transport w. u. StraS' senMu, 26 {1909), No. 15, pp. 301, 302). — Experiments in laying dust with am- moniacal wastes have been made in the vicinity of Berlin, and a brief descrip- tion of them is given in this article. The liquid was effective in keeping down the dust and preventing its formation even in spots exposed to the direct rays of the sun, and the writer considers that there are great possibilities for these wastes, especially in municipalities owning their gas plants. [Tests of wagon draft and axle friction], J. B. Davidson {loioa State Col. Agr. Rpt. 1901-8, pp. 190-197). — An account is given of dynauometer tests made at the Iowa Station to determine the draft of wagons. The results are tabu- lated accoi'ding to kind of road surface and size of wheels and tire, with the amount of net load under different conditions of the surface as to firmness, dryness, and frost. Tests were also made to determine the relative advantages of different types of wagon axles and bearings and the effectiveness of lubricants, and the results of these are given in tabulated form. In order to eliminate rolling friction in these tests the axle was inverted, lifted free from contact with the ground, and suspended by means of leaf springs from a rigid support. The method is described in detail. The results are considered inconclusive as regards the different brands. Trials of manure distributers (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 69 (1908), pp. 173-182, figs. 4). — There were 19 fertilizer distributers entered in these trials, and this account mentions briefly the peculiarities of each and its per- formance. Descriptions are given of 2 distributers which were awarded gold and bronze medals, respectively. The first of these is stated to be unusual in construction in not having a stirring device. The bottom of the hopper is a platform moving circumferentially at a slow rate, carrying the material round to the opening, surmounted by a star or finger wheel moving in conjunction with it. which forms an effective conveyor and also serves to crush lumps against the fixed scrapers. The characteristics of the second machine are a combination force feed and revolving disc which secures a regular output and a discharge free from clogging. There are adjustable brackets so that the delivery discs can be readily tilted and the position of the discharge spouts so altered as to give equal distribution on uneven or hilly land. EUKAL ENGINEERING. 393 The points on which the merits of the machines were judged were uniformity of distribution, etficiency of regulating output, adaptability to various materials, freedom from clogging, facilities for emptying and cleaning, economy of work- ing, capacity of hopper, widtli of distribution, construction, draft, and price. The first test consiste<.l of sowing superphosphate at the rate of G cwt, per acre. and the second of sowing 1 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia to the acre on ^-acre plats. Poultry-picking machine (Sci. Anicr., 100 (1909), No. 22, p. 411, fig. 1).— A machine for piclciug poultry is illustrated and described, which does not re- quire an operator to hold the fowl against the pickers. The fowl is attached to a belt which passes through a picking chamber. The feathers are seized by combs and torn off by suction. The Bergner-Revalo milking machine {Dent. Lanclw. Presse, 36 (1909), No. 15, p. IG'i, lius. J; Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 19 (1909), No. 15, pp. lJf7-l.'i9, figs. 5). — This is a description of a patented milking machine recently put on the market in Germany. Choosing a farm power, J. Evans (Ann. Rpt. Ontario Agr. Col. and E.rpt. Farm, JJ (1908), pp. 252-256). — A brief discussion is given of the requirements of an engine adapted to farm uses and the type and power of an engine suited to various kinds of farm work. An abridged account of the trials of agricultural motors at the Winnipeg industrial exhibition, previously noted (E. S. R.. 20, p. 485), is appended. Electroculture: A study of general conditions of the application of elec- tricity in agriculture, P. Lecler (Bid. Soc. Agr. France, n. scr., J/l (1909), Map 15, Sup., pp. 581:-600). — This paper, which was I'ead before the Society of Agriculturists of France, contains a study of general conditions affecting the application of electricity in agriculture. The applications in France have been few, and the author ascribes this to present economic conditions, which are dis- cussed together with the various agricultural operations to which electricity may be applied. The cost of equipment and obtaining current is shown to be too large to make the use of electricity iirofitalile on any but the largest projects. Report on. the modern evolution of gas-producing units and their appli- cations in agriculture, Couequin (BhL Soc. Agr. France, n. ser., Jfl (1909), May 15, Hup., pp. 579-5S6). — This is the text of a paper read by the author before the Society of Agriculturists of France. The subject is treated from a general point of view, the object being to establish the engineering and economic principles underlying the evolution of gas-producing plants. The discussion includes methods of gas manufacture, comparisons between the different sys- tems of producing gas, substances available as combustibles, and the extent to which producers can be applied profitably in agriculture. Fuel from peat, M. Ekenberg (Engineer [London'], 107 (1909), No. 2787, pp. 5.'i9, 550, fig. 1). — In this paper, vend before a recent meeting of the English Iron and Steel Institute, the author gives an account of experiments and re- searches made with the view to obtaining a suitable process for converting peat into fuel without air drying. From studies on the question of pressing the water out of peat he found that the cause of the water not separating under pressure is the presence of a slimy hydrocellulose, which is present to the extent of 0.2 to 1.2 per cent in peat substance. It was found that this could be destroyed by heating in the presence of water to temperatures above 150° C, and a method based on this principle was devised, whicli is described witli a diagram showing the npiiaratus used. Corrosion of wire fence, L. G. Michael kt al. (Itnca Slate Col. Agr. h'pt. 1901-8, pp. l.'i5-lJi8). — This is a preliminary report of investigations being pur- 394 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. sued by the chemical and agricultural engineering: sections of the station as to the cause of the rapid corrosion of wire fencing. Aside from the quality of the fence and the galvanizing, the knot is consid- ered to determine the life of the fence, as it is there that the initial corrosion usually takes place. In a discussion of the facts known regarding corrosion, it is stated that (1) corrosion is conmiunicable by contact, new wire being corroded by having rusty iron come in contact with the galvanizing, thus facilitating chemical action ; (2) the first corrosion takes place where a strand is injured and the galvanizing T)roken or chipped; (.3) vertical wires corrode the more rapidly, rust being "washed downward to the uninjured parts; and (4) lower horizontal wires are likely to be free from corrosion as well as those on posts, it is thought, because of the absence of electrolytic action, wood posts, weeds, and grass de-electrifying the wires. Stable ventilation, J. H. Grisdale {Canada Expt. Farms Rpts, 1907, pp. J/8-56, figs. 5). — There is given in this report a brief general discussion of prin- ciples to be observed, followed by a description of different systems of ventila- tion which have been tried at the Central ExiJerimental Farm. The Rutherford system is reported to be in the most common use because of its simplicity of manipulation and affording the least opportimity of being -wrongly operated. The essential feature of this system is an arrangement by which the fresh air enters at the floor level and leaves through a flue extending from the top of the stnble to the roof. A modification of the King system (E. S. R.. 20, p. 989) also proved satis- factory. In this the pipes are all inside the building and the outlet at the ceiling level, making it easy to be installed in buildings already built. Experiments were also made in ventilating a stable by covering the windows with muslin. With the outside temperature varying from 30 to 2° F., the inside temperature varied from 62 to 36°. This method was not found to be satis- factory because of the great variation in temperature even with careful watch- fulness, the darkening of the stable making it gloomy and damp, and the fouling of the muslin making it muddy in ai^pearance and unsanitary in condition. Muslin curtain ventilation v. Massey system and King^ system, W. H. Day {Ann. Rt)t. Ontario Agr. Col and Expt. Farm, SJf (1908), pp. 58-6-',).— This Investigation was undertaken for thesis work by students of the college. In the Massey system, which was already installed in the farm stable, fresh air is admitted at the floor level, while the foul air is drawn from the ceiling. The King system (E. S. R., 20, p. 989) was in use in the dairy stable. In both of these buildings muslin curtains were installed and observations were taken, using each system independently. During the experiments determinations were made of the quantity of carbon dioxid, humidity, temperature, and wind velocity. The results are given in tabular form. The r-onclusions arrived at were that the muslin curtain system as compared with either the Massey or King systems is unreliable and inferior. This is in confirmation of the results obtained by Grisdale as noted above. It was shown that with the muslin curtain system irregular distributions of carbon dioxid and of moisture occurred and that more of both were present than with the other systems. Plans of farm building's (Jour. Roy. Agr. Soc. England, 69 (1908), pp. 241-273, pis. 4)-— A competition was held in 1908 by the Royal Agricultural Society of England for plans of farm buildings suitable for a tenant farmer on a mixed farm of from 300 to 400 acres. The farm was assumed to be half grass and half arable, the grass land being suitable for the production of milk and the arable laud regarded as used for turnips or barley. liURAL ECONOMICS. 395 The following points were specially considered in judging: (1) Economy ia planning, cost of constrnction, and snbsoquont jnaintenance; (2) convenience of arrangements for working and accommodations for animals; (3) lighting, ven- tilation, and drainage of slietls, especially of tbose for dairy cattle. In addition to these points, the estimated cost of the buildings was taken into consideration, and the 4 prizes were awarded to those ))lans which could be carried out at less than $-10 an acre. The plans which were awai'ded prizes are given, together with the. detailed reports, specifications, and estimates accompanying them. Badford's combined house and barn plan book, W. A. Radford {Islew York and Chivago, 190S, pp. 287, figs. 98, dgins. 296). — The designs given in this book are for the use of builders in rural communities. The first part of the book contains perspective views and floor plans of over 100 moderate and low priced houses. The remainder is devoted to illustrations and plans for barns and other farm buildings, such as feed lots, cattle sheds, poultry houses, ice and cold-storage houses, implement sheds, corn cribs, silos, granaries, etc., and includes suggestions as to the materials, methods of construction, and arrangement of the interiors. RUEAL ECONOMICS. [Papers relating to rural economics], J. G. Brooks et al. (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1908, pp. 79Jf-796, S07, SOS).— Abstracts are given of the following papers read at the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advance- ment of Science in September, 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 298) : Social Aspects of Agricultural Cooperation, The Psychological Aspect of Agrarian Reform in Ireland ; The Productivity of English Agriculturists ; and Small Holdings — Some Considerations on their Successful Establishment. Science and the problem of rural life, H. Plunkett (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. Sci., 1908, pp. l'96-80.'i). — This is an address delivered before the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 298). First general assembly of the International Institute of Agriculture {Institut Inteniationul D' Agriculture. Asscmblee Generale. Rome, 190S, pp. 112). — This contains the list of delegates, rules and regulations, and the report of the proceedings from November 27 to December 1, 1908. Value of farm lands East and West, H. C. Price {Amer. Agr., 83 (1909), No. 2(j, p. 721). — The relative values of eastern and western farm lands are compared and the economic advantages of eastern farm lands as to fertility, markets, and transportation facilities are emphasized. List of farms occupied and unoccupied for sale or rent in New York State, R. R. RiDDELL (X. Y. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Farm Bui. Ji, pp. 165, pis. 14, map 1). — This is a detailed list of such farms arranged alphabetically by coun- ties. The dilferent farms are described as to size, location as to markets and transportation facilities, character of farm lands, house and barn accommoda- tions, price, owner, terms of rent or sale, etc. Rural depopulation and scarcity of labor, H. von Knebel Doeberitz (Ztscltr. AgnivpolUik, 7 (J909), Xo. 5, pp. 2.>iJf-2.50). — This ax'ticle summarizes the views of various authors who have considered the agrarian problem in Ger- many from different points of view, criticises the positions taken as offering no satisfactory solution of the problem, and suggests as a means of preventing rural depopulation and a lack of farm laborers a change in the emigration laws and the establishment of farms for laborers. 396 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Japanese farmers and farm hands (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. .?.], 1909, No. SJfJ/, pp. 218, 219.) — Notes are given on the economic conditions of farming and farm life in Japan. In the renting of farms the European metayer system prevails, the farmer paying half the value of the crops as rent. The wages of farm labor are low, but not so in comparison with the general standard of living. Taking this into consideration, the Japanese farmer and farm laborer are as well off and con- tented as farmers in other parts of the world. The holding's and products of agricultural laborers in Bavaria, A. Roitzsch (lUus. Landn: Ztg., 29 (1909), Nos. J,-'i, PP. Ji29, J,30; 1,5, pp. 1,31, 7/38).— This article presents and discusses statistics derived from the Bavarian census of 1907 regarding the number, size, character, management and crop production of different size small holdings, and the number and classes of agricultural workers in 1907 as compared with similar data for 1895. The article discloses the changes which have taken place in the landholding and landless classes of rural workers and its effects on farm management and agricultural production. Agricultural mutual insurance against accidents, Labergerie {Bui. Sac. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909), No. 4, PP- 378-387). — This paper briefly describes the development of mutual agricultural insurance societies in France from a few societies in 1898 to more than 8,780 in 1908, sets forth the legal difficulties in the way of farm laborers securing compensation for injuries from their employers and the high rates charged by regular insurance societies for agri- cultural risks, and gives the principal regulations of a recently organized agri- cultural mutual insurance society. The features of this organization deemed worthy of special mention are the extreme flexibility of its rules, the ease with which they can be extended to all forms of agricultural labor, the protection of landowners renting under the share system, and the payment of directors and agents on a percentage basis. Agricultural credit banks (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 211,, pp. If). — This pamphlet points out the need of credit among farmers and dis- cusses the distinctive features, objects, organization, and operation of credit banks. Agricultural warrants, Castelin (Btil. Soc. Agr. France, n. ser., 1,1 {1909), June 1, Sup., pp. 720-721,). — The author outlines the kinds of agricultural wealth that can be pledged as a means of securing credit in France and other countries, shows how little use is made of credit by farmers in France in view of the great wealth-producing power of the industry, and makes a plea for an extension of agricultural credit as a means of increasing wealth production, thereby making it possible to increase the price of wages while reducing the cost of products to consumers. The national association of German agricultural cooperative societies in 1908 {Ztschr. Landw. Kammer Braunschweig, 78 (1909), Nos. 11, pp. 127-129; 12, pp. 137-139). — ^At the close of 1908 the societies numbered 22,317, a gain of 1,008 during the year. The numbers of the different societies were as follows : Credit societies 14,834 ; societies for the purchase and sale of supplies 2,152 ; creameries 3,184; and miscellaneous 2.147. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 990). Statistics of the business conducted by the different societies are presented and discussed. Law authorizing loans to agricultural cooperative societies in Algeria , (Bui. Statis. Leg. Compar., 33 (1909), No. 3, pp. 251-253).— The text of the law of February 26, 1909, amending the law of July 8, 1901, and setting forth the conditions under which the Algerian agricultural cooperative societies may secure the loan of government funds for the promotion of their different lines of cooperative undertakings, is reported. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 397 The cooperative elevator, G. C. Streeter {Farm and Fireside, 32 (1009), JHo. IS, pp. I, .'(, fig. 1). — The author describes the development of grain coopera- tive associations in Illinois and Iowa, and the methods employed by old-line elevator companies to prevent their successful operation. According to statistics there were on March 4. 1900. no less than 1»50 farmers' cooperative elevators in Illinois. Robbing- the hand that feeds, F. Crissey {Everybody's Mag., 20 {1909), .Yo. 6, pp. 761-771, figs. H). — A popular article dealing with the methods prac- ticed ,by commercial middlemen for depriving growers and shippers of agri- cultural produce of just prices for their products. Cooperation among farmers is advocated as a remedy for such conditions. Bookkeeping for farmers, W. McIver {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 {1909), No. o, pp. 305-312). — A simple system of bookkeeping for farmers is described and illustrated. Crop Reporter {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 {1909), -To. ?', pp. -'il-'fS). — Statistical data are given on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values of important products, and the range of prices of agricultural products in the chief markets of the United States. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. The American system of agricultural education, A. C. True and D. J. Crosby {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. t^tas. Virc. 83, pp. 27, pis. 9).— A semi- popular discussion of the leading featin-es of American agricultural education in elementary, secondary, collegiate, and graduate courses, with a description of typical institutions and agencies for conducting them. The educational func- tions of this Department, as exercised through this Office, are particularlj^ explained. The school of agriculture on the university farm, Davis, California {Cali- fornia Sta. Circ. Jtl, pp. 3-0, figs. 5, dgm. 1). — This circular answers questions such as a boy might ask regarding the school, the conditions of entering, cours-e of study, etc. Proceedings of the twenty-second annual convention of the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations, held at Wash- ington, D. C, November 18-20, 1908, edited by A. C. True, W. H. Beal, and H. C. White {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 212, pp. 122).— An account of this convention has been given (E. S. R., 20, p. 406). Industrial and vocational training in the public schools, E. C. Warriner {Mich. State Supt. Pub. Instr. Bid. 2, 1909, pp. 10).— This bulletin was pre- pared as a contribution to the literature of vocational training. The author briefly reviews the legislation which has resulted in the establishment of special trades schools in Massachusetts and New York, and in the cities of PIiiladel])hia. Portland (Greg.), Milwaukee, and Columbus (Ga.), and dis- cusses the work carried on in these schools. Recent tendencies toward industrial education in Europe and America, C. B. Gibson {South. Ed. Rev., 6 {1909), Ao. 1-2, pp. 275-2 8-',) .—This article is a discussion of the present situation in reference to industrial education abroad and at home. The essential requirements of negro education, J. H. Phillips {South. Ed. Rrr., 0 {1909). Ao. 1-2, pp. 29'i-302).—Tlie author of this article believes that in direct consequence of the racial r>sychology of the negro child his education should begin early, in the kindergarten and nursery schools, in anticipation of the period of early arrest in mental development. The matter and method. 398 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. of instniotlon slioukl be concrete {iml objective. Throughout the elementary school the emphasis should be placed on industrial training. Lessons in hygiene and home sanitation should be given in every grade. Girls should be trained in the sevei-al forms of domestic art and boys in the elements of agri- culture, stock-raising, gardening, and the use of tools. The methods of Hamp- ton and Tuskegee should be extended downwards. Secondary industrial schools should provide advanced instruction in the industrial arts, including English and the advanced academic branches for those preparing to teach. The author believes that " the principle of race identity " requires that at least in the lower schools the teachers should be negroes, and that the incentive of becoming the teacher of his race should not be withheld from the negro student. California State farmers' institute at the university farm, Davis, October 8, 9, and 10, 1908 {California Sta. Circ. 40, PP- -i)- — This contains the pro- gram of the second institute held at the university farm at Davis. Annual report to institute members {Agr. Ed. [Kans. Agr. Col.], Farmers' Inst. Scr. 1, (1909), No. 6, pp. 27, figs. 5). — This number contains information concerning all lines of agricultural extension work planned for the current year. It includes an account of the legislation concerning farmers' institutes and farm demonstration in the State, suggestions in regard to boys' and girls' club contests, monthly meetings of the county institute organizations, a reading course for farmers, and general notes on institute work. The membership reached in the reading course is estimated at 40,000. Farmers' institute bulletin, 1907 and 1908, E. R. Lloyd {Mississippi Sta. Bill. 120. pp. 80. figs. 7). — A tabular summary of the farmers' institute work in Mississippi for 1906. 1907, and 1908, is followed by some of the principal ad- dresses given at these institutes on such subjects as growing cotton under boll weevil conditions, alfalfa, vetches, pork production, beef production, drainage, diversification, truck farming, and farm forestry. Proceedings of the thirteenth annual meeting of the American Associa- tion of Farmers' Institute Workers, edited by W. H. Beal and J. Hamilton (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Office E.rpt. .stas. Bui. 213. pp. 73). — This is a detailed account of the proceedings of the meeting held at Washington. D. C, November 16-17, 190S, which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 398). MISCELLANEOUS. Twentieth Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1907 (Colorado Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. 52). — This contains the organization list, a report of the director dis- cussing the function, work, and needs of the station, departmental reports, of which a portion of that of the agriculturist is abstracted on page 371 of this issue, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907. and a list of bulletins issued during 1907. Twenty-first Annual Report of Colorado Station, 1908 (Colorado Sta. Rpt. 190S, pp. 15-30, 99-l.'i8). — This contains data corresponding to the above for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, and in addition a list of the exchanges received during 1908. The report of the field entomologist is abstracted on page 352 of this issue. Annual Report of Florida Station, 1908 (Florida Sta. Rpt. 1908. pp. CXXX+XX). — This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, a list of the publications of the year, a general review of the work of the station during the year, departmental reports, and a list of the periodicals received by the station. Most of the experimental work MISCELLANEOUS. 399 reported is abstracted elsewhere in this issue. The report of the animal indus- trialist contains data as to the relative dressed and live weights and percent- ages of 27 Florida native and grade cattle. Biennial Report of Iowa Station, 1907—8 (loiva State Col. Agr. Rpt. J907-8. lip. JSo-'n'). — This contains a report of the director, departmental reports, and a financial statement for the fiscal years ended June 30, l'J()7, and June 30. 190S. The experimental work reported is for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Nineteenth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1906 (Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1906, pp. XIII+2S6). — This contains the oi'ganization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1906, a report of the director on the work of the station during the year, reprints of Bulletins 124-128, previously noted, and reports of miscellaneous analyses and meteorological data abstracted elsewhere in this Issue. Twentieth Annual Report of Kentucky Station, 1907 {Kentucky Sta. Rpt. 1907, pp. XXIX+2I0). — This contains data corresponding to the above for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1907, and in addition reports by the director on the food and feeding stuffs control. Bulletins 127-132, previously noted, are re- printed. The reports of miscellaneous analyses and meteorological data are abstracted elsewhere in this issue. Twenty-first Report of Canada Experimental Farms, 1907 (Canada Expt. Farms Rpts. 1907, pp. '/l '1). — This contains, in addition to departmental reports for the most part abstracted elsewhere in this issue, meteorological observa- tions, lists of publications issued, plans of the new horse and cattle barns, individual records of the daii-y herd, analyses of saline deposits, asphaltum, and strychnin, a discussion of white diarrhea in chicks, and feeding trials with steers and pigs. Ohio Station Circulars 1-50 [reprints] (Ohio Sta. Circs. 1-50, pp. 123). — This reprint is issued to complete files of the station circulars, the earlier ntmibers of which were chiefly issued for temporary purposes, and not generally distributed. Circulars 1—41 have not been previously noted. NOTES. Connecticut State Station. — The legislature has made au appropriation of {S;30.(XM;) for a fireproof addition to the station laboratories. Idaho University and Station. — J. R. Shinn, horticulturist, and R. E. Hyslop, agronomist, are no longer connected with the university or station. O. M. Osborne, a recent graduate of the University of Wisconsin, has been appointed instructor in agriculture and assistant to the dean. Kansas College and Station. — F. G. King, formerly of the Missouri Univex*- sity and Station and the Missouri State Board of Agriculture, has been ap- pointed assistant animal husbandman, vice G. C. Wheeler, whose transfer to extension work has been previously noted, and entered upon his duties Sep- tember 1. Other appointments include T. G. Patterson as assistant in animal husbandry in the college and Turner R. H. Wright as assistant in animal nutrition in the station, both of these appointments becoming effective Sep- tember 1; and A. Miyawaki. who became assistant in dairying in the station July 1. Massachusetts College and Station. — The resignation is noted of R. D. 2\lac- Laurin as lecturer in organic chemistry in the college and research assistant chemist in the station, this becoming effective September 1. Missouri University and Station. — F. B. Mumford, animal husbandman, has been appointed dean of the college of agriculture and director of the station. Other appointments include the following assistants: Homer E. McNatt. dairy- ing ; C. T. Bearing, horticulture ; C. A. Schwartze, botany ; J. B. Latshawe, veterinary science, and A. A. Jones, agricultural chemistry. Montana College and Station. — II. P. Griffin, a 1909 graduate of the Missouri University, has been appointed assistant in animal industry and has entered upon his duties. H. F. Patterson, a graduate of the Iowa College, has been appointed assistant in agronomy, beginning September 1. Nebraska University and Station. — Frederick H. Abbott resigned as regent of the university July S to become United States Assistant Commissioner of Indian Affairs, and has been succeeded by Harvey E. Newbranch, of Omaha. R. E. Stone resigned August 1 as assistant professor of agricultural botany in the university and assistant in agricultural botany in the station. New Hampshire College and Station. — F. W. Morse, chemist, retired from the college and station work September 1. I. M. Lewis, instructor in botany in the college and assistant botanist in the station, has resigned to become instructor in botany at the University of Texas. W. H. Wicks, assistant horti- culturist, has resigned to accept a position at the Idaho Station. W. C. O'Kane, who received the M. S. degree at the Ohio University in June, has been ap- pointed assistant entomologist in the station. An excursion of the granges of the State and the summer meeting of the State Horticultural Society wei-e held at the college August 12. About three thousand were in attendance, this being probably the largest agricultural gathering ever held in the State. A very marked increase of interest in the work of the college and station is reported. Virginia College and Station. — Dr. N. S. Mayo, for the past Ave years chief of the department of animal industry of the Cuban Station, has been appointed animal husbandman and veterinarian, and entered upon his duties September 1. 400 o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: IL L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers— W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology— W. II. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. 1. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry— W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. 5. Editorial notes: Page. Development of science in horticulture 401 Some essentials of horticultural investigation 405 Recent work in agricultural science 409 Notes 497 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. On the quantitative determination of nitric acid, Gutbier 409 The determination of nitrates by the Grand val and Lajoux method. Farcy 409 Influence of bromids and iodids on determination of nitrates in water. Farcy. . 409 On the determination of osmotic pressure, Konig and Hasenbiiumer 409 Use of histological method for microscopical determination of colloids, Cornu. . 409 Studies on the determination of clay in soils, Arntz 409 Calculation of potash content of rocks from specific gravity, Przibylla 410 The estimation of iron oxid and alumina in phosphate rocks. Gladding 410 Determinations of the water-absorptive power of peat litter, Palmquist 410 Hydrolysis of crystallized albumen from hen's egg, Osborne et al 410 The hydrolyzed products of casein, Skraup 411 Hydrolysis of casein with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, Skraup and Turk. 411 On the refractive indices of solutions of the caseinates, Robertson 411 Introductory manual for the repression of adulteration, Lemercier 411 Detecting incipient putrefaction in meat, Scala and Bonamartini 411 Researches on lard and beef fat, Alberto 411 A new micro-chemical method for identifying rye and wheat starch, Lenz 411 Experiments on peas, Manila cream and gelatin treated with copper, Krzi^an. 412 A new method for testing honey. Danger 412 Judging honey, Hertkorn 412 Use of temperature corrections in polarization of sugar products, Browne 412 Report of the experiment station lor the Java sugar industry for 1908 412 The Schmitt method for total ether extract in wine, Scurti and De Plato 412 A new method for determining free volatile acid in wine, Gallo 412 The brewer's analyst, Bailey 412 The quantitative determination of purity of linseed cake and meal, Schoute.. 412 Investigations on the purity of linseed cake and meal, Ezendam 412 I II CONTENTS. Page. The estimation of fat in unsweetened evaporated milk, Hunziker and Spitzer. 412 The detection of added water in altered milk, Kling and Roy 413 Ash content of serum as test for watered milk, Sprinkmeyer and Diedrichs. . 413 On the determination of the dirt content in milk, Fendler and Kuhn 414 Analysis of industrial casein. Domic and Daire 414 A study of the fatty acids of fish oils, Tolman 414 Studies of the fat and nitrogen content of a number of nuts, Kiihl 414 On the oil in the fruit of Msculus hippocasianum (horse-chestnut), Stillesen. . . 414 The fruit of the Aralia hispida, Gilchrist 414 [Miscellaneous analyses], Ladd 414 Report of the Swiss agricultural chemical station at Zurich, 1908, Grete 414 Annual report of the experiment station at Marburg for 1908-9, Haselhoff 414 Report of station at Rostock from January 1, 1907 to June 30, 1908, Heinrich. 414 Report of progress in animal chemistry, Maly, Andreasch and Spiro 414 METEOROLOGY — WATER. [Meteorological observations at North Dakota Station], Ladd 415 Meteorological data. Price and Drinkard, jr 415 Climate and meteorology of Australia ' 415 Is ovx climate changing? Moore 415 The compensation between types of seasons in certain regions, Hildebrandsson . 415 The isothermal layer of the atmosphere, Shaw, Cave, and Rotch 415 Climatic temperature tables and heat requirement figures, Krell, sr 415 Climatic requirements of the maize crop, Burtt-Davy 415 Report on the gaging of streams for 1907, Horton 415 The bacteriological investigation of drinking water, Kohn 416 Studies on the purification of sewage by peat beds, Miintz and Laine 416 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. The soil and soil preparation, Mitscherlich 416 Suspension and flocculation of fine particles in water suspensions, Puchner. . . 416 Do we possess a practical method of bacteriological soil investigations? Fischer. 416 The nitrogen cycle and soil organisms, Ashby 416 Influence of different bases on transformation of nitrogen, Lemmermann et al. . 417 The influence of lime on the bacteria of a soil, Fischer 417 The nitrogen economy of cultivated soils, Pfeiffer et al 417 The nitrogen economy of cultivated soils, Ehrenberg 417 The natural solution of the nitrogen question by soil inoculation, Stoklasa 418 The importance of nitrogen fixation in cultivated soil, Lohnis 418 Denitrification: Effect of fresh and well-rotted manure, Ferguson and Fred.. 418 The action of stable manure and lime on upland moor soils, Bersch 418 Industries of the lime nitrogen and allied processes, Caro 418 The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, Eyde 419 Nitric acid from the air, Bernthsen 419 The manufacture of nitric acid from the air in Austria, Russ 419 Formation of nitric oxid from the air by a current of low voltage, Morden 419 Lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime in storage and their determination, Kappen. . 419 Mixing superphosphate and calcium cyanamid, Masson-Polet 419 A new method of making superphosphate 419 The valuation of insoluble phosphoric acid in commercial fertilizers, Fash 419 The valuation of raw phosphates, Ullmann 419 A phosphate problem for Illinois landowners, Hopkins 419 Fertilizer inspection 420 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Agricultural bacteriology, Conn 420 The bacterial flora of Hawaiian sugars, Lewton-Brain and Deerr 420 Report of the assistant bacteriologist, Fred 420 Assimilation of nitrogen by B. radicicola in absence of the host, Fred 420 Fixation of nitrogen by B. radicicola without a legume, Fred and Ellett 421 Nitrogen assimilation of Sterigmatocystis nigra, Latham 421 The accumulation of nitrates in parasitic and saprophytic plants, Lutz 421 The carbon assimilation in plants, Euler 422 The influence of magnesia on garden plants, Chenault and Truffaut 422 CONTENTS. Ill Page. Studies on the oxidizino; power of roots, Schroiner and Reed 422 The effect of the coh)r of loaves on their internal temperature, Smith 422 Studies on Plasmodiophoraceie and Phytomyxina-, Maire and Tison 423 The action of i)oisons on Chlamydomonas and other vegetable cells, Harvey. . . 423 Number and distribution of native legumes in Nebraska and Kansas, Warren. 424 Seeds and plants imported from October 1 to December 31, 1908 424 FIELD CROPS. Field experiments in 1906-1908, Woods and Bartlett 424 [Work with field cro]is], Nesom 425 Report of the chemical and seed control station at Trondhjem, 1907, Solberg. . 425 Report of the chemical and seed control station at Trondhjem, 1908, Solberg. . 425 Report of the Shatilov Agricultural Experiment Station, Viner 425 Twelve years' results at the Odessa Experiment Station, Rotmistrov 425 Report for 1908 of the trade and agriculture of Poland and Grodno, Bayley 425 Fibers, Dunstan 426 Fertilizer and seeding experiments with root crops, Clark and Minns 426 Perennial leguminous crops in the southwestern steppe region, Buichikhin 426 The wild alfalfas and clovers of Siberia, Hansen 426 Report of progress in variety tests of barley, Willis and Bopp 426 Variety tests with two-rowed barley for 21 years, Mortensen and Hansen 427 The importance of broad breeding in corn, Collins .' . . 427 A preliminary report on cotton experiments, Krauss 427 Fertilizer experiments with cotton. Harper 428 The seed of Eruca mtira and its extraction residues, Hals and Gram 429 The water consumption of lupines, von Seelhorst 430 Meadow fescue; its culture and uses, Vinall 430 The necessity for new standards of hop valuation, Stockberger 430 Improvement of the oat crop, Warburton 430 A' critical period in the development of oats, I, Vikhlyaer 430 Potato notes, Bennett, Paddock, and Johnson 430 Preliminary report on potato germination troubles in 1909, Johnson et al 430 Results obtained from inoculating soy beans with artificial cultures, Fred 431 The role of the oxalates in the germination of beet seeds, Doby 431 The evaporation of water by sugar beets, Slezkin 431 Progress of the beet-sugar industry in the United States in 1908, Say lor 431 Varieties of cane, May 431 The passing of the Bourbon cane in Antigua, Tempany 432 A cane stripping experiment at Olaa plantation 432 Sweet potato work in 1908, Keitt 432 Work at the tobacco experiment stations, Mathewson 433 The improvement of Wisconsin tobacco through seed selection, Sandsten 434 The culture and selection of tobacco, Trabut 434 Ripening of wheat influenced by soil moisture, von Seelhorst and Krzymowski . 434 The root systems of varieties of spring wheat, von Seelhorst and Krzymowski. . 435 The development of wheat on the black soils of Southern Russia, Lokot 435 Moisture content and shrinkage in grain, Duvel 435 Report of Nebraska seed laboratory, Wilcox and Stevenson 435 Killing mustard and other weeds in grain fields by iron sulphate, Olive 435 Weed work, Bolley 436 HORTICULTURE. Cabbage experiments and culture. Close and White 437 Growing better gems. Troop and Woodbury 437 Varietal study of sweet com. Price and Drinkard, jr 438 Growin" onions from seed, Troop and Woodbury 438 Varietal study of tomatoes. Price and Drinkard, jr 438 Missouri apple growing, Whitten 438 Culture and analyses of French cider apples in Virginia, Price and EUett 438 The olive and the oils of the Province of Catania, De Cillis 438 Effects of annular decortication on peaches, Calzolari and Manaresi 439 IV CONTENTS. \ Page. Hardiness of peach buds as influenced by the care of the orchard, Chandler. . . 439 Variety test of peaches, Morris 439 Japan plum Pathfinder, Strang 439 Origin and importance of the Scuppernong and other Muscadine grapes, Reimer . 439 Fruits recommended by the American Pomological Society 440 On Coffea robusta and Bukoba coffee ( Cofea bukobcnsis), Zimmerman 440 Hotbeds and cold frames; their preparation and management, Howard 440 The vegetable garden, Bennett 440 The farmer's home garden, Dacy 440 Biggie orchard book. Biggie 440 Orcharding in east Tennessee, Keffer 440 The suburbanite's handbook of dwarf fruit tree culture, Thornton 440 The garden yard; a handbook of intensive farming, Hall 441 The book of the cottage garden, Thonger 441 Little gardens and how to make the most of them, Thomas 441 A little Maryland garden. Hays 441 The summer garden of pleasure, Batson 441 House plants and how to grow them, Barnes 441 Sweet peas and how to grow them, Thomas 441 FORESTRY. Relation between germination percentage and intrinsic value of pine seeds. Storing pine seed without injury to germination percentage, Haack 441 Further fertilizer experiments with forest seedlings on sandstone soils, Vater 442 The influence of cultural methods on the yield of the common pine, Kunze. . . 443 Properties and uses of the southern pines, Betts 443 The effect of the soil of the hemlock grove on seedlings, Robinson 443 Paper birch in the Northeast, Dana 443 The tree-cotton or kapok tree {Eriodendron anfractuosum) , Miicke 443 The balata industry in Surinam, Fock 443 New facts on the Bleekrodea tonkinensis, Dubard and Eberhardt 444 Rubber from southern India 444 Trees of commerce, Stevenson 444 The timber supply of the United States, Kellogg 444 Forest products of the United States, 1907 444 Practical assistance to owners of forest land and to tree planters 444 The wood commerce of the Saxon railroads in the years 1883-1907, Mammen 444 The net revenues of the Saxon state forests for the year 1907, Bruhm 445 A report on forest management in Italy during the biennial period 1906-7 445 Forest administration in United Provinces for 1907-8, Osmaston and Jackson. . 445 Forest administration of the Central Provinces for 1907-8, Gradon et al 445 Scientific forestry, forest zoology, and botany for 1908, Weber 445 DISEASE.S OF PLANTS. The loose smuts of barley and wheat, Freeman and Johnson 445 Smut and rust of cereals and their prevention. Kirchner 446 The wintering of parasitic fungi, and combating their attacks, Riehm 446 The fungus and insect enemies of beets, Ulrich 446 Root tumors on sugar beeta, Reinelt 446 The heart and dry rots of sugar beets, Krtiger and Wimmer 446 The internal disease of the potato, Home 447 The composition of potatoes attacked by Phy tophthora, Riviere and Bailhache . . 447 A new anthracnose of figs, Stevens and Hall 447 A leaf disease of the olive, Petri 447 The fungi of yerba mate, Spegazzini 447 American gooseberry mildew 447 ■ The mildew of gooseberries, Fron '. ^ 448 Diseases of deciduous forest trees, von Schrenk and Spaulding 448 The catalpa leaf spot, Parker 448 Observations on the oak mildew inl908, Noffray 449 A new fungus on swamp cedar. Banker 449 Carnation alternariose, Stevens and Hall 449 CONTENTS. V ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. Page. The Biota of the San Bernardino Mountains, Grinnell 449 Game [in Massachusetts] 450 The otter in eastern Massachusetts, Brewster 450 Birds of the world, Kuowhon and Ridj^way 450 On bird i)rotection and bird destruction in New South Wales, North 450 Report of the superintendent of entomology and inspector, Craw 450 Review of the dragon Hies of Wisconsin, Muttkowski 450 The life history of the termite, Eschericli 451 Ternes gestroi, Towgood 451 First rey)ort of the South African central locust bureau. Fuller et al 451 Turkish locust destruction, Jackson 451 Two new species of North American Tingitidae, Heidemann 451 AphididtB of southern California, J , Essig 451 Plant louse parasites, I, Baker 451 On two new species of parasites of Aleyrodidse, Howard 452 Notes on coccida^, I, Essig 452 The red scale ( Chrysomphalus aurantii), Cook 452 The cross-breeding of two races of Acidalia virgularia, Prout and Bacot 452 New species of Balaninus, with notes, Chittenden 452 A new genus and species of Mymaridae, Howard 452 Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic hymenoptera, VI, Brues. . 452 Tetrastichus as a parasite on polygnotus, Ainslie • 452 Notes on Toxoptera graminum and parthenogenesis of its parasites, Phillips. . . . 452 The insect pests of clover and alfalfa, Folsom 453 Cabbage worms and suggestions for destroying them, Rumsey and Brooks 454 The cigar case-bearer ( Coleophorajldcherella), Hammar 454 The codling moth in thie Ozarks, Jenne 455 Life history of the codling moth in Virginia, Buck 456 Apple enemies and how to fight them, Munson 457 Combating the Eudemis, Feytaud 457 The grape-cane gall maker and the grape-cane girdler, Brooks 457 A new Tetranychus, Banks 458 Combating the coconut palm scale {Aspidiotus destructor), Schwartz 458 The leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina), Howard and Chittenden 458 The green-striped maple worm (Anisota ruhicunda), Howard and Chittenden. . 458 Injury to oak forests in Texas by Heterocampa manteo, Hooker 458 Some common bagworms and basketworms, Fuller 459 The Ohio species of the genus Disonycha, Scott 459 A new orchid pest, Lindinger 459 Crusade against mosquitoes in Leipsic, Warner 459 Mosquitoes destroyed by the nighthawk, Jennings 459 Larvacides, Gorgas 459 Further report on a disease of bees in the Isle of Wight, Maiden 459 [Introduction of a South China silkworm into Formosa], Deichman. .' 4G0 Tasar silk cocoon rearing at the Chaibassa Tasar Farm in Bengal, Smith 460 FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Effect of sugar and temperature on fruit juices. Snow 460 Contribution on the chemistry and physics of jelly making, Goldthwaite 461 Discoloration of canned goods, Duckwall 461 The destruction of tubercle bacilli in bread by cooking, Auche 462 The composition and analysis of chocolate. Booth, Cribb, and Richards 462 The composition of cider, Barker and Russell 462 Composition of kirsch and its cyanogen compounds, Rocques and L^vy 462 Food analyses No. 24, Willard ; 462 Ninth report on food adulteration under the pure food law, Allen and Hill 462 [Report of the food and dairy commissioner], Wheaton 462 Annual report of the chemical ins]>ection station at Halle, Klostermann 463 Circular letters issued by order of the State board of health, Barnard 463 Official inspecticms - 463 A uniform standard for meat inspection, Matarotti 463 Inspection of ])roducts of animal origin, Richelet 463 The influence of boric acid on diastatic reactions, Agulhon 463 Minimal quantities of food preservatives, Snell 463 VI CONTENTS. Page. The standard of living among workingmen's families in New York City, Chapin . 463 Cost of living of the working-classes [in the United Kingdom], Fox 464 Cost of living in German towns. Fox 465 Cost of living in French towns, Fox 465 Improved meals of school children in Charlottenburg, Seydel 466 Studies of protein metabolism, Abderhalden 466 Influence of lactic ferments in the absorption of protein, Labbe and Vitry 466 The uric acid ferments, Rockwood 466 Rice and beri-beri, Fletcher 466 Mercurial poisoning of men in a respiration chamber. Carpenter and Benedict. . 467 Preliminary observations on metabolism during fever, Carpenter and Benedict. 468 U. S. Government publications for students of home economics, Langworthy. . 468 Free or inexpensive pamphlet literature, Birdseye 468 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Some recent studies on growth. Pearl 469 The capacity of animals to grow under adverse conditions. Waters 469 Heredity, variation and evolution in protozoa, I, Jennings 469 Heredity, variation and evolution in protozoa, II, Jennings 469 Heredity and variation in the simplest organisms, Jennings 470 Mendel's principles of heredity, Bateson 470 The categories of variation. Holmes 470 The colors of Highland cattle, Wilson 470 Does telegony exist? Morse 470 The forage value of helianti, Fabre and Vidal 471 The value of dried beet pulp for milch cows, horses, and swine, Hansson 471 Soy meal and soy cakes, Hansson 471 Concerning the sampling of sunflower seed cake and its composition, Schuftan. 471 Concentrated feeding stuffs, Cathcart, Carberry, and Pfersch 471 Feeding stuff inspection 471 Effect of alcohol in the feed and drink of domestic animals, Pott 471 Pea silage feeding of lambs in Wisconsin 472 The case for the goat, Robertson-Scott 472 Feeding fermented cotton-seed meal to hogs, Curtis 472 Further experiments with dried potatoes, Schneidewind 472 Pig feeding experiments at Clonakilty Agricultural Station, 1907-8, Duncan. 473 Feeding of pigs. Potts 473 Hog raising in Colorado, Cottrell 1 473 A fortune in eggs, Van Orsdale 473 Poultry secrets, Boyer 473 Report of fourth egg-laying competition, Robertson 473 The keeping of egg records 473 Experiments with ostriches, Duerden 473 [Live stock in foreign countries], Babbitt, Thackara, and Smith 474 Live stock statistics of Bavaria 474 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. Soy beans and soy cakes, Gilchrist 474 Soy bean cake, Hansen 474 Nuclear division in the milk glands of cattle, Zimmermann 474 The factors which determine increase in function of the mammary gland, Foa. 474 On the origin of the lactose of milk, Foa 475 The stereochemistry of lactic-acid fermentation, Herzog and Horth 475 On the diastases of milk, Bordas and Touplain 475 Contributions to the composition of buffalo milk, Baintner and Irk 475 The milk of marsupiali, Ducceschi 475 Dairy school bulletin 476 Report of the dairy institute at Hameln, Vieth 476 Report of agricultural research laboratory at Jaroslaw, Russia, Paraschtschuk. 476 Report on an investigation as to the contamination of milk 476 The relative proportion of bacteria in top and bottom milk, Anderson 476 Method of treating milk, Goucher 476 The influence of acidity of cream on the flavor of butter, Rogers and Gray -176 The keeping of butter in cold storage, Sayer, Rahn, and Farrand 478 P-oxyphenylethylamin in Emmenthal cheese, Winterstein and Kung 478 CONTENTS. * VI r I'agG. Process for the maniifacturo of clicoso, Raguet 478 Preservation of butter, margariii, and other Hubstanees, Monteran 479 Ghicose-treated parchment jjaper for ])a('king, von Hohent^tern 479 Report on niilk-l)o1 tie washers and other dairy ai)])Hances, Martiny 479 Triple steriHzation as api)lied to canning corn, Aloncure 479 Tapioca and palm starches for paper making, Virneisel 479 Domination of fermentation by use of selected yeasts, Moncure and Ellett 479 RejHirt on Collettes' process for extracting juice from beet roots, J.indet 480 Distillation of cane-sugar molasses in Cuba, Demuth 480 Helianthus tubers as a material for the i)roduction of s])irit, Kocks 480 Yeurb'ook of German associations of alcohol and starch manufacl ur(>rs 480 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Third report of commission on human and animal tuberculosis, Griffith et al. . 481 Eleventh meeting of Interstate Association of Live Stock Sanitary lioards 481 Report of veterinary and live stock commissioner, Rutherford etal 482 Report of the division of animal industry, Norgaard 483 Report of the government veterinary bacteriologist, Theiler 483 Report of the principal veterinary surgeon, Gray 484 The loco-weed disease of the Plains, Marsh 484 Lymphatic glands of the ox, Craig 48(5 Johne's disease in cattle, Townsend 48G Experiments on virus of cattle plague with Chamberland filters " F, ' ' Ruediger . 48G Filtration experiments with Bacillus cholerse suis, McBryde 486 Pyemic arthritis, Spencer 486 The history of glanders in the French army, Magnin 487 Dourine 487 Trypanosomiasis of horses at Tonquin, Hallot ; 487 The treatment of trypanosomiases in horses, Thiroux and Teppaz 488 Leucocytozoon ))iroplasmoides of epizootic lym])haiigitis, Thiroux and Teppaz. 488 The treatment of dog distemper by means of vaccination, Lissauge and Naudin. 488 The successful drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, Nuttall and Had wen. . 488 On the supposed development of Trypanosoma Icirisi in lice and fleas, and the occurrence of Crithidia ctenophthalini in fleas, Strickland , 488 Fatal enteritis caused by rhysaloplera praeputialis, Harrison and Hall 489 RURAL ENGINEERING. The best road and the right way to make it, Barber 489 Waterproofing concrete with asphalt 489 Wells in the Gangetic alluvium, Moreland 489 Utilizing farm water power, Winans 489 Farm hydro-electric plant without operating attendant, O 'Gara 489 Transportable electric motors, Trott 490 [Test of an oil traction motor] 490 Reports on agricultural machinery 490 Miscellaneous implements exhibited at Newcastle, 1908 • 490 An effective lime spreader, Lee 490 A combined tractor irrigating machine 490 A new cane-cutting machine 491 A simplified form of dynamometer, Gieseler 491 Rat-proof granary and crib, Houghton 491 RURAL ECONOMICS. A congress for the discussion of rural depopulation, Meline 491 The homestead law in France, Rudloff 491 The future of large and small holdings, Cacpiet and Vandervelde 491 Associations for the creation of small holdings 491 Concerning the farm labor problem, Laur 492 The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, Bruttini et al. . 492 The insurance of farm lai)orers against accidents at their work, Bandini 492 The obligatory insurance of farm laborers against accidents, Capellani 492 Cooperation in marketing agricultural produce, Coulter, Morman, and Carver.. 492 Crop Reporter 493 VIII CONTENTS. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Page. The farmers' institute with relation to agricultural high schools, Stevens 493 School agriculture in its relation to the community, Howe 493 The agricultural revolution, and the teacher's part in it, Poe 493 Practical agriculture in rural schools, Jenks 493 Agricultural and industrial education for Oklahoma schools, Balcomb 494 Traveling schools, Snyder 494 Extension work in the West, Snyder 494 Public school extension work, Martin 494 Boys' and girls' agricultural clubs, Howe 494 Corn, cotton and live stock contests for Georgia school children — 1909 494 Fai-mers' institutes in Georgia 494 Elements of agriculture, Warren 494 Guide to the study of plant culture, Fischer 495 Textbook on plant culture for rural public schools, Christensen 495 Experimental dairy bacteriology, Russell and Hastings 495 Preventing damage by frost. Smith , 495 Selecting seed corn, Moorhouse 495 The sport of bird study. Job 495 A loaf of bread, Wardell. 495 Something about sewing for Nebraska girls 495 MISCELLANEOUS. Nineteenth Annual Report of North Dakota Station 496 Annual Report of Virginia Station, 1908 496 Report of the Bureau of Agriculture for 1908, Nesom 496 Report on the work of the Imperial Institute 1906 and 1907, Dunstan 496 Development of experimentation by Imperial Free Economic Society 496 A chronological history of the conservation movement 496 Encyclopsedia of agriculture 496 Accessions to the Department Library, January-March, 1909 496 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. stations in the United States — Cont'd. Virginia Station : Page. An. Rpt. 1908 415,418, 420, 431, 433. 438, 456, 479, 486, 496 Virginia Truck Station: Circ. 2, June 15, 1909 430 West Virginia Station: Bui. 119, Jan., 1909 457 Bui. 120, Apr., 1909 454 Bui. 121, Apr., 1909 457 Bui. 122, May, 1909 440 Wisconsin Station: Bui. 176, May, 1909 434 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Stations in the United States. Colorado Station: Page. Circ. 1, Mar., 1909 430 Circ. 2, Apr., 1909 473 Hawaii Station: Press Bui. 24 427 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Path, and Physiol. Bui. 9, Apr., 1909 .' 420 Illinois Station: Bui. 134, Apr., 1909 453 Circ. 130, Apr., 1909 419 Indiana Station: Bui. 134, June, 1909 412 Bui. 135, June, 1909 437 Circ. 15, May, 1909 438 Maine Station: Bui. 167, May, 1909 424 Off. Insp. 7, 1909 463 Off. Insp. 8, 1909 463 Off. Insp. 9, 1909 420 Off. Insp. 10, 1909 471 Off. In.sp. 11, 1909 463 Maryland Station: Bui. 133, Mar., 1909 437 Missouri Station: Circ. Inform. 31 439 Circ. Inform. 32 438 Circ. Inform. 33 440 Nebraska Station: Bui. 110, June 25, 1909 435 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 220, Apr. 26, 1909 471 New York Cornell Station: Bui. 267, May, 1909 426 North Carolina Station: Bui. 200, Apr., 1909 472 Bui. 201, Apr., 1909 439 North Dakota Station: Nineteenth An. Rpt. 1908, pt.l. 414, 415, 436, 496 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 84, June, 1909 439 South Carolina Station: Bui. 145, Apr., 1909 428 Bui. 146, Apr. ,1909.- 432 South Dakota Station: Bui. 112, Mar., 1909 435 Bui. 113, Mar., 1909 426 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, I). C, to whom all remittginces should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol- ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical j)ubli- cations are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are dis- tributed from the stations and not from the Department. Farmers' Bui. 361 Rpt. 90 (10 cents) 430 431 Bureau of Animal Industry: Bui. 112 (35 cents) Bui. 113 (10 cents) 484 486 Bui. 114(10cents) Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 80, pt. 1(10 cents) Bui. 80, pt. 2 (10 cents) Circ. 109 476 455 454 458 Circ. 110 458 Forest Service: Circ. 163 443 Circ. 164 443 Circ. 165 444 Circ. 166 444 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 141, pt. 4 (5 cents) Bui. 149 (15 cents) 427 448 Bui. 150 (10 cents) 426 Bui. 151 (15 cents) 440 Bui. 152 (15 cents) 445 Bui. 153 (10 cents) 424 Circ. 30 430 Circ. 31 424 Circ. 32 435 Circ. 33 430 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 8, Aug., 1909 Library: Bui. 71 (10 cents) 493 496 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXL October, 1909. No. 5. Investigation in horticulture was the main topic of consideration at the recent meeting of the Society of Horticultural Science. Tlie need of it was the kej^note of the meeting, and there was frank ad- mission on the part of many that little more than a beginning has yet been made. It was made clear that in organization for teaching and for experimentation horticulture has not kept pace with the advancement of the times, and that this fact has restricted its effi- ciency in both directions. Horticulture as a separate subject was one of the first to be organ- ized in the agricultural colleges. It was recognized as one of the grand divisions of agricultural education, and in point of equipment was developed quite as early as agriculture. It was popular, and the practical usefulness of its courses was realized early in the history of these institutions. It w^as looked upon as a department unto itself, and the distinctions between it and other departments of instruction were carefully guarded. Horticultural instruction in this country has had a higher aim than that in Europe. The English and continental gardeners are largely men of the apprentice-school type, whose training has been centered on learning to do things — on developing skill and good judgment. The object of the agricultural colleges of this country is to make educated men, as well as men with practical training. The effort in horticulture has been to teach not only the art but the prin- ciples, so far as they are known, and to reduce horticulture to a pedagogic basis. But in this the subject has not kept pace with other branches of agriculture of late. The attempt to hold it intact and to itself has retarded the development of its organization, and prevented its keeping pace with the differentiation and specialization which have been going on in agriculture The mode of organization has now become traditional and unsuited to present conditions. The units are far too large, and do not develop specialization either in teachers or students. Horticulture is at present a highly developed art. The art has developed far beyond the understanding of the science, and skill 401 402 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. drawn from experience is depended upon rather than a knowledge of principles. The work of horticulturists has dealt largely with the art— with the commercial and aesthetic side of the subject. This has predominated to such a degree as often, and perhaps usually, to give the student an imperfect conception of the field and a biased view as to the needs on the experimental side. At no stage has there been the attempt to correlate horticultural practice and problems with the sciences that there has been in some branches of agriculture proper. The fundamentals of horticulture have not been sufficiently developed to meet the demands of scientific training, and graduate work in that subject has not been so arranged as to promote investigation except in a quite limited way. The science has been to a large degree borrowed from the related sciences, and systematic investigation in the science of horticulture by horticulturists has been prosecuted only sparingly. They have been too busy with the practical questions and often in conducting large plantations on a commercial basis. In their teaching and their experimental work they have spread themselves over too broad a field. Their work has been diffuse, and there have been few who have been content to confine themselves to a definite field. This has necessarily made much of the work superficial; and the success met with in assisting practical men has tended to engender a certain satis- faction with that kind of work, and prevented full realization of the need of more fundamental investigation. Horticulture as a science has not yet been organized, and the field of horticultural investigation has not yet been surveyed and mapped. Only quite recently has much consideration been given to the science of horticulture and its upbuilding. It presents a virgin field. The meeting of the society at St. Catharines, Ontario, was therefore a noteworthy one in the prominence given to this subject. In this respect it was a realization of what was expected when the society was organized under its present name several years ago. As a mark of its interest in the subject, the society rejected a proposition to change its name to that of an Association of Official Horticulturists ; the sentiment prevailed that the body should retain the name and the character of a society of science as related to horticulture. As such it has a wholly unoccupied field, and may become a very important agency for the advancement of horticultural science and the reor- ganization of horticulture in the agricultural colleges and experiment stations. In the presidential address, Mr. W. A. Taylor, of this Department, voiced the great and increasing need for science in horticulture. This must be developed out of thoroughgoing research, fundamental in character and method, and aimed primarily at principles and laws EDITORIAL. 403 rather than at practical rules. The need of well-trained, well-poised men to conduct such work was strongly emphasized, for it was recognized that without men with the proper training and the proper outlook, little real advancement in horticultural science can be looked for. Men first, and then the development of methods of research in horticulture, were looked upon as the two things most needful for horticultural investigation. In a }:)aper on The Adams Fund in Its Helation to Investigation in Horticukure, E. W. Allen, of this Office, described the work wliicli is being done in horticulture under that fund, and pointed out some of the essential features of investigation. The review showed that the Adams fund has stimulated a considerable amount of investiga- tion in the field of horticulture, and that this covers a quite wide range. Of the forty-five projects in that field, however, only a part are being conducted by horticulturists, the remainder being in charge of men in other departments. This illustrates the intimate relationship between horticulture and the basic sciences, and the necessity of taking account of the investi- gation done there in determining the j^resent status of science in horticulture. The horticulturist entering the field of investigation requires a quite broad view of science. This familiarity must teach him the field of these sciences, and in a general way what has already been done. He must know not only the methods and the spirit of science, but he must be able to think clearly in science. He must be able to analyze the large practical problems in his subject, and re- solve them into their scientific aspects, so as to define his investigation, get a point of attack, and give the work direction. There is much advantage to be gained from the point of view of the horticulturist, provided there is combined with it a broad scientific outlook and sympathy. The man with practical sympathies and an understanding of the conditions of the art should.be in position to turn out more efficient and useful investigation in horticulture than one whose studies take no account of these considerations. But the horticulturists too often approach their problem from the standpoint of the art primarily, rather than that of science, and as a result the experimental work in that field has consisted quite largely of trials and experiments which gave only a superficial answer and are not conclusive or permanent in character. Up to the present time there has not been a very widespread or well-defined sentiment for research under existing conditions. The horticulturists have felt the pressure to get results of immediate practical application by the shortest route. The needs of the art have appealed to them strongly, and the commercial and practical aspects of the subject have been alluring and fascinating. 404 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. In a general way there has been agreement among horticulturists that there ought to be more investigation in their subject, and a recognition that it is based on the application of principles in science which ought to be worked out. The demands upon them prevented such work in the earlier stages, and this has gradually shaped their attitude toward experimentation in horticulture until, in a way, it has become fixed, so that although the way now opens for research they are not drawn to it. They have not had the inspiration of in- vestigation by foreign horticulturists, or an organization of the field, or a summing up of the status of knowledge from a scientific stand- point. Twenty years of experiment station work has changed the view but little. The work has been mostly in circles and has continued largely along beaten paths. Investigation is largely a matter of sympathies and temperament, and these have not been developed. The call is loud and insistent for men of that training, but the de- mand can not be met. The difficulty gets back to the colleges. They are not holding up the ideals to the occasional student suited to that sort of a career, and developing in him the standards for real pro- gressive work in horticulture, the spirit of research, and the point of view of science as well as of commercialism. Until this is done, until horticultural instruction is put upon a higher plane, and the possibilities for advanced work in science with a horticultural out- look are developed, we shall have to draw largely on the basic sciences for the principles of horticulture. More attention needs to be paid to what the basic sciences are con- tributing which has a bearing on horticulture, and it would be a great help to have the scientific basis of horticulture gathered from all sources and arranged in a systematic way. The knowledge of what has been done is a prerequisite to original investigation in any line. It is a singular fact that we have no text-book or treatise on horti- culture in its scientific aspects, no book which brings together for the teacher or the student what is really known of the principles which underlie operations in horticulture. We have such books for animal nutrition, for breeding, for agricultural chemistry, for soils, and other branches of agriculture, but not for horticulture. We have, it IS true, books on the principles of fruit culture and of vegetable grow- ing and the like, but they are the principles or elements of practice, not of science. What a help such a book would be to both the teacher and the in- vestigator! It would give the status of science in horticulture in such a way as to furnish a starting point for original and productive EDITORIAL. 405 investigation, and something to build onto. There -would be no further excuse for working around in circles. Such a treatise would illustrate the meaning of investigation, and open up a vast number of subjects for study. It would help greatly in organizing the sub- ject, and aid in formulating the practical problems in their scientific aspects. The prejjaration of such a manual would prepare the way for a classification of horticulture from a scientific standpoint. It would furnish a basis for horticultural science, and would in fact be the beginning of that science. Science as applied to any subject is knowledge verified and arranged in an orderly system, and the office of science is the study of the sequence of phenomena. This, then, is the office of horticultural science — to bring together scientific knowl- edge as it relates to that subject and arrange it in an orderly system, and to study the sequence of phenomena in horticulture. The i^aper by Prof. L. H. Bailey, on The Field of Research in Horticulture, w^as a definition of the kind of work needed to develop the fundamentals of horticulture, the kind of men required to carry on such work, and the need for reorganization. It was a frank setting forth of the manner in which horticulture as a subject is lagging behind, both in teaching and investigation. Professor Bailey explained that the practices of the present day have grown up in a sort of haphazard and indefinite w^ay. They are in large measure founded on shrewd guesses. Because they have served us very well so far there is no reason to expect them to con- tinue to meet our needs. " Research in horticulture is as much to be furthered as is research in anj^hing else. . . . There really can be no worthwhile horticulture unless it be founded on original scien- tific investigation." The definition given of research was clear and explicit. It was characterized as " a competent effort by a competent person to dis- cover principles and facts that are underlying in one year as well as in another, and that do not grow old and out of date, in distinction from the making of tests and the reelaboration of present knowledge." Citing an illustration from horticulture of this distinction he said : " To determine what varieties of apricots are best adapted to a region may be one of the most useful undertakings, but it is of temporary value and a new test should be made every five or ten years. To de- scribe the varieties of apricots is of the same order. If, however, one were to inquire for the principles that control the variation of apricots, or that determine the limitations of varieties, or that under- lie the physiological processes in apricot growing, or that explain the 406 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. close interrelation of the apricot flora with climate, he would be entering the field of real research." Research depends on the intention and method of the work, and specially on the capacity of the man who undertakes it. Its intention is to go to the bottom. It requires a research type of mind ; " few per- sons are capable of projecting and completing real investigational work,'' hence men must be selected who have the special aptitude and qualification for it. It is futile to attempt to exact it of all men. ' Professor Bailey expressed the belief that on the research side the horticulturists in the colleges and stations are not making great head- way, and that few new men are being turned out who promise to meet the coming problems. The reason for this condition was assigned very largely to improper or inefficient organization and plan. " Horticul- turists are forced to cover too much ground," he said, " and neces- sarily they cover some of it very thin. The work is not sufficiently specialized. There is the same need that horticulturists become par- ticularists as that other college officers become unquestioned authori- ties in particular subjects. ... If the subjects that we class with horticulture had been wholly unrecognized until this time, it is in- conceivable that they would now be organized under the present form." He urged differentiation in function and specialization in horticul- ture, and pointed out that the horticulturists should themselves be actively preparing a reconstructive movement. In regard to the kind of men needed for the college and station work, Professor Bailey laid great stress on the development of the point of view and the scientific spirit, and upon the necessity for graduate work. In this he drew upon his address given before the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Sta- tions, at Portland, the past summer. He urged that the colleges must not only train farmers but must train the trainers of farmers; they thus have a double work to perform. " The college that makes no adequate distinction between these two lines of service ought not to undertake to train men for the best leadership, or to expect that even the best men from the graduating classes will be fitted for it." The point was made that the college that trains a man inoculates the spirit into him. " No person is prepared for college and station work who does not possess the scientific spirit. . . . The point of view is the first consideration ; the curriculum is one of the means of work- ing it out." The type of mind determines the man's attitude toward a problem. " The attitude of the young man toward his w^ork is just as important as the work itself; and for this attitude his instructors are in large degree responsible." " Because a man has graduated from a college of agriculture it does not follow that he is fitted for a position in a college of agriculture. EDITORIAL. 407 My contention is that wo have now come to the time when we must more closely scrutinize the men who are to officer our colleges of agriculture and our e.\[)erinient stations. We have now skinnned the surface in agricultural investigation, taking off the apparent and the easy subjects. The constituency is rapidly rising in intelligent appre- ciation of what we do. We nnist now go dee[)er, attack the essential underlying problems, teach more fundamentally." . Professor Bailey urged strongly the importance of postgraduate study to prepare men for service in the colleges and stations. Such study he considered essential to efficient service at the present stage. He pointed out that practically all the postgraduate students of to-day will be candidates for positions as teachers and experimenters. It is important, therefore, that only men suited to it be encouraged to enter upon such graduate work, and that we appreciate the value of the time element in training persons for college and station work. The}'^ should be allowed to mature and ripen. These are important considerations. They are fundamental to progress. There has been no cessation in the demand for men for our colleges and stations. The supply has not kept pace with it, and men have been pressed into the service wdio Avere never intended for it. The demand is especially for men of advanced training, men ripened by postgraduate study, and with a broad insight into science and its methods and its spirit. This is true of horticulture as well as elsewhere, but the supply is exceedingly small. The opportunity is here but not the men to meet it. The need for investigation lies in its relations to both the art and to teaching. The more transitory tests and experiments have been extremely useful, although half-way knowledge is uncertain and likely to be misleading. Horticulture is largely intensive, and mis- takes are serious. As Professor Bailey said, " a special obligation of good and careful investigation rests on all those who study any of the practices Avhereby men and women wrest their livelihood in the Avorld," From the standpoint of the teacher the present need for investigation is even more imperative, if horticultural instruction is to keep pace pedagogically wath that in other branches of agriculture, based on investigation in which the horticulturists themselves take an active part. There has seemed sometimes to be a disinclination among horticul- turists to map out a restricted field and settle dow^n to investigation in it. In a number of instances men are now employed primarily for investigation, and the attempt is made to relieve them of every dis- turbing or distracting feature, and to leave them to their quest. Some of these men unfortunately fail to meet the requirements, 9049— No, 5—09 2 408 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. because they can not resist the fascination of horticulture as an art and a business, and the practical questions which it suggests. The commercial possibilities are disconcerting to some well-prepared men. Too often they are drawn by the attraction of making money, rather than by that of adding new facts to the fund of human knowl- edge and thus becoming one of the civilizing agencies of their day. The commercial spirit dominates the scientific, and they become rest- less and dissatisfied. We can never have investigation in horticul- ture, under the direction of horticulturists, until we have a class of men with the investigative turn of mind, the training which prepares for it, and the taste which makes its pursuit and its associations satisfying. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGEICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. On the quantitative determination of nitric acid, A. Gutbier (Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. IS, p. 158; abs. in Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 13, p. 11U).~ Referring to a recent article by Hes (E. S. R., 20, p. 1104), the .Author reiter- ates conchisious expressed in a previous article (E. S. R., 17, p. 112). The use of filter paper dried at 110° C. for collecting the precipitate as proposed by Hes is condemned. The determination of nitrates by the Grandval and Lajoux method, L. Farcy (Bui. Soc. Chim. Frame, 4. ser., 5 (1909), No. 10, pp. 562, 563). — Attention is called to the fact that the author is covering in his investigations much the same ground as Lombard and Lafore (E. S. R.. 21, p. 8). Influence of bromids and iodids on the determination of nitrates in ■water, L. Farcy (Bui. Soc. Chim. France, 4. scr., 5 (1909), No. 10, pp. 563-566, fig. 1). — Investigations are reported from which the author concludes that the halogen salts have a disturbing influence in the application of Grandval and Lajoux's method for the determination of nitrates in waters, the coefficient of decoloration varying with the kind of halogen salt present. lodids stand inter- mediate between chlorids and bromids. The mechanism of the reaction is evidently the same for the three classes of halogen salts. On the determination of osmotic pressure, J. Konig and J. Hasenbaumer (Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 (1909), Nos. 22, pp. 1009-1018, figs. 2; 23, pp. 1010- 1074). — The method proposed as well as a new form of osmometer are de- scribed in detail, with results of numerous tests of the method. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 713). The use of the histological method for the microscopical determination of colloids, particularly in soil investigation, F. Cornu (Ztschr. Chem,. u. Indus. KoUoide, J, (1909), No. 6, pp. 30.',, 30.5).— The possibility and advantage of using such methods are briefly pointed out. Studies on the determination of clay in soils, E. Akntz (Latidw. Vers. Stat., HO (1909), No. 3-.',, pp. 269-306; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 13, pp. 1565, 1566). — As a result of an extended series of studies of methods, the au- thor proposes the following procedure : " Heat 5 gm. of fine soil with about 50 cc. of water and 2 cc. of 10 per cent hydrochloric acid (with soils containing larger amounts of lime the hydro- chloric acid should be correspondingly increased), remove the solution by filtra- tion, wash the soil, and remove to a 300 cc. beaker. Add 30 cc. of 18 to 20 per cent ammonia, boil gently for 4 hour, keeping the beaker covered with a watch glass, cool, add water to a depth of 11 cm. over the soil, and after 24 hours' standing, siphon off the supernatant solution to a depth of 1 cm. Re- move the residue to a porcelain dish, stir up repeatedly with a little water, and decant until a clear solution is obtained. Remove the residue and the solutions, to a be&ker and boil gently for \ hour in 20 cc. of ammonia. Cool, cover with water to a depth of 11 cm., and siphon off after 24 hours, repeating this opera- 409 410 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion three times. Precipitate tlie clay in tlie solution by means of ammonium chlorid. Collect tliis clay witli the iron and alumina precipitated from the original hydrochloric acid solution on a filter, wash, ignite, and weigh. With soils having a clay content of 1-15 per cent, divide the weight obtained by 0.99, with those containing 15-30 per cent by 0.98, and with those containing 30-50 per cent by 0.97." The calculation of the potash content of potassic rocks from the specific gravity, C. Przibylla (Kali, 1909, pp. 117, IIS; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 56, Rcpcrt., p. 259). — The method is not considered reliable. The estimation of iron oxid and alumina in phosphate rocks, T. S. Gladding (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. Jf, pp. 2-'i9, 250; ahs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 9, p. 1/85). — The method proposed is as follows: " Boil 5 gm. of the rock phosphate for 1 hour in 50 cc. hydrochloric acid (1:1), filter into a 250 cc. flask, add a few cubic centimeters of peroxid of hydrogen solution, boil for a few minutes to oxidize iron and expel oxygen, cool, fill to mark, and mix. Take 25 cc. {i gm.), heat to boiling, add ammonia to alkalinity, then hydrochloric acid till just clear, then 1 gm. of oxalate of am- monium in crystals, boil gently for a short time, let settle and filter from pre- cipitated oxalate of lime into a 500 cc. Kjeldahl flask, add 5 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid, evaporate to white fumes to destroy excess of oxalic acid. (This boiling down and destruction of oxalic acid can be done in 20 minutes.) Cool, add 50 cc. water, 5 cc. strong hydrochloric acid, and boil gently a few moments to dissolve any dehydrated sulphate of iron, boiling until solution is clear. Rinse into beaker, make up to about 150 cc. and precipitate the iron and alumina as phosphates either by adding ammonia to neutrality using methyl oi'ange as an indicator, or by making the solution just alkaline with ammonia, just clearing with hydrochloric acid and then adding 25 cc. of acetate of am- monia solution (sp. gr. 1.04). Filter and wash the precipitated phosphates with a boiling hot nitrate of ammonia solution (2* per cent). Ignite and weigh, deduct the iron phosphate present and multiply the remainder by 0.418 to obtain the alumina. "The iron oxid is determined by taking 50 cc. (1 gm.) of the rock phosphate solution and titrating by either bichromate of potash solution or permanganate of potash solution." Determinations of the water-absorptive power of peat litter, A. G. Palm- QUiST {K. Landthr. Akad. Handl. och Tidslcr., Jfl {1908), No. 5-6, pp. 398- 402). — This article gives briefly the results of a critical examination of various methods which have been proposed for this purpose, particularly those of Fleischer and von Feilitzen. Attention is called especially to the importance of having the same bottom area in the apparatus used and of employing the same quantity of peat. Hydrolysis of crystallized albumen from hen's egg, T. B. Osborne, D. B. Jones and C. S. Leavenworth {Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 2-J {1909), No. 2, pp. 252-262). — Results of studies of the cleavage of crystallized egg albumen are reported in comparison with the work of other investigators. Of the 50.08 per cent of hydrolysis products obtained, the constituents present in greatest quan- tity were leucin, glutaminic acid, and phenylalanin, with 10.71, 9.10, and 5.07 per cent, respectively. " The low summation shown by our hydrolysis is not due to any defect in carrying out the processes incident to the isolation of the amino-acids, for throughout the entire analysis the separations were effected .with unusually small losses. The unusual deflciency, in our opinion, is rather to be attributed to the presence of some nonpi'otein complex which, in combination with protein. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 411 eoiistitulos this albumen. Possibly some complex similar to cliondroltin-sul- pliuric acid may bere occur, which is suggested by the fact that the amount of sulphid sulphur to be obtained from ovalalbumeu indicates that one-half of its total sulphur belongs to some other complex than cystin." The hydrolyzed products of casein, II. Skraup (Monatsh, Chem., 29 (1908), No. 8, lU). 791-798; ahs. in Zenthl. Physiol, 23 {1909), No. //, p. ii7).— Among the hydrolytic products of casein three different substances were found which had the composition of leucyl — valyl — anhydrids but could be distinguished by their r'otaiy powers. Other products found were leucin and a mixture of butyl and amyl amins. Note on the hydrolysis of casein with hydrochloric and sulphuric acids, Z. H. Skraup and W. Turk {Monatfih. Chcm., 30 {1909), No. 3, pp. 287, 288; abs. in Jour. 8oc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 9, p. J/SH). — When casein was boiled with six times its quantity of fuming hydrochloric acid for 6 hours about the same amoimt of glutamic acid was obtained as when boiled for 18 hours with nine times tlie quantity of 33 per cent suli)huric acid. On the refractive indices of solutions of the caseinates and the acid- and alkali-equivalents of casein, T. P>. Roijertson {Jour. I'liys. CJicin., 13 {1909), No. 6, pp. JtG9-.'iS9) . — Investigations are reported wliich show that the concen- tration of casein solutions can be very accurately determined by their refractive indices. Among the conclusions reached are the following : " The difference between the refractive indices of two solutions of a caseinate which differ only in their casein content, is proportional to the difference between the percentages of casein which they contain. . . . The hydrochloric- acid-equivalent of casein (that is, the quantity of acid required to just dissolve 1 gm. of casein) has been determined, by methods described in this paper, and, for solutions containing 1.25 per cent of casein, it was found that 1 gm. of casein ^ approximately 32 X 10-^ equivalent-gram-molecules of HCl. . . . The NaOH-equivalent of casein has been determined, by methods described in this paper, for solutions containing 2 per cent of casein, and it was found that 1 gm. of casein, at ' saturation ' of the base = 11.4 X 10-^ equivalent-gram-molecules of NaOH. The LiOH-equivalent was found to be identical with the NaOH-equiva- lent." Introductory manual for the repression of adulteration, J. Lemercier {Manuel EU'mentaire pour la Repression des Fraudes. Paris, 1909, pp. XIII -\- 600). — Legislative enactments, analytical methods, and similar data are in- cluded in this extended volume designed for use in food inspection work, especially with reference to French conditions. Detecting and measuring incipient putrefaction in meat, A. Scala and G. Bonamartini {Ann. Iff. 8per., n. ser., 19 {1909), No. 1, pp. 113-122). — Using different kinds of meat, the authors determined the color, odor, reaction, water- soluble material, total nitrogen, ammonia, volatile sulphur, and other constitu- ents, in samples of different ages, and reached the conclusion that the best method of judging of the wholesome condition of meat is by determining the amount of volatile I'oducing substance present. Researches on lard and beef fat, S. Alberto {Stas. Sper. Ayr. Ifal., //2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 179-191). — ^After reviewing the work of other investigators the author pre.sents analytical data to show that the adulteration of lard with beef fat may be detected by the microscope and by determining the melting point of the crystals obtained from ether solutions. A new micro-chemical method for identifying- rye and wheat starch, W. Lknz {Phnrm. Ztg., 5', {1909), No. 1,5, pp. J,J,1, ////2).— According to the author, starches of different origin exhibit differences in the rapidity with which the 412 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. grains swell when treated with a solution of crystalline sodium salicylate. The solution reconiuiended is made of 1 gm. salicylate to 11 gm. of water. The progress of the reaction is followed with a microscope. Experiments on peas greened with, copper and on Manila cream and gelatin treated with copper, R. Ivrzizan (Ztschr. Offentl. Chem., 15 {1909), No. 2, pp. 31-3',; al)S. in Clicm. Zcnihh, 1909, I, No. 8, pp. 615, 676).— The results of the examination of these food products are discussed. A new method for testing' honey, Langer (Sikld. Apoth. Ztg., 1909, No. 19; abs. in Schweiz. Wchuschr. Chem. u. Pharni., J,7 {1909), No. 20, pp. 316, 317).— The author describes a method for detecting artificial honey by means of the preciiiitin reaction obtainable with the protein of natural honey. Judging honey, J. Hertkorn {Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 53, p. Ji81). — A sum- mary of data on the analysis of honey. The use of temperature corrections in the polarization of cane sugar and other products by means of a quartz prism, saccharimeter, C. A. Browne {Ztschr. Ver. Deut. Zuckerindus., 1909, No. 6'tO, II. pp. -)0.'i-Ji31). — An extended study and discussion of methods. Annual report of the experiment station for the Java sugar industry for 1908 {Jaarver. Proefstat. Java Suikerindus., 190S, pp. 259, pi. 1, figs. 7). — This report consists chiefly of analytical data relating to sugar investigations. The Schmitt method of determining total ether extract in wine, F. Scubti and G. De I'lato [Ann. R. Staz. Cliiiii. Agr. t have no direct effect upon the yield of maize per acre, but it does influence the maturing of the grain, and often in this way affects the yield of marketable grain, es]iecially at our higher altitudes." Itainfall, however, lias a very direct bearing u]ion yield. The data collected show that the sunnner rainfall couditions tlu'oughout the greater jtart of South Africa are eminently suited to maize i)roduclion. Report on the gaging of streams for 1907, II. E. IIorton (Ann. Rpt. State Engin. and Surveyor N. Y., 1907, pp. 359-599). — This report "contains the re- sults of observations of water levels along the lines of the Barge Canal as well as at gaging stations maintained in coop(>ration with the TTuited States Geologi- 416 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. cal Survey for the purpose of determiuiu^' the discharge of streams throughout the State." The bacteriological investigation of drinking water, E. KoHN {Centbl. Bald. [c/f,]. 2. Aht., 23 {1909), No. 1-5, pp. 126-lJ,Jf; abs. in Ghem. Zentbh, 1909, I, No. 19, p. i605).— Tests of the iufluence of the character of the culture medium, its chemical reaction, and varying temperatures in the determination of the bacterial content of water are reported. Studies on tbe purification of sewage by means of peat beds, A. Muntz and E. Laine {Ann. Inst. Nat. Agron., 2. sen, S {1909), No. 1, pp. 15-59, figs. 3, dgms. 3).— This article describes at length investigations, briefer accounts of which have already been noted (E. S. R., 19, pp. 524, 1014; 21, p. 115). SOILS— FERTILIZERS. The soil and soil preparation, E. A. Mitscherlich {Fiihling's Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), No. 11, pp. 387-397).— This article, assuming that physically the soil is a mixture of solid particles, water, and air, discusses the influence of physical properties (size of particles, structure, etc.), and the conditions which affect them, for example, depth and time of plowing, upon the productiveness of soils. Investigations on the suspension and fiocculation of fine particles in water suspensions, H. Puchner {Landw. Vers. Stat., 10 {1909), No. 3-Jf, pp. 2J,9-261 ; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 13, p. J.566).— This article reviews studies of (1) soil particles which are not soluble in water and which are not flocculated by salt solutions; (2) particles which are not entirely insoluble and are there- fore self-flocculating; and (3) particles which are somewhat soluble in water and have thereby lost the power of flocculation even when salt solutions are added. The retai'ding effect of organic substances on the flocculation of sus- pensions is emphasized. Flocculation is promoted by frequent stirring and by a marked decrease in soluble substances. Do we possess a practical method of bacteriological soil investigation? H. Fischer {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 23 {1909), Nos. 1-5, pp. 'lU-159; abs. in Chem. Zentbh, 1909, I, No. 19, p. 1605). — As a result of a critical review of the literature of the subject, the author concludes that we do not now possess a method of bacteriological examination of soils which is of practical value. The nitrogen cycle and soil organisms, S. F. Ashby {Bnl. Dept. Agr. Jamaica, n. ser., 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. 2-10, i)?s. 2). — An account is given of the processes by which free nitrogen of the air is fixed, nitrogenous matter broken down, and nitrification and denitriflcation brought about. Reference is made to the author's work in isolating a nitrogen-fixing organism from a Jamaican cane soil, as well as from English, Egyptian, East African, and South African soils, the African soils producing " a blue and finally golden yellow diffusible pigment." The Jamaican cane soil organism is quite similar to the English type, with similar nitrogen-fixing properties. " It has been impossible, however, up to the present, to find this organism in old pasture and old meadow land showing an acid reaction, but it is always abundant in cultivated soil containing carbonate of lime," A method for isolating and studying the nitrogen-fixing power of this organism which proved satisfactory in the author's investigations is described. Previous investigations of the author are referred to as showing " that, under English conditions, nitrification is nearly as active at a depth of 8 in. as at 4 in., but only about half as active at a depth of 12 in. from the surface." See also previous notes (E. S. R., IS, pp. 721, 722). SOILS FERTILIZERS. 4l7 The influence of different bases on the transformation of ammonia and nitrate nitrog-en, O. Lkmmkumann, H. Fiscuku, and K. Husek (IaiikIw. IVr.s. Stat., 70 {1909), No. 5-6, pp. 317-33Jt). — A series of experiments to determine the effect of the addition of calcium, barium, aud magnesium carbonates, and ferric hj'droxid to culture solutions on the transformation of the nitrogen of ammonium suljihate and sodium nitrate into protein compounds, is reported. Barium carbonate increased the transformation in the case of sulphate of ammonia and reduced it in the case of uiti-ate of soda. Calcium carbonate slightly increased the transformation in the case of sulphate of ammonia and still less in tlie case of nitrate of soda. Little or no increase in the rate of transformation was observed in the case of the addition of magnesium car- bonate. Ferric hydroxid in all cases reduced the rate of transformation of nitrate nitrogen into protein compounds. In general, the sulphate of ammonia was transformed to a greater extent than the nitrate of soda, and the author therefore concludes that the lower efficiency of sulphate of ammonia as a fertilizer observed in many cases may be due to the fact tliat it is to a larger extent used by micro-organisms in the production of protein compounds. The effect of calcium carbouate in reducing the efficiency of these nitrogenous fertilizers which is sometimes observed may also be ascribed to the fact tliat its use favors protein formation. The influence of lime on the bacteria of a soil, H. Fischer {Landw. Vers. Stat., 10 {1909), No. 5-6, pp. 335-3. ',2). —In the culture solution tests here re- ported it was found that both ammouiacal nitrogen and nitric nitrogen were converted by micro-organisms into protein compounds in considerable amounts, the former more rapidly than the latter. These protein compounds are soon decomposed again. The presence of calcium carbonate favored the formation of protein compounds slightly in the case of sulphate of ammonia and to a less extent in the case of nitric nitrogen.. The presence of barium carbonate in- creased protein formation in the case of sulphate of ammonia and reduced it in the case of sodium nitrate. Magnesium carbonate reduced the transformation of ammouiacal nitrogen into protein substances. Ferric hydroxid reduced the transformation of both ammouiacal and nitric nitrogen. These observations suggest an explanation of the lower fertilizing efficiency in case of ammonium sulphate than in case of sodium nitrate, as well as of the influence of lime in increasing these differences, caustic lime exerting an even greater influence upon the activities of the mici'o-organisms of the soil than calcium carbonate. The nitrogen economy of cultivated soils, T. Pfeiffer et al. {Mitt. Landw. Inst. Brcshiu, Jf {1909), No. 5, pp. 715-851; ais. in Mitt. Deut. Landw. GeselL, 21, {1909), No. 17, pp. 270, 271; Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 37, Repert., p. 173).— This article explains on the basis of a large amount of analytical data that very delicate methods are required to distinguish small variations in the nitrogen content of soils and that results obtained in pot experiments are exaggerated or very different from those obtained in the field. In the former case also no account is taken of drainage losses. Experiments are reported which show no advantage in increase of nitrogen by adding 2 per cent of sugar to the soil as suggested by Koch. The effect of sterilization in temporarily retarding but eventually increasing the bacterial activity in the soil is discussed. The nitrogen economy of cultivated soils, P. Ehrenberg {Fiihling's Landio. Ztg., 5H {1909), No. 7, pp. 2.'fl-2.'f6). — This is mainly a discussion of the limits of error in methods of studying the nitrogen economy of soils, supplementing that by Pfeiffer and others noted above. 418 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, The natural solution of the nitrogen question by soil inoculation, J. Stoklasa {Osterr. Chcm. Ztg., 12 {1909), No. 10, pp. J2S-i30).— Experiments are reported which indicate that inoculation of the soil with free living micro- organisms which fix the nitrogen of the air may be made of practical value in increasing the yield of such crops as oats, beets, and potatoes. The importance of nitrogen fixation in cultivated soil, F. Lohnis {Fiih- Img's Landw. Ztg., 58 (1909), No. 12, pp. 425-J,37, dgm. i).— This article at- tempts to show that the nitrogen fixed in the soil as a result of the activity of micro-organisms may be suflicienly large in the course of a year (about 35.7 lbs. j)er acre) to be of considerable practical importance. Denitrification: The efEect of fresh and well-rotted manure on plant growth, M. Ferguson and E. B. Fred {Virginia Hta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 134-1-^9, ^■f;,s;. 7). — The work of other investigators on denitrification is reviewed and culture and i)ot experiments by the authors for the purpose of isolating and studying some of the denitrifying organisms most frequently found in fresh manure and determining the effect of their activity upon the growth of various crops are reported. The results are summarized as follows : "(1) Bacillus denitriflcans on liquid media will set free virtually all of the nitrates. Bacterium fluorescens, B. putidum, and many other organisms reduce nitrates to nitrites and ammonia. "(2) The results of pot experiments show that the presence of denitrifying organisms will decrease the plant growth. "(3) The applications of sodium nitrate with fresh manure not only causes a loss of the applied nitrate, but it may go on still further destroying other nitrates that may be present iu the soil. "(4) The number of bacteria per gram was much greater iu the pots showing the largest decrease in yield. "(5) Denitrification is not so common in clay soils as in open loams. "(6) It is possible to add such a large quantity of nitrate of soda that the denitrifying bacteria are unable to reduce the nitrate fast enough to cause a very marked difference in growth of first crop. "(7) Comparisons between fresh and well-rotted manure show a very marked increase in favor of well-rotted manure. "(8) Denitrifying cultures applied to the pots show almost the same harmful effects as large applications of fresh manure. "(9) New straw has a slight harmful effect, but not so marked as fresh manure. "(10) To obtain the best results manure should not be applied until well rotted, but if used when fresh it should be applied some time before planting the crop." Experiments on the action of stable manure and lime on upland moor soils, W. P.ERSCH {Ztschr. MoorkuUur u. Torfvcrivcrt., 7 {1909). No. 2, pp. 8I-9S).— The results of a series of experiments with potatoes here reported show that on virgin moor soils during a wet season commercial fertilizers gave better results than manure and that under such conditions the addition of phosphoric acid, potash, and nitrates to the manure increased the yield over that pro- duced by manure alone. Small applications of lime produced a slight increase in yield, while applications of about 1,785 lbs. per acre were without effect. Industries of the lime nitrogen and allied processes, N. Caro {Ztschr. Angew. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 24, pp. 1178-1182; Chcm. Trade Jour., 1,1, {1909), Nos. 1152, pp. 621, 622; 1153, p. 641).— This is a paper read at the International Congress of Apjilied Chemistry at London, giving the present status of these industries. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 419 The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, S. Eyde (»SV/. Aiiicr. Siii)., 68 (li)09), Xo. n.'/8, pt). 0-1 1, fi(jH. U). — The Birkelaiul and Eyde process of electrical fixation is described and tests of tlie fertilizing value of the product arc suinniarized. Nitric acid from the air, Bernthskn (Ztschr. Angcio. Chem., 22 {1909), No. 2Ji, pp. 11G7-117S, pis. .'/). — The author describes his method of oxidizing the nitrogen of the air by means of a long flame in a narrow tube, as well as the application of the method in a factory at Christiansand, Norway. The manufacture of nitric acid from the air in Austria, F. Russ (Osterr. Chem. Ztg., 12 (1909), No. 11, pp. lJi2-U5, figs. 9; abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 81, Report., p. 358, figs. 2). — This article describes and reports tests of the efficiency of tlie Pauling process employed by a factory near Innsbruck. The process is based upon the use of a flaming arc produced between diverging electrodes, a current of air being driven through the flame from below where the electrodes approach closest to each other. Formation of nitric oxid from the air by means of a current of electricity of low voltage, G. W. Morden (Trans. Amer. Electrochem. Soc., lit (1908), pp. 113-141, figs. 5; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 2S (1909), No. 10, pp. 520, 521). — The work reported is a continuation of that of Haber and Konig, who used a cooled arc. The author, however, employed short arcs and a direct current. He obtained a concentration of 9.7 per cent of nitric oxid at 300 to 400 mm. pressure with low voltage. This corresponds to a yield of 92 gm. of nitric acid per kilowatt hour. Changes which occur in lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime in storage and their determination, H. Kappen (Landtv. Vers. Stat., 10 (1909), No. 5-6, pp. Ji.i5-.'i69). — Investigations are reported which show that there was a consid- erable loss of nitrogen as well as transformation of cyanamid into dicyandiamid during the storage of these products. Terotti's titration method for the deter- mination of the unaltered cyanamid was found reliable. Mixing superphosphate and calcium cyanamid, E. Mas.son-Polet (Jour. Soc. Agr. Brabant et Ilainaut, 54 (1909), No. 26, pp. 626-6\?S).— Referring to an investigation on this subject by de Molinari and Ligot, which indicated the injurious elTect of mixing superphosphate and calcium cyanamid, the author maintains that the fertilizing value of superphosphate is not seriously im- paired by mixtures in which moist superphosphate is used. A new method of making superphosphate (Engrais, 23 (1908), No. 52, pp. 12J,1, 12.',2; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 11, p. 1320).— In the method pro- posed tricalcium phosphate is treated with sulphurous acid in the presence of a little water. Soluble phosphate and calcium sulphite are produced. The soluble phosphate is removed by extraction with water and the sulphite is de- composed by heat. The sulphurous acid can be recovered for further use. The valuation of insoluble phosphoric acid in commercial fertilizers, R. H. Fash (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 6, pp. 311, 312). — The author maintains that it is unjust to give the same valuation to insoluble phosphoric acid in fertilizers regardless of the source from which it is derived, and proposes a method of microscopical examination which affords a means of determining the source of the insoluble phosphoric acid. The valuation of raw phosphates, M. Ullmann (Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), Nos. 1,9, pp. Ii.'i5-Ji/,1 ; 50, pp. J,5-'t, J,55 ; 51, pp. Jt62-J,6-'i ; 52, pp. J,69-.',ll).— This article discusses in some detail the trade in raw phosphates, their valuation on the basis of analysis, and cooperative tests of various methods of analysis. A phosphate problem for Illinois landowners, C. G. Hopkins (ininois Sta. Circ. 130, pp. 16, dgm. 1). — The advantage of using raw phosphates on Illinois soils is discussed and the fact that humus as well as phosphorus is needed and 420 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. especially tbat tbe raw phosphate "must be used in connection with liberal amounts of manure or with a good crop of clover plowed under if satisfactory results are to be secured " on these soils. Fertilizer inspection {Maine 8ta. Off. Insp. 9, pp. 17-31).— This gives the results of analyses of manufacturers' samples of fertilizers licensed up to March, 1909, with notes on valuation of fertilizers. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Agricultural bacteriolog'y, H. W. Conn {Philadelphia, 1909, 2. ed., rev., pp. X+331, figs. 6Ji). — This work is designed as a study of the relation of germ life to the farm with laboratory experiments for students, and treats of the mici'o-organisms of soil, fertilizers, sewage, water, dairy products, miscellaneous products, and the diseases of animals and plants. This is a second and revised edition of the author's work, which originally appeared in 1901 (E. S. R., 13, p. 623). Since the publication of the first edi- tion the advance in all lines of agricultural bacteriology has been very great, and practically the entire work has been rewritten to include the new informa- tion. The present edition was planned with special reference to its use as a text-book and for laboratory purposes. A number of elementary experiments are given, the directions for which are sufficiently in detail for student use and which would serve as an introduction to the methods of bacteriological investi- gation. The book may be considered a careful summary of the present information regarding agricultural bacteriology. The bacterial flora of Hawaiian sugars, L. Lew ton-Brain and N. Deerb {Hatcaiian Sugar Planters' Sta., Div. Path, and Physiol. Bui. 9, pp. 36, figs. 21). — ^An investigation has been carried on to determine the cause for the fall in polarization of sugars in storage, and especially on the voyage from Honolulu to New York, via Cape Horn. The studies I'esulted in the isolation of 5 species of bacteria, which were grown in various media and their action on commercial sugars under various external conditions determined. It is believed that the deterioration depends on the influence of bacteria acting in the presence of a sufficiency of water and at a temi^erature favorable for their development. Report of the assistant bacteriologist, E. B. Fred {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 25, 26, fig. 1). — A brief account is given of the work conducted by the department of mycology, which was combined in 1907 with the department of bacteriology. The work of the department of bacteriology has been largely devoted to a study of nitrogen-fixing organisms, about 50 species of native leguminous plants having been collected and studies made of the bacteria infecting their root nodules. By careful staining the bacteria may be seen entering the plants through root hairs, immediately after which a tubercle starts to form. A series of sections showed that mitosis goes on in the nodules much the same as it does in diseased tissues of animals. The mitotic figures are larger, very irregular and not well marked, and have an uneven number of chromosomes. In the normal root the mitotic figures are about one-sixth as large, very clear, and the chromosomes in numerous pairs. This seems to bear out the theory that the legume bacteria are symbiotic parasites of the plant. Assimilation of nitrogen by different strains of Bacillus radicicola in the absence of the host plant, E. B. Fred {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 132-13Jf. fig. 1 ) . — This work was carried out to make a study of the amount of nitrogen assimilated by different types of nodule bacteria. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 421 For this purpose a nitrogen-fi'ee medium was prepared and inoculated with pure cultures of B. radicicola obtained from some 15 different siiecies of legumi- nous plants. In liquid cultures the liquid became turbid after the second day and cloudy within 30 hours. An increased growth of the organisms was noted for about 2 weeks, and at the end of a month samples were taken from each flask and tested for total nitrogen by the modified Kjeldah! method. The amount of nitrogen present in the various cultures varied from 17 to 34 mg. of nitrogen in 100 cc. of media. Pot , experiments with sand inoculated and watered with a nitrogen-free medium were carried on, comparisons being made with similar pots watered with water without any nutrient material. At the end of 6 weeks samples were taken from the different pots and analyzed for total nitrogen. The results obtained corresponded with those obtained in the liquid cultures. The author believes that these pot experiments give a i-easonable basis for the assumption that the inoculation of soils with bacteria from legume nodules will increase the content of nitrogen in soils even if no legumes are present. Without the presence of carbohydrates in the culture medium no nitrogen was assimilated. After the analyses were completed the pots were removed to the greenhouse, planted with buckwheat, and moistened each day with distilled water. The seed germinated well, and for 2 weeks but little difference could be seen in the growth of the plants, but at the end of the third week the plants in the uninocu- lated pots began to wilt while those in the inoculated ones continued to grow. The fixation of nitrogen by means of Bacillus radicicola w^ithout the pres- ence of a legume, E. B. Fred and W. B. Ellett {PUmt World, 12 (1909), No. 6, pp. 131-133, fig. 1). — Noted above from another source. Nitrogen assimilation of Sterigmatocystis nigra and the effect of chemical stimulation, Marion E. Latham (Bui. Torrcy Bot. Cluh, 36 (1909), No. 5, pp, 235-2.'i-'f). — The present paper is offered as a contribution to the knowledge of nitrogen metabolism of Sterigmafocystis (Aspergillus) nigra. In the experi- ments plate cultures were made of the fungus and kept growing under sealed bell jars in a nutrient medium to which zinc sulphate was added, previous exper- iments having shown that zinc sulphate had a stimulating effect on the growth of the fungus. The nutrient medium contained nitrogen, and it was found that the fungus grown normally fixes free nitrogen which is found to be in combination if nitrogen compounds be supplied in favorable quantity. The amount of nitrogen so combined decreases if the culture be subjected to stimulation. The decrease is in al)solute quantity and in amount per gram of dry weight of crop produced, the diminution being shown most markedly by the decrease in combined nitrogen in the substratum, from which it api)ears that the niti'ogen may be used in metabolism. The amount of nitrogen entering into the composition of the mycelial felt I'emained relatively the same in normal and stimulated growths. The author states that the work may be considered as confirming that of earlier investigators with normal cultures, and to have shown that while stimu- lated crops behave more economically with regard to their carbohydrate con- sumption, and while the amount of nitrogen entering into the composition of the fungal felt is relatively the same as for normal growth, yet with regard to nitrogen relations stimulated cultures are less thrifty than normal ones. It is shfiwn that unless nitrogen be supplied in too great quantity the fungi are able to use gaseous nitrogen and bring it into chemical combination even in excess of actual needs. The accumulation of nitrates in parasitic and saprophytic plants, L. Lutz (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 55 (1908), No. 2, pp. 10.'f-109). — The presence of nitrates 422 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iu pliauerogamic plants lias beeu shown by a number of investigators, and tlie autlior has sought to extend the list to parasitic and saprophytic plants. An investigation was made of about 40 species of parasites, facultative parasites (called relative parasites by the author), and higher fungi, in which the nitrogen was determined. The author found that there was a variable accumulation of nitrates in tbe plants which was influenced somewhat by the amount of nitrogen contained in the substratum upon which they were growing. Among the parasites and fungi growing upon trees the proportion of accumu- lated nitrogen was always less than in the case of the facultative parasites. The greatest amount of nitrogen was found in the facultative parasites con- taining no chlorophyll. The carbon assimilation in plants, H. Euler {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 59 (1909), No. 1, pp. 122-12Jf; abs. in Jour. Chem. Sac. [London], 96 (1909), No. 559, II, p. 423). — ^As a result of a study of the carbon assimilation in plants, the author concludes that oxalic acid can not be considered an intermediate product in carbon assimilation, but is rather an oxidation product of sugar, due to respiration. His experiments, it is claimed, support Ewart's criticism of Usher and Priestley's conclusion that formaldehyde is formed from carbon dioxid and a chlorophyll extract in the light (E. S. R., 18, p. 540). The influence of magnesia on garden plants, particularly on roses, L. Chenault and G. Truffaut (Jour. 8oc. Nat. Hort. France, J/, scr., 10 (1909), June, pp. 370-373). — A brief account is given of the results of the application of sulphate of magnesia to roses, the experiments being taken up at the sug- gestion of the second author. Ash analyses of many garden plants showed a high magnesium content, and it was thought that the addition of some form of that element to fertilizers for garden plants and especially for roses would be advantageous. Subsequent experiments confirmed this opinion. It is claimed that in most soils the addition of 60 to 100 gm. of sulphate of magnesia will prove of great benefit to roses. Studies on the oxidizing' power of roots, O. Scheeiner and H. S. Reed (Bot. Gaz., Ifi (1909), No. 5, pp. 355-388). — This paper gives the results of a series of studies upon the oxidizing power of plant roots grown in aqueous extracts of soils and in solutions of various compounds. The results, it is believed, throw some light on the action of plants upon the soil and indicate how soil conditions affect certain functions of plants. The report is based on a previous publication of the Bureau of Soils of this Department (E. S. R., 20, p. 1016). The eifect of the color of leaves on their internal temperature, and observa- tions on the periodicity of the appearance of young' colored leaves of trees in the Tropics, A. M. Smith (Ann. Roy. Bot. Gard. Peradctiiya, Jf (1909), No. 5, pp. 229-298, figs. '2). — The results of studies made at the Peradenlya gardens on the effect of color in leaves on their internal temperature and observations on the periodicity of the appearance of young colored leaves of evergreen trees growing in the gardens are given. The author found, by the aid of specially designed thermo-electric apparatus, that the internal temperature of any leaf could be obtained within 0.5° C. Iu still air with a humidity of about 70 per cent of saturation leaves were found to re.ach a temperature 15° above that of the surrounding air. In the shade such leaves have an internal temperature varying from 1.5° below to 4° above that of the surrounding air under different conditions. The thickness of the leaf was found not to affect the final temperature reached in the sunlight, although it did influence the time taken to reach that temperature. Thick leaves in some instances took 10 minutes to attain a steady temperature after exposure, while thin leaves required only 3 minutes. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 423 Au attempt was made to estimate the magnitude of the cooliug due to trans- piration, and differences averaging 2.5° were determined in leaves having their stomata so arranged as to give different exposures. . The principal factor tending to reduce high temperature reached in sunlight was found to he the movement of the air, and breezes of various strengths were found to reduce the temperature attained in the sunlight from 2 to 10°. Red leaves attained a higher temperature than white or pale leaves of the same thickness and texture, and immature thin colored leaves of various trop- ical ti'ees may have either higher or lower temperatures than thick green leaves of the same species. This difference is believed to be due to the amount of anthocyanin in the leaf. In the second part of the paper an account is given of observations made at intervals of a number of trees showing new growth, the leaves of which were sharply differentiated as to their color from the mature leaves. It was found that the new growth was most prevalent in the driest season and almost ab- sent in the wettest months, and it is suggested that probably in a climate of high humidity it is only during the dry period that a sufficient transpiration stream is obtained to supply the large amount of mineral substances required in the formation of the new gi-owth. If this should be true, the higher internal temperatures attained by the coloration of young leaves would also promote an increase in the transpiration stream, A bibliography of publications relating to the subject completes the report. Studies on Plasmodiophoraceae and Phytomyxinse, R. Maire and A. Tison (Ann. MycoL, 7 (1909), No. 3, pp. 226-253, pis. 3, fi(j. i).— A study was made of a number of plants belonging to the Plasmodiophoraceae, a type of which is Plasmodiophora brassiccr, and also of species of uncertain affinities which have been variously referi'ed to this group and to the Phytomyxinne. The species studied include Sorosphccra veronicw, PUismodlophora brassicce, Tetramyxa parasitica, Phytomyxa Icguminosurum, Plasmodiophoni aliii, Plasmodiophora elwagni, Tylogonus agarw, and Pscudocoinmis litis. The authors state that 8. veronicw is not a filamentous fungus, as has been claimed, but belongs to the Plasmodiophorace;e. This species and P. brassicw represent two phases, a schlzogenous and a sporogenous. The group to which these are referred should, the authors claim, be considered entirely independent and as intermediate between the Sporozoaires and Myxomycetes. P. alni and P. ela'agnl do not belong to this family but are Schizomycetes and should be grouped together under the generic name Frankiella. Likewise the organism living in symbiosis in the root tubercles of leguminous plants is a Schizomycete, the proper name for which would be Phytomyea Icguminosaruni. T. agavce and Pseudocommis spp. are not true organisms but are the results of degenera- tion of the cell contents. The action of poisons on Chlamydomonas and other vegetable cells, H. W. Harvey (Ann. Bot. [London], 23 (PJ09), No. 90, pp. 181-187, dgms. 2).— The toxic action of dilute solutions of the isomers of various benzene derivatives upon Chlamydomonas has been studied, and the author determined the minimal concentrations required to cause cessation of movement in a culture of actively motile C in iilti fills in 10 minutes. Comparisons are given showing the effect of these poisons on the root cells of white lupine and bacteria. The results are tabulated and show that* there is a similar reactivity of the different vegetable cells toward the same poison, and also a fairly constant relation between the chemical constitution of a poison and its toxic strength. The chemicals used in these experiments were orthodihydroxy-phenol, metadi- 9049— No. 5—09 3 424 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. bydroxy-pbenol, paracliliydroxy-plienol, ortbocresol, metacresol , paracresol, ortbopbtbalic acid, metapbtbalic acid, and paraphtbalic acid. In other experiments tbe autbor found tbe following concentrations just to cause tbe cessation of movement in a culture of C. multifllis in 10 minutes: Hydrochloric acid 0.009 per cent, pyrocatecbin 0.1 per cent, and resorcin 0.18 per cent. Mixtures of these poisons, each slightly weaker than the minimum given above, failed to have the same poisonous effect that was shown by tbe single poisons in slightly greater strength. Notes on the number and distribution of native legumes in Nebraska and Kansas, J. A. Warren {V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 31, pp. 9).— A series of investigations was begun in 190S to determine the occurrence of wild leguminous plants in Nebraska, Kansas, and Colorado in order to throw some light if possible on the role that they may pMy in storing nitrogen in virgin soils. Counts were made from time to time of tbe species of leguminous plants in different plats. In the Sandhill region leguminous plants were found at tbe rate of 8.4 per square yard, in high plains 3.G plants per square yard, and in the region east of 100° west longitude an average of 17 plants for each square yard, were found. Seeds and plants imported during the period from October 1 to December 31, 1908. Inventory No. 17 ( C7. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 153, pp. 58). — This gives a list of the seeds and plants imported by the Section of Seed and Plant Introduction during tbe period mentioned. The total number of introductions was 685 lots of seeds and plants, many of them coming from the collection of F. N. Meyer in China. FIELD CROPS. Field experiments in 1906-1908, C. D. Woods and J. M. Bartlett (Maine Sta. Bui. 167, pp. 85-lOJf). — Various experiments with different field crops are summarized in this bulletin. In fertilizer tests with potatoes in 1906, home-mixed and ready-mixed fer- tilizers were compared, but the results secured were not conclusive. A com- parison of high-ridge and modified-ridge culture made in 1907 and 1908 left nothing to choose from between the two methods so far as yield was concerned. The work is to be continued in 1909. A number of varieties of potatoes were tested for blight resistance, observa- tions upon the growth and upon the quality of tubers being made entirely upon an unsprayed crop. As a result of this test 14 varieties have been discarded. A comparison of a proprietary brand of fungicide with regular Bordeaux mix- tui-e appeared to result in a decreased yield, due to an injury to the vines by the proprietary brand. The Bordeaux mixture was also tbe more effective in protecting from early blight. The status of alfalfa culture in Maine is discussed and conclusions from a previous bulletin (E. S. R., 17, p. 1059) are again reported. Work in destroy- ing wild mustard by spraying with copper sulphate and iron sulphate brought out the fact that young wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis) is readily killed by spraying with either solution, while the wild radish (Raphanus raphanistrum) is very resistant and even defied a treatment with a 20 per cent solution of iron sulphate reenforced with 5 per cent of sulphuric acid. Directions for killing wild mustard by spraying with these salts are given. In liming experiments tbe lime was applied at the rates of 500, 750, and 1.000 lbs. per acre. Thus far results have indicated that the liming had compara- tively little or no effect upon oats, while it gave a material increase in yield of FIELD CROPS. 425 clover. One of the objects of the exporiment is to test the effect of the lime upon the potato crop in 1!)0!) and 1910. [Work with field cropsl, G. E. Nesom { Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 2 (1909). Xo. 1. pp. 2^/-3//). — Brief notes ou cultural tests with corn, alfalfa, sunn hemp and various leguminous fodder crops, grasses and rice are given. The yields are reported and the more promising varieties mentioned. Sunn hemp {Crotularia juneea) yielded seed at the rate of 2..395 kg. per hectare (about 2.132 lbs. per acre). Analyses of the meal and hulls of this seed are reported. Venezuela black cowpea planted January 13 ripened its first seed March 30. This variety produced a heavy yield of seed, and a rank growth of vine. A small plat of Lyon velvet bean planted January 11, 1908. required 5 months to mature, and yielded seed at the rate of 2.200 kg. per hectare (about 1,958 lbs. per acre). The Florida velvet bean is reported as growing fairly well on the stiff soil at Albang, and as giving a greater amount of green forage per acre than any other leguminous plant. Guinea grass is reported as having produced 78 tons of green grass per hectare in one instance and a yield of 41 tons during the period of 61 days in another instance. The green forage production of teosinte in one experiment is recorded as 62.313 kg. per hectare (about 27.67 tons per acre) in 141 days. Pinursigui rice as compared with other varieties had the shortest growing I)eriod and produced the best yield. This variety was harvested October 25, 128 days after seeding, and produced 2,740 kg. per hectare (about 2,439 lbs. per acre). A second crop harvested December 17, yielded 25 kg. per hectare. Report of the chemical control station and seed control station at Trondh- jem, 1907, E. Solberg (Bo: tStat. Kciu. Kontrolstat. og Fnikontrolanst. Trondh- ■jem 1901, pp. .'iS). — This I'eports chemical analyses of feeding stuffs, soils, fer- tilizers, dairy products, etc., and of seed analyses made during the year: experi- ments on 22 farms with top-dressing and miscellaneous fertilizer trials on meadows; and studies of the residual effects of previous fertilization. Station report of the chemical and seed control station at Trondhjem, 1908, E. Solberg (Ber. Stat. Kem. Kontrolstat. og Frokontrolanst. Trondhjem 1908, pp. Jfl). — In 1908 this station examined 447 samples of feeding stuffs, 254 sam- ples of soils, 158 samples of fertilizers, and 699 samples of seeds. In fertilizer experiments with grass it was found that a top-dressing of 1.5 to 2 kg. of nitrate of soda and 5 kg. each of Thomas phosphate and kainit per hectare increased the yield of hay per hectare by about 320 kg. on the average, the increase being 230 kg. the first year and 80 kg. the second. Report of the Shatilov Agricultural Experiment Station, V. Viner (Otchet Shatilov. Selsk. Khoz. Opuitn. Stantzil, 2 (1907), pt. 1, pp. 291; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landic], 9 (1908), No. 5, pp. 638-6U).— The results of 9 years' experiments show that the use of a complete fertilizer in- creased the average yield of rye during the last 6 years by 175 per cent. Min- eral fertilizers exerted a greater influence ou the yield of grain than on the yield of straw. Phosphoric acid was the most effective element, and there was apparently no difference in effectiveness between soluble and insoluble forms. Twelve years' results at the Odessa Experiment Station, V. Rotmistrov (Zap. Imp. Obshch. Selsk. Khoz. Yuzh. Ross., 78 (1908), Xo. 1-2, pp. 26-76).— Different depths of plowing chernozem for different crops were compared. The general conclusion is drawn that jilowing the chernozem in the locality of Odessa deeper than 3i in. is injurious. Report for the year 1908 of the trade and agriculture of Poland and Grodno, C;. Bayley (Diplo. and (Jons. Rpts. [London], Ann. Ser., 1909, Xo. .'(232, 426 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. pp. 7-U ) ■ — This report gives among otlier things the production of the principal field crops grown in these regions, together with the quantities of sugar and spirits uiauufnctured there. Fibers, W. R. Dunstan (Colon. Rpts., Misc. [Gt. Brit.], No. 58, pp. lJi2). — Under textile fibers this report treats of animal fibers, flax, ramie, jute, and fibers of other similar plants. Under cordage fibers, fiber plants of the genera Sausevieria, Musa, Agave, Furcrsea, Phormium, Yucca, Hibiscus, etc., are discussed. Under miscellaneous fibers, silk cottons, paper making materials, raffia, and other fiber producing plants of that type are included. Fertilizer and seeding experiments with root crops, C. F. Clark and E. R. Minns (Xcw York Cornell Sta. Bui. 267, pp. Jil5--'fS9, fig. 1). — Commercial seed in these tests gave as good results as home grown seed, and seeding with a hand drill produced a better stand and consequently a larger yield than seeding with a grain drill. The use of 12 lbs. of mangel seed and 2 lbs. of ruta-baga seed per acre gave the best results as compareil with other quantities. The results of two years indicate that lime is not beneficial to mangels on the clay loam soil of the university farm. The largest yields were secured with the use of a complete fertilizer application, while the use of nitrogen and phosphorus combined proved the most economical. The relative efiiciency of the carriers of nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium used singly was in the following order: Acid phosphate, nitrate of soda, and muriate of potash. The highest percentage of foliage was produced by nitrate of soda, followed by muriate of potash and acid phosphate in the order given. Nitrate of soda was apparently more efficient than dried blood as a nitrogen carrier. Perennial leguminous crops in the southwestern part of the steppe region, A. BuiCHiKHiN (Zap. Imix. Obshch. Sclsk. Khoz. Yuzh. Ross., 77 {1901). Nos. 11, pp. 21-71; 12, pp. 20-66; ahs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Kms-.s. Jour. E.vpt. Lan(lw.~i, 9 (1908), No. 6, pp. 786, 787). — Observations at the Ploti Experiment Station have shown that growing alfalfa, clover, and sainfoin under summer cereals does not increase the yields of the cereal crops because perennial leguminous plants draw too much moisture from the soil. The wild alfalfas and clovers of Siberia, with a perspective view of the alfalfas of the world, N. E. Hansen (U. 8^ Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 150, pp. 31, map 1). — This bulletin contains brief reviews of 3 trips to Siberia made by the author since 1897 together with descriptions of 7 species or varie- ties of alfalfa, and notes on the clovers of eastern European Russia and Siberia. The three Siberian alfalfas described are Medicago falcata, M. platycarpa, and M. ruthenica. In addition to these species M. .s■a^/l■«, M. media, M. gJutino.sa and M. arborca are described. The clovers noted are Trifolium medium, T. montan uni, T. lupinaster, and T. suavcolens. A discussion on the acclimatization of i)]ants to endure a greater degree of cold, and the acclimatization of perennial plants concludes the bulletin. Report of progress in variety tests of barley, C. Willis and J. V. Bopp (South Dakota Sta. Bui. 113, pp. 501-522, fig. 1). — Variety trials with barley, in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department, are in progress and this bulletin is a report upon this work. In 190S, 87 varieties were gi-own at the station. The yields of the varieties for different years are given in tables.- The varieties leading in average yield and their production per acre are as follows: Kitzing 189, 45.13 bu. for 4 years; Odessa 182, 43.91 bu. for 5 years ; Swan Neck 187. 43.50 bu. for 5 years ; Cheva- lier 10584, 41.21 bu. for 5 years; Chevalier 35, 40.94 bu. for 6 years; Hanua 24, 40.66 bu. for 5 years; and Minnesota 6, 40.54 bu. for 5 years. Directions for barley culture are given, the importance of pure seed and the value of barley for different uses are pointed out, and meteorological data with FIELD CBOPS. 427 reference to the earliest and latest killing frosts, rainfall, and winds in the State are recorded. Variety tests with two-rowed barley for 21 years, M. L. Mortensen and K. Hansen (Tidn^ikr. Landbr. Plantcavh 16 {1900), No. 1, pp. i-?'.}),— The re- sults of these tests show that for all medium barley soils, especially on the islands, the Tystofte Prentice and Svaluf Princess barley are the two best yielding varieties examined. On very rich ground they lack sufficient strength in the straw but no fully satisfactory varieties for such soils have as yet been found. Under less favorable conditions and where an early maturing sort is required Svaluf Iliiunchen appears preferable. The importance of broad breeding in corn, G. N. Collins ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. IJfl, pt. J,, pp. 33-//// ) .—The development of the present methods of corn breeding are discussed, the importance of uniformity is con- sidered, and the cultural tendencies toward inbreeding are pointed out. It is shown that the present methods tend toward close breeding, and this the author considers detrimental for corn. He states that selection for increased yield with the maximum rather than the minimum cross-breeding seems never to have been tried as a scientific experiment, but calls attention to the fact that a system of broad breeding has been practiced by farmers generally by choos- ing many ears from various scattered plants in large fields and mixing the shelled corn before planting. It is pointed out that the score card operates to intensify the closeness of selection, since uniformity in formal characters can be secured only by close breeding. Several instances are cited which indicate the value of broad breeding in increasing the yield and maintaining vigor, and a method is suggested by means of w^hich the production of hybrid seed for commercial planting is made feasible. •' To secure hybrid seed it would only be necessary to plant two distinct varieties in alternate rows, detasseling one variety and using the seed from the detasseled variety for the next year's general planting. Seed from the variety that was not detasseled would not be mixed, and selections could be made to supply the breeding plat for the two following years. By detasseling the other variety in the next year a stock of pure seed of this also could be grown. . . . The same result could be approximated by planting in the same way and detasseling one of the varieties in one-half of the field and the other variety in the other half of the field. By this method seed of both the varieties would be secured each year, but there would be considerable indiscriminate crossing." The elimination of barren stalks from a field or seed plat is considered a practice of doubtful value, inasmuch as it results in increasing the percentage of self-pollinated plants. With characters that are not affected by decreased vigor continuous advance may be made liy selection. A preliminary report on cotton experiments, F. G. Krauss {Hawaii Sta. Press Bui. 2.'f, pp. 16). — This describes the investigations in the culture of cotton in progress under the direction of the station, and also contains an account of the propagation of selected plants by means of cuttings. Nine varieties of strains representing 3 distinct classes of cotton are under compara- tive test for yield, quantity of lint, habits of growth, and methods of culture. The Florida and the Georgia strains of Sea Island cotton were grown. The Florida strain yielded at the rate of 1,322 lbs. of cotton seed per acre, or 409 lbs. of lint, while the Georgia strain gave 2.270 lbs. of seed cotton or 703 lbs. of lint. The first picking gave by far the largest yield, mainly because later the bollworm infested the plants. An Upland type of cotton of Chinese origin gave an average yield of approxi- mately 1 lb. of seed cotton per plant, equivalent to 1,150 lbs. of lint cotton per acre. The plant is described as extremely prolific and a continuous bearer. 428 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An average of nearly 50 mature bolls per plant presented themselves at one time. The first picking was made September 12, as compared viath September 8 for the Sea Island strains. The lint is classified as a very fair grade of American Upland in length. The Caravouica class of cottons, including the 3 strains designated as wool, silk, and kidney, were also under test. The results bring out the heavy yield- ing power of this class. It is estimated that 2-year-old plants of these strains produced in a series of 10 specimens an average yield of 104, 70, and 57 oz. of seed cotton per plant, respectively, during a period of about 12 months. Owing to neglect of the plants, which had not been tilled, irrigated, or pruned during the year, the quality of the fiber had greatly deteriorated. Caravouica wool from the same stock of seed used by the station, but planted in a well sheltered spot January 0, 1908, began bearing in August and has continued to fruit almost uninterruptedly up to the present time. The 3 best plants during the first 12 months of growth produced 36, 40, and 48 oz. of lint, respectively. The quality of the lint produced was exceptionally good. Pruning experiments were conducted with Sea Island cotton. In one test plants were cut back to within 3 or 4 in. of the ground, and in the other to from 12 to 20 in. or to about i to * their original growth. No laterals were per- mitted on the low pruned plants, but spurs of 2 to 4 buds were left on the long pruned canes. Results at present indicate that the best growth is secured from low pruning in January, plants so treated making the strongest and most uniform growth of wood, and appearing most prolific. The results also seem to show that Sea Island cotton will adapt itself to culture as a perennial. Cuttings made of branches and from immature wood of Caravouica plants gave indifferent results, but under a second test when cuttings were made from the tip end the intermediate portion, and the base of the best formed and most fruitful branches of Sea Island and Caravonica plants, about 50 per cent of all the cuttings planted rooted and made a satisfactory growth. Caravonica root cuttings practically all grew, and are making a fine growth, while Upland cuttings failed entirely. With Sea Island the base cuttings rooted best while with the Caravonica the tip cuttings gave the largest percentage of strong plants. In 100 days the cuttings showed a growth of from 12 to 30 in. and squares were forming on some of the advanced plants. Fertilizer experiments with cotton, J. N. Harper {South Carolina Sta. Bui. I'lS, pp. 3-31, pis. 10). — This bulletin presents data indicating the effect pro- duced in cotton culture by the judicious use of commercial fertilizers, the rota tion of crops, the application of farm manures, and the use of improved farm- ing implements. The investigation has not been completed and the results here given cover only a few years' work. The plan of the experiment is to study various fertilizing ingredients in vary- ing amounts when applied to cotton in a rotation. The plats have been in cotton and fertilized for 3 years. In 1909 all the plats are growing winter oats, which will be followed by cowpeas and the cowpeas by rye, which will be plowed under in the spring of 1910. That year all plats will again be planted to cotton with hairy vetch, crimson clover, or bur clover as a fall catch crop. In 1911 the plats will be planted in corn and cowpeas, and in the fall of that year oats will again be sown. In 1912 the plats will be in oats, followed by cowpeas, and these in turn by rye, which will be plcnved under in the spring of 1913 and the plats again planted to cotton. More than 100 plats will be used in this ex- periment. Before this work was begun the land had been planted in cotton, oats, and corn for a number of years. In 1905 it was planted with Marlboro Prolific corn, fertilized with 400 lbs. of a complete fertilizer to the acre, and the yield FIELD CROPS. 429 secured was at the rate of 15 bu. per acre. In 1906 wheat was plowed under, fertilizers applied, and the land planted to Black Seeded Blue Ribbon cotton. The results of these fertilizer tests for 1906, 1907, and 1908 are given in tables. When nitrogen alone was api>lied an increase of $11.07 per acre above the check test was secured the first year, and of $6.48 the second year, while the third year a loss of $3.56 per acre was sustained. It is concluded from the results that while nitrogen is highly essential on this soil it must be combined with acid phosphate to give the best results. A plat receiving only nitrogen for 3 years yielded at the rate of 450 lbs. of seed cotton in 1908, while another plat having received in addition to cotton-seed meal and nitrate of soda, acid phosphate and potash in 1906 and 1907, yielded at the rate of 954 lbs. of seed cotton per acre. When used as the only source of nitrogen, nitrate of soda gave the best results, but cotton-seed meal showed the better residual effect. The author found that wherever nitrate of soda was used under cotton the crop grew more vigorously from the start than without this treatment, and he there- fore recommends the use of nitrate of soda on cotton at the rate of 25 to 50 lbs. per acre. In 1908, when sulphate of ammonia and nitrate of soda were compared as top-dressings it was shown that the yields where these two sub- stances were used were the same, but that the sulphate in the early spring was much slower in its action than the nitrate. Observations on the use of acid phosphate showed that it was profitable only to a certain limit, and that for this type of soil, which is low in humus, this limit ranged from 400 to 500 lbs. per acre. It is stated that acid phosphate aside from its value as a plant food is of great advantage in hastening the maturity of cotton, and it is shown that this is borne out by the tabulated results. The use of potash gave only small returns, and it is believed that only small quantities should be used in mixed fertilizers intended for cotton. Plats receiv- ing manure from cattle fed cotton-seed meal and corn silage produced the highest yields and the highest net gain, although no manure was applied the third year and no other fertilizer was applied with the manure than acid phos- phate. The manure was applied at the rate of 8 tons per acre and the acid phosphate at the rate of 352 lbs. in 1906. In 1907, S tons of manure was again used and 704 lbs. of acid phosphate, and in 1908 only 352 lbs. of acid phosphate was used. The data show that the residual effect of commercial fertilizers is comparatively small, while that of manure is much more lasting. In one test with lime costing $7.50 per ton, there was a net gain for 3 years of $9.46 as due to the lime. The author concludes from his observations that lime not only assists the leguminous plants in accumulating nitrates in large amounts in the soil but aids also in some way in keeping this nitrogen from being washed out during the winter. Lime is considered one of the essentials for a complete fertilizer on this soil, and it is recommended that farmers apply lime at least once every 4 years to their cotton soils. The results of the work so far are sunmiarized with the statement that the average amount of commercial fertilizer used on this soil, which is about 400 lbs. per acre, is not the most economical and that larger applications would be more profitable. Suggestions for the home mixing of fertilizers for different types of soil are given. The seed of Eruca sativa and its extraction residues, S. H.\ls and J. F. GkAxM {LuiuIw. Vcii^. Stnt., 10 (IDOU), Xo. S-',, piK J07-,i/.5).— Descriptions of this plant and its seeds by different authors are briefly reviewed and the com- position of the seed and of the material remaining after the oil is extracted is reported. Four samples of extraction residues contained on an average 10.53 per cent of moisture, 2.53 per cent of fat, 39.50 per cent of protein, 29.85 per 430 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. cent of nitrogen-free extract, 8.74 per cent of crude fiber, and 8.85 per cent of ash. The water consumption of lupines, von Seelhorst (Jour. Lanclw., 51 (1909), No. 1, pp. Ill, 112). — This article points out briefly some inaccuracies occurring in a previous report on experiments conducted to measure the water consump- tion of these plants (E. S. R.. 20, p. 740). Meadow fescue; its culture and uses, H. N. Vinall ( JJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Farm- ers'' Bui. 361, pp. 22, figs. 7). — This points out that meadow fescue is most im- portant in eastern Kansas and southeastern Nebraska, but calls attention to its value in pasture mixtures for the east-central States. The certain and strong germination of the seed, the palatability, and the ability to endure trampling and to thrive in wet spots are regarded as peculiarly advantageous for grass mixtures. The production of meadow fescue seed has been quite important in eastern Kansas, but owing to the prevalence of rust and the uncertainty of price the production is decreasing. Ordinary cheat (Bromiis secalinus) is the worst impurity in commercial seed. Tall fescue is regarded as a substitute for meadow fescue where rust makes this grass unprofitable. The necessity for new standards of hop valuation, W. W. Stockberger (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 33, pp. 11). — This circular points out the desirability of a definite standard for judging the quality of hops based upon other considerations than that of origin alone. In a discussion of the subject the author describes present methods of valuation, points out de- ficiencies of existing methods, together with the necessity for new standards, and gives data concerning the movement for an international standard. Improvement of the oat crop, C. W. Warburton (t/. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 30, pp. 10, fig. 1). — The need for improvement is discussed and the lines along which improvement can be effected are described. Under methods of improvement, mechanical selection, introduction of new seed, the use of the seed plat, individual plant selection, and hyl)ridizatiou are discussed. Va- rieties most likely to lend themselves to improvement work are listed. A description of a method for testing individual plant selections, as described by J. B. Norton (E. S. R., 18, p. 698), is reproduced. A critical period in the development of oats, I, Vikhlyaer (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 {190S), No. 2, pp. 257-270 ) .—The author observed that a high soil moisture content when the crop is heading is con- ducive to a large yield, while a low moisture content tends to reduce produc- tion. According to his observations the mean temperature during the entire vegetative period is in inverse ratio to the yield and the length of the growing period. Potato notes, E. II. Bennett, W. Paddock, and S. A. Johnson {Colorado 8ta. Circ. 1, pp. IJf). — This circular presents brief notes on the potato industry and potato investigations in Colorado, selection and treatment of seed potatoes, irrigation, potato diseases and insect enemies, and the marketing and storing of the crop. Preliminary report on potato germination troubles in 1909, T. O. Johnson ET AL. (Virginia Truck 8ta. Circ. 2, pp. 3-7). — Upon investigation it was esti- mated that owing to losses from the rotting of Irish potatoes, largely confined to the Maine seed, the stand in the vicinity of Norfolk and Portsmouth, Va., was from 85 to 90 per cent, in the vic.inity of Cape Charles, Accomac Court House, and Onley 75 to 85 per cent, and at Nandua and Davis Wharf 55 to GO per cent. The losses in Maine Cobbler, the principal variety planted, ranged from 5 to 95 per cent. It is believed that these losses may have been due to a combination of the following unfavorable conditions: Immature seed, pos- sible injury from high temperature during transit and storage, cutting too A FIELD CROPS. 431 small and too lon.u before plantiiip. lack of care of the cut seed, and a dry spring and cool weather after planting. The work is in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Results obtained from inoculating- soy beans with artificial cultures, E. B. Frki) {]ir!/iiii7 per cent of dry matter while 30 per cent is about the average. Kstimatinj: that under ordinary conditions land yielding 20 bu. of corn would be able to produce about 200 bu. of sweet potatoes, it is stated that the potatoes will furnish more than 3 times as much nitrogen-free extract and as much, or more, of each of the other proximate constituents of a feeding stuff as that contained in corn. Analysis of all the varieties did not disclose the presence of amids. The different varieties here tested gave an average yield of 250 bu. per acre, with the following average composition : 68.1 per cent of water, l.G per cent of protein, 0.5 per cent of fat, 0.9 per cent of fiber, 1 per cent of ash, and 27.9 per cent of nitrogen-free extract. The vines of 4 varieties calculated to the water-free basis contained an average of 12.48 per cent of protein, 4.86 per cent of fat, 18.22 per cent of fiber, 8.73 per cent of ash, and 55.71 per cent of nitrogen-free extract. This composition of sweet potato vines is compared with an average composition of the water-free material of red clover, crimson clover, and cowpea and soy bean hay. In determining the fertilizing elements removed by a crop of sweet potatoes it was found that the crop removes about 4.3 ets. worth of phosphoric acid, nitrogen, and potash per bushel, or about $8.60 worth in a yield of 200 bu. per acre. A table is given showing the percentage composition in fertilizing in- gredients of the moisture-free vines. A determination of the content of water, protein, starch, and sugar at different stages of growth seems to indicate that the sweet potato reaches maturity just about the time when the starch content is at its maximum and the sugars at their minimum. Work at the tobacco experiment stations, E. H. Mathewson {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 27-39, Jigs. 10). — This article is a review of the tobacco experi- ments conducted by the Virginia Station in cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. Work is in progress at five stations upon the same general plan but modified sufficiently to be suited to the type of tobacco produced in the particular localities. The experiments include fertil- izer, rotation, and tobacco breeding work. Some of the results here reported have already been noted from another source (E. S. R., 20, p. 33). The use of potash was found more striking on the light, thin tobacco soil at Chatham than on the stronger and more clayey soil at Appomattox. It is stated that the finest and brightest tobacco was obtained only when the fertilizer mixture used contained relatively high proportions of phosphoric acid and, in the case of bright tobacco particularly, of potash also. A heavy application of nitro- gen gave a striking increase in yield over either phosphoric acid or potash, but the tobacco was both coarser and darker. The result is regarded as showing that with heavy applications of nitrogenous manure adequate quantities of phosphoric acid and potash should also be applied in order to balance the appli- cation. A general lesson brought out by the experiments is that the ordinary unim- proved tobacco soil of ^'irginia is uni)roductive to a large extent at least because it supplies too little nitrogen to the growing crop. This may be remedied by the use of commercial fertilizers, barnyard manure, and the increase of the supply of humus by the growth of grasses and leguminous plants. The last method suggested requires the introduction of crop rotation, and to those in charge of the work it has become evident that the real solution of the problem lies in the diversification of crops or the introduction into the crop rotation of soil-improving crops, particularly the grasses and the leguminous plants. Observations made on the residual effect of the fertilizer used on tobacco indicate that nearly all the soils in the tobacco-growing sections of the State can be made to produce excellent, profitable crops of hay and clover. The effect 434 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. of better methods of cultivation and crop management has also shown itself in increased yields of both dark and bright tobacco. Notes are given on the preparation of the soil and the care of the growing crop, tobacco breeding work, and field meetings. It is also pointed out that cowpeas are a most practical crop for the prevention of injury from cutworms and wireworms when planted immediately i)receding tobacco. The improvement of Wisconsin tobacco through seed selection, E. P. Sandsten (Wisconsin Sta. Bui. 1116, pp. 3-17, figs. 11). — The work here dis- cussed was begun in 1903 with the selection of a good type of Wisconsin-grown Connecticut-Havana seed regarded by leading buyers and growers as the most desirable type for the State. After 3 years' selection a pure type of tobacco with good leaves, fine textui-e, and large yielding qualities has been secured and seed of the type has been distributed to growers with success. Over 700 lbs. of this seed was distributed during the year. It is recommended that the grower choose the best variety in his locality, mark the superior plants and preserve them for seed. The selection of indi- vidual plants should be based upon vigor, spread and shape of leaves, number and arrangement, prominence of midrib, texture and thinness, liability to pro- duce suckers, color, and attachment of leaves to stem. Every growing crop should be culled and only the very best plants retained. Side shoots and suckers should be removed from selected plants and the main crop topped before the flowers expand, to prevent cross-fertilization with the seed plants. Stripping the seed plants is not recommended, as the leaves are needed to fully develop the seed. Descriptions are further given on the harvesting and testing of tobacco seed, and the arrangement of a germinator is outlined. The culture and selection of tobacco, L. Trabut (Gouvt. Gen. Alg^rie, Dir. Agr., Serv. Bot. Bui. J/G, pp. 22, figs. 20). — In connection with a review of the work with tobacco at the station the author describes a number of hybrids and selected strains. In the breeding work with tobacco a number of American varieties have been used. The ripening of different varieties of spring wheat as influenced by soil moisture content, von Seelhorst and Krzymowski (Jour. Landw., 57 (1909), No. 1, pp. 113, 11.'/). --In these experiments the water content of the soil in the various pots in which the grain was grown was kept at 40, 55, TO, and 85 per cent of complete saturation. The results show that as the soil moisture was increased up to 70 ])er cent the ripening of the grain was retarded, this being brought out especially by a comparison of the data secured with 55 per cent and with 70 per cent of the water-holding capacity. With 85 per cent the plants ripened earlier than with 70 per cent. The earlier rapid growth on the soil given water to the extent of 85 per cent of saturation exhausted the supply of nitrogen sooner than did the growth in the other test and in this way was brought about the earlier maturity. The comparative yields obtained with 70 per cent and 85 per cent of saturation were 62.4 gm. and 89.4 gm., respectively. The maximum difference in the average ripening periods was 7.5 days. In time of ripening the several varieties differed widely under the influence of varying soil moisture content. On the drier soils this difference was small, while on those higher in moisture it was greater. Noe and Schlanstedt wheat remained green much longer than Galician Club, and Iden stood between them in this respect. It was found that the water content of the soil can have so great an influence on the ripening period that the varietal characteristics in this regard are entirely obliterated. FIELD CROPS. 435 The root systems of different varieties of spring wheat, von Seeliiorst and Krzymowski (Jour. Ldiulic, o7 {1909), No. 1, p. 115). — Observations made in connection with the experiments described in the previous abstract indicated that the high yielding sorts have larger root systems than those of lower pro- ductivity and that Schlanstedt wlicat has this character developed to a marked dofiroe. Resume of experiments on the development of wheat on the black soils of Southern Russia, T. Lokot (/S'r/.s7,-. Klioz. i L)/p.-oi\, 19 (1908), Xo. 3, pp. 157-165).— Pot culture and field tests showed that in deep and moist black soil a rank growth of the stems and leaves took place, while the development of the grain was comparatively small. It was observed that the evaporation of moisture from the wheat plant is relatively the greatest in its first stages of growth, and that at the moment of its most rapid development, about the time when the heads begin to form, evaporation is relatively the smallest. At the ripening of the grain the quantity of moisture passing through the jilant again increases. The quantity of water evaporated was approximately 450 gm. for each gram of dry matter produced. Moisture content and shrinkag'e in grain, J. W. T. Duvel ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 32, pp. 13). — This bulletin discusses the loss of weight in handling grain and the reduction of moisture and shrinkage, and points out why the reduction of moisture and the shrinkage in grain are not the same and how the difference between the reduction of moisture and the shrinkage can be determined. For the purpose of this determination tables are arranged, with the necessary explanation. Report of the Nebraska seed laboratory, E. M. Wilcox and Xelle Stevenson (Xchniskd sta. Bui. 110. pp. 5-29, figs. 12). — This bulletin contains a statement regarding the work of the seed laboratory from January, 1908, when it was established, to May 1, 1909. During this time 463 samples were received and 636 different tests were made during the first year, and 617 samples received and 950 tests made during the second year. Over 50 per cent of the samples were received from Nebraska. A table gives the results of tests and examina- tion of samples received up to July 1, 1908. In 201 samples of alfalfa examined the purity varied from 56 to 99 per cent, the germination from 50 to 100 per cent, the inert matter from 0.1 to 12 per cent, and the foreign seed from 0 to 36 per cent. One sample contained over 9 per cent of dodder. Buckhorn, wild carrot, wild chicory, lamb's quarters, and the seeds of about 75 other weeds were also found in the samples. The purity of 61 samples of red clover examined varied from 75 to 99 per cent, the germination from 67 to 100 per cent, the inert matter from 0.3 to 12 lier cent, and the foreign seed from 0.1 to 22 per cent. Clover dodder seeds were found in 8 of the samples, and over 70 other more or less noxious weed seeds were also present. Buckhorn was present in nearly 50 per cent of the clover samples examined. Twenty-six samples of awnless brome grass were examined, and these varied in purity from 33 to 96 per cent, in germination from 0 to 86 per cent, in inert matter from 2 to 46 per cent, and in foreign seed from 0.1 to 56 per cent. Wheat grass was most abundant in the brome grass seed, and common cheat and other sorts of brome grass of little or no value were also found. Some of the more common and injurious weeds of the State are described and figured. The 'killing of mustard and other noxious weeds in grain fields by the use of iron sulphate, E. W. Olive (Houtli Dakota Sta. Bui. 112, pp. .'iA5-.'i9H. figs. 3). — A general description of the method of killing weeds, particularly 436 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. wild mustard, by spraying with iron sulpliate solution is given and the results obtained at the station and elsewhere are briefly reported. The solution used was of about 20 per cent strength. It is found that the best results from spraying are obtained when the grain and the weeds are from about 6 to 10 in. high, or just before the mustard plants begin to bloom. In several of the tests the work of spraying was con- ducted at the rate of 25 acres in 5 hours. It is stated that a powerful pressure is absolutely necessary in order to develop the proper fineness of spray, and that favorable weather is also highly important. Spraying just after the dew is off on a bright sunshiny day is considered most favorable to successful w^ork. A description of successive steps in the appearance of sprayed leaves is given and the physiological action of the sulphate is interpreted. " The main action involved seems to be that the water in the leaf is drawn out of the cells by the flakes of salt dried on the surface." The grain suffered a little setback but permanent injury did not result on account of their indeterminate growth which left only the tips of the older leaves exposed to the action of the sulphate. The following weeds were entirely killed under favorable conditions of spraying: Wild mustard (Brassica arven- sis), ragweed (Ambrosia artemisi(vfo1ia). king-head or greater ragweed (A. trifida), bind weed {Convolvulus sepium), marsh elder {Iva xanthifoUa), milk- weed {Asclepias sp.), peppergrass (Lepidium virginicum) , pigweed (Amarantus sp.), and sweet clover (Melilotus alba and M. officinalis). Those more or less badly injured included Russian thistle (Salsola kali tragus), sunflower {Helian- thus sp.), dandelion dock (Rumex crispus), thistle {Carduus sp.), white clover {Trifolium repens), red clover [T. pratensc), and alfalfa (Mcdicago saliva). The results of spraying for the eradication of dandelions were not so favorable as those reported by other experimenters. Young plants with a small root were generally entirely killed with only 1 application, but large strong plants re- quired 3 and even more applications at intervals of 3 or 4 weeks. Cutting off the crown of dandelion plants and applying a 20 per cent sulphuric acid solu- tion to the cut surface generally killed the dandelions. Kerosene applied in a similar manner also caused the roots to decay, but gasoline was without effect. According to an estimate given the total cost of spraying 300 acres is ap- proximately $1.25 per acre. Weed work, H. L. Bolley {'North Dakota Sta. Rpt. 1908, pt. 1, pp. 42-U).—A general review of the weed work carried on by the station is presented. The work of spraying the lawTis of the college campus with iron sulphate to reduce the growth of dandelions is described. On the sprayed areas no dandelions produced seed and many of the large roots totally disappeared, while young plants coming from seed were completely destroyed. The sprayed lawns made a strong growth of grass through the season. This better growth was apparently associated with a deeper green in the color of the grass, which result was found to be largely due to the elimination of certain destructive parasitic diseases of blue grass, such as common mildew, smut, common rust, and other less common parasitic enemies. In summarizing the results the belief is expressed that iron sulphate or copper sprays increase chlorophyll production under certain conditions, and that the spraying of a wheat crop ipiproves the growth by leaving the crop more open to light and air at the proper time. The sprays showed themselves to be destructive to germinating spores and parasitic fungi. Certain elements of proper weed destroyers have a fertilizing value. Some of the substances may act as growth stimulants, and some of the sprays seem to extend the period of vegetation as observed with the spraying of wheat, oats, and lawn grasses. HORTICULTURE. 437 HORTICULTURE. Cabbage experiments and culture, C. P. Close and T. H. White (Maryland Sia. Bui. 133, pp. 175-190. figs. J/). — An account is given of cultural and variety tests together with general directions for the culture and care of cabbage and a discussion by H. J. Patterson on the chemical composition of the cab- bage plant, this discussion being based upon analyses made in 1893 but not hitherto published. The authors being of the opinion that the susceptibility to rot and disease of cabbages growing on very rich, highly cultivated land is due more to some- thing unsuitable in the soil rather than to the direct attacks of bacteria or fungi, a study was made to determine the effect of stable manure, of various chemical fertilizers, and of different cultural treatments, such as ridge plant- ing, level planting, and proper drainage as correctives of the condition favoring the development of cabbage diseases. The experiments were conducted for three seasons upon a piece of rather stiff clay land that had been manured and planted to truck crops for many years, and upon which cabbage had pre- viously rotted badly. The various treatments given failed to act as correctives of the supposed excessive salts or poisonous matter in the soil. Good cabbages, on the other hand, were grown on soils of the same character and drainage conditions with the exception that the land had been in sod from which hay had been cut. It is concluded that whereas early cabbages do best on soils that are rich and full of humus, late cabbages generally do best on a sod field broken early in the spring and well manured. The varieties tested are classed into 3 general types relative to their disease resistance. The disease-resistant stock all appeared to conform to one type of vigorous growth with green or purplish-greeu curled aud crinkled leaves. This type was found to be quite disease resistant and hardy, remaining in the field throughout the winter, and producing seed in the spring. Cabbages of the Savoy type were also fairly disease resistant, standing conditions that usually destroyed cabbage of the ordinary Flat Dutch type. The ball-headed varieties were most subject to disease. A comparative test of low priced aud high priced fertilizers indicated that the former sometimes give as good results as the latter. It appears, however, that the same results can not be expected from any particular brand of fer- tilizer under all conditions of soil and seasons. On the whole, the use of a fertilizer with a high nitrogen content is recommended. In raising late cabbage plants many growers are in the habit of using a piece of poor light soil for a seed bed, to which is applied a very liberal dressing of commercial fertilizers. This appears to produce toughened plants quite resistant to checks from transplanting. Experiments were conducted for two years to determine a fertilizer suitable for this purpose. The results indicate that it is profitable to use nitrate of soda on the plant beds at the rate of 450 to 600 lbs. per acre. Variety tests of Fi-euch and American cabbages have been carried on for several years. The names aud average weights in pounds and ounces per head, together with remarks on the general character of each variety, are given. With an analysis of the dry matter and principal mineral constitutents of different parts of the mature cabbage plant as a basis it is estimated that an acre of cabbage yielding 4,000 mature heads and 500 immature plants will remove from the soil 11.6 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 57 lbs. of potash and 33.5 lbs. of nitrogen. Growing' better g'ems, J. Tkoop and C. G. Woodbury (Indiana Sta. Bui. 135, pp. 3-JI. fi(js. 8). — A further i-eport on investigations being conducted by the station with a view of improving the Indiana cantaloup industry (E. S. K., 19, 438 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. p. 1038). The results of field-spraying experiments on a commercial scale to determine the value and effect of Bordeaux mixture as a rust preventive are given, together with suggestions for improving the type of the Indiana melon, including a description of an ideal type of Netted Gem for that section. The spraying experiments were conducted in 1908, the experimental plat being 5.31 acres in extent of which a little over 3i acres were sprayed. The 5 : 5 : 50 Bordeaux formula was used and 5 sprayings were given on June 18 and 25, July 9, 21, and 28. respectively. Altogether the season was not espe- cially favorable for rust develoimient, nevertheless 366.99 crates of melons were picked from the sprayed portion and 306.93 crates from the unsprayed portion, thus showing an increase of approximately 17 crates per acre due to spraying. The estimated net profit in favor of spraying was $11.49 per acre, with canta- loup prices much lower than in 1907. The rust-resistant melon developed by the Colorado Station (E. S. R., 19, p. 944) was tested in Indiana in 1907, and gave melons of fine quality and markedly resistant to the rust fungus, although they were 2 weeks later in ripening than the Indiana crop, and rather too large for successful marketing. This strain is to be further developed under Indiana conditions with a view of selecting for earliness. retaining at the same time the rust-resistant quality. Varietal study of sweet corn, H. L. Price and A. W. Drinkard, Jr. (Virginia Sta. Ryt. I'JOS, piJ. 95-99). — Notes are given on the behavior of 57 varieties of sweet corn tested at the station during the last 4 years, together with lists of the best early, mid-season, late, and canning varieties. Growing onions from seed, J. Troop and C. G. Woodbury (Indiana Sta. Circ. 15, pp. 22, figs. 13). — This circular discusses the culture of onions from seed in northern Indiana. Consideration is given to the soil and its preparation, fer- tilizing, seeding and cultivating, harvesting, storing, and marketing, cost of growing, yields and profits. A note is also given on the onion maggot and its control. Varietal study of tomatoes, II. L. Price and A. W. Drinkard, Jr. (Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 89-95). — Brief notes are given on the general behavior and value of 91 varieties of tomatoes tested at the station during the seasons of 1906-7, together with lists of varieties recommended for early, main crop, can- ning and preserving purposes, as well as the best dwarf and yellow varieties. Missouri apple growing, J. C. Written (Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 32, pp. l.'h figs. 2). — This circular contains popular directions for growing apples, including a discussion of soils and locations, varieties, preparation of land, selecting trees, planting, pruning, cultivation, diseases, picking and packing. First report on the culture and analyses of French cider apples in Virginia, H, L. Price and W. B. Ellett (Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 39-5.',, figs. 17).— The chemical and horticultural departments of the station have carried on coop- erative studies of the French varieties of cider apples for the past 8 years, and are of the opinion that this group of apples has such distinct economic value as to receive a place in American orcharding. Their characteristic prolificacy as well as the high sugar and tannin content appear to hold when grown under our soil and climatic conditions. The fruits of a large number of the French varieties are described and illustrated, and tabular data are reported showing the results of chemical analysis of the must and the whole apple of most of these varieties. The olive and the oils of the Province of Catania, E. de Cillis (1st. Agr. Siciliano "VaUIisaroja" Relaz. 1906-1908, pp. 1.57-216).— The results of an extensive survey of the olive industry of the Province of Catania are given. The phases reported and discussed include the extent and area of production, varieties grown, cultural details, harvesting, conservation and preservation of HORTICULTURE. 439 olives, and the details of the uianufactiire of olive oils. Considerable data were also collected on the fruits of the varieties under observation relative to their weight, volume, specific gravity, length, thickness, and the relative proijortions of skin, pulp, endocarp and seeds, and the varieties are ranked according to the measurements thus secured. Physical and chemical analyses of the oils are also reported. The author points out present deficiencies both in methods of culture and in the processes of manufacturing the oils, with a view to strength- ening the industry in Catania. Effects of annular decortication on peaches, F. Calzolari and A. Manaresi (Staz. 8t)Ci: Agr. liuL. i-' {J 009), Aos. .',-6, pp. 233-272).— Part 1 of this article consists of a general review of the present knowledge relative to the effects of annular decortication or ringing as gleaned from various experiments with grapes, including a bibliography of the subject. In part 2 a detailed account is given of ringing experiments conducted by the authors with peaches. When the operation was properly carried out the fruit on the ringed branches matured about a week earlier and averaged from S to 11 gm. heavier than the fruit from unriuged branches of the same tree. Analyses were made of the fresh pulp and dry substance of the fruit, from which it appears that ringing also exerts some influence on the chemical constituents of the fruit, the most important change being an increase in the reduced sugar (glucose and levulose) content. Data are also given showing the effect of ringing on the growth of the branches. Hardiness of peach buds, blossoms, and young' fruits as influenced by the care of the orchard, W. H. Chandler (Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 31, pp. 31, figs. 11). — A popular discussion based upon the author's ol)servations and investigations along this line, a full account of which has been previously noted (E. S. R.. 19. p. 237). Variety test of peaches, O. M. Morris (Oklahoma Sta. Bui. S'l, pp. 6, fig. 1). — In this bulletin notes are given on the condition and character of some 37 varieties of peaches tested in the station orchards. All reliable information that could be obtained relative to the characteristics, qualities, and success or failure of each variety has been included in the notes, Japan plum Pathfinder, W. Strang (Rural New Yorker, 68 (1909), No. 7,008, p. 752, fig. 1). — A Japan hybrid plum produced by crossing Chabot and Wickson is illustrated. The fruit of this variety, which has been named Pathfinder, is said to be firm, very fine grained, and sweet when fully riiie. Origin and importance of the Scuppernong' and other Muscadine grapes, F. C. Reimer (North Carolina Sta. Bui. 201, pp. 5-21, figs. 7).— In this bulletin the author presents considerable data relative to the history of the Scuppernong and other important varieties of Vitis rotundifolia. The importance and char- acteristics of these varieties are also discussed, and lists are given of those recommended for home use, wine, unfermented grape juice, and for general market. Certain varieties of T'. rotnndifolia appear to be self-sterile. Studies are being made to determine to what extent and under what conditions this is true. As tested for one season in one section of the State, the author found the Scuppernong and Flowers varieties to be self-sterile. A large number of flower clusters of these varieties were covered with paper bags before the flowers opened and not a single fruit was set. Other flower clusters on the same Scuppernong vines were similarly covered, but later when the stigmas became rece))tive a flower cluster from a male vine was tied to each of the enclosed flower clusters, three-fifths of which matured normal size clusters of fruit. 9049— No. 5—09 4 440 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Fruits recommended by the American Pomological Society for cultivation in the various sections of the United States and Canada ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 151, pp. 69, pi. i).— This is the third revised catalogue of fruits which has been prepared jointly by this Department and the American Pomological Society, and is similar in character, scope, and general plan to its predecessors (E, S. R., 11, P- 544). An effort has been made in the present edition in determining the behavior of different varieties to secure evidence not only of experts, but of the masses of practical fruit growers as well. Owing to the rapid expansion of the fruit industry in this country, the lists of desir- able varieties have been considerably extended. On Coffea robusta and Bukoba coffee (CofEea bukobensis), A. Zimmerman (Pflanzer, 4 (1908), ^'o. 21, pp. 321-329).— With the view of arousing the inter- est of Amani coffee growers in these two species of coffee, which are now extensively grown in Java, a short account is given relative to their botany, climatic and soil requirements, culture, susceptibility to diseases and other injuries, yields, and the quality of the product. A brief bibliography is appended. Hotbeds and cold frames; their preparation and management, W. L. HowAKD {Missouri Sta. Circ. Inform. 33, pp. 19, fi(/s. 11). — In addition to directions relative to the preparation and management of hotbeds and cold frames, suggestions are given on their use in growing different kinds of vege- tables and flowers. The vegetable garden, Ida D. Bennett {l^ew York, 1908, pp. X+260, pis. _/g), — This is a popular treatise on vegetable gardening, discussing the sanitary and economic value of the kitchen garden, locating and planning the garden, the maintenance of soil fertility, the construction and care of hotbeds, cold frames and pits, various gai'den opei-ations. and garden tools, and giving details for the culture of all classes of vegetables. Following the cultural direc- tions for each vegetable are directions for preparing it in different ways for the table. The concluding chapters discuss garden enemies and their control and fall work in the garden. A practical planting table for vegetables is appended. The farmer's home garden. A, L. Dacy (West Virginia 8ta. Bui. 122, pp. 313-JiOJt, figs. 2, dgni. 1). — This is a brief popular discussion of the general principles of garden making, the necessary equipment, selection of seeds and plants, planting operations, etc., and giving cultural hints for growing all of the ordinary vegetables and small fruits. A planting plan is also given for a garden 136 by IGO ft. in area. Biggie orchard book, J. Biggle (Philadelphia, 1908, 2. ed., pp. IJ/'h pls. 21, figs. 108). — A condensed pocket guide to the culture of the common orchard fruits, including the apple, cherry, peach, pear, plum, quince, and dwarf pear, together with briefer notes on nuts, citrus, and other semitropical fruits. The important pbases discussed are planning and starting an orchard, nursery and planting practices, varieties, pruning, cultivation and fertilization, thinning, spraying, cover crop planting, picking, grading and packing, cold storage and mai'keting. The text is fully illustrated. Orcharding in east Tennessee, C. A. Keffeb (Bien. Rpt. Tenn. Dept. Agr., 1907-8, pp. 22.'i-250). — This is a report of a three months' study relative to the status of fruit growing in east Tennessee, together with a discussion of the requisites for commercial orcharding and the care of orchards. The suburbanite's handbook of dwarf fruit tree culture, their training and management, with a discussion on their adaptability to the requirements of the commercial orchardist, both in connection and in competition with standard trees, A. W. Thornton (Bellinyham, Wash., 1909, pp. 115, figs. 67). FORESTRY. 441 The garden yard; a handbook of intensive farming, B. Hall {Philadelphia, 1909, pp. XV+321, pis. ^). — A p<)i)ul;u' treatise, discussing in considerable detail intensive vegetable culture, including also chapters on small-fruit culture, poultry management, and farm organization. General garden operations and problems are grouped together and discussed in part 1. Part 2 contains details for growing the various vegetables, which are grouped together in classes, such as root crops, tuber crops, bulb croi)s, cole crops, etc. The book of the cottage garden, C. Thonger {Ncio York and London, 1909, pp. 90, pis. IS). — A popular work on suburban gardening, treating in its suc- cessive chapters the cottage garden, lawns and grass plats, hardy flower borders, annuals and biennials, roses, the reserve garden, garden color, fragrance, the vegetable garden, and the orchard garden. Little gardens and how to make the most of them, H. H. Thomas (New York and Loudon, 1909, pp. 152, figs. 155). — xV popular treatise on the culture of flowers, shrubs, vegetables, and fruits in gardens of limited area, including also information relative to planting and arranging the garden and the selection of varieties. A little Maryland garden, Helen A. Hays (New York and London, 1909, pp. 201, pis. S). — A popular account of the author's experience in garden making, containing many suggestions relative to garden designing, the kinds of flowers to use, and cultural operations for different seasons of the year. The text is accompanied by several color plates portraying garden scenes. The summer garden of pleasure, Henrietta M. Batson {Chicago and Lon- don, 1909, pp. XIV +231, pis. 36). — ^This popular garden book is intended primarily for persons restricted to the culture of border gardens. It discusses in particular the subject of color schemes, and the selection of suitable varie- ties for maintaining a supply of flowers throughout the" summer months. The discussion relative to color arrangement is illustrated by a number of plates of actual groups and borders. House plants and how to grow them, P. T. Barnes {Nciv York, 1909, pp. X+236, pis. 31). — This popular work treats of the culture and care of house plants of various kinds, those plants which are generally successful being discussed more fully. Detailed directions are given for the preparation of the soil, seed sowing, and other cultural operations. Particular regard is given to the temperature requirements of the various plants. The work concludes with a chapter on ether forcing without a greenhouse, and a window gardener's calendar. Sweet peas and how to grow them, H. H. Thomas {Xeiv York and London, 1909, pp. 112, figs. oJf). — A popular guide to the culture of sweet peas for home, garden, and exhibition purposes, including information relative to varieties for different purposes and seasons and raising new sweet peas, as well as chap- ters on cautions to sweet-pea growers, replies to questions, and insect i)ests and diseases. FORESTRY. The relation between germination percentage and the intrinsic value of pine seeds. Storing pine seed for several years without injury to the ger- mination percentage, IIaack {Ztschr. Forst u. Jagdic, J/l {1909), No. 6, pp. 353-381, fig. 1, dgmx. G). — In previous germination tests (E. S. R., 18, p. 147) of pine seed carried on both in the laboratory and in the open, the author found* that the germinative power of any given lot of pine seed was not an accurate measure of the number of plants which result from the seed, and also, that of two lots of seed having the same germinative power, the one possessing the higher germinative energy produced the larger number of 442 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. plants in tlie open. With data secured from these investigations as well as from more recent work, he has worked out a set of tables and curves showing the relation between seeds with various germiuative powers and the number of yearling plants produced; the plant percentage (the number of yearling plants produced from 100 seeds) being used as a function of the germination percentage and the relations traced out for seed grown in the open under favorable, unfavorable, partially favorable, and average conditions affecting growth. The author finds from his investigations that the higher values of the germination percentages show strikingly higher plant percentages than the lower values for the germination percentages. On this account he is of the opinion that a mixture of seed of various germination percentages is of equal value with an unmixed seed possessing the same germination percentage as the mixture, and that the tendency is even toward a higher plant percentage in the mixture than in the unmixed seed. Although germination percentage is not a good measure for determining plant percentage, germination energy and plant percentage appear to make similar variations. Since seed of first- class germiuative power is often too high priced for the grower, it would appear that the seedsmen are justified in mixing these seed with cheaper seed of lower germiuative power, provided the mixture shows a fair plant per- centage. The adaptation of the described tables and curves in making such mixtures and in determining their market value is discussed and the author's methods of carrying on germination tests are described. In continuation of previous investigations (E. S. R., 17, p. 370) studies were made relative to the best methods of storing seed in order to prevent a decrease of germiuative power. The work, which is described in detail, includes studies of temperature and moisture conditions, and of seed placed in air-tight re- ceptacles as compared with seeds exposed to the air. Seed which were stored in air-tight receptacles gave after 2 to 3 years' storage from 2 to 3 times the plant percentage of similar seed exposed to the air during storage, with a cor- responding increase in money value. Thus it appears that by storing seed under air-tight conditions seedsmen will be enabled to lay in large supplies of seed in years when the quantity and quality are high. Nothing is to be gained by storing the seed longer than 3 years. Before storing the seed in air-tight receptacles, the author recommends that it should be dried out in a temperature of from 30 to 40° C. until it has lost from 1 to 2 per cent of its weight. The seed should then be placed in thoroughly dry air-tight receptacles, which, when large quantities of seed are to be stored, can be made of tin and soldered at the joints. As experimentally determined, the development of carbonic acid from seed respiration in the receptacles does not appear to be sufficient to injure the seed. It is recommended, however, that a small qiiantity of quicklime be inclosed, about 1 gm. being sufficient to assimilate 400 cc. of CO2. Although the seed stored in air-tight receptacles at various temperatures gave in every case far better results than seed stored at similar temperatures but exposed to air, storing tlie seed in an ice house gave the most favorable results. For practical purposes, however, the use of a deep cool cellar is recommended. Further fertilizer experiments w;itli forest seedlings on sandstone soils and observations on the carrying' out of forest seed experiments, H. Vater (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 59 {1909), No. 1, pp. 93-121).— In continuation of previous work (E. S. R., 17, p. 772) fertilizer experiments with forest seedlings on sandstone soil are reported in detail. Seedlings of the common pine were used in the work. The highest growth yield was obtained by the use of a complete fertilizer in which kainit was the FORESTRY. 443 source of the potash. As coiuparetl with kaiuit, muriate of potash aud sulphate of potash as sources of i)()tash gave a growth perfortuance of ouly 00 i)er cent. The use of a fertilizer without potash, however, iudicated that the soils upon which the seedlings were grown were only slightly deficient in potash, since in this case a growth yield of 89 per cent was obtained. Lime used in conjunction with the original soil cover, the latter being incor- porated into the seed bed to a depth of 10 in. gave a gi-owth yield of ouly 55 per cent. When lime was used alone the growth yield was ouly 30 per cent. A growth yield of 42 per cent was obtainetl where the soil cover was incorpo- rated without any other fertilizer as compared with a growth yield of 33 per cent where the soil cover was removed and no fertilizer used. On the influence of cultural methods on the yield of the common pine, M. KuNZE {Tharand. Forstl. Jahrh., 59 {1909), No. 1, pp. 1-26). — In continua- tion of previous thinning and wood volume investigations to which reference is made in the article, some further measurements are given which were taken at the time of the sixth thinning of some experimental pine stands iu Saxouy, and which were designed to show the effect of various cultural treatments on the yield of the pine. Properties and uses of the southern pines, H. S. Betts (77. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 164, PP- 30, figs. 6). — This circular contains au account of the southern pines relative to their nomenclature, botany, distribution, enemies, physical and mechanical properties, and utilization. The results of several mechanical tests of structural material and of small pieces are given, consider- able of the data being based upon previous publications of the Forest Service (E. S. R., 9, p. 842; 19, p. 051). Experiments on the effect of the soil of the hemlock grove of the New York Botanical Garden upon seedling's, Winifeed J. Robinson {Jour. N. Y. Bat. Gard., JO {1909), Xo. 112, pp. 81-87, fig. i).— The data are given of a series of experiments conducted for the past 3 years in the New York Botan- ical Garden to determine whether any chemical constituent of the soil in the hemlock grove was the detrimental factor causing the commonly noted failure of hemlock seedlings to develop. From the data secured it appears that the failure of the seedlings to germinate beneath the adult trees is not due to a special toxic constituent of the soil, but rather to such factors as the amount of moisture and light and to the physical condition of the soil caused by the mat of hemlock needles that accumulates beneath the trees. Paper birch in the Northeast, S. T. Dana ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 163, pp. 37, figs. 2). — An account is given of the paper birch {Betula fiapy- rifera) relative to its importance and uses, distribution aud supply, botanical and silvical characteristics, methods of lumbering and systems of management together with a map showing the distribution of paper birch iu commercial quantities in the Northeast, aud several diameter, volume and yield tables based on measurements of a large number of trees. The author concludes that under prevailing forest conditions the supply of paper birch will not be exhausted for a good many years. The tree-cotton or kapok tree (Eriodendron anfractuosum), M. MiJCKE {Pflanzer, 7/ {1908), Nos. 19, pp. 289-300; 20, pp. 305^19).— An account is given of this tree i-elative to its botany aud culture, the harvesting and preparation of kapok cotton and kapok oil, the microscopical, chemical, aud physical proper- ties of these products, the uses of kapok, its adulteration, yields, prices received, and other statistics of the industry. A bibliography of this si)ecies is ai)peuded. The balata industry in Surinam, D. Fock {De Balata-industric in Surinamc. I'artiinaribo. [ 1909 \, pp. \ + i;i) + CI\ +67+98, dgm.l).— In part 1 of this book are brought together a number of government reports of various dates making as a 444 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. whole a historical review of the balata industry in Surinam. Part 2 contains a discussion relative to the distribution of balata-yieldiug trees, methods of tap- ping the trees, and coagulating the latex, as well as a general account of the in- dustry. Part 3 discusses the chemistry, falsification, and uses of balata. New facts on the Bleekrodea tonkinensis, Dubabd and Ebekhakdt (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 11 {1908), No. 7^, pp. 520-522).— As a result of recent observations relative to this new species of rubber tree (B. S. R., 20, p. 152), which is locally known in Tonkin as Teo-Nong, the authors find that it extends over a much larger area than first supposed. Its geographic distribution in North Indo-China, together with the influence of the seasons and temperature on the flow of its latex, is here discussed. Rubber from Southern India (Bui. Imp. Inst, 7 {1909), No. 2, pp. 163-166).— Analyses are reported of samples of rubber prepared from Ceara, Castilloa, and Para trees growing in the government experimental gardens at Kullar and Bur- liar in the Nilgiri Hills. Trees of commerce, W. Stevenson {London, 1908, rev. ed., pp. XII-{-27.'f). — This work, which is largely a condensation of the information on commercial trees contained in the scattered literature on the subject, first appeared in 1894, The present edition has been revised to include more recent information. All of the commercially important hardwoods are considered relative to their distin- guishing characteristics, geography, commercial distribution, and the properties and uses of their timber. The timber supply of the United States, R, S. Kellogg {U. S. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 166, pp. 2Jt, figs. 6). — This circular discusses the extent of our forest resources, their ownership, the rate at which they are being cut, and the outlook for the future timber supjily. Approximate estiruates are given of the original and present forest areas and stands, together with stumpage estimates of the principal species and the statistics of the cut and value of lumber and other forest products, the data being drawn from various Government and out- side sources. The original forest area is esitmated at about 856,600,000 acres or about 45 per cent of the total land area of this country, whereas the present forest area is estimated at about 544,250,000 acres or about 29 p6r cent of our total land area. Forest products of the United States, 1907 {Bur. of the Census [U. 8.], Forest Products 10, pp. 122, dgms. 3). — This bulletin contains statistical data compiled by the Bureau of the Census in cooperation with the Forest Service of this Department relative to the production of lumber, lath, and shingles, the cross-ties purchased, the consumption of pulp wood, tan bark and tanning ex- tracts, the production of slack and tight cooperage stock, number of poles pur- chased, wood consumed in veneer manufacture, wood distillation, pine distilla- tion, and exports of forest products in 1907. The total value of products taken from the forests of the United States during the calendar year 1907 approximates $1,280,000,000 in value at the point of pro- duction. This is an increase of $80,000,000 over the corresponding total for 1906, but the increase appears to be due more to a greater valuation of products rather than to a greater production in 1907. Practical assistance to owners of forest land and to tree planters {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Forest Serv. Circ. 165, pp. 7). —This circular combines and super- sedes Circulars 21 and 22 of the same series (B. S. R., 10, p. 443; 11, p. 745). It discusses the aims and nature of assistance given and contains the regulations governing cooperation with private owners, together with sample application forms. The wood commerce of the Saxon railroads in the years 1883-1907, inclu- sive, F. Mammen {8achs. Holzverkehr u. HoWiundel EinzeldarsteU., 1909, pt. 1, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 445 pp. 228, charts 10). — This is the first of a series of statistical publications to be issued on the total wood coumierce and trade of Saxony. Detailed statistical returns are given for bark, dyewoods, timber, and timber products, paper, and miscoUaneous forest products showing the Saxon ship- ments, receipts, and interior trade in these products over the Saxon railroads. The tables give yearly returns from 1883 to 1907, the monthly returns from January to June of the year 1S83, and quarterly returns for each year for the period 1883-1897. The appendixes contain several decrees relative to the col- lection of commercial statistics, blank forms showing how these statistics are gathered, and several platted curves showing the fluctuation in the commerce of the important forest i)roducts for the period. The net revenues of the Saxon state forests for the year 1907, A. Bruhm (Tharand. Forstl. Jahrb., 59 {1009), No. 1, pp. 78-92).— A statistical report relative to the yields and financial returns from timber and minor forest products in the Saxon State forest in 1907. A report on forest management in Italy during the biennial period 1906-7 (Bol. Min. Agr., Indus, e Com. [Rome], 8 {1909), Ser. A, No. 5, pp. 65-73).— A statistical report on the government forest operations in the various provinces of Italy for the biennial period 1906-7. Annual progress report of forest administration in the western and eastern circles of the United Provinces for the forest year 1907-8, B. B. OsMASTON and H. Jackson {A7in. Rpt. Forest Admin, '[fest. and East. Circles [India], 1907-8, pp. 18+6+II+18+XCVII+5).— The usual annual statements relative to the constitution, management, and exploitation of the State forests in the western and eastern circles of the United Provinces, including financial statements for the year. The important data are presented in tabular form. Report on the forest administration of the Central Provinces for the year 1907-8, A. F. Gradon kt al., A. G. Hobakt-Hampden and C. G. Rogers {Rpt. Forest Admin. Cent. Prov. [India], 1907^, pp. 6+17+20+20+LXX).— Reports similar to the above are given by the respective conservators of State forests in the northern, southern, and Berar circles of the Central Provinces for the year 1907-8. Annual report on the literature and important happenings in the realm of scientific forestry, forest zoology, agricultural chemistry, meteorology, and forest botany for the year 1908, II. Weber {AUg. Forst u. Jagd Ztg., 1909, Sup., pp. 107).— As in previous years (E. S. R., 20, p. 646), this supple- ment contains abstracts of the important literature on the various jjhases of forestry, together with notes on important occurrences in the forest world for the year 1908. The topics included are silviculture, utilization, management, valuation and statics, the theory of forest mensuration and yields, administra- tion, history, policy, statistics, news of forest unions and hunting clubs, zoology, botany, and soil physics. DISEASES OF PLANTS. The loose smuts of barley and wheat, E. M. Freeman and E. C. Johnson {U..S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. 152, pp. 48, pis. 6, figs. 2). — An account is given of investigations on the loose smut of barley {Ustilago nuda) and loose smut of wheat {U. tritiei). The life histories of these smuts are described at considerable length, and the . results of a number of inoculation and other experiments are given. Investigations were conducted for the control of these smuts. The authors state that the smuts of wheat and barley are widely distributed, and demand treatment in many sections of the United States on account of the extensive 446 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOBD. injury done to the crops. The loose smuts of wheat, barley, and wild barley are distinct species and are not interchangeable as to their host plants. The loose smuts of wheat and barley infect the plant in the flowering stage, entering the embryo inside of the ovary before the latter ripens into the seed. This infected seed will develop a smutted plant if sown. Varietal differences in susceptibility to smuts have been observed in both wheat and barley, but no marked immunity has yet been discovered. The best method for preventing these smuts is said to be the modified hot- water treatment, which consists for barley of soaking in cold water for 5 hours, followed by 15 minutes in water heated to 52° C. ; while for wheat after soaking for the same time in cold water the grain should be soaked in hot water for 10 minutes at a temperature of 54° C. The application of this method is slightly injurious to the germiuative power of the grain, and as a consequence a somewhat larger amount should be sown ; otherwise there will be a slight decrease in yield. Smut and rust of cereals and their prevention, O, Kiechneb (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 {1909), No. 30, pp. 305, 306). — Popular accounts are given of the smuts and rusts of cereals, with suggestions for reducing the loss due to these parasites. The methods recommended consist of seed treatment with copper sulphate, hot water, or formalin for smut prevention, and the selection of resistant varieties for rust prevention. The relative resistance of a number of varieties of winter and summer wheats is shown. The wintering' of parasitic fungi, and combating' their attacks, E. Riehm (Deut. Landw. Presse, 36 (1909), No. 35, pp. 813, 37^).— A popular account is given of the means by which a number of the more common fungi that cause plant diseases are carried over winter, with particular reference to those carried from crop to crop by seed. For the prevention of seed infection treatment with fungicides is recommended, and descriptions are given of the formalin and hot- water methods of treating wheat and oats for smut. The fungus and insect enemies of beets, P. Ulkich (Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 38, pp. 377, 378, figs, ii).— Popular descriptions are given of the beet rust, leaf spot, mildew, scab, dry rot, heart rot, nematodes, and' leaf beetles. Root tumors on sugar beets, J. Ekinelt (Bl. ZucJcei'rubenhau, 16 (1909), Nos. 5, pp. 68-73; 6, pp. 81-87). — It is stated that at harvest beets are often found with irregular swellings, varying from the size of a hazelnut to others weighing as much as 1.5 kg. The author has investigated the subject to determine the cause of the trouble if possible. In the first part of the pai)er an historical summary is given regard- ing the occurrence of the disease and the various causes that have been assigned to it. In the second part he describes experiments which included a thorough microscopical examination of many diseased specimens, with the result that no animal, fungus, or bacterium could be isolated that could be shown to be the cause of the trouble. It is believed by the author to be a typical pathological distui-bance due to a continued storing of reserve materials, but the inducing factors are as yet unknown. The heart and dry rots of sugar beets, W. KRiJGEE and G. Wimmeb (Ztschr. Ter. Deut. Zuckerindus., 1909, No. 6.',0, II, pp. 379-385).— By means of sand cultures a study ^\'as made of the causes contributing to the heart and dry rots of beets. The authors state that these diseases have been attributed to a number of causes, among them too rapid growth during the young stages of the plant, too great an amount of soil moisture, especially when following a dry season, and attacks of the fungus Phoma hetxe. The characteristics of the two forms of disease are said to be quite distinct, although they are closely associated. The DISEASES OF PLANTS. 44*7 lio.-irt rot attacks the central leaves ami works down into tbe crown of the root, while the dry rot ai»i)ears on the sides of the root, usually on those portions not furnished with rootlets. The use of certain fertilizers is said to favor the development of the disease, nitrate of soda being particularly detrimental in this respect. A moist soil also favors the disease throuf^h the production of an active growth. The internal disease of the potato, A. S. Horne {Ann. Mycol., 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2S6-288). — A preliminary note is given of a disease of potatoes variously known in parts of England as "bruise" and "internal disease." Tubers aftecteecies are re- 450 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, corded. Thirty-five species of mammals and 20 species of reptiles were detected. Niuuerous data are given of the habits of many of the species collected. Vernon Bailey presents in Science a review of this work. Game [in Massachusetts] {Rpt. Comrs. Fisheries and Game [Mass.], 1907, pp. .5]-81, pis. 4). — The so-called Chinese, ring-necked, or English pheasant (Phasianus torquatus), first introduced into Massachusetts in 1895, is now well established as a game bird. An account is given of the occurrence and protec- tion afforded the eastern pinnated grouse or heath hen {Tympanuclius cupido), of which to-day the very last stand is on the island of Martha's Vineyard. Breeding experiments with ruffled grouse and quail, under the direction of A. Merrill, are considered at some length. During the year under report there was a scarcity of gray squirrels in certain sections of the State. Deer were the source of considerable injui-y to crops. The otter in eastern Massachusetts, W. Brewsteb {Science, n. set:, 29 (1909), No. llfJf, pp. 551-555). — A further discussion of the occurrence of the otter in Massachusetts (E. S. R., 20, p. 952). Birds of the world, F, H. Knowlton and R. Ridgway {New York, 1909, pp. XI +873, pis. 16, figs. 236). — This is a work intended to supply the demand for popular information. Following several preliminary chapters on the general appearance and structure of birds, their migration, distribution, classification, etc., every family is said to have been passed in review and accorded approxi- mately equal and even treatment. On bird protection and bird destruction in New South Wales, A. J. North {Agr. Gas. N. S. Wales, 20 {1909), No. 2, pp. 141-U7).—A brief consideration of this subject by the ornithologist to the Australian Museum at Sydney. Report of the superintendent of entomology and inspector, A. Ckaw (Rpt. Bd. Comics. Agr. and Forestry Hawaii, 4 {1907), pp. 79-97, pi. 1). — This report covers the work for the year ending December 31, 1907. During this period 101,923 packages of fruit and vegetables discharged by vessels arriving at Honolulu from outside the Territory were inspected, and 690 packages found infested with injurious insects or plant diseases. There were also inspected 228 packages of plants and seeds received ' through the mails. Insects and other pests found upon importations included the potato moth {Lita solanella) upon potatoes from Sydney, the potato scab upon potatoes from San Francisco, a small brown beetle uix)n garlic, the San Jose scale on apples from San Francisco, a fungus disease on sugar cane from the Orient, coleop- terous larvte on lupine seed from Italy, and mites on rubber seed from Cey- lon. Brief notes on the local inspection work are also included. An account of the introduction, breeding, and distribution of beneficial insects by J. Kotinsky, and one on insect investigations in Mexico by A. Koebele, the latter of which has been previously noted from another source (E, S. R., 20, p. 1146), are appended to the report. The introductions of beneficial insects include a parasite of the orange aphis from California, and ladybirds {Hyperas- pis 8-notata) from Mexico intended to feed on the avocado mealy bugs {Pseu- dococcus nipce). The Arizona dung fly parasite appears to be gaining foothold on the islands. It is said to be doubtful whether it is a specific parasite on the horn fly, all evidence thus far being against such a supposition. The siphanta or torpedo bug parasite {Aphanomerus piisillus), introduced from Australia, is said to have been established upon the island of Hilo. The col- onies of beneficial insects distributed during 1907 are reported in tabular form. Review of the dragon flies of Wisconsin, R. A. Muttkowski {Bui. Wis. Nat. Hist. Soc. [n. ser.], 6 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 57-123, pis. 2, fig. 1, map l).—lu this ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 451 review the antlior presents tables for the separation of the families, genera, and species of the Odonnta here described as occnrring in Wisconsin. The life history of the termite, K. Esciierich {8ci. Amer. Sup., 67 (1909), No. 1730, pp. 136-138, figs. 8). — An account is given of the life history and habits of the white ant. About 350 species are said to have been described. An auuouucenient is made of a forthcoming book uiion these Insects. Termes gestroi, W. Towgood (Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, 8 (1909). \o. 3, pp. 97-lOJi). — The methods employed in exterminating T. gestroi are described. The author has arrived at the conclusion that the eradication of the pest in the Malay I'eninsula is possible. First report of the committee of control of the South African central locust bureau, C. Fuller et al. (Rpf- Vdiiiinitlce (Jontrol So. African Vent. Locust Bur., 1 (1907), pp. 112, pi. 7).— The history of the bureau, of which this is the first report, is summarized. Following a dispatch addressed by the High Commis- sioner to the governors of the British South African colonies, a conference was held at Pretoria in August, 190G, at which the several colonies were represented. Resolutions were passed which led to the formation of a central bureau, located at Pretoria and maintained by subscriptions from the several colonies. The governments of German Southwest Africa, and Portuguese East Africa have since become associatetl with the bureau. It is the duty of the secretary to arrange for the collection, tabulation, and distribution to each of the contribu- ting administrations of all data concerning the movements and biology of the several devastating locusts of South Africa. A report is presented of the first meeting of the bureau, which was held at Pretoria in 1907. C. W. Howard, honorary secretary, reports upon the work up to June 30, 1907. A review is given of the work of locust destruction conducted within recent years by the various South African administrations (pp. 44-60) in which the red-winged locust (Cyrtocanthacris scptenifusciata) and the brown locust (Pachytylus sulcicollis) are the species dealt with. Investigations by C. P. Lounsbury have shown that several hatchings from one laying of eggs may take place, each following after a rain. Eggs that had been kept in bulk in dry tins and jars, were at intervals removed to dishes and wet. These hatched when placed in an incubator at a temperature of 90° F. Eggs secured in 1904 were thus hatched in 1907. Locusts as food and as a commercial product and the treatment of locusts with arsenic are also con- sidered. Turkish locust destruction, J. B. Jackson (Daily Cons, and Trade R2}ts. [U. S.] 1909, No. 3Ji60, p. 9). — With a view to preventing a recurrence of the devastation in northern Syria of 1908, a commission appointed by the govern- ment has required every rural inhabitant to collect and deliver at least 55 lbs. of locust eggs under penalty of a fine. This has resulted in the collection of 629,882 lbs. of eggs. In addition the surface of certain territories was plowed over to the extent of over 4.000 acres. Two new species of North American Tingitidae, O. Heidemann (Proe. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 103-108, pi. D.—Acysta pcrscw, which in- fests the avocado (Persea spp.) and camphor trees in Florida and Louisiana, and Leptohyrsa explanata, which infests mountain laurel (Kalmia latifolia) and Rhododendron mnxinmni, are described as new. Aphididae of southern California, I, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1-10, figs. 7). — Lachnus californieus taken from cultivated pines, Wiopalosiphum violce from violets, and Pemphigus radieicola from the roots of Aniaranthus rctroflexus and Solanum douglasii. are described as new. Plant louse parasites, I, C. F. Baker (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. 22-25). — A table is presented for the separation of all the genera of Aphidi- 452 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. nje. Eight species and one variety belonging to the genera Ephedrns, Praon, Aphidius, and Diaeretus are described as new. On two new species of parasites of Aleyrodidae, L. O. Howard (Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 10 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. 63-65, fig. 1). — Encarsia varicgata bred from Aletirodicus persece on lemon leaves at Orlando, Fla., and Eretmocerus haldcmani from Aleyrodes coronata at Berkeley, Cal., are described as new. Prospalta aurantii and Ainitus aleurodinis are also reported to have been reared from Aleyrodes coronata. Notes on coccidce, I, E. O. Essig {Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. ll-l'f, figs. 3). — Notes are given on the occurrence in California of the oleander scale {Aspidiotiis hcdercv), yellow scale {Chrysompliahis citrinus), black scale {Saissctia olca;), and cottony cushion scale. The red scale (Chrysomphalus aurantii), A. J. Cook {Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 {1909), No. 1, pp. 15-21, figs. 5). — Of the 4 or 5 species of scale insects that are seriously destructive in southern California, the red scale (C. aurantii) is considered as most to be dreaded. Its biology, natural enemies, and remedies are briefly considered. On the cross-breeding of two races of the moth Acidalia virgularia, L. B. Peout and A. Bacot {Proc. Roy. 8oc. [London]. Scr. B. 81 {1909), No. B 5-'t6, pp. 133-150). — The authors reviewed the results of some earlier rearing ex- periments and report studies made of the small geometrid moth {A. virgula- ria) in order to obtain further information on the working of Mendel's law of heredity. This moth was found peculiarly adapted to such study, as it will apparently feed upon almost anytliing belonging to the vegetable kingdom. The southern France form used was obtained at Hyeres and the London form at Clampton. Breeding was carried out to the tenth filial generation and 5,531 specimens subjected to careful analysis. " There is most certainly no Mendeliau dominance in coloration in the cross of the dark (London) race of A. virgularia with the light (Hyeres) race. With remarkable persistence, a first cross of the pure races produced a form of inter- mediate in coloration." It is suggested that the failure to find Mendelian inheritance at work was due mainly to the bringing together of two comparatively remote geographical races. New species of Balaninus, with notes, F. H. Chittenden {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 {190S), No. 1-2, pp. 19-26, figs. 2).— Five species and one variety here described as new are acompanied by host and locality records. A new genus and species of Mymaridae, L. O. Howard {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 {190H), No. 1-2, pp. 68-10, fig. i).— The chalcidid Cosmocomoidea morrilli, bred from the eggs of a hymenopterous insect at Orlando, Fla., is described as new. Notes and descriptions of North American parasitic hymenoptera, VI, C. T, Brues {Bui. Wis. Nat Hist. Soc. [n. sen], 6 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 48^6).— One species each of the genera Anisepyris, Hoploteleia, Oxytorus. Promethes, Zootrephes, Syrphoctonus, Enizemum. and Blacus are here described as new. The specific hosts of these species are not known. Tetrastichus as a parasite on polygnotus, C. N. Ainslie (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash.. 10 (1908), No. 1-2, pp. l-',-16, figs. 2) .—The author reports the discovery of a species of Tetrastichus which is apparently hyperparasitic upon the insect which plays an important role as an enemy of the Hessian fiy. Notes on Toxoptera graminum and parthenogenesis of one of its parasites, W. J. Phillips {Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 11-13).— The author finds that there is apparently no fixed period for the different molts or the appearance of the first young of the spring grain aphis. A temperature • ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 453 of 8° F. does not kill the iiisocts, and as soon as the teuiperature rises to from 40 to 50° they go on reprodncing. Liisiphhhiis tritici was found to reproduce parthenogenetically. The insect pests of clover and alfalfa, J. W. Folsom (Illinois 8ta. Bui. 134, pp. 113-lUl. phs. 2, fi moths that emerged April 25 to May 4 gave an average life of 0.1 days. The moths were able to deposit fertile eggs in 3 to 5 days after emergence. Eggs collected in the field began to hatch April 27, indicating that oviposition had commenced as early as April 7, at the time when apple blossoms had nearly all fallen. The last unhatched eggs in the first brood were found May 27, while in 1907 the last were obtained June 2. Of 67 eggs collected in an orchard April 27, 53 occurred on the upperside of the leaves, 13 on the back of the leaves, and 1 on a twig. Some of the eggs were a considerable distance from any fruit, but as a rule the moths seemed to have selected the fruit cluster. The first eggs contained in cages were deposited the night of April 10. These were subjected to very cool weather, including frost, and gave a maxi- mum period of 21 days, or an average of 10.6 days. Eggs deposited May 8 hatched in 8i days, and a lot laid May 10 hatched in li days. The minimum period recorded was 5 days. It is considered that the date of the earliest hatching of larvre can be put fairly accurately at about April 27 or 3 weeks after the petals had fallen. The first cocoon was found May 27. Larvfe placed on bagged fruit May 4 reached maturity and left the fruit ^Nlay 26 to 20, after an average life in the apple of 23.8 days, the minimum being 22 and the maximum 25 days. The period from the leaving of the fruit to pupation varied from 3 to 10 days. The first brood of larvre began to pupate May .27, just a week after the last stragglers of the wintering larvae under observation had pupated. Of 42 first- brood pupje observed the average duration of the stage was 10.7 days, ranging from 0 to 13 days. The total period from the time the larvsne left the fruit until the adult issued averaged 17.8 days, with a range from 13 to 21 days. The earliest first-brood moth emerged June 8, on which date the last belated moth of the spring brood also issued. Sixteen of the earliest moths caged June 8 to 15 showed an average life of 6.2 days. Oviposition began 5 days after the first moth was caged. The interval between the emergence of the first adult of the wintering brood and the earliest first-brood moth was 69 days. The earliest of the first brood of moths began depositing eggs on the night of June 13. All eggs of this brood required a nearly uniform period of 5 days for incubation. The band record indicated that the second-brood larvte began to leave the fruit l>y July 15. Larvte transferred to bagged fruit June 25 reached maturity and left the fruit in from 21 to 31 days, the average being 24.6 days. The period in the fruit ke])t in the laboratory in 1007 was frcmi 15 to 22 days, with an average of is.l days. Of 75 larvie maturing from July 12 to September 9049— No. .5—09 5 456 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD, 1 tlie time between leaving the fruit and pupation, in yials out of doors varied from 3 to 21 days, with an average of 11.86 days. Of 78 second-brood pupa?, from larvfe maturing after July 12 and until Sep- tember 1, the longest pupating stage was 17 days, the shortest 8 days, with an average of 10.5 days. JSIoths of a second brood were obtained July 25 from reared material. The last moth to emerge out of doors appeared October 1. Ovipositiou in a cage began on August 5 by moths the first of which emerged July 30. The interval between the emergence of the earliest first-brood moth on June 8 and the earliest of the second-brood on July 25 gives a period of 47 days for the life cycle. In cages third-brood eggs were first secured August 5. All second-brood and third-brood eggs laid before August 28 hatched in 5 days. In cages the first hatching with third-brood larvse was on August 14, from which time they con- tinued to hatch in numbers up to September 20, the last hatching on October 15. Forty-one third-brood larvre hatching August 14 and reared in picked fruit in jars out of doors required from 19 to 32 days to become full grown, the average being slightly over 24 days. After September 1 all larvae appearing under bauds were of the wintering brood. Several adults were bred from larvae in peaches. Recoi'ds show that not more than one larva is likely to reach maturity in a single fruit at the same time. The normal number of molts Is apparently 6, though 3 of 12 larvae carried to maturity molted 7 times. A mite {Trombidium sp.) which destroys eggs and young larvae was found to be fairly common on apple and other trees. Solenopsis validiusculus and Cre- mastogaster ft/co/or were frequently found attacking live larvae under bands, and Pimpla annulipes was frequently reared from band-collected material. Two specimens of a small tachina fly (Tachitiophyto sp.) were reared in 1907. It is said that a smaller percentage of fruit is infested by the codling moth in the locality where the investigations were conducted than in many places where only 2 generations are developed. In 1907, counts from 8 unsprayed trees (4 Ben Davis and 4 Winesap) showed a percentage of wormy fruit varying from 48.1 to 64.1, the average on the Winesaps being 50.7 and on the Ben Davis 60.4. A summary of the seasonal history of the Insect for 1908 as detailed is shown diagi'ammatically. Life history of the codling moth in Virginia, J. E. Buck {Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 54-89, figs. 22, dgm. 1). — This contains both life history studies and records of spraying operations for the year, being a more detailed account than that previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 158), particularly as relating to the life history and bionomics of the pest. It is stated that data collected during the summer of 1908 show that from 20 to 70 per cent, or an average of 43 per cent, of the entire apple crop of Virginia was affected by codling-moth larvae and that 75 per cent of these affected iipples, on some varieties, fall before picking time. Counts of over 400 cocoons observed on apple trees revealed the fact that birds had destroyed fully 85 per cent of the worms. The first pupa observed in the locality of Blacksburg was on March 28, and observations in the field showed that all larvae had pupated by April 28. It appears that the earlier pupae of the wintering larvae remain about 1 month in the pupal stage before the moths emerge. The first moth from cocoons taken in the vicinity appeareil on April 26. Eggs from the first moths to emerge were obtained May 25. The first larvae entering apples were found June 2. Counts of 1,000 apples showed that 71 per cent of the larvae of the spring brood entered the apples at ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 457 the calyx cavity, 8 per cent at the stem, and 21 per cent at the side. The larvae stay in the apples from 20 to 30 days. The emergence of the moths of the second brood at Blacksburg was from July 4 to August 28. The incubation period of the eggs in July was 7 days, during which period the average daily temperature was 69.8°. It is concluded that fully 00 per cent of the second brootl of larvie enter the side of the apple. A small ant (Solenoihsis tenuis) was found to be very active in destroying the larvip. Apple enemies and how to fight them, W. M. Munson (West Virginia Sta. Bui.' 121, pp. 357^66). — A brief account of the insect pests and fungus diseases of the apple, with formulas for spraying mixtures and directions for their application. Combating- the Eudemis, J. Feytaud (Rev. Vit, 31 (1909), Nos. 789, pp. 92-97; 790, pp. 124-129; 791, i)p. 149-151; 792, pp. 184-188; 793, pp. 208-210).— During 1908 Eudemis hotrana is said to have been the source of great injury to grai)es in the Gironde and neighboring departments. The author here reports experiments made during the year with liquid insecticides. The grape-cane gall maker and the grape-cane girdler, F. E, Bbooks ( West Virginia Sta. Bui. 119, pp. 321-339, pis. 5). — The grape-cane gall maker (Am- pcloglijpter sesostris) which has previously been reported to be the source of injury in Ohio (E, S. R., 12, p. 662) is here reported to be the source of similar injury to vines in West Virginia. The beetles begin to appear on the vines in May and are present for several weeks. The eggs are deposited in the young canes just above the joints and beyond the last or outer bunch of fruit. The swelling of the cane at the point of injury commences soon after the wound is made, but the gall does not reach full size until 6 or 8 weeks later. The presence of the galls appears to have but little effect on the growth and vigor of the cane, although occasionally one will be broken ofC by the wind or the weight of the leaves. Observations made of the process of oviposition are described. It is estimated that ordinarily but 2 eggs are deposited in a day and that but 25 to 40 eggs are deposited by an individual. The eggs hatch in from 7 to 10 days. The larvae feed first in the mutilated wood about the egg chamber and later work their way along the heart of the cane either above or below the gall. A high percentage of the larvae were found to be parasitized. Out of 45 galls examined July 10, 24 contained larvae or pupae of parasites which had killed the gall maker. The more common parasite was determined to be a species of Eurytoma. The grape-cane girdler (A. ater), which in the past has confined its attack chiefly to the Virginia creeper, has attracted attention in West Virginia as an enemy of the grape. The beetles appear on the vine in the spring just before the blossoming season. The eggs were first found by the author on May 13 and the last on June 10. The wound which the beetle makes in ovipositing causes the tip and terminal leaves on the young cane to drop over and die and shortly afterward to fall from the vine. The egg is not carried to the ground with the prunings when they fall, but remains in the vine, and the larva which develops therefrom feeds in the heart of the stump from which the leaves and tip were removed. The incubation period for eggs deposited on May 19 was 10 days. The larva feeds in the heart of the cane, eating out a burrow that extends only between the two joints on either side of the place where the egg is laid. The length of the larval stage is about 34 days. The cane in which the larva feeds dies back to the first joint below the egg chamber and drops from the vine about 6 or 8 weeks after the eggs are deposited. The larva changes to a pupa soon after the dead section of the cane drops. When the larva is ready 458 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to pupate it packs its burrow in two places with pellets of fiber scraped from the surrounding cane. Tbe pupa changes to the adult insect in about 2 weeks. Tyroglj/phii.s cocciphilns is said to enter the egg chambers of the beetle when they are opened and destroys the eggs. Two species of hymenopterous para- sites, one a Macrodyctiuni, were found attacking the larva?. Very little preference appears to be shown by either of these two pests for any particular species or variety of grape. The same remedies apply to both pests, and consist of cutting off the injured canes below the wounds in July and burning them together with all litter accumulated beneath the vines. Spraying in May and June with arsenical poisons, as is required for holding other pests in check, will destroy the images. A new Tetranychus, N. Banks (Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 10 {1908), Nos. 1-2, p^ S6). — Tetranychus opuntice, a species collected from the prickly pear cactus in Texas and here described as new, is said to be very injurious to that plant. Combating' the coconut palm scale (Aspidiotus destructor), M. Schwartz {Tropenpflanxer, 13 (1909), No. 3, pp. llJi-129). — The author considers the life history and habits of this pest at length. The value of natural enemies is also considered and remedies are discussed. References are given to literature on the subject. The leopard moth (Zeuzera pyrina), L. O. Howard and F. H. Chittenden {V. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 109, pp. 8, figs. 2). — This pest, a native of Europe, and first reported in the United States in 1ST9, has now become a source of injury to many kinds of shade and ornamental trees in New York, New Jersey, and some of the New England States. Orchards also are often injured. The larvae do not feed upon the foliage, but bore in the trunks and branches. The work has the effect of girdling, the injured portions being blown down by heavy windstorms, while in the case of severe attack the growth of the tree is checked, frequently causing its death. The eggs are deposited in the soft tissues of the young growth. The larvre hatch out in about 10 days, and penetrate the wood, where they remain for nearly 2 years before pupating within the burrow. No specific natural enemies of the pest have been recorded in this country. The most eflicacious remedial measure consists in cutting off and destroying the affected branches, and in the injection of bisulphid of carbon into the holes or burrows where the larvfe are at work. The green-striped maple worm (Anisota rubicunda), L. O. Howard and F. H. Chittenden (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. 110, pp. 7, figs. 3). — This species attacks maples of all kinds, including the sugar maple, and is especially partial to silver and swamp maples. It also feeds occasionally on boxelder, and will defoliate oak in the absence of its favorite food trees. The pest is a native of North America, more abundant in the West than in the East. The winter is passed in the pupal stage. The moths issue in May or June, and soon commence depositing their eggs on the underside of the leaves. The larvae hatch out in 8 or 10 days. Four molts are passed in about a month, when they pupate, and about 2 weeks later the moths emerge. In the District of Columbia there are 3 generations a year. An Ichneumon fiy (Limncrium fugitivum), and the tachinids, Frontina frenchii and Belvosia Mfasciata, are parasites of this insect. Arsenicals; trenching, and hand picking are described as remedies. Injury to oak forests in Texas by Heterocampa manteo, W. A. Hooker (Proc. Ent. 8oc. Wash., 10 (1908). No. 1-2, pp. 8, 9).— The variable oak-leaf caterpillar (H. manteo) is reported to have defoliated oaks in Lamar and Red ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 459 River counties, Texas, in 1904. Calosoma scrutator aud C. calkluin were ob- served to be important predaceous enemies of tbe caterpillar. Some conmion bagwornis and basketwornis, C. Fuller (Natal Agr. Jour., 12 {190'.}), No. 2, tip. 185-1!)5, pis. 2, figs. I'l). — In this account particular atten- tion is given to tbe wattle basworm, which has assumed considerable impor- tance due to the development of the wattle industry in Natal. Biological data from original investigations are reported on this species. Either the applica- tion of arsenlcals or hand picking is recommended as a remedy. The Ohio species of the genus Disonycha, L. L. Scott {Ohio Nat., 9 {1909), No. 3, pp. Ji23-.'i30, figs. Jf). — This account includes life history notes on Disony- cha quinqucvittata, a species that feeds upon Salix interior. A bibliographical list is appended. A new orchid pest, L. Lindingeb {Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., 25 (1907), Bcihcft 3, pp. 121-12.'i, pJ. 1). — ^Au account is given of Leucodiaspis cockerelU, which has been found by the author on orchids in a garden at Hamburg. Crusade against mosquitoes in Leipsic, S. P. Warner {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3^68, p. 5). — On account of the recent occurrence of many cases of malaria in Leipsic, stringent measures have been adopted ia order to exterminate the Anopheles. Circulars with information, directions, etc., have been supplied and certain dates have been specified between which houses must be searched and the mosquitoes destroyed. Those who fail to comply with the regulations promptly and thoroughly are subject to a fine of about $7.50. Mosquitoes destroyed by the nighthawk, A. H. Jennings {Prnc. Eiit. 8oc. Wash., 10 {1908), No. 1-2, pp. 61, 62).— The Cuban nighthawk, warblers, and other birds are reported to have been observed destroying large numbers of mosquitoes on the island of New Providence, Bahamas. Larvacides, W. C. Gougas {Rpt. Dcpt. Sanit. Isthmian Canal Com., 1909, Feb., pp. 56-58).— A brief report is given of the larvacides used in dealing with mos- quitoes on the Canal Zone. Difficulties are said to occur in the Tropics that render crude oil less effective than in the temperate zone. A proprietary article known as phinotas oil that has been used is said to have several advantages over crude oil. It is considered desirable that a more effective larvacide be obtained. Further report on a disease of bees in the Isle of Wight, W. Malden {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^, 15 {1909), No. It, pp. 809-825).— This is a continuation of an investigation previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 255). The characteristic features of the disease are said to be a disinclination to work, some distention of the abdomen, frequently dislocation of the wings, and later inability to fly. These symptoms are unaccompanied by any disease of the brood or combs. Anatomically the majority of diseased bees show great disten- tion of the colon and a fragile condition of the chyle stomach, all the other or- gans being normal. Healthy bees confined to their hives for a few days very closely resemble diseased bees in regard to the condition of their intestinal canals. Histologically the chyle stomach appears to be the only organ affected, and bacteriologically plague-like bacilli were frequently encountered in it, in some cases ai)parently within the epithelial cells. As these bacilli were not found either in the brood of diseased hives or in the chyle stomachs of healthy bees, the author is inclined to regard them as the cause of the disease. The dis- ease then must be I'egai'ded as an infectious one which primarily affects the chyle stomach. It is concluded that since remedial measures can not be relied on and as the affected area is at present small, an attempt to eradicate by the destruction of all the diseased stocks would be justifiable. 460 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. L Introduction of a South China silkworm into Formosa], C. F. Deichman {Daily Cons, and Trade lipts. [V. /S.], 1909, No. 3US, p. -?4)-— A silkworm which is common in South China is said to have been introduced into Formosa by the government. The central part of Formosa contains many maple trees on the leaves of which this species thrives. Its silk is said to be very strong. Tasar silk cocoon rearing at the Chaibassa Tasar Farm in Bengal, F. Smith (Dept. Agr. Bengal, Quart. Jour., 2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 1^7-157).— In order to dis- cover the cause of the recent decline in the tasar silk industry and with a view to fostering it. a farm has been laid out and building erected by the Bengal De- partment of Agriculture. The tasar worm {Antheria mylifta) is known to thrive best when in the jungle. Instead of renewing the stock from wild seed it was found that rearers kept the old seed cocoons in stock, with the result that deterioration set in. In order to remedy this it is proposed to take wild seed and domesticate it for 1 year, then issue it to raisers. The life history and habits of this species are described and several natural enemies mentioned. The low price now obtaining for tasar silk is considered as perhaps the most important cause of the decline in the tasar industry. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Effect of sugar and temperature on fniit juices, Jenny H. Snow {Jour. Home Eeon., 1 {1909), No. 3,. pp. 261-266). — Investigations regarded as pre- liminary were undertaken to ascertain the effect of sugar in jelly making, to determine whether it is possible to And a temperature or density at which fruit juices jelly, and to measure the relative sweetness of cane sugar, dextrose, and levulose. The fruits used were apples, plums, and currants. The density at which a good product may be obtained varied with the differ- ent fruits, but seemed to be nearly uniform for each fruit and was not affected by the amount of sugar used. It was on an average 30° Baume for apples, 29° for plums and 26° for currants. " This density was obtained at a lower temperature and in less time with the larger amount of sugar. The smaller the amount of sugar used, the longer the period of boiling required and the darker the color of the product. " In each case the smaller the amount of sugar, the more pronounced the fruit flavor of the jelly. . . . '' It was found that the currants, grapes, and plums would jelly without adding sugar, but the product was neither clear nor palatable and the cost in the case of the currants was over a dollar a glass. " The jelly containing the smaller proportion of sugar seemed to keep as well as that containing the larger proportion." Taking cane sugar as the standard, " dextrose [is] much less sweet, . . . levu- lose, sweeter, . . . [and] mixture of equal parts of levulose and dextrose, less sweet. One of the experiments consisted in cooking larger amounts of apples with cane sugar added respectively before and after boiling. Wben the sugar was added to the apples before cooking, and boiled with them, it was found that it was largely inverted : when added at the close of the cooking period, it was only slightly inverted. "The difference in sweetness between stewed apples when the sugar has been added before and after cooking, respectively, is so slight as to be of little practical consequence. ... " The experiments with one exception show that the acidity is less in apples cooked in water either with or without sugar than in uncooked fruit." POODS — HUMAN KtTTRITlON. 461 Contribution on the chemistry and physics of jelly making, Nellie E. GoLDTHWAiTE {JouT. Iiidus. aiul Engiti. Chcm., 1 (1909), AVv. 6, pp. 333-3^0). — In the experiments which are reported the effect of addiuj? sugar and organic acids to fruit juices in jelly making was studieata are given regarding the examination of meat and meat goods, milk and milk products, bread and baker's goods, spices, vinegar, honey, tea, and coffee, and concerning utensils, etc. Circular letters issued by order of the State board of health, H. E. Barnard (.1/0". Bui. IiiiL Bd. llrulth, 11 (1909), No. 3, pp. 37-3.0).— Bleached tlonr, alum in pickles, sidewalk display of foodstuffs, unprotected foodstuffs, and sausage and meat products are the subjects which are discussed with respect to Indiana legislative enactments. Official inspections {Maine Hta. Off. In.sps. 7, pp. 8; 8, pp. 9-16; 11, pp. 61-72). — The subjects included are food and drug standaixls, regulations gov erning the sale of carbonated beverages for 1909, labeling goods sold from opened packages, data regarding bleached flour, benzoate of soda, sulphur dioxid, ice cream and ice cream substitutes, and reports of the examination of a number of samples of flavoring extracts, soda and cream of tartar, caimed sweet corn, maple sugar, prepared flours, spices and pepper, rice, cider vinegar, alcohol, extract of peppermint, and sweet spirits of niter. A uniform standard for meat inspection, F. Matarotti (Rev. Facult. Agron. y Yet. La Plata, 2. ser., 5 (1909), pp. l-'i8-152). — The author proposes a plan fV)r uniform standards in meat inspection in Pan-American countries. Inspection of products of animal origin, J. E. Kichelkt (Rev. Facult. Agron. y Vet. La Plata, 2. ser., 5 (1909), pp. 231i-267). — The history of meat products, methods of preservation, decomposition, and other similar questions are considered. The influence of boric acid on diastatic reactions, H. Agulhon (Coinpt. Rend. Acad. »S'«. [Paris], 11,8 (1909), No. 20, pp. 1-31,0-131,2).— According to the author's investigations, boric acid has in general only a slight retarding action on diastases, and he believes this offers an explanation of its weak antiseptic properties. Minimal quantities of food preservatives, J. F. Snell (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 755, pp. 970-972). — A critical discussion of a graphic method for showing the comparative influence of foods and preservatives in a bulletin of the Bureau of Chemistry previously noted (E. S. R.. 18, p. 565). The standard of living among workingmen's families in New York City, R. C. Chapin (New York, 1909, pp. 372, dgms. 76).^The object of the investi- gation reported in this volume was to ascertain the essentials and cost of a normal standard of living in the cities and towns of New York State. Very complete schedules of inquiry were received from 642 families in New York City, of which 391 were accepted as normal and accurate. The bulk of these represented incomes between $600 and $1,000. From the large amount of very suggestive data set forth in detail, it is con- cluded that an income under $800 is not enough to permit the maintenance of a normal standard, while $900 or over probably does permit it. at least so far as the physical man is concerned. The failure to maintain a normal standard, the author believes, may be due to causes quite outside of the capacity of the individual breadwinner or of the economic forces that determine the rate of wages, two of these outsid(> considerations being the presence of too large families and the inability to make a wise use of the money earned. 464 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The (lata with reference to food are discussed in an appended report by F. P. Underhill. With reference to the New Yorli studies he states that " com- parison between the amounts spent for food by well nourished and poorly nourished families indicates that in general when less than 22 cts. per man per day is spent for food the nourishment derived Is insufficient, and when more than 22 cts. per day is expended the family is well nourished." As to the Buffalo studies " the general conclusion may be drawn that for 21 cts. per man, per day sufficient nourishment may be bought in the city of Buf- falo to keep a man in bodily health and vigor at moderate muscular work. No definite relation appears to exist between the purchase of a preponderance of animal or vegetable food and an ability to live at a low figure." The study also includes a copy of the schedule used, a summary of methods used by previous investigators in similar studies of workingmen's budgets, and a partial bibliography. Cost of living' of the working'-classes [in the United Kingdom], A. W. Fox {London: Govt., 1908, pp. LIII+616, maps 2). — An extended study was under- taken by the Board of Trade of Great Britain of living conditions in wage- earners' families in the principal industrial towns of the United Kingdom, such topics being taken up as rents, housing, retail prices, and the standard rates of wages prevailing in different occupations. The report includes summaries as well as full data collected in 94 towns. In the form of appendixes information is given regarding the percentage of the population in each town living in over- crowded and other kinds of tenements, the wages and weekly time rates of skilled workmen of different trades, and similar topics. According to the information summarized, 2t;l families out of a total of 1,944 reported a weekly income under $0.25; 59G an income of over $10; and 410 an income of $7.50 to $8.75. As the income increases the proportionate expenditure for food decreases, two-thirds of the total expense being for food with incomes of less than $7.50 a week, in comparison with 57 per cent with incomes of $10 a week and over. " The amount spent on bread and flour together does not show much variation in the different ranges of income, except in the case of incomes above $10, where the family income is augmented to a greater extent than in the other groups by the earnings of children and in which the children included are older. " In the case of incomes below $0.25 the expenditure on bread and flour forms about 21 per cent of the total spent on food ; for incomes between $8.75 and $10 the proi")ortion is 15 per cent. The quantity of bread and flour purchased varies from 282 to 37f lbs. per week, the average being 32 lbs. "The average expenditure on meat and fish of all kinds is . . . $1,595 per week. . . . " If we turn to other articles of consumption we find that fresh milk accounts for 16 cts. a week in the families with incomes below $0.25, but the expenditure on fresh milk rises rapidly with the income. The average expenditure for all families is 31^ cts. . . . *' Oatmeal is consumed largely by the Scotch working classes, but hardly at all in England, whilst on the other hand foreign and colonial meat, a common article of food in England, is much less used in most parts of Scotland. . . . " Rice, tapioca, and oatmeal account for an expenditure of from 9 cts. to 14 cts. a week, a considerable portion of this amount being accounted for by the ex- penditure on oatmeal in Scotland, which amounts on an average to 16* cts. per week." Similar statistics are given for other food groups. Housing conditions and other topics are also discussed at length. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 465 Cost of living in German towns, A. W. Fox {London: Govt., 1908, pp. LXI+5-i8, mill) 1). — Investigations siuiilur to the above were made by the Board of Trade of Great Britain iu 33 of the industrial towns of the German Empire relative to working-class rents, housing, retail prices, etc. Detailed I'eports and appendixes with data regarding wages and hours of labor, weekly rents, housing and lodging house regulations, regulations regarding the inspec- tion and sale of food, and similar topics are included in the report and there is an introduction by II. L. Smith and a summary by the author. The average weekly income ranged from under $5 to over $10, and iu the greatest number of families was from $6.25 to $8.75. The budgets show that the total weekly expenditure on meats of all kinds, including fish, bacon, etc., was from 97 cts. in families with the lowest incomes, to $2.24 in the case of families with incomes above $10 per week. Similar data are given for other foods. •' Between the United Kingdom and Germany the differences iu some respects are very marked. The prevalent type of working-class housing in England and Wales, and to a lesser degree in Ireland, is a self-contaiued two-storied dwelling, possessing generally 4 or 5 rooms and a separate scullery; iu Germany the predominant type is a flat of 2 or 3 rooms with appurtenances, in a large tenement house. The German housing system thus approximates more closely to the Scottish type — blocks of flats of 2, 3, or 4 stories — than to the English. English, but not Scotch, rents of working-class dwellings usually include local taxation, which is based on the rentable value of the dwelling; in Germany local taxation is levied ou an entirely different basis, and is not included iu rent. In regard to food the British workman's meat consists mainly of beef and mutton, whilst pork (even including bacon) is relatively small in amount; the German workman, on the other hand, eats chiefly pork (including sausage) and beef, and only a very little mutton. The pure wheat bread eateu by the workiug-classes of the United Kingdom is replaced in Germany either by pure rye bread, or more commonly by some mixture of I'ye and wheat." Cost of living in French towns, A. W. Fox (London: Govt., 1909, pp. LIV-\- 430). — The results are reported of an inquii'y similar to the above, as carried ou by the Board of Trade of Great Britain relative to the cost of living in the principal industrial towns of France. Besides the general rei)ort, the volume includes detailed rei)orts for the different towns, and summaries of data on municiiial regulations and legal enactments regarding food and lodging, specimen factory rules, and similar sub.iects. " The main subjects of investigations were the principal types of housing for the industrial population, the customary standards of accommodation and the rents commonly paid by working-class tenants; the kinds of food usually con- sumed by working-class families and the prices most generally paid ; and wages and hoTU'S of labor in the principal occupations in each town. In order to arrive at some estimate of the standard of living prevalent among the French industrial classes, over 5,(M)0 budgets showing the expenditure on food by work- ing-class families in a normal week, and representative of numerous occupa- tions and of all grades of working-class incomes, were obtained from the various towns and are analyzed in the present volume. . . . "In regard to food, the meat dietary of the French working-class family shows a much greater variety than that of either the English or (ierman family of the same class; horseflesh appears to be more largely consumed (chiefly for reasons of taste) iu France than iu (iermany, whilst poultry is much more conspicuous iu the food bill of the Fi'euch than of the English 466 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. r.iiuil.v. The French workman like the English, eats pure wheaten bread; the breads made of rye, or of i-ye mixed in various proportions with wheat, so popular in Germany, are little known in Prance. Vegetables play a much more important part in the dietary of the Fx-ench than of the English working- classes; when allowance is made for the smaller size of families, the consump- tion of milk is only slightly higher, whilst that of sugar is, on the other hand, decidedly less." Improved meals of school children in Charlottenburg', Seydel {Arch. Volks- irohlfdlut. 2 {l!)U!)), No. -'/, pi). 227-231). — The system of supplying meals to needy children in Charlottenburg schools is described. If they are able to do so, the children pay part of the cost of food; otherwise, it is supplied without cost. The children assist in the serving of the meals with the idea of giving the project an educational value. Studies of protein metabolism, B. Abderhalden (ZtscJir. Phi/.sioL Chetn., 59 {1909), A'o. 2, pp. 111-193). — The experimental data reported are discussed with reference to the theory that when food nitrogen is broken down in the digestive tract to its constituent radicals, the cleavage products not required are still further broken down and the nitrogen excreted, while the cleavage products required are assimilated. It is regarded as naturally following that urea can not be regarded as standing in direct relation to the food nitrogen assimilated. The subject is also discussed with reference to fasting. The influence of lactic ferments in the absorption of protein, H. Labbe and G. YiTRY {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 {1909). Xo. 11, pp. 165-167).— On constant diet urinary nitrogen was iierceptibly diminished during the period in which lactic-acid bacteria were taken, while ethereal sulphur in the urine was increased. The coefticieut of al)Sorption, that is, the ratio of urinary nitrogen to food nitrogen, was diminished and the so-called Amann coefficient, that is, the ratio of ethereal sulphur to urinary nitrogen, was increased. The uric acid ferments, E. W. Rock wood {Proc. Iowa Acad. Set., 15 {1908), pp. 99-103). — ^A progress report of experiments undertaken to study the nature of the ferments which it is believed are concerned in the formation of uric acid from nucleins in the liver. Rice and beri-beri, W. Fletcher {Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London], 12 {1909), No. 9. pp. 121-13Jf, pi. 1). — From an extended study, carried on in a general hospital for the insane in the Federated Malay States, of the dietetic origin of beri-beri, of which the earlier results have been noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 1164), the author concludes that there is intimate connection between this disease and the eating of certain kinds of rice in quantity. As is pointed out, the rice used in the Malay States is of three sorts : Home pounded rice, white rice, and Indian rice. The home pounded rice is the sort eaten by Malays in country districts. "The unhusked grain is stored in large bins, and as it is required for food it is taken and pounded and winnowed by the women of the household to remove the husk." White rice " is the rice which forms the staple article of food for the Chinese miner, for the town Malay, and for all Asiatic inhabitants of the Peninsula except the Malays of rice-growing districts and immigrants from India. Under the heading of white rice are included the rices sold in the shops as Siamese and Rangoon. . . . The grain or paddy from which this white rice is made is taken to the mills, and there it is husked between revolving millstones. Sub- sequently it is polished by friction between a revolving stone and flne wire gauze, or by other methods which remove the whole of the outer layers of the grain and leave it white, clean, and pleasing to the eye." This class of rice is some- times termed " uncured." FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 467 Indian rice " includes tho various kinds of rice eaten by Indians in . . . [tbe Malay States]." It is sometimes called "cured" rice. The mode of preparation Is as follows: " Tlie unhusked grain or paddy is soaked in water for 12 to 24 hours, or even longer. It is then heated in vessels containing water over a slow fire until the husks burst. The third stage in the preparation consists of si)reading out the grain and drying it in the sun; when this has been completed, it should be possible to separate the husk from the seed by light rubbing between the palms of the hands. The rice is then husked by pounding, or is taken to the mills," where the same process is effected by the millstone, but it is not polished by the rapidly revolving stones against the fine wire gauze. . . . " In the resulting grain especially, as considered from a dietetic as opposed to a cosmetic point of view, there is a great difference between the rice of the second class (the white rice) and the rice of the first and third classes. In the prep- aration of the white rice the polishing processes which it undergoes remove the outer layer of the grain, the aleurone layer, rich in gluten, and of great dietetic value. "The evidence of the experiment [at the asylum] is strongly in favor of beri- beri being due to a defect in diet ; and, in this case, at any rate, to a defect in the ' uucured ' rice, since except for the difference in the kind of rice the diets of the two groups of patients [which were studied] were exactly the same. During the course of the experiment 219 patients were treated on a diet of ' cured ' rice and none of them developed beri-beri. On the other hand, 65 cases occurred amongst the 220 patients on ' uncured ' rice. . . . " It also appears that to cause beri-beri the diet must be of a one-sided nature consisting chiefly of rice. When the diet is very varied there is but very little beri-beri. " Such rice as is eaten by Europeans in the Federated Malay States is of the ' uncured ' variety, but the quantity consumed is quite insufficient to cause beri- beri. " The well-to-do among the eaters of white polished rice suffer from beri-beri occasionally, but not to the same extent as mining coolies in out-of-the-way dis- tricts where transport is difQcult and the rations consist in the main of dried fish and rice. . . . " The cause of beri-beri is to be sought for in the diet. It may be taken as proved that the elimination of white ' uncured ' rice from their diets prevented the occurrence of beri-beri in the ' cured ' rice group of patients at the Kuala Lumpur Lunatic Asylum. " The result of the experiment tends to show that white polished rice, although of the best quality, is a cause of beri-beri, acting either by some poison which it contains or by a starvation due to some defect in the nutritive value of such rice. The experiment proves that if in a coolie's ordinary diet white polished rice be replaced by the 'cured' rice which is used in the Kuala Lumpur Asylum, beri- beri will not occui'. It is reasonable to infer that the adoption of such a measure in all the prisons and asylums of those countries where beri-beri occurs would entirely prevent the occurrence of the disease in such institutions. It is probable that as people learn the dietetic nature of the disease and the danger of a diet which consists in the main of white polished ' uncured ' rice, beri-beri will become as rare as scurvy." Mercurial poisoning' of men in a respiration chamber, T. M. Carpenter and F. (J. P.ENEDiCT (Amcr. Join: PlniaioJ.. 2', (1909). 'So. 2. pi). /N7-2rt.3).— During exi)erinients with the respiration calorimeter at Middletown, Conn., several cases of illness were observed which after careful investigation were attributed 468 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. to iK)isoniiig by a mercury vapor due to the use of mercury valves in connec- tion witli the rei^nlation of the ventilating air current. Preliminary observations on metabolism during fever, T. M. Carpenter and F. G. Benedict (Amcr. Jour. Physiol., 2.'f (1909), No. 2, pp. 203-233). — In tlie experiments noted above a marked rise in temperature was observed and the autliors studied the effect of this condition of fever upon metabolism, the results being compared with those obtained in experiments under normal con- ditions. According to the authors' summai-y, " the most striking feature regarding these experiments is the marked and rapid temperature rise in certain of them. This was in almost every instance accompanied by a marked increase in the respiration rate. " In general the carbon dioxid excretion was apparently greater during fever than during control periods. "The oxygen consumption during fever is in practically all cases noticeably greater than during control. . . . " While the data show a slight tendency for the respiratory quotient to increase during fever, the complications attending the ingestion of food, varia- tions in muscular activity, and errors in oxygen determination do not warrant any sweeping deductions from these data." The recorded data indicate tliat in general " there was an increase in the water of vaporization during fever over that during the control period. Since, however, the control experiments showed marked variations when compai'ed with the fever experiments during periods when there was no appreciable fever, it is obvious that here again we can not draw any sweeping deductions regarding this point." As regards heat elimination, the authors state that " in view of the neces- sarily tentative nature of all deductions made from these experiments, it has not been deemed advisable to attempt to discuss the influence of fever on the A'arious paths of heat elimination. . . . " Whatever doubt may exist with regard to the increase of carbon dioxid production, oxygen consumption, water vaporization, and boat eliaiiination, there can be no doubt that during these experiments there was a marked increase in heat production. In practically every instance we tind, during the periods when fever was at its highest, a very noticeable increase in the heat pro- duction. . . . " Unfortunately the data do not throw any light upon the heat production during the period when the body temperature remains constant nor during defervescence of the fever. . . . From these few observations we might infer that the heat production after the body temperature had ceased rising was considerably less than during the period of temperature rise, but further experi- ments on fever will be jilanned to include observations on this point." U. S. Government publications as sources of information for students of home economics, C. F. Langworthy (Jour. Home Econ., 1 (1909), No. 3, pp. 227-252). — A summary and discussion of information regarding the publica- tions of this Department and other branches of the Federal Government, which contain data of interest to students of domestic science and domestic art. The object of this paper is to assist students in using Government publications, which are quite generally available in libraries of colleges of agriculture and other educational institutions. Free or inexpensive pamphlet literature, Miriam Bikdseye (Jour. Home Econ., ] (1909). No. 3, pp. 253. 2.5'/).— A list is given of free or inexpensive pam- phlet literature which the author considers useful in connection with home economics woik. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 469 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Some recent studies on growth, li. Pkarl (Amcr, Nat., ^3 (1909), No. 509, pp. .iO.i-.ih}). — This is a discussion on the application of quantitative methods in studies of growth changes. The recent work reviewetl includes that of Donaldson on rats and man, Kel- licott on dogfish, Burnett on breaking strength of bones in pigs (E. S. R., 20, p. 868), and Armsby on meat production (E. S. R., 20, p. 605). Robertson's work on normal rate of growth is also discussed, and it is pointed out that the theo- retical curves used by Rol)ertson when fitted to observational data give an uneven and biased distribution of errors, and that similarity of quantitative r(>lations between phenomena can not safely be taken as proof of qualitative identity. The final proof of qualitative identity of phenomena must always in the last analyses be qualitative in its nature. The capacity of animals to grow under adverse conditions, H. J. Waters {Proc. Sot: I'roiit. Ayr. t^cL, 29 (1908), pp. 71-96, figs. 5, charts 3).— Data are reported on changes in body conformation of steers when kept on maintenance and submaiutenance rations. It was found that bones may lengthen and fat be resorbed when the weight remains stationary. An examination of fat cells showed them to be reduced in size. Three steers, 9, 16, and 17 months old, respectively, when kept on a maintenance ration for a year remained practically stationary in weight but increased on an average 5.91 cm. in length of head, S.75 cm. in height at the withers, and 3.16 cm. in depth of chest. The same steers decreased on an average 4.66 cm. in width of chest. Full-fed steers were found to increase in height more rapidly than those on a maintenance ration. Animals kept on a submaiutenance ration increased in height at withers and length of head, but at the same time lost in weight. Chemical analyses showed a decline in per- centage of fat and an increase in percentage of water and protein in animals kept on maintenance and on submaiutenance rations. Heredity, variation, and evolution in protozoa, I, H. S. Jennings (Jour, Expt. Zoo}., 0 (1908), No. .'/, pp. 577-632, figs. 22).— This is a study of the inheritance of new characters and mutilations in Paramecium. The couclusions reached are that in protozoa as in metazoa the inheritance of acquired characters meets the same difficulty and does not occur more readily in the one group than in the other, although it has been commonly a.ssumed that in protozoa the parent and progeny are practically identical, hence that any new or acquired characters will be inherited. There was one doubtful case, however, in which certain individuals of one race tended to remain united after fission. The problem of inheritance lies not in the separation of soma and germ but .in the process of cell division. Before a new character can be inherited it must be the result of such a modification of the ])arent cell as will cause a change in tlie proces,ses of i-eproduction, and this is eciually true of metazoa and protozoa. Heredity, variation, and evolution in protozoa, II, H. S. Jennings (Proc. Amcr. Phil. ,Soc., .',7 (1908), No. 190, pp. 393-5Ji3, figs. 7, dgms. 6'),— This paper deals with heredity and variation in size and form in Paramecium, with studies of growth, environmental action, and selection. The author shows by polygons of variation and by correlation tables that as in higher organisms the Paramecia were made up of numerous races. The individuals of a race varietl much among themselves, but these variations were matters of growth and environment and were not inherited. Selection had no effect within a pure line. The size was determined by the line to which the 470 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. animals belonged. Selection witliiu a race was without effect in producing a new race. The fundamental constitution of the race appeared to be resistant to all sorts of influences, changing only in rare instances and fur unknown causes. Most differences between individuals were teui]>orary and were without significance in inheritance. Heredity and variation in the simplest org'anisms, H. S. Jennings (Amer. Nat., 43 (1900), No. 510, pp. 321-331, figa. 5). — This is a popular presentation of the articles noted above. The work involved a study and measurement of over 10,000 individuals of Paramecium kept under experimental conditions for many generations. The advantages of unicellular animals for studying these problems is pointed out. The survival of the fittest among many generations may be observed in the course of a few days. " For studying heredity and vjiriation we get a generation a day, and we may keep unlimited numbers of pedigreed stock in a watch glass that can be placed under the microscope." Mendel's principles of heredity, W. Bateson {Camhridgc, IDO'J, pp. XIV+396, pis. 0, figs. IJf). — The main part of this book contains a concise ac- count of the discoveries in regard to heredity made by the application of Mendel's method of research. The aim is to present concrete phenomena rather than to discuss their bearing on the facts of biological problems, although a chapter on biological conceptions and one on practical applications of Mendelian prin- ciples have been included. Part 2 contains a bibliography of over 300 refer- ences, a biogi-aphical notice of Mendel, and a translation of his two papers. The categ'ories of variation, S. J. Holmes {Amer. Nat., 43 (1909), No. 509, pp. 257-2S-)). — This paper discusses the classification of germinal variations recognized by De Vries. The author does not think these variations distinct, nor that the facts of Mendelian inheritance compel us to adopt a particulate theory of heredity. " Neither the facts of variability nor those of Mendelian inheritance give any support to the doctrine of pangens, determinants, or other assumetl bearers of unit characters. Unit characters, as elements that can enter or depart from the complex of tendencies that make up an organism, probably have no exist- ence. It is evident that variations differ in their stability, but the explanation of this fact may lie in the i)hysiological relations of the variation rather than in some hypothetical representative unit." The colors of Highland cattle, J. Wilson (Sci. Proc. Roy. Duhlin fe'oc, n. ser., 12 (1909), No. 8, pp. 66-76, pi. 1, clgm. /).— From a study of a Highland herd book the author arrives at the following conclusions : " There are four colors forming the basis of present-day Highland colors, namely, black, blackish-brown or donn, i-efl, and light dun. One other color, white, and other ' markings ' have been absorbed from time to time ; but these have been almost entire^ bred out. The reds may be of several shades, but there are not sufficient data to separate them. Black is the dominant of red. Black produces dun hybrids — registered ' dun,' ' dark dun,' etc. — when mated with light dun. Donn or blackish-brown produces brindle hybrids when mated with black, red, and light dun. Red produces yellow hybrids when mated with light dun. . . . These conclusions are not put forward as absolute cer- tainties, but as conclusions for which some further confirmation is not unde- sirable. It is hoped that breeders of Highlanders, Longhorns, and Jerseys may give closer attention to shades and markings when registering their stock, and so we shall acquire more accurate data." Does telegony exist? S. F. Morse (Country Gent., 7^ (1909), No. 29U, P- 6-'f0). — The author discusses the evidence presented from various sources on the alleged influence of a previous sire on the progeny, and draws the conclu- ANIMAL PKODUCTION. 471 sion that up to the present tiuie there is no wtirrant for the helief that such an inrtuence exists. The forage value of helianti, J. Fabre and D. Vidal (Prog. Agr. et Vit., (Ed. rJ'J.st-VcHtre), 30 {0)09), Ao. 22, pp. 6"6i-66S).— Helianti, a species of Helianthus known in France as "American salsify," is considered on the whole to have about the same value as a farm crop as Jerusalem artichoke. Analyses are given of the green forage when cut at different stages. When cut on Sep- tember 15 for leaves and stalk it had the following composition: Dry matter 34.96, protein 2.272, fat 0.04.3, nitrogen-free extract 20.42, fiber S.44S, ash 2.877 per ceiit. The composition of the tubers was : Dry matter 29.25, protein 0.951, fat 0.33, nitrogen-free extract 24.915, fiber 1.2G7, ash 1.7S7 per cent. On the value of dried beet pulp for feeding milch cows, horses, and swine, N. Hansson (Centralanst. Jordhruksforsok Flyghl. 12, 1909, pp. 3). — One kilo- gram of dry matter in roots was found to possess a feeding value for dairy cows similar to that of 0.87 to 0.90 kg. of dry matter in beet pulp. As a part ration for horses dried beet pulp was found to equal ground mixed grains. It proved less adapted for swine feeding and not more than 1 kg. daily per 100 kg. live weight should be fed. Soy meal and soy cakes, N, Hansson (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 1,8 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 272-27-i; Centralanst. Jordbruksforsok Flyghl. 11, 1909,- pp. 5). — This is a discussion of the value of these two feeding stuffs, which contain, on the average, about 10.5 per cent moisture, 44.5 per cent protein, 3 per cent fat, 36 per cent carbohydrates, and 5.5 per cent ash. Concerning the sampling' of sunflower seed cake and its composition, G. ScHUFTAN {Ztavhr. Offcntl. Client., 15 (1909), Xo. 7, pp. 121-123) .—The author reports analytical data. Concentrated feeding stuffs, C. S. Cathcakt, V. J. Carberry, and C. L. Pfkrsch (Xeiv Jersey Stas. Bui. 220, pp. 3-69). — During the year 526 samples of feeds were analyzed and included cotton-seed, linseed, peanut, corn and cob, and meat meals, corn, rye, oat, wheat and buckwheat products, corn sprouts, distillers' and brewers' grains, and cotton seed, gluten, poultry, condiments, Ijroprietary and mixed feeds. The relative cost of guarantied and unguarantied feeds is tabulated. " Three hundred and seventy guarantied samples were analyzed which would give 740 possible deficiencies and of this number 123 were found. There were 42 samples deficient in protein, 41 in fat, and 20 in both protein and fat. . . . " The cheapest protein feeds this year were cotton-seed meal, peanut meal, buckwheat middlings, high-grade distillers' grains, linseed meal, dried brewers' grains, malt sprouts, and buckwheat bran." Feeding stuff inspection (Maine Sta. Off. Insp. 10, pp. 33-60). — The require- ments of the feedhig stuffs inspection law are pointed out, and results of inspec- tion for 1908-9 are reported. About 800 samples were analyzed, Including cotton- seed and linseed meals, gluten, molasses, poultry and mixed feeds, beef scraps, distillers' grains, wheat bran, and middlings. Effect of alcohol in the feed and drink of domestic animals, E. Pott ( Wiener Landw. Ztg., 59 (1909), No. 43, pp. -'i-'tl, J,'f2). — This is a general discussion of the effect of alcohol on metabolism in the animal body. Among the investigations discussed are those of Kliugemann, who found that milcli goats might be fed small quantities of wine without apparent effect on milk secretion but that larger quantities produced intoxication and diminished the flo\v of milk. Small quantities of alcohol were also found in the milk. In some parts of Italy and France wine is given to horses and mules ; also beans for stock are soaked in wine for 24 hours before feeding. It is suggested that al- 9049— No. 5—09 6 472 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. tlioiigli no ill effects may be observed from giving animals wine or distillery slop, yet after a time clironic alcoholic poisoning may result. Pea silage feeding- of lambs in Wisconsin {Breeder's Gaz., 55 {1909), No. 22, pp. 1267, 126S, figs. 5 ) . — This is an account of satisfactory gains made by feeding lambs i)ea silage made from cannery waste. The case for the g^oat, J. W. Robertson-Scott {London, 190S, pp. X+162, pis. 74). — This is a popular treatise on goat keeping. Considerable space is devoted to the advantages of goat keeping for the small holder in England. An appendix consists of replies from 24 experts to a list of questions concerning the proper management of goats. Feeding fermented cotton-seed meal to hogs, R. S. Curtis {North Carolina Sta. Bill. 200, pp. 5-16, figs. 4).- — This experiment was conducted to determine the amount of fermented cotton-seed meal which can with safety and economy be fed to hogs. Other feeds used in connection with the cotton seed were fermented shelled corn and linseed meal. Four lots of G pigs each were selected for the ex- periment, which lasted 6 months. The pigs were of mixed blood and averaged about TO lbs. in weight. During the first period lot 1, fed fermented shelled corn, consumed on an aver- age 2.31 lbs. per head per day, and made an average daily gain per head of 0.18 lbs. at a cost of 18 cts. per pound. Lot 2, fed fermented shelled corn and cotton- seed meal 7 :1, consumed daily 3.06 lbs. per head, and made an average daily gain per head of 0.46 lb. at a cost of 9.33 cts. per pound. Lot 3, fed fermented shelled corn and cotton-seed meal 4 :1, consumed 3.22 lbs. of grain per head per day, and made an average daily gain of 0.63 lb. at a cost of 7.14 cts. per pound. Lot 4, fed fermented shelled corn and linseed meal 4 : 1, consumed on an average 3.22 lbs. of grain per head per day, and made an average daily gain of 0.6 lb. at a cost of 7.86 cts. per pound. At the end of 6 months the rations of these lots were reversed and 1 pig in each lot was discarded. Lot 1, fed fermented corn and linseed meal 4 : 1, consumed 1.81 lbs. per head per day, and made an average daily gain per head of 0.21 lb. at a cost of 12.3 cts. per pound. Lot 2, fed the corn and cotton-seed meal 4 :1, con- sumed daily 2.59 lbs. per head, and gained an average of 0.24 lb, at a cost of 15 cts. per pound. Lot 3, fed the corn and cotton-seed meal 7 : 1, consumed daily 2.98 lbs. per head, and gained an average of 0.25 lb. at a cost of 16.7 cts. per pound. Lot 4, fed the corn alone, consumed 2.87 lbs. per head per day, and made a gain averaging 0.36 lb. at a cost of 11.07 cts. per pound. " Fermented cottou-seed meal can be fed in small quantities for limited periods, with very gratifying results. These experiments indicate that 75 to 90 days would be the limit of satisfactory feeding. This would depend, how- ever, on the age and condition of the hogs, the supplementary feeds and the proportion of cotton-seed meal fed. " Farmers would, according to the results of this experiment, be safe in feed- ing fermented cotton-seed meal to 75-lb. shoats in quantities ranging from one- sixth to one-fifth the total ration, by weight, for a period of 75 to 90 days. " The practical application of these results would not be to feed imder the conditions here described, but rather to feed the corn and cotton-seed meal in connection with grazing crops, which can be produced so abundantly by Southern farmers. This experiment was carried on under adverse conditions to render safe conclusions possible." Further experiments with dried potatoes, W. Schneidewind {Illus. Landw. Ztg., 29 {1909), No. JfS, pp. Jt2 1-1,23). —l\\ the first experiment reported 32 swine 6 months old were divided into 4 groups. The experiment lasted 84 days. With potato flakes the average daily gain per head was 0.68 kg., at a cost of 0.64 marks i>er kilogram (about 6.7 cts. j^er pound) ; with potato chips 0.71 kg., ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 473 at a cost of 0.64 marks per kilogram ; with maize meal 0.68 kg., at a cost of 0.5S marks per kilogram : and with sugar chips 0.59 kg., at a cost of 0.67 marks per kilogram. In another exi)erinient with the same number of swine, lasting 70 days, the average daily gains per head were as follows: With steamed potatoes and bar- ley meal 0.71 kg., steamed potatoes and potato chips 0.70 kg., barley meal 0.71 kg., and barley meal and potato chips 0.73 kg. Pig- feeding experiments at Clonakilty Agricultural Station, 1907-8, .7. L. Duncan {Dipt. Agr. and Tech. Imtr. Ireland Jour., 9 {1909), No. 3, pp. JjSS- 46.i). — To determine the value of separated milk for pig feeding three lots of 13 pigs each were fed a basnl ration, of meal containing equal parts of corn and barley. Lot 1 receivetl a supplementary ration of potatoes and separated milk and made an average daily gain per head in 3 months of 1.88 lbs., returning a total net profit of £6 8s. lOd. (about $31.30). Lot 2 was fed skim milk for a supplementary ration, and in 3 months made an average daily gain per head of 1.95 lbs., returning a total net profit of £7 13s, 4d. Lot 3, which received potatoes as a supplementary ration, made an average daily gain per head in 5 months of 1.09 lbs., being fed at a total loss of £6 3s. lOd. Feeding of pigs, H. W. Potts {Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 19 {1908), Nos. 8, pp. 638-6J,2; 10, pp. 808-812; 20 {1909), Nos. 1, pp. 26-31; .',, pp. 275-282 ) .—This is a series of articles on the value of alfalfa and other legumes, rape, potatoes, artichokes, sweet potatoes, cassava and other roots as feeds for pigs. Direc- tions are given for the best methods of growing' and feeding these crops under Australian conditions. Hog raising in Colorado, H. M. Cottrell {Colorado Sta. Circ. 2, pp. 14). — This is a brief popular account of the best methods of raising hogs in Colorado. A short list of books and bulletins on the subject is appended. A fortune in eggs, L. F. A'an Orsdale {Syracuse, N. Y., 1908, pp. 67, pi. 1, figs. 2'i, chart 1). — This is a popular work on poultry. Special attention is given to the use of trap nests as a means of improving the egg-laying qualities of the flock. Poultry secrets, M. K. Koyek { I'hiladclpliia, 1909, pp. 56, figs. 9). — This is a poj)ular work on poultry. Report of fourth egg-laying competition, F. II. Hobertson {Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 18 {1909), No. //, pp. 279-285).— In a 9 months' contest the average egg yield per hen was 111.4 eggs, the cost of feed per hen $1.44, and an average l)rofit over feed of $1.50. In a duck egg-laying contest the average yield was 128.8 eggs, the cost of feed per duck $1.44, and the average profit over feed $1.59. The keeping of egg records {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 {1909), No. 3, pp. 432--'/.'f9). — The advantages of keeping egg records are pointed out and complete monthly records are given of 125 flocks. The annual yield of eggs from these flocks ranged from 68 to 201.1 per hen. Experiments with ostriches, J. E. Duerden {Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 33 {1908), No. 6, pp. 786-791, figs. 2; 3J, {1909), No. 5, pp. 513-524, figs. 3).— This contains a scientific glossary of technical terms used in describing various kinds of feathers, parts of the feather, commercial characters or " points " of a feather, and trade cliissification. Evidence is presented to show that the feathers in a highly nourished bird may take longer to ripen but will be increased in length, and that a feather germ ox socket once injured, either accidentally or by careless quilling, will probnbly never recover but continue to grow a malformed feather with each crop. For earlier work see a previous note (E. S. R., 20, p. 473). 474 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. [Live stock in foreign countries], E. G. Babbitt, A. W. Thackara, and J. A. Smith (Mo. Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3.',5, pp. 81, 82).— The latest available statistics of live stock in Japan are for the year 1905, which show M steady decrease in the number of animals since 1900, but there may have been an increase in the past 2 years owing to a movement encouraged by the government to improve the breeds of cattle and horses and to increase the number to meet the growing demand. The imports of live stock from the United States in 1907 were valued at $18,022. The Japanese use but little milk and butter and there is no demand for cheese except among the foreign residents and to supply hotels. In Prussia during the past 3 years there has been an increase in the number of horses and cattle and a decrease in the number of sheep and hogs. In Italy the value of live stock was $350,044,000 in 1881 and $772,000,000 in 1908. This increase is accounted for in part by the improvement of the breeds and the higher prices of meat products. Live stock statistics of Bavaria (Bcitr. Statis. K. Bayern, 1907, No. 72, pp. 135, maps 4). — The statistics of live stock in Bavaria, taken in December, 1907, show a large increase in the number except for horses. The increase in cattle is noticeably large, being a gain of 219.543 since 1904. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. Soy beans and soy cakes, D. A. Gilchrist (Mark Lane Express, 100 (1909), No. .'fOo-'f, p. 667). — This is a report of a feeding experiment to test the com- parative value of soy bean and decorticated cotton-seed cakes as feeds for milch cows. The trial included 6 cows, and the basal ration consisted of hay, oat straw, crushed oats, and roots. With soy bean cake as a supplementary feed for 6 weeks the average daily yield of milk was 22.1 lbs. per cow. When decorticated cake was substituted for the same period the average daily yield was 21.6 lbs. per cow. Soy bean cake, J. Hansen (Deut. Landw. Presse, 36 (1909), No. Jfl, pp. ^39, JiJfO; Jfo2, 453). — In this experiment with 3 cows and lasting" 6 weeks, soy bean cake from which the oil had been extracted was contrasted with linseed cake. The basal ration was composed of hay, bran, and sugar chips. The average yield per cow per day during two periods of 14 days each when fed the linseed cake was 1.3.14 kg. of milk, testing 3.45 per cent of fat. The cor- responding yield during one period of 14 days with soy bean cake as the supple- ment was 13.55 kg. of milk, testing 3.33 per cent of fat. Nuclear division in the milk glands of cattle, A. Zimmermann (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milehhyg., 19 (1909), No. 9, pp. 311-319, pi. i).— From his investiga- tions the author thinks that mitotic division of the cells in the milk gland takes place during all stages of milk secretion, although it can be demonstrated only by taking great pains. Although 1,000 preparations were carefully made but 8 cases of mitotic division were found. A bibliography on the subject is appended. On the factors which determine the increase in the function of the mam- mary g'land, C. FoA (Arch. Fisiol., 5 (1908), No. 6, pp. 520-556, figs. 2; abs. in Zentbl. Physiol., 22 (1908), No. 23, pp. 7^9, 750).— Subcutaneous and intra- peritoneal injections of extracts obtained from a bovine fetus were made for 20 days in virgin rabbits. At the end of 15 days there was a noticeable enlargement of the mammary gland. From the 2 rear glands a drop of milk could be pressed out on the last day. No such effect was produced when the extract was heated to 110° C. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 475 The milk j,'laii(ls of a jjoat wore nourished on one side with the hlood of a lac'tatiiii: goat and on the other side by that of a virgin goat. No difference was found in the amount or comiiosition of the milli of the 2 glands. No definite results were obtained as to the inhibitory effect on milk secretion of lactatlng rabbits by Injecting extracts of a bovine fetus. The milk glands of guinea pigs were transplanted but no delinite information was obtained. The author concludes that the embryos of different species can stimulate the growth of milk glands, and therefore that tlie dissected hormones are not specijic and that the milk glands reacli their greatest development through embryonal hormones. There is no specific substance in the blood of a lactating female that stimulates the Ivatabollc pliase of milk secretion. The blood leads to the glands only the material. On the orig-in of the lactose of milk, C. Foa {Arch. Fisiol., 5 (1908), No. 6, pp. o.i.3-.'>.')6 ; (i]).s. ill Zrnthh I'InjsloJ., 22 (WOS), No. 2-'/, i)p. 7,SV/. 78.5). — The milk glands q^ 2 goats were removed but the results obtained were different from those of Bert and Porcher (E. S. R., 18, p. 671). No reduction took place in the urine, nor did hyperglycohaemia occur. In a study of carbohydrates in the blood of rabbits and bitches the author found the same amount of glucose, glycogen, and invertible glycoproteids in the blood of normal and lactating females. Neither galactose nor lactose was present in the blood. In the blood which had flowed through the milk glands of lactating females there was less free and combined glucose than in the normal blood, while the amount of glycogen was about the same. From these experiments and those of the article noted above, the author concludes that an invertible carbohydrate other than lactose and glycogen is present and also a carbohydrate which is united with a proteid but can be isolated with dilute acids. The stereochemistry of lactic-acid fermentation, R. O. Heezog and F. Horth {Ztschr. Physiol. Chcm., 60 (1909), No. 2, pp. iJi-75i ).— Nine species of lactic- acid bacteria were grown in media containing different sugars. The results indicate that the form of lactic acid produced depends not on the configuration of the sugar from which it was formed but on the nature of the ferment causing the reaction. On the diastases of milk, F. Boedas and F. Touplain (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/S (1909), No. 16, pp. 1057-1059; abs. in Jour. Sov. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 10, pp. 538, 539; Rev. G6n. Lait, 7 (1909), No. 1.',, p. 333).— It is stated that ciilcinm caseinate can decom))Ose hydrogen peroxid, and that if this action does not occur in boiled milk It is because the soluble casein of Duclaux is precipitated on the casein in susiiension forming a coat which prevents the decomposition of the hydrogen peroxid. Therefore, it is not necessary to assume the existence of catalases and peroxydases in milk in order to account for the decomposition of the peroxid. Contributions to the composition of buffalo milk, F. Baintner and K. Iek (Biochvm. Ztschr.. 18 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. i/, 3-/ ///).— Data are reported of a large number of analyses of the colostrum of buffalo milk, which does not differ essentially from that of the cow. The milk of marsupiala, V. Ducceschi (Arch. Fisiol., 5 (1908), No. 5, pp. Jil3-.'i2'i. fifjs. G; abs. in Zciitbl. Physiol., 22 (1908), No. 2J,, p. 7cS//).— The milk of Didclphys marsupialis var. Azarw has characteristics similar to that of higher maumials, but one noticeable difference is the high percentage of fat. It also contains a compound of pliosphorus and protein which gives some of the reactions of casein but is not coagulable by chymosin. Pei)sin but not chymosln was found in the stomach, a fact which does not lend support to the theory that they are identical. 476 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Dairy school bulletin {Ontario Dept. Agr. Bill. 172, pp. 71, figs. 7). — This is ji revised edition of Bulletin 143. previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 179). The additional and modified articles included are Milk and Cream Testing, by G. R. Taylor; Cheese Making, by A. McKay and C. H. Ralph; Creamery Butter Making, by F. Dean; Boilers, Engines, Steam Fitting, by G. Travis; Hand Power Cream Separators, by M. Robertson; Farm Cheese ISIaking, by Laura Rose: and Soft Cheese Making, by F. G. Rice. Report of the dairy institute at Hameln, P. Vieth (Ber. MilcJiio. Inst. Hamcln, 1008, pp. 42). — This report consists chietly of analyses of milk and milk products. Report of the agricultural research laboratory at Jaroslaw, Russia, S. Paraschtschuk {Ber. MUchw. Untersiich. Luh. Jaroslaw Riiss., 3; ahs. in Milchw. Zentbl., 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 228-232, chart i).— This is a report of analytical data on milk, butter, and cheese. Report on an investigation as to the contamination of milk {Bcverjey, Eng- land, [1908], pp. 113, pis. 9, fig. 1). — The chief object of this investigation of the milk supply of the East and West Ridings of Yorkshire, England, vi^as to determine the source of contamination of market milk. The work extended over an entire year in order to observe the varying local and climatic condi- tions. The methods of estimating the amount of sediment and number of bacteria are described. The results are presented in tabular form and show the number of bacteria belonging to each group. Among the conclusions reached are the following: " Of the total organisms in the milk used by the consumer, the greatest number are contributed bj^ the farmer. During railway transit, at the retailer's premises, and in the con- sumer's house smaller amounts are added, the amount in each instance being apparently about the same. Of the glucose-fermenting or intestinal organisms and the streptococci, by far the greatest number are added at the farm. The retailer adds a certain number, the consumer none. The sediment or ' dirt ' gains entrance to the milk chiefly at the cow shed. In 86.8 per cent of the samples examined, there was no increase in the sediment when sold by the retailer, but a decrease in 68.8 per cent. The farmer was responsible for the bacilli enteritidis sporogenes (Klein) in the milk consumed in 66.6 per cent of the samples. In 11.1 per cent of the samples these bacilli were added by the retailer or the consumer, while in 22.2 the source was doubtful." A bil)liogriiphy of the literature on the subject is appended. The relative proportion of bacteria in top milk (cream layer) and bottom milk (skim milk), and its bearing on infant feeding', J. F. Andeeson {Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6 {1909), No. 3, pp. 392-400). — From bacterial counts it was found that top milk sometimes contains from 10 to 500 times as many bacteria per cubic centimeter as mixed milk. This preponderance of bacteria may explain why infants sometimes do not thrive on modified milk made from top milk. Centrifugally raised cream was found to contain more bacteria than cream raised by gravity. Method of treating milk, J. L. Goucheb ( U. S. Patent 352,810, Jan. 17, 1907, Off. Gas. U. 8. Patent Office, 11,1 {1909), No. 3, pp. 585, 586, fig. 1).—A patent has been obtained for cooling milk and reducing the bacterial content by passing an alternating current of electricity, lengthwise through a stream of milk in a closed chamber. The influence of acidity of cream on the fl^avor of butter, L. A. Rogers and C. E. Gray {U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Anim. Indus. Bui. II4. pp. 22). — This is a study of objectionable flavors in butter kept in cold storage. Butter was made from pasteurized and unpasteurized cream of varying degrees of acidity and stored at temperatures of 32°, 10°, and —10° F. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING — AGROTECHNY. 477 "The butter made from imriiiened nupasteurized cream always developed a cheesy or rancid tiavor. The butter made from ripenal cream, both pasteurized and unpasteurized, developed cold-storage, tishy, and other flavors typical of storage butter. In all cases the overripe butter showed marlied deterioration. The butter made from pasteurized cream without starter usually retained its flavor with little or no change. Even at 32°, where all the ripened butter showed decided changes, the sweet-cream butter deteriorated very little. . . . " The difference between butter made from pasteurized sweet cream and that from ripened cream, both itasteurized and unpasteurized, became very marked after holding in a warm room for a short time. Butter made from pasteurized cream with starter added, after the so-called Le Clair or Credicott method, re- tained its fresh flavor better than the ripened-cream butter, but was not quite equal iu keeping quality to that made from sweet pasteurized cream." Determinations of bacteria were made, but none were found which could be ex- pected to influence the flavor. " In all the butter stored at 10° and —10° there was a gradual decrease in the total bacteria. This was usually slightly more rapid at the higher temperature, but this difference in the rate of decrease was sometimes obscured by errors, due largely to the difficulty of securing a representative sample. At 32° this decrease was usually much more pronounced than at the lower temperatures. In several cases, liowever, there was an actual increase confined chiefly, if not entirely, to the torula group of yeasts. In one package the development was sufficient to make an actual increase in the total number of bacteria, whieli in the ordinary technique includes yeasts as well as bacteria. Usually the growth of yeasts was so much less than the decrease in bacteria that the total number showed a de- crease. It has been demonstrated that some members of this group of yeasts may cause a decomposition of butterfat." Butter made from pure cream heated to temperatures high enough to destroy all enzyms developed a rank fishy flavor; hence, it was concluded that the deleterious effect of high acidity was not due to any organism, euzym, or other substance which can be destroyed by heat. Apparently some by-product of Ijacterial growth unaffected by heat had a marked influence on the flavor of the butter, I'robably this was a by-product of the lactic-acid bacteria and the by- product was lactic acid itself. When lactic, acetic, and hydrochloric acids were added to different lots of cream the butter made from each lot to which these acids had been added showed undesirable flavors. " It would appear, therefore, that the acidity of the cream has a direct influence on the changes in the butter. ... To the person interested in the application of these results to practice it is obvious that butter which market conditions require to be held for any length of time should be made with as little acid as possible. This is especially true of butter held for several months in cold storage and butter canned for use on shipboard or for export to tropical countries." The keeping quality of butter made from sweet pasteurized cream was com- pared with that of butter made with a starter. The results showed that when stored at 10° and —10° there was little or no change in the sweet-cream butter over that with the starter, but at 32° there was a decided difference in the flavor of the sweet-cream butter. A comparison was also made with butter for immediate consumption. " Tlife difference in favor of the sweet-cream butter was greater in the btitter S or 10 days old at the time of scoring, while in the liutter scored imme- diately after making the highest score was given to the butter with starter. 478 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. " lu churning sweet cream it is essential tliat careful attention be given to the churning temperature and to the speed of the churn, otherwise there Is likely to be an unnecessary loss of fat in the buttermilk. Care should be taken in storing butter made from sweet cream to guard against woody or other extraneous flavors, which are likely to be more noticeable in this mild- flavored butter than in butter with a high flavor." " Butter can be made commercially from sweet pasteurized cream without the addition of a starter. Fresh butter made in this way has a flavor too mild to suit the average dealer, but it Changes less in storage than butter made by the ordinary method, and can be sold after storage as high-grade butter." The keeping of butter in cold storage, W. S. Sayee, O. Rahn, and Bell Farkand (Ccntbl. Bait, [etc.], 2. Alt., 22 (1908), No. 1-3, pp. 22-32; Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 4, pp. 181-186). — In the experiment reported the sam- ples tested consisted of renovated butter, normal dairy butter purchased in the market, and butter made at the Michigan Station from pasteurized and un- pasteurized cream. There was a small increase in acidity in all samples when kept above the freezing point for 8 months. There was no increase in free acid in normal but- ters kept below the freezing point, except with those samples made in poorly managed dairies. Many samples were rancid though no free acid was formed, therefore rancidity of cold-storage butter does not depend on the hydrolysis of milk fat. The butter was scored by experts in a fresh condition and after 5 and 8 months" storage. At the end of S months the majority of the samples kept above the freezing point were completely spoiled. The other samples were rated from S3 to 92. Neither salt content nor water content seemed to affect the keeping quality. A bacterial examination showed that the number of acid bacteria stands in close relation to the salt content, when the salt is calculated in percentage of the water content of the butter and the number of living bacteria is calculated in percentage of the bacteria present in fresh butter. The bacteria were bet- ter preserved in a high salt concentration because in weaker solutions the freezing point is higher and the bacteria were frozen. This confirms the ob- servation of Gray (E. S. R., 18, p. 76), that below the freezing point lightly salted butter keeps better than that strongly salted. On the presence of p-Oxyphenylethylamin in Emnienthal cheese. Fourth contribution on the constituents of Emmenthal cheese, E. Winterstein and A. KtJNG (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 59 {1909), Xo. 2, pp. 138-1 J/O; abs. in Rev. 06n. Lait, 7 (1909), No. U, p. 333).— Smnll amounts of p-Oxyphenylethylamin were found in the lysin fraction of an abnormally ripe Emmenthal cheese. It probably results from the decomposition of tyrosin by the action of bacteria. Process for the manufacture of cheese, J. Raguet (French Patent 395,.'il7, Oct. 17, 1908; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 10, p. 539).— A French patent has been obtained for making skim-milk cheese. " Skim milk is treated with rennet and heated to a temperature of about 40° C, and the curd is separated, drained, pressed, and finely subdivided. It is next placet! in closed vessels and allowed to ferment, the mass being stirred occasionally to prevent the formation of lumps. Each kilogram of the fer- mented mass is then mixed with 600 cc. of water containing 20 gm. of sodium chlorid; the temperature is maintained at 40 to 50° until all lumps have dis- appeared and is then raised to 80°, in order to melt the mass. While still hot the product is transferred to molds, cooled, taken out of the molds, coated with starch or flour, and colored." DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 479 Preservation of butter, margarin, tallow, fats, oils, and other substances which, are oxidized when in contact with air by separating some of their constituents, MoNTiiK.vx i Fnnvh Patent JH-l.SlO, Jan. 7, HlflS ; iihs. in •four. ISor. Chcm. Indus., 28 {IDO!)), No. 10, p. 5J.V).— By this process, which has been patented in France, the butter or other fat is melted iu an atmosphere of carbon dioxid. The water is then seiuirated from tlie fat and tlie carl)(ni iK J.S). — Experiments were conducted with the view of obtaining information regtirdins tbe excretion or discharge of tubercle bacilli in the milk and feces of tuberculous cattle. The investiga- tions here reported have been summarized as follows: " T^e feces of 5 naturally tuberculous cows, out of the total number of 6 so far investigated, have been found to contain living and virulent tubercle bacilli. Three of these animals, cows B, C, and F, were severely diseased and were eliminating large numbers of tubercle bacilli; this is shown by the occurrence of tuberculosis after the inoculation of very small doses of fecal matter in all but one of tbe guinea pigs which survived a sufficient length of time, and by the fact that all the swine fed became tuberculous. Two of the cows, A and D, were in apparently excellent condition of health. One, cow A, showed after death a caseous and cystic posterior pharyngeal gland, a few small nodules in the intestine, and slight disseminated tuberculosis. The feces of this animal caused tuberculosis in 1 out of 4 swine fed ; the other 3 swine and all the guinea pigs inoculated remained bealtby. Tlie other cow, D, had tuberculosis of the lungs, broncbial and mediastinal glands, without any disease elsewhere. The feces of this animal caused tuberculosis in 3 guinea pigs and 2 rabbits; 2 swine fed remained healthy. The feces of the sixth cow. E, which had slight tuberculosis of the lungs and a mediastinal gland, did not give rise to tuber- culosis in any of the animals inoculated. " Four cows. A, B, C, and F, out of the 5 cows which gave positive results showed some tuberculosis of the alimentary tract, but in at least one case, cow C, it was not sufficient to account for the large numbers of tubercle bacilli in the feces. These bacilli must have been coughed up from the lungs and swallowed. " Tuberculosis was present in the uterus of each of the severely infected cows and the uterine discharge contained numerous tubercle bacilli. Such a condition constitutes another source of infection. The milk of two of the cows, B and C, caused, though not invariably, tuberculosis in guinea pigs inoculated with relatively small doses. The milk was witbdrawn from the udder by catbeterization, and post-mortem examination of the udders revealed no macroscopic evidence of tuberculosis. Small pieces were examined histo- logically by Dr. Eastwood and were found to be normal, but it is of course impossible positively to exclude microscopical lesions. The milk of a third cow, F, caused severe tuberculosis in every guinea pig which lived a sufficient period of time after inoculation. The udder, except for four small nodules in the left hind quarter, was normal to the naked eye; the animal was very ill at the time the milk was collected. The milk of the remaining 2 cows, D and E, tested did not give rise to tuberculo.sis in any of the animals inoculated." Eleventh annual meeting' of the Interstate Association of Live Stock Sani- tary Boards { I'roc. Iiitcrxtdtc Assoc. Lire Stock Saiiit. lids., 11 ( l!)07), pp. 95).— In the president's aunual address (i)p. 7-11 ), D. F. Ijuckey briefly considered tbe contagious diseases of live stock, meat inspection, etc. A discussion on tbe State control of hog cholera, led by C. E. Cotton, was entered into by P. O. Koto, C. G. Lamb, T. Butler, and others (pp. 11-26). A paper on tick eradication, by T. Btitler (pp. 27^0), considers the importance of eradication and the methods by which it may be accomplished. A. D. Melvin briefly discussed the Federal meat inspection (pp. 41-43), and J. M. Wright, State meat inspection (pp. 4.3^0). A paper was presented by 482 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. (). E. Dyson (pp. 46-54) on the purchase of cows for Slaughter subject to post- mortem inspection. The Relation of the State Veterinary Surgeon and the Live Stock Sanitary Board to the Public Health was considered by C. G. Lamb (pp. 54-59). Other papers presented are Rabies and its Control, by A. Peters (pp. 59-73), Animal Parasites, by J. G. Ferueyhough (pp. 73-75), and a Review of Federal Work in Tick Eradication, by R. P. Steddom (pp. 75-81). The resolutions adopted and reports of the sanitary conditions in the various States are included. Report of the veterinary director general and live stock commissioner, J. G. Rutherford et al. {Rpt. Vet. Dir. Gen. Canada, 1908, p. lU). — This is a report for the 2 years ending March 31, 1908. The progress made in the work of stamping out hog cholera is said to have been both satisfactory and encouraging. A few restricted outbreaks occurred in Ontario, some of which took place in the old quarantine area and were evidently traceable to chronic cases unsuspected and of long standing. In another in- stance a group of small outbreaks near the frontier was directly traceable to the feeding of swill fi-om a large summer hotel, the provisions iised in which were largely imported. Cattle imported into Canada for breeding purposes or milk production are tested in quarantine except in the cases of cattle fi'om the United States, which are admitted on inspection when accompanied by a satisfactory test chart signed by an inspector of the Biireau of Animal Industry of this Department. Officers of the Department test similar classes of cattle exported to the United States. All reactors are permanently earmarked and their exportation prohibited. There has been a considerable decrease in the number of cases of glanders. During the 12 months ending March 31, 1907, nearly 250 fewer horses were slaughtered than in tlie similar period ending October 31, 1905, while the figures for the 12 mouths ending March 31, 1908, show a decrease of moi-e than 5.50 over the 1907 figures. The author states that he is convinced that the disease is being systematically and thoroughly eradicated. The experiments on pictou cattle disease at the Nova Scotia station were con- tinued in order to secure definite information as to the Aalue of sheep, and inci- dentally of other animals, as agents in the extirpation of ragwort. ^Mange in cattle still prevails to a somewhat serious extent in southern Alberta and south- western Saskatchewan. The number of horses slaughtered because of dourine has decreased from 412 in the previous 17 months to 216 in the following 24 months. Mange in horses was prevalent to a small extent in certain districts of Quebec, while a few cases were also dealt with in the provinces further west. A number of cases of sheep scab were detected, all being confined to western Ontario. Several outbreaks of anthrax were reported in the provinces of On- tario and Quebec and the disease also appeared on one farm in New Brunswick. Black quarter prevailed to a certain extent in different provinces. Rabies made its appearance in a number of different districts throughout the dominion. Sev- eral outbi-eaks occurred in the Niagara peninsula, some of which were traceable to dogs from the United States. The results of export inspection and import testing are reported in detail. The inauguration of the inspection service under the provisions of the meat and canned foods act, which was passed in 1907, is considered the most noteworthy matter dealt with in this report. In the report of the pathologist (pp. .59-09, 77-98), C. H. Higgins considers the investigations conducted and specimens examined. The amount of tuber- culin dispersed from the laboratory shows a slight increase over the amount in previous years and totals 3,4.30 doses. During the course of investigations non- pathogenic trypanosomes were found in the blood of cotton-tail rabbits and iji field mice. A special report on loco poisoning by G. Hilton (pp. 107-115), one on VETERINARY MEDICINE. 483 redvN-ater investisntions in P.i-itisli Columbia, by T. Bowhill (pp. 115-118), one on glanders by J. G. Kutherford (pp. 120-13G), and the reports of special inspectors are included. An account of the commercial live stock industry in western Can- ada, by J. F. Kobb (pp. 13G-141), concludes the report. Report of the division of animal industry, V. A. Norgaaud {Rpt. Bd. Conns. Ayr. (iiid Forestry Ildiraii, .'f (1!)07), pp. 99-202, pis. 6; also Reprint). — This is the third annual report of the veterinarian. The most Important work of the division is that of the inspection service, which was established for the purpose of preventing the introduction of dis- eased live stock in the Territory. Rules and regulations governing the importa- tion of live stock, which are said to have been completely revised during the year, are considered. Attention is called to the necessity of compulsory testing of cattle with tuberculin by Federal inspectors before shipping upon the main- land. The importation of dressed meats and dairy products is briefly noted, as is the importation of live stock from New Zealand. The author reports that apparently there has been less disease in the live stock during the past year than during the two previous years. The year was unusually favorable for the recovery of horses from osteoporosis or big head. Glanders is said to have caused consideralde loss, two outbreaks with respec- tively 10 and 12 cases having occurred, besides a number of scattering cases, principally on the islands of Hawaii and Oahu. An account by H. B. E'liott under the title Observatious Regarding Glanders on. the Island of Hawaii, is given. Other diseases considered include epizootic laryngitis in horses, acti- nomycosis, eye disease in cattle, enzootic stomatitis in horses, and lead poison- ing in cattle. Information here presented upon the insect pests of live stock has l>een previously noted from another source ( E. S. R., 21, p. IGO). Encour- agement is said to have been given to mule breeding. Report of the government veterinary bacteriologist, A. Theileb (Transvaal Dcpt. Ayr. Ann. Rpt. 190S, pp. 55-97). — Further investigations into the disease caused by Piroplasma mutans, are first considered. "Although P. mutans may be seen in smears, yet, unless every other cause can be excluded, it can not safely be said that the animal is suffering at that particular time from P. mutans. and should it die that the cause of death is this form of gall sickness. For instance, in an infection with heartwater complicated with P. mutans, the former can not be determined from a microscopical examination alone owing to its cause being ultra visible; in fact, any disease with a high fever reaction may be responsible for the appearance of P. mutans in an animal immune against this parasite." It is said to have become necessary that a better means of differentiating between P. parvvm and P. m,utans be worked out. Having obtained the pure infection of P. mutans it is now possible to make further experiments to elucidate the course of the disease and the relation of ticks to its transmissi(m. Various attempts made to discover a way other than by tick infestation of transmitting the East Coast fever from a sick to a healthy animal have all failed. In order to determine the effect of cold upon ticks infected with East Coast fever, experiments were conducted. " The i-esults of these experiments wei*e that (1) a temperature of 0° C. retards the hatching of brown ticks into adults, (2) a temperature of 0° does not interfere with the development of the para- site within the engorged nymphaj, (3) a temperature of 0° does not kill the virus contained in engorged nymplue of the brown tick. In no instance was any difference noted in the virulency of the disease; the only jioint of interest was that the ticks kept at a low temperature molted at a later date than the con- trols, but when the former were placed on suscei)tible cattle these animals promptly contracted the disease and died. In the light of this experience the 484 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. conclusion might be drawn that it is not the cold which interferes with the development of the parasites in the tick, but there are reasons to believe that notwithstanding the severe cold to which the ticlis are subjected that it had not been acting for a sufficient length of time; indeed, under the conditions of the high veld it is probably not the sudden influence of the extreme cold but the combined effect of a low temperature during the night followed by the warmth of the sun in the daytime." The inoculation of sheep against bluetongue was very successful. Up to February, 1908, over 80,000 doses had been issued to the Transvaal farmers, while over 100,000 doses were distributed among other South African colonies. Further experiments with biliary fever of equines are briefly reported. Out of 72 horses and 76 mules inoculated with donkey foal blood of the fourth genera- tion and upward, none died of biliary fever, showing that the inoculation can be done with safety. Its use is recommended for practical purposes. The con- clusion was drawn that in practice it will be necessai-y to pack horse-sickness virus in small bottles in order to enable the district veterinary surgeons to util- ize the material out of a fresh bottle for each batch of injections and thus pre- vent recorking. Besides horse sickness there are other fevers observed in horses, .fevers which may be accompanied with high temperature reactions and high pulse and which, on first sight, simulate horse sickness, but which in reality have nothing to do with that disease. Inoculations of mules with polyvalent virus and the results in practice for the season 1907-8 are reported. Ont of 2,419 mules inoculated with polyvalent virus, and of which 2,.j10 recoveretl and were exposed in the Transvaal, 18 deaths, or 0.7 of 1 per cent, occurred after discharge, of which nearly all occurred in one particular lot of mules. Microscopical and pathological anatomical examinations made during the year are also reported. During the year 283,184 tubes of calf vaccine lymph were issued. A brief report of the assistant government bacteriologist, W. Frei, is given in Appendix A, and that of the superintendent, E. B. H. Parkes, in Appendix B. Report of the principal veterinary surgeon, C. E. Gray ( Transi'aal Dcpt. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 190S, pp. 'il-S'i, map 1). — Satisfactory progress is said to have been made with the work of pushing back the East Coast fever. Everywhere the number of infected farms has been reduced, even in those parts of the country which are principally inhabited by natives. The position of the colony in respect to lung sickness continues to be satisfactory, although the disease is still preva- lent in Cape Colony. Restrictions on the importation of cattle from Cape Colony and the Bechuanalaud Protectorate are still maintained. Only three outbi'eaks of tuberculosis were dealt with during the year. Hog cholera and swine plague were reported but once each. Only 13 sporadic cases of anthrax were recorded and in no locality did it show a tendency to assume an epidemic character. Much remains to be done in the eradication of scab. Decreases are reported in the number of outbreaks of glanders and ulcerative lymphangitis. The loco-weed disease of the Plains, C. D. Marsh ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Aiiim. Indus. Bui. 112, pp. 130, pis. 11, figs. 29).— Part 1 of this work is devoted to a historical summary and review of the literature on the affection and descrip- tions of AragaUus lanibcrti and Astragalus moUissimus, the plants to which the experimental work was limited. Part 2 is a technical report on prolonged field feeding investigations carried out at Hugo and Woodland Park, Colo., and at Imperial, Nebr., in cooperation with the Colorado and Nebraska Stations. Part 3 is devoted to the results and conclusions. The feeding experiments consisted in grazing cattle and horses upon pastures containing loco weed in comparison with others fed on pastures free from the loco weed, as well as feeding the loco plants VETERINARY MEDICINE. 485 in the corrals, and making as extensive autopsies upon locoed animals as pos- sible. The experiments were intended (1) to prove whether the loco weeds would poison or not, (2) to demonstrate the symptoms of loco poisoning and the pathological lesions accompanying it, and (3) to determine whether or not reme- dial measures could be instituted for the relief of the loco-infested area. The conclusions reached as the result of the work of three seasons are sum- marized as follows : " Thert» is no longer any question in regard to the poisonous properties of the loco plants. It was clearly demonstrated that animals eating these plants would succumb sooner or later to their poisonous action. . . . " It was found that the symptoms of the loco disease were essentially like those which had been mentioned by the majority of stockmen. . . . The more promi- nent symptoms are a staggering and uncertain gait, caused by a general disturb- ance of the nervous system, which leads in some cases to an apparent partial paralysis of the limbs and to a very distinct lack of muscular coordination. The animals eating loco eat more and more of it, although they do not in all cases acquire a passionate love for the weed, and sooner or later lose flesh and die of starvation. " In the post-mortem examinations it was found that there were certain quite detinite lesions. The animals were strongly anemic. This anemia was indicated not only by paleness of flesh and actual loss of blood, but by serous deposits in various parts of the body. The blood was found to be poor in hemoglobin and commonly rather rich in leucocytes. A diseased condition of the stomach was a common accompaniment of the locoed condition, this being marked in cattle by ulcers in the fourth stomach. All the body fluids are rather unusually abundant, and this is particularly true of the fluid of the epidural space of the spinal canal, which is commonly more or less organized, so that the sijinal canal frequently seems to be filled with a jelly-like substance. There is a hyperemic condition of the central nervous system, which in acute cases is accompanied by clots in the lateral ventricles. In females diseased ovaries are common. " The common loco plants in Colorado and adjacent territory are 'Aragallus lambcrti and Astragalus moUissimtis. . . . The results of the experiment showed very clearly that Astragalus moUissinius was much the more virulent. . . . " Horses, cattle, and sheep are somewhat differently affected by these plants. In regions covered with Astragalus vioUisshuus the only common locoed animals are horses. Horses which eat this plant become i)oisoned ordinarily rather quickly and may die in a comparatively short time. Both cattle and horses eat Aragallus lamherti, but cattle, perhaps, rather more freely than horses, so that in regions where Aragallus lamhcrti is the more common loco plant the cattle are much more commonly affected than horses. . , . Sheep eat both siiecie.s, but for them also Arat/allus lamhcrti is the more dangerous, inasmuch as they are more apt to eat this plant than Astragalus mollissimtts. " It was found that there is a great difference in the individual susceptibility of animals to the loco poison, although most of them will succumb to the temptation and perish from its effects sooner or later. In regard to different breeds of animals there is a distinct difference, although the observations were not extensive enough for any broad generalizations. Generally speaking, the better-bred animals are more likely to be ])oisoned than those that have become accustomed to the country. Among sheep, black-faces yield much more quickly than Merinos. Among cattle, Durhams and Aberdeen-Angus were found to yield 'more quickly than Ilerefords. " In regard to remedial measures, the work of the experiment gives quite definite suggestions. It is clear that where land is sufficiently valuable to 486 EXPEBIMENT STATION KECOED. make it pi-ofitable to pay for that amount of labor, it is entirely feasible to cut out all of the loco weeds. This is particularly easy in regard to Astragalus moUissimus, because it grows in comparatively small patches. Where Aragallus himherti is abundant the work would be more difficult, and in some cases the land is hardly worth the expense of the labor. It is evident that in the case of fenced pastures it frequently will be profitable to destroy the loco weeds in this way. " Some locoed animals will recover if taken from the weed and fed well, without any treatment. " Most locoed animals will recover if they are taken from loco, fed carefully, and treated on the lines indicated by our experiments. " In all cases care should be taken to relieve constipation, either through the character of the food or by the use of magnesium sulphate. " Horses are best treated with Fowler's solution in daily doses of 15 cc, continued for at least one mouth. " Cattle are best treated with daily doses of strychnin, the doses not exceed- ing three-twentieths of a grain, given hypodermically, and continued for one or two mouths. It is especially important that the dose should be small, as locoes are very susceptible to the bad effects from overdosing." An extensive bibliography is appended. A companion bulletin dealing with laboratory expei'iment.s has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 280). Lymphatic g'lands of the ox, J. F. Craig {Vet. Jour., 65 (1909), No. 408, pp. 279-280). — A contribution to the study of the lymphatic glands. Johne's disease in cattle, C. W. Townsend (Vet. Rec, 21 (1909), No. 1094, pp. 870-872). — The author believes this disease to be more prevalent in the fen districts than in other parts of England. Filtration experiments on the virus of cattle plague with. Chamberland filters "F," E. H. Ruediger (Philippine Jour. 8ci., B. Med. Sci., 4 (1909), No. 1, pp. 37-42, charts 5). — "From the experiments previously reported [E. S. R., 20, p. 1188] and those recorded hei-e it is evident that even on carefully select- ing the most porous of the Chamberland filters, marked " F," none have been found which allowed the virus of cattle plague to pass." Filtration experiments with Bacillus cholerse suis, C. N. McBryde ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Aiiini. Indus. Bui. 113, pp. 31, fig. 1). — Two series of filtration experiments with bouillon cultures of B. cholerw suis carried out by the author in order to determine whether filters of the Berkefeld and Pasteur-Chamberland type can be relied upon absolutely to restrain the bacillus are here described in detail. In view of the results obtained the author concludes : "(1) That Pasteur-Chamberlaud filters F and B effectually prevent the pas- sage of B. cholera^ suis. "(2) That the smaller Berkefeld laboratory cylinders vary in permeability. "(3) That certain of the Berkefeld laboratory cylinders will prevent the pas- sage of B. cholerm suis when a limited amount of material is filtered. "(4) That the granules noted in cultures of B. cholerw suis have no signifi- cance in filtration experiments with this organism. "(5) That in the filtration experiments described in Bulletin 72 [E. S. R., 17, p. 87], the filtrates employed did not contain B. cholerw suis. "(6) That hog cholera is due to a-n ultra-visible virus sufflceintly small to pass through the pores of the Chamberland filter." Pyemic arthritis, ,J. Spencer (Virginia Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 125-130). — Details are given of a number of cases, representing all degrees in severity of attack, that were treated with antistreptococcic serum. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 487 The author concliules that " pyemic arthritis may arise from either a pyemic or septic infection; that one or both may be present at the same time in the same snbjec.t ; that the septic form assumes a more acute type, and usually terminates fatally within a few clays; that the pyemic infection will yield readily to potent cocci antitoxin, and we believe will bo much assisted in a more rapid convalescence by conjunction with nuclein, especially in weakly foals; that large doses of serum should be employed early and discontinued as soon as resolution is established." The history of glanders in the French army, L. Magnin (Rev. G6n. Med. V^t., 12 {IDOS), 1^0. J39-]J,0, pp. 396-.'i 12). —This history is based on statistics from the commission on equine hygiene and the reports of the veterinary chiefs of the service. Dourine (Dcpt. Agr. Oiluica, Health Aiiini. Branch, Spec. Rpt. Dourinc, 1901, pp. 63, pis. IS, charts 3). — A short historical review of the occurrence of this dis- ease in Canada, where it has for several years existed to a limited degree among horses in certain districts in southern Alberta and in one locality in southwest- ern Saskatchewan, is presented by J. G. Rutherford (pp. 3-6) and the clinical and pathological features of the disease as occurring in cases studied are re- ported by C. H. Higgins (pp. 7-31). The first demonstration on the North Ameri- can continent of the presence of Trypanosoma eqitiperdum in naturally infected cases of dourine is said to have been that of Watson and Gallivan, which is here reported. With this discovery it was definitely determined that the disease is identical with the dourine of other countries. The demonstration of this parasite is largely a matter of obtaining suitable cases coupled with systematic experiments and close observation. The possi- bility of diagnosing the disease by purely clinical means is considered as fully established. As with sleeping sickness, it is believed that the lesions produced in cases of dourine are due to a lai-ge extent to the toxin present. " Certain bodies have been observed in some of the preparations taken by Watson, and later studied by both of us, which may be trypanosomata in an involution stage. I can not agree with Thiroux and Teppaz, however, that the red granules seen in the large mononuclear lymphocytes of horses (when stained with eosin and methylene blue in any of its combinations), represent the remains of trypanoso- mata, for we have observed these granules almost without exception in smears taken from the general and peripheral circulation of healthy horses." The pathological anatomy and blood examinations of the cases studied are reported in detail. E. A. Watson reports a case of dourine with experimental in- oculations and miscellaneous notes on the symptomatology and diagnosis (pp. 32-51) . In Appendix A several cases of natural dourine are reported (pp. 52-^4) . In Appendix B, a brief report made by E. T. Davison to the Bureau of Animal Industry of this Department, concerning an investigation of the disease at Leth- bridge. Alberta, is given (p. 55). Appendix C contains an article on the identity of dourine by Schneider and Buffard (pp. 56, 57), previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 809). Trypanosomiasis of horses at Tonquin, Hallot (Rev. Gen. M^d. Yet., 12, (1908), Xo. 13.5-13G, pp. 129-1.)!, figs. C).— The author here reports a series of enzootics which he has studied in Tonquin, French Indo-China. In horses the disease terminates in death, while with cattle it is nearly always benign. The author has experimentally infected the guinea pig, rat, dog, and calves with the equine virus. In transmission experiments tabanids conveyed the disease from an infected to a healthy guinea pig. Experiments with Stomoxys resulted negatively. 9049— No. 5—09 — -7 488 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The treatment of trypanosomiases in horses by orpiment alone or in con- nection with atoxyl, A. Thiroux aud L. Teppaz {Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2J/0-252; ahs. in Jour. Compur. Path, and Ther., 22 (1909), No. 2. pp. J62-Um). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 184). Leucocytozoon piroplasmoides of epizootic lymphangitis of the horse, A. Thiroux and A. Teppaz {Coiupt. Rend. Acad. Scl. [Paris], UfJ (IDOS), No. 22, pp. 1075. 1016). — The aaithors briefly review the literature on the etiology of this disease, aud report studies in a horse that had been treated for and cured of trypanosomiasis by the use of orpiment and atoxyl. They found the mor- l)hology and i)arasitic habits of the protozoa present in the sores to be much similar to those of Hclcosoma tropicum. and regard the disease as the equine variety of tbe oriental sore in man. The treatment of dog distemper by means of vaccination, R. Bissauge and L. Naudin [Rev. Gen. Med. Vet., 12 {1908), No. IJ/l, pp. 503-507 ) .—During the course of their practice the authors have experimented on numerous sub- jects with the various therapeutic agents. They conclude that none of these has any prophylactic value. The Swiss yeast of Pury has given successful results in many cases, particularly with dogs in which the nervous symptom arose at the beginning. The antistreptococcic serum of the Pasteur Institute and that of Dassonville and Wissocq have given equally encouraging results. In their practice the authors have given preference to the latter serum, which they now use in a systematic way. In order to utilize the therapeutic power of this serum and obtain the best results from its use applications must be made at the onset of the disease, before lesions have formed. The successful drug treatment of canine piroplasmosis, together with observations upon the effect of drugs on Piroplasma canis, G. H. F. >suttall and S. Hadwen (Parasitology, 2 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. 156-191, fig. /).— The authors' conclusions follow : " We have discovered that trypanblau and trypaurot are highly eflicient remedies in the treatment of canine piroplasmosis, no drug or mode of treatment having hitherto been found to exert any appreciable effect upon this very fatal disease. The drugs exert a direct and observable effect upon the parasites {a.) by causing the pyriform parasites to quickly disappear, aud (b) in most cases, by causing the total disappearance of the parasites from microscopic observation in the peripheral blood. The disappearance of the parasites from the blood is usually temporary, the parasites reappearing in small numbers after an interval of 9 to 12 days, but the dogs, as a rule, show no symptoms and gradually progi'ess toward recovery. In our experience there is but slight loss of weight in treated animals, this being in marked contrast to what is usually observed in dogs which recover naturally. In the 2 dogs which died of a relapse the parasites reappeared after an interval of 4 to 5 days. . . . Arsacetin and soamin exert no curative effect upon canine piroplasmosis." On the supposed development of Trypanosoma lewisi in lice and fleas, and the occurrence of Crithidia ctenophthalmi in fleas, C. Strickland ( Parasitol- ogy, 2 {1909), Nos. 1-2, pp. 81-90).— The alimentary tracts of 104 lice {Hcema- topinus spinulosus) , which had been taken from rats infected with 'f. lewisi, were examined. In 51 lice no trace of T. lewisi could be found, but in 53 lice T. leicisi, unchanged in every particular, was found in various parts of the gut. The trypanosome was seen to be quite unchanged in stained preparations. The alimentary tracts of 45 fleas (ctenophthalmus agyrtes) which had fed on infected rats were also examined, but in 43 fleas T. lewisi could not be found. They disappeared very rapidly from the ingested blood and could not be found in stained preparations. In 2 fleas trypanosomes were found, but they did not differ RURAL ENGINEERING. 489 ill form from those seen in (he IjIockI of tlie rnt. Critliidia ctcuojihtlKiluii was fctund in !) of tlie fleas. About 370 lice and 75 fleas were examined, but no evidence was obtained of developmental cban.L!;es of 7'. Iriri.si in either fleas or lice. Fatal enteritis in a tiger caused by Physaloptera praeputialis, A. J. Harri- son and I. W. Hall {Paia.sitolog!/, 2 (WO!)), Nos. 1-2, pi). 29-31). — A widespread distribution of the nematode and the extensive chronic irritation of the gastric and intestinal wall are said to have been (juite suflicient to account for the death of tne animal. RURAL ENGINEERING. The best road and the right way to make it, A. L. Barber (New York, 1909, pp. 32, (hjiiifi. -'i). — This pamphlet contains a brief account of early road builders and their attempts to secure ideal pavements for both country roads and city streets. The author sums ui» the requirements of both types of roads and dis- cusses the merits of asphalt for city streets and of macadam for country roads, as well as road preservation and dust i>reventives. The chief object of the pamphlet is to present a new tyi)e of country road, which it is believed will best meet requirements. This is a combination of asphalt and macadam, with an asphalt strip of suitable width running through, and usually in the middle, of the macadam. It is estimated that this would cost but 30 per cent more than the macadam alone, and would last 1.5 to 20 years longer. Waterproofing concrete with asphalt (Cement and Engin. Neics, 21 (1909), No. -'/, pp. 1 11-119, fif/x. 3 ). — Methods of waterproofing concrete structures are de- scribed. Between 2 layers of concrete, previously painted, a commercial asphalt is applied with mops at a temperature of about 425° F. Even should cracks occur in the concrete, the elasticity of the asphalt layer will secui-e the structure against leakage. When water pressure has to be contended with, the method advised is to use saturated felt covered with hot asphalt, and there is described and illustrated the construction of a water-tight reservoir, using this method. Wells in the Gangetic alluvium, W. H. Moreland (Agr. -Jour. India, Jf il909), Xo. 1, pp. 3'f-^2, figs. 2). — Irrigation in the Uniteil Provinces of India tl'i-.'il8). — This article presents and discusses the text of the law of February 4, 1909, relating to the encumbrance, inheritance, and disposi- tion of small holdings in P'rance. By the terms of the law the owner is limited in his power of encumbering his property by indebtedness, can not dispose of it without the consent of his wife and heirs, and can not divide the property. The law is regarded as beneficial by keeping the small holdings intact for the protecti(jn and support of the peasant and his family and by its encouraging the rural population to remain on the land. The future of larg-e and small holdings, F. Caquf.t and E. Vandeevelde {Auto. Agr. [Paris], 3 {1909), No. 19, pp. 1-9). — TheS(> are two articles sum- marizing and discussing the present status of lai'ge aud small holdings in France, with particular reference to the eccmomic operation of the small farm and the tendency, by the creation of large estates, to thrust the small holder into the ranks of the proletarians. The papers were elicited by an address delivered by J. Ruan. minister of agriculture, previously noted (E. S. K., 21, p. 189). Associations for the creation of small holdings {lid. Agr. and Fisheries I London] , Leaflet 218, pp. 3). — This leaflet sets forth aud discusses the regulations 492 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. adopted by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for the guidance of associa- tions which have among their objects the establishing or promoting of smallhold- ings and allotments in England and Wales. The advantages of letting to an asso- ciation rather than to individuals are that the board is to a great extent relieved of the responsibility of managing the land and securing tenants, while the associations would increase thereby their sphere of usefulness and would be able to offer their tenants and members the advantages of cooperative methods of doing business. Concerning' the farm labor problem, E. Laur (Mitt. Dcut. Landiv. Gesell., 2-'f (J 900), Xo. 28, pp. 'i-'iS, -'i-'i'i). — This is a discussion of the provisions of the new law in Switzerland which bear on the question of farm life. The force of the provisions discussed relates to the retention of farms in the hands of the children who have been trained in agricultural pursuits and of the rights of children on coming of age to receive compensation for services rendered on the farm during their minority. Thus a son or daughter who has been educated by parents or older children is entitled in case of a settlement of an estate to a lesser share than those who have remained at work on the farm. These features of the law are believed to offer a prospect for keeping the youth on the land and the families of Swiss peasants more intact than under the old regime. The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, A. Rrut- TiNi ET AL. {B(A. Quind. Soc. Agr. Itah, 1', {1909), Nos. 12, pp. 666-6S0; 13, pp. 705-710). — These articles set forth the present status of insurance among farmers and farm laborers against natural forces and accident's, with the rules and by-laws of the mutual society of Yercelli as typical of the organization and operation of such associations in Italy and other countries. An outline of the status, purposes, and w^ork of sevei'al such organizations is presented, the information exemplifying the different kinds of insurance for farm laborers against accidents that are carried on in Italy and other countries. The insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, I. Bandini {Atti R. Accad. Econ. Agr. Georg. Firenze, 5. ser., 6 {1909), Xo. 2. pp. 219-223; Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. ItaL, 1.'/ {1909), Xo. 1.), pp. 7.'i6-7oO). — The- author points out many defects in the present forms of insurance against accident among farm laborers in Italy (see preceding article), as well as In the scheme pro- posed by A. Conti, and suggests the formation of a bank of insurance in each province, which shall be imder the direct control of provincial officials. One of the chief defects of the Italian insurance laws, in the author's opinion, is their uniformity of application throughout Italy and to all classes of farm laborers. A better plan is thought to be to give authority to provincial banks of insurance to fix the rates, etc., according to the conditions prevailing in each province and the different classes of farm help, as laborers-", share tenants, small owners, etc. In other words, a scheme of insurance for the agricultural classes is proposed which is marked by its great flexibility and adaptability to all conditions and all provinces in Italy. Concerning the obligatory insurance of farm laborers against accidents at their work, P. Capellani {Bol. Quind. Soc. Agr. Ifah, U, {1909), Xos. 15, pp. 766- 771; 16, pp. 798-807). — The author discusses the proposed law of A. Conti (see above), the application and limitations of present laws relating to accident insurance in Italy, Germany, Denmark, England, and Belgium, raises serious objections to a law limited to agriculture and kindred industries, and favors a general law applicable to all classes of wage-earners. Cooperation in the marketing of agricultural produce, J. L. Coulter, J. B. MoRMAN, and T. N. Carver {Amer. Econ. A.ieuniuin aggregate .1^112,101. Of this $50,000 is for current expenses, .«<4,000 for tlie station, $18,000 for four new cottages, $12,500 for a dining hall, $10,000 for the iruprovenient of the road from the college to the railroad station, $8,500 for the purchase of an additional farm, $5,000 for the equipment of the horticultural hall, and the remainder for installing a windmill, watertauk, etc. The most largelj' attended poultry meeting ever held in the State took place ;;t the college July 27 and 28, under the auspices of the State Poultry Association, six States being represented. Delaware College and Station. — Charles L. Penny, formerly chemist of the station, lias resigned as professor of agricultural chemistry at the Pennsylvania College to return to this institution as professor of chemistry, succeeding Dr. Theodore li. Wolf, deceased. Under •a rearrangement of duties, C. O. Houghton, entomologist, has been transferred entirely to college work and Dr. M. T. Cook, professor of botany, and Firman Thompson, professor of agri- cultural chemistry, have been assigned exclusively to station work. H. D. Eggers, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania, has been appointed assistant chemist in the station, and Jacob Taubenhaus, a graduate of Cornell University, assistant plant pathologist. Idaho University and Station. — John F. Nicholson, formerl.y botanist and ento- mologist at the Oklahoma College and Station, has been appointed bacteriologist. and has entered upon his duties. Kansas College and Station. — Wilmar E. Davis, of the University of Chicago, has been appointed assistant professor of botany in the college and assistant botanist in the station. Other appointments in the station include Dean H. Rose. Paul W. Graff, and Miss Anna Monroe as assistants in botany. O. A. Stevens has resigned as assistant in botany to accept a position as assistant in charge of the newly established seed-inspection laboratory at the North Dakota Station. Maine University and Station. — Recent additions to the university staff include G. E. Simmons as professor of agricultural extension, M. E. Sherwin as assistant {irofessor of agronomy, W. R. Palmer as instructor in horticulture, J. R. Dice as instructor in animal husbandry, and Ijaura Comstock as assistant professor of domestic science. J. E. McClintock, professor of agricultural extension work, has resigned to accept a position with the United States Bureau of Education, as specialist in land-grant college statistics. The station farm for investigations in orcharding and tield ci-ops, the purchase of which was authorized by the last legislature, has been selected. The farm is located at Monmouth, is equipped witli modern l)uildings, and ccmtains 225 acre.s, of which 100 acres are well adapted to tillage and (50 acres are already set to orchards. Maryland Station. — C. W. Nash, assistant agronomist, resigned September 1 to accept a similar position at the Kansas Station. K. II. Kutt'ner. assistant 497 498 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. voterinariiui. resigiu'd July 15, to take charge of the dairy lierd at one of the hospitals of the Isthmian Canal Connnission. Michigan Station.— Charles S. Robinson, a graduate of the University of Michigan, has been appointed research chemist, vice Dr. S. L. Jodidi, who has accepted a similar position in the department of soils at the Iowa Station. Charles B. Collingwood, assistant chemist, has resigned to accept an appointment as circuit .judge of Ingham County, Michigan. Minnesota University and Station.— W. M. Liggett, who retired as dean and director in 1907 on account of failing health, died August 29, at his home in St. Anthony Park. Colonel Liggett was born in 1S46 in Union County, Ohio, but removed in 1884 to Minnesota, where his activity in promoting the introduction of better farming methods led to his appointment in 18SS to the chairmanship of the agricultural committee of the university board of regents. Continuing in this capacity for more than seventeen years, he took a prominent part in the organization and development of the college and school of agriculture and of the station. From 1893 to 1896, when the station was without a director, he served as chairman of the station corps. In the latter year he was formally appointed dean and director, and occupied this position until his retirement. He was also secretary of the State Agricultural Society for a time, was a veteran of the civil war, and had held numerous state and county offices. A two-year course has been organized for men who expect to teach or to super- vise work in industrial subjects. The course is open to college or normal school graduates, or to those whose experience in teaching or in supervision has given an equivalent training. The tirst year will be taken in the school of agriculture and the second in the college of agriculture. With the technical work in both years will be given pedagogic studies in the management of industrial schools and courses, and some practice teaching. The uniA'ersity and station recently cooperated with this Department in ex- hibits and demonstrations at the state fair. A special feature were the lectures, these being illustrated by moving pictures. Minnesota Farm Rcvieio notes the ai)pointuient of Dillon P. Tierney as in- structor in forestry, beginning January 1, 1910, and of Rodney M. West as in- stxnictor in chemistry in the school of agriculture and assistant in agricultural chemistry in the station. L. P.. Bassett has resigned as assistant agriculturist and farm superintendent to engage in commercial work. New Hampshire College and Station. — .J. F. Eastman has resigned as assistant in agronomy and assistant agriculturist to accept a fellowship in agi'onomy at the University of Illinois. North Carolina College and Station. — Recent appointments include the follow- ing: B. J. Ray, Ph. D., as assistant professor of chemistry and assistant chemist, vice W. A. Syme, resigned to become oil chemist for the North Carolina State Department of Agriculture; F. W. Sherwood as assistant chemist, vice J. K. Plummer, resigned to take up graduate work at Cornell University; and Louis R. Detjen, a 1909 graduate of the University of Wisconsin, as assistant horti- culturist. North Carolina State Station. — E. L. Worthen, of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, has been added to the staff for work in soil investigation. Ohio University and Station. — H. L. Goll, of Stryker^ has been appointed to the board of control to succeed Cary W. Montgomery. W. jNI. Cook and W. Jj. Elser have been appointed assistants in the department of cooperative experi- ments. R. C. Collison has been appointed assistant in nutrition, vice Dr. Adolpli Lehmann, resigned. L. L. La Shell, assistant chemist, has resigned to accept a commercial position. NOTES. 499 Pennsylvania College and Station. — Aiiionj; tlio roceiit npiiointnieiits are the lV)llo\viiijr : W. A. ("oclu'l. .issocialo nniiinil liusbimdniiui iit the runlue Station, jis professor of animal husbandry; Homer Jackson as instructor in poultry hus- bandry in the college and poultrymau in the station; Warren (i. Ross, professor of agronomy at the College of Hawaii, as assistant in agronomy; and Paul B. Dennetch as assistant in dairy husbandry. Porto Rico Station. — T. B. McClelland has breu appointed assistant horti- culturist. Rhode Island College and Station. — Phili]) A. Money, of Slocum, has been des- ignated as the representative of the State Board of Agriculture on the board of managers. In the college, C. B. Coleman, assistant in dairy husbandry at the Illinois Station, has been appointed professor of animal husbandry, and G. R. Cobb, a graduate of the Massachusetts College, instructor in horticultui'e. In the station, T. S. Hammett, a graduate of Tufts College, has succeeded Dr. William Qnantz as assistant chemist, and John Daniel, a graduate of the Massachusetts College, has been appointed assistant in agronomy. The completion of the new dormitory building has made possible a remodeling of the former dormitory, the first floor being utilized for the department of biology and the college executive offices, and the remainder as a woman's dormitory. The station now has under way over 100 cooperative experiments. Clemson College. — D. C. IMooring has resigned as assistant professor of horti- culture at the Mississippi College to accept the associate professorship of horti- culture, and has entered upon his duties. I.ee I. Knight has been aiipointed associate professor of botany and forestry. Tennessee Station. — Sherman Leavitt, of the Bureau of Chemisti'v of this Department, has been appointed soil chemist. Vermont "University and Station. — Dr. L. R. Jones, for twenty years professor of botany in the university and botanist in the station, has resigned to take effect February 1, 1910, to accept the newly established position of plant path- ologist at the Wisconsin University and Station. A. P. Bigelow, assistant in dairying in the station, has resigned to engage in commercial work, and P. A. Benedict, a graduate of the University of Rochester, has been appointed assistant chemist. Stanley Hargreaves has been appointed station gardener, vice H. V. P. DeThestrup, and E. II. Powell, treasurer of the station for seventeen years, has been succeeded by C. P. Smith. A summer school, in which among other subjects agriculture and domestic science were taught,. was held for four weeks in July and August. Washington Station. — At the annual meeting of the board of regents, the experimental and extension work was reorganized with a view to further differ- entiation. The director of the station was made superintendent of farmers' in- stitutes and extension work, O. M. Olson deputy silperintendent of farmers' in- stitutes, and II. W. Sparks supervisor of demonstration farms. In addition to changes in the staft already noted, W. T. McDonald was promot(>d from assist- ant animal husbandman to animal husbandman, and Dr. H. B. Humphrey from assistant botanist to plant pathologist. E. li. Peterson, a graduate of the Uni- versity of Minnesota, was appointed assistant soil physicist. E. J. Kraus, whose selection as assistant entomologist has been noted, has declined the appointment and accepted a position as assistant horitculturist at the Oregon Station. Wisconsin University and Station. — The recently established fellowships in agriculture have been awarded to Alvin C. Oosterhuis in animal husbandry, and Morrfs W. Richards in horticulture, both the recipients being li)()!) graduates of the college of agriculture. The scholarships provided were awarded to Miss 500 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Alice Ciitberino Evans, a graduate of Cornell T/niversity. for work in bacter- iology, and to Charles 1'. Haslam. a graduate of the Kansas College, in chemistry. Under an appropriation from the last legislature poultry courses are to be provided, and a poultry department is being organized with James G. Halpin, assistant professor of poultry husbandry at the Michigan College, at its head. E. P. Sandsten has resigned as horticulturist to engage in commercial work in Montana. Emil Truog and W. E. Morris, 1909 graduates of the college of agri- culture, have been appointed respectively assistant in soils and assistant in the State fertilizer and feed inspection, the latter position being in succession to George S. Hine, resigned to become principal of the Marinette County (Wis.) School of Agriculture. John L. Tormey has been appointed assistant animal husbandman in the station. Experiments with various methods of removing stumps from cut-over lands are under way. in cooperation with the Minnesota Station and the Farm :\Ianagement Investigations of this Department. Wyoming Station. — A horse barn to cost $5,000 is being erected, on the univer- sity stock farm and will contain a large room to be used for stock judging. The wing whicli is being added to the woman's building is well under way, and when finished will complete the domestic science equipment. L. Charles Raiford, Ph. D. (University of Chicago), for two years associate professor of chemistry in the University of Chicago, has been appointed re- search chemist, and will have charge of the Adams fund work in chemistry. Death of Miss Maria Parloa. — Miss Maria Parloa, widely known as a teacher and writer on home economics, cookery, and related topics, died August 21 at her home in Bethel, Conn. She was born in September, 1843, in Massachusetts, and after a number of years of practical training began her professional work as a lecturer on cookery and home economics in Boston in 1877. A little later she opened a school of cookery. For some time Miss Parloa was special instructor at Lasell Seminary, gave courses in sick-room cookery to Harvard medical students, lectured before classes at the Boston Cooking School, and gave many lecture courses in various places in New England and elsewhere. Following a long residence in Europe, where she made special study of English and French methods of cookery, she opened a model school of cookery in New York, which she conducted for a number of years until she again went abroad for a long stay. Miss Parloa was the author of a number of well-known books on cookery and home economics topics and contributed to various magazines. She was the author of two of the Farmers' Bulletins of this Department on nutrition, Canned Fruit, Preserves and Jellies, and Preparation of Vegetables for the Table. Miss Parloa was a pioneer and leader in the organized effort for ad- vancing the home economics movement in the United States in both its educa- tional and practical sides. Her observations on the effects of methods of cook- ery upon the wholesomeness of food were extended, and in this and in other ways she contributed much of value to the science of food and nutrition. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Ph. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: 11. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — \V. U. Beal. Agricultural Botany and Vegetable Pathology — W. H. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. 1. Schulte. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods and Human Nutrition — C. F. Langworthy, Ph. D. Zootechny, Dairying, and Agrotechny — E. W. Morse. Agricultural Chemistry — W. H. Beal, C. F. Langworthy, and E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering — G. A. Griffin. Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO 6. Page. Editorial notes: The organization of extension work 501 The attitude toward secondary agricultural education 504 Convention of Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Associations, 1909 .' 506 Recent work in agricultural science 517 Notes 595 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry. Biochemical pocket manual, Glikin 517 The general characters of the proteins, Schry ver 517 A new method of extracting phytin, Contardi 517 The determination of iodin in protein combinations, Riggs 517 Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes, Lewkowitsch 518 Theory of the hydrolysis of fats and oils, Kellner 518 Investigation of linolenic acid in linseed oil, Erdmann and Bedford 518 Constitution of linolenic acid, Erdmann, Bedford, and Raspe 518 Oil of colocynth seeds, Grimaldi and Prussia 518 Preparation and chief characters of samphire oil, Borde 518 Analysis of the oil from the seeds of Symphonia globuUfera, Southcombe 518 Some Sudan fats and oils. Beam 518 The composition of shea butter, Southcombe 518 The soy bean and its probable effect on the markets 519 Sugar; a handbook for planters and refiners, J. A. R. and B. E. R. Newlands. . 519 Influence of clarification on the valuation of raw sugars, Prinsen Geerligs 519 Diastases. Methods of research and progress made, Thomas 519 The determination of nitrogen in nitrates, Kleiber 519 The preparation of soil samples for chemical analysis, MacNider 519 On methods of acjueous extraction, Zakharov 520 The determination of potash in soils, De Sornay 520 Determination of potash in soils as phosphomolybdate, De Sornay 520 Potash tests in mixed fertilizers, Breckenridge 520 The determination of oxids of iron and alumina in Florida phosphates, Herzog. 520 Occurrence of fluorin in phosphates and determination in guano, Vibrans 521 I n CONTENTS. Page A method for nitrates in sewage and waters of high chlorin content, McRae. . . 521 The interpretation of the results of chemical examination of water, Klut 521 Determination and meteorological value of germ content of the upper air, Hahn . 521 Swiss food book 521 A compendium of food microscopy, Clayton 521 New method for quantitative examination of pulverized plant products, Meyer. 521 The detection of spoiled maize by means of the microscope, Brizi 521 A new microchemical method for differentiating rice and wheat starch, Lenz. . 522 Separation and estimation of glycogen and starch, Piettre 522 Report of the chemical inspection station in Altona for 1908, Reinsch 522 Estimation of dry matter in honey by the Zeiss immersion refractometer, Utz . . 522 The examination of bakers' goods made with butter, Hofstadter 522 Cryoscopy of fats, especially of butter and margarin, Pailheret 522 Importance of the indixes of refraction for distinguishing pure butter, Hoton. . 522 Process for the control of milk [detection of added water], Sauton 522 On the judging of milk, Jensen 523 A new method and apparatus for fat and dry matter in cheese, Hammerschmidt . 523 Peanut oil in olive oil, Vasterling 523 The use of the centrifuge in the assay of volatile oils, Moerk 523 The determination of dry matter in wine, Paturel. 523 A physico-chemical method of estimating ash in wine, Dutoit and Duboux 523 The detection and estimation of oxalic acid in cocos, Girard 523 The detection of coal-tar colors in sausage, Kickton and Koenig 523 The detection of benzoic acid in foods, Jonescu 523 The determination of benzoic acid in foodstuffs, Jonescu 523 The analysis of boric acid, Mandelbaum 523 Factors which influence the creatinin determination. Cook 524 The determination of fatty matter in animal feces, Emmett 524 The determination of urea in urines, Levene and Meyer 524 The preservation of urine by thymol and refrigeration, Gill and Grindley 524 [Miscellaneous analyses], Andouard 524 Report of the chemical and seed control stations at Christiania, 1908, Hals .... 524 [Miscellaneous analyses]. Watt 524 The text of the laws 525 METEOROLOGY WATER. Report of the temperatures and vapor tensions of the United States, Bigelow. . 525 A manual for observers in climatology and evaporation, Bigelow , 525 Bulletin of the Mount Weather Observatory 525 A summary of meteorological observations, Ostrander 525 Weather summary, Waldron 526 Distribution of temperature and humidity in presence of plants, Rudovitz 526 Dependence of yields on the chief meteorological factors, Lazarenko 526 On the relation between climate, fertilizing, and yield, Quante 526 Report on the investigation of river pollution and water supplies, Newlands. . 526 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. On the lime requirements of arable soils, Weibull 527 The influence of cultivation on the water content of arable soils, Westermann. 527 Determining the fertility and nitrate nitrogen of chernozem soils, Sazanov. . . . 528 Soil nitrogen, Knight and Smith 528 The growth of leguminous crops and soil inoculation, Biffen 528 Soil bacteriological investigations, Barthel 528 Soils in the vicinity of Savannah, Ga., Bonsteel 528 Niter soils, Gruner 528 The action of manure, Viner 528 The decomposition of manure, Ehrenberg and Reichenbach 529 Fertilizers, Prianishnikov , 529 Report of the agricultural societies of Seeland in plant culture, 1908, Larsen. . 529 Investigations relative to nitrogenous materials, Voorhees and Lipman 529 The utilization of nitrogen in fertilizer materials, Voorhees and Lipman 530 Experiments with calcium cyanamid, Kahan 530 The toxicity of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, Kionka 530 The new nitrogenous products, nitrate of lime and cyanamid, Pluvinage 530 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, Bernthsen 531 Production of ammonia from at mospheric nitrogen, Woltereck 531 Production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen by means of peat, Woltereck. 531 Production and consumption of sulphate of ammonia in 1908, Maizieres 531 The rational use of superphosphates, Dumont 531 Fertilizing with wood ashes, Kaluzhskii 531 Commercial fertilizers; fertilizer control; soil physiography, Hills et al 531 Inspection and analyses of fertilizers on sale m the State, Hand et al 532 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. The theory of the respiration of plants, Palladin 532 Notes on the day and night growth of plants, Nomblot-Bruneau 532 The relation between the form of leaves and their light requirement, Wiesner. . 533 Action of fertilizing salts on plant enzyms, Sullivan 533 The distribution of rennet in the various parts and tissues of plants, Gerber. . . 533 The greening of potatoes, Massee 534 The anatomy and biological aspects of the "American mistletoe," York. . . .t. 534 Present problems in plant ecology 534 FIELD CROPS. [Field crops in 1908 at the Dickinson Substation, North Dakota], Waldron 535 The work of the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1908, Headley and Hastings. . 535 Report on the work of the experiment stations of Indo-China in 1908, Lemarie. . 536 Forage crops, Hotchkiss 536 Grass and clover seed production in Denmark, Hollmann 536 Conditions affecting the value of market hay, McClure 536 Cordage fibers. Carter 536 Alfalfa, Nelson 536 Influence of artificial manures on yield and quality of barley, Crowther 537 Latest results with reference to fertilizers in barley culture, Stoklasa 537 Bermuda grass, Moorhouse, Burlison, and Ratcliff • 537 Increasing the yield of corn. Carver 537 Experiments in the culture of corn, De Flacourt 538 Corn culture, Kimbrough 538 Cotton culture, Kimbrough 538 King cotton, Watkins 539 The production of cotton in Egypt, Roux 539 Hop culture on moor soils, Bersch 539 Japan clover, or Lespedeza, Buford 539 Jute in Bengal, Chaudhury 539 Methods of seeding oats; drilling and broadcasting, Hume et al 539 The time of cutting seed potatoes in its relation to yield, Osterspen 539 The effect of sa,lt water on rice, Fraps 540 The rice crop of 1907-8 in Indo-China, Pidance 540 Liquid distillery refuse as a fertilizer for beets 540 Experiments with varieties of sugar cane. Watts et al 540 Seedling and other canes in the Leeward Islands, 1907-8, Watts et al 540 Manurial experiments, Watts et al 540 Manurial experiments with sugar cane in Leeward Islands, 1907-8, Watts et al. . 541 Experiments with sugar cane, Broemer 541 The action of soluble fertilizers on cane soils, Eekart 541 Tobacco transplanting and further treatment in the field. Van Leenhoff 542 The breeding and selection of tobacco. Van Leenhoff 542 The culture of tobacco in Indo-China, Nacher 542 Report on a test of varieties of wheat, Seton 542 Experimental wheat fields, 1908-9, I^ee 543 Experiments with small-celled wheat plants, Kolkunov 543 Wheat selection, Mann 543 Koernicke's key for classification of varieties of cereal crops, Flaksberger 543 The breeding of agricultural plants, Fruwirth 543 The breeding of agricultural plants, Fruwirth 543 Agronomic habits of rootstock producing weeds, Spillman and Cates 543 The identification of dodder by differences in the seeds, von Guttenberg 544 IV CONTENTS. HORTICULTURE. Page. The etherization of plants for forcing purposes, Stuart 544 On a simple process of forcing plants by warm baths, Molisch 544 Third series of investigations on the grafting of herbaceous plants. Griffon .... 544 [Horticultural progress at the Troupe Substation], Hotchkiss 544 Report of horticultural inspection, Ballou 545 [Notes on ornamentals and fruits], Waldron 545 Report of the government horticulturist, Davis et al 545 Report of the fruit experiment station, Shillong, for 1908, Birt 545 Cucurbitaceous fruits in Egypt, Brown 545 Fertilizer experiments with grapes, Windisch 545 The Argentina grape and wine industries, Palencia 545 Investigations on American grapes in Italy, Paulsen et al 545 On the application of bisulphid of carbon in mulberry culture, Sirker 545 The grafting of cacao, Jones 546 Popular fruit growing. Green _ 546 Arboriculture in Argentina, Mauduit 546 American landscape architecture, Waugh 546 Bulbs and their cultivation, Sanders 546 Narcissus cultivation 546 The introduction of the tulip, and the tulipomania, Murray 546 FORESTRY. Report of the conservator of forests, Legat 546 Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1907-8, Singh 546 The causes of timber line on mountains; the role of snow, Shaw 546 The results of fertilizer experiments with firs in North Ditmarsh, Clausen 547 The Cembran pine (Pinus cembra) in Switzerland, Rikli 547 Economic possibilities of mangrove swamps of Philippines, Bacon and Gana. . 547 On the question of wood preservation, Seldenschnur 547 Difficulties in the practical work of creosoting timber, Oakes 547 A new process of coagulating the latex of Funtumia elastica, Chevalier 547 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Bordeaux mixture, Crandall 547 Plant diseases; potato spraying, Jones and Giddings 549 Notes on combating the smuts of cereals, Appel 549 A new species of Tilletia, Bubak 549 A note on Urophlydis alfolfx in California, Smith 549 Preliminary report on the anthracnose or pod spot disease of beans, Edgerton . 549 New facts concerning warty disease of potato, Percival 550 The combined treatment for Botrytis and Coniothyrium, De Istvanffi 550 Contributions to the knowledge of Dematophera, De Istvanffi 550 Prevention of ' ' pourridie," Szigethi-Gyula 550 Notes on the wintering of powdery mildew, De Istvanffi 551 Experiments in the control of powdery mildew in the greenhouse, De IstA'anffi . 551 Experiments on combating mildew, Szigethi-Gyula and Dupuis 551 Experiments on the treatment of chlorosis of grapes, Bemdtzky 551 The falling of the flowers of grapes, Pantanelli 551 Notes on Monilia disease of fruit trees, De Istvanffi 552 The bud-rot of the coconut palm, Johnston 552 The present status of the white pine blights, Spaulding 552 An eelworm in fern fronds 552 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. The transformations of the animal world, Deperet 553 The origin of vertebrates, Gaskell 553 Inoculating wolves 553 Rabbit destruction, McKeown 553 Mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates of the Indiana University farm, Hahn 553 Generic names of birds, with additions to Index Generum Avium, Rich- mond 553 CONTENTS. V Page. An annotated list of the birds of Boulder County, Colorado, Henderson 553 Injurious and beneficial animals received during 1908, Shoebotham 553 The metamorphosis of insects, Deegener 553 Recent work in insect behavior and its economic significance, Herms 553 The entomological writings of William Harris Ashmead, Crawford 554 Proceedings of twenty-first meeting of American Economic Entomologists. . . . 554 Report on insects, Houghton 555 [Monthly reports of the Argentina agricultural pest commission] 555 Brown-tail moth, house fly, and mosquito, Symons 555 Some ■statistical observations on termites, Warren 555 Orthopterological reconnoissance of southwest United States, Rehn and Hebard . 555 A catalogue of American hemiptera, Kirkaldy and De la Torre Bueno 556 Observations on hemi])tera taken in Florida in the spring of 1908, Van Duzee. . 556 The life history and habits of the woolly aphis, Collinge 556 A new coccid of the genus Eriococcus, Cockerell 556 A new gall-making coccid on Atriplex, Cockerell and Rohwer 556 A motli larva predatory upon the eggs of the bagworm, Gahan 556 The larva of Lerina incarnata, Dyar 556 Chironomid larvae living in leaves, Willem 556 Observations on the life history and habits of Thereva nohilitata, Collinge 557 The Scolytid beetles. I, The genus Dendroctonous, Hopkins 557 The bark beetles (Scolytidse) of the Iser Mountains, Neuwinger 557 A new braconid of the genuo Elasmosoma, Cockerell 557 Development of parasitic hymenoptera, Silvestri 557 Quack grass, a host of the Hessian fly, Jlayhurst 557 The Tok-tokje (Psammodes sp.) as a grain pest, Mally 557 Fertilization of clover, Waldron 557 Corn weevils and other grain insects, Smith 558 The general entomological ecology of the Indian corn plant, Forbes 558 Some parasites of the cotton worm [in the West Indies] 559 Miscellaneous notes on truck-crop insects, Chittenden 559 Western spread of the Colorado potato beetle, Aldrich 559 The banded pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora oliverei), Froggatt 559 The greenhouse thrips, Russell 559 Descriptions and life histories of two parasites of Eriophyes ribis, Taylor 560 Lepidopterous enemies of the vine, Vivarelli 560 Eggs and stages of the lesser apple worm, Taylor 560 Notes on insects affecting the coconut trees in the Society Islands, Doane 560 Brassolis isthmia highly injurious to coconut culture in Canal zone, Schultz 561 Animals associated with the Hevea rubber plant in Ceylon, Green 561 Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees, Headden 561 The action of caustic soda, paraffin and tar oils on fruit trees, Williamson 561 Control of insects and of plant diseases, Jarvis 561 Instructions for spraying, Chandler 562 Nursery and orchard inspection in Maryland, Symons 562 Nursery inspection in Minnesota, Washburn 562 The transmission of disease by insects, Wellman 562 An introduction to methods of studying disease-carrying insects, Hamerton . . . 562 Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea, Nuttall and Warburton 562 Three new ticks from the United States, Banks 562 Some host relations of ticks. Hooker 562 Bots of horses 562 Note on aphids attacking sheep, cattle, and horses, Collinge 562 Lucilia as a parasite, Hesse 563 Bee keejnng in Massachusetts, Gates 563 Lac and lac cultivation, Avasia 563 Universal camera bracket, Viall 563 , FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. Linnaeus' dietetics, Lindfors 563 Sugar as food for man, Tribot and Dupont 563 The harmful effects of acetanilid, antipyrin, and phenacetin, Kebler et al 563 Chemical composition of some Sudan grains, Beam 564 Milling and baking tests with wheat, Waldron 564 VI CONTENTS. Page. Report on "facing" and other methods of preparing rice for sale, Hamill 564 The occurrence of asparagin in young pear fruits, Iluber 565 Fruit acid in pineapples, Kayser 565 Pickled tea 565 Powdered meat. Its food and therapeutic value, Lassabliere 565 Changes in cold storage and frozen meat, Richelet 565 Changes in cold storage and frozen meat, Richelet 565 What is diseased meat and what is its relation to meat inspection? Smith 565 Public slaughterhouses (Scotland), Dittmar 566 Food legislation 566 Notices of judgment 566 Health regulations of the Prussian States in the year 1907 566 Food standards in the colony of Victoria 566 A quarterly report of progress in food chemistry, Zucker 566 Progress in the examination of foods, condiments, fats, and oils, Utz 566 Food analyses No. 23, Bailey and Jackson 566 Vinegar and artificial vinegar, Witte 567 The composition of brandies and cognacs, Rocques 567 Brandies and other alcoholic beverages, Girard 567 Cognacs, Guillon 567 Analyses of wines from the Baranya district '. 567 Fraud in the bottled water industry, Bonjean 567 Lead in culinary utensils and tinned goods, Pade and Kohn-Abrest 567 Missouri Home Makers' Conference Association 567 How to cook vegetablfes. Green 567 Mechanical kneading machines, Ringelmann 567 Price of foodstuffs in France, Levasseur 567 [Cost of food], Keene :-----. 567 A study of malnutrition in the school child, Sill 567 The fluids of the body. Starling 568 Nitrogen equilibrium with zein or gliadin as the sole proteid, Henriques 568 Experiments to refute the theory that the small intestine aids in the formation of glycogen from dextrose, Grube 568 Metabolism during the work of typewriting, Carpenter and Benedict 568 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The significance of animal industry in farm management, Werner 568 The principles and practice of feeding, Dalrymple : 569 Analyses of registered feeding stuffs, Willard et al 569 Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs sold in Maryland, McDonnell et al 569 Alfalfa feeds, MacNider 569 Denaturing feeding barley 569 The American industry of corn products, Wagner 569 The use of waste products of vineyards as feeds for live stock, Rossi 569 Tapioca flour for raising calves, Gouin and Andouard 569 Lamb feeding for 1908-9, Faville 569 Comparative swine feeding experiments at Proskau in 1908, Klein 569 Fattening trials with hogs, Shepperd and Richards 570 Pastures for hogs, King 570 On the significance of amid substances in animal nutrition, Voltz 570 The action of yohimbine on the generative system, Cramer and Marshall 570 The influence of yohimbine on the milk glands and milk secretion, Holterbach. 571 The anatomy and physiology of the ovaries of ruminants and swine, Kilppeli . . 571 Size of thoracic cavity and sternum in fast and slow horses, Miiller 571 A new experience in measuring domesticated animals, Lehmann 571 Cattle skulls found in Pasquart and their relation to modern breeds, Siegfried. . 571 Concerning blood lines and line breeding (Verwandtschaftszuchten), Peters.. . 571 Sex and its relation to the barring factor in poultry, Goodale 571 Inheritance of hyperdactylism of fowls." II, Influence of the father, Barfurth. 572 Sheep breeding experiments 1904-1907, Gilchrist 572 A new breed of ducks 572 The evolution of the live stock industry [in Argentina], Gibson 572 Statistics of live stock in Argentina in 1908, Martinez et al 572 The meat trade of Argentina, Pillado 572 CONTENTS. VII DAIKY FARMINT, — DAIRYINd — ACROTECHNY. Page. A study of some Connecticut dairy herds, Trueman. 572 Dairyintf in China, Arnold 573 Tiie milch fjoat dairy, Wickersham 573 Better dairy methods, Frandson 573 Report of Oestergot land Company Cow-testing Association, 1907-8, Westman.. 573 Report of the Alnarp Ao;ricultural and Dairy Institute, 1908 573 Proceedings of the American Association of Medical ^lilk Commissions 573 Proceedings of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions 574 Results of recent bacteriological investigations in dairying, Barthel 574 The origin of some milk enzyms, Grimmer 574 A new factor influencing the percentage of fat in milk, Eckles 574 Contribution to the study of the germicidal power of milk, Bardelli 574 Sterilization of milk by ultraviolet rays, Henri and Stodel 575 Sterilization of wash water by ultraviolet rays. Domic and Daire 575 Temperature of pasteurization in relation to properties of milk, Maze et al. . . . 575 Homogenized milk, Tourchot 575 Dried milk 575 The use of milk as food, Milner 575 Whipped cream, Melick .' 575 Butter making in Maryland, Melick 577 Is the continued increase in fat content of buttermilk preventable? Konradi.. 578 Cottage cheese, skimmilk-buttermilk and ice cream, Michels 578 Goat 's milk cheeses, Rolet 578 Fermentation of Hawaiian molasses. Peck and Deerr 578 How to can fruits and vegetables on the farm, Moore 579 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Theory and practice of veterinary medicine 579 ^'eterinary obstetrics, Williams 579 Pathology and differential diagnosis of infectious diseases of animals, Moore ... 579 Pathogenic organisms, including bacteria and protozoa. Park and Williams.. 579 An investigation of bacteria of the enteritidis group, Miihlens, Dahm, and Fiirst. 579 The immunity of San Francisco rats to infection with Bacillus pestis, McCoy 580 Natural history and diseases of the rats of Western Australia, Cleland 580 Insect flagellates, Christophers 580 Occurrence o'f a flagellate associated with piroplasmata infection, Bowhill 580 Remarks on piroplasmosis, Martini 580 Further notes on Piroplasma mutans, Theiler 580 The position of Spirochfeta, Gonder 580 Have trypanosomes an ultra-microscopical stage? Bruce and Bateman 581 The cultivation of trypanosomes on artificial media 581 Occurrence of a new variety of trypanosomiasis in Zanzibar, Edington 581 The relationship of dosage of a drug to the size of the animal treated, Moore 581 Experiments in 1908 regarding the natural transmission of surra, Leese 581 Rocky Mountain spotted fever in the rabbit, Gomez 582 On the transmission of animal tuberculosis to man, Basenau and A'an der Sluis. 582 The tonsils of cattle and their relation to origin of tuberculosis, Devrient 582 Ophthalmo- and cuti-reactions to tuberculin in cattle, Kohl 582 On the intradermal reaction to tuberculin in animals, Moussu and Mantoux .... 582 The intradermal reaction to tuberculin, Moussu 582 Tuberculosis and the milk supply, Malcolm 583 Vaccination of cattle for the prevention of tuberculosis, Pearson 583 Control of tuberculosis in domestic animals in Pennsylvania, Klein 583 The mineral constituents of foods. Ingle 583 Catarrhal fever of sheep — bluetongue, Dixon 583 Two diseases of young camels, Leese ' 583 Hog cholera. Van Es 583 Nature and action of su])tol as a i)rophylactic agent in swine i)lague, Andrejew. 583 Structural alterations induced in the horse's foot by neurectomy, Ackermann. . 583 Epizootic abortion in the mare, Desoubry 583 Equine'anemia, Mack 584 Glanders, Mack..... 584 The antistreptococcic value of mallein, Busy 584 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Epizootic lymphangitis of horses in Senegal, Thiroux and Teppaz 584 Investigations on dourine, Marek 585 Bipolar staining bacilli of fowl cholera type as the cause of pneumonia, Webb. . 585 Investigations on equine contagious pleuro-pneumonia, Ostertag 585 The employment of iodin in pneumonia, Newsom 585 The treatment of trypanosomiases by orpiment, Thiroux and Teppaz 585 Enzootic of equine piroplasmosis in Chaouia, Lafargue, Lussault, and Savary. . 586 Treatment of experimental dourine in horses, Rennes 586 Piroplasma canis, Eggebrecht 586 The present knowledge of the etiology of dog distemper, Galli-Valerio 586 Further studies on fatal septicemia in chickens, or white diarrhea, Rettger. . 586 So-called white diarrhea of chicks, Morse 587 Parasites and parasitic diseases of domestic fowls, Neumann 587 Transmission of Plasmodium priecox to canaries by Stegomiafasciata, Neumann . . 587 An epidemic among English sparrows due to Bacillus cloacae, Glenn 587 Notes on some parasites in Burma, Evans and Rennie 587 A dermatitis due to Fediculoides ventricosus, Goldberger and Schamberg 587 Hookworm disease in its relation to the negro. Stiles 587 RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in the State of Washington, Waller 587 Irrigation in New Mexico, Sullivan 588 Irrigation by pumping, Chatterton 588 Report of the proceedings of the Western Canada Irrigation Association 588 Report of the irrigation department, Punjab, 1905-6 to 1907-8 589 Report of the drainage convention at Tallulah, La., March 11, 1909 589 Road improvement in South Carolina, Watson 589 An American farmobile, Perkins 589 Steam plowing and machinery investigations 589 [Mechanical milking machine] 589 Domestic water supply on the farm 590 A farm cold storage house, Gaumnitz 590 City conveniences in farm homes 590 RURAL ECONOMICS. The rural outlook, Bailey and Stiles 590 Help needed on the farm 590 Cooperative credit, Buchan 591 In behalf of small agricultural cooperative societies, Lotrionte 591 The Seventh National Congress of Agricultural Associations at Nancy 591 International Agricultural Institute, Elliott 591 Report of Agricultural Organization Society for 1908, Yerburgh and Harris. . . 591 International Institute of Agriculture, Lee 592 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Agricultural education in Wisconsin, Borden 592 Educational values (III), Aylesworth 592 Studies most suitable for elementary schools 593 Report of Department of Agriculture and Technical Instruction for Ireland. . . 593 Agricultural education, Campbell 594 University of California School of Agriculture 594 Pacific coast entomological conference and short course in horticulture, 1909 . . 594 One method of helping the farm boy, Crowell 594 MISCELLANEOUS. First annual report of Dickinson Subexperiment Station for 1908, Waldron . . . 594 Report of progress at the Troupe Substation, Hotchkiss 594 Report of Lincoln County Experiment Farm, Stubbs et al 594 Concerning work which the station can and can not undertake. Hills 594 American agricultural periodicals, Tucker 594 An index to some literature on agricultural subjects, Larson 594 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Alabama Tuskegee Station : Page. Bui. 15, June, 1909 537 California Station: Circ. 42, Apr., 1909 594 Cirf.43, May, 1909 594 Connecticut Storrs Station: Bui. 56, Apr., 1909 561 Bui. 57, May, 1909 572 Georgia Station: Bui. 84, Dec, 1908 538 Hawaiian Sugar Planters' Station: Div. Agr. and Cheni. Bui. 28, Apr., 1909 578 Div. Agr. and Chem. Bui. 29, 1909 541 Idaho Station: Bui. 66, May, 1909 536 Bui. 67, May, 1909 573 Illinois Station: Bui. 135, May, 1909 547 Bui. 136, July, 1909 539 Kansas Station: Bui. 158, Mar., 1909 569 Louisiana Stations: Bui. 115, May, 1909 569 Bui. 116, June, 1909 549 Maine Station: Off. Insp. 12 525 Maryland Station: Bui. 134, Apr., 1909 555 Bui 135 May 1909 577 Bui. 136, June, 1909 575 Massachusetts Station: Bui. 129, June, 1909 563 Bui. 130, June, 1909 525 Mississippi Station: Circ. 25, Feb., 1908 532 Circ. 26, Mar., 1908 532 Missouri Station: Circ. Inform. 34 562 Nevada Station: Bui. 68, Mar., 1909 584 Circ. 1, July, 1909 584 New Jersey Stations: Bui. 221, July 10, 1909 529 North Carolina Station: Bui. 202, May, 1909 578 Bui. 203, May, 1909 558 Stations in the United States — Cont'd. North Dakota Station: Page. Bui. 84, June, 1909 570 First An. Rpt. Dickinson Substa., 1908 526, 535, 545, 557, 564, 594 Ohio Station: Circ. 94, Apr. 29, 1909 545 Oklahoma Station: Bui. 85, June, 1909 537 Texas Station: Bui. 121, Feb. 1, 1909. . 536, 544, 594 Bui. 122, June, 1909 540 Vermont Station: Bui. 142, May, 1909 549 Bui. 143, June, 1909 531 Circ. 3, June, 1909 594 Wyoming Station: Bui. 81, June, 1909 569 Bui. 82, June, 1909 528 U. S. Department of Agriculture. 536 575 566 Farmers' Bui. 362 Farmers' Bui. 363 Notices of Judgment 69-90 Bureau of Chemistry: Bui. 126 (10 cents) 563 Bureau of Entomology : Bui. 64, pt. 6 (5 cents) 559 Bui. 66, pt. 7 (5 cents) 559 Bui. 17, pt. 1 (tech. ser.) (25 cents) 557 Bm-eau of Plant Industry: Circ. 34 535 Circ. 35 552 Circ. 86 552 Bureau of Soils: Circ. 19 528 Weather Bureau: Bul.S(|1.15) 525 Doc. 409 525 Bui. Mount Weather Observ., vol. 2, pt. 2 (25 cents per part, $1 per volume) 525 Office of Experiment Stations: Bui. 214 (10 cents) 587 Bui. 215 (15 cents) 588 Note.— The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per vol- ume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publi- cations are given above. The publications of the State experiment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. IX EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXI. November, 1909. No. 6. The Portland convention of the Association of American Agricul- tural Colleges and Experiment Stations was notable not only as the second in the history of the association to be held west of the Rocky Mountains, but also on account of the good attendance and the lively interest shown in the discussion of a number of most important sub- jects. The representation w^as an unusually wide one, delegates being present from forty-two States and Territories, as well as from Porto Rico and Canada. The meeting furnished striking illustrations of the rapid develop- ment of agricultural education and research in the newer portions of the country, and afforded an opportunity for the presentation of certain phases of educational and research problems of special interest and importance to that region. The proceedings, however, were in no sense narrowly sectional, but included the consideration of many subjects of the broadest scope and significance. As might have been predicted from the action of the previous convention, the extension work was a leading subject of discussion at the Portland convention. The growing importance and rapid ex- pansion of extension work had been strongly emphasized at the Washington meeting, and there was an evident conviction in the minds of many members at that time that such work should be more definitely provided for, and organized in the association and in the institutions represented therein. The strong and convincing report of the committee on extension work at the Portland meeting served to further develop and crystal- lize this feeling. Practically without opposition, the constitution of the association was amended so as to provide for a section on exten- sion work, and following this the new section was duly organized by the election of a chairman and secretary, and instructed to prepare a programme for consideration at the next meeting of the association. Provision was thus definitely made for the full consideration of the many complicated and difficult problems involved in the organiza- tion ajid administration of extension work, and in its adjustment to present agencies and facilities for education and research in agriculture. 501 502 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The rapid increase of various forms of agricultural extension work has brought with it many important questions in regard to its rela- tion to the station work and staff. It has been quite clear for some time that the institutions engaging in such enterprises should as rapidly as possible provide a definite and separate organization for the work, and endeavor to obtain adequate funds other than those now provided by federal appropriation, in order that it might be maintained without encroaching upon either the station work or funds on the one hand, or upon the regular instruction work of the college on the other. A clear differentiation of extension work from the accepted forms of station activity is not always a simple matter, and great confu- sion has often been produced in the public mind by the fact that special appropriations for extension work have been put under the control of the stations. This has fostered a feeling that such work is a legitimate function of the stations, and that they should retain and foster it. Under such circumstances, there is constant pressure to use the federal funds which are given to the stations for experi- mental work directly or indirectly for the promotion of the extension features. This takes the form of demands on the time of station officers who are paid from federal funds, the printing and franking as station bulletins or publications which are really extension docu- ments, and various miscellaneous expenses which would not have been incurred except for the pressure for extension work. The magnitude of the enterprise and the difficulties in the way of its proper administration were recognized in the report of the com- mittee on extension work, and in the action of the association upon the suggestions and recommendations of the committee. The associa- tion indorsed the recommendations of the committee that (1) each land-grant college should organize a " department " or " division " or " school " of extension work, i. e., should organize the work as a definite part of the institution and clearly define extension work; and that (2) efforts should be made to secure a national appropria- tion for extension work by the colleges and by this Department, and to extend the franking privilege to extension publications. \^^iile extension work is strictly educational in character and there- fore should be organized as a department of the college rather than as a station enterprise, it should be so organized and conducted as to utilize to the fullest possible extent the results of station work, keep- ing its teaching strictly in harmony with those results and giving the widest publicity to the work of the station. It has sometimes been felt that the extension departments if sepa- rated from the stations and organized with a distinct corps of workers would tend to separate the station workers from close touch EDITORIAL. 503 with the farmers, and obscure the importance and vahie of station ■work as rehited to the agricidtural industry. This, however, need not be the case if the extension departments are properly organized and manned. The scheme of organization shoukl inchide the giving of opportunities to station men to attend meetings of farmers from time to time to present the results of station work, and the giving of credit to the stations for whatever information received from them is incorporated in extension publications. The station should not in any case be deprived of the privilege of issuing popular accounts of the results of its experimental work as station publications. The college authorities should take special pains to explain and reiterate to the public that the station is the source of new knowledge, while the extension department is an agency for disseminating infor- mation. It will doubtless take considerable time to impress this dis- tinction on the mind of a public which is just beginning to appreciate the difi'erence between the educational work of the college and the experimental work of the station. In the end, however, this distinc- tion will be apparent to every intelligent person, and then the position of the stations as research institutions will be stronger and more satisfactor}^ than at present, or than it can ever be while they are performing such miscellaneous functions as they now do in most cases. Once relieved of compiling publications and a vast miscellaneous correspondence, the stations can devote themselves to experimental work with renewed enthusiasm, and under such circumstances it is I'easonable to expect that they will have so much greater success in obtaining new knowledge that they will be able to impress themselves much more strongly on both scientific and practical men as the foun- tain heads of agricultural advancement. At the same time the exten- sion departments will spread much more widely the practical results of the work of the stations and other agencies, create and satisfy a wider demand for information of immediately practical usefulness, and drive home the necessity and advantage of improved agricultural methods to the multitudes of farmers who now are indifferent or unwilling to depart from traditional routine. Together the stations and the extension departments will supply the material for stronger courses of instruction and the incentive for enterprising yomig people to make a thorough study of agriculture, with the result that our agricultural colleges and schools will be flooded with students. Thus we shall have a broader and stronger American system of agricultural education and research. The time has come for differentiation of function and organization along the three 'great lines of experimental inquiry, interior instruction, and exterior dissemination of information. The sooner and more com- 504 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. pletely this differentiation is made the better it will be for American agricultural institutions and for American agriculture and people. A widespread and lively interest in the development of secondary instruction in agriculture was evident from the character of the dis- cussion of this subject in the Portland convention. The dominant note in all of this discussion was the necessity of coordinating and harmonizing agricultural instruction, as far as possible, with the present educational systems and methods of the country. This Avas made evident by formal action of the convention in indorsing the view that "(1) agriculture, including horticulture and forestry, should be a regular part of public secondary education; (2) the unity of our educational system should be maintained, but there should be sufficient elasticity of curriculum to meet the various needs of our people ; (3) the standard of the curriculum of secondary schools having agricultural courses should conform in a general way to those adopted for the general school system of the State; (4) the standard agricultural courses, whether in the ordinary high schools or in spe- cial schools, should not be narrowly vocational, but should aim to fit the pupils for life as progressive, broad-minded, and intelligent men and women, citizens and homemakers, as well as farmers and horti- culturists." In connection with this discussion the fact was also brought out that it is clearly the prevailing sentiment in the association that secondary work should be definitely differentiated from college work in our agricultural colleges. This involves the establishment of standard requirements for entrance to and graduation from these institutions, and the definite organization of secondary schools or courses for those students who are not qualified to enter the college. While our agricultural colleges can not at once give up all secondary instruction, they can definitely recognize it as a distinct branch of work, and by aiding in the establishment of separate secondary schools and courses can hasten the day when all secondary instruc- tion in agriculture will be given outside the agricultural college. On the other hand, the association by formal resolution indorsed the maintenance in everj^ State receiving the benefits of the land- grant act of 1862 of an institution of distinctly collegiate grade in which agriculture should be a leading subject of instruction. The meaning of this action is that the friends of agricultural education believe that pedagogically agriculture should be developed in strong and broad courses of college grade in the land-grant institutions, under whatever name these may have been organized. In some States this will make it necessary for these institutions to advance entrance requirements and broaden and strengthen agricultural courses for candidates for the bachelor's -degree. But whatever needs EDITORIAL. 505 to be done in these directions those institutions should be encouraged to do, to the end that agriculture and agricultural students may have the services of as thoroughly organized and equipped institutions of collegiate grade as are j^rovided for any other branch of science or industry. Agriculture is a broad and complex subject. The persons needing agricultural instruction are very numerous and diverse. A proper American system of agricultural education will include many grades and kinds of instruction and different classes of institutions. But above everything else American agriculture needs broad and strong institutions of higher education in agriculture, in which the leaders of agricultural progress may be trained. We should, then, go on as fast as possible in building and strengthening at least one agricul- tural college in every State and Territory, making it in every respect a genuine and thoroughgoing institution of collegiate grade. At the same time provision should be made for agricultural schools and courses to meet the needs of the masses of our agricultural people. We have the means to do all of these things, and the future welfare of our countr}' demands that we do them promptly. CONVENTION OF ASSOCIATION OF AMERICAN AGRICULTURAL COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS, 1909. The twenty-third annual convention of the association, held at Portland, Greg., August 18-20, 1909, was the second in the history of the association to be held west of the Eocky Mountains, the first being at San Francisco in July, 1899. The convention was well attended, about 150 delegates and visitors being present, and an interesting i)rogramme was presented. Meetings of the Association of Farmers' Institute Workers and of the Society for the Promotion of Agricultural Science Avere held just before that of the association, and the date of the convention was so timed as to permit delegates to attend also the Irrigation Congress at Spokane, Wash., and the meetings of the British Association for the Advancement of Science at Winnipeg and of the Association of Official Agricultural Chemists at Denver. The sessions of the con- vention were held in the parlors of the Portland Hotel and in the assembly hall of the Commercial Club of Portland, the courtesies of which were freely extended to the members of the association. Owing to the absence of President M. A. Scovell, of Kentucky, on account of illness, the general sessions were presided over by Vice-President W. J. Kerr, of Oregon. The report of the executive committee, submitted by W. E. Stone, of Indiana, in the absence of Chairman W. O. Thompson, of Ohio, reviewed briefly the activities of the committee during the past year. Particular attention was called to the importance of more general support of the Graduate School of Agriculture. In reply to an inquiry as to whether the pension of a professor partly engaged in research work would be based on his whole salary or only on the part which he receives for teaching. President Pritchett, of the Car- negie Foundation, stated to the committee that in his judgment " the trustees of the Foundation would never make any discrimination in such cases so long as the professor concerned did a certain amount of teaching." The committee's report also raised the question of the advisability of the association publishing its own proceedings, and a committee, consisting of E. Davenport, A. B. Storms, and E, A. Brj^an, w^as ap- pointed to consider this matter as well as the representation of the association before the Carnegie Foundation. This committee recom- 506 CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 507 mended that " the representation of the interests of this body before the Carnegie Board shall rest with the executive committee itself, with the understanding tliat it may secure any and all assistance necessary to the adequate representation of the varied interests in- volved.'' It further reconnnended the i)ublication of the proceedings in full at the expense of the association if found necessary, the pro- ceedings to be edited and prepared for publication by the secretary. Ill his report as bibliographer, A. C. True, of this Office, discussed the station library and its use. He pointed out the need in many cases of more systematic attention to the library and bibliographical work, and urged that the station should have, if possible, the services of some person trained in library and bibliographical matters who may give his time and energy quite fully to the special requirements of the station along these lines. In addition to the collection, safe- guarding, filing, and general care of the documents and jiublications bearing on the work of the stations, " the station investigations may be gi'eatly aided and promoted by having some person who can assist in looking up references, in making excerpts, and in making and taking care of indexes and doing bibliographical work of a miscella- neous character. . . . To cover this Avork the stations do not need a librarian simply, in the ordinary acceptation of the term, but rather what ma}' be called a bibliographical aid, some one who has some scientific knowledge and who is properly trained so as to give efficient aid in bibliographical matters to the station staff." The report of the committee on graduate study, presented by How- ard Edwards, of Rhode Island, reported progress in the organization of the next Graduate School of Agriculture, which is to be held at Iowa State College at Ames, with A. C. True of this Office as dean. A plea was made for more general subscription for the support of the school. Tlie report of the committee on instruction in agriculture, pre- sented by A. C. True, briefly referred to a proposed outline of courses in animal husbandry and dairying. Dr. True also presented a brief report for the committee on history of agricultural education, embodying certain data regarding the earl}'^ develoj)ment of agricul- tural education in Illinois, Michigan, New York, and South Carolina. The following resolution, originating in the college section, was adopted by the association : " That it is the sense of this association that the national laws which constitute the charter of the land- grant colleges distinctly prescribe work of collegiate grade in agri- culture and the mechanic arts, including engineering in all its branches, and the sciences related to the industries, irrespective of whether the colleges are established separately or as partes of univer- sities." 10377— No. 6—09 2 508 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. An interesting discussion of the important subject of agricultural education in secondarj^ schools was opened by Dr. True, in a paper in which he reviewed the present status of the subject, classified the institutions giving secondary instruction in agriculture, and sug- gested ways in which such instruction could be developed in harmony with the present educational systems of the country. He summed up his views of what he considered perhaps ideal conditions as follows : "Agriculture, including horticulture and forestry, should be a regu- lar part of public secondary education; second, the unity of our educational system should be maintained, but there should be suffi- cient elasticit}^ of curriculum to meet the various needs of our people ; third, the standard of the curriculum of secondary schools having agricultural courses should conform in a general way to those adopted for the general school system of the State; fourth, the standard agricultural courses, whether in the ordinary high schools or in special schools, should not be narrowW vocational, but should aim to fit the pupils for life as progressive, broad-minded, and intelligent men and women, citizens and homemakers, as well as farmers and horticulturists." Some disapproval of separate and distinct agricultural high schools wjis expressed in the general discussion which followed, but there seemed to be quite general agreement that in any case the agricultural instruction should be carefully coordinated with the existing educa- tional systems. L. H. Bailey, of New York, thought that in the dis- cussion of this subject a clear distinction should be made between what is strictly secondary instruction and what is merely special training. The importance of separate agricultural high schools as finishing or vocational schools, and as a means of training teachers of agriculture for the elementary schools, Avas also brought out in the course of the discussion. The general views expressed in Dr. True's paper Avere indorsed b}- formal vote of the convention, and the advance publication of the paper was requested." An address was delivered by L. H. Bailey, of New York, on The Better Preparation of Men for College and Station Work. The sub- ject was discussed from the fourfold standpoint of the necessit}^ of (1) developing a spirit of scientific inquiry, (2) letting one's work propagate itself, (3) developing an incentive of self-help in one's constituency, and (4) insisting on a certain kind of preparation in the college. The necessity for a broad educational foundation was emphasized with special force, and too early or narroAv specialization was strongly deprecated. The need of greater facilities than are noAV available for the broad and thorough post-graduate training of O' U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 91. CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 509 specialists was pointed out. The attitude of the investigator or in- structor toward his work was considered " just as important as the work itself," and it was urged that no person can be considered pre- pared for college or station work who does not possess the scientific spirit. " "We may well rest content that our work w'ill propagate itself if the work is well done and enthusiastically presented." The best work for state or national constituency is that which inspires that constituency to help itself. Professor Bailey thought that only maturer and more experienced men should be put in full charge of very responsible w'ork, and that more time should be given to the training of persons for such work. The equivalent of a good high-school training, a regular four-year college course, and a thorough post-graduate training, leading first to a master's degree and ultimately to a doctor's degree, was con- sidered necessary. " In order that a post-graduate degree may mean something, it is important not only that the post-graduate w^ork itself is good, but that only those persons be allowed to candidacy who give evidence of being intelligently able to pursue the work with satisfaction." The report of the committee on extension work, presented by K. L. Butterfield, of Massachusetts, advocated the formation of a new sec- tion of the association on extension work, a federal appropriation to the States and to the U. S. Department of Agriculture for extension work, the franking privilege for extension publications, and the organization of separate extension departments by the land-grant colleges. At a later session of the convention the recommendation with reference to amendment of the constitution to provide for a section on extension work was taken up, and after discussion was adopted by formal vote. This amendment provides for " a section on extension work composed of directors or superintendents of exten- sion departments in the institutions in this association, or the repre- sentatives of such departments duly and specifically accredited to this section." The other recommendations of the committee were approved. The report of the committee on station organization and policy Avas confined to a consideration of methods of dissemination of the results of station investigations, and dealt with the questions of improving present means of publication and of securing a common medium of publishing the results of station research work. In the opinion of the committee " every legitimate effort should be made to aid the agricultural press in presenting the station work to the people at large in a popular form. To this end abstracts of bulletins should >be furnished to the press and also illustrative material by way of cuts, charts, etc." The committee also advocated greater atten- tion to the organization of cooperative and demonstration work, 510 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. and recommended that short normal courses be held at the colleges or independent stations prior to the beginning of the farmers' insti- tute season. The report expressed the opinion that the bulletins should be con- fined to the results of research and a general description of the work, should bear the date of publication, and should be paged continu- ously throughout a given volume, each volume to have a table of contents, title page, and complete index, so printed that they can be easily removed and placed in proper position without cutting to single pages. Electrotyping was advocated to permit of reprints. "All publications dealing with inspection work of whatever kind should be published under a series known as ' Official Inspections.' . . . The annual report, if merely embracing the financial statements and a brief summary of the work of the year, should be issued as a 'bulletin.' If it is of large size and is made a repository of matter of permanent value, it should have its own table of contents, title page, and index." The connnittee strongly advocated the establishment of a journal of agricultural research, and outlined in considerable detail a plan for the management and maintenance of such an organ. This plan was indorsed by the association, and the matter was placed in charge of the executive committee with authority to act. A report of the committee on affiliation of agricultural organiza- tions was presented by H. J. Waters, chairman. The report favored affiliation, and indorsed the resolution of the Society for the Promo- tion of Agricultural Science inviting the affiliation of several agri- cultural organizations and outlining a basis for such affiliation. The proposed i^lan insures the full autonomy of the separate societies, but provides for a representative council, affiliated meetings just preceding those of the Association of American Agricultural Col- leges and Experiment Stations, and an annual report by the council. In a paper on The Conservation of Our Natural Resources, L. G. Carj^enter, of Colorado, stated that there never had been greater reason for optimistic faith in the future than at the present time, and that utilization rather than mere conservation should be the con- trolling principle in dealing with the natural resources of the coun- try. He held that even if certain resources are exhausted we have no reason to assume that future generations will not be able to meet such emergencies by providing efficient substitutes. " AVliile we may sympathize most heartily Avith the objects of conservation, and espe- cially with the attempt to restrain speculative uses, I do not think it follows that there is any necessity of a needless panic. On the other hand, there has never been a time when there is so much reason for optimistic faith in the future or in the meeting of the problems as they arise. A failure in such faith is generally due to a lack of CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 511 knowledge or of fundamental faith in a beneficent Providence, and a resultant feeling that the individual must shoulder the responsi- bility of thinking for the race."' At one of the evening sessions L. H. Bailey, by special request, briefly described the work of the Commission on Country Life. Officers were chosen for the ensuing year as follows: President, "W. J. Kerr, of Oregon; vice-presidents, H. J. Waters, of Kansas; VI. P. Brooks, of Massachusetts; C. A. Lory, of Colorado; P. H. Tvolfs, of Florida ; and L. Foster, of New Mexico ; secretary-treasurer, J. L. Hills, of Vermont; bibliographer, A. C. True, of Washing- ton, D. C. The annual vacancies in standing committees were filled as fol- loAvs: Committee on instruction in agriculture, J. F. Duggar, of Ala- bama, and W. E. Stone, of Indiana ; committee on graduate stud}', W. O. Thomi^son, of Ohio, and Brown Ayres, of Tennessee ; commit- tee on extension work, A. M. Soule, of Georgia, and E. A. Burnett, of Nebraska; committee on experiment station organization and policy, M. A. Scovell, of Kentucky, and L. G. Carpenter, of Colorado. The following officers of sections were chosen : College section, S. Avery, of Nebraska, chairman, and W. D. Gibbs, of New Hampshire, secretarv; station section, F. B. Linfield, of Montana, chairman, and H. L. Russell, of Wisconsin, secretary; section on extension work, A. M. Soule, of Georgia, chairman, and G. I. Christie, of Indiana, secretary. SECTION ON COLLEGE WORK AND ADMINISTRATION. The following topics were discussed in this section: (1) The Dis- tinctive Work of the Land-Grant Colleges — Their Function, Scope, and Organization; (2) Entrance Requirements and Standards for Land-Grant Colleges; (3) Function of Land-Grant Colleges; (-t) How Can the Agricultural Colleges Best Serve the Farmers in Solving Rural Problems. The first topic was presented in a paper by A. B. Storms. He be- lieved that the independently-established colleges were more dis- tinctly typical of the norm contemplated in the original Morrill Law than those established in connection with vState universities, and that there are good pedagogic and administrative reasons for main- taining them as separate institutions. In reference to organization he favored a strong organic unity of all the college departments, as against a degree of independence that encourages '' department pro- vincialism." The ability of men, especially of the heads of co- ordinate departments, to work and fit with other men without fric- tion, was emphasized as a necessary requisite in the working com- promise that must always be made between technical and administra- tive efficiency. The speaker deprecated the zeal for large enroll- 512 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ments at the expense of entrance requirements sufficiently advanced to insure thorough college work, and he believed that the land-grant colleges could not consistently do less than to insist upon four years of approved high-school work as a condition of entrance. The discussion of this paper was led by E. A. Bryan and Howard Edwards. The former emphasized the fact that the entire group of separate land-grant colleges and land-grant departments of State universities together constitute the basis of a national system of edu- cation. He believed this solidarity of interests should be fostered among the institutions represented in the association, and cautioned against a too narrow conception of the scope of education contem- plated in the land-grant acts. For example, the teaching of agri- culture in all productive lines is much further advanced than is the teaching of methods for distributing and marketing farm products in an economic way. President Edwards's contribution to this discussion was mainly directed to the formulation of an answer to the question which had been asked him by the president of the Carnegie Foundation : What is the definite function of the separate agricultural colleges? He called attention to the more restrictive language of the act of 1890 as compared with that of 1862, and proposed a set of resolutions designed to express the understanding of the association on the sub- ject of the question. See p. 507.) President Butterfield raised a question concerning the proper place for college extension work and its director in the functions of the college. President Storms held that the head of each main depart- ment of the college should have general oversight of "the instruc- tional, research, and extension w^ork of his department, each of these phases being more particularly in the hands of an assistant, and that the general director of the extension department should cooperate with the other department heads and their subordinate assistants in charge of extension work. The entrance requirements and standards for land-grant colleges was presented in a paper by J. L. Snyder. He believed that en- trance requirements were purely a local problem, dependent in each State upon the advancement of the secondary schools within reach of the people ; but that graduation requirements should be practically uniform in all the colleges, and in keeping with traditional under- standings in regard to the worth of academic degrees. The speaker particularly^ deprecated the tendency to alter land-grant college en- trance requirements in order to ineet the conditions of pension benefits on the Carnegie Foundation. "As the public educational system develops in each State, standards for college entrance will advance. They should be sufficiently high to serve as a stimulus to secondary CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 513 schools, but not so far advanccMl as to create a gap between the public school system and institutions of higher learning." "\V, E. Stone heart il}^ indorsed the main features of this paper, and emphasized further the view that the high schools of a State have an independent dut}^ toward their constituencies, as finishing schools for those who do not go on to college. He believed that " the colleges should adjust their requirements to what is proper for the high schools to do." President MacLean emphasized the necessity of frequent readjust- ment between the school, whether secondary or collegiate, and its constituency. The uniformity which has become almost standard throughout the country must be tempered with a variable content in the curriculum which is specially adapted to local conditions. Under the third topic, H. J. Waters discussed the Function of Land-Grant Colleges in Promoting Collegiate and Graduate Instruc- tion in Agriculture Outside of the Course of the Graduate School. In a rapid survey of the development of college work in recent years, he pointed out the fact that the pressure of attendance and of outside calls for information had seriously hindered the development of superior teaching and further research. " We have been giving the world the benefit of the discoveries of science for the past fifteen or twenty years; . . . but to do this alone or even chiefly is fatal to progress. The farmer will soon catch up with the college teacher, and then all opportunity for leadership is lost." The speaker held that upon the experiment station devolves the duty of " making an exact science of agriculture." Higher standards of teaching will now be required, as well as better equipment for research. He be- lieved that the resources of the experiment station should be utilized in developing graduate work, and gave illustrations of how this had been done in his own college. The paper closed with the suggestion that the DeiDartment of Agriculture demand graduate preparation for its employees, in order effectively to encourage graduate study in the colleges. In discussing this paper, L. H. Bailey emphasized the thought that careful discrimination must be used in determining what men should be permitted to take graduate work, so as to eliminate those who have a history of failure or inefficiency. He would allow no station work- ers to have any stated part in undergraduate instruction, but w^ould use their abilities in graduate teaching germane to the lines of their own research work. The second division of this topic. The Function of the Land- Grant College in Promoting Agricultural Education in Secondary Schools, Avas presented by E. A. Burnett. He maintained that the college can not escape the responsibility of directing the lines along 514 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Avhich progress is made. Of the two methods so far proposed for meeting the recognized demand for secondary industrial work, namely, the addition of agricultural courses in ordinary high schools, and the establishment of distinctive agi'icultural high schools serving an area of several counties, the first method, as so far illustrated in certain Nebraska high schools, he did not consider at all adequate to the requirements. The agricultural high school he believed likely to be deficient on the cultural side, unless it duplicates much of the literary work of the ordinary high school. To avoid this undesirable duplication, he favored the institution of strong secondary agricul- tural courses and equipment in connection with existing high schools favorabl}^ situated for serving a large country constituency. A\liere such courses are located in connection with agricultural colleges the speaker believed they should take over a considerable part of the technical agricultural work of secondary grade, thus permitting the strengthening of the purely collegiate work in agriculture; but he did not regard such schools as the proper type for isolated agricul- tural high schools. He believed that the distributed establishment of secondary agricultural schools would ultimately strengthen the support given to the colleges. In discussing this paper. Dean Davenport contended that there is no need for the establishment of distinctive agricultural schools for secondary work. He described the public-school men as ready and anxious to introduce agricultural courses, in order to hold the boys who are deserting the ordinary high schools for work which appeals more strongly to their interests. He illustrated his remarks by several successful examples in his own State, and cited the case of Minnesota, with sixty-five high schools applying for the privilege of introducing an agricultural course with State aid when the law permitted only ten, as another emphatic illustration of the trend of public-school sentiment. The task now is to put vocational agri- culture "within walking or riding distance" of every boy on the farm, and he believed the high schools are ready for this expansion. E. J. Wickson presented the fourth topic of the programme, on the relation of the agricultural colleges to the solution of rural prob- lems. It was contended that "the truth which our agriculture now most urgently needs is not to be gained by extending investigation in the physical sciences nor in the application of the results to agri- cultural practice, though both are desirable." Research is now needed in rural economics and sociology. Professor Wickson urged, therefore, that the agricultural colleges should broaden their research and instruction in such subjects as economics and social science, and that in universities with agricultural courses these subjects should be treated from an agricultural point of view. CONVENTION OF COLLEGES AND EXPERIMENT STATIONS. 515 Discussing this subject, J. H. Worst emphasized the importance of teaching the "hereditary farmer" ways of utilizing the develop- ments of modern science for equij^ping the rural home with domestic and sanitary conveniences; and A. B. Cordley held that the best assistance that can be given the farmer is a local demonstration of the commercial success of a scientific system of farming adapted to his own conditions. Such a system must be so devised as not only to b6 profitable to the individual farmer, but also to conserve and increase the fertility of the soil. It can not be regarded as success- ful if it fails in either of these respects. SECTION ON EXPERIMENT STATION WORK. The topics discussed in this section were The Relation of the Sta- tion Director to the Members of His Staff, The General Problems of Irrigation and Methods of xVttacking Them Experimentally, and Seepage and Drainage and Their Relation to Irrigation. Under the first topic, E. Davenport discussed three theories of ad- ministrative policy, (1) that in which the director is the source of all authority, (2) that in which the director is nothing more nor less than a presiding officer with no authority whatever, and (3) that which aims to secure the business facility and, upon occasion, the ad- ministrative strength of the first without interfering with the per- sonal initiative of the staff worker. The third policy of administra- tion was approved on the ground that it makes the director to a large extent an impersonal officer and promotes the personal initiative of the worker and thus increases the efficiency 'of the work. A. D. Selby, of Ohio, thought the nature of the work must de- termine the character of the administration. He held it to be a special duty of the director to insure timeliness and continuity of sup- port for the work of station men. H. J, WHieeler and H. L. Russell thought it was not good administrative policy to apportion the funds too closely in advance, but that this apportionment should be left to a large extent in the hands of the director. In any case a considerable reserve should be kept for emergencies. J. L. Hills stated that he had used a budget with 10 per cent reserve based upon expenditures of two previous years. Frequent conferences with station men were advocated by E. Davenport. The need of closer supervision of the more scientific work was pointed out by H. J. Wheeler and A. C. True. H. L. Russell and L. G. Carpenter commended the project system of keeping track of the work in progress. In connection with the proposal for a journal of agricultural science (see p. 510) C. D. Woods presented a consensus of opinion of station directors favoring the establishment of such a medium of publication. 516 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The technical subjects on the programme, irrigation and drainage, were treated in papers by J. A. Widtsoe, of Utah, and E. L. Tannatt, of Montana. The first emphasized the fact that if principles of irri- gation are well understood practical methods will be readily pro- vided. Attention was called to the controlling influence of culture, fertility, and other factors upon the water requirements of plants. Irrigation was shown to be a powerful agent in controlling the growth and character of the plant. Finally it was pointed out that irrigation investigations require the cooperation of several specialists for their thorough and successful prosecution. Mr. Tannatt's paper on seepage and drainage dealt with some of the engineering difficulties encountered in the conveyance of irriga- tion water to the land, and some means of overcoming these diffi- culties and reclaiming the lands which have been rendered unpro- ductive by seepage waters. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. Biochemical pocket manual, W. Glikin {Biochcmischcs Taschcnhuch. Bciiiiu I'JOD, pp. Xll+J.'fS). — This volume is desigued as a ready reference boolc for biologists, pharmacists, agricultural chemists, students of nutrition, and others. It sunnnarizes a large amount of valuable data arranged systematically under such subheads as air, water, the analysis of foods, condiments and food- stuffs, beer, wine, nutrition, physical data, specific gravity, and percentage con- tent of solutions, reagents, weights and measures, an"d similar subjects. The general characters of the proteins, S. B. Schryver {London, Neiv York, and Calcutta, 1D09, pp. X+86; rev. in Lancet [London], 1909, I, No. 23, p. I(i06).- — In this monograph the author considers the physical properties of the proteins, their general chemical character, and biological methods for their iden- tification and ditferentiation. It is his purpose, he states, " to review the chief properties of the proteins, with the object of determining how far they are of value for devising methods of isolation and identification of individual members of the class." A bibliography is included in this volume and an index is provided. A new method of extracting a phosphorus compound of vegetable origin (phytin), A. Contardi {Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sei. Fis., Mat. c Nat., 5. scr., 18 (1909), I, No. 2, t>p. 6-',-Gl ; aU. in Cheni. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 13, p. 1102). — According to the author's investigations, the phosphorus compounds in plants behave like ordinary esters except that they are more difficultly saponifi- able with alkalis. In the experimental data reported rice brau was heated under pressure with acid, with alkali, and with water alone. The determination of iodin in protein combinations, I>. W. RiGciS {Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 31 {1909), No. 6, pp. 7iO-7J 7). —According to the author's investigations, " 10 cc. Nessler tubes of clear white glass, and giving a column of liquid 10 cm. in length, yield more delicate readings with dilute solutions of iodin in carbon tetrachlorid than larger sized tubes of a Duboscq colorimeter. "A portion of the iodin is oxidized to iodate during the fusion and may be lost unless subse(juently reduced. Devarda's alloy was used as the reducing agent. The reduction is particularly necessary in the analysis of proteins containing but a small proportion of iodin. " Excess of nitrous acid fails to reduce iodates so that the iodin can be esti- mated colorimetrically in carbon tetrachlorid solution, and a sufficient excess of nitrous acid will modify or discharge the color of a carbon tetrachlorid solution of iodin. Too great a quantity of sodium nitrate must not be added during the fusion, or an excess of nitrous acid will be formed upon acidifying. " Mixtures of protein substances and i)otassium iodid subjected to analysis by the for.egoing process do not give results comparable wuth those obtained from the analysis of a protein substance containing combined iodin, such as thyroid gland tissue." 517 518 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Chemical technology and analysis of oils, fats, and waxes, J. Lewkowitsch (London, 1D09, J/, ed., rev. and enl., vols. 1, pp. XX+o.',2, figs. 5h' 2, pp. XI+S16, figs. 20; 3, pp. VIII+J1O6, figs. 28). — This new edition has been revised and en- larged to include recent investigations and statistical data on the commercial importance of oils, fats, and waxes. More attention has been given to the manufacturing processes and to the historical development of analytical processes than in earlier editions. Emulsified oils, fatty acid industry, and technology of waxes are titles of new sections which have been added. The footnotes contain complete references to patent literature. Theory of the hydrolysis of fats and oils, J. Kellner (Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 50, p. JfSS, fig. 1; al)s. in Jour. 80c. Chein. Indns., 28 {1909), No. 10, p. 531). — In 3 analyses of palm-nut oil the respective amounts of glycerol found were 12.16, 5.2S, and 2.11 per cent, as against 10.22, 3.17, and 1.37 per cent theoretically required for a quadrimolecular hydrolysis. The author con- cludes that mono- and diglycerids are present in fats partially hydrolyzed in an autoclave either by means of zinc oxid or of water alone, but not in those hydrolyzed with an aqueous solution of alkali under atmospheric pressure. Investig'ation of linolenic acid in linseed oil, E. Erdmann and F. Bedford {Ber. Dent. (Jhcm. GeselL, 42 {1909), No. 6, pp. 132^-1333; abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, pp. 530, 531).— A yield of 15.3 per cent of lino- lenic hexabromid was obtained from the mixed fatty acids of the oil. The authors term the acid which yields tbe hexabromid a-linolenic acid. Other data are reported. Constitution of linolenic acid, E. Erdmann, F. Bedford, and F. Raspe {Ber, Deut. Chcm. GeselL, 1,2 {1909), No. 6, pp. 133.',-13',6; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chcm. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, p. 5.3i).— "The linolenic acid obtained by the reduc- tion of the hexabromid from the mixed fatty acids of linseed oil [see previous abstract] when treated with ozone, yields a mixture of two ozouids, CisHaoOn (or ozonid-peroxids, CisHsoOis), while the ethyl esters form' ozonids with the composition, C-oHsiOn (or C20H34O12)." Oil of colocynth seeds, C. Grimaldi and L. Prussia {Bol. Chim. Farm., J,8 {1909), pp. 93-95; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 18, p. l.>,89; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, p. 531). — " Colocynth seeds from Algiers, when extracted with carbon tetrachlorid, yielded a yellowish-red oil showing a faint green fluorescence and having a somewhat bitter taste and a slight odor char- acteristic of oils from Cucurbitacejne. The oil was soluble in boiling absolute alcohol, and in ether, petroleum ether, chloroform, benzin, carbon bisulphid, and amyl alcohol, but only slightly soluble in boiling 95 per cent alcohol." Preparation and chief characters of samphire oil, F. Borde {Bui. Sci. Pharmacol., 16 {1909), pp. 132-142; abs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, No. 19, pp. 1566, 1567; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 11, pp. 623, 63^).— Analytical data are reported of oils obtained from the leaves, stalks, and fruit of the sam- phire plant {Critlunuin muritimu)ii). Analysis of the oil from the seeds of Symphonia g^lobulifera, .J. E. South- combe {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, pp. J,99, 500).— Analytical constants are reported. Some Sudan fats and oils, W. Beam {Rpt. Wellcome Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 {1908), pp. 4i2-//i.)).— Analytical data are reported of oils obtained from Balanites cegyptiaca, Butyrospermum parlcii, and Lophira alata. The composition of shea butter, J. E. Southcombe {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, p. 499).— The author reports analytical data on shea butter, which Is used with considerable success in soap making. AGRICULTURAL, CHEMISTRY. 519 "Two viirieties of Bas.'iia iHirhii are known, the fruit of which yields fats of slijihtly different i)roi)erties, namely, shea nuts and Ivariti nuts. The fats from tliese different varieties are frequently spoken of indifferently as shea butter, but the constants of the resi»ective fats present marked differences. . . . In the author's experience the kariti nut always yields considerably less fat of lower melting point and higher iodiu value than the shea nut. . . . The insoluble acids in shea butter are oleic, stearic, and lauric, with a possible small quantity of linolic, and accordingly from the iodiu value of the mixed fatty acids we are able to calculate the approximate percentage composition, namely, oleic acid 60 per cent, stearic acid 30 to 35 per cent, lauric acid 3 to 4 per cent." The soy bean and its probable effect on the markets ( Oil, I'liint luid Diikj Rvixirtcr, l/i {l!)0!)), No. 25, pi). 7, 8). — It is pointed out that the recent large shipments of soy beans to P]urope indicate that in the future llie oil and cake of the soy bean are destined to compete in some degree with linseed, cotton-seed, and corn products. Sugar; a handbook for planters and refiners, J. A. K. and H. K. 11. Nkwlands {London and New York, 1909, pp. XXXVI+87ii, pis. 12, flffs. 236). — This is a new adition of a work published some time ago under the title of Sugar Grow- ing and Refining. The matters treated ai'e the culture of sugai'-yiolding plants and the manufacture, refining, and analysis of cane, beet, palm, maple, melon, sorghum, and starch sugars, with copious statistics of their production and commerce, and a chapter on the distillation of rum. Influence of clarification on the valuation of raw sugars and molasses containing invert sugar, II. C. Prinsen Geerligs (Intrrnat. ^iif/ar Jour., 11 {1909), No. 126, pp. 276-281). — Methods prescribed by various authorities are summarized. The author proposes that " solutions of sugars, molasses, etc., in which it is desired to determine the invert sugar (glucose, or reducing sugars) should if alkalin (by phenol])hthalein) be neutralized with acetic acid and the neutral or acid solution be clarified with lead subacetate, the excess of the lead salt being removed from the filtrate by the addition of sodium carbonate, sodium sulphate, or other suitable precipitant." Diastases. Methods of research, and progress made, r. Thomas {Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 {1909), Nos. 2, pp. 41-52; 3, pp. 89-100; 4, pp. 137-152).— A review and summary, with bibliography appended. The determination of nitrogen in nitrates by means of stannous chlorid and iron filings, A. Kleiber {Chem. Ztfj., 33 {1909), No. 53, pp. ^79, 480; ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 10, p. 521; Analyst, 34 {1909), No. S99, p. 294). — The method is in brief as follows: To 7.5 cc. of a solution of 10 gm. of the substance in 150 cc. of water, add 5 gm. of solid commercial stannous chlorid, 15 cc. of concentrated hydrochloric acid, and 4 to 5 gm. of iron filings. Heat for 15 minutes on a water bath or on a wire gauze over a small flame, add 90 to 100 cc. of water, a piece of paraffin wax as large as a pea, if necessary, and about 40 cc. of concentrated caustic soda. Distill over a large flame so that distillation is complete in half an hour. Collect the distillate in 20 cc. of half-normal sulphuric acid and titrate with fourth-normal baryta solution. Deduct 0.2 from the number of cubic centimqters of baryta solution used as a correction for the ammonia left behind in the distilling flask. The. preparation of soil samples for chemical analysis, G. M. MacNider {Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 {1909), No. 7, pp. ////7--'///.9).— Studies of "the proper sized sieve to use in preparing soil samples for chemical analysis when 520 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. the total amounts of plant food elements are to be determined" are reported. From the results of a chemical examination of soils prepared by passing samples thronjjh 0.5 and 2 mm. sieves the author concludes that "if we assume that the particles of soil less than 2 mm. in diameter fairly represent what should be termed the soil from which the plant derives its food, it is evident that in making determinations of the total phint food, the analysis if made on a sample prepared through a sieve with perforations less than 2 mm. in diameter, i. e., 0.5 mm., will show the soil to contain considerably more plant food than the soil from which the plant must derive its food and hence does not fairly represent the composition of the soil." On methods of aqueous extraction, S. A. Zakhakov (Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Londic], 10 (1909), No. 1, pp. 35-67, figs. 4)-— A systematic study of the influence of the factors of time and mass of solvent was made by the author, who conducted his experiments on a number of different kinds of soil. Eight soils were treated (200 gm. of soil and 800 gm. of water) during periods of 2 minutes, 24 hours, 3 days, and 7 days. The results showed that with the increase of the time of digestion a certain increase of the amount of dissolved substances took place, the increase varying greatly with the nature of the soils. The readily soluble compounds, however, always went into solution very rapidly. Hence, in the opinion of the author, for certain practical purposes two-minute shaking of the soil with water is sufficient. Tests were also made using water and soil in the ratios 4 : 1, S : 1, 16 : 1, 32 : 1, and 64 : 1. The results obtained showed that an increase of the amount of the solvent was accompanied by an increase of the amount of dissolved substances. The solubility of the chlorids and other easily soluble compounds, however, was very slightly or not at all dependent upon the amount of the solvent. The determination of potash in soils, P. de Sobnay (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill, 26 (1909), No. 10, pp. 976-978; abs. in Chcm. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 15, p. 1791). — In the method proposed oxalic acid is added to the nitric acid and hydrochloric acid solution of the soil until frothing ceases and the calcium is precipitated. The mass is then evaporated to dryness and heated strongly until the oxalates are decomposed. The potash and soda are dissolved in water, converted into chlorids. and determined as chloroplatinates. The method is rapid and easily manipulated and gives results which agree well with those obtained with older methods. Determination of potash in soils as phosphomolybdate, P. de Sornay (Bui. Assoc. Chim. Sucr. et Distill., 26 (1909), No. 10, pp. 978-9S0; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 15, p. 1791). — On precipitation of known solutions of nitrate, chlorid, and sulphate of potash with phosphomolybdic acid the author found that the potash did not combine with the acid in constant proportions. He concludes, therefore, that this method does not give accurate results in the determination of potash in soils. Potash tests in mixed fertilizers, J. E. Breckenridge (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chcm., 1 (1909), No. 7, pp. Jt09-Jil3). — A comparison of the official method, using water as a solvent, with other methods in which weak acid was used to extract the potash, is reported. The author concludes from his tests that the additional potash removed by extraction with dilute acid is a part of that which was added in sToluble form but had become insoluble in water by mixture with other constituents of the fertilizer, probably l)y the formation of zeolites. The determination of oxids of iron and alumina in Florida phosphates, H. Herzog (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chem., 1 (1909), No. 7, pp. 477, Jt78). — \ modification of the Glaser method is described, the most important points of which are special precautions to eliminate fluoiin and the use of very hot water to wash the precipitate. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY. 521 The occurrence of fluorin in phosphates and the determination of fluorin in guano, (». Vmsrans (Ccuthl. Ziirkciin(lu.s., 11 (1909), No. 38, pp. 1116, 1117). — In a number of raw phospLates examined the fluorin content varial from about 1 per cent in coprolites to about 7 per cent in Estremadura and Algerian iibosphates. Florida pliospbate containing 5.54 per cent and Carolina pbospbate 2 to 3.5 per cent. In several jruanos examined tbe percentajie of fluorin was l?ss tban 1 per cent. Superi)bosi)bate prepared from Florida pbos- l)liate contained 1.33 per cent of fluorin. In several other superphosphates ex- amined tbe fluorin content was less tban 1 per cent. The Fresenius method is recommended as the most satisfactory for tbe gravimetric determination of fluorin. A method for the determination of nitrates in sewage and waters of high chlorin content, II. C. McKak (Adici: Jour. Pub. Uikj.. 19 (1909), No. 2, pp. 307-SII). — A metbod based upon tbe coloration produced wben narcotin dis- solvetl in sulphuric acid is added to tbe nitrate solution is described. The interpretation of the results of chemical examination of water, H. Klut (Ber. Deut. Phann. GeselL, 19 (1909), No. 3, pp. UO-161 ; abs. in Chem. ZciitbL, 1909, I, No. 19, p. 1605). — This is a critical review and interi)retation of analytical results of water examination. The determination and meteorological value of the germ content of the upper layers of the air, M. Hahn (d'ntbJ. Bakt. [etc.], 1. Abt., Orig., 51 (1909), No. 2, pp. 91-llJi, clgms. 4)- — The apparatus and methods used in determining tbe germ content of tbe air by means of balloons are described, and tbe conditions which affect the germ content are discussed. The germ content and dust content of the air as a rule ran parallel. The conclusion is reached that bacteriological examinations of the air are of value only when tbe altitude, temperature, and moisture at the time of taking the sample are known. Swiss food book (Schtveizcrischcs Lebcnsmittelbuch. Bern, 1907, pt. -}, 2. rev. ed., pp. MII+-'f3). — Official metbods are given for the analysis of fresh and preserved eggs, fruit juices and sirups, preserves and jellies, artificially charged water and lemonade, honey, compressed yeast, commercial articles, and petroleum. A compendium of food microscopy, E. G. Clayton (London, 1909, pp. XXXIX+431, pi. 1, figs. 282).— This handbook, tbe author states, is compiled with additions and revision from A. H. Hassall's work on food and food adulter- ation. By means of reproductions of micropbotograpbs and drawings the identification of a large number of food materials of animal and vegetable origin is taken up. There are special sections on drugs, water, and tobacco. The book is prepared especially for tbe use of medical men, analysts, "and others interested in that important branch of public health work wbicb is con- cerned witli tbe purity of food, drink, and medicines." A new method for the quantitative examination with the microscope of pulverized plant products, A. Meyer (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 17 (1909), No. 9, pp. Jt97-50.'f, figs. 4). — An illustrated description of microscope attacbments for use in analytical woi'k. The detection of spoiled maize by means of the microscope, U. Brizi (Ric. Lnb. Cliini. Agr. R. Scuola toint was 39.1, the mean relative humidity 74.1. The mean annual precipitation was 44.84 iu. ; the greatest (1897), 57.05 in.; the least (1908), 30.68 in. The mean annual wind 526 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. movement was 51,430 miles; the greatest (1908), 63,571 miles; the least (1894), 36,257 luiles. The mean cloudiness observed was 52.35 per cent. Weather summary, Jj. E. Waldron (North Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Suhstu. 1908, pp. 37, 38). — Temperature and rainfall for each month of 1906, 1907, and 1908 are given for the substation at Dickinson, N. Dak. The highest temperature recorded during the 3 years was 102° F., September 7, 1908, the lowest, —35°, January 15, 1907. The average rainfall for the 3 years was 15.11 in., being below normal in 1907 and above normal in 1906 and 1908. As a whole, the 3 years were favorable to crop production. Distribution of temperature and humidity in the lower layers of the air in the presence of woody plants, L. Rudovitz (Abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 10 (1909), No. 2, jyp. 279-281).— The results of the investigations relating to temperature have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. 1011). As to the distribution of moisture on the soil and the plants, the observations show that in sunshine the maximum absolute humidity was most frequently noted near the surface of the soil and diminished with the distance from the latter. On the other hand, after rains the maximum absolute humidity was observed near the surface of the plant covering, diminishing both upward and downward. When there was no condensation of water vapor the maximum absolute humidity was near the surface of the covering, diminishing thence in both directions. On the other hand, when condensation began near the sur- face of the plant covering, where the greatest cooling occurred, the minimum absolute humidity was observed there, increasing in both directions. Dependence of yields on the chief meteorological factors, A. Lazakenko {Tyestnlk Russ. Selsk. Khoz., 1908, No. 24-28; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 10 {1909), No. 2, pp. 28Jf, 285). — From meteoro- logical data and records of the yields during the years 1893 to 1902 on an estate in the Government of Kharkov, the author draws the following conclusions : (1) The yields of both winter and summer cereals depend directly on the amount of precipitation during the entire period of growth and inversely on the sum of temperatures. Millet seemed to be an exception. (2) The yields of the winter cereals depended mainly on the precipitation during September and June, the periods of germination and early growth and of intensified growth and heading. The yields were inversely as the tempera- tures during those months. (3) Summer cereals are greatly influenced by the precipitation of the pre- ceding fall. (4) The yields of summer wheat and oats depended largely upon the precipi- tation during September. May, and June. (5) The yields of barley depended upon the precipitation during September, October, and June. (6) The gros^ yield of beets depended directly upon the precipitation and inversely upon the sums of temperature during the entire growing period (April seemed to be an exception — a higher temperature during that month appearing to be favorable for the growth of beets) ; while the quality of the yield was in- versely as the cloudiness during July, August, and September. On the relation between climate, fertilizing', and yield, H. Quante (Mitt. Landw. Inst. Breslau, Jf (1909), No-. 5, pp. 6^7-701, pis. 2, fig. i).— This article deals especially with statistical methods of so handling data bearing upon the relations of climate, fertilizers, and yield of crops as to bring out their relations. Report on the investigation of river pollution and water supplies, J. A. Newlands {Rpt. Bd. Health Conn., 1907-8, pp. 170-235, figs. 2).— It is stated that " during the period covered by this report 298 supplies have been examined, SOILS PERTILIZEKS. 527 of wliicb muiiber 127, or 45 per cent, were found to be receiving sewage pollu- tion, while iu 47 cases, or 17 \)er cent, tbe quality of the water was not satis- factory. Out of 76 supplies wbere tbe waters were sui)posed to be tbe origin of typboid fever, 58 per cent of tbe samples sbowed large amounts of sewage pollution, wbile tbe quality of tbe water in 11 cases, or 14 per cent, was unsatis- factory. . . . " Tbe fact tbat so many wells are receiving sewage pollution bas led to an investigation of tbe scbool supplies in the State, and the results obtained thus far indicate tbat a great many changes are needed. Comparatively few schools in the State have their own water supply, the water being usually obtained from tbe nearest private well, and these are in a great many cases seriously polluted. Of 202 supplies examined thus far, 42 per cent were found to be receiving sewage pollution and 17 ijer cent were dirty or unsatisfactory. . , . " No investigation of tbe wells on dairy farms bas as yet been made, but the number of typboid fever epidemics which have occurred along tbe routes of dairymen in various parts of the State would seem to show tbat such an investi- gation would be of considerable value iu helping to eliminate tbe possibility of such epidemics." SOILS— FERTILIZERS. On the lime requirements of arable soils, M. Weibull (K. Landi'br. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., 48 {1909), No. 3, pp. 212-227, fig. i).— The paper describes an investigation of the relation of the lime content, loss on ignition, and reac- tion of South Swedish soils, conducted with a special view to devising a simple method by which tbe need of lime may be determined in tbe case of arable soils. Tbe results obtained lead the author to conclude that ordinary soils with less than 3 to G per cent loss on ignition ("humus") and containing below 0.20 per cent assimilable lime (soluble in 10 per cent ammonium-chlorid solution at boiling temperature) as a rule have acid reaction and a low power of nitri- fication. Tbe soils low in lime tbat are not acid have a very low humus con- tent. An alkaline reaction is found in common arable soils containing calcium carbonate (if only a trace), and in soils containing no calcium cax-bonate but more than 0.25 per cent assimilable lime: such soils have generally a high power of nitrification. Exceptions with regard to reaction occur especially in the case of soils with very high humus contents. Soils containing 0.20 to 0.25 per cent assimilable lime, on the other hand, have either neutral reaction or are more indefinite with regard to reaction. If the results of tbe author are corroborated by further work with different types of soils, tbe determination of tbe reaction of a soil (either by titration with tenth-normal alkali or acid solution, using a lacmoid solution as an indi- cator, or by tbe use of litmus paper) will furnish a simple and satisfactory measure of tbe lime requirements of arable soils. Tbe method of sampling a soil is, however, of inqiortance in this resi)ect, a number of sei)arate samples of each field being generallj^ required, rather than a single sample or a composite sample of a number of subsamples. Investig'ations of the influence of cultivation on the water content of arable soils, T. Wesiermann (Tidsskr. Landbr. Plantcavl, 16 {1909), No. 1, pp. 15-109, figs. 5). — The paper describes experiments with clayey and sandy soils in zinc cylinders 125 cm. high and 79.8 cm. in diameter. These wei*e placed in the gi-ound and i)rovided with a watering device. A full illustrated description of llie cylinders is given in tbe paper. The permeability of tbe two types of soils for water was carefully studied and the water contents of tbe soils 528 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. under different methods of surface treatment determined. The results show the importance of surface cultivation for the economical application of water. Methods of determining the fertility and the nitrate nitrogen of chernozem soils, V. I. Sazanov {Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. E'xpt. Landic], 9 (1908), Xo. 6, pp. 750-770, dgm. 1). — The object of this investigation was to study the changes of the nitrate nitrogen content of chernozem soil at different depths and in different seasons of the year. The results showed that in the course of the growing period the upper layers of the soil are at times very rich in nitrate nitrogen, while at other times, e, g., in the early spring, they are very poor, probably as a result mainly of leaching. In making pot experiments, therefore, the time of taking the soil from the field strongly affects the yield. Soil nitrogen, H.G. Knight and F. A. Smith {Wyoming 8ta. Bui. 82, pp. 3-32, fig. 1, dgm. 1). — This bulletin is based upon chemical examinations of soils from a number of differently treated plats on the station farm, and deals not only with the results of these examinations but discusses in general the factors deter- mining soil fertility with esi^ecial application to the conditions prevailing on the Laramie Plains. Attention is called especially to the unfavorable conditions for biological activity and the accumulation of humus and nitrogen in the soil. The data reported indicate that the amount of humus in the soils of the station farm is small and it is stated that this will probably apply to the soils of the region in general. " Where legumes are grown, if nodules are not devel- oped, the indications are that the legumes decrease the percentage of nitrogen in the soil, thereby impoverishing it instead of improving it, as is the case where nodules are developed and the nitrogen-flxiug bacteria harbored. It thus appears that to increase the humus in the soil it is necessary to use well rotted manure or plow under green crops." The growth of leguminous crops and soil inoculation, W. Biffen {West Indian Bui., 10 {1909), Xo. 1, pi). 9S-10(j). — This is a rather complete review of investigations bearing on this subject, including the results of tests at different places in the West Indies of " nitro-bacterine " cultures on leguminous crops and sugar cane. The results were as a rule of a negative character, indicating that the subject needs further investigation. Soil bacteriological investigations, C. Barthel {K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidsh-i:, J,8 (1909), Xo. 3, pp. 228-256, fig. 1).—A summary of methods of technique and investigations of Remy's method of bacteriological examination of soils (E. S. R., 1.5, p. 8.59). Soils in the vicinity of Savannah, Ga., J. A. Bonsteel (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Soils Circ. 19, pp. 19). — This is a preliminary report on an examination of the soils of this region made in April, 1909, with a view to determining not only the character of the soils but their adaptation to the production of staple and special crops. The report also contains climatic data for the region. The soils are comprised mainly in the Norfolk and Portsmouth series of the Atlantic coast and are specially adapted to truck farming. Drainage is needed in case of certain of the finer soils of the Portsmouth series. Niter soils, H. Gruneb (Deut. Landw. Presse, 36 (1909), Xo. 46, p. ^91). — This name is given in Europe to soils which show a white efflorescence on the surface in times of drought. Chemical analyses of the acid extracts of three such soils are reported, but furnish no evidence of the presence of any consid- erable amounts of nitrate. The action of manure, V. Viner (Abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landiv.-\, 10 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 217, 218).— A summary is given of records of systematic manuring of both summer and winter crops on a large estate dur- ing a period of about 20 years. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 529 The dependence of the effect of the manure npoii seasonal variations is very clearly brought out, the effect being greater in wet seasons than in dry. The effect of the manure on the second crop of wheat was more directly dependent upon the seast)n than was true in the case of the first ci'op. In other words, the increase of yield due to the application of manure was more constant in case of the tirst crop than of the second. The decomposition of manure, P. Ehrenberg and E. Reichenbach (Mitt. Landw. Inst. Breslau, 4 (1909), No. 5, pp. 853-872) .—The principal facts brought out by the exi>eriments here reported are that there was no appreci- able loss of ammonia from compact manure heaps in which no preservative of any kind was used, but that in the course of two months there was a loss of about 10 per cent of nitrogen in elementary form. Fertilizers, D. N. Prianishnikov (VcJiciiie oh Udobrcnil. Moscoiv, 1908, 3. cd., pp. 34S-\-II, pis. 8, figs. 39).— A third edition. Report of the work of the agricultural societies of Seeland in plant culture, 1908, O. H. Larsen (Bcr. Landhofor. Virks. I'lantcavl. t^juUand, 190S, pp. 354). — The report contains an account of the activities of the agricultural socie- ties of Seeland during the year in the line of cooperative fertilizer trials, variety tests, demonstration plats, etc., 2G4 separate fertilizer trials being conducted, of which 208 were made with different fertilizers for small grains, root crops, potatoes, and hay crops, and 25 with sodium and calcium nitrates for spring grains, ruta-bagas, and sugar beets. The value of the two fertilizers differed but slightly in the case of the grains, but the sodium nitrate produced somewhat better results than the calcium nitrate with both ruta-bagas and with sugar beets. Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous materials, 1898-1907, E. B. Vooriiees and J. G. Lipman (New Jersey Stas. Bui. 221, pp. 3-52, dgm. 1). — The data accumulated in these experiments during 10 years are discussed under the following heads: "(1) The yields of dry matter and of nitrogen in the cylinder soils; (2) the pi'opoi'tionate amounts of nitrogen in the crops as affected by fertilization; (3) the utilization of nitrogen in different nitrogenous materials; (4) the relative efficiency of the nitrogen in different materials; (5) the residual effect of nitrogenous substances; (6) denitrification ; (7) the effect of special treatment on the income and outgo of nitrogen in the soil." As explained in previous accounts (E. S. R., 19, p. 626), these experiments have been conducted in galvanized iron cylinders open at both ends and sunk nearly to their tops in the soil. The soil used was the Penn loam typical of a large' area in New Jersey and well adapted to the growth of cereals and grasses. The nitrogenous fertilizing materials used included " sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, dried blood, and four grades of cow manure — solid excreta, fresh ; solid and liquid excreta, fresh ; solid excreta, leached ; solid and liquid excreta, leached." The crops grown in the experiments have included corn, oats, wheat, and timothy, with an intercrop of millet. Full data are given for the yields of nitrogen and dry matter for each crop during the period of the experiment, as well as estimates of the proportion of nitrogen applied in the fertilizing materials recovered in the crops. Averaging the results for the whole ])eriod it was found that "(1) the fresh manures were, on the average, utilized better than the leached manures; (2) the solid, fresh, was utilized to a slighter extent than either of the leached manures; (3) the solid and liquid, fresh, was utilized to better advantage than the solid, fresh; (4) thQ solid and liquid, leached, was utilized to better advantage than the solid, leached; (5) the larger application of nitrate was utilized to about the same extent as the smaller application; (6) in the presence of 10 gm. of nitrate. 530 EXPJIRIMENT STATION RECORD. the nitrogen in ;ill of the manures was utilized to better advantages than it was in (lie presence of 5 gni. of nitrate; (7) equivalent quantities of nitrogen in the form of sodium nitrate, ammonium sulphate, and dried blood were utilized in the order named; (8) equivalent quantities of nitrate and ammonium sulphate, when used together with solid manure, leached, were utilized in the order given; (9) solid and liquid — fresh, solid — fresh, solid and liquid — leached, solid — leached — when used in combination with nitrate, were utilized in the order named; (10) the proportion of nitrogen recovered in the crops ranged from G2.09 per cent to 22.31 per cent." The average relative availability of the different nitrogenous materials on all crops for the 10-year period, 1S9S-1907 (taking that of sodium nitrate as 100), was as follows: Relative (tvailnhility of nitrogen of different fertilizing materials in ei/linder experiments. Sodium nitrate 100. 0 Ammonium sulphate — . 09.7 Dried blood 04.4 Solid manure, fresh 35.9 Solid and liquid manure, fresh 53. 0 Solid manure, leached 38. 9 Solid and liquid manure, leached 43. 1 The data for the residual effect of the different fertilizers on 1 crop of millet and on 3 crops of corn are reported, showing that entirely apart from the residual effects of the manures themselves, thei'e may be very marked residual effects from the crop residues. The results of the observations on denitrification indicate that under ordinary conditions the loss of nitrogen as a result of denitrification is too small to be of serious economic significance. A method for the accurate determination of small variations in the nitrogen content of soils is briefly described. Experiments on the utilization of nitrogen in fertilizer materials, E. B. VooRHEES and J. G. Lipman (Jour. Indus, and Engin. Chein., /f {1909), No. 7, pp. 397-.'fOS). — This article summarizes some of the results of the experiments carried on by the New Jersey Stations with reference to the relative availability of the nitrogen of the different fertilizers used, as noted above. Experiments with calcium cyanamid, D. Kahan {Khozyaistvo, 1908., No. 14; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 10 (1909), No. 2, pp. 225, 226). — In sand cultures calcium cyanamid applied 8 days and even 30 days before planting interfered with germination. In exi)eriments with soils the best results were obtained when the material was applied 4 days before sowing. In this case the cyanamid was somewhat superior to ammonium sulphate as a fertilizer. The toxicity of lime nitrogen and nitrogen lime, KwTi kx (F iihling's Landic. Ztg., 58 (1909), No. 11, pp. 397-404).— The experiments previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 24), showing the poisonous effect of these substances on frogs, rabbits, and dogs, are thought not to indicate any serious danger to man in handling the materials. The new nitrogenous products, nitrate of lime and cyanamid, C. Pluvinage (Prog. Agr. et Vit. (Ed. VEst-Centre), 30 (1909), No. 25, pp. 753-756).— The rapid progress which has recently been made in the manufacture and agri- cultural utilization of these products is reviewed. SOILS — FERTILIZEES. 531 The utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, particularly for the manufacture of air saltpeter, A. Bernthskn (Jour. Indus, anil Eiu/iii. Vhcin., 1 (1909), No. 7, pp. .'i6G-.'f7.j). — The development of processes for this purpose is explained in some detail. Production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen, 11. C. Woltereck (Sci. Proc. Boy. Dublin Soc, n. ser., 12 (1909), No. 6, pp. 5Ji-')9 ; ahs. in Set. Abs., Sect. A—Phys., 12 (1909), No. 137, p. 316).— The results of the reduction of moist peat in horizontal iron retorts are reported, showing a production of ammonia greatly in excess of that which could be accounted for by the nitrogen in the peat and leading to the conclusion that part at least of the ammonia must have been produced synthetically from the nitrogen of the air. The results " clearly prove that nitrogen is capable of chemical reaction if present during the moist oxidation of certain metals, or of carbon within certain limits of temperature." The production of ammonia from atmospheric nitrogen by means of peat, H, C. Woltereck (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1908, pp. 675, 676). — This is an abstract of a paper presented at the Dublin meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science, giving the results of the experiments by the author noted above. Production and consumption of sulphate of ammonia in 1908, MAizif:RES (Engrais. 2'/ (1909), No. 26. pp. 713-715). — The total production is given as 829,500 tons, of which Great Britain produced 314,000 tons, Germany 313,000, France 57,000, Austria-Hungary 35.000, Belgium 30,000, and the United States about 20,000. Germany consumed during the year 284,000 tons. Great Britain 79,000, France 89.000, and Belgium and Holland 67,000. The rational use of superphosphates, J. Dumont (Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], US (1909), No. 18, pp. 1205-1207; ahs. in Rev. Sci. [Paris], 7/7 (1909), I, No. 20, p. 636). — Investigations are reported which indicate that the most effective way of using superphosphates is in mixture with thoroughly fermented farm manure. In this way the reversion which usually occurs in the soil under ordinary methods of application is largely prevented, the phosphoric acid com- bining with the humus to form humophosphates, which are readily available. Fertilizing with wood ashes, A. A. Kaluzhskii (VyestniJc Russ. Selsk. Khoz., 1906, No. 3.'/; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ. Jour. Expt. Landw.], 9 (1908), No. 6, pp. 780, 781). — Experime:its with oats corroborated the view of Prianishnikov that wood ashes should be applied in much smaller quantities than is customary, 270 lbs. per acre giving the best results. Comniercial fertilizers; the service of a fertilizer control; soil physiogra- phy, J. L. Hills, C. H. Jones, and H. L. IMiner (Vermont Sta. Bill. l.'iS, pp. 119-260). — This bulletin reports the results of inspection of 133 brands of fer- tilizers, the output of 12 companies, with discussions of the quantity and quality of the plant food furnished by these fertilizers, selling prices and valuation, and comparison of the composition of the fertilizers sold during the season of 1908-9 with that of the same fertilizers sold during previous years. A discussion is also given of " the service of a fertilizer control, the methods of its financing, of sampling and analysis, of the publication of results, together with a detailed exposition of tlie interpretation of an analysis, as well as an explanation of the use which buyers may make of the analytical and the other statements of the control." A special feature of the bulletin is an article on soil physiography in which an attempt is made " to cover the sundry internal and external forces, particu- larly those of the air, ground water, water in motion, ice action and life, in their relations to rock disintegration and soil formation." 532 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers on sale in the State, W. F. Hand et al. (Mississippi Sta. Vires. 25, pp. Jf-23; 26, pp. Ji-23) .—TheiiQ circuliirs rei)ort the results of analyses of 181 samples of fertilizers examined during the season of 1907-8. AGRICTJLTUKAL BOTANY. The theory of the respiration of plants, V. I. Palladin {Isv. Imp. Alcad. Nauk. (Bui. Acad. Imp. .S'c/. St.-Petcrsb.). G. so:, 1009, pp. Jf59-Jf78, 519-5Jf6; Biochem. Ztschr., 18 {1909), No. 1-2, pp. 151-206, figs. 2; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 560, II, pp. 511, 5J2).— After giving an exhaus- tive discussion of previous work on aerobic .nud anaerobic respiration, the author concludes as follows: " The first reactions of respiration are reactions of anaerobic decomposition, brought about by enzyuis. These reactions ai'e similar to the reactions result- ing from dry distillation, consisting of a series of successive reductions and oxidations by means of combined oxygen in the network of organic substances. Besides dextrose, other substances may afford material for anaerobic respira- tion, which may proceed without formation of alcohol but with formation of other compounds. Anaerobic respiration transforms stable constituents of the plants which do not undergo direct oxidation into extremely unstable, readily oxidizable substances. Alcohol is formed only during anaerobic respiration, and not during normal respiration in air, intermediate substances wbich are formed earlier than alcohol, and are hence more labile, themselves undergoing oxidation. Aerobic plants are capable of living in media free from oxygen without developing carbon dioxid. " Respiratory oxydases are ordinary pigment-forming enzyms, and are in- capable of direct oxidation of the products of anaerobic decomposition which are related to compounds of the aliphatic series. • The respiratory chromogens are very widely distributed in plants; they are not oxidized directly by the oxygen of the air, the presence of special oxydases being required for the various chromogens. The respiratory pigments formed in plants usually un- dergo immediate reduction to colorless chromogens, these chromogens being related to aromatic compounds. Dextrose, as the initial product of the assimi- lation of carbon, is the parent substance from wbich aromatic compounds are formed in plants ... To compounds, in the form of which the chromogens occur in a combinetl state in the tissues, the author gives the name pro- chromogens." Notes on the day and night growth of plants, Nomblot-Bruneau {Jour. Soc. Nat. Hort. France, 4. ser., 10 {1909), June, pp. .350-.352). — A summary ia given of observations made on the rate of growth of scions of different varieties of pears grafted on their own stock and on quinces. The shoots were measured every morning and evening and the amount of growth made during the first season is tabulated. It is shown that there is practically no difference between the amount of growth taking place in the day and at night. The greatest development in 24 hours was produced during the period from May 31 to July 6. The period of greatest growth was between June 26 and July 6, and the total period of active growth covered 3 months. As a practical application of the observations, the author states that pinching the buds retards the development from 10 to 15 days, and as a consequence delays the ripening of the twigs. The active growth begins to slacken about July 10 and the pinching should not take place after July 6. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 533 Other tilings being equal, the greatest gi'owth takes place during cloudy weather. Other observations were made showhig the point below which there was no elongation of the shoots and the growth of different species during 24 hour periods. AVith cherries, peaches, pears, apples, and plums there was no elonga- tion of the tissues 9 to 12 cm. below the tip of the shoot or below the third leaf. At the second leaf or at a distance of 5 to 8 cm. from the tip of the shoot the lower iuternode continued to elongate, but only about 5 to 10 mm. With grapes the elongation below the second leaf amounted to 2 cm. The maximum growth in 24 hours was 27 mm. for pears, approximately the same for apples, plums, and cherries, '50 to 35 nun. for peaches, and 50 mm. for grapes. The relation between the form of leaves and their light requirement, J. WiKSNER {Um^schau, 13 {1909), No. 7, p. 152; Rev. Gen. Sei., 20 (1909), A'o. 11, p. -}Si). — In a memoir presented before the Vienna Academy of Sciences the author discusses the relation which exists between the form of leaves and their light requirements. He shows that by leaves being deeply cut or reduced to very narrow forms, as in the case of the conifers, there is not only a great increase in the total leaf surface but the reduction in form results in a decided diminution in the heat from the sun's rays, and consequently favors the assimilatory action of the leaves. As illustrating the resistance of narrow leaves to the heat of the sun, the author cites the fact that a fragment of china-grass introduced under a lens did not take fire for several minutes, while a fine-mesh tissue composed of about 400 cells of the same was almost immediately consumed. Under similar con- ditions a bundle composed of 50 bast fibers took fire very quickly, while one composed of only 25 did not begin to show the action of heat for 3 or 4 seconds and a single bast cell remained unaffected for 4 minutes. Action of fertilizing' salts on plant enzyms, M. X. Sullivan {Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 {1909), No. 2, p. XLIV; ahs. in Jour. Chan. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 560, II, p. 514)- — The author reports that potassium sulphate retards, while the nitrate and mixtures of calcium hydrogen phosphate, sodium nitrate, and potassium sulphate accelerate the oxidizing action of wheat roots. Mixtures of the three salts in equal quantities increase, while the phosphate alone increases and the sulphate alone diminishes, the activity of malt diastase. Sodium nitrate had no action whatever. In his experiments plants were grown in a mixture containing 100 parts per million of phosphoric acid, ammonia, and potassium oxid, to which was added 200 mg. of starch paste. The roots converted the starch into sugar. This activity was retarded by potassium sulphate and calcium hydrogen phosphate but increased by the sodium nitrate or a mixture of the three salts. The distribution of rennet in the various parts and tissues of plants, C. Gkrber {Compt. Rend. Aead. Sci. [Paris], lJf8 {1909), No. 15, pp. 992-995; ahs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 560, II, p. 512). — The coagulating l)ower of rennet obtained from various parts of plants has been determined with reference to milk at a temperature of 42° C. The author found that in the green parts of the plants the rennet is roughly proportional to the amount of chlorophyll. The reproductive apparatus contains more rennet than the vegetative organs, and in the case of some Compositse the styles contain more than the achene. Rennet appears to be distributed in the plant in the same manner as the proteolytic ferment, and it is thought that possil)ly both activities may bo due to one and the same enzym. In the root and stalk of i)lants the bast alone contains any ai)preciable rennet activity, but 534 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. rennet is also present in the green bark. In the case of the paper mulberry, the green parts of which contain pectase, rennet can be better studied in the bast of the stalk than in the leaves. The greening of potatoes, G. Massee {.Jour. Bd. Agr. [London^. 16 (1909). No. 3, PI). 177-180, 2^1. 1). — ^An account is given of three experiments conducted at Kew for the purpose of ascertaining in what way greening of potatoes proves beneficial. The experiments showed that potatoes greened by exposure to light do not lose as much water as those kept in the. dark, and that the stai'ch is not transformed into sugar as in case of ordinary storage. A potato not greened was found to lose six times as much in weight as a potato of equal weight that had been greened. The act of greening is said to cause the skin of the tuber to become comparatively impervious to water and gases, and hence there is a relative cessation of growth and loss of weight. The greatest benefit derived from greening, it is said, will be obtained when it is practiced in the autumn immediately after the potatoes are dug. In addition to the advantages indicated, autumn greening will to a great extent check the ravages of winter rot, and this treatment will result in the production of short, sturdy, firmly-attached sprouts, which do not break off during planting. The anatomy and some of the biological aspects of the " American m.istle- toe." IT. II. York (,BuL Univ. Texas, Sci. Ser. Xo. 1.3. pp. ,31. pis. 7.^).— A study is reported on the anatomy and some of the biological phenomena of the Ameri- can mistletoe (Phoradendron flavescens) . The method of dissemination, germination, formation of aerial shoots, rate and period of growth, etc., are described, together with notes on the effect mistletoe has upon its host. The author claims that the mistletoe is disseminated almost entirely by birds. It is a slow grower and its maximum period of growth coin- cides with that of its host, growth apparently continuing throughout the entire summer. It is not a total parasite, since it is abundantly supiilied both in its aerial shoots and in tlie haustoria with chlorophyll, and is not entirely dependent upon its host for food substances. Its relation to the host is largely that of a water pai'asite. and the carbohydi'ates it takes from tlie host plant are those which have been stored in the wood. In the region covered by the study, the mistletoe favors in its attack the hack- berry, elm, mesquite, and osage orange. The immunity of certain trees to mistletoe is largely due to the character of the external surface and the thick- ness of the outer corky layer. It is said that mistletoe does not directly kill the trees, but causes them to become dwarfed and the branches greatly distorted. Indirectly parts or whole trees may be killed through the action of wood-boring insects which first attack the mistletoe and through it the host tissues, leaving a way open for fungi, bacteria, and wood-boring insects. The author has carried on some experiments for killing mistletoe w^liich have proved quite successful. These consist of cutting out the aerial shoots and shaving the outer layers of infected regions wuth a drawing knife so as to expose the haustoria 1 portions of the plants. These are then thoroughly coated with coal tar to prevent further development of the haustoria and to keep out fungi and insects. Present problems in plant ecology (Ainer. Nat., 1/3 (1909), Nos. 510, pp. 356-378; 511, pp. 420-^31; 512, pp. J,72-.'f93).—This is a series of papers pre- sented before the Botanical Society of America at the Baltimore meeting in 1909, the titles and authors of the different papers being as follows : The Trend of Ecological Philosophy, H. C. Cowles; Present Problems of Physi- FIELD CROPS. 535 ologlcal Plant Ecology, B. E. Livingston : Vegetation and Altitnde, C. H. Shaw ; Problems of Local Distribution in Arid Regions, V. M. Spalding; and The Re- lation of the Climatic Factors to Vegetation, E. N. Transeau. FIELD CROPS. [Field crops in 1908 at the Dickinson Substation, North Dakota], L. R. Waldron '{Xortli Dakota *S7a.. Riit. Du'kiit.so)!. !Siihstroduced cured hay in amounts ranging from S88 to 1,170 lbs. per acre. Clover winterkilled largely and yielded only from 15 to 50 lbs. of seed per acre. This is considered due to the newness of the soil and the lack of sufficient inocula- tion. Brief notes on other leguminous crops are also given. Brome grass sown at the rate of 16 lbs. yielded 1,272 lbs. per acre, as com- pared with 1,848 lbs. for a plat sown at the i-ate of 24 lbs. of seed per acre. The use of a nurse crop in starting this grass had apparently a very detrimental effect. Manured plats gave an average yield per acre of 2,012 lbs. as compared with 1.242 lbs. secured on plats receiving no manure. The yield from wild prairie was at the rate of 776 lbs. of hay per acre. Among different annual hay crops hull-less barley stood first with 4,532 lbs. per acre, this yield being about 900 lbs. greater than the yield of oats. The yields of different varieties of cereals, potatoes, and root crops are re- corded in tables. The average yields of wheat for 3 years for the different classes under experiment were as follows : Durum 24.9, Fife 21.5, and Blue Stem 21 bu. per acre. A comparison of the yields of oats, barley, and emmer for 2 years shows emmer at a decided disadvantage each year. The average yield of oats for the 2 years was 2,074 lbs. per acre, of barley, 1,883 lbs., and of emmer 1.494 lbs. Sowing durum wheat in 1907 at the rate of 3J pk. per acre gave practically as good a yield of grain as sowing at the rate of 5 pk. In 1908 a similar experi- ment gave rather indefinite results. The best yields of oats in 1908 were secured from sowing at the rate of 5 and 6i pk. per acre. Among 25 varieties of potatoes the best showing was made by Early Eureka and Early Michigan, the yields being 138.2 and 135 bu. per acre, respectively. In a test with small and large seed tubers it was found that the large tubers produced a net value of $58.41 per acre and the small tubers a uet value of .$32.73. In a comparison of mangels, sugar beets, ruta-bagas, carrots, and arti- chokes, ruta-bagas produced the largest yield, 12 tons and 1,960 lbs. per acre, followed l)y sugar beets with 12 tons and 1.300 lbs. The work of the San Antonio Experiment Farm in 1908, F. B. Headley and S. H. Hastings ( U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 3/f, pp. 17, fig. 1). — The meteorological data at San Antonio are reported for a series of years and discussed. The soil conditions of the region are described and the equipment of the San Antonio Experiment Farm and the lines of work undertaken are briefly noted. In 1908 Appier Rustproof oats produceSfa. Bid. 85, pp. 3-1 'f, figs. 6). — ^This bulletin reviews the work with Bernuida grass done by tbe Oklahoma Station (E. S. R.. 17. p. 1062; 19, p. 332). and gives general directions for the preparation of the soil, time and method of planting, caring for the crop, and for its eradication. White clover sown on a Bermuda grass lawn was observed to make a good growth, and it is concluded from this fact that these 2 plants may possibly be used as a pasture mixture with profit. Increasing the yield of corn, (J. W. Carver (Alnhaina Tiiskegee .s'/rt. Bui. 15, PI). 5-11, figs. 5). — Methods of increasing tlie yield of corn are discussed and the results 'of variety and fertilizer tests are briefly reported. Of 19 varieties, Mosby I'rolific ranked first in both yield of graiu and fodder with 40.375 bu. 538 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. iiud 7.875 tons per acre; respectively. The use per acre of 7.5 lbs. each of acid phosphate and muriate of potash and 8 tons of barnyard manure before plant- ing, and the application of 100 lbs. of nitrate of soda just before tasseling, is considered remunerative. Experiments in the culture of corn, M. de Flacourt {Bui. Econ. Itido-Chine, n. sen, 12 (1909), No. 76, 'pp. 55-59). — Experiments were conducted at the ex- periment station of Thanh-Ba, Tonkin, with 2 native varieties and 1 introduced variety of corn. The introduced variety, Ivuowu as Petits Cotons, gave better results than the 2 native sorts when cultivated either on rice lands or on roll- ing ground. Corn culture, J. M. Kimbrough {Georgia 8ta. Bui. S-'i, pp. 211-220, flg. 1).— A test with 13 varieties of corn resulted in the heaviest yields from Marlboro Prolific, Stone Flint, Granberry Choice, Whelchel Improved, and Rockdale, which produced 39.59, 37.36, 33.92, 32.66, and 32 bu. per acre, respectively. The largest percentage of shelled corn, 8G.9, was producetash and phosphate were applied with nitrate of soda, so that the results support the view that sul- phate of ammonia or nitrate of soda applied alone is the more profitable prac- tice. The results from the use of 40 and GO lbs. of nitrogen per acre appeared iuconclusive. Dried blood increased the yield by 3.2 tons i)er acre, but it was not remunerative. The highest yield of cane, 20 tons per acre, was secured in an experiment in which nitrogen and potash were applied without phosphate, but as other experiments show that potash has little influence, the gain is attrib- uteil chiefly to the nitrogen. The use of 2 cwt. of guano manure proved profit- able, while 4 cwt. did not pay for itself In the increased yield. As in previous years, it is again indicated that under average conditions of soil and rainfall, the use of either sulphate of ammonia or nitrate of soda for rattoon canes is most likely to be profitable. Under conditions promising mod- erate growth the use of about 2 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia or 2i cwt. of nitrate of soda per acre is considered sufficient, but when there is a prospect of consid- erable growth, quantities increased to 3 cwt. of sulphate of ammonia and 3i cwt. of nitrate of soda are recommended. Manurial experiments with, sugar cane in the Leeward Islands, 1907—8, F. Watts et al. (Imi). Dept. Agr. West Indies Pamphlet 57, 1909, pp. 2S, dgms. 2 ) . — This publication contains a brief summary of the results noted above. Experiments with sugar cane, Brcemer (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. sen, 11 (190S), Xo. 71, pp. 235-239). — Distance and fertilizer experiments are reported. Planting sugar cane in rows 1 meter apart and 60 cm. (about 2 ft.) apart in the row gave better results than the native method of planting or placing the cane at greater distances. Wide planting favored the production of a larger number and a greater weight of stems per hill than did narrow planting. In the fertilizer test the plat producing the best yield. 26,600 kg. of cane on 0..5 hectare (about 23.7 tons per acre), had received 500 kg. of soy bean cake, and 16.000 kg. of green manure per hectare. The green manuring consisted in plowing under DolicJios alhiis. The action of soluble fertilizers on cane soils, C. F. Eckart {Hawaiian Hufjar Planters' Sta., Div. Agr. and Vliem. Bui. 29, pp. 88). — The effect of differ- ent fertilizer mixtures was studied at 4 substations. The mixtures applied fur- nished nitrogen, potash, and phosphoric acid at the rate of either 60 or 90 lbs. per acre. The interpretation of results is discussed and the data which form the basis for calculating the results presented in the bulletin are given in tables, together with rainfall and temperature records. It is stated that in the average Hawaiian soil 7 per cent of the potash, 0.55 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 24.4 per cent of the lime is soluble in a 1 per cent solution of aspartic acid. In the soil at Substation A, 13.3 per cent of the potash, 1.1 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 15.6 per cent of the lime was soluble in a solution of aspartic acid, and the soil contained about one-half as much nitrogen as the average soil of the islands. Judging from the yield of plant and rattoon canes the essential elements apparently ranked in importance in the following order: Nitrogen, potash, phosphoric acid. The most suitable application used on this soil was the one containing 90 lbs. of nitrogen, 60 lbs. of potash, and 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid per acre. The average gain iu available sugar from fertilizing the plant cane was approximately 46 per cent, and from fertilizing the rattoons 93 per cent. The approximate average gain from fer- tilizing both crops was 67 per cent. 542 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECOKD. At Substation B, 4.5 per cent of tlie potash, 0.19 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 45.1 per cent of the lime was soluble in aspartic acid, and the soil con- tained nearly three times as much nitrogen as the average soil. At this station the elements ranked in the same order of importance as in the previously de-. scribed test. The increases in potash and phosphoric acid from 60 to 90 lbs. were apparently injurious, but the efficiency of the mixtures in general was seemingly increased by extra amounts of nitrogen. At this substation the fertilization of the plant canes resulted in a loss of approximately 1 per cent, while the rattoons showed an approximate gain of 26 per cent. At Substations C and D only 2.75 per cent of the potash, 0.035 per cent of the phosphoric acid, and 23.6 per cent of a comparatively small quantity of lime in the soil was found soluble. The nitrogen content was higher than in the average Hawaiian soil. At Substation C the soil was irrigated, while at D no water was applied. The relative order of the several elements was as follows : Nitrogen, phosplioric acid, potash. The most suitable mixture in the Substation C tests was the one containing 90 lbs. of nitrogen, 60 lbs. of potash, and 60 lbs. of phosphoric acid. The average approximate gain in available sugar, resulting apparently from fertilizing tlie plant cane, was 44.6 per cent ; the gain with rattoons approximately 61.1 per cent; and the general average gain from the plants and rattoons 50.7 per cent. The soil of Substation D was identical with that of Substation C, and the treatment given the plants, aside from irrigation, was also the same. The relative order of importance of the several elements in the fertilizer mixtures was the same, but increases in nitrogen were less effective, and increases in phosphoric acid more effective, -where the cane re- ceived the smaller amount of water. The application containing 90 lbs. of nitrogen, GO lbs. of potash, and 90 lbs. of phosphoric acid is regarded as the most efficient for the unirrigated soil. The average approximate gain in available sugar for fertilizing plant canes was 45.6 per cent, as compared with 29.7 per cent for the rattoons. The average approximate gain for plants and rattoons was 39.9 per cent. Tobacco transplanting' and further treatment in the field, J. Van I.eenhoff {Transvaal Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 27, pp. 3-1 Jf, figs. 1). — This is a brief treatise on tobacco culture under Transvaal conditions. The breeding and selection of tobacco, J. Van Leenhoff (Transvaal Dept. Agr., Formers' Bui. 28, 2>P- 7, figs. 3). — This publication is a popular bulletin on the subject, and the advice given is for Transvaal farmers. The culture of tobacco in Indo-China, F. Nacher (Bui. Econ. Indn-Chiuc, n. scr., 11 (190S). Nos. 71. pp. 161-228. figs. 9; 72, pp. 299-3.'i6, charts 3).— This article is an exhaustive description of the tobacco growing industry in Indo- China. Statistics with reference to tobacco production are given and the A'arieties of native and introduced tobaccos are described. Improvements in the methods of culture are suggested with a view to obtaining a product capable of compet- ing with the tobacco of Sumatra and the Philippines. The author l)elieves that the climate and soil in Indo-China are adapted to the culture of the crop, and that by more scientific methods of cultivation the standard of cpiality may be raised. Report on a test of varieties of wheat, R. S. Seton ( Univ. Leeds and York- shire Council Agr. Ed. [Pamphlen 7'/, 1908, pp. i7).— Six varieties of wheat were compared in 1908. In yield of grain and straw and quality of grain Standard Red and Square- head Master were the best red wheats. Browick Gray Chaff was superior in yield to these varieties but lacked in quality of the grain. Carter White Standup ranked first in yield with 63.5 bu. per acre. The straw of this variety FIELD CROPS. 543 is very short in cliaractor, whicli (>liixiinatos to a large degree the danger of lodging. 8(inarehead Master, grown at Garforth for 10 years, shows practically no sign of deterioration. Dulnth, tlie Canadian wheat now tested for 5 years, has not given promising resnits. Experimental wheat fields, 1908-9, F. E. Lf:E (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria. 7 (1909), No. 3, pp. JSH-l-'iO, fig. i).— Conii)arative tests with varieties of wheat for the term of 4 years have shown that Federation Is a better yielder than Dart Imperial, the difference in its favor for this time being from 2 to 3 bu. per acre. Experiments with small-celled wheat plants, V. Kolkunov {Reprinted from Khozi/aistvo, 1908, No. 27-2S; ahs. in Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. [Russ Jour. Expt. Lanilic], 10 (1909), No. 1, pp. 106, 107).— Vot experiments were made with plants of varions varieties of wheat differing in the size of the cells. The soil in the pots was kept low in humidity, the moisture being only 35 per cent of the total water holding capacity. It was found that the plants having larger cells, and which, therefore, evaporated more water, gave lower yields than the more xerophilous or those with smaller cells. With sufficient humidity the results were reversed. Wheat selection, E. A. Ma^jn (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aust., 16 (1908), No. If, pp. 262-271, i)Is. 12). — The wheat improvement work in Australia is reviewed and a number of varieties developed by two different breeders are described and illustrated. The examinations made of these wheats showed that the strength of the flour is not always in proportion to the percentage of gluten but that it depends moi*e upon the quality. For instance, Alpha containing 13.45 per cent of gluten did not produce so strong a flour as Huguenot containing only 9.48 per cent. Koernicke's key for the classification of varieties of cereal crops, C. Flaxksbergek (Trudui Bijuro Prikl. Bot., 1 (1908), 3-.'f, pp. 95-137). The breeding of agricultural plants, C. Fruwirth (Die Zilchtung der LandicirtschaftlicJicn Kulturpflanzen. Berlin, 1909, vol. 1, 3. ed. rev., pp. XX-\r 335, figs. 33).— This is the third revised edition of this volume (E. S. R., 19, p. 427), and is devoted to a general discussion of plant breeding. The breeding of agricultural plants, C. Fruwirth (Die Ziiehtung der Landivirtschaftlichen Kulturpflanzen. Berlin, 1909, vol. 2, 2. ed. rev., pp. XV-\- 228, figs. 39). — This second revised edition of this volume (E. S. R., 19, p. 427) treats of the breeding of the following crops : Corn, fodder beets, rnta-bagas, kale, carrots, chicory, rape, mustard, sunflowers, poppies, and a number of the more important grasses. Agronomic habits of rootstock producing weeds, W. J. Spillman and J. S. Gates (Proc. Soc. Prom. Agr. Sci., 29 (1908), pp. 57-66, figs. 9).— The studies given in this article relate to Johnson grass, Bermuda grass, and quack grass. With reference to Johnson grass, it was found that rootstocks remaining in the soil at the end of the season send growtli to the surface the next season, but do not themselves branch and send out other underground bi'anches. When the new growth arrives at the surface, a new rootstock forms a crown, develops a new set of fibrous roots, and sends new rootstocks off into the ground. The formation of new rootstocks begins about at tlie time of blossoming. It was also discovered that if the grass is cut back close to the ground, and not allowed to blossom during the season, the rootstocks remain slender and very near the surface of the ground, so that practically all of the underground growth *can be turned up by a very shallow plowing. This method of treatment ai)pli('d to quack grass and Bernnida grass will have similar results. The evi- dence secured is taken as showing that these rootstock grasses, when weakened 544 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. by constant pasturing or mowing on land remaining unbroken for several years, can be killed out l)y a minimum of cultivation. The identification of several species of dodder by means of the differences in the nature of the seeds, H. von Guttenberg (Naturw. Ztschr. Forst u. Landw., 7 (1909), No. 1, pp. 32-43, figs. 7).— The characters of the more common varieties of dodder are discussed, and the structural differences in the seeds of Ciiscula trifolM, C. europcea, C. epilinum, C. arvensis, and C svaveolens are described. A key to aid in the determination of the different species is arranged. HORTICULTURE. The etherization of plants for forcing puiTJOses, W. Stuart (Trans. Mass. Hort. Soc, 1909, I, pp. 67-87, dgin. 1). — In this paper the author considers the effect of ether, chloroform, and other substances upon plants under two general headings, namely, the physiological effect upon the tissues of a plant in an active growing condition, and the growth acceleration effect upon the plants in a state of rest. The experimental data on these subjects is reviewed, including earlier results secured by the author (E. S. R., 19, p. 235), and data are given on some anesthesia experiments conducted with lilacs and astilbe in 1907-8. In summing up the author concludes that anesthetics and toxic substances such as alcohol, acetone, and other similar agents employed in small amounts, as well as nonanesthetic or nontoxic agents such as freezing, vacuum, and desiccation, all arrest growth and remove the moisture from the plant tissues in a very similar manner, and result in a more or less decided growth accelera- tion. Hot water appears to impart a distinct shock to the cell protoplasm and tissues, and acts also as a solvent in softening up the winter protecting scales inclosing the leaf and flowering buds, thereby hastening the winter forcing of shrubs. Taking all the factors which influence growth into consideration, it is concluded that thus far no one forcing substance may be said to be superior to all others although ether, because of its more general use, has come to be regarded as the best anesthetic to use in forcing plants. A bibliography of the subject is appended. On a simple process of forcing plants by warm baths, H. Molisch ( Sitsbcr. K. Akad. Wiss. [Vienna], Math. Naturw. Kl., 117 (190S), No. 1, pp. 87-117, pis. 2). — This is a full account of the author's investigations along this line, abstracts of which have been noted fi'om other sources (E. S. R., 20, p. 640). Third series of investigations on the grafting of herbaceous plants, E. Griffon (Bvl. 8oc. Bot. France, 56 (1909), No. 3-^, pp. 203-210, pis. 2).— As reported in his previous work with Solanums and other herbaceous plants (E. S. R., 20, p. 751), the author finds that seedlings grown from previously grafted plants comport themselves in a manner similar to those grown from ungrafted plants. In a large number of new grafts made among solanaceous, legtiminous, and composite plants which are here described no variations were noted which might be said to be caused by grafting. [Horticultural progress at the Troupe Substation], W. S. Hotchkiss (Texas Sta. Bid. 121, pp. 3-6, 7-9, figs. 10). — This consists of a summary of work conducted with orchard and small fruits and vegetables at the Troupe Substation since its establishment in 1902, including varietal lists of peaches, plums, apples, and persimmons which have proved most promising, together with notes on varieties of grapes least susceptible to mildew and rot, and which have continued to make good crops regardless of adverse weather conditions. The previously published report on varieties of strawberries (E. S. R., 16, p. lOSl) has been verified by subsequent tests. HORTICULTURE. 545 A two years' test with fertilizers for strawberries shows the absence of any benefit from the use of jiotash. Nitrogen and phosphoric acid seemed equally lieneticial and when combined gave as good results as a complete fertilizer. A fertilizer consisting of 3 parts acid phosi)hate and 2 parts cotton-seed meal gave the best results. Report of horticultural inspection, F. H. Ballou (Ohio 8ta. Circ. 94, PP- 70, figs. 28). — In the summer of 1!)US the newly establishtxl division of horti- cultural inspection of the Ohio Station commenced a study of horticultural conditions, possibilities, and requirements in different parts of Ohio. This report comprises the results for 1908, and consists in substance of accounts of special crop adaptation and cultural methods in leading horticultural sections of the State, with suggestions relative to the development of lesser horticul- tural areas to meet the needs of local markets. New fruits originating in various parts of the State were examined, and descriptions are here given of the Linville and Dale View Dessei-t seedling apples, and the Fae, Mollie, and Buster Brown seedling strawberries. Two new seedling plums, an unusually large Concord grape, and 2 illustrations of bud sporting in apples are also reported, together with a brief account of the development of a disease resist- ant Loudon raspberry. [Notes on ornamentals and fruits], L. R. Waldron (Xorth Dakota Sta., Rlit. Dickinson Sithsta. 1908. pp. 33-36). — A brief report on the condition of trees, shrubs and fruits planted on the Dickinson Substation grounds. Report of the government horticulturist, R. A. Davis et al. (Transvaal Dcpt. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 210-238). — This is a general report on the work of the horticultural division and on the fruit industries in the Transvaal for the year ended June 30, 190S, together with the reports of the managers of the experimental orchards at Potchefstroom, Warmbaths, Ermelo, and Zeerust. Annual report of the fruit experiment station, Shillong, for the year end- ing' June 30, 1908, A. G. Birt (Ann. Rpt. Agr. Stas. East. Bengal and Assam, 1908, pp. 93-136). — A report on various temperate and semi-tropical fruits being tested at the station, including notes on experiments in silkworm culture. Cucurbitaceous fruits in Egypt, T. W. Brown {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [Lon- don], 35 (1909), No. 1, pp. 31-35). — Brief descriptive and cultural notes are given on the cucurbitaceous fruits grown in Egypt. Fertilizer experiments with grapes, K. Windisch (Mitt. Dent. Landw. Geselh, 2.'f (1909), No. 25, pp. Jf06-.'i09) . — Data are given on several chemical fertilizer exjjeriments conducted in different vineyards in Wurttemberg. As indicated by the yields, complete fertilizers gave the best results. In vineyards which had been severely attacked by Peronospora a heavy application of fer- tilizer appeared to be of great value in bringing the vines back to a normal yield. The Argentina grape and wine industries, R. Palencia (In Censo Agro- pccuario Nacional la Ganaderia y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 235-265). — A report on grape growing and wine making in the various provinces of Argentina, including statistical data for the year 1907. Investigations on American grapes in Italy, F. Paulsen et al. (Bol. Min. Agr., Didus. c Com. [Rome], 8 (1909), Ser. A, No. 8. pp. 162-173).— A report is here given of a study conductetl under the direction of the Italian Department of Agriculture relative to the adaptability, resistance to disease, and fruitfulness of American varieties of grapes used for graft stocks in Italy. On the application of bisulphid of carbon in mulberry culture, J. N. SiRKEB (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 2. pp. 185-187).— The effect of carbon bisulphid on the growth of the mulberry was compared with the effect of an extra dose of sodium nitrate. 546 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Three plats of 16 square meters each (about 172 ^sq. ft.) were used in the experiment, each plat being first treated with a similar complete fertilizer. In the first plat 9 holes were made and 50 cc. of carbon bisulphid was poured into each hole 10 days before planting, the holes being afterwards filled in and water poured on the surface. In the second plat 40 gm. of sodium nitrate was applied as a top-dressing, one portion on May 3 and the other on June 1. The third plat served as a control. The results show an increased yield of mulberry leaves of 44 per cent on the bisulphid of carbon plat, as compared with no perceptible increase on the sodium nitrate plat. The grafting- of cacao, J. Jones {Imp. Dept. Ao>: West Indies Pamphlet 61. 1909, pp. 29, figs. 12). — This pamphlet contains popular directions for grafting cacao plants, the subject matter being based on results secured from the author's work in grafting cacao at the Dominica Botanic Station. Popular fruit growing, S. B. Grekn (/S7. Paul, 1909, pp. 298, figs. 120).— This is a text-book on fruit growing, being in a way a compilation of lectures on this subject given to the students of the University of Minnesota and which lectures are here revised and extended. Each chapter ends with suggestive questions on the matter presented and an appendix contains formulas for spray- ing and grafting, lists of fruits recommended for special typical States, rules for naming fruits, etc. Arboriculture in Arg-entina, F. Mauduit {In Censo Agropecuario Naeional la Ganaderiu y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1908, vol. 8, pp. 271-296). — This consists largely of notes on the more important native and exotic forest and fruit trees growing in Argentina, and also includes a number of exotics recommended for introduction into that country. American landscape architecture, F. A, Waugh {Trans. Mass. Hart. Soc, 1909, I, pp. 105-118). — A brief critical review of American landscape archi- tecture from the colonial period to the present time. Bulbs and their cultivation, T. W. Sandkrs {London [1908]. pp. 223, pi. 1, figs. 66). — This is a practical treatise on the cultivation and propagation of hardy, hothouse, and greenhouse bulbous and tuberous rooted plants, including lists of all the genera, species, and varieties considered worth growing in the British Isles. Narcissus cultivation {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries {London], Leaflet 224, PP- 10). — A popular leaflet discussing the culture of narcissus both for the bulbs and for the blooms. The introduction of the tulip, and the tulipomania, W. S. Murray {Jour. Roy. Hort. Soc. [London], 35 {1909), No. 1, pp. 18-30, figs. 11).— This is a paper on the introduction of the garden tulip into Europe during the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. FORESTEY. Beport of the conservator of forests, C. E. Legat {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 1.1(1-163). — A progress report on forest operations in the government plantations and nurseries, including a financiar statement for the year. Progress report of forest administration in Baluchistan for 1907-8, S. Singh {Rpt. Forest Admin. Baluchistan, 1907-8, pp. VI+37). — This is the usual progress report of operations in the state forests of Baluchistan, including a financial statement for the year. The more important data relative to areas, working plans, revenues, expenditures, etc., are tabulated. The causes of timber line on mountains; the role of snow, C. H. Shaw {Plant World, 12 {1909), Ko. 8, pp. 169-181, figs. 9).— In this paper the author considers and discusses timber lines caused by wind and those caused by snow. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 547 The results of fertilizer experiments with firs in North Ditmarsh, Clausen (FiHil tuff's Lamlw. Zty., J.S (J'MO), No. 8, pp. 295-305). — The details are siveu of fertilizer oxperimeuts coiulucted iu fir stands located in the North Ditmarsh forest circle, Holstein, (iennany. The Cenibran pine (Pinus cembra) in Switzerland, M. Rikli {Neue Deiiksclir. Schwei.:;. Naturf. (Icsell, .',.', (1909), pts. 1, pp. XXXIX+.',55, flgs. 51; 2, pis. 9, maps 21). — This work, which is offered as a report on forest history and forest management in the Swiss Alps, consists of a monographic study of the Cembran pine in the various cantons of Switzerland relative to its history, range and distribution, associating trees, shrubs and flora, variability, site, soil, and climatic requirements, diseases and other enemies. An extensive bibliog- raphy of the literature consulted is given. Part 2 consists of plates and maps accompanying the text iu part 1. The economic possibilities of the mangrove swamps of the Philippines, R. F, Bacon and V. Q. Gana {PMUppine Jour. ScL, A. Gen. Sci., .', (1909), No. 3, pp. 205-210). — The authors discuss the possible utilization of the mangroves in the Philippine swamps in the manufacture of tanning materials, particularly of cutch. Analyses are given of samples of mangrove tau bark collected in dif- ferent parts of the Philippines as compared with analyses of mangrove barks from Borneo. On the question of wood preservation, F. Seldenschnur (Chcm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 77, pp. 701, 702). — A review of recent investigations relative to the efficiency of the acid constituents of the coal-tar oils used in the preservation (if woods. Difficulties in the practical work of creosoting timber, J. C. Oakes {Engin. News, 62 (1909), No. 10, pp. 259-262) .—The author discusses difficulties which arise in creosoting timber by various processes and presents conclusions rela- tive to ways of alleviating these difficulties. A new process of coagulating- the latex of Funtumia elastica, A. Chevalier (Jour. A (jr. Trop., 9 (1909), No. 9S, pp. 225, 226). — The process here described consists of adding to 30 parts of the Funtumia latex at normal temperature 1 part of the latex of Strophanthus bartcri and then stirring the mixture for 5 to 10 minutes to obtain coagulation of the whole mass. The Strophanthus latex works to the surface of the coagulum and is washed off. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Bordeaux mixture, C. S. Ckandall (UUnois 8ta. Bui. 135, pp. 201-296, figs. 8). — A progress report is given of investigations on Bordeaux mixture and its effect on trees, particularly on the foliage. After an extended historical 'review, sevei-al phases of the subject are discussed, but all are to be sub.jected to fur- ther study. The chemical work reported in the bulletin was carried on by O. S. Watkins and Dr. H. S. Grindley. In summarizing, the results thus far obtained show that the injury to the foliage of apple trees, following the application of Bordeaux mixture, is due to the use of impure or improper materials, carelessness in making the mixtures, or improi)er and ineffective applications. The chemical changes occurring in making Bordeaux mixture are still involved in obscurity and are being studied. The adhesiveness of the mixture depends very much upon the manner of mak- ing it and upon the character of the lime used. Variation in the proportions of copper sulphate and lime beyond certain well defined limits decreases adhesive- ness. With lime of good quality, approximately equal parts of copper sulphate and lime give greatest adhesiveness. Experiments showed that there was a 548 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. decided advantage in maintaining an excess of lime upon the foliage, but this was best accomplished by subsequent applications and not by increasing the amount in the original mixture. Two forms of leaf injury, the brown spotting and yellowing, are common accompaniments of spraying. The brown spotting is the more common injury, but not all of this is due to spraying, as similar effects are caused by frosts, winds, fungi, etc. Yellowing, when it appears in an epidemic form, is the more serious of the 2 diseases as the affected leaves are entirely destroyed. The causes of yellowing of apple leaves are obscure, but from observations extending over 5 seasons there appears to be no direct positive connection between spray- ing with well-made Bordeaux mixture and the yellowing of leaves. They do show, however, that improperly made mixtures may cause leaf yellowing, and similar results are obtained with simple solutions of copper sulphate. Much of the injury following spraying is attributed to abrasions of the epidermis made by insects and to infection by fungi preceding spraying. Studies were made of the agencies through which copper deposited on the leaves becomes soluble and the manner in which the toxic action is communi- cated to the cell protoplasm. Laboratory experiments showed that the copper of Bordeaux mixture remained insoluble for long periods, but field experiments showed conclusively that under orchard conditions copper in small quantity becomes soluble very soon after deposition, and continues to appear as long as any of the mixture remains upon the leaves. The presence of lime in excess does not prevent solution of the copper. There was no evidence obtained to support the claim that solutions of copper occur through the agency of ger- minating spores nor through secretions from the leaf surfaces. Experiments with solutions of copper sulphate showed that the apple scab fungus was quite resistant, the spores being slightly retarded in germination in solutions of 1 : 100,000, while a concentration of about 1 : 10,000 was necessary to prevent germination entirely. In this stronger solution some of the common molds grew quite readily. The healthy bark of apple trees was found to be impermeable to Bordeaux mixture and to solutions of copper sulphate but copper sulphate is readily absorbed through wounds and promptly kills the leaves, which then become brown. Copper sulphate solutions were injected through roots and through holes in the trunks of trees, and uniformly resulted in browning of the leaves. The time required to give evidence of the injury varied with the strength of the solution and rate of transpiration, but it is usually short, varying from 25 minutes to a few hours. The importance of rain and dew as agents causing spotting of foliage follow- ing the application of Bordeaux mixture was investigated, 2 trees being sprayed, after which one was protected from rain and dew and the other left exposed. This experiment was repeated during 3 seasons, and in each year the exposed tree was more or less injui-ed by brown spots while the trees protected from rain remained free from injury. Several other experiments have shown that rain tended to promote injury to foliage upon sprayed trees. Investigations with milk of lime and copper sulphate solution showed that it was the copper in solution that was the active agent responsible for the burning of the foliage. From comparisons between leaves sprayed with Bordeaux mix- ture and milk of lime, with Bordeaux mixture only, and with milk of lime only it would seem that the leaves on which the lime was used were distinctly larger than those not receiving it, and this suggests a stimulating action on the part of lime. Bordeaux mixture was found to have a decided influence upon the color of the leaves. When so coated apple leaves assumed a very dark green color that was retained even after the coating was almost entirely washed away, DISEASES OF PLANTS. 549 while leaves coated only with the lime became somewhat darker iu color but not so deep as is assumetl under a coating of Bordeaux mixture. There was no correlation found between the character of storms and the rate of solubility or the copper found in solution in water collected from sprayed trees. Plant diseases; potato spraying, L. K. Jones and N. J. Giddings (Ycrmont f>ta. Bui. ]Jf2, pp. 103-115, figs. ff). — ^An account is given of plant diseases ob- served In 1908. and also of the potato spraying experiments, which are in con- tinuation of those previously reported (E. S. R., 20, p. 346). The season was exceptionally dry and fungus diseases were not very prevalent. Insect in.iuries and physiological disturbances were more pronounced than diseases of fungus origin. Among the latter, notes are given on the early and late blight of the potato, potato leaf blotch, scab, and blackleg, together with brief notes on a number of orchard and garden crop diseases. In continuation of the potato spraying experiments, plats were sprayed with Bordeaux mixture, comparisons being made with lime sulphur mixture. The lime sulphur plats gave a 37 per cent larger yield than did the unsprayed plats, while 2 applications of Bordeaux mixture resulted in a 67 per cent, and 4 appli- cations in a 141 per cent, increase over the unsprayed plats. This season's work concludes 18 years' investigations on the value of Bordeaux mixture for the control of the diseases of potatoes. During that period the lowest gain has been 26 per cent and the highest 215 per cent, with an average of 92 per cent due to the application of the fungicide. Notes on combating the smuts of cereals, O. Appel {llitt. Deut. Landw. Gesell, 2Jf {1909), No. 16, pp. 256-258, figs. 9).— A description is given of the various smuts that attack cereals, with suggestions for their control. For the prevention of the loose smut of wheat and barley the author suggests the modified hot water ti'eatment, which consists of a preliminary soaking for several hours in water at ordinary temperature, followed by short immersion in hot water, while for the other forms of smut soaking the seed in copper sulphate solutidli or in formaldehyde is to be preferred. A new species of Tilletia, F. Bubak (Ztschr. Landtv. Versuclisw. Osterr., 12 (1909), No. 6, pp. 545-5-i9, fig. 1). — A description is given of Tilletia pancicii, a new species recently discovered in the fruiting heads of barley in western Servia. Comparisons are drawn between this species and the other known species of that genus. A note on Urophlyctis alfalfae in California, Elizabeth H. Smith (Science, n. so:, 30 (1909), No. 763, pp. 211, 212). — The presence is noted in California of the crown gall of alfalfa, w^iich occurs in Europe, but which so far as known lias not been previously noted in this country. The galls are said to be numerous on the crown of the affected plant, and frequently occur an inch or two up on the stem. Although the galls are usually small, they may be 3 or 4 in. in diameter. The interior of the gall is composed of small, irregular cavities of hypertrophied tissue, the chambers being filled with masses of brown resting spores. A more detailed account of the disease as it occurs iu California is to be published shortly. Preliminary report on the anthracnose or pod spot disease of beans, C. W. Edgerton (Louisiana Stas. Bui. 116, pp. 3-11. figs. 3). — A brief description is given of the anthracnose or pod spot of beans due to Colletotrichum lindemuthianum, and the author offers suggestions for its control. It is 'recommended that gai'deners should grow seed for i)lanting, the selec- tions being made by examining the pods and I'ejecting all that show any traces of pod spot. In addition it is recommended that care be exercised in cultivating beans and in gathering them so that the plants be not disturbed when in a moist 550 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. coiulilhin. At this time tlie spores of the fungus are very readily carried from plaut to plant, the disease being spread in this manner, while when dry there is little possibility of infection. New facts concerning warty disease of potato, J. Percival {Gard. Chron., 3. ser., 46 (1009), No. 1179, p. 19, fig. 1). — This disease, which is due to Chryso- phlyctis cndoMotiva, was first described in 1896. It is often spoken of as black scab, but the author thinks that warty disease would better describe it, as the tubers are not usually blackened as the name would indicate. While examining tubers exhibiting this peculiar disease, the author was able to carry on some experiments which clear up some of the facts regarding the develoi)ment of the parasite. When' a cross section is made late in summer or autumn of the warty excrescence on a diseased tuber, large brown, thick- walled spores are seen embedded in the tissues beneath. Usually only one spore is present in each infected cell, although sometimes cells contain two. The diseased portion of the tuber, if left in the ground, becomes disorganized, and the spores are set free in the soil. In the spring of the year the thick outer coat of the spore bursts and a large number of zoospores are liberated. These make their way through the soil by means of cilia, but this motion ceases in a short time and the zoospores then become amoeboid and enter into the cells of any young potato plant with which they may come in contact. The formation of zoosporangia and the setting free of zoospores may be repeated indefinitely during the early summer, but later resting cells are produced which carry the organism over to the following spring. The parts of the potato attacked by the parasite are stimu- lated, rapid division of the cells near the point of infestation occurs, and an extraordinary proliferation of the tissues is effected, the new growth often resembling a piece of cauliflower. Experiments on the combined treatment for Botry tis and Coniothyrium, G. DE IsTVANFFi {Bill. Inst. Cent. Ampelol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), pp. 16, 11 [pul). 1908] ) . — Experiments were conducted to control by simultaneous appli- cation of fungicides the two fungi mentioned above, the application being made toward the end of July. Mixtures of sulphur and copper, of sulphur, bisul- phite of soda, and copper acetate, of sulphur and bisulphite of soda, and of lime and sulphur were used. The treatments were efficient in greatly reducing the Botrytis, and almost entirely prevented the occurrence of the Coniothyrium. Contributions to the know^ledg'e of Dematophera, G. de Istvanffi {Bvl. Inst. Cent. Am2)^Jol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), pp. 18-20 [pub. 1908]). ^A study was made of D. glomerata and D. nccatrix, the first species being much more common than the second. The presence of these fungi on grapevines is indicated by the leaves becom- ing crumpled, drying along their borders as if burned. Later the entire leaf becomes yellow and dries slowly, and sometimes new leaves are put out which remain small and i*esemble those of the gooseberry. The fungi, which attack the roots, develop in humid soils, particularly where there is poor aeration. Too great abundance of fertilizers, particularly barnyard manure, also favors the development of the parasites. Studies were made with the various spore forms, and descriptions are given of the different stages in the development of the fungi. Prevention of " pourridie," A. Szigethi-Gyula {Bui. Inst. Cent. Anip6lol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), p. 16 [pub. 1908]). — Experiments in a vineyard located in a rather moist situation showed that the application of lime at the rate of 2 kg., or of 10 liters of milk-of-lime, to a vine was efficient in preventing the pourridie. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 551 Notes on the wintering of powdery mildew, G. de Istvanffi (Buh Inst. Vent. AnipcIoL Roy. JIuiujrois, J (W06), pp. D-IJ [pub. J!)OS]). — A resume is given of investigations begun in 1903 on the wintering of the powdery mildew. The Oidium form was found to persist in buds and on tendrils, and for its treatment the author recounneuds a late autumn spraying of the vines, the collection and destruction of the tendrils, and in the spring the removal of the young shoots which show the first spring attack. The spring treatment is to be suppleuiontcd by powdering with sulphur or a mixture with bisulphite of soda. This comi>ound is said to act at a lower temperature than sulphur, which, it is said, is not etticient when the temperature falls below 17° C. Experiments in the control of powdery mildew in the greenhouse, G. ue Istvanffi {Bitl. Inst. Cent. Amp(ilol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), pp. I.'i, l'> [pub. 1908^). — A brief report is given of exi)erinients for the control of the powdery mildew in graperies, in which the best results were obtained where a mixture of bisulphite of soda and sulphur was used. One-tenth per cent picric acid was without much effect and it badly burned the leaves. Experiments on combating mildew, A. Szigethi-Gyula and L. Dupuis {Bui. Inst. Cent. Ampelol. Roy. Ilonyrois, 1 {1906), pp. 13, 1', [pub. 1908]).— A brief report is given of experiments in which about 1,000 grapevines were treated for the prevention of mildew. The treatment included spraying and dusting with fungicides before the opening of the buds, or the application of fungicides later in the season. The preliminary treatment consisted of washing the vines with solutions of sulphate of copper, bisulphite of sodium, neutral copper ace- tate, and two trade preparations known as "Antispora " and " Result." The later sprayings were with Bordeaux mixture made by different formulas, Anti- spora, and Result. The best results obtained were where Bordeaux mixture was used, and Anti- spora and Result were without much value for the control of the disease. Where the vines were dusted with neutral copper acetate the leaves remained green until the time they fell from the vines, while the check plants were completely defoliated by the beginning of September. Experiments on the treatment of chlorosis of grapes, J. Bernatzky {BuI. Inst. Cent. Ampelol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), pp. 8, 9 [pub. 1908]).— A summary is given of experiments for the treatment of chlorosis. The author found that with the addition of 8 to 10 parts of carbonate of lime or carbonate of magnesium in 1,000 parts of a normal culture medium chlorosis would be produced in grapes, the leaves showing the characteristic symptoms and the roots suffering in their development. The oxids of lime and magnesium and the phosphate of sodium and tribasic potash produced similar effects even when used in 5 parts per thousand. Smaller quantities of carbonates had no effect on the production of the disease. In treating chlorosis it was found that by neutralizing the medium with some form of acid the disease was prevented. This was particularly true when sulphate of iron, or better, the sesquichlorid of iron was used. If the nutrient solution did not contain iron, but was neutral or slightly acid, plants could remain in it for from 2 to 3 months without showing any indication of disease. The author says that in field treatment it is only necessary to neutralize the alkaline soils to secure immunity from the disease. The falling of the flowers of grapes, E. I'antanelli {Atti R. Aeead. Lincei, Rend. CI. Hci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 18 {1909), I, No. 8, pp. .',06-Jitl ; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 {1909), No. .560, II, p. ,1/.^).— The author has investigated a case of the falling of flowers from grapevines, and finds that 552 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. hoaltby grapes and leaves contain considerably more carbohydrates and less of the various forms of nitrogen than the diseased grapes and leaves. The con- clusion is drawn that the disease is due to the absorption of an excess of nitrogenous material from soils extremely poor in nitrogen and phosphoric acid. Notes on Monilia disease of fruit trees, G. de Istvanffi {Bui. Inst. Cent. Ampclol. Roy. Hongrois, 1 (1906), pp. 29-39 [puJ). 1908]).— A study was made of the Monilia disease of fruit trees, particular attention being given to the attack of that fungus on cherries. The effect of fog, soils, and susceptible varieties as contributing causes to the presence of this disease are described, after which notes are given on the hibernation of the fungus and its methods of attack. The spores were found to be quite resistant in their germination, but it is shown that when subjected to alternate cold and warm temperatures such as occur during winter seasons the vitality of a large proportion of the spores is destroyed. In experiments conducted for the prevention of the Monilia, Bordeaux mix- ture, neutral copper acetate, and bisulphite of calcium were tested. As a result the author recommends the clearing out of all rubbish, cutting out dead limbs, and clearing away deposited gum during the winter, after which the trees should be sprayed before the opening of the buds with some of the fungicides mentioned above. In case of fogs or wet seasons subsequent sprayings should be made from time to time. The bud-rot of the coconut palm, J. K. .Johnston (U. S. Drpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 36, pp. 5). — Attention is called to the bud-rot of coconut, a disease which has apparently been known in tropical America for a considerable time, and is believed to be of bacterial origin. The disease or similar diseases is widely distributed throughout tropical America, and possibly it may occur in the East Indies, Ceylon, and elsewhere. The writer is preparing a full account of his investigations, and desires further knowledge regarding the occurrence of the disease, its relation to climatic and soil conditions, illustrations, etc. The present status of the white pine blights, P. Spaulding (U. »S(. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 35, pp. 12). — This circular presents the results of investigations on white pine blight, and shows that there are several distinct diseases due to as many different causes. One of the most common forms of twig blight was due to the fungus Septoria spadicea n. sp., described by Mrs. Flora W. Patterson and Miss Vera K. Charles. The most characteristic leaf blight is due to an undetermined cause, and was much less prevalent in 1908 than in previous years. Many partially affected trees have recovered, while no new ones became diseased. A twig blight caused by Lophodermium hrachysporum is liable to occur if the weather is especially favorable to the fungus, but little damage from this disease is to be apprehended. The other diseases are all believed to be of transitory char- acter and thus far have caused no permanent damage. An eelworm in fern fronds (Roy. Bot. Gard. Kew, Bui. Misc. Inform., 1909, No. 6, pp. 2.'i3, 2ji-'f, fig. 1). — A description is given of Aphelenchus olesistus which has been recently noticed as occurring in fern fronds, causing conspicu- ous, well-defined brown stripes or irregularly shaped blotches on the fronds of various species of ferns grown under glass. The same nematode is said to cause brown patches on the leaves of begonias, chrysanthemums, coleus, gloxinia, etc. Dusting the plants with a mixture of tobacco powder and sulphur is said to be an excellent remedy for this pest. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 553 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. The transformations of the animal world, C. Dki'ekkt (Nciv Yoh-Jc, 1909, pp. XY 1+360). — In the first part uf the book the author gives a summary of the work of the principal authors regarding the evolutionist theory, including therein Darwin's precursors as well as his successors. In the second part he deals with the different processes of the variation and the extinction of species, together with the effects of migrations and the problem of the first appearance of life on the globe. The origin of vertebrates, W. H. Gaskell {London and Neio York, 1908, pp. IX+5.37, pgs. KiS; rcr. in Science, n. scr., 29 {1909), No. 751, pp. 816-S18).— This work is reviewed by B. Dean. Inoculating wolves {Breeder's Gaz., 55 {1909), No. 20, p. 166).— B. J. Peter- son states that a large number of coyotes and jack rabbits severely affected with mange have been killed in Nebraska, and M. E. Knowles, Montana state vet- erinarian, that reports from southern Wyoming indicate that the mange of coyotes has spread to that section. H. Avare, Montana state game and fish warden, re[)orts that due to a crusted snow about 2C»0 deer were killed during the winter of 1908-9 near Ovando. Reports were received from other sections of the State to the effect that coyotes were killing deer at a rate that threatens their extincion. Rabbit destruction, G. M. McKeown {Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 {1909), Xo. Jf, pp. 331, 332). — Directions for fumigating with carbon bisulphid and the mixing and use of rabbit poison. Notes on the mammals and cold-blooded vertebrates of the Indiana Uni- versity farm, Mitchell, Indiana, W. L. Hahn {Proc. U. S. Nat. Alus., 35 {1909), pp. 5.',5-5Sl). Generic names applied to birds during the years 1901 to 1905, inclusive, with further additions to Waterhouse's " Index Generum Avium," C. W. Richmond {Proc. V. S. Nat. Mus., 35 {1909), pp. 583-655).— This list consists of some 200 names introduced as new during the years 1901-1905, inclusive, with about 350 others of earlier date, the majority of which are not recorded by AVaterhouse. An annotated list of the birds of Boulder County, Colorado, J. Henderson {Univ. Colo. Studies, 6 {1909), No. 3, pp. 219-2^2, imp 1).—A list of 216 species, with a bibliography of 40 titles, is given. "Owing to the differences in altitude, tempei'ature, etc., the study of bird migrations is more complicated than in more level regions, there being a sort of vertical migration as well as the regular northward and southward movements. Valuable notes on vertical migration a few miles south of this county were made by Mr. T. M. Tripp." List of injurious and beneficial insects and other animals received during 1908, .J. AV. SnoEBOTHAM {Jour. Cooper Research Lab., 1909, No. 1, pp. 55-67). — A list arranged by classes is given, in which the common and scientific names and the place of collection are included. The metamorphosis of insects, P. Deegenee {Die Metamorphose der Jnsek- tcn. Lcipsic and Berlin, 1909, pp. 56; rev. in Science, n. ser., 29 {1909), No. 7Jf0, pp. 384-387). — This work contains an analysis of the organization of the larva, and a consideration of the phylogeny of metamorphosis and of the significance of the pupal stage. The review is by AA". M. AVheeler. Recent work in insect behavior and its economic significance, AV. B, IlEKMS'(./oMr. Eeon. Ent., 2' {1909), No. 3, pp. 223-230).— \ paper presented at the AVatsonville, Cal., Entomological Conference, August 25, 1908. 554 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The entomological writings of William Harris Ashmead, with an index to the new genera described by him, J. C. Crawford (Proc. Eiit. >S'oe. Wash., JO (1908), No. 3-Jf, pp. 131-160). — Two hundred and sixty titles are listed. Of the 627 genera described by the author all belong to the Hymenoptera, except Euryuieloides and Polydoutoscelis, which are Hemiptera. Proceedings of the twenty-Jirst annual meeting of the American Associa- tion of Economic Entomologists {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 201-220). — This is a continuation of the proceedings previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 347). Notes of the Year (1008) from North Carolina were presented by F. Sherman, Jr. (pp. 201-206). The chicken flea iXcsto2)si/Ua [Sarcop.sijUu] galUiwcea) appeared for the first time, having been reported from Wilmington, where it w;is very abundant and proved troublesome to the human host. The straw- berry weevil did serious damage in the spring in the southwestern part of the State. The cabbage louse is said to be a serious pest almost every spring. A cricket {AnurognjJlus mtiticus) was reported for the first time as a source of injury to cabbage. The corn root aphis, commonly attended in the State by Lof30/).— " With the 'exception of the ear the whole plant lies open and free to insect depredation, and ... is able to maintain itself in the midst of its entomological dependents only by virtue of its unusual power of vigorous, rapid, and superabundant growth. . . . The com insects exhibit no structural adaptations to their life on the corn plant — no structures, that is to say, which fit them any better to live and feed on com than on any one of the many other kinds of vegetation. ... In short, in the entomological ecology of the corn plant we see nothing whatever of that nice fitting of one thing to another, specialization answering to specialization, either on the insect side or on that of the plant, which we sometimes find illustrated in the relations of plant and insects." ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 559 Some parasites of the cotton worm [in the West Indies] (Agr. News [liarbadofi], 8 (1909), No. Hi), pp. 7.J, 7.5, figs. 2). — Vhalcis ovata and Sarco- phaga tririttata were bred from the cotton worm. A species of Spirochalcis was found to be parasitic upon C. ovata. Some insects injurious to truck crops. Miscellaneous notes on truck-crop insects, ¥. H. Chittenden {U. >S'. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 66, pt. 7, pp. 93-97). — Arsenate of lead at a strength of 1 lb. to 20 gal. of water applied dur- ing the first week of June (in the vicinity of AVashington, D. C), followed by a second application a weelc later at a strength of 1 lb. to 15 gal. of water, is said to have controlled the asparagus beetle without injuring the plants. The asparagus miner (Agromijza simplex) is reported to have infested aspar- agus at Antioch, Cal., and the asparagus beetle to have been abundant in that locality. As the miner was also found at Oakley, Cal., the author concludes that it is becoming generally distributed in the State. The asparagus miner is reported to be well established in the vicinity of Portsmouth, Va., and the source of severe injury at Concord, Mass. The pea moth {Enarmonia nigricana) , which has been known as a pest in Canada for several years, has been discovered for the first time in this counti-y at Chai'levoix. Mich. A new western root maggot (Pegomya jyld'iipalpis), which was received from San Francisco, Cal., has been designated as the western radish maggot since Idaho is the type locality. Two natural enemies bred have been determined as Aphcvreta sp. and Polypesa sp. Water-cress leaf-beetles (Phwdon wruginosa), received from Halltown, W. Va., were parasitized by a fungus which has been tentatively determined as Entomophthora splicer osperma. Notes are also given on injury by the water-cress sowbug (Mancascllus hra- vhgurus) at Shippensburg, Pa., and Lexington, Va. Western spread of the Colorado potato beetle, J. M. Aldrich (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, p. 235). — The author reports the occurrence of the potato beetle in the Bitter Root Valley and in Flathead County, Mont, and in the town of Nez Perce, Idaho. The pest is said to have been established in the latter neighborhood for at least 2 years and seems to have spread considerably during the summer of 1908. It is pointed out that while the wet winters may account for its inability to maintain itself in Idaho this cause does not hold good in all the territory concerned. The banded pumpkin beetle (Aulacophora oliverei), W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 3. pp. 209-212, pi. i).— This species is consid- ered the worst leaf-eating beetle that gardeners have to deal with in New South Wales, since it attacks all kinds of melons, cucumbers, pumpkins, and squashes. In 1908 it was the source of considerable injury to the fruit of the cherry. It is said that if the plants are dusted on the upper side with a plentiful sup- ply of wood ashes, lime, or fine road dust the beetles will in most seasons leave the plants alone. Paris green dusted over the foliage will drive the beetles away. The greenhouse thrips, H. M. Russell (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 6ft, pt. 6, pp. .'i3-60, figs. 3). — The author has made a study in Florida of the life history and means by which the greenhouse thrips (Heliothrips hwmorrhoi- dalis) can be controlled. The thrips was found in 1907 to be the source of diseased conditions of crotons in a greenhouse at Orlando, Fla. In 1908 it was reported to be the source of injury to mangoes at Miami, Fla., to plants in greenhouses at San Luis Obispo, Cal.. and to ornamentals in parks at Santa Barbara, Cal. The injury, so far as known, is confined to the foliage, no reports having been made of injury to blossoms. Since the species has been collected in widely distributed 560 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. places in this country, it is concluded that the pest is generally distributed in greenhouses throughout the United States. Technical descriptions are given of the immature stages and the habits are discussed. On a few occasions specimens of the mite La-Iajis macropilis have been found fastened to the dorsum of thrips. Details of fumigation and spray- ing experiments are reported. The remedies recommended include fumigating with nicotine papers, nicotine liquid extract, and hydrocyanic-acid gas, and spraying with water, nicotine liquids, and kerosene emulsion. A bibliography of 27 titles is appended to the account. Descriptions and life histories of two new parasites of the black currant mite, Eriophyes ribis, Adelaide M. Taylor {Jour. Econ. Biol., 4 (.1909), No. 1, ■pp. IS. pis. 2, figs, k ) . — A chalcidid, to which has been given the name Tetrasti- elms eriophyes, is said to be one of the most common and useful enemies of the black currant mite. Nine months are required by this chalcidid to complete its growth. The mite is parasitized by a minute fungus, which is described as new and named Botrytis eriophyes. The chalcidid larvie are also killed by this fungus, as were nut mites {Eriophyes avellanw) and birch mites (E. hetulw) that had been inoculated. Lepidopterous enemies of the vine, L. Vivakelli {Rivista [Coneglianol, 4. ser., 15 {1909), Nos. 2, pp. 27-31; 3, pp. 56-61; 4, PP- S0-S5; 5, pp. 108-112; 6, pp. 123-129; 7, pp. 158-162; 8, pp. 177-184, figs. 15).— A consideration of 13 r^pecies that are injurious to grapes in Italy. Eggs and stages of the lesser apple worm, E. P. Taylor {Jour. Eeon. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 237-239). — Eggs were collected on June 19, 190S, at Olden, Mo., from the smooth surface of small apples and from the upper surface of apple leaves borne near fruit. Although at the time of collection these eggs were noted to be much smaller than others in the lot, they were taken to be those of the codling moth ; upon breeding to maturity adults of the lesser apple worm emerged. " The eggs upon apple trees, so far as observed, are deposited singly either upon the smooth surface of the forming apple or upon the upper or glabrous surface of the apple leaves. In this respect the oviposition habits of the moth upon apple is not unlike that of the codling moth. The eggs when freshly laid appear as small semitransparent yellowish-white spots, looking not unlike much flattened and very small drops of milk. In outline they are usually oval, fitting closely down upon the surface as convex disks. Specimens measured upon an average 0.68 mm. long by 0.53 mm. broad, which measurements show it to be a trifle more than one-half the size of the egg of the codling moth. . . . " Larvae imder observation spent upon an average of 17 days in the fruit from the time they were seen to hatch until they emerged for pupation. From 21 to 23 days elapsed from the time eggs hatched to the emergence of the pink fusiform larvte from the apple for cocoon spinning, and in one instance gave 24 days from the time the larva left the apple to the appearance of the adult moth, with an average actual pupal period of 12 to 16 days. The total life cycle of the lesser apple worm was found to be approximately the same as for the codling moth. . , . It is quite probable that eggs of Enarmonia prunivora were already being laid in the orchard late in May, at which time apiJles of standard winter varieties measured from 1 to IJ in. in diameter." The fact that the eggs of the lesser apple worm are laid a few days later than those of the codling moth emphasizes the importance of a spray at this particular time. Notes on insects affecting the coconut trees in the Society Islands, R. W. Doane iJovr. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 220-223). — This is an account of ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 561 observations made of other insects while investigating tlie injury to coconut trees by Aspidiotus destructor (E. S. R., 20, p. 1053) in the Society Islands. Hcmichionaspis aspidistrce is said to rank next to A. destructor in numbers and probably in amount of damage done. Everywhere it Is* abundantly para- sitized by a small chalcidid. Lepidosaphes gloveri is often very abundant on the bases of the older leaves, but as long as its attaclc is i-estricted to this part of the tree the damage done can not be very great. It also was everywhere badly parasitized. On the young tender unfolding leaves of many of the trees are to be found large colonies of Pscudococciis pandani. What seems to be the same species of the mealy bug occurs abundantly on the Pandanus. Sphenophoriis obscurus and Calandra taitensis are said to bore toward the base of the leaves, causing a resin-like exudation to flow from holes made by the larvjB. The larvte of a small moth works on the underside of the leaflets, eating away the lower surface and causing the whole leaf to turn brown and die. Another small moth larva may prove to be of considerable importance on account of its habit of attacking the male flower buds as soon as they are exposed by the opening of the spathe. On some of the trees where male spike- lets were in bloom the spike would be covered with two species of O^demerids, Ananca livida and A. collaris, the former being the more abundant. They were feeding on the pollen and where a spike was badly attacked practically all the pollen was destroyed. Brassolis isthmia, a lepidopterous insect highly injurious to coconut cul- ture in the Panama Canal zone, H. F. Schultz (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 {1908), Xo. 3-.'f, pp. 16.^-167). — This insect is said to have occurred in such numbers in 1906 as to defoliate the coconut trees on the Isthmus and necessitate their being cut down. The pest feeds at night, remaining in the nest during the day. While it can be controlled by the use of arsenate of lead, it is more easily accomplished by cutting down the nests. A dipterous parasite is said to help in its control. Animals associated with the Hevea rubber plant in Ceylon, C. E. Geeen {Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, 4 (1908), No. 12, pp. 91-102).— A brief account of the enemies of the Hevea rubber plant. There are said to be comparatively few animal enemies of this plant in Ceylon. It is to a very large extent self-protected from insect attack by the presence of the viscid caoutchouc-producing latex, which constitutes its great value. Arsenical poisoning of fruit trees, W. P. Headden {Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), No. 3, pp. 239-245). — A detailed account of experiments to which this article refers has been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 452). The author con- cludes " that we must either find some other still more insoluble arsenical com- pound than any which has heretofore been used, or find some other substance with which to combat the codling moth, or eventually render our trees so short-lived as to curtail the profits of orcharding." A note on the action of caustic soda, paraffin, and tar oils on fruit trees, S. Williamson {Jour. Cooper Research Lab., 1909, No. 1, pp. 38-Jf2, figs. 3). — The author concludes that the fruit grower must exercise great care in the use of fluids containing caustic soda, paraffin, and tar oils and that the risk of damage to trees is too great to warrant their recommendation. Control of insects and of plant diseases, C. D. Jarvis {Connecticut Storrs Sta. Bui. 56, pp. 220-282, pis. 8). — This bulletin discusses the principles of spray- ing and general preventives for insect and fungus pests, gives formulas of in- secticides and fungicides, and directions for spraying the more imjwrtant crops, describes the more important insect pests and fungus diseases, and briefly con- siders spraying machinery. 562 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Instructions for spraying, W. H, Chandler (Missouri 8ta. Circ. Inform. 34, pp. 16, f'Kjx. 6). — Directions for the preparation and use of Insecticides and fungicides in combating insect enemies and fungus diseases of fruits. Nursery and orchard inspection in Maryland, T, B. Symons (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 248-251). — A description of nursery and orchard in- spection as carried out in Maryland. Nursery inspection in Minnesota, F. L. Washbuen (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 246, 247). — ^A brief account of the nursery inspection as con- ducted in Minnesota. The transmission of disease by insects, F. C. Wellman (Proc. Path. Sac. Philo., n. scr., 12 (1909), No. 1, pp. 36-43). — This is a brief account of observa- tions made in Africa by the author. An introduction to methods of studying the morbid histology of disease- carrying insects, A. E. Hamerton (Jour. Roy. Army Med. Corps, 11 (1909), No. 3, pp. 243-249). — A brief account of the technique. Ticks. A monograph of the Ixodoidea, G. H. F. Nxjttall and C. Warbur- TON (Cambridge, 1908, pp. X-\-104+35, pis. 3, figs. 114)- — This worli on the Argasidfe is part 1 of a monograph of the Ixodoidea, now in preparation. Prac- tically all that has been published on the subject is said to haAe received ade- quate consideration. In the authors' opinion the genus Argas comprises 6 well-established species, while 4 others are doubtful. Argas miniatus is made a synonym of A. persicus. The genus Ornithodoros is represented by 11 well defined and 3 doubtful species. A complete synonymy and iconography are given for each species. Both authors are responsible for the systematic portion, while the biological section was prepared by the senior author. W. F. Cooper and L. E. Robinson assisted in collating the literature on the subject. In the text the Harvard sys- tem of references is adopted, the year and page of the authors' papers being added after their names. A bibliography of about 300 titles printed on one side of thin paper, suitable to cut and paste upon index cards, is appended. Many text figures and plates accompany the work. Three new ticks from the United States, N. Banks (Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 10 (190S), No. 3-4, pp. 170-173, figs. 6). — Dermacentor modestus from a horse at Mountain Home, Idaho, and Prescott and Olympia, Wash.; Aponomma inornata from a dog at Corpus Christi, and a rabbit at Victoria, Tex.; and Ixodes texanus from a raccoon in Live Oak County, Tex., are described as new. Some host relations of ticks, W. A. Hooker (Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 251-257). — Forty-one species of ticks representing 10 genera are said to occur in the United States and Alaska. Amhlyomma dissimile, a Mexican species, is reported to have been collected from iguanas at Brownsville, Tex. The new species Aponomma inornata which has been collected from the dog and rabbit in Texas Ls the first representative of this genus discovered in the United States. In the larval stage Amhlyomma tuberculatum has been found to attach to mammals and birds. The nymphs are commonly found on the gopher tortoise and were experimentally engorged upon a bovine, while the adults apparently attach to cold-blooded animals only. Other si)ecies of which the host relations are noted are Amhlyomma americanum, Hwmaphysalis leporis-palustris, H. chordeilis, Ixodes scapularis, I. cookei, I. ricinus, Dermacentor venustus, D. variahilis, and D. marginatus. Bots of horses (Agr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 3, pp. 203-208, figs. 6).— A description is given of the biology of Gastrophilus equi and G. hwmor- rhoidalis. Preventive measures and curative treatment are briefly considered. Note on aphids attacking sheep, cattle, and horses, W. E. Collinge (Jour. Cooler Research Lab., 1909, No. 1, pp. 51, 52).— The author quotes the following FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 563 notes received from a correspondent at Sydney, Australia, concerning tliis pest, a report of wliicb by Giirney Lias been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 654) : " Tills pest makes its appearance in the sprinj^time when the trefoil clover is bogiiniiug to flower, and a drooping, showery season, producing a luxuriant growth of clover, causes the pest to become a terrible scourge, attacking not only sheep, but cattle and horses." As far as is at present known the pest concerned is regarded as a purely clover aphis, resembling very much the rose and cabbage aphis, particularly the latter. This pest is, however, black in color, while the ordinary aphis is a slaty-green color. liucilia as a parasite, E. Hesse (Biol. CentU., 28 (1908), No. 23, pp. 753- 758). — Several cases are notal where live and newly dead toads were found to have larvie of Lucilia developing in the head region. The author observed Liicilia c(rs(ir depositing eggs in a living nestling of the mistle-thrush (Turdus viscivonis) that had fallen from the nest. Bee keeping in Massachusetts, B. N. Gates (Massachustts Sta. Bui. 129, pp. SSi, figs. 2). — This is a reprint of Bulletin 75, part 7, of the Bureau of Ento- mology of this Department, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 357). Lac and lac cultivation, D. N. Avasia ( [Indian Forest Dept.] Pamphlet -J, Forest Econ. Scr. 1, pp. 10). — ^A lecture delivered at the Imperial Forest College at Dehra Dun. Lac is described as a resinous incrustation formed by the scale insect Tachardia lacca on twigs of certain trees. Schlrichcra trijuga and Butea frondosa are said to be the trees most suitable for lac production. Universal camera bracket, E. Viall (8ci. Amer. Sup. 67 (1909), No. 1740, p. 292, figs. Jf). — Plans and photogi'aphs are presented of a simple camera bracket that has been devised for use in photographing objects on the ground. This bracket combines the features of being universal, rigid, and cheap, and is said to be far superior to the ordinary ball-and-socket joint universal camera holder. This bracket is apparently suited to the use of the entomologist in field work. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Linnaeus' dietetics, A. O. Lindfoks (Uppsala TJniv. Aarsskr. 1907, Linnefest Skr. 2, pp. 167, pi. 1). — This translation was made from Linnaeus's original manuscript. There is a brief introduction by the translator. Sugar as food for man, J. Tribot and F. Dupont (Rev. Soc. Set. Hyg. Ali- ment., 7 (1909), No. 5, pp. 113-119). — Data on the dietetic use of sugar are summarized and discussed. The harmful effects of acetanilid, antipyrin, and phenacetin, L. F. Kebler, F. p. Morgan, and P. Rupp (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Bui. 126, pp. 85). — In order to obtain reliable information regarding the harmful effects of acetanilid, antipyrin, and phenacetin an investigation was undertaken to ascertain as far as possible their status as toxic agents. To this end an inquiry was addressed to medical practitioners in the United States with regard to their experience with the drugs and a study was made of the medical litera- ture of the subject. The data summarized show that these drugs are pre- scribed by the majority of observers less frequently than formerly, the reasons given being in most instances their toxic and particularly their depressing effect. The bulletin also contains a summary of the results of an inquiry regarding the importance of the ill effects of these agents, which was conducted by the British Medical Association. 564 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Chemical composition of some Sudan grains, W. .Beam (Rpt. Wellcome Re- search Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 (1908), pp. Jf01-411).—A large number of analyses are reported of different varieties of sorghum, Indian corn, teff (Poa abyssinica), millet, rice, fenugreek, beans, corn, and of other grains aud oil-bearing seeds. Milling and baking tests with wheat, L. R. Waldron (North Dakota 8ta., Rpt. Dicldnson Suhsta. 1908, pp. 24-26, pi. 1). — Milling and bailing tests carried on under the direction of E. F. Ladd are reported with the following varieties of wheat : Kahla, an Algerian durum with black chaff and beards ; Gatineau, a Canadian Red Fife and Wild Goose hybrid; two Kubankas; Galgalos, a velvet chaff " hard " wheat ; and Girka, a Russian wheat that very closely resembles Fife. All the wheats were heavy, ranging from 60.5 to 64.5 lbs. per bushel, and the yield of flour was high in every case, all giving an average corrected per- centage of 70 except Girka. " In yield of patent flour, the Kahla wheat leads with a percentage of 59.9. The percentage of the ' clear ' flours and the bran are correspondingly low. The Gatineau is apparently with the durums as a milling wheat. The durums are apparently much superior in milling qualities to the two ' hard ' wheats." A study of the gluten of the different flours showed that in the case of the durum wheats the expansion was decidedly lower than with the hard wheats and that the Gatineau was intermediate in this respect. The Girka flour showed a high expansion and in the author's opinion " ought to make very ' light ' bread. The Galgalos loaf fails to ' stand up' in the oven." The baking tests were made in comparison with a standard flour. The results reported indicate " that a less amount of the durum is required to make a loaf of a certain weight than is required of the hard wheat flour. From the stand- point of the baker, the durum flours ought to be much more preferable. The Girka flour shows its ability to make a loaf, very nearly as large as the ' stand- ard.' . . . The Kahla and Kubauka loaves are but three-fourths as large as the standard loaf, of the same weight. The Kahla is considerably superior in the number of loaves it produces per bushel of wheat and per barrel of flour. The Girka is at the bottom of the list. The Gatineau shows up very favorably, both as a milling and as a bread wheat. Unfortunately the trials for two seasons do not indicate that it yields as well as the Girka or Kubanka." Beport of the Local Government Board on " facing- " and other methods of preparing rice for sale, J. M. Hamill (Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.} Rpts. Insp. Foods, 1909, No. 8, pp. 21). — An investigation was undertaken into the condi- tions under which rice is prepared and sold, with a view to securing data re- garding the extent to which " facing " and other treatment of rice is practiced in addition to the ordinary milling. Millers generally polish rice, according to the author, talc or kindred sub- stance being used to impart a high polish or glaze to the grain. Furthermore, pigments of various kinds such as, most commonly, ultramarine blue, but some- times Prussian blue, indigo and anilin dyes may be employed to modify the yellowish color of rice, while oil, either vegetable oil such as arachis oil, or some mineral oil, is used to increase its translucency. A sample of the talc used in " facing " rice was analyzed, and analyses of extraneous mineral mat- ter from the surface of rice by P. A. E. Richards reported. Of 509 samples of rice examined 86 were unpolished, 69 lightly polished, and 354 highly polished. According to the author, " there seems to be no reason for anticipating that injurious results are likely to follow the use of polishing materials if they are used in such a way that only comparatively small amounts, such as shown in the majority of the analyses [reported] . . . remain iu the rice. rOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 565 " At the same time, the presence iu a food like rice of comparatively large quantities (such as 1 to 2 per cent) of insoluble and possibly irritating mineral matter might in some circumstances be definitely prejudicial to health, es- pecially as this food is often given in considerable quantities to children and invalids. " The quantity of mineral matter can, of course, be reduced by carefully washing the grains with cold water before cooking, but it is not desirable that the consumer should have to rely on this means of reducing the foreign matter which has been added. . . . " The small quantity of oil employed in dressing rice appears to have no effect, but it should be said on the other side that, on general principles, use of a mineral oil should be avoided in any article of diet. " With regard to coloring matter, the amounts used in rice are small, and no objection in respect of risk to health need arise provided that colors are used, the reasonable fitness of which for dietetic purposes has been assured. . . . " It seems desirable that the quantity of adventitious mineral matter should be determined by public analysts to whom rice samples are submitted under the 8ale of Food and Drugs Act, and that the analyst's certificate should direct attention to samples in which the proportion of mineral matter exceeds ... 0.5 per cent.'" In the appendixes are given analyses by P. A. E, Richards of various speci- mens of unglazed rice to which known proportions of talc had been added, and experiments by S. B. Schryver with regard to the digestibility of oiled rice, mice being used as subjects. It appears " that oil has no influence on the rate of diastatic digestion, the results only varying as a rule by less than 2 mg. from a mean." The occurrence of asparagin in young' pear fruits, P. Huber (Schiveis. Wchnsclir. Chcm. u. Pliarm., /,7 (1909), No. 26, pp. JfOl, 402 ).— Determinations of asparagin in young pears are reported. Fruit acid in pineapples, R. Kayseb {Ztschr. Qffentl. Chem., 15 (1909), No. 10, pp. 181, 188). — According to the author's determinations 2 samples of pineapple juice contained respectively 63 and 60 gm. citric acid per 100 cc. Tartaric and malic acid were not present. Very little of the citric acid was in combination with bases. Pickled tea {Trop. Agr. and Mag. Ceylon Agr. Soc, Jf {1909), No. 5, pp. /f6 1-526). — Information is given regarding a fermented product made from tea leaves which is used in Burma and neighboring regions. The article Is quoted from Capital. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 64). Powdered meat. Its food and therapeutic value, P. Lassabliere {Arch. MM. E.xpt. et Anat. Path. [Paris'], 21 {1909), No. 3, pp. 299-323).— A fuller ac- count of investigations previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 19, p. 358). Changes in cold storag'e and frozen meat, J. E. Richelet {Rev. Facult. Agron. y Vet. La Plata, 2. scr., 5 {1909), pp. 226-236) .—The nature of slime, brown spot, and mold, tlieir prevention, and similar questions are taken up. Changes in cold storage and frozen meat, J. E. Richelet {Bol. Min. Agr. lliuenos Aires], 10 {1909), No. J,, pp. 282-289).— A less extended article than that noted above. What is diseased meat and what is its relation to meat inspection? T. Smith {Amer. Jour. Piih. Hyg., 19 {1909), No. 2, jyp. 397 -ill). —Quotations from the author's summary follow i " There are few animals either ideally sound or wholly free from disease germs or parasites. [The author, however, does not consider that these minor 566 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. departures from normal, which are the most numerous, are harmful or objec- tionable with good meat inspection service in operation.] "The line to be drawn between normal and suspicious or infected meat is not absolutely fixed, but depends on the nature and stage of the disease process. " In very few diseased conditions would the thoroughly cooked meat if eaten produce disease in man. "Animals affected with certain diseases are rejected in toto because the han- dling may infect man or disseminate the disease. Animals affected with other diseases are rejected partly because our general standards of healthy meat are relatively high, partly because such diseases may be disseminated by the meat and infect other animals. " The proportion of harmless meat from diseased animals excluded from con- sumption in the future will probably depend more or less on the relative scarcity of meat. With the shrinking of supplies we may eventually approximate the regulations now in force in Germany which permit a larger freedom in the use of meat from diseased animals than we do, " Proper inspection demands well-trained inspectors and these are most economically employed in large public abattoirs. " To utilize our meat products most efficiently they should be classified and meat from certain diseased animals now rejected entirely should be sold under suitable restrictions after sterilization." Public slaughterhouses (Scotland), F. Dittmar (Glasgoic: Local Govt. Bd., 1908, pp. 82). — A report is presented on the conditions prevailing in Scotland In i-espect to the provision of public slaughterhouses by local authorities, and as to the methods of meat inspection conducted by such organizations. On the basis of data collected suggestions for improvement are made. Food legislation (Bui. Mens. Off. Renseig. Agr. [Pari4], S (1909), No. 5, pp. 607-623). — A summary of recent food legislation in Germany, England, the United States, and other countries. Notices of judgment ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Notices of Judgment 69-81, pp. 23; 82, pp. 7; 83-90, pp. 19). — These notices of judgment have to do with the mis- branding of rye flour, canned peas, lemon extract, canned cherries, vinegar, maple sirup, canned tomatoes, water, tomato catsup, salad oil, drug prepara- tions, wine, baked beans and tomato sauce, saltpeter, and evaporated apples; the adulteration of milk and oats; and the adulteration and misbranding of pepper. Health regulations of the Prussian States in the year 1907 {Ztschr. Offentl. Chcm., 15 (1909), No. 10, pp. 188-195).— A brief account of the nature of the pure food work of the Prussian inspection stations. Food standards in the colony of Victoria (Brit. Food Jour., 11 (1909), Nos. 12-',, pp. 58-61; 125, pp. 77, 78; 126, pp. 97-99).— The official food standards adopted in Victoria are quoted. A quarterly report of progress in food chemistry, H. Zucker (Pharm. Ztg., 5.'t (1909), Nos. //S, jrp. 7,70, 471; J,9, pp. J,79, .'/SO).— A digest of analytical and other data regarding the chemistry of bread, milk, tea, coffee, coco, water, and other products for the first quarter of the year 1909 is given. Progress in the examination of foods, condiments, fats, and oils, Utz (Ostcrr. Cheni. Ztg., 12 (1909), Nos. 5, pp. 59-62; 6, pp. 74-77; 10, pp. 130-132).— This is a digest of data regarding the examination of water, milk, wine, fats, oils, bakers' goods, meat products, honey, preservatives, and other such goods. Food analyses No. 23, E. H. S. Bailey and H. L. Jackson (Bui. Kans. Bd. Health, 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 100-105).— Data, are given regarding the analyses of a number of samples of sirups, extracts, vinegar, pickles, and miscellaneous foods. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 567 Vinegar and artificial vinegar, Witte {Ztschr. Offcntl. Chcm., 15 {1909), No. 10, i>i>. 181-1S7). — A discussion iind digest of data. The composition, alcohol content, and nonalcoholic constituents of brandies and cognacs, X. Kocques (Rcr. ,S'or. *S'r/. II m/. Aliment., 7 {1909), No. 5, pp. lOS-110). — Data are reported resardiiifj; the composition of these goods. Brandies and other alcoholic beverages, C. Girard {Rev. Sac. 8ci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 {1909), No. 5, pp. 90-9.J). — ^A reiiort and discussion of analytical data. Cognacs, J. M. Guillon {Rev. Sac. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 {1909), No. 5, pp. Ill, 1J2). — A note on the analysis of such goods. Analyses of wines from the Baranya district {Bui. Inst. Cent. Amp6lol, Roy. Hongrois, 1 {1906), tables 3 [puh. 190S]). — A report in tabular form and without discussion of analyses of 75 samples of wines. Fraud in the bottled water industry, E. Bon jean (Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. Aliment., 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. .'i5-52). — The systematic examination of mineral waters is recommended with a view to determining their genuineness, and the le^iil asjiects of the matter are considered. Lead in culinary utensils and tinned goods, Pade and Kohn-Abrest {Rev. Soc. Sci. Hyg. AVnnent., 7 {1909), No. 5, p. 120). — A note on lead in tniameled and tinned utensils and its permissible limits. Missouri Home Makers' Conference Association {Missouri Bel. Agr. Mo. Bui., 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. 70, figs. 3, Ogm. 1). — A report of the business transacted at the second annual meeting of the Missouri Home Makers' Conference Asso- ciation, Columbia, Mo., January, 1909, is presented, with papers, including among others The Typical Rural Home, Its Possibilities, and Obligations, by Mrs. H. C. Harvey ; What the State May Do for the Farmers' Wives, and House- hold Conveniences, by Martha Van Rensselaer; Well-Balanced Meals, by Edna D. Day ; Broiling and Roasting of Meat, by Louise Stanley ; and How to Can Fruits and Vegetables on the Farm, by JNIabel E. Moore. How to cook vegetables, Olive Green {Neiv York and London, 1909, pp. V+GJflf). — An extended compilation of methods of preparing vegetables of different sorts. Mechanical kneading machines, Ringelmann {Bid. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 69 (1909), No. 5, pp. .'/ll-J/19). — A study of kneading machines with reference to the amount of power required. Price of foodstuffs in France, E Levasseur {Rev. Econ. Internat., 6 {1909), II, No. 2, pp. 205-255). — Data were collected in 70 high schools regarding the fluctuations in the price of foodstuffs during the last 25 years in different re- gions of France. The statistical data reported are discussed. [Cost of food], Keene {Diplo. and Cons. Rpts. [London'l, Ann. Ser., 1909, No. Jt226, pp. 7-20). — ^Data are given regarding the price of food, wages, and hours of labor, and similar questions in the consular district of Genoa in 1908. A study of malnutrition in the school child, E. M. Sill {Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc, 52 {1909), No. 25, i)p. 1981-1985).— On the basis of 210 cases of malnu- trition in school children in New York City which have come under his obser- vation, the author discusses the general subject and makes suggestions for treat- ment. Of the children under the autl.or's observntion showing malnutrition, 83 per cent practically depended for their diet on bread with tea or coffee. In the treatment of malnutrition it is pointed out that mothers must be in- structed " in the schools and clinics, either by word of mouth or printed direc- tions, as to what foods are best for the growing child, which are the most nutritious and hoiilthful for the money, the best way to cook diffei-ent foods, what ai'ticles of diet to avoid, and the necessity of plenty of fresh air and sun- light and cleauliuess. Warm clotliiug is a necessity. 568 EXPERIMENT STATION" RECOED. " These children should be given a highly nutritious diet ; that is, foods that contain a large amount of proteid material." The dietary which he states he found to be most valuable consisted of " milk (a quart a day), coco, eggs, red meat (once a day), fowl, fish, bread and butter, and cereals, such as oatmeal. . . . Farina, hominy, corn meal, rice, pure olive oil, and cream should also be given if possible, with vegetables, such as spinach, stewed tomatoes, stewed corn, cauliflower, baked and creamed potatoes, purees of beans or peas, and baked beans, and fresh fruit, such as oranges, pears, apples, raw and baked and in the form of apple sauce, and stewed prunes." The fluids of the body, E. H. Starling (London, 1909, pp. VIII+1S6, figs. IS). — In this volume the author has gathered together a number of lectures delivered at different times. The subjects taken up include the physical prop- erties of protoplasm, the osmotic relationships of cells, the intake of fluid, the exchange of fluids in the body — the production of lymph, the absorption of the interstitial fluids, the output of fluid, and the fluid balance of the body. Can nitrogen equilibrium be attained with either zein or gliadin as the sole proteid in the food? V. Henriques (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 60 {1909), No. 2, pp. 105-118). — With zein it was not possible to attain nitrogen equilibrium though the loss was less than with nitrogen-free food. With gliadin, nitrogen equilibrium was attained and gains were made provided the amount supplied was sufficiently large. The exi^eriments were made with rats. Experiments to refute the theory that the small intestine aids in the formation of glycogen from dextrose, K. Grube {Arch. Physiol. [Pfliiger], 127 {1909), No. 8-10, pp. 529-532 ) .—From his experimental data the author concludes that the liver builds glycogen directly from dextrose. The metabolism of man during the work of typewriting, T. M. Carpenter and F. G. Benedict {Jour. Biol. Chem., 6 {1909), No. 3, pp. 271-288).— Bj means of a respiration calorimeter the carbon dioxid and water output, the oxygen absorption, and the heat production were studied both while the sub- ject was engaged in typewriting and while at rest. Under the experimental conditions, " it seems reasonable to assume that the work of writing some 1,500 to 1,600 words per hour on the typewriter results in an increase over the resting metabolism of some 10 to 14 gm. of carbon dioxid, 10 to 13 gm. of oxygen, and 20 to 30 calories of heat per hour. Of these factors of metabolism, it is highly probable that the truest factor is presented by the total energy exchange as directly measured, and hence taking into consideration all the data furnished by these two experiments, we can tentatively say that the writing of 1,600 words per hour on the typewriter results in a heat transformation over and above the resting metabolism of not far from 25 calories. At present too little is known regarding the energy transformation of various everyday activities to make any striking comparison, but [by other investigation] ... it has been computed that there is an hourly energy expenditure of about 160 calories over and above the resting maintenance requirement by a man of 70 kg. walking along a level road at a rate of 2.7 miles l>er hour. It is seen, therefore, that the work of typewriting calls for very much less transformation of energy than does that of ordinary walking." ANIMAL PRODUCTION. The significance of animal industry in farm management, H. Werner {Landw. Jahrb., 38 {1909), Erganzungsb. 5, pp. 79-99).— A statistical study of the importance of animal production in Germany. There are some comments on modern methods of feeding, and the significance of different methods of farm management is discussed. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 569 The principles and practice of feeding, including our available stock foods, W. II. Dalrymple {Louimma fitas. Bui. 115, pp. 3-63, figs. 12). — This is u bulletin of general iuformation on the principles of stock feeding- Many ex- amples of rations for different kinds of stock are given, with special reference to the utilization of molasses, rice by-products, cotton-seed meal, Lespedeza hay, and other feeding stuffs which can be economically raised iu Louisiana. The data with reference to the feeding of blackstrap molasses are based in pnrt on replies receivixl from a number of the large planters to a circular of inquiry as to their experience. Analyses of registered feeding stuffs, J. T. Willard et al. {Kansas Sta. Bui. loS, pp. 91-l.'f2, fig. 1). — This bulletin gives a summary of the history of the feeding stuffs law and its administration, together with the amended law in full, and an exposition and explanation of the requirements of the law and the rulings made under it. Analyses of a great variety of feeds as made under the amended law are also reported. The inspection shows that in general the feeds were fairly up to the guar- anties. Most of the deficiencies were with corn chop, for which a guaranty is no longer required. The samples varied according to the region in which the feed was produced, and from a study of the different regions it appears that the protein content tends to become higher the farther West the feed originates. Analyses of commercial feeding stuffs sold in Maryland, H. B. McDon- nell ET AL. {Md. Agr. Col. Quart., 1909, No. Jf^, pp. 7). — ^Analyses are reported of cotton-seed, linseed, germ oil, corn, meat, and bone meals, gluten feeds, malt sprouts, dried brewers' grains, wheat bran and middlings, ground oats, oat straw, oat hulls, and corn hulls. Alfalfa feeds, G. M. MacNider (N. C. Dept. Agr., Div. Chern. Circ. 1, pp. ^). — Analyses of alfalfa meal and mixed alfalfa feeds are reported. Denaturing feeding barley {Illiis. Landiv. Ztg., 29 (1909), No. 46, pp. W, 4-'fl, figs. 6 ) . — This article describes a cheap and efficient method for denaturing with eosin barley which is imported for feeding purposes. The American industry of corn products, T. B. Wagner {Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 7, pp. 3^3-348, fig. 1).— After a brief account of the history of the corn industry in America, the author describes the process of manufacturing corn oil, gluten meal, gluten feeds, starch, corn sirup, glucose, and other products of the corn kernel. The use of waste products of vineyards as feeds for live stock, U. Rossi {Agr. Mod., 15 {1909), Nos. 21, pp. 282-284; 22, pp. 296-298; 23, pp. 311-313, fig. 1). — ^Analyses of vinasse and grape marc are given and their use as stock feeds is discussed. Tapioca flour for raising calves, A. Gouin and P. Andouard {Bui. Soc. Nat. Agr. France, 68 {1908), No. 10, pp. 776-779; Bui. 8ta. Agron. Loirc-Inf., 1907-S, pp. 81-84). — The authors found the nutritive value of tapioca flour about equal to that of potato starch when used as a supplementary feed with skim milk. Lamb feeding for 1908-9, A. D. Faville {Wyoming Sta. Bui. 81, pp. 3-8, figs. 2). — An experiment is reported which was made for the purpose of testing the value of Wyoming-grown grains for fattening purposes. Three lots of 3.5 sheep each were fed for 91 days on alfalfa of rather poor quality and equal amounts of grain. With the different grains the average daily gains per head were as follows: Corn 0..3 lb., emmer 0.2.3 lb., Scotch barley 0.33 lb. In each lot 17 of the sheep were of the Rambouillet type. The rest were crosses of Down sires with grade Merino dams. In each case the mutton grades made more raiTid gains than the Rambouillet. Comparative swine feeding experiments with sweet and sour skim milk at the Dairy Institute of Proskau in 1908, Klein {MUchw. Zcntbl., 5 {1909), 570 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. No. 7, pp. 281-288) .—Nine pigs 5 months of age were divided into three groups and fed for 15 wt^elis a basal ration of ground barley, potato flakes, and fish meal. Group 1 received on an average 4.8 kg. per head per day of sour skim milk as a supplementary ration, made an average daily gain per head of 0.574 kg., and dressed 81.3 per cent of the live weight. Group 2 received 4.8 kg. per day of sweet skim milk, made a corresponding gain of 0.584 kg., and dressed 84 per cent. Group 3 received 3 kg. of sweet skim milk per head per day. made a corresponding gain of 0.573 kg., and dressed 82 per cent. Samples of fat taken from carcasses of the three groups gave the following averages: Group 1, water content 6.68 per cent, melting temperature at 0° C, 46.7, refractometer reading at 40°, 49, and iodin number, 52.9; group 2, water content 6.58 per cent melting temperature 46, refractometer reading 49, and iodin number 53.3 ; and group 3, water content 7.46 per cent, melting tempera- ture 45.2, refractometer reading 49.2, and iodin number 55. Fattening trials with, hogs, J. H. Shepperd and W. B. Richards (North Dakota 8ta. Bui. 8h jrp. 5-2.'t, figs. i3).— Experiments are reported in which barley and low-grade wheat are contrasted with corn as feeds for fattening hogs. The results are shown in the following table : Comparison of barley, ground rejected wheat, and ground corn in fattening hogs. Feed. Num- ber of pigs. Num- ber of days. DaUy gain per head. , Daily consump- tion per head. Cost of gain per pound. Grain consumed per pound gain. Dressed weight. Barley and shorts 4:1 6 6 5 5 83 S3 49 49 Lbs. 1.23 1.50 1.44 1.75 Lbs. 7.08 7.01 Cents. 5.20 4.31 Lbs. 5.74 4.66 5.50 5.05 Per cent. 76.2 77.9 84.5 82.9 On comparing the carcasses the barley-fed lot was found to have less fat but a larger proportion of muscular tissue than the corn-fed lot ; they were larger bodied and more of the bacon type. The Yorkshire-Berkshire cross had a better distribution of lean and fat than the Yorkshire-Poland China cross. There was a greater depth of fat on the backs and ribs of the pure- bred Chester White than on the various crosses with the Yorkshires. Pastures for hogs, P. G. King (Missouri Bd. Agr. Mo. Bui., 7 (1909), No. 5, pp. 39, figs. 6). — This bulletin gives general information on pasture crops for hog raising in Missouri. The crops recommended are bluegrass, clover, alfalfa, cowpeas, rape, oats, sorghum, pumpkins, soy beans, artichokes, rye, and wheat. On the signifi^cance of amid substances in animal nutrition, W. Yoltz (Landiv. Jahrh., 38 (1909), Ergdnzungsh. 5, pp. .433--J//8). — ^This is a review and discussion of recent work on this subject. Preliminary note on the action of yohimbine on the generative system, W. Cbamer and F, H. A. Marshall (Jour. Econ. Biol., 3 (1908), No. Jf, irp. 127, 128). — When 0.005 gm. of yohimbine in the form of tablets was administered twice daily for 2 weeks to dogs results were obtained similar to those secured by other investigators. The same results were obtained with rabbits. Appar- ently the drug by furnishing a riqh supply of blood to the ovaries may arrest the normal process of follicular degeneration, thereby increasing fertility, but there is no evidence that it will induce ovulation in the rabbit. Yohimbine also promoted the develojiment of the mammary glands and the secretion of milk. ANIMAL PEODUCTION. 571 The influence of yohimbine on the milk glands and milk secretion, Hol- TERBACH (TicrarztL Rundschau, 15 (1909), No. 2, pp. 9, iO).— Several cases are reported wherein yohiuibino caused an increased flow of milk in cows and bitches, which agrees with the results obtained by Cramer and Marshall, noted above. Contribution to the anatomy and physiology of the ovaries of wild and domesticated ruminants and swine, J. Kappeli (Laiulw. Jahrh. Schiceiz, 22 {1908), No, 3, pp. 53-129, pis. 6). — Cattle, buffalo, deer, goats, sheep, and swine are consideretl in this account. Critique on the estimation of the size of the thoracic cavity and compara- tive investigations on the position of the sternum in fast and slow horses, M. Miller (Laiidw. Jahrh., JS (J9U9), Enjiinzungsb. 5, pp. 137-154, pls. 2, fig. 1). — Although the work of several investigators on this subject is briefly re- viewed, this article is chiefly a criticism of von Liitzow's method of measuring the sternum, previously reported (E. S. R., 21, p. 268). It is also stated that von Liitzow's data do not show that heart and lung weights are proportionally larger in fast than in slow horses. A new experience in measuring domesticated animals, C. Lehmann {Landic. Jahrh., 38 (1909), Ergdnzungsh. 5, pp. 607-637, pis. 3, figs. 3, dgm. 1).— This is a description of a new instrument called the stereometer, invented by Dr. C. Pulfrich, which consists of a modification of the stereocamera and con- tains two objectives with micrometer attachments. The author made actual measurements of horses and compared them with results obtained with the stereometer. In many cases there was a close agree- ment, and it is thought that when discrepancies occurred they were due in part to inexperience in the use of the stereometer, or to the difficulty in getting accurate measurements with instruments. It is stated that the stereometer will probably not replace the measuring stick and calipers, but may prove a useful auxiliary. The cattle skulls found in Pasquart and their relation to other subfossils and to modern breeds of cattle, H. Siegfried (Die Rinderschudelfunde von Pasquart und deren Stellung zu den Suhfossilen und Rezenteii Rinderrassen. Inaug. Diss., Univ. Bern, 1907; Abhandl. Schweiz. Palaeontol. Oeselh, 3Jf (1907), Art. 5, pp. 56, pis. Ji; abs. in Ztschr. Induktive Ahstam. u. Vererbungs- lehre, 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. 1^3, I'lh)- — Two fine specimens of skulls and three occipital fragments were found at a depth of 2.6 meters near Biel in Pasquart. They appeared to be of the pure brachyceros type which, according to the author, had its origin in Asia, as subfossils of this type have been found at various points from northern India to the Swiss lake region. Concerning blood lines and line breeding (Verwandtschaftszuchten), J. Peters (Arh. Dcut. (Jesell. ZUchtuiigsk., 1909, No. 3, pp. 13, pis. 31). — Photo- graphs of typical animals and pedigree tables taken from the East Prussian Holland Herd Book Society are used to illustrate how inbreeding may be prac- ticed to advantage in cattle breeding with animals of considerable constitutional vigor. There is a brief discussion of what constitutes inbreeding, and the author follows Lehndorff in measuring the degree of inbreeding and line breeding by the sum of the "free" generations of both parents; that is, the number of generations between the parents and the common ancestors. Sex and its relation to the barring factor in poultry, II. D. Goodaxe (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 756, pp. lOO-i, 1005).— The experiments with poultry reported are along lines previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1170). The 10377— No. 6—09 6 5Y2 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. results indicate tliat the female is always heterozygous in respect to sex and to barring when it is present. Experimental investigations on the inheritance of hyperdactylism of fowls. II The influence of the father, D. Babfurtii {Arch. Entivickl. Mech. Organ., 27 {1909), \o. .',, pp. 65S'6B1, pi. i).— A 5-toed Orpington cock was mated with 7 hens of 'the same breed. Of the 120 offspring 53, or 42.17 per cent, inherited the extra digit, as contrasted with 52.6 per cent inherited from a hyperdactyl mother (E. S. R., 20, p. 1170). Sheep breeding- experiments 1904-1907, D. A. Gilchrist {County Northumb., Ed. Com., Bill. 13, p'lh S-11).— When Oxford Down and Border Leicester rams were mated to half -breed ewes each cross gave about the same number of lambs, but the Oxford Down ram gave slightly better results as far as fat lambs were concerned. On an average of 4 seasons the Border Leicester cross produced much stronger lambs than the Oxford Down cross, as 1.6 per cent of the Border Leicester cross lambs died from weakness as compared with S.6 per cent of th(:> Oxford Down. On the average of 3 seasons the Border Leicester ram produced sheep which were ready for the butcher about 2 months earlier and realized 2s. 4d. per head more than the Oxford Down cross. Crosses with a Lincoln ram were ready for the butcher at about the same age as the Oxford Down cross, but realized Ss. lOd. a head more. The Border Leicester cross shearlings were fat about 4 months earlier but realized 3s. 5d. a head less than the Lincoln cross shearlings. A new breed of ducks {Country Gent., 74 {1909), No. 2953, p. SJ,5, fig. 1).— A new breed of ducks, formerly known as the Campbell duck, but recently named the Khaki, is figured and described. It originated as a cross between the Rouen and Indian Runner ducks. The color is buff, with some of the markings of the Rouen. The females have indistinct pencilling in their plumage. Some of the drakes have a bronze neck and tail. It is claimed that these ducks are good layers as well as first-class table ducks. The evolution of the live-stock industry [in Argentina], H. Gibson {In Censo Agropecuario Nacional la Ganaderia y la Agricultura en 190S. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 57-102).— This is a history of the live-stock in- dustry in Argentina from the introduction of horses by Mendoza in 1535 to the present time. Statistics of live stock in Argentina in 1908, A. B. Martinez et al. {Censo Agropecuario Nacional la Gatiaderia y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 1, pp. XX+434, maps 17). — Complete statistics are given in tabular form of the live stock in the different provinces of Argentina. The meat trade of Argentina, J. A. Pillapo {In Censo Agropecuario Nacional la Ganaderia y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1909, vol. 3, pp. 317-343). — This contains the history, present condition, and statistics of the meat industry in Argentina. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING— AGROTECHNY. A study of some Connecticut dairy herds, J. M. Truman {Connecticut Storrs Sia. Bui. 57, pp. 287-310). — This bulletin gives in detail the amount and cost of feed, yield of milk, and gross and net income of individual cows of 5 Connecticut dairy herds. The results are summarized in the following table, the averages given being for those cows which completed a full year's test in the case of herds 1-4, and for those which completed a nine months' test in the case of herd 5. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 573 Average yield, cost of »iaintcnance, and net profit per cow of 5 dairy herds. Number of herd. Num- ber of cows. Pounds of milk. Average per cent fat. Total income. Cost of feed. Total cost. Net profit (+) or loss (-). 1 35 12 25 46 24 7,567 6,381 6,771 7,164 2,617 4.4 5.4 3.5 3.6 4.0 8152. 78 130. 67 137. 97 145. 28 58.18 $74. 80 70.43 67.94 82.56 42.93 $119.80 115.43 112.94 127. 56 76.78 + $32.98 ■2 + 15.24 3 + 24.99 4 + 17 72 5 — 18.60 In estimating the total iucome the value of the calf was estimated at $2 and the manure at $10 per year. lu computing the total cost a charge of $45 ^iev year was made for the maintenance of each cow. It is stated that the first four herds are examples of the most advanced methods in dairy farming. Dairying in China, J. H. Arnold {Dally Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909, No. 3537, p. 6). — The consul at Amoy, China, reports that the Amoy hinterland is a good cattle grazing country but that dairying is almost unknown. Cows have been bred for work rather than for milk. Most of the milk used in China is produced by the water buffalo and the black goat. There is a growing demand for condensed milk, which may eventually lead the people to appreciate the value of milk and take more interest in daii'ying. The milch g'oat dairy, G. H. Wickersham {Wichita, Eans., [1909], pp. 31, figs. 12). — This is a small pamphlet on the goat as a dairy animal. Better dairy methods, .J. H. Frandson {Idaho Sta. Bui. 67, pp. 3--'i8, figs. 18). — Investigations by the station having shown that in many sections of Idaho cows are kept at a loss, this bulletin was prepared to supply the dairy- men with such information as is needed to make dairying more profitable under conditions existing in the State. The principal topics treated are con- struction of the dairy barn and milk house, choosing dairy animals, feeding, keeping milk records, testing milk, and the care of milk and cream. Report of Oesterg-btland Company Cow-testing" Associations, 1907—8, K. A. Westman {Ostergotlands Lans Hushdll. Sdllsk. Hand!., 1909, No. 2, pp. 95). — Thirty -nine different associations were in operation within the county during the year, and 8 new ones were formed ; these 47 associations included 608 different herds and 19,968 cows, making 18.5 per cent of the total number of cows in the county. The cost of the associations ranged from 515 to 1,113 krone a year each, or from 1.24 to 5.98 krone per cow. The maximum yields per cow for any one association were 4,315.3 kg. milk and 164.24 kg. butter. Compari- sons of the results obtained during successive years show that there has been a gradual increase in the yield and in the feed consumption of the herds, as well as in the returns obtained per 100 feed units consumed. Report of the Alnarp Agricultural and Dairy Institute, 1908 {Ber. Verks. Alnarps Landthr. Inst, och Mejeri Inst., 1908, pp. 53-{-XXXVI). Proceedings of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions {Proc. Amer. Assoc. Med. Milk Com., 1 {1907), pp. 117). — This is an account of tlie organization of an association in wliich 22 medical milk commissions were represented. Reports of the milk commissions of 12 cities were presented and the following papers were read : The Origin, General Plan, and Scope of the Medical Milk Commission, ?>y H. L. Coit; Remarks on the Development of Dairy Hygiene in the ITnited States, by R. G. Freeman ; The Score Card for Use in Judging Ihe Sanitary Condition of Dairies, and Requirements of Dairymen, by R. A. Pearson. 574 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Proceeding's of the American Association of Medical Milk Commissions (Proc. Amcr. Assoc. Med. Milk Com., 2 (1908), pp. 91).— This contains reports of milk commissions in different parts of the country and the following papers : The Essentials in the Production of Clean Milk, by R. G. Freeman; Tuberculous Infection Through Milk, by E. C. Schi'oeder ; The Transmission of Tuberculosis Through Milk, by M. P. Ravenel ; Thermal Death Points of Milk Bacteria and Other Effects of Heat upon Milk, by M. J. Rosenau ; Legislation as a Factor in the Production of Clean Milk, by H. E. Tuley ; Development of Dairy Hygiene, by R. A. Pearson ; and Federal Recognition of the Work of Medical Milk Com- missions, by J. W. Kerr. On the practical results of bacteriological investig'ations in dairying dur- ing' late years, C. Bakthel {K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., Jf8 {1909), No. 2, pp. 100-110). — ^A general resume and discussion of the subject. The origin of some milk enzyms. Grimmer {Milchw. ZcntW., 5 {1909), No. 6, pp. 2.'i3-250). — Extracts obtained from the milk glands of a ewe, she-goat, mare, sow, and three cows were made for the purpose of determining the origin of various enzyms. The results indicated that peroxydase of milk is an eudo-enzyni and has its origin in the gland cells. Catalase was present in fresh milk of all the animals ; although formed from glandular material the author considers it an ecto-enzym. Aldehydcatalase, reductase, and hydrogenase were not found in the milk glands, which indicates the probability that they are bacterial enzyms. Salolase was found in the glands of all the animals except the cows. A new factor influencing the percentage of fat in milk, C. H. Eckles {Hoard's Dairyman, 40 {1909), No. 23, p. 696). — This is a preliminary note of an investigation in progress concerning the variation of the fat content in milk. Apparently, when the ration of a cow is insufficient to support her milk production she draws on the fat stored in her body and the percentage of fat in the milk is increased. When she is gaining in weight, or storing fat in the body, there is a tendency for the percentage of fat in the milk to be lower. " The possibility of increasing the percentage of fat in milk for a period after calving by the means mentioned has apparently been used by those who are the most successful in making these phenomenal 7-day tests. A cow that will average 3.2 per cent of fat for the year can with reasonable certainty be made to test 4 per cent or even higher for a week if proiierly handled. The way it is done is to fatten the cow as much as possible before calving. Then after calving, the animal is fed only moderately and the test is begun within 4 or 5 days. Under these conditions the animal has insufficient feed to support the enormous milk and fat production. Since her body is loaded with fat, this fat is taken from the tissues and a large amount of it secreted in the milk." Contribution to the study of the germicidal power of milk, C. Bardelli {Hyg. Viande et Lait, 3 {1909), No. 6, pp. 249-265).— The work of other investi- gators on this topic is reviewed and additional experiments by the author are reported. It is concluded that evidently there is a germicidal power in milk at tem- peratures below 60°. When a filtrate obtained by filtering milk through por- celain is added to milk the germicidal power is greater than that in normal milk. The author thinks the action is not due to a specially antimicrobic sub- stance, but to the increased acidity in which certain species can not thrive. Temporarily there is, therefore, a decrease until the acid forms have had an opportunity to multiply. A bibliography is appended. DAIRY FARMING ^DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 575 Sterilization of milk by ultraviolet rays, V. Henbi and G. Stodel (Compt. Rend. Acad. Svi. [Paris], 1J,S {1909), No. 9, pp. 582, 583; ahs. in Milch Ztg., 38 {1909), No. 16, p. 183; Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 15, p. 1256).— The authors found that milk could be sterilized by ultraviolet rays without sensibly i-aising the temperature. The method usihI is that of Courmont aud Nogier (E. S. R., 20, p. 1113) for sterilizing potable water. The sterilization of water [for washing' butter] by means of ultraviolet rays, P. Dornic aud P. Daire {Indus. Lait. [Paris], 3ff {1909), No. 2Jt, pp. 48l-i8Jt). — The method used was essentially that described above. It can be recommended for treating wash water only when the butter has been made from pasteurized cream. The temperature of pasteurization in relation to the conservation of the physiolog'ical properties of milk. P. Maze, P Guerault, aud Dinescu {Compt. Rend. Acad. Scl. [Paris], 1J,S (1909), No. 22, pp. lJ,69-lJf71).— The experiments reported were undertaken to discover the cause of the decrease iu the yield of cheese when the milk is heated. On heating at a temperature between 65 and 80° C, less dry matter was found in the whey because the albumin coagulated and was retained by the curd. An addition of lactic acid before heating increased the amount of dry matter lost in the whey on heating to 65° aud decreased it on heating to 75°. When the lactic acid was added after heating, the amount of dry matter lost in the whey was greatly decreased at temperatures between 65 and 80°. If, therefore, milk is pasteurized at a temperature of 05 or 6S° the yield of cheese will be larger than when it is made from unpasteurized milk. Homogenized milk, A. L. Toltrchot {Rpt. Min. Agr. Prov. Quebec, 1908, pp. 184-193). — A method of homogenizing milk is described. After cleaning by the centrifuge and pasteurizing, the milk globules are reduced in size by driving them against a bowl of highly polished agate. The milk is then bottled and sterilized at 226° F. It is claimed that all bacteria are killed aud that the milk will keep indefinitely without creaming. Dried milk {A)i)er. Food Jour., Jf {1909), No. 7, pp. 26, 27). — This is a gen- eral account of the methods used iu the manufacture of dried milk. A number of recent improvements in methods are noted. The tendency of casein to become denatured on drying has been overcome by employing a tem- perature not above 50° C. By homogenlzation the fat in milk can be prevented from floating on the surface. The flat vacuum pan is being displaced to some extent by special devices, such as allowing the milk to flow in a broad sheet over a drum or by throwing the milk in a flue spray over a revolving disk. In some dried-milk plants a portion of the fat is i-emoved, the milk is coagu- lated, and the albumin and sugar pass off iu the whey. This method reduces the cost of drying, but the product is dried casein, not milk. Cotton-seed oil or animal fats are sometimes added to replace the milk fat. Reference is made to the successful use of the genuine dried milks as food for infants. The use of milk as food, R. D. Milner {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers'' Bui. 363, pp. ////, charts .'/). — This is a revised and extended edition of Farmers' Bulletin 74 (E. S. 11., 10, p. 181), which it is designed to replace. Among the new topics treated are condensed milk, milk powder, milk for infants, modified milk, junket, cottage cheese, whey, fermented milks, and milk as a possible carrier of disease. Whipped cream, C. W. Melick {Maryland Sta. Bui. 136, pp. 285-300). — This bulletin reports experiments on the influence of different factors on the whip- ping quality of cream. The results obtained may be summarized as follows. 576 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. "There was no difference in tlie whipping qualities of gravity and sepa- rator cream. When any difference is experienced it is due to other factors and not to the method of getting the cream from millv. " Cream for whij)ping purposes should contain at least 20 per cent butter fat. The best i-esults were obtained with cream containing from 2.5 per cent to 40 per cent butter fat. . . . There was an almost definite ratio between the fat content and time required to whip. " For best results cream should be held at as low a temperature as possible (35 to 45° F.) for at least 2 hours before whipping, and should l)e whipped in a cool room. " For good results cream should be from 12 to 24 hours old. This gives an opportunity for the development of a small amount of acid in the cream. The acid effected a gelatinous consistency in the casein and albumin and thus facili- tated the incorporation of air in whipping. When it is desired to whip fresh cream 0.3 per cent commercial lactic acid may be added to take the place of the acid which would develop by setting the cream from 12 to 24 hours. . . . " Pasteurized cream may be whipped as easily as unpasteurized cream if it is thoroughly cooled and held at 35 to 45° for at least 2 hours before whip- ping. . . . The richer the cream the more time is required to cool, and an almost constant ratio exists between the density of the cream and the rate of cooling. . . . " For good results cream should whip in from 30 to GO seconds. When a longer time is required there is danger of some of the butter fat separating or churning. " The addition of 0.1 to 0.3 per cent of commercial lactic acid to cream facilitated its whipping and made it possible to whip cream which was fresher, which contained less butter fat, and which was warmer than is advisable for the best results. " The use of viscogen facilitated the whipping of cream to a greater extent than any other ingredient with the exception of lactic acid. It proved less effective than the latter and also less effective than a low temperature. The addition of viscogen caused cream to remain sweet from 12 to 24 hours longer than it otherwise would. " The use of powdered sugar, i)0wdered milk, salt, caramel, gelatin, junket, and cornstarch, each facilitated the whipping of cream to a small degree, and each to practically the same extent. None of them proA'ed as effective as a low temperature and the development or addition of lactic acid. The addition of an excess of gelatin abme 10 per cent or of cornstarch above 20 per cent caused a lumpy cream when whipped. " The use of egg albumen with cream when whipped separately and mixed, produced a lighter foam, but had no effect upon the time required to whip. AVhen mixed before the egg albumen was whippetl, at temperatures above 40°, the whipping was retarded. "The use of vanilla extract in ordinary quantities had no effect upon the whipping qualities of cream. " The charging of cream with carbonic-acid gas without pressure had no effect on its whip])ing qualities but caused it to remain sweet from 12 to 24 hours longer. "The use of cream from cows near the end of their lactation period whipped with slightly more difficulty than did cream from fresh cows. " Whipped cream will not keep sweet as long as unwhipped cream. " When any additions are made to cream to facilitate whipping it should be so labeled as to not deceive the purchaser." DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING AGROTECHNY. 577 Butter making' in Maryland, C. W. Melick (Maryhind ^fa. Bui. J3o, pi). 22o-28-'i, figs'. 3). — To .S8). A discussion of tlie life history of tbe Coccidium is accompanied by numerous tij^ures wbicli illustrate the stages in its development. The autlior states that in all of liis examinations of chicks dead from this disease, i. e., tliose that revealed distended ceca filled with cheesy matter, he has never failed to find the Coccidium. Parasites and parasitic diseases of domestic fowls, L. G. Nkttmann (Piini- sitcs et Malad'cs Farasitairc.s dcs Oincaux Dnincstiqucs. P-aris, 1909. pp. MII+230, flys. 89). — Cbapters are presented on the i)arasites of the skin, con- nective tissues and uuiscles. digestive organs, liver, resi)iratoi'y system, circula- tory system, eye and e;ir, and genito-urinary organs. Transmission of Plasmodium pr?ecox to canary birds by Stegomyia fas- ciata, and the development of the parasite in the stomach and the salivary g-lands of this mosquito, 11. O. Neumann (Arcli. ProtlstcnJc, 13 {I9US), Xo. I. pp. 23-69, pis. 3; ahs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. .',, pp. 169, 170).— The .•luthor has followed tbe development of this IMasmodimn in tbe stomach and salivary glands of N. fnsciata and transmitted the infection by the punctures of infected mosquitoes. An epidemic among English sparrows due to Bacillus cloacae, T. II. Glenn (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6. {1909), No. 3, pp. 339-3.'i5) .—"^^ bacillus isolated from the blood of sparrows during an epidemic among these birds was the probable cause of their death, since it was obtained in pui'e culture from all that died, and similar symptoms were produced in pigeons inoculated with it. By passing the bacillus through animals, its virulence was increased so that it became pathogenic for guinea pigs and rabbits. So far as can be determined from the description given by other observers this bncillus resembles very closely certain bacteria isolated by them in bird epidemics and called by them B. eoli or coli-like organisms. The bacillus found in sparrows gives all the cultunil characteristics o/ B. elonew, a member of the proteus group." Notes on some parasites in Burma, G. II. Evans and T. Kennie (■lour. Trap. \ct. Hci., .', (1909), No. 2, pp. 13-'t-l.'i3, pis. //, figs. 5).— In various imits of llie pi-ovince distomiasis in elephants has been found more or less prevalent. Mention is made of Fasciola jacksonii which causes "rot" in elephants. Epidemic of an urticarioid dermatitis due to a small mite (Pendiculoides ventricosus) in the straw of mattresses. J. Goedberoer and J. V. Sciiambebg (Pub. Ilenlth and Mar. IJosp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Kpts., 2^i (1909), No. 2.S, pp. 973-975). — A skin affection due to this mite is said to have i)revailed in epidemic form in Plnlade])hia and vicinity since the early i)ar-t of May, 1iH)i). Hookworm disease in its relation to the negro, C. W. Stiles (Pub. Health and Mar. IIosp. Serv. U. S., Pub. Health Rpts.. 2) (1909), No. 31, pp. 1083- 1089). — An account of the biology, eftect ui»on the human host, and methods of preventing the disease caused by Necator americanas. RURAL ENGINEERING. Irrigation in the State of Washington, O. L. Waller (XI. S. Dept. Apr.. Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 21 'i. pp. 6'i, pi. 1). — This is one of the series of reports giving the present status of irrigation in the several arid States iind Territories, previously noted (E. S. \i.. 21. p. 2sn). and is i)repared especi.illy for the pur- pose of siritplying to prospective settlers reliable infornuition as to th«' character of the land, water supply, crops, cost of land and water, methods of preparing 10377— No. G— 09 7 588 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOKD. land for irrigation, and applying water to crops. The report describes the different sections of the State, showing opportunities for settlers and the condi- tions which incoming settlers will meet. Data are given showing the irrigation conditions in the Columbia Basin in detail, the method of distributing water, the cost of clearing land, the capital needed for a successful start in the irrigated districts of the State, what con- stitutes good irrigable land, the securing of water appropriations, and subjects needing investigation in their application to the local conditions. " Taking into consideration the present price of laud and the time required to obtain results from permanent crops, the average settler should not undertake to establish a home in an irrigated country with less than $2,000." Irrigation in New Mexico, V. L. Sullivan (U. S. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Bui. 215, pp. 1(2, pi. 1, fig- !)• — This bulletin, another of the series regard- ing irrigation conditions in the arid regions of this country, discusses the pres- ent status of irrigation in New Mexico and is intended to furnish general infor- mation regarding the opportunities for settlement, the cost of land and water and of establishing homes on these lands, and the crops grown. An introduction describing the natural and industrial conditions prevailing in the Territory is followed by a detailed description of its water resources. It is stated that New Mexico is using but a small part of the water that may be made available for irrigation, a large amount flowing out of the Territory and many acre-feet being lost through evaporation and seepage. The broken stratification causes many streams to disappear in the underflow, and it is predicted that this large underflow will be eventually pumped to the surface. The storage of flood waters is considered to be the most important means of furnishing irrigation water, as all the streams are more or less torrential and equalizing reservoirs can be built in the numerous basins. The principal products of the irrigated lands include alfalfa, oats, corn, and wheat, and around the cities, vegetables, melons, and fruit. xMfalfa growing has been the predominant enterprise, but fruit is considered to be by far the best paying crop, conditions being extremely favorable. A large part of the irrigation is still done by Mexicans and Indians who pursue antiquated methods, but progress is no.w being made by American enter- prise and a water code was passed in 1907. Regarding future development the author considers that it should be along the following lines: (1) Increased duty of water; (2) more intensive farming; (3) scientific study of seepage, evaporation, and soil qualities; (4) development of storage, power and pump- ing; (5) adjudication of water rights; and (6) official collection of data. Irrigation by pumping, A. Chattkrton (Madras: Govt., I'JOS, pp. .M)). — This i)amph]et contains data regarding the installation and operation of oil engines for pumping, together with data showing the crops irrigated (princi- pally rice), the duty of water, and costs. The author considers that the intro- duction of the oil engine will result in a great development of the agricultural interests of the country. The cause for the slow progress made in pumping is thought to be the scarcity and high cost of coal. Beport of the proceedings of the Western Canada Irrigation Association (Rpt. Proc. Ann. Conv. West. Canada Irrig. Assoc., 2 {1908), pp. S'l). — This contains a summarized report of the proceedings of the convention of the West- ern Canada Irrigation Association held at Vernon, B. C. August 10-11, 1908. The discussions reported dealt chiefly with the subject of water rights and their present status in Western Canada, and included an account of some of the difficulties encountered in administration with suggestions as to remedying these by equitable and adequate laws. RURAL ENGINEERING. 589 Revenue report of the irrigation department, Punjab, for the triennial period 1905-6 to 1907-8 (Rrr. Rpt. Irru). Dept. runjab, 1!)0r>-JD08, pp. ')+Jf) + LXXIX, (loiux. .?. limp I). — This contains data relating to the cost, operat- ing expenses and revenues of irrigation works in the Punjab, together with figures of various irrigation worlds, the nature and extent of ci'ops, the duty of water and items relative to ai)). — This paper points out very clearly the general tend- ency of school text-book makers to deal only with the materials of urban subject-matter. The author states that " practically all of the books used by country pupils have been prepared and written by men who have had in mind the needs of city children." Arithmetic, though commonly held in high esti- mation by country pupils and their parents, is one of the worst offenders in this regard ; and the opportunities of connecting the study of geography and English with the interests of a rural environment have been greatly neglected. The author groups the causes of the influx of young people from the country to the town under three heads, viz, the lack of social opportunities, the un- profitableness of farm industries, and the long hours of labor; but he believes the effects of these influences have all been exaggerated in the public mind and that " tlie time has come when the assertion that the farm holds no remunera- tion, nothing but work, and no social advantages, should be disputed." He asserts that a careful comparison will show the actual advantages to lie with the advanced rural community, and believes that the work of the schools should lay emphasis upon these facts. The paper closes with an account of the helpful work of the county agricultural schools of Wisconsin and a plea that similar work should be inaugurated in the country training schools, the high schools generally, and the state normal schools. The author holds that the influence of the state university should be exerted more strongly in the direction of giving agriculture a definite place in the curricula of all the public schools. Educational values (III), B. O. Aylesworth (Jour. Ed. [Boston], 10 (1909), No. 5. pp. 119, 120). — The author suggests a fifth year of vocational study, to be added to the ordinary high-school course, especially for the benefit of stu- dents who must use the high school as a " finishing " school for their life work. AGRICULTURALr EDUCATION. 593 • Leaving the freshman year as at present, the author would in the sophomore anil junior years offer sucli studies as would I)e preparatory to vocational sub- jects and give the science and mathematics a more i)ractical interi)retation. The senior year should ofter the elements of at least six of the great vocations to such students as may elect them, followed by a fifth year wholly vocational in character. The argument for tliis additional year is sunnnarized as follows: Its work can not logically come earlier in the course and give the student adequate preparation for its benefits; it would give at least a measure of the maturity of mind and body needed for entering upon a vocation ; and it could be added to the ordinary course without much expense and without instituting a new order of sc-hools or interfering with the regular four-year course of those des- tined for college. Studies most suitable for elementary schools (A'/>/. Brit. Amsoc. Adv. »S'ci., niOS, PI). Ji9.')-.'>J.3). — This is a reiiort of the committee of the British Associa- tion for the Advancement of Science on the course of experimental, observa- tional, and practical studies most suitable for elementary schools. Included in this report is the report of a subcommittee on elementary experimental sci- ence dealing with the relation of nature study and observation lessons to ex- perimental science, the training of teachers, the organization of practical work in the school, the preparation of lessons, and the conclusions of the committee with reference to subject-matter and methods of instruction. An appendix to the rei)ort contains a syllabus of work in elementary experimental science, in which the first year's work is the same for boys' schools and girls' schools, but the work of the subsequent 3 years is differentiated. There is also given a contracted scheme of work for small schools where the upper classes are grouped for instruction in experimental science. Eighth, annual g'eneral report of the Department of Agriculture and Tech- nical Instruction for Ireland (Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. In.str., Ireland, Ann. (icn. Rpt.. 8 (1907-8), pp. VI +632). — ^A report on the department's administration, funds, and work during 1907-8, including agricultural and technical instruction. Under agricultural instruction an account is given of the instruction afforded at tlie lioyal College of Science at Dublin, the Albert Agricultural College at (ilasnevin, agricultural stations, the Munster Institute at Cork, the Ulster Dairy School at Cookstown, schools of rural domestic economy, and itinerant instruction and special classes. The report on technical instruction includes the organization of a system of instruction in experimental science, drawing, manual instruction, and domestic economy in day secondary schools, the organi- zation of technical instruction under local authorities, the training of teachers in domestic economy, and the work of the Irish Training School of Domestic Economy and the Killarney School of Housewifery. The appendixes include a table showing the 1908 apportionment of funds for educational and other purposes, schemes of instruction in agricultural subjects, prospectuses of agricultural colleges and stations and schools of rural economy, a program of experimental science, drawing, and domestic economy for day secondary schools, programs of the institutions under the direct control of the department, examples of schemes of technical instruction in nonagricultural subjects, including domestic science, a list of day secondary schools showing grants paid for instruction in tlie subjects of the dei)artment's program during 190G-7, a list of home industries classes in receipt of aid during 1907-.8, and a list of science, art, and technical schools and classes working in connection with the" department or under local schemes. 594 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Agricultural education, J. TL. Campbell (Rpt. Brit. Assoc. Adv. ScL, 1908, pp. 80-'i, 805). — A brief statement dealiug mainly with the development and aims of the Albert Agricultural College, Glasnevin, Ireland. University of California School of Agriculture {California Sta. Circ. JfS, pp. 3-1'/. jiilH. 12). — A description of the equipment and courses of study of the school of agriculture at Davis. Pacific coast entomological conference and special short course in horti- culture, April and May, 1909 (Calif ornia Sta. Circ. J,2, pp. ^-i6').— This is the preliminary program of the conference held at the University of California April 20-23, 1909 (E. S. R., 21, p. 94), and of a special short course in horti- culture held April 26 to May 21, 1909. One method of helping the farm boy, F. H. Crowell (Ann. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Ayr., .'il (IDOS), pp. 207-211). — This institute talk describes a 3 days' encamp- ment with military features, at which 268 country boys were registered. Lec- tures and demonstrations were given on soils, corn, farm life, live-stock judging, and horticulture. The encampment was financed by local bankers. MISCELLANEOUS. First annual report of the Dickinson Subexperiment Station for the year 1908, L. R. Waldron iXorth Dakota Sta., Rpt. Dickinson Suhsta. 1908, pp. 39). — This contains the organization list of the North Dakota Station and an account of the work of the Dickinson Substaion for 1908. The experimental work recorded is al)Stracted elsewhere in this issue. Report of progress at the Troupe Substation, W. S. IIotciikiss ( Tcras Sta. Bui. 121, pp. 3-9). — This summarizes the i-esults secured at this substation since its establishment. The experimental work recorded is abstracted on pages 536 and 544 of this issue. Report of Lincoln County Experiment Farm, .1. E. Stup.bs et al. (Rpt. Lincoln Co. [Ncv.'] Expt. Farm 1907-8, pp. 16, pl.s. 1.1). — This is the report of the board of control of the Lincoln County Experiment Farm, at T^)gan, Nev., for the biennium ended December 31, 1908. It contains a discussion of the history, work, equipment, and needs of the farm, and a tinancial statement for the biennium. Concerning work which the station can and can not undertake for resi- dents of the State, .T. L. Hills (Vermont Sta. Circ. 3, pp. 0). — This circular explains the functions of the station and discusses the lines of work which can and can not be undertaken. American agricultural periodicals, (}. M. Tucker (Mhanp. \. Y.. t'JO'J, pp. 10). — This is a historical sketch of the development of the agricultural press of this country. The sul).iect is discussed under 4 sections: (1) The 5 pioneers, all of which are believed to have been estal)]ished during the decade ending with 1828, (2) the journals founded l)efore 1850 and outliving the nineteenth century. (3) the develoimient of more recent years, and (4) the branching off of rural journalism into specialties. An index to some of the literature on agricultural subjects which may be had free (revised), W. E. Larson (Co. Snpt. Manitowoc Co., Wis.: \Maniton-oc]. 1909. pp. /,5).— The Wisconsin Station bulletins, the farmers' institute bulletins of the University of Wisconsin, and the Farmers' Bulletins and some of the other free publications of this Department are classitied and arranged in groups for easy reference. NOTES, Arizona University. — W. L. Fowler, a 1900 graduate of the University of Missouri, has Ix-eu appointed in,structor in animal husbandry. Arkansas Station. — C. V. Ruzelv, a 1909 graduate of the University of Wis- consin, has been appointed assistant agronomist. His work will consist largely in research in soil chemistry and physics. ■ California University. — A series of short courses began at Davis, October 4, and will continue till November 24. The subjects include dairy manufactures, market milk and cream supplies, irrigation, fertilizers. Held and forage crops, poultry husbandry, animal industry and veterinary science, and horticulture, viticulture and entomology. Georgia College. — /S'e/c/irc announces a state appropriation of .$10,000 for farmers' institutes. Illinois University and Station. — Recent changes in staff include in the uni- versity the resignation of G. G. Coale, assistant in animal husbandry, the pro- motion of Louis D. Hall from associate in animal husbandry to the assistant profes.sorship, and the appointment of K. V. T. Iik-kblaw as assistant in agri- cultural mechanics. In the station, assistants have been appointed as follows: 1>. L. James and L. R. Lang, dairy husbandry; C. E. Durst, olericulture; IL W. Stewart, soil survey; E. W. Bailey, plant breeding; A. H. Xehrling, flori- culture ; and W. A. Ruth, horticultural chemistry. Purdue University. — O. E. Reed, assistant in dairying in the University of Missouri, has been appointed instructor iu milk production. Louisiana Stations. — F. C. Qnereau has been appointed assistant director of the rice substation ;it Ci'owley. Missouri University. — E. A. Cockefair has resigned as assistant in botany to become head of the department of agriculture in the State Normal School at Cai)e (Jirardeau, Mo. Nebraska University and Station. — Dr. A. T. Peters has accepted a position in charge of the new Illinois State Biological Laboratory, f«n' which a 40-acre site has been recently acquired near SiJringfield, 111. The appointment becomes effective January 1, 1910. New Mexico College and Station. — The college courses in all subjects have been raised one full year, thereby bringing them up to the standard college requirements. Four-year industrial courses of high school grade in agriculture, mechanic arts, domestic science, and business methods have also I)een introduced, these articulating with the college course. Tliree new buildings were completed in the spring of 1909, of which one is occupied by the de|iartments of agriculture, horticulture, and irrigation engineering. W. A. Sutherland, of I^as Cruces, has been appointtxl regent, vice J. M. Webster. Cornell University and Station. — At the last session of the legislature the education law in relation to the board of trustees was changed to provide for the api»oiutnient of live in«>mbers l)y the governor, with the coutirmation of the senate. Under this act the following have been designated: Frederick C. 595 596 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Stevens, of Attica, for five years; Henry W. Sackett, of New York City, for four yeai's; Thomas B. Wilson, of Halls Corners, for three years; Almon R. Eastman, of Waterville, for two years; and John N. Carlisle, of Watertown, for one year. (Jround has been broken for the greenhouse laboratories authorized by the last legislature, and it is expected that these will be ready for occupancy during the winter. The plans as approvetl provide for a building with about 10,000 squai-e feet of glass, in addition to laboratories and potting sheds with about O.SOO square feet of floor space. Science notes that a temporary industrial fellowship in plant pathology has been established for two years by a firm of manufacturers of spraying appa- ratus, who are to contribute each year $1,000 for salary and $500 for other expenses. Errett "Wallace, a 1900 recipient of the master's degree, has been appointed to this fellowship, the pui'pose of which is to investigate the value of connnercial lime-sulphur mixtures as fungicides. The work will be conducted in field laboratories, that for the present season being on a fruit farm near Ithaca. The chief problem under study at present is the efficiency of these mixtures as summer sprays for the control of peach and apple diseases. North Dakota College. — TJie Pacific Northtcest announces that P. S. Rose, of the chair of engineering and physics, has resigned to accept a position on the editorial staff of The American Thrcshcrman and the Gas Review. Pennsylvania College and Station. — In the death, on October 2, of William C. Patterson, superintendent of farms, buildings, and grounds, the institution loses one of its most resjtected and efficient officers. Mr. Patterson had been con- nected with the institution since the spring of 1S71, and had occupied a unique position, far exceeding in importance that ordinarily indicated by his title. In the early years when the work upon the farm and the janitor service were all performed by students, it was his duty to assign the work and to see that it was properly performed. Under his efficient management the farms belonging to the college were brought into a good state of tilth and greatly improved in fertility. These farms were conducted in a thoroughly businesslike manner, and with their improvement l^ecame a source of revenue to the college. Upon the beginning of experimental work, Mr. Patterson assumed charge of the details of the care of the plats and of the experimental herd. For many years he kept the field records of the extensive field and rotation experiments, and had general direction of the details in the feeding experiments. Here his good management and his reliability, together with his attention to details, counted for much, and contributed in an important way to the proper conduct of the work. Mr. Patterson's faithfulness, excellent judgment, friendly disposition, and sin- cerity of purpose made him to a remarkable degree the trusted and confidential adviser of students, members of the faculty, and of the board of trustees, through a long period of service. A memorial adopted by the faculty of the college records the high character of his service and the estimation In which he was held. This is summed up in the closing paragraph in the following words : " In the death of William Calvin Patterson the Pennsylvania State College has lost a faithful servant and a trusted adviser, and the members of its faculty a personal friend." Mr. Patterson was likewise a leading citizen of the community. He was president of the national bank at State College, and a director of the First National Bank of Bellefonte, Pa. For many years he was an active member of the Grand Army of the Republic, having served over three years in the Army of the Potomac, during which time he was for several months confined In Libby prison, and being brevetted captain at the time of his discharge. He is survived NOTES. 597 by his wife and four cliildron. one of wlioiii. II. J. Patterson, is director of the Maryland Station. West Virginia TTniversity.— The hoiird of regents lias established a depart- ment of domestic science, with Miss Neva A. Scott in charge. American Association of Farmers' Institute Workers.— The fourteenth annual meeting of this association was held in I'ortland, Oreg., August Ki and 17. There were 10.'} delegates and visitors registered, representing 23 States and Territories, 3 of the provinces of Canada, and the District of Columbia, Statistical reports as to the condition of the farmers' institutes in the United Stares and Canada at the close of the past year were read from 33 States, 1 Territory, and 7 provinces. The total number of sessions held by th(^ regular institutes was 18.797. and there were also ISO sessions of round-up institutes. 201 sessions of normal institutes, 1.2,S0 sessicms of independent Institutes. 324 days of institute trains, and 40,^) picnics and harvest home meetings. The total attendance upon all of the institutes and meetings was 2,4!)S,420 and the cost was .$3.S7,!)2!>..S0. The reports indicated that the institutes throughout the TTnited States and Canada have maintained interest unabated, and also that they are so rapidly increasing that the directors have found it impossible to satisfy fully the growing demands. Reports were presented by the chairmen of the standing conunittees on insti- tute organization and methods, institute lecturers, cooperation with other edu- cational agencies, movable schools of agi-lculture, boys' and girls" institutes, and women's institutes. The jiresident of the association, J. L. Ellsworth of Massachusetts, in his address cautioned against too gi-eat centralization of the institute, and urged that local cooperation be encouraged to beget a sense of individual responsi- bility in the locality for the success of the worlv. AVithout this, he maintained, there will be lack of enthusiasm and consequent failure to secure the best re- sult.?. The committee on organization and methods also called attention to the importance of local cooperation, and suggested that the interest of business and professional men in the several localities should be enlisted as well as that of farming people. The committee placed special emphasis on siK'urlng the cooper- ation of the boys and girls, and suggested tliat this nnght be accomplished by having them engage in experimental or demonstration work, with directions to report their results at the next institute meeting. The committee on boys' and girls' institutes reported that whereas in 1907 only 0 States held institutes for l)oys and girls, at present 16 States have organizations conducting work of this character. Many of these institutes are the f)Utcome of contests in corn growing, cattle judging, poultry rearing, etc. The competitive plan has been extensively utilized, and has been found to bring zest and continued interest. The functions of the farmers' institute and the place that it will occupy in the future in the tield of extension work were discussed quite fully by the com- mittee on cooperation wdth other educational agencies. Now that more or less complete extension departments have been organized in twenty-five of the agri- cultural colleges, and others are ready to undertake this work, it is believed that the position of the farmers' iiistitute in its relation to this movement needs to be defined. The <'ommittee were deckled in the view that the farmers' insti- tute will always have an important place in any system of extension work that may be organiz(Hl. There will, nevertheless, be other organizations and other methods of giving instruction in agricidture to rural peoi)le that will supplement the institute, and accomi)lish that which it can not do so effectively. It was held by the committee that the most cordial and active cooperation 598 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. should be maintiiined between the institute and all other forms of agricultural extension work. In the discussion of the report of the committee on women's institutes the fact was brought out that in the Province of Ontario, Canada, the women's institutes are developing more rapidly, both as to the number of meetings and persons in attendance, than the institutes for men. During the past year there were held there 4,050 sessions of women's institutes with a total attendance of 105,000, besides 4 normal institutes for women with an attendance of 2,050, and 20 special institutes and picnics with an estimated attendance of 3,500. The success of these organizations in Ontario was deemed conclusive as to the practicability of utilizing farmers' institutes in educating and interesting coun- try women. Papers specially prepared for presentation before the association were read by Director J. Withycombe, of the Oregon Station, and Charles H. Tuck, of Cornell University, upon field demonstration work; by W. T. Clarke, of the University of California, upon the employment of experts to visit individual farmers and give advice respecting the improvement of their practice ; by G. A. Gigault, of Quebec. Canada, and O. M. Olson, of the Washington College, on the introduction of prize contests along agricultural lines among adult farmers; by Dean H. L. Russell, of the Wisconsin University and Station, and H. M. Cottrell, of the Colorado College, on field institutes; by W. J. Black. Quebec, Canada, on sales fairs; by D. W. Working, of the West Virginia T'niversity, on movable schools of agriculture ; and by G. A. Putnam, Toronto, Ontario, and L. A. Merrill, of the Utah College and Station, on women's institutes. The officers of the association chosen for the ensuing year are: President, G. A. Putnam, Toronto, Ontario; vice-president, A. I\I. Soule, of the Georgia College; secretary -treasurer, John Hamilton, of this Office; executive commit- tee, W. T. Clarke, of the University of California, chairman ; Val Keyser, of the University of Nebraska ; and Franklin Dye, Trenton, N. J. The resolutions adopted by the association indorse the work inaugurated by the Association of American Agricultural Colleges and Experiment Stations with reference to federal aid for extension work in agriculture. The executive committee of the association was instructed to urge upon Congress the appro- priation of a sum suflicient to enable the adequate development of the work undertaken by the Farmers' Institute Specialist of this Office. Institutes for and by women in connection with the farmers' institutes were indorsed, as well as the work of the farmers' institutes in endeavoring to interest boys and girls in agriculture. Agricultural Education in Michigan. — The legislature of Michigan at its re- cent session authorized the Michigan Agricultural College to grant 3-year state teachers' certificates to such of its graduates as have completed the regular 4-year course in agriculture together with a course in pedagogics cov- ering at least one-half year of special instruction in that subject. The legis- lature also empowered the governor to appoint a commission of not less than five nor more than seven members to make a careful study of the conditions of elementary, industrial, and agricultural education in the State, and to present a report setting forth these conditions and making recommendations for a plan of elementary, industrial, and agricultural training in the public schools. This reiiort is to be su1>mitted or or before January 1. 1911. Y. M. C. A. Lecture Course in Agriculture. — A recent number of Farm and Ranch reports an attempt made last year in the Riverside fCal.) Y. M. C. A. to develop a course of lectures for citrus growers. The experiment was so successful that this year the illustrated lectures will include fvery phase of NOTES. 599 llie subject, from proimriuf; (he youuf: treos for planting to harvesting tlie crop. New Journals. — Bolctin del Ministcrio dc Fnmcnto has been establislied as the monthly organ of the minister of public worlds of Venezuela. Each num- ber is to consist of three parts, of which the flrst is to be devoted to a discus- sion of scientific questions related to the worl^ of the various bureaus of the department of public worlcs; the second to official decrees, rulings, and similar information; and the third to othcial corresi)ondence upon matters of general interest. An outline of the scope of the newly establishetl Bureau of Agricul- ture, Zootechyy, and Colonization is included in the initial number. lioletin dc la Asuciacion dc Affricultorcs dc Espaila is the monthly organ of the Spanish Agricultural Association and the Spanish Chamber of Agriculture, and is under the editorship of the secretary-general of the association. The initial number describes in detail the worlc of the association. Zcitsclnift fiir Rcicli- mid (Ic^clniiacksloffc is a semimonthly international review of the industries dealing with ethereal oils, ether, essences, si)ices and condiments, perfumes, cosmetics, soaps, oils, foods, and drugs. The contents include both original and reprinted articles. al)stracts, notes, and book reviews. Bollettino dcUe Rr. Cattedrc Amhulanti d'Agricoltura dclla Sardcgna is being published monthly as the organ of the traveling schools of agriculture in Sardinia. The July number includes articles on The Freeing of the Farmer from Usury, Results of Field Demonstrations in Sardinia, and The Need of Inii)roving the I'astures, brief notes on tobacco growing, the oidium of grapes, and other topics, answers to correspondents, a summary of the itinerary fol- lowed by the various traveling instructors of the traveling schools during the preceding months, and plans for future work. The Grecian Agricultural Society has begun the publication at Athens of monthly reports of its work. These reports also contain original articles, that for July including articles on Grafting the Wild Olive Tree and the Im])ortance of its Domestication. The Improvement of the Grecian Horse, The Despised Tree {Ailanthiis glandulosa). The Cheese of Saronika, and An Inspection of the Bee Keepers' School, as well as general notes on agriculture and on the work of the society during the month. liuUclin dc VOfficc Infcrnatioiidl d'llyyicnc I'iihlirtili?;ers, Rose and Heimburger (524 Analyses of fertilizers sold in Maryland, McDonnell et al 025 Analyses of fertilizers, fall, 1908, and spring, 1909, Kilgore et al 625 Standard fertilizers and the fertilizers act, 1909, McGill 625 AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. Ecology of ])lants, Warming et al 625 The viability of weed seeds under different conditions of treatment, Fawcett. . 625 Variation ui fungi due to environment, Stevens and Hall 626 Notes on Peronosjxjrales for 1907, Wilson ()26 Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes, Smith 626 The effect of chemotropism on the parasitic action of fungi, Petri 626 Toxic effects of salts as related to ammonification by Bacillus subtilis, Lipman. . . 627 On similarity in the behavior of sodium and potassium, Osterhout 627 Some notes on the modifications of color in plants, Kraemer 627 The effect of salts upon pigments, Bunyard 627 Chemistrj' of chlorophyll and relation to coloring matter of blood, Marchlewski. . 628 Photodynamic work of chlorophyll and its relation to photosynthesis, Hausmann 628 Production of anthocyanin as a result of anular decortication. Combes 628 The development of fat in the black walnut (./wgr/ans nigra), M'Clenahan. . . 628 The distribution of poisons in the Amanitas, Ford 629 Studies of vegetable rennets. Rennets of Solanacese, Gerber 629 Histological structure and specific gravity of seeds of Pyrus, Pammel and Robh . 629 FIELD CROPS. Irrigati(m and dry farming and cereal investigations at Caldwell, Nelson 629 Report of the work at the Holly Springs Station for 1908, Ames 630 Report of the director of agriculture, Nesom 630 Report of the agricultural department, Bengal, for 1908, Gourlay 630 Report of agricultural department. Eastern Bengal and Assam, for 1907-8, Hart . 631 Report of agricultural stations in Eastern Bengal and Assam for 1908, Hart 631 Agriculture in the Tropics, Willis 631 The cultivated plants of our colonies, Westermann 631 The culture of industrial plants in Argentina, Girola 631 The choice of varieties of grains for the province of Silesia, Stanjek 631 The Berlin and Vienna systems of judging barley, Cluss and Schmidt 631 Report on agriculture in Asia Minor, with special reference to cotton, Dunstan. . 631 A })rofitable cotton farm, Goodrich 632 Cotton cultivation: Its extension in Ceylon, McCall 632 Flax culture and flax industry in Holland, Belgium, and F'rance, Frost 632 A study of the varieties of Abaca (Manila hemp), Saleeby 632 The relation between specific gravity and germinative energy of oats, Stigell. . 632 Farm management in northern ]3otato-growing sections. Dodge 632 ( )bservations on the sugar content of sugar-beet crops, Schulze and Lipschitz. . 633 The beet sugar industry ''^-^ Report of the bureau of sugar experiment stations for 1908-9, Maxwell (i3:{ < ane seedlings in Java, Kobus ^3Ji Sweet potato culture, Garcia ^33 Preparing land for winter wheat. Ten Eyck and Call 634 X'ariety tests of wheat, Noll 6^4 Wheat culture tests of Silesian wheat growers' association, 1906-1908, Opitz 635 Grain yields of the world in 1907 ' 635 Production of the princij^al grains in 1908 6''^5 Weeds; their eradication and control, Adams 63o The eradication of bindweed, or wild morning-glory, Cox 635 Cultivation of PamJIoraffjetida and J/il-«/i/rt smn*ns to down weeds, Bamber.. 635 Seed tests and microscopic examinations, Voigl 6.36 IV CONTENTS. HORTICULTURE. Page. Pollination of the apple, Lewis and Vincent 636 The culture of the pear, Powell 637 Protecting fruits from late frost, Lancaster and Skeggs 637 On the grafting of American grapes, von Jablanczy 637 Report of the grape-improving station, Geisenheim-Eibingen, Fischer 637 Culture of small fruits, Lewis and Cole 637 The coffee plantations of Tonkin, Cramer 637 Date palm culture and commerce in Nefzaoua, Jeangerard 638 Report of the inspector of coconut plantations for the year 1908, Brown 638 Report on the activities in pomology and gardening, Junge 638 FORESTRY. Measm-ements of effects of forest cover on conservation of snow waters, Mattoon . 638 The effect of frost upon the green and blue forms of Douglas fir, Zederbauer. . . 639 A study of pifion pine, Phillips 639 Eucalypts cultivated in the fnited States, Westergaard, jr 639 Four years' experience growing rubber trees on Basilan, Miller 639 A list of the trees of the State of Florida, Gifford 639 Native trees of the Hudson River Valley, Taylor 639 Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa, Sim 639 Forest statistics 640 Administration report of Forest Department of Madras Presidency for 1908 640 Impregnation of beech ties with copper arsenite, von Lorenz 640 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report on plant diseases, Hollrung 640 The diseases of plants due to mineral substances in the soil, Roux 640 Report of the plant pathologist, Evans 640 Diseases and pests of cereals, Pye 641 The mildews of cereals, Reed 641 Experiments relating to rust and smut resistance, Mc Alpine 641 Bunt, or stinking smut of wheat, Heald 642 Methods of combating the smut diseases of cereals, Appel 642 Anthracnose of beans, Wilcox and Temple 642 Observations on some diseases of beets. Griffon and Maublanc 642 The end or fiber rot of ginseng seedUngs, ^\^letzel ^ 643 Dry rot of the potato, Lounsbury 643 Brown rot or t\vig blight, Froggatt 643 Two prevalent cherry diseases, Hein 643 A fungus-like appearance on imported and exported apple trees, Mc Alpine 643 Bitter pit of the apple, McAlpine 643 Downy mildew of the grape, Hein 643 Treatment of downy rnildew, Belle and Fondard 644 The blister rust of pines and the European currant rust, Atwood 644 Peridermium strobi in America, Spaulding 644 Cedar rust, Hein 644 The appearance of the oak mildew in Sologne, Noffray 645 The so-called canker of poplar trees. Hoc 645 A disease of rose twigs 645 Spraying calendar 645 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLO(iY. Officials concerned with protection of birds and game, 1909, Palmer 645 Annual re\dew of investigations in general biology 645 The balance of natme. Abbey 645 The rat problem, Boelter • 645 Distribution of the rat plague in Mexico, Macias 646 The economic value of some common birds, Criddle 646 Birds of the Boston public garden, Wright 646 The birds of Washington, Dawson and Bowles 646 Index to Bulletin of Cooper Ornithological Club and Condor, 1899-1908, Kaeding. 646 CONTENTS. V Page. Pearls and parasites, Shipley 646 lienelicial parasites, Newman 646 Long-lived parasites, Newman 646 Report on economic entomology (in the Sudan j, King 646 Report of the entomologist, Howard 647 Report of the acting government entomologist, West 648 Insect ])ests and their foes, Froggatt 648 Reyx)rt of orchard demonstrations by counties, Surface 649 Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Orthoptera 649 The rice bug {Leptocorisa varicornis), Lefroy 649 Pemphigus venafuscus n. sp.. Patch 649 American snowball louse (Aphis vibumicola n. sp.), Gillette 649 Aphid technique, Hayhurst 649 Two scale pests of laurel, Lindinger 649 Scale insects from the south of France and from Corsica, Marchal 649 Notes on the scale insects of Europe and northern Africa, I, Marchal 649 Desl ruction of Lecanium by S porotrickium globuliferum, De Camara Pestana. 649 Destruction of Lecanium oleir by fungi, De Camara Pestana 650 The Aleyrodidse of Barbados, Gowdey 650 New genus of Aleyrodidse, with remarks on Aleyrodes, Quaintance 650 The c-lassification of the phylloxera, Grassi and Foa 650 The cultural treatment in combating the phylloxera. Wanner 650 Additional observations on the lesser apple worm, Foster and Jones 650 New species of Tingitidije and description of a new Leptoglossus, Heidemann . . 651 A generic revision of Q^cophoridse, with descriptions of new species, Busck 651 Descriptions of new species of North American crambid moths, Kearfott 651 A revision of Noctuidae heretofore referred to Homopfera hoisduvul, Smith 651 The genitalia of the group Noctuidae of the British Islands, Pierce 651 The larch shoot moths 652 Descriptions of some new mosquitoes from tropical America, Dyar and Knab. . 652 Mosquitoes at St. Vincent, Sands 652 New mosquitoes from the Sudan, Theobald 652 Mosquito work, Balfour 652 Prof. Koebele's work on horn fly, Perkins 652 Warble flies 652 Sense of smell in flies, Hill 652 Sleeping sickness and the Bahr-El-Ghazal Province, Ensor and Archibald 652 Hyleini/ia coarrtata, a destructive wheat pest, Fryer 652 Glossary of anatomical terms used in describing diptera, Walton 652 A monographic revision of the Coleoptera, Blaisdell 652 Life history of the Tomicini at Moscow Agricultural Institute, Malolietenkow.. 653 An outbreak of horse-radish leaf beetles, Korff 653 The biology of the garden snout beetles, Schreiner 653 New breeding records of the coffee-bean weevil, Tucker 653 The ant and her ways, Escherich 653 The bembecid wasps of Boulder County, Colorado, Rohwer 653 A new chalcidoid of the Eulophid genus Aphelinus, Girault 653 The mustard sawfly {Athalia prorima), Lefroy 653 Notes on the Ixodoidea, IV, Neumann 654 Notes on the Ixodoidea, V, Neumann 654 Notes on the Ixodoidea, VI, Neumann 654 The tick pest, Robertson (554 Insects and diseases of vegetables, Cnok and Home 654 The insect and allied pests of orchard, bush, and hothouse fruits, Theobald. . . . 655 Poisoned bait for fruit fly, Mally 655 Experiments with arsenicals in combating the grapevine pyralid, Morstatt 656 Spraying v. dusting, Faurot fi56 Concentrated lime sulphur: Its properties, preparation, and use, Stewart 657 Directions for application of carbon disulphid in vineyard and farm, Ililtner. . 657 Spraying machinery, Faurot ()58 Tne use of the Bengal bean in lime cultivations 658 Animal parasites and disca^ies of the tea plant, Bernard 658 Pwe-ny6t and Indian dammars. Hooper 658 Silkworms and how to rear them, South 058 YI CONTENTS. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION.' Page. Food products, Dugat and Girard 658 Preliminarj' report of the dairy and food commissioner for 1908, Foust 659 Report of the Department of Food and Drugs for June, 1909, Barnard 659 Report of the Department of Food and Drugs for July, 1909, Barnard 659 Bacon curing In Scotland, Douglas - - 659 Electric process of curing meat 659 Remarks on the electric'process of curing meat, \Mllcox 659 Observations on an outbreak of meat poisoning at Limerick, McWeeney 659 Dried eggs and dried milk 660 Soups in'tablet form 660 The chemical composition of soup tablets, Wagner and Clement 660 Absence of purin bases in caviar, Linnert 660 Phosphates in foods 660 Some African food grains 660 Milling and baking qualities of some Sudan wheats, Humphries 660 Notes on the aforementioned v/heats, Hewison 660 Flour testing for the baker, Harcourt 660 The behavior of wheaten flour toward yeast, Baker and Hulton 660 The toxicity of flours toward top fermentation of yeasts. Baker and Hulton 661 Breakfast foods, Harcourt 661 Examination of some of the diabetic foods of commerce, Fetterolf 661 Infant's and invahd's foods, McGill 661 The molecular weight of the dextrin of honey from ( -oniferse, Barschall 662 Fruit juices. Brooks 662 Cherry juice, Buttenberg and Berg 662 Concerning the uncooked juice from different sorts of strawberries, Kochs 662 Wine musts of 1908 from the Moselle and neighboring localities, Wellenstein . . 662 Temperance beers, Barnard 662 Cocoa and chocolate, Luhmann 662 "Malt coffee," Eberlein 662 Tea, McGill 662 Ground ginger, McGill 662 Commercial cream of tartar, Lemoine 662 The manufacture of sugar color, Hoffman 662 The fuels of the household, WTiite 663 Cooking for two. Hill 663 The gist of domestic science. Gist 663 Food values. Practical methods in diet calculations .' 663 Social condition of working class families in Dublin, La Touche and Stafford. . 663 Cost of living [in the district of Frankfort], Oppenheimer 664 Labor, wages, and cost of li^dng [Moscow], Grove 664 Food requirements in the Tropics and in Europe, Glogner 664 Influence of meteorological and climatic conditions on metabolism, Nichols... 664 The digestion and absorption of protein, von Korosy 664 Fate of benzol ring of protein not hydrolyzed. Phenazeturic acid, Vasiliu. . . . 664 The elimination of protein acids by urine, Garlnski 665 The digestion of fat in the animal body, Levites 665 The absorption of fat stained with Sudan III, Mendel 665 The excretion of sulphurous acid by man, Franz and Sonntag 665 Effect of age and size on respiratory exchange, Schlossmann and Murchhauser. 665 An apparatus for studying the respiratory exchange, Benedict 665 The Boston respiration calorimeter, Falta 666 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Utilization of nonproteid nitrogen compounds in feeding stuffs, Morgeu et al. . 666 On the substitution of amids for protein, Thaer 667 The nutritive value of grape marc, Fabre 667 Sawdust and gypsum as food for cattle 667 Some new feeding stuffs and their relative values as cattle foods, Smetham 668 Registered feeding stuffs 668 Concentrated commercial feeding stuffs, Robison 668 Inspection and analyses of commercial feeding stuffs, Hand et al 668 CONTENTS. Vli I'age. Analyses of commercial feedins: stuffs, Ilartwell, Morgan, and Whipple 668 Foodstuffs and their deterioration, (iamblo 668 Abstracts of feeding experiments, Ilartwell 668 Exi)eriments in feeding beef steers, McLean 668 Meat production in Germany, Gerlich 669 On the value of milk for fattening calves, Bassmann 669 Winter and summer calf rearing, Adams and Prendergast 669 A successful ovarian transplantation, Gastle and Phillips 669 Action of the corpus luteum, Bouin and Ancel 669 Corpus luteum and mammary gland, Ancel and Bouin 669 The spermatogenesis of the domestic guinea {Numida meleagris), Guyer 670 The spermatogenesis of the domestic chicken (Gallus gnllus), Guyer 670 Parthenogenetic segmentation in birds, Lccaillon 670 A case of incomplete hermaphroditism. Pearl and Curtis 670 Barring in Plymouth Rocks, Spillman : 671 The peculiar inheritance of pink eyes among colored mice, Castle and Little . . 671 The mnemic sensibilities in their relation to the original sensations, Semon. . . . 671 Telegony as induced reversion. Cook 671 Domesticated animals of the Altai- Kalmucks, Noack 672 The possible ancestors of the horses living under domestication, Ewart 672 Capturing and domesticating mountain slaeep, Frakes 672 The evolution of a breed of cattle, Wilson 672 Some early history concerning the Shorthorn breed in New England, Morse . . . 672 Bovines and their products, Gindre de Malherbe 672 Cattle exhibit of Holland Agricultural Society and breeders' associations 672 [Live stock statistics of Argentina], Martinez 673 Don't kill the laying hen. Potter 673 Note on an artificial incubator, Cartier 673 DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. Experiments on the feeding of dairy cows, Walker 673 Milk production, Scott 673 Winter milk production, Adams and Prendergast 673 Cow test association work in Maine, Merrill 674 Milk yields of different cattle breeds in Steiermark, Gstimer 674 The dairy industry in Argentina, Fynn, jr 674 The dairy characteristics of the Valaque sheep, Laxa 674 Handbook of milk, Sommerfeld et al 674 On the starch-like structures in the milk glands of cattle, Zimmermann 674 The influence of feed on the composition of milk, Porcher 675 The passing of medicaments and toxic substances into milk, Porcher 675 The transfer of boric acid from cattle food to cow's milk, Collins 675 Are the colostrum bodies reliable for determining stage of lactation? Anders . . . 675 The Trommsdorff leucocyte test for milk, Riihm 675 The reduction r. the fermentation test, Monrad 676 Multiplication of Bacillus coll in milk at 10-37° C, Harrison and Vanderleck .. 676 On the longevity of diphtheria and paratyphus bacilli in milk, Kersten 676 Investigation of city milk supply 1908, Robison 676 The composition of milk in the vicinity of Harburg, Bremer and Sponnagel. . . 676 Production of milk for children, Pusch 676 On the influence of high temi)erature in the sterilizing of milk, Kida 677 The commercial pasteurization of milk, Rickards 677 Economic reasons for the reduction of milk to powder, Merrell 677 The coagulation of condensed milk, Greig-Smith 677 Extracts from fourth report of dairy research laboratories at Jaroslav, Maass 678 Twenty-second report of Bernese Dairy School at Rutti-Zollikofen, Peter et al. . 678 A study of Pennsylvania butter. Van Norman and Larson 679 Concerning "short" cheese, Boekhout and Ott de Vries 679 [Analyses of cheese] - 679 Milk rules for patrons of cheese factories in W^est Prussia 679 Annual report of the cheese experiment station at Lodi, 1908, Besana et al 679 A new measuring device, Johnson 679 Lime and lime salts and their relation to dairying, Berberich and Burr 679 VI It CONTENTS. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Page. Report of the chief veterinary officer, Stockmaii . . 679 Report of the assistant secretary, animals division, Anstruther (i80 I Report of the superintendent of animal industry], Norgaard . . ........-- 680 Report on zootechnic, veterinary, and epizootic service of Indo-China, Lepinte. 680 (Castration and ovariotomy, Hermanos. ... - - - - - 680 Further studies upon the phenomenon of anaphylaxis, Rosenau and Anderson . . 680 On the intestinal resorption of serum antitoxin and milk antitoxin, Romer 681 Form and size of red blood corpuscles in domestic animals, Retterer 681 Oleander poisoning of live stock, Wilson 681 Checking the ravages of loco, Marsh . --■-•--- 682 Diplodia disease of maize (suspected cause ot pellagra), bmith and Hedges 682 Surra in the Federated Malay States, Fraser and Symonds 682 Occult tuberculosis, Vallee rAV: ^o^ The evacuation of tubercle bacilli with the bile, Calmette and (juerin 683 The calcification of tuberculous lesions in bovine animals, Piettre 683 Wliat is the normal temperature of cattle? Miller 683 Ceratitis enzootic in cattle, Fumagalli 683 Echinocococcis of the heart of an ox, Huon and Conor 683 Follicular mange in cattle, Bugge - . -----. 683 Bovine piroplasmosis in the vicinity of Algiers, Soulie and Roig 683 Gastro-enteritis in hogs, Kinsley 683 Contribution to study of nodules of liver of equines, Malerba and Scacco 683 Some observations on equine piroplasmosis, Pricolo 684 Rabies in very young dogs, Remlinger 684 Microsporosis of the dog, Sabouraud, Suis, and Suffran 684 Diseases of the dog and their treatment, MuUer and Glass 684 Hyoscine-morphine-cactin the most desirable anesthetic for dogs, Campbell. . . 684 Natural infection of the guinea pig with Malta fever, Nicolle and Conseil 684 An investigation of the mortality of incubator chicks, Pernot 685 The occurrence of spirillosis of fowls in Martinique, Simond, Aubert, and Noc. 685 Human parasitology, Neveu-Lemaire 685 An account of some Helminthes from the Sudan, Leiper 686 An echinostoma from the intestine of the dog, Railliet and Henry. 686 A disease of rats caused by mites, Schiirmann. 686 The hemogregarines of snakes, Sambon and Seligmann 686 Concerning Trypanosoma pecaudi, T. dimorphon, and T. congolense, Laverau... 686 On the discovery of trypanosomata in an ox in Germany, Frank 686 The transmission of trypanosomes, Mollers ■ 686 Hematoxic substances secreted by the larvse of O^^strus, Weinberg 686 Dipping and tick-destroying agents, Watkins-Pitchford 687 RURAL ECONOMICS. The problem of farm finance in relation to permanent agriculture, McFarland. . 687 Land productivity and the diminishing profits of labor, Langenbeck 687 The agricultural labor problem, Thiel et al 688 The agricultural labor problem in Saxony, Moll 688 An inquiry regarding agricultural small holdings 688 Cooperation in the tenure of small holdings, Wilkins 688 The marketing of agricultural products in England, Brinkmann 688 The sugar industry agricultural bank at Barbados, Clarke 688 The development of mutual agricultural fire insurance, Cassez 689 Crop Reporter 689 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Education for country life. Hays 689 The authority of science, Jordan -. 689 Development of agricultural education. Brown 689 A course in agriculture for the high schools of Michigan 689 Course in nature study for elementary grades of Minnesota Bchools, Lillie 690 Rural continuation schools in Prussia, Trunz 690 The theoretical training of practical farmers, Herzberg > 690 Farmers' institutes for women, Hamilton 690 CONTENTS. IX Programme for technical schools and science and art schools and classes ()9() Report of the Royal Institute for Viticulture and Horticulture, Wortmann (ilK) Ap;ricultural education in the state schools of the Sale District, Davey (iOO Elementary au;ricidture of Tennessee, Hatch, Haselwood, and Keffer (191 Weeds, Davis ti91 Opportunities for instruction in dairy industry at Davis, Cal., 1909-10 691 Announcement of farmers' short courses for 1909 at Davis, ('al 691 MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1908 691 Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York State Station, 1908 691 Experiment Station Work, LI I ()91 Books of interest to farmers ()9 1 Accessions to the Department Library, April-June, 1909 691 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States. Arizona Station: I'age. Bui. 59, Apr. 15, 1909 681 California Station: Circ. 44, June, 1909 691 Circ. 45, Aug. , 1909 691 Florida Station: Bui. 99, July. 1909 673 Idaho Station: An. Rpt. 1908 617.629.691 Kansas Station: Feeding Stuffs Buls. 1-3. Aug.-Oct., 1909 668 Circ. 2, Aug. 9, 1909 634 Massachusetts Station: Met. Buls. 247-248, July-Aug.. 1909 616 Mississippi Station: Bui. 121, July, 1909 668 Bui. 122, July, 1909 630 Bui. 123, June, 1909 668 Missouri Fruit Station: Bui. 19, Dec, 1908 656 Bui. 20, Dec, 1908 658 New Mexico Station: Bui. 70, Apr., 1909 633 New York State Station: Twenty-seventh An. Rpt. 1908 616, 691 Oregon Station: Bui. 103, Dec, 1908 685 Bui. 104, Feb., 1909 636 Bui. 105, Mar., 1909 637 Pennsylvania Station: Bui. 92, July, 1909 657 Bui. 93, Aug., 1909 679 Bui. 94, Aug., 1909 634 Porto Rico Station: Circ 10, 1909 624 Circ. 11, July, 1909 620 Rhode Island Station: Page- Bui. 133, Apr., 1909 635 Bui. 134, Apr., 1909 668 U. S. Department of Agriculture. Farmers' Bui. 364 632 Farmers' Bui. 365 632 Farmers' Bui. 366 691 Farmers' Bui. 367 616 Farmers' Bui. 368 635 Bureau of Biological Survey: Circ 70....': 645 Bureau of Chemistry: Circ. 44 613 Circ. 45 609 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 64, pt. 7 (5 cents) 653 Bui. 80, pt. 3 (5 cents) 650 Bui. 12, pt. 9 (tech. ser.) (5 cents) 650 Bureau of Soils: Field Operations, 1906 (Eighth Rpt.) 617 Field Operations, 1907 (Ninth Rpt.) 618 Bureau of Statistics: Crop Reporter, vol. 11, No. 9, Sept., 1909 689 Weather Bureau: Monthly Weather Review, vol. 37, Nos. 3-1, Mar.-Apr., 1909 (20 cents per number, $2.50 per year) 615 Office of Experiment Stations: Circ. 84 689 Circ. 85 690 Library: Bui. 72 (10 cents) 691 Note. — The publications of the I'nited States Department of Agriculture may be purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the State experi- ment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXI. Decembek, U)09. Xo. 7. The personnel of the experiment stations has been a frequent and fruitful theme of discussion. It has become a matter of increasing importance as the stations have developed and more of their work has assumed the character of investigation. For several years it has been in large measure the keynote of advancement. This discussion has brought about a fuller realization of the rela- tion of the man to his work, and likewise of the broader relations of the station to its corps of workers. The man is the first and fore- most factor in productive investigation. Without competent men the stations can make little progress in real investigation, although they may exert a considerable influence on practical farming opera- tions by the simpler forms of experimentation and a dissemination of what others have brought to light. A large proportion of the work now calls for men of higher qualifications than formerly, and at the present stage the stations are less and less able to train men for their service; much less can they educate them and round out their preparation as specialists in agricultural science. They must look to the colleges and universities to provide men with a thorough foundation, which will require more than the regular college course ; and these educational institutions should recognize the advancement in qualifications which the present conditions make necessary. In spite of the recognized need of the stations for men of more ad- vanced preparation, the progress in that direction is slow, due either to the failure of the institutions to provide the men or to the less exacting demands of the stations. That the latter is not the funda- mental cause is clear from the large number of inquiries within the past two years for men of the kind of training which fits them to attack difficult scientific problems. The change in personnel con- tinues with little abatement from year to year, and constitutes a disturbing element in the efficiency and continuity of investigation. The returns for the organization lists of the stations, which are be- ing revised at this time, furnish some interesting data as to the present tendencies in relation to permanency and to preparation. From them 601 602 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. it is possible to determine the number of changes in men of different o-rades from one institution to another, and, to considerable extent, the preparation of new men who are coming into the service. These returns show that during the year covered no less than one hundred and fifty men of the scientific staff resigned or retired from their positions in the station work. Two of these were directors, and the resignation of one other has been called for to take effect January 1. The changes were largely in the assistant grade, twenty-seven being assistant chemists; but of the total number forty-three, or nearly a third, were heads of departments or in charge of special lines of work. In many cases the change was from one institution to an- other, but a considerable nmnber dropped out of the station work entirely, at least for the time being. To meet the resulting vacancies and provide for added growth, there were approximately two hundred and sixty-five new appoint- ments during the year. While this includes jDersons who transferred from one station to another, over two hundred were new men who had not previously been connected with the station work. The large ma- jority were of the assistant grade, but about fifty were heads of depart- ments or in charge of independent lines of work. This indicates the activity there has been in recruiting the station forces during the past year, and accounts for the pressure for men of all grades and specialties. The total number of employees on the scientific staff of the stations in the United States, as shown by the new organization lists, is 1,234. This number is exclusive of treasurers, accountants, registrars, ste- nographers, clerks, janitors, and laborers, and includes only the actual workers and their assistants. About one in seven of the station men changed during the year, and the appointments averaged more than four for each station. Five years ago the total number of station workers was TOr). The present list therefore shows a large increase, which has made heavy demands on the colleges. Considering the number who drop out from the station ranks, it is evident that on an average considerably more than a hundred new persons have been appointed each year for the past five years. In addition to this, the growth has been equally as large or larger in the teaching staff' of the agricultural colleges, and new extension departments and other agencies calling for trained men have developed rapidly. This Department alone has taken large numbers of men of different grades in that period. It is probably no exaggeration to say that fully five hundred new men and women are now required annually to fill technical positions in institutions of this kind; and with the spread of agricultural teaching in secondary and normal schools, there is no likelihood of an immediate decrease. This is a demand worth catering to. EDITORIAL. 608 It is interesting to see in what measure the higher standards for preparation are being realized in the new appointments and the men substituted for former workers. The most practical method of judg- ing of this is the prevalence of degrees granted to the new men for graduate study. While this does not tell the whole story and gives no indication of the experience which the men have had in station work, the possession of earned degrees is an evidence of advanced study, if conversely their absence does not always indicate a hick of such advantages. Of the total number of persons at present on the scientific start' of the stations, four hundred and fifty-seven hold advanced degrees awarded for graduate stud}'. Among this number nearly three hundred have the master's degree, forty-five have degrees in veter- inary science and medicine, and one hundred and twenty have the doctor of philosophy. Of the men who changed their positions during the year, fifty had degrees equivalent to the master's degree, and fifteen also held the Ph. D. Of the men ai3pointed to new positions, sixt3^-eight had advanced degrees, eighteen of the number having the Ph. D. Among the new men who came into the work during the year only thirty-five, or one in six, appear to have taken advanced work leading to a degree, and about a dozen of these, or one in eighteen, have the Ph. D. In some fifty cases it is possible to trace the direct substitution of new men in the place of former incumbents. Such comparisons do not show that there was much improvement in the apparent prepara- tion of the new appointees, or indicate that great stress is being laid on the degree qualification. In over half the cases the new men had the same degrees as their predecessors. In a quarter of the cases men with lower degrees were appointed, and in the remaining cases (nine) the new appointees had more advanced degrees. About one-third of these substitutions were in heads of departments. AVliile the total list of station workers for 1909 shows a gain of thirty-five in those having advanced degrees and eighteen in the number having the Ph. D. degree, the relative proportion has changed but little, considering the increased number of ])ersons. In the 1908 list, 1 in 2.()5 had taken advanced degrees, and in that for 1909, 1 in 2.70; in the old list about 1 in 11 had the doctor's degree, and this year 1 in 10. During the year six men in the station work took master's degrees and nine the doctor's. This shows the influence of the stations in encouraging advanced study among their workers. On the whole, the showing is disappointing, and it is not what might have been expected from the advocacy (jf better prepared men and the increased attendance in graduate courses at the colleges. It makes it clear that the colleges are not beginning to keep pace with the re(|uirements, and that the stations are accepting many men who 504 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. have had little beyond the regular college course. In a considerable number of instances recourse has been had to colleges and universities where agriculture is not taught, in order to secure men of the train- ing in science and investigation needed. Advanced degrees when earned represent opportunity. They do not necessarily indicate productive ability, and the possession of them shoidd be only one of the qualifications considered in candidates for station positions. They merely signify that the men bearing them have had the advantage of special advanced training of a kind which should teach them the meaning and spirit of science, and something of its methods. The institution where the degree was taken is to some extent a gage of the opportunity the man has enjoyed. But advanced study is of such importance and value as a preparation for station work that the mere possession of evidence of it is a decided point of advantage. Little real preparation for a scientific career in any line can be obtained in the regular undergraduate courses at any institution. These courses merely give the man his groundwork and prepare him for what is to come. If he elects experiment station work as his career, graduate study is quite as essential as if he elected medicine or law or mathematics. This gives him his point of view, his broader and more critical outlook, his attitude, and his ideals. It is not merely informational, but its greatest influence is on the man him- self, for it prepares him to weigh and profit by his own experience and that of others in further perfecting himself. Nothing can take the place of it but long experience and self-education, and even this is only partially effective with the average man. The handicap with which he starts out is likely to stay by him and to prevent his rising above a certain level. Lack of a degree does not, of course, necessarily mean lack of opportunity. Many men pursue advanced courses who do not take degrees. They have the advantage of the association and the in- struction, even though it is not so systematized. Others are capable of so profiting by their experience and associations as to grow in breadth and in knowledge, and in their conception of investigation. To but few, however, can this take the place of direct study, and it is not to be regarded as a short cut. Experience counts for more in the routine work and more elementary experiments than in investiga- tion along new lines, where the preparation of the man is most appar- ent in his insight into the scientific aspects of problems and his ability to formulate a method of attack and procedure. It is evident in greater resourcefulness and ability in making safe generalizations. Enforced changes in the staff due to resignations offer opportunity for working out higher standards in the personnel, provided men of EDITORIAL. 605 the desired grade can be found. In the case of heads of departments, or those in charge of independent lines of studj^, it is natural that the record of the appointee should be a prime consideration, for no recom- mendation can be stronger than demonstrated research ability. In the case of assistants, however, this does not usually apply, although it may be argued that the work in the subordinate positions does not necessarily call for advanced training at the outset. But men are not satisfied to remahi i)ermanently in a subordinate position, and if they are good men should look forward to advancement. The ranks of the station staff are recruited largely from among the assist- ants who have demonstrated their abilit}', or whose period of service has made them useful in a special way. The rank and j^recedence of an assistant based largely on length of service, frequently stands in the way of advancing better trained and more Avorthy men. This results in embarrassment and injustice, and in a measure removes the incentive for more thorough preparation. Every assistant, therefore, Avho enters the station work, except in a tem]3orary way, should be urged and encouraged to pursue ad- vanced study in a systematic way, for his independent collateral reading will not take the place of such study. His pursuit of such a course should, out of regard for his own interests as well as for the good of the work, be made as a rule a condition of advancement be- yond a restricted grade of salary or position. Mere association with the work and collateral reading in a desultory way counts for compar- atively little in the actual training of men for the experiment station work of the future. The character of that work is rapidly changing, as the extension features are being segregated and attention centered more largely on establishing new fact:^. The demands on the men who are to plan and conduct the progressive experiments and inves- tigations of the stations call for more thorough and broader educa- tion and training than was formerly the case. The young men entering the station employ should therefore have instilled into them from the first the need and the desire for thorough preparation, if they are to remain in it and make it a career. It is a mistake to recommend a man deficient in prepai'ation to a more responsible position in another station, and it is likewise a mistake for a station to accept such a man on the assumption that he will answer. The standards of requirements set by the stations will have a great influence in stimulating young men who enter this work. At the present time these standards are not always sufficiently high, and the institutions are not as exacting and discriminating as the best inter- ests of the work suggest. The lack of men is largely responsible for this, but the waiving of rec[uirements detracts from the encourage- 606 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. ment and incentive Avhich there should be for men to spend their time and money in more thorough preparation. The a])pointment of men on the station staff is not a matter for haste. The selection should be made after a careful canvass, and the aim should be set high. It is often better to delay appointment indefi- nitely than to accept a man who evidently does not meet the require- ments and whose limitations will begin to be felt in a short time. The apparent dearth of men can be relieved somewhat by drawing upon the universities and colleges giving postgraduate work in eco- nomic branches of science. Many of these institutions which have no agricultural departments are devoting more attention to the stations, as offering a field for their graduate students, and now that less extension work is required which calls for intimate knowledge of agricultural practice, positions in the stations are increasingly attractive to men from such institutions. The stations, if they will, can create a demand and set a standard which will be met by these higher institutions, and the latter will thus supplement the agricul- tural colleges in providing workers. The point of view and general grasp Avhich the agricultural grad- uate has is of material advantage, and if he will supplement his col- lege course with advanced study will make him a strong man. But this point of view and familiarity with the subject are not everything, and unaided they can not take the place of the more advanced work, or the special training which gi^^es the prospective worker, not merely added information, but the pro]:)er attitude toward investigation, and teaches him the value and significance of a scientific fact. RECliM WORK l.\ A(,Rll'i;i;ri:RAL SCIHNCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. On some recent advances in our knowledge of the salts of proteins and of their role in biological phenomena, T. P.. lioBERTSoN (/>'/>'• Austral, .l.s.sor. A dr. Sei.. 11 {lUin). pit. 'I'JO-.'iOl ). — A dijii'st of data on the subject. Since, as the author jmints out. " proteins are ampholytes, and . . . cttnibino with nonaniphoteric acids, bases, and probably salts, and we have seen that an ampholyte system possesses tlie properties which have been ascribed to the ion- proteids," he considers that the following assumptions are justitied: "The compounds which have been termed ' ion-proteids ' are in reality am- pho-salts of the proteins (e. g., NaXOH, HXCl). " The nondissociable compounds of protein with non-ampboteric ions wliich exist in tissues are in reality ampho-salts dissociating as acids and bases or else di-salts (e. g., NaX++OH-, H++XC1- or NaXCl). '• Tlie influence of electrolytes ui)ou the properties and reactions of living tissues may prol)ably be r<>t'(M'red in the main to alterations in tlie ratio of the (basic anipholates) e. g., HX++OH~) to the acid ampholates (e. g., H++XOH~ ;nid to the formation of nmplio-salts and di-salts." Hydrolysis of ox muscle, T. B. Osrorne and I). R. Jones {Amcr. .Jour. I'fn/nHt}.. 2't {190'.)), ,Vo. ;7. pp. .J.}7'-.'///6'). — Tlie partition of nitrogen in beef muscle, as determined l)y the modified Hausniann metliod, was nitrogen as ammonia 0.89 per cent, as l)asic nitrogen 4.42 per cent, as noubasic nitrogen 10.44 per cent, and as nitrogen in magnesium oxid precipitate 0.43 per cent, making a total of 16.1X per cent. "The nitrogen contained in tlie histidin, arginin, and lysin was equal to 4..">2 per cent of the dry muscle, which agrees vei"y closely with that precipitated by phosphotungstic acid, thereby indicating the probable accuracy of the deter- mination of these bases." Electrolytes and colloids. The physical state of g'luten, T. B. Wood and W. B. Hardy (/Voc. Ron. Soc. \ London \. Her. B. SI (invH). No. B J.}.T. /*/). 38-.'t.h fif/s. 2; rtft-s-. in Jour. Chvm. .Sor. ^London}, 9(i {190!)), No. o.')9, I, p. SJfl). — The gliadin of wheat is insoluble in distilled water and in acid over certain critical concentrations. Dilute acid destroys tliis cohesion and forms hydrosols, but salt solutions containing acid reestablish the coliesiveness. Alka- lis act in a similar manner as the acids. The phenomenon is therefore in agreement with the hypothesis that gluten hydrosol is a pseudo-solution caused by the existence of an electrical double layer around the gluten particles. The hypothesis is supjiorted by measure- ments of the potential differences between the 2 faces of the double layer by means of the electrical conductivity of acid solutions of gluten and the rate of transportation of the particles in a uniform electrical field. Colloid chemistry; an important branch of investigation for the agricul- turist,'W. CzERMAK {Fiililinjf's Landir. Ztn.. .78 (1909). Ao. 17, pp. f;27-(!.n).- A brief description of colloid chemistry and its probable relation to Mgiicult inc 13042—0!) 2 *^^* 608 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. The nature of the acid soluble phosphorus compounds of some important feeding materials, E. B. Hart and W. E. Tottingham (Jour. Biol. Chem.. li (1909), No. .5. pp. JiSl-Ji^ifi)- — The nature of the phosphorus compounds con- tained in the dilute hydrochloric acid extract of feeding materials (E. S. R., 15, p. 490) was further studied with the corn grain, wheat seed, oat seed, barley seed, ruta-bagas, aud cured alfalfa hay. In the instance of the oat, corn, and barley seed an effort was made to study the distribution and nature of the phytin and phytic acid, these being extracted in each case and the phytic acid decomposition products studied. It was found that phytin was present in the seeds of corn, oats, and barley, but its presence could not be detected in either alfalfa hay or ruta-bagas. Its distribution in the seeds studied differs from that in wheat, in that it is found throughout the entire seed, whereas in wheat it exists mostly in the outer layers. An approximate estimation of the phosphorus in the extract showed from 38 to 48 per cent of that in the seeds. With ruta-bagas 64 per cent of the total was inorganic phosphorus. There was also present a phosphorus compound of unknown constitution, which ^^as soluble in dilute acids, free from nitrogen, hydrolyzable, and which gave 24 per cent of the phosphorus contained in the root. Alfalfa hay cut as it M-as coming into bloom yielded 6.3 per cent of its total phosphorus in inorganic forms. When separated by the modified Poster- nak method, the dilute acid extract also contained a nitrogen-free organic phosphorus complex. This yielded reducing bodies on hydrolysis with acids, but did not produce inosit, aud could therefore not be classed with phytic acid. It contains IT per cent of the total phosphorus of the plant. The reducing substance formed on hydrolysis may possibly be dextrose. The occurrence of phosphatids in vegetable and animal substances, H. Vageler (Biochem. Ztsclir., 17 (1909), No. 1-3, pp. 189-219).— The author discusses the characteristics and the occurrence of lecithin, and describes a method for its determination, as follows : The finely ground material is ex- tracted with 800 gm. of 94 per cent alcohol in the reflux condenser apparatus for 2 hours. A second extraction is made with 800 gm. of alcohol for 8 hours, the extracts from the 2 extractions combined, heated to 50° G., and 400 gm. weighed out for distillation. The residue from the distillation serves for the determination of phosphoric acid. The most accurate method for the oxidation of the residue was found in dissolving it in sodium hydroxid, transferring it to a Schott bottle and oxidizing with 50 cc. concentrated sulphuric acid. The catalytic substance employed was copper filings. The results obtained with plants show that lecithin is present in a greater proportion in the fresh green parts than in the blossoms. There is a greater accumulation of lecithin in the plant when blossoming and fructification is taking place, but at the time when the plant is in its most rapid stage of growth the lecithins are also present in abundance. There was a disintegration at the end of the vegetative period. It was also found that the lecithins were partly decomposed when evaporating the alcoholic extract. As representatives of animal substances milk of various kinds, cheese, fish, horse and steer flesh were selected. With milk the phosphorus percentages calculated to dry substance were as follows: Cow's milk 0.05223 to 0.05534 (for 3.4 and 3.2 per cent of fat, respectively), centrifuged milk 0.0504 (for 0.2 per cent of fat), goat's milk 0.05 "(for 4 per cent of fat), ass's milk 0.0499S, and sheep's milk 0.05S57 (for 7.5 per cent of fat). Milk heated for a short time to 100° yielded 0.0448 per cent of phosphorus. It can thus be seen that the phosphatids are present in larger amounts when the rate of growth of the young is greatest. Human milk had 0.027 per cent of organic phosphorus, and Tilsiter cheese with 23.33 per cent fat had 0.02096 per cent phosphorus. There is AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTEIC H N V. 609 evidi'iitly a (U't'ided (lisiiitej;rji(i(»n of these or.^anic iilHispliorus Ixidies diiriuj; the pnu-ess of ri]UMniijj. Trout spawn contained 0.415.') per cent of phosphorus; pike spawn 0.4484 per cent. The phosphorus in horse fiesh was 0.17 per cent, and that in steer flesh 0.13S per cent. It is evident from the ahove researches that the phosphatids are not sepa- rated from the life processes of the plants. The same conclusion can be drawn from tht^ results obtained with the animal substances. The intracellular enzynis of lower fungi, especially those of Penicillium camemberti, A. W. Dox (Jour. Biol. Clivin., G {I'JOD), Xo. J, /ti). //67-//fj:7').— The enzynis en masse \A'ere prei)ared by cultivating on Czapek's media and extracted by the Kuchner-AIbert " acetondauerhefe " process, modified for molds. The powdered enzynis thus obtained were very stable when properly kept. The main study was made upon the presence of proteases, nucleases, ami- dases, lipases, diastases, and emulsins, and those acting on hippuric acid. Pro- teases showed no activity with either fibrin, ovalbumin, and other native pro- teins. Digestion was aiiparent with casein, gelatin, and proteoses (Witte peptone), and in this respect was like the animal ereiisin. The activity was greatest in phosphate media, either neutral or alkaline in reaction. Pro- teose soluticms which give the biuret reaction when acted uiioii by this enzym show the tryptophan reaction. A nuclease was observed which was capable of liberating purins and phosphoric acid from yeast nuclein. The presence of amidases was demonstrated by the liberation of ammonia from such bodies as urea, asparagin,. acetanilid, etc. The several enzj-m preparations made from /'. conic nihcrti, I'. cJiri/sof/ciuini, P. hrcvicaiilc, and AspcrgillKs iiigcr hydrolyzed hippuric acid into benzoic acid and glycocol. and in this respect differ from animal erepsin. Emulsin was demonstrated by the decomposition of amygdalin, arbutin. and salicin. The lipase reactions were very feeble, but the author attributes this possibly to faulty maiiipuhitions, since the lipases are soluble in ether containing lipoid material. The carbohydrate decomposition phenomenon is somewhat compli- cated by the presence of carbohydrates in the fungi themselves, but the errors from this source were partially eliminated by employing small amounts of enzym and checking with blank autodigestion tests. Amylase, iuulase, raffl- nase, sucrase, maltase. and lactase were identified. The influence of boric acid on enzym action, H. Aguluon (t'ornpt. Rciul. Acnd Sci. \I'(iris], IJ/S (1909), No. 20, pp. 13.'iO-lii.',2) .—The effect of boric acid upon pepsin, papain, sucrase, pancreatic and malt amylase, lipase, emulsin, trypsin, and invertase was studied. It was found that boric acid had very little effect on the retardation of the enzymatic processes, except in the case of the enzyms contained in the fruit of the castor oil plant. It w^as even found in some instances that boric acid accel- erated the enzym action when added in optimum quantities, and these were established by the author. Boric acid had no effect upon the j^roteolytic action of pepsin. A new method for measuring the electrolytic dissociation of water, ('. S. Hudson (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chcm. Circ. -'i5, pp. 2). — This is the api^lication of observations by the author and others with the mutarotation of glucose in acid, alkaline, and neutral solutions to the measurement of the electrolytic dissociation of water. An improved method of desiccation with some applications to biological problems, L. F. Siiackixl (Aincr. Jour. I'ln/siol.. 2', (/.''«.'/), .Vo. ,?, /)/). 325- S'lO). — An improved method of vacuum desk-cation is described which, in the author's tests, has given very satisfactory results. 610 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. •• The improvemeuts in tbe iireseut metliod over ordinary methods of vacuum desiccation are (a) the very rapid production of extreme vacua with the so- called ' Geryk' type pump; (b) the freezing of the material prior to desiccation to obviate primarily any concentration of substances, and to a lesser degree shrinkage and hardening: (c) mixing of the sulphuric acid absorbent to prevent saturation of its exposetl surface with its consequently greatly lessened efficiency. "The method affords a comparatively rai)id and exceedingly accurate means for determining water in various materials, es])ecially such as can be frozen solidly. Because of the friability and porosity of such dried materials, the extract obtained by organic solvents can be secured with greater ease than by the usual method of extracting oven-dried materials or those that have been shriveled and hardened by ordinary methods of vacuum desiccation. " Liquids need not be frozen for determinations of water, but can be absorbed on dry sand in proper containers. . . . " Experiments so far indicate that all materials, especially those unstal)le substances ass»)ciated with immunity work, can be desiccated as outlined and can be indefinitely preserved." Concerning' certain organic acids and acid anhydrids as standards in alkalimetry and acidimetry, I. K. Phelps and L. H. Weed (Amer. Jour. Sci., .'/, set:, 26 (1908), p. 138; Chcm. News, 100 (1909), No. 2588, pp. 3, .'/).— Suc- cinic acid, succinic anhydrid, malonic acid, benzoic acid, phthalic auhydrid, and phthalic acid were prei)ared in a pure state by methods described and their efficiency tested as standards for alkalimetry and acidimetry. The authors conclude that these substances may well be used as standards. For decinormal solutions of barium hydroxid they are even more accurate than the gravimetric determination of the barium as barium suli)hate. In the pure state they serve as well as the hydrochloric acid standard for alkalimetry and acidimetry, but the authors recommend the use of the more soluble compounds, that is, the succinic and malonic acids, although the less soluble ones furnish equally accurate results. A change in the Kjeldahl nitrogen method, J. Skbellen, A. Brynildsen, and O. Haavardsholm {Chcm. Ztg., 33 {1909). No.s: 87, p. 785; 88, pp. 795. 796. fiff'S. 3). — The oxidation and digestion process is done with a s|)ecial kryj»tol electric heating apparatus connected with the ordinary electric lighting sys- tem. The current employed is 110 volts and 1.7 amperes, which heats the tiask up to a temperature of 200° C. in about' 15 minutes, or the temperature can be brought up higher in a little longer time. The usual method of hot distillation is dispensed with and Folin's recom- mendation for taking out the ammonia by suction is followed. The process is as follows: Two flasks, A and B, are necessary. A, which serves as a distill- ing flask, is a Florence flask, fitted with 2 tubes, one of which dips in the fluid to be distilled, and the other leads from the top of the bottle to the other flask, B. The tubes and stoppers are all of glass and the stoppers ground in. Flask B, which serves as the absorjition bottle, contains the normal acid and is constructed on the same principle as flask A, from which it differs only in being cylindrical, wide-mouthed, and smaller. When the apparatus is con- nected air is aspirated through B for 2 hours, the amount of air going through corresponding to about 100 liters. For the liberation of the ammonia the usual sodium hydroxid is used with the addition of a little sodium sulphid. The ai)paratus can be used alone or in series. Modified apparatus for estimation of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl process, F. E. Weston and H. R. Ellis {Chevu News, 100 {1909), No. 2592. p. 50, fig. 1). — A new form of Kjeldahl appai-atus is described, the chief features of which are a bulb which prevents absorption of external ammonia, a thistle AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 611 tube which allows the gradual addition of the alkali solution without loss, and a means of connecting; the apimratus with the suction pumj) to in-event buuipinj;. Some remarks about the determination of the total nitrogen by Mitscher- lich's method, V. Schknkk {Clinii. '/Jq., .33 (t'JO!)), No. 78, pi>. 712, 71,i). \Vith reference to the claim of Mitscherlich and others that up to the time that the .Mitscherlich method (E. S. K., 21, p. 2()S) was described no accurate method existed for the deti'rminat ion of nitro>;en in small amounts, the author states that he i»ul)lished a method in 1S!)G ( E. S. 11., S, ]>. 741) which meets the ri'ciuirements. Estimation of phosphoric acid in ashes, W. PLiiCKKK (ZtHchr. UnterKUch. \(ilir. II. GenufifimtL, 17 {1909), So. S, pp. .'i/i6-.'i').'i : iilis. in Jour. Clicin. Sor. [Lomlon], 96 (1909), No. r,GO, II, p. 5/8).— The results obtained by von Lorenz's method (E. S. K., i:>, ji. 14) were found reliable. Iron, aluminum, jind silica did not intiueuce the results. Determination of phosphoric acid (gravimetric molybdate method for the international trade of raw phosphates) {(Jhein. News, 100 [1909), No. 2588, p. 1). — A full description of the mode of analysis of raw phosphates i)roposed at the Internationa] Congress of Applied Chemistry. Fuchsin S as a standard solution for the estimation of nitrites in water, J. H. Kastle and E. Elvove {Ahs. hi Clicni. Zty., 33 (1909), No. 69, pp. 626, 627). — The instability of the iodin-chloroform solutions employed for the estimation of nitrites in water led the authors to look for a more stable reagent. Fuchsin S acidified with hydrochloric acid was found to possess nearly the same color and numerous tests gave favorable results. Polarization and saccharimetry, D. Sidersky (Polaiisation ct Haccharimv- trk: Paris \190S], 2. vd., rcr. and enh, pp. 168, figs. J/O). — This is a manual on polarization and saccharimetry. The initial chapter.s of the book consider the physics of polarization and polarized light and the various kinds of in- struments in use for polariscopy. The succeeding chapters are devoted to the determination of sugars, alkaloids, ter])enes, sugar in urine, and resin in oils. The details of a modified method for the hydrochloric acid extraction process in the polarimetric determination of starch, Thorne and Jeffens (.4^.s-. ia CJicni. Ztij., 33 (190!)). Xo. 09. p. (]2'i).—\ modification of the Effront- Ost-Lintner method is suggested. In this method 5 gm. of the material ground as fine as possible is rubbed up in a mortar with water until the mass ceases to cling to the side of the vessel, 20 cc. of water being generally required. About 40 cc. of hydrochloric acid of sjiecific gravity 1.15 is added, amid constant stirring, luitil the mass swells and forms a viscous fluid. The mixture is allowed to stand for 10 minutes and then transferred to a 200 cc. flask, containing 10 cc. of a 4 per cent pliosi»ho- tnng.stic acid and 20 cc. of hydrochloric acid. Th(> mortar is washed out with dilute hydrochloric acid and the flask filled therewith to the 200 cc. mark. The flask is then shaken, the contents transferred to a wide-mouthed bottle, and the whole well shaken initil a definite flocculent precipitate is obtained and the supernatant fluid is i)ractically clear. The solution after filtration is ready for i)olarization. If the 200 mm. tube of the Schmidt-IIaensch scale is employed with white light the ijercentage of starch is calculated by the formula P=^ ^ The concentration of starch in this method iu>ver runs 11.6 over specific gravity 1.1. The determination of mannose, arabinose, xylose, and hydrolized milk sugar, K. O. IIerzog and F. Horth (Ztschr. Physiol. Chem., 60 (1909), No. 2, pp. tr)2-l ')-',; (lbs. in Clirm. Znithl.. 1909, U, No. 1. pp. 67, 6'.S).— Thirty cc. of 6X2 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. siipir solution and 30 cf. of FeUlin.t,'"s solution are placed in a 150 ce. Erlen- nieyer flask and diluted to a bulk of 100 cc. A stream of hydrogen is then passed through the solution for 20 minuies, during which the solution is heated on a boiling water bath. The cuprous oxid thus formed is then filtered into a Soxhlet tube, carefully washed with water, alcohol and ether and converted into the cupric state. For hydrolyzing the milk sugar 50 cc. of a 1 per cent solution is taken, 1 cc. of concentrated sulphuric acid added, in a 250 cc. graduated flask, and the whole i)laced for 4 hours on the boiling water bath, cooled to room temperature, neutralized, and filled up to the graduation. For the analysis 30 cc. is em- ployed. A table for the calculation concludes the article. A method for the determination of the caramel content of sug'ar, Ehrlich {Ztschr. Ver. Deiit. Zuckcrindus., 1009, No. 6'i3, II, pi). 77/6-753).— A coloring material termed " saccharan " which simulates the substances included under the geuex-al heading of "caramel," and which may be used as the standard for color determinations, was prepared by heating cane sugar in a Jena flask on an oil bath at 200° C. in vacuum and purifying. The substance obtained is a dark brown, homogeneous hard mass, soluble in water, and at a concentration of 1 to 10.000 gives an intensely dark brown solution. A kindred substance was obtained from maltose, but not from dextrose or fructose, even though these were together. In the method proposed a 0.1 per cent saccharin solution in a 20 mm. polari- scope tube on the glass iilate side of a reconstructed Stammer color instrument is used. A new color reaction for cholesterin, D. Ottolenghi (Ric. Lab. Chim. Agr. R. Scuola Sup. Agr. Milano, 3 (1908), pp. 81-85). — When a small fragment of cholesterin is dissolved in 1.5 cc. of alcohol, and 1 to 2 drops of a solution of 5 methyl-furfurol is added, and then an equal volume of strong sulphuric acid, a red color appears at the junction of the two liquids. The method is specific for cholesterin as far as such bodies like phytosterin are concerned. The Bellier reaction for plant oils, A. Olig and E. Brust (Ztschr, Unter- sucli. NaJir. u. GctiussmtL, 11 (1909), No. 10, pp. 561-584). — The substances used wei'e various kinds of poppy oil, cotton-sesame oil, stearin-sesame oil, sesame oil, corn oil, beet oil, cotton-seed oil, olive oil, cocoa fat, palm fat, and palm-seed fat, as well as an edible linseed oil. The general tests were made and, further, the degree of sensitiveness determined. The Bellier test has been found to be well suited as a preliminary test. Like the Welmans test it represents a general test for all plant oils, but it is more sensitive and appears about 30 seconds sooner. The test is furthermore useful to detect additions of oleomargarine, tallow, etc., but it is probable that oils which have been so treated as not to change their external appearance render the reaction inactive. The authors recommend that the phytosterin test be carried on in conjunction with the Bellier method. Oificial methods of food analysis, February, 1909 (Methodes Offlcielles pour VAnalyse des Denrees AJimentaires, Fevrier, 1909. Paris: Ann. Falsif., 1909, pp. 82). — The methods of analysis for the various foods are given in detail, with specific directions to the analyst for sampling, and for the interpre- tation and reporting of results. For many of the foods attention is called to the adulterations more commonly .encountered. The new legislation in regard to the adulteration and sale of foods and agricultural products, V. Richard (La Nouvelle Legislation sur la Repression des Fraudes dans la Vente des Marchandises et des Falsifications des Denrees Alimentaires et des Froduits Agricoles. Paris, 1908, pp. 11+270). — A compila- tion of data as to the economic, social, historical, and legal aspects of the fraudu- AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 613 lent adulteration and sale of foods. A cbaiiter treating of specific adulterations and definitions therefor is api^ended. Recomniendations for changes in the official methods for the analysis of sausage, A. IIeinscii (Ztscln: Uiitcrsuch. Nuhr. u. Gcnussmtl., 18 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 36.-5.'i ) . — A report presented at the meeting of German food chemists at Heidelberg, May, 1909, with the discussions. A rapid sorting test for the detection of paraffin wax in lard, H. S. SiiREwsHURY (.l/;«///.s■^ S'l (1909), No. .',01, p. 3.'i8).— The test is as follows: Measure 5 gni. of the melted lard in a cylinder, transfer to a 200 cc. Keichert Mask, and saponify with 20 cc. of glycerol soda (made by mixing 100 cc. of 45.3 per cent sodium hydroxid solution with 500 cc. of glycerol). The hot mass thus obtained is dissolved in 50 cc. uonmineralized methylated spirit, which must be added cautiously drop by drop. A clear solution indicates an absence of paraf- fin. After standing the solution gelatinizes, and may again be observed. Gen- uine lard gives a slight opalescent appearance but the jelly is homogeneous. The detection of starch sirup in honey and fruit juices, J. Fiehe (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 3.2 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 218-222; Ztschr. Unterfiuch. Nahr. u. Ge- nussintl., 18 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 30-33). — The author describes a new method for detec-ting starch sirup, and especially starch sirup dextrin in honey. It was found that in the presence of hydrochloric acid dextrins from conifer- ous honey could not be precipitated with alcohol. Using this as a means of differentiation, an addition of only 5 per cent of starch sirup to pure bee honey could be detected, and with 2 samples of coniferous honey containing very much dextrin the presence of starch sirup could be determined with certainty. The author also found the method well adapted to raspberry and cherry juices for starch sirup dextrin, providing certain modifications recommended are used. Apparatus for use in the determination of volatile acids in wines and vinegars, H. C. Gore (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Chem. Circ. 44, pp. 2, fig. 1). — The Hortvet-Sellier apparatus has been modified by substituting a copper flask for the outer glass flask, adding a constant feed apparatus, blowing a ridge in the inner flask to act as a sort of a shoulder for the rubber gasket, and eliminating the dropping funnel. The rate of flow within the flask from the reservoir is controlled from a small sight tube connected with the tube running from the reservoir. Experiments made with this apparatus and tap water showed an amount of carbon dioxid equivalent to 0..3 cc. of tenth-normal alkali solution, using phe- nolphthalein as an indicator. With distilled water the error was equivalent to about 0.15 cc. This error is constant and is subtracted from all determinations. The operation of the appai-atus is described. A volumetric method for the estimation of casein in cow's milk, E. B. Hart (Jour. Biol. Vhcm., 6 (1909), No. 5, pp. 4 J, 5-J, 51). —In a 200 cc. Erlen- meyer flask place 10.5 cc. of the milk and 75 cc. of distilled water at ordinary temiierature, add 1 to 1.5 cc. of a 10 per cent acetic acid solution and rotate the flask. The precipitate thus obtained is filtered through a 9 to 11 cm. filter and a fine stream of water is con;luctod on the uppermost point of contact of the filter, in order to accelerate filtration, and further to remove all loosely combined and free acetic acid. The particles of casein adhering to the walls of the Erlenmeyer flask need not be removed. The washing is continued until 250 to .300 cc. of filtrate are obtained, which should be perfectly clear. After washing place the filter paper and contents with 75 to 80 cc. of neutral carbon-dioxid-free water and a few drops of i)henolphthalein in the original Erlenmeyer flask and have the temi)erature of the mixture as near 20° C. as possible. Then add 10 cc. of tenth-iiorma! iiotassium hydroxid solution, stopper the flask with a rubber stopper, and shake vigorously in order to obtain complete 514 EXFEKIMHNT STATION KKCOKD. solution of the casein particles. After all is dissolved, wasli off the stopper with neutral distilled water and titrate directly with tenth-normal sulphuric acid solution. A blank test should be run in each instance, as in the experience of tlie author a blank of 0.2 to 0.3 cc. was invariably obtained. The difference between tlie cori-ected acid reading and the 10 cc. of alkali gives directly the percentage of casein in the milk. A rapid method for the estimation of fat in homogenized milk, Hoyberg (ZtHchr. Flcisch u. Milch hy(/.^ 19 {1909), No. 10, pp. 352-3.55 ) .—The fat content of homogenized milk can not be determined accurately by the usual Gerber method. Good results can be obtained by heating the milk in a water bath at 60 to 65° C. for 5 minutes before applying the test. The author recom- mends the direct addition of the warm milk to the sulphuric acid and the amy! alcohol, and to avoid pouring the former on the sides of the butyrometer. Comparative investigations on the newer methods for the detection of the addition of water to milk, Coknalba (A&.s. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), 2Vo. 69 p. 628). — The refractometric. densimetric, and cryoscopic methods are dis- cussed. With the refractometric method accurate results are obtained for casein and fat only when these are present in large amounts. The density determination of the serum will furnish accurate results for dilutions of the milk down to 10 per cent. The freezing point method did not give good results. Detection and determination of formaldehyde in milk, L. Grunhut (Ztschr. Anahjt. Chem., J,S (1909), No. 7-.S, pp. .W2-.506).—K compilation of methods. Observations with the Schardinger reaction of milk, K. Schern (Biochem. Ztschr.. IS (1909), No. 3-5, pp. 261-2SJi). — It is shown that milk from cow's in the first stages of lactation did not always give the Schardinger reaction when treated at Brand's temperature, 65 to 70° C. With cows which had been recently suckled no reaction was apparent, while those where the calves had died reacted readily. A cow in the early stages of lactation with one quarter inflamed gave a milk from that quarter which de- colorized. Another cow, with no inflamed quarter but whose calf died, gave milk at first which was decolorized in the bottom of the test tube while the upper layers remained blue, but the milk obtained on the next day was decol- orized completely. The author concludes from this that the feeding of the offspring has some influence on the reaction. Experiments made with cows in late periods of lactation showed that in almost every instance the reaction was present. An attempt to determine whether the reaction could be employed to detect pathogenic milks was imsuccessful. The coloration was found to set in better at 45° with milks from the first stages of lactation, while the optimum for milks from late periods of lactation was 65 to 70°. With the milks from late periods of lactation the bodies which brought about the Schardinger reaction were i)resent in a preformed state, but with those from the early stages they were mostly not present at all. The enzyms of milk, F. Bordas and F. Touplain (Compt. Bend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], 1J,8 (1909), No. 16. pp. 10.57-1059; ahs. m Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. 26, pp. 2005, 2006). — The relation of the decomposition of hydrogen peroxid and the color reaction to the presence of peroxydases and catalases was not estab- lished. When samples of milk which had been heated to 80, 100, and 120° C, re- spectively, and did not give the Storch reaction, were centrifuged 3 layers were obtained, the upper being cream; the middle, fluid; and the lowest, sediment. The cream layer and the sediment then gave the reaction, while the fluid did not. Raw milk filtered through a bisque filter did not give the reaction, and METF.OKOLOCV WATKH. (') 1 5 caseiu from raw milk boiled with this tiltrat*' (without kiu'iidint,' the casein) (lid uot decompose hydrogen peroxid. On adding to boiled milk which contains Storch reagent a few pieces of pumice, and slightly heating, a reaction took place. The decomiiositiou of hydrogen peroxid is brought about by the calcium caseinate, and the reason for the reaction uot appearing with boiled milk in general is that the 1-casein of Duclaux precijiitates and envelojis the suspended casein and forms a sort of film which prevents reaction. The preservation of milk samples, ('. (Jirakd {Ah.s. in Chiin. Zlf/.. 3.i ( l!)()9), No. Th', pp. .JiS6). — Milk i)reserved with potassium bichromate very often gives ernmeous results, the accuracy depending upon the degree of freslmess of the milk. It was often found that milk to which potassium bichi-omate had been added was totally decomposed within 1 or 2 months after taking the sample, and that a diminution of fat and casein had taken place. The results of the analyses showed the altei-ations more definitely when the milk was evai)orated on the water bath. The lactose was oxydized l>y the bichromate to the extent of '2~) i»er cent. The determination of sugar in molasses feeds, M. (Jonnkrmann {Centbl. Ziickcrindiis., 11 (1909), No. J/S, p. 12Ji6). — A discussion of tlie methods of the author and others, pi-eviously noted from another source (Vj. S. R., 21, ii. 307). Beport of the agricultural-chemical control station of the agricultural chamber for the Province of Saxony at Halle for 1908, II. C. Mi'llek (Bcr. Agr. Chem. Koutroll-.stat. llnUr. I!)0S. pp. 7'>). — A descri])tion .ind sum- mary of the work during 19(1S. Fermentation of sauerkraut with pure cultures, T. Gruber (Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], .i. AM., 22 (1909). No. IH-2J, pp. 55.5-5.59 ) .—The type of organism selected for this fermentation is known as PsendotnonaH hraHsicw acida;, which was originally found growing on cabbage. The ciiltures are grown in a watery infusion of cabbage leaves and then inoculated into the salted and shredded cabbage. A new method to restore the green color and luster of dried peas, A. Pag- NIELLO (Bol CJiitu. Farm., .',8 (1909), pp. 187-194; ab.s. in. Vlicm. ZentbL, 1909, 1, No. 26, p. 2006). — Peas were colored with chlorophyll and coated with dextrin to restore the color and luster. The limit of lead in vessels employed to preserve food stuffs, Padk and KoHN (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., S3 (1909), No. 66, p. 586). — Lead is deemed abso- lutely necessary in the tinning of these vessels, but the limit nuist not exceed f) per cent. Tin-plate vessels must be coated with pure tin, the lead content of which must not be over 0.5 per cent, and that of arsenic not above 0.00001 per cent. METEOROLOGY— WATER. Meteorology, E. Kleinschmidt {-Jahrh. Naliinr., 2) (1008-9), pp. 112-1)6). — This is a review of progress in the study of a(>rology. stilar radial i(m. composi- tion of the atmosphere, atmospheric electricity, terrestrial magnetism, weather forecasting, aviation, and other subjects related to meteorology. Monthly Weather Review (Mo. WrtHhrr lire, 37 (1909), Nos. 3, pp. 85- 12',, flfis. 12, clKirts 9; ',. pp. 125-172, fifi-s. 9, charta 9). — In addition to the usual reports on forecasts, warnings, weather and crop conditions, meteoro- logical tables and charts for the months of March and April, IDOI*, rei-ent I)apers bearing on meteorology and seismology, recent additions to the Weather Hurea'u library. Weather Bureau men as educators, etc., these numbers contain A Chronological Outline of the History of Meteorology in the United States, 616 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. An Annotated Bibliography of Evaporation, l)y Mrs. G. J. Livingston, and the following articles and notes : No. 3.— Weather Bureau Kiosks (illus.), by D. T. Maring; Suggested Reforms in Meteorological Methods, by M. E. J. Gheury ; Adopt the Kelvin Thermometer Scale and the Metric System, by H. PI. Clayton ; Express all Barometric Meas- urements by Ordinary General Units of Force, by W. Koeppen, trans, by C. Abbe, jr.; Meteorlogical Registrations in Samoa, 1902-190G— I, Winds (illus.), by O. Tetens; Meteorological Observatory at Teneriffe; Argentine Weather (illus.), by H. L. Solyom; The Specific Gravity of Snow, by M. E. J. Gheury: Changes in the Monthly Weather Review; Meteorology in the Schools; Weather Bureau Meteorological Charts of the Oceans; The Cuthbert. Ga., Tornado, by C. F. von Herrmann ; Tornadoes in Alabama, by F. P. Chaffee ; Severe Winds in South Carolina; Tornadoes in Texas; Sleet Storm in Ohio; Tornadoes in Missis- sippi ; and Waterspouts on the Atlantic Coast. No. 4. — The Clouds of Venus and Their Significance ( illus. ;>, by A. W. Clayden; [The April Moon and the weather] ; Scientific Trespass; What is the Chinook Wind? Reform in Meteorological Methods; Northers of the Sacra- mento Valley, by T. A. Blair; The Force of Gravity at the Earth's Surface; Meteorology at Harvard College Observatory; Meteorology as a Study for Practical Men; The Relation of the Movements of the High Clouds to Cyclones in the West Indies (illus.), by J. F. Quinn ; Methods and Apparatus for the Observation and Study of Evaporation (illus.), by C. F. Marvin; High Winds in Ohio, by J. W. Smith; Snowballs and Water Equivalents in New York; Tornado in Illinois; Tornadoes in Kansas; Tornadoes in Tennessee (illus.), by H. C. Bate ; Tornadoes in Mississippi, by W. S. Belden ; Severe Local Storm at Cleveland, Ohio (illus.), by J. Kenealy; Tornado in Alabama, by E. C. Hor- ton; Tornadoes in Arkansas (illus.) ; Red Snow in Michigan, by A. Wiesner ; and The Aurora of INIay 15-16, 1909. Meteorolog'ical observations at the Massachusetts Agricultural Experi- ment Station, J. E. Ostrander and R. C. Lindblad {Ma-ssaehusetts Sta. Met. Buls. 2^7, 2^8, pp. li each). — Summaries of observations at Amherst, Mass., on pressure, temperature, huinidity, precipitation, wind, sunshine, .cloudiness, and casual phenomena during July and August, 1909, are given. The data are briefly discussed in general notes on the weather of each month. Meteorological records for 1908 (xVcio York State Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 527- 537). — Tables are given showing tridaily readings of the standard air ther- mometer during each month of 1908; daily readings of maximum and minimum thermometers at 5 p, m. for each month of the year ; a monthly summary of maximum, minimum, and standard thermometer readings ; average monthly and yearly temperatures since 1S82 ; monthly and yearly maximum and minimum temperatures from 1883 to 1908, inclusive ; and rainfall by months since 1882. Texas climate {Texas Dept. Agr. Bui. 8, pp. 288-3 J ^i). — Data with reference to the climatic features of southern and western Texas are summarized and the principal climatic features of the regions are described. A summary is also given of data for i)recipitation in the Panhandle region of Texas. Lightning and lightning conductors, A, J. Henry ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 367, pp. 20, flg-s. 3). — This bulletin "contains information respect- ing the phenomena of lightning in general and suggests means of protecting farm buildings from destructive lightning strokes." Papers on the conservation of water resources ( U. S. Gcol. Survey, Water- Supplij Paper Vo. 234, PP- 96, clgms. 8, maps 2). — This pamphlet contains a re- print of the following selected papers written by the members of the Geological Survey for the report of the National Conservation Commission : Distribution SOILS— FKKTILIZERri. 617 of Rainfall, by II. Uannett ; Floods, by -M. O. Loigiitou; Developed Water Pow- ers, compiled imder tlie direction of W. M. Steuart, with discussion by M. O. Leigbtou ; T'udeveloped Water Powers, by M. O. lieigbtiMi ; Irrigation, by F. H. Newell; Underground Waters, by W. C. Mendenhall; Denudation, by K. B. Dole and H. Stabler ; and Control of Catchment Areas, by II. N. Parker. Chemical composition of Nile waters, W. Beam {Ri)t. Wellcome Research Lahs. Gordon Mem. Col. Kharfoiim, 3 (1008), pp. 3S6-395). — The suspended matter carried by the >sile and its tributaries, as well as the chemical composi- tion of the water at different periods, are reported and discussed, special at- tention being given to the factors (particularly soluble alkaline salts) con- trolling the amount of susiiended matter. On the silt deposit of some rivers in the Sera joe Valley, E. C. J. Moiie {Medeil. Dept. Landh. [Dutch East Indies], 1908, No. 5, pp. 95, pi. 1, dgms. 5, map I). — This comprehensive report describes the local features and physical characteristics of the more important tributaries of the Sera joe, and gives the results of investigations of the waters of these tributaries and of the Sei'ajoe at different points. The examination of the waters included the determination of the silt content ; the relation between silt content and stream height, rate of tlow, discharge, and rainfall ; mechanical analysis of the silt ; character of silt (white and brown) ; and chemical analysis of the silt and of the water. The conclusions drawn are chiefly local in their application. From a com- parison of the amounts of potash, lime, and phosphoric acid found in the water and in the silt, the conclusion is drawn that more available plant food comes upon the fields in solution in the irrigation water than in the silt. The purification of drinking; water with chlorin or hypochlorites, Thresh {O.sten: Chcm. Ztg., Li il'.W'.l), No. 16. pp. 207, 208; Che.m. 7Ag., 33 (1909), No. (>9, p. 626). — Investigation showed that water to which the addition of 1 part of chlorin to 1,000,000 parts of water was made was practically sterile, and that the cost involved for the process was very light. The chlorin was mostly removed by filtration through a bed having a very thin layer of iron or a slightly thicker one of aluminum. SOILS— FERTILIZERS. Soil moisture investigations, E. Nelson (Idaho Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 29-37). — Observations on the effect of fall irrigation on soil moisture are reported, which show that there was a considerable loss of moisture from fall irrigated land during the winter and that it is i)ossible to store only a limited amount of moisture in the soil by means of fall irrigation. Tests of the effect of sub- soiling on soil moisture gave inconclusive results. Experiments in cropping alternate years, with a summer fallow inter\cniug. showed that little moisture was lost from the soil in case of tlie summer fallow when a dry soil mulch was maintained on the surface of the soil. Incidentally chemical j'.nalyses of the surface soil, subsoil, hardpan, and clay on the farm of the substation at Caldwell, at which the al)ove experiments were made, are reported, as well as data for ])recipitation during lOOS and weekly observations on evajioi-ation from .March IT to October ^'2. 1!)0S. Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1906 (eighth report), M. Whit- ney ET AL. (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Field Operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1906, pp. 1033, figs. 3//, viaps 35). — This report contains a general review of the work of the Bureau of Soils during 1900, by the Chief of the Bureau, together with detailed accounts of the following surveys: Merrimack County, N. H., by V.. N. Mooney, II. li. Westover, and F. Bennett ; Niagara County, N. Y., E. O. Fiiipiu, ({. li. .Tones, W. .1. (leib. O. L. Ayrs, and G18 EXPEKTMENT STATION ItECORD, C. \V. Miiuii; xMudisuu County, N. Y., by M. E. ('urr, A. .M. (iriffin, ami O. Lee, jr.; Wheeling area, W. Yn., by T. A. Caine and (J. W. Tailby, jr.; Chesterfield County, Va., by F. Bennett, R. A. Winston, W. J. Geib, and O. W. Maun; Chowan and Transylvania counties, N. C, by W. E. Hearn and G: M. MacNider; New Hanover County, N. C, by J. A. Drake and H. L. Belden ; Waycross area, Ga., by M. E. Carr and W. B. Tharp ; Escambia County, Fla., by A. M. Griffen, J. A. Drake, IT. L. Belden, and L. A. Kolbe; Lee County, Ala., by W. E. Hearn and W. J. (ieib; Montgomery County, IMiss., by T. A. Caine and F. C. Scliroeder; Pontotoc County, Miss., by F. Bennett and II. A. Winston; Caddo I'arish, La., l>y .7. L. Burgess, L. A. Hurst, II. J. Wilder, and C. F. Shaw; Henderson area, 'i'exas, by C. W. Ely and A. PI Kocher; Laredo area, Texas, by A. W. Manguui and (). Lee jr.; San Marcos area, Texas, by A. W. ^Mangum and W. S. Lyman; Tishomingo area, Ind. T., by T. D. Rice and O. L. Ayrs; Oklahoma County, Okhi.. by W. Fj. McLendon and G. B. Jones; Fayetteville area. Ark., by H. J. Wilder and C. F. Shaw; Prairie County, Ark., by W. T. Carter, jr., F. N. Meeker, H. C. Smith, and E. L. Worthen ; Grainger County, Tenn., by W. E. McLendon and W. S. Lyman ; JNIadison County, Tenn., by W. S. Lyman, F. Bennett, and W. E. McLendon ; Meigs County, Ohio, by F. N, Meeker and G. W. Tailby, jr. ; Cass County, ]Mieh., by W. J. (xCib; (ireene County. Ind., by W. E. Tliari) and C. .1. Mann; Racine County, Wis., l)y G. B, Jones and O. L. Ayrs; Blue Earth County, Minn., by H. H. Bennett and L. A. Hurst ; Crookston area, Minn., by A. W. Mangum and F. C. Schroeder ; Putnam County, Mo., by C. J. Mann and W. E. Tharp; Riley County, Kans., l>y W. T. Carter, jr., and H. C. Smith; Lancaster County, Nebr., by J. L. Burgess and E. L. Worthen ; Ransom County, N. Dak., l)y C. W. Ely, R. E. Willard, and J. T. Weaver; and Willlston area, N. Dak., by T. D. Rice, R. E. Willard, and J. T. Weaver. During the calendar year lOOB, 20,243 square miles, or 12,955,520 acres, were surveyed and mapped on a scale of 1 in. to the mile, making the total area surveyed and mapped up to the end of that year 130,3.30 square miles, or S3.411.200 acres. The average cost of tlie field work in 100(5 was ,$2.93 per square mile. Field operations of the Bureau of Soils, 1907 (ninth, report), M, Whitney KT AL. (U. /Sf. Dept. Affr., Field Operation.s of the Bureau of Hoils, 1907, pp. 1062, pis. J/, figs. 36, maps 35). — This report contains a general review of the worlv of the Bureau of Soils during 1907, by the Chief of the Bureau, together with de- tailed accounts of the following surveys : Dutchess County, N. Y., by C. N. Mooney and H. L. Belden ; Johnstown area, Pa., by C. J. Mann and H. C. Smith ; Easton area, Md.. by H. H. Bennett, AV. E. Tharp, W. S. Lyman, and H. L. Westover; Middlebourne area, W. Va., by T. A. Caine, E. R. Allen, H. Jennings, and G. W. Tailby, jr.; Montgomery County, A'a., by R. A. AVinston and O. Lee, jr. ; Henderson and Edgecombe counties, N. C, l)y AV. E. Hearn aud G. M. MacNider ; Oconee County, S. C, by W. E. McLendon and AV. J. Latimer; Sumter County, S. C, by F. Bennett, G. W. Tailby, jr., J. L. Burgess, G. B. Jones, W. J. Latimer, and H. L. Westover; Lee County, S. C, by F. Bennett, G. W. Tailby, jr., J. L. Burgess, W. J. Latimer, and H. L. West- over; Jefferson County. Fla.. by G. B. Jones, AV. E. Tl)arp, and H. L. Belden: lAIarion County, Ala., by O. L. Ayrs, E. R. Allen, A. E. Kocher, and H. L. West- over ; Talladega County, Ala., by C. N. Mooney and C. J. jNIann ; Butler County, Ala., by A. E. Kocher and H. L. Westover ; Oktibbeha County, Miss., by W. E. McLendon and L. A. Hurst; Prentiss County, Miss., by W. J. Geib and C. W. Maun; Jasper County, Miss., by E. L. Worthen and H. Jennings; Winn Parish. La., by T. A. Caine, H. L. Belden, and L. L. Lee ; Robertson County, Texas, by H. H. Bennett and C. F. Shaw; AVilson County, Tex., by AV. S. Lyman and F. C. Schroeder; Bastrop County. Tex., by R. A. Winston, F. N. Meeker. O. L. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 619 Eckman, W. S. Lyman. F. C. Seluoc^dei-, T. I>. Kiro. aiul H. ('. Smith: liiowiis- ville area. Texas, by A. W. MauKiim ami O. Lee. Jr.; Cooper area, Texas, by T. L). Kice and II. C. Smith; (,'oiivvay County, Ark., by J. L. Burgess and (". W . Ely; Giles County, Tenn., by O. L. Ayrs and M. W. Gray; Marion County. Ind.. by W. J. Geib and F. C. Schroeder; North Platte area, Nebr., by E. L. AVorlhen and O. L. Eckman: Morton area. X. Dak., by T. D. Rice, R. Babcock, and J. T. Weaver; McKenzie area. N. Dak., by A. E. Kocher and R. P. Stevens; Belle- fourclie area. S. Dak., and Minidoka area, Idaho, by A. T. Strahorn and C. W. Mann; Colusa area, Cal.. by M. H. Lapham, A. T. Sweet. A. T. Strahorn, and L. C. Holmes; Redding area. Cal., by :M. H. Lapham and L. C. Holmes; Butte Valley. Siskiyou County. Cal., by W. W. Mackie; and Bellingliam area. AVash.. by A. W. Mangum and L. A. Hurst. During the calendar year 1007, 19,471 square miles, or 12,461.440 acres, were surveyed and mapped on a scale of 1 in. to the mile, making the total area sur- veyed and mapped up to the end of that year 149,801 square miles, or 9r),S7l2,(i4(» acres. The average cost of the field work in 1907 was .$.'^.29 iier square mile. A development of the soil survey work during the year was the undertaking of surveys in connection with the federal reclamation jirojects, including the .Minidoka i)roject in southern Idaho and the Bellefourche jtroject in western South Dakota. General classification of Florida soils Ula. (Jiiart. Bill. Aijr. Dc/iL. I'J {1909), .Vo. .]. pp. 25-36). — Descriptions are given of the principal types of Flor- ida soils, K'lassified as first, second, and third rate pine lands, high hammock and low hammock lands, and swamp lands. Soils, R. I>. Watt iTraii.-irdal D'pt. Ayr. Ann. Rpt. 190S. pp. 239-.i6.'j). — Analyses of a number of samjiles of soils from different parts of the Transva.-il are reported, the results in general confirming the conclusions from previous investigations that the soils of the Transvaal are as a rule poor in phosjthoric acid, lime, and nitrogenous organic matter, but moderately rich in potash. Nitrification in Transvaal soils, R. I). W.vtt {Transvaal Dcpt. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 27Jf-277). — Studies of the rate of nitrification in culture solutions inoculated with Transvaal soils are reported, indicating that during the sum- mer, with a fair amount of moisture in the soil and a higher day and night temperature than in England, nitrification is more rapid in the Transvaal soils than in those of England. As a rule the .solutions nitrified most rajtidly when inoculated with soils rich in both organic matter and carbonate of lime, but even in jtoor sandy soils containing very little organic matter and only a trace of lime nitrification was more rapid than in good English soil. Nitrifying bacteria in North Carolina soils, K. F. Ki;i-lerm.\x and T. R. Robinson {Hcicnce, u. ser., SO (1909), No. 769, pp. .'//./, '//'/). — Referring to in- vestigaticms by Stevens and Withers on nonnitrifying soils in North Carolina (E. S. R., 21, p. 22), the authors report studies of a large number of North Carolina soils which substantiate the conclusion *' that nitrification is at a rather low ebb in North Carolina soils, yet nitrifying bacteria ar(j .generally present, and if supi)lied with suitable food would undoubtedly soon nmltipl.x suffi- ciently to cause a normal rate of nitrification." Studies in soil bacteriology, II. Ammonification in soils and in solutions, F. L. Stkvens, W. a. WrniEKS, et al. {(Jrnthl. liakt. \('tc.], 2. AM., 23 {1909), No. 21-25, pp. 776-785). — The studies reported in this article were made by bacteriological methods similar to those ust'd in investigations on nitrification previmisly noted (I']. S. R., 21, i). US). The general i)urpose of the investigiitions was to ascertain whetlK'r reliable conclusions regarding the ammonifying power of a soil can be had by a study of its effect when inoculated into solutions. The general conclusion is tliai 620 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. neither the absolute nor the relative ammonifying power of the soil organisms experimented with {Bacillus suhtilis, B. mycoides, and various soil complexes) can be ascertained by testing them in solutions. Even the rehitive ammonifying power of two soils or two organisms can not be determined with certainty by this method. Some bacterial soil complexes ammonify faster in solutions and some ammonify faster in soils. " Some pure cultures of organisms ammonify faster in soils, others faster in solutions. The rank of soils, bacterial soil com- plexes, or of piu-e cultures is different as measured in soils or in solutions." The assimilation of ammoniacal, nitrate, and amid nitrogen by micro- org-anisms, S. Bierema (Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.]. 2. AM., 23 (1909), No. 21-25, pp. 672-726; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [Londonl, 96 {1909), No. .562, II, pp. 692, 693). — Experiments with a great variety of sources of nitrogen and of carbon, and of manure and soil organisms, in pure and mixed cultures, are reported and the results discussed in detail. Sodium nitrate was readily assimilated in the presence of sucrose, glycerol, and calcium lactate, less readily in presence of levulose, starch, maltose, and calcium succinate. Ammonium nitrate was less readily assimilated in all cases than sodium nitrate, and magnesium-ammonium phosphate appeared to be the best source of nitrogen tested in these experiments. Formamid and acetamid were not readily assimilated, but the latter was capable of supplying both nitrogen and carbon. Guanidin carbonate alone was not actively assimilated, but was somewhat more readily taken up in the presence of calcium lactate, sucrose, and glycerol. Uric acid was completely converted into ammonium car- bonate, but less readily into urea. Leucin and tyrosin, especially the first, were readily assimilated. Ammonium formate was slightly assimilated, anunoniuni acetate more readily, especially in presence of dextrose, and ammonium butyrate still more readily assimilated. Comparative studies of the bacteria content of cultivated soils in relation to external influences, D. Engberding {Ccnthl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 23 (1909), No. 21-25, pp. 5(J9-6-'i2). — Studies of the influence of the methods of making the counts, the culture medium, the strength of the original seeding, moisture, tem- perature, cultivation, and organic matter of the soil, and mineral fertilizers are reported. The moisture content seemed to have more influence on the bacteria content of the soil than temperature. The addition of readily assimihable carbohy- drates increased the bacteria content to a marked extent. The influence of mineral fertilizers was variable. Anunouium sulphate, sodium nitrate, potas- sium sulphate, and caustic lime in liberal amounts increased the bacteria con- tent slightly. Magnesium sulphate caused a moderate increase. The influence of the mineral fertilizers on the bacteria content was in general the reverse of their effect on nitrogen fixation. Soil disinfection in agriculture, O. Loew {Porto Rico 8ta. Circ. 11, pp. 8- 12).— This circular deals with the effect of chemical disinfectants, more par- ticularly carbon bisulphid. upon the fertility of soils. Attention is called to the fact that there are in Porto Rico certain cases of sick or tired soils which are not benefited by the application of ordinary fertilizers. A series of experiments with carbon bisulphid and creolin has been started on certain of these soils. All agricultural wealth from the soil, T. Cherry (Rpt. Austral. Assoc. Adv. Sci., It {1907), pp. 227-232).— This" is part of an address before the Australasian Association for the Advancement of Science in The Outlook for Agriculture, dis- cussing briefly the productiveness and potential fertility of soils in general, de- scribing the peculiarity of Australian soils on the basis of the average results of analyses of 186 samples of Victorian soils, and explaining the importance of live stock in the maintenance of soil fertility. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 621 The conservation of our natural resources, especially with reference to the soil, C. R. Van Hise (P)-oc. Ann. Conv. Farmers' Nat. Cong. U. 8., 28 (1908), pp. .'iS~50).— The causes of declininf,' fertility are briefly discussed and the sources of supply of fertilizing materials are described. Fertilizers and milk production, P. Pipeks (Ciiltura, 21 (1909), Wo. 250, pp. 332-S.'/7). — Experiments with cliemicnl fertilizers on grass land in nine dif- ferent localities in Holland \ver<' made to determine the effect of such fertilizers on the quantity and quality of tlio crop. The fertilizers used were 44,5 lbs. of superphosphate and a like amount of potash salt per acre, and one plat received in addition i;>4 lbs. of nitrate of soda per acre. It was found that nitrate of soda produced a greater increase in the amount of hay than the superphosphate and potash. Not only was tbe total amount of raw and digestible protein increased by the use of chemical fertilizers but also the percentages of protein, fat and mineral constituents in the hay. The percentage of carbohydrates was practically unchanged. The percentage of fiber was slightly increased, but the proportion between the fiber and the protein and fat was lowered. General conclusions are drawn as follows : In Holland and Belgium grass lands occupy an important place ; the use of chemical fertilizers increases iind im- proves the crop from these lands; the milk production is increased and improved by the increase and improvement of the hay crop ; therefore, the national wealth would be increased by the pi'oper use of chemical fertilizers. Investigations on the fertilizer requirements of different soils, O. Kellner (Sachs. Laiulii: Ztschr., 57 (1909). Xo. 25, pp. J,68, -'/6\0).— This article gives in brief the results of systematic pot experiments to determine the fertilizer i-equirements of samples of soil from different parts of the Kingdom of Saxony. The diffusion of saline fertilizers in the soil, A. Muntz and H. Gaitdechon (Ann. Sci. Agron., 3. ser., J, (1909), I, Xos. 5, pp. 319-1,00, figs. 22; 6, pp. J,01-J,ll, figs. 8). — This has already been noted from other sources (E. S. R., 21, p. 23). Some improvements in sand culture, T. Takeuchi (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 197-202, pis. 3).— Comparative tests with rice, oats, barley, and wheat, of Hellriegel's culture solution and of modifications pro- posed by the author are reported. With a view to decreasing the amount of soluble salts, supplying insoluble ingredients readily available to plants, and securing a neutral reaction as far as possible during the period of growth, the author uses nitrogen in the form of ammonium nitrate, phosphoric acid as a mixture of monopotassium and dipotassium phosphate, lime and magnesia as finely gi'ound natural carbonates in a favorable ratio for common cereals, a small amount of gypsum and sodium chlorid, and iron as ferric hydroxid. The fixation of atmospheric nitrogen, P. Vageler (Die Bindung dcs atmos- phUrischen Stickstoffcs in Natur intd Technik. Brunswick, 1908, pp. 132, pis. 5, figs. 11). — This book treats briefly of the principal sources of combined nitrogen, the fixation of nitrogen without the intervention of organisms, the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by free living bacteria, the fixation of nitrogen by bacteria and other micro-organisms in symbiosis with green plants, inoculation of the soil with tubercle bacteria, leguminous plants as nitrogen collectors in practice, and the fixation of atmospheric nitrogen by technical processes. The technical utilization of atmospheric nitrogen, E. Donath and K. Frenzel (Die technische Ausnulzung dcs atmosphdrisvhcn Stickstoffcs. Lclpsic and Vienna, 1907, p. V+250, figs. 69).— This book treats of the chemical and physical methods of preparing nitrogen compounds from the air, the theory and practice of nitrogen combustion, the synthesis of ammonia from its elements, nitrids and their use in making ammonia, and cyan compounds from the air. 622 EXPEBIMEKT STATION EECOED. The manufacture of nitrates from the atmosphere by the electric arc, .est results are obtained by applying the material as a top-dressing. On manuring with dicyandiamid. K. Aso (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Unir. Tokyo. 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 211-222, pi. 1). — A number of experiments with oats and rice are reported from which the conclusion is drawn that " in water culture, dicyandiamid at the concentration of 0.01 per cent proved to be a source of nitrogen for plants. In common soil, however, it acted poisonously at the rate of 5 gill, dicyandiamid in 10 kg. soil, but served as a favorable nitrogenous manure with the reduced quantities. In paddy soil the injury was less than in the soil of common dry "land and when the precaution was taken, that planting was performed three weeks after manuring with dicyandiamid, no injury whatever was observed and the harvest reached nearly that obtained with the equivalent (piantity of ammonium sulpliate and of lime nitrogen. . . . Dicy- andiamid acted as a nitrogenous manure more favorably when it was applied in conjunction with alkaline manure." Nitrate of soda or sulphate of ammonia, C. Mayer (Af/r. Jour. Cape Good Hope. .15 {1909), No. I. lip. 2-'f-27). — The results of comparative tests of these fertilizing materials on a great variety of crops are summarized, with sugges- tions as to the use of sulphate of anunonia under the conditions prevailing in Cape of Good Hope. Is dipotassium sulphate physiologically acid? K. Aso (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 223-225. pi. i).— Pot experiments with oats gave results indicating " that the physiological acidity of dipotassium sulphate is very much less pronounced than that of ammonium sulphate, but it acts as a neutral or weak physiologically acid manure.'" On the manurial value of various organic phosphoric compounds, K. Aso and T. Yoshida {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Umr. Tokyo, 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 153-161, pi. 1). — Lecithin, phj'tin, and nuclein prepared from rice bran were tested in comparison with sodium, aluminum, ferric, and tricalcium phosphate in a series of pot experiments with barley, peas, and I'ape. The following conclusions are drawn from the results : "Among the organic phosphoric compounds used in these experiments, the manurial value of lecithin was highest, phytin came next, and nuclein last. The SOILS FERTILIZERS. 623 mannrinl value of lecithin was not lower than that of sodium phosithate, that of phytin was nearly equivalent to that of ferric or aluminum phosphate, and that of nuclein was very low. "The most essential phosphoric compound in vegetable manures is phytin. As phytin is easily transformed in soils into insoluble ferric and aluminum phosphate it is recommendable to use vegetable manures in a putrefied state to render the phosphoric acid available. " lu the analysis of manures, it is absolutely necessary to pay attention to the different organic phosphoric compounds." On the different forms of phosphoric acid in organic manures, S. Tsuda {Jour. Col. A(jr. Imp. Unir. Tokyo, I {IdO'J), No. 2, pp. i6'?-i70).— Studies of the forms of phosphoric acid in soy-bean cake, rape-seed cake, red-clover hay, herring guano, steamed bone dust, pressed cake of silkworm pupa?, and crab shells are reported. In the animal manures the phosphoric acid was mostly in inorganic form (tricalcium phosphate), in the vegetable manures mainly in organic form. " In vegetable manures, phosi)horic acid is present principally in the form of phytin and the amount of nuclein is comi)aratively small. Lecithin is also contained in small quantities, the phosphoric acid in this form being always less than 10 per cent of the whole. Again, as inorganic compounds phosphoric acid is present only in traces in certain cases." On the availability of phosphoric acid in various forms in herring guano, R. MiTSUTA {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 16.3-165, pi. 1). — Herring guano, which had been extracted with various solvents to remove oil, lecithin, phytin. and the phosphates soluble in water and dilute acids, was tested in pot experiments with barley. The results indicate " that the principal part of phosphoric acid serving as phosphatic manure in fish guanos is of inorganic nature, chiefly consisting of calcium phosphate. Lecithin and phos- phates soluble in water exert here also a certain role. . . . Nuclein in herring guano has no immediate manurial value as generally assumed." Secondary calcium phosphate as a manure, T. Takeuchi {Jour. Col. Ayr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 [1909), No. 2, pp. 203-206). — Sand cultures with rice are reported which indicate " that a great excess of carbonates of lime and mag- nesia can depress the absorption of phosphoric acid from secondary calcium I»hosphate so much that the formation of ears (with rice) becomes impossi- ble. . . Under certain conditions (probably when no or but little carbonates are present in soils) the secondary calcium phosphate is an excellent phos- phatic manure, as Prianishnikov [E. S. R., 13, p. 934] has shown." Phosphates in Germany, R. P. Skinner {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. &.], 1909, No. 3591, pp. 1, 2; Mo. Conn, and Trade Rpts. [U. S.], 1909. No. 3-'/9. pp. 183. 18.'i). — A brief account is given of the general principles underlying the methods of manufacture of superphosphates, and a machine for use in the reduction of mineral phosi)hates with sulphuric acid is describetl. The superphosphate industry in Italy. A. Menozzi and G. Gianoli {Ric. Lah. Cftim. Agr. R. Hcuola 8up. Ayr. Milano, 3 {1908), pp. 87-95).— This is a brief sketch of the rise and development of the manufacture and use of super- phosphates in Italy. The first factory was opened in 1S67, but owing to the lack of agricultural information the product had to be sold in Marseilles. In IOCS? there were 82 factories with a total annual production of n.S.'i.OOO tons. The price of the phosphoric acid of the superphosphates decreased greatly in the 10 years preceding 1906; in that year it avcraued about 3 cts. i)er pound. 13042—09 3 624 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Is artificial calcium carbonate more effective than limestone meal? H. YoKOYAMA {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 181, 182).— The results of experiments with oats in sand cultures indicate that the artificial calcium carbonate was not more effective than fine-ground limestone. On the lime factor for oats, J. N. Sirker {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), N.O. 2, pp. 183, 184). — The results of sand cultures indicate that the best lime-magnesia ratio is 1 : 1 as in case of other cereals. On the influence of different ratios of lime to magnesia on the growth of rice, II, K. Aso {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 111- 173, pis. 3). — The results of these experiments with calcium and magnesium sulphates confirm those of previous experiments with carbonates (E. S. R., 15, p. 1062). They show "that any change of the ratio CaO : MgO=l leads to a decrease of the harvest. The unfavorable effects of the sulphates upon the yield were more marked than those of the carbonates, probably on account of the slightly acid reaction in the soil." On the influence of the ratio of lime to magnesia upon the yield in sand culture, K. Aso {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 115- 180). — The conclusions in brief from these experiments are as follows: "A certain favorable ratio of lime to magnesia for plant growth exists even in sand culture. Absolute excess of lime or magnesia, provided it be kept within certain limits, has no retarding effect on the develoi)ment of the plants, the ratio between these bases being the chief factor for plant growth." Some principles in manuring with lime and magnesia, O. Loew {Porto Rico Sta. Circ. 10, pp. 3-15). — This is a critical review of the various investi- gations which have been made upon the influence of the ratio of lime to magnesia on the fertility of soils. It is shown to be of great importance to determine the magnesia as well as the lime content of soils in order that the proper ratio between these constituents may be obtained. This is of special importance in the case of Porto Rican soils on account of the great variation in the lime- magnesia ratio. The use of manganese as a fertilizer, IIaffner {Bui. Econ. Indo-Chinc. n. ser., 11 {1908), No. 7//, pp. 514-519). — This article contains a note presented to the French Academy of Sciences by G. Bertrand, showing the favorable action of manganese salts on oats as well as an account of experiments which showed the beneficial effect of manganese on rice. The results of experiments on sugar beets with distillery vinasse {Ann. Dir. Hydraul. et Am€lior. Agr., Min. Agr. [France^, 1907, No. 36, pp. 25-29). — Very favorable results with sugar beets on a soil poor in potash are reported from the use of 500 to 1,500 cubic meters of the vinasse per hectare, supplying from 40 to 120 kg. of nitrogen. .50 to 150 kg. of phosphoric acid, and 250 to 750 kg. of potash per hectare. Researches on the preservation of night soil, K. Aso and S. Nishimura (Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokyo, 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 1.',5-151, fig. i).— Super- phosphate was shown by laboratory and field experiments to be an effective preservative for night soil due to fixation of ammonia and the checking of putre- faction of the nitrogenous matter by the monocalcium phosphate present. Gypsum and kainit were found to be less effective than superphosphate in fixing ammonia. Manures and substances proposed as manures, R. D. Watt {Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 265-268).— Analyses are reported of samples of potash salts, native guanos, leaf mold, slack-heap ashes, lime, and limestones. Fertilizers, R. E. Rose and I.. Heimburger {Fla. Quart. Bui. Agr. Dept., 19 {1909), No. 3, pp. 36-58. 70-83).— The laws and regulations controlling the in- spection and sale of mixed fertilizers and cotton-seed meal in Florida are given AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 625 with notps on valuation and analyses of fertilizers inspected up to July 1, 1909, The inspection of cotton-seed meal is provided for by an act approved June 8, 1909, fixing the standard of cotton-seed meal sold in the State, prohibiting the sale of inferior cotton-seed meal without notice to the public, and prohibiting the misbranding of cotton-seed meal. Analyses of fertilizers sold in Maryland, H. B. McDonnell kt al. (Md. Ayr. Col. (jKiirt., 1909, \o. .'(.'). pp. 6''/).— This bulletin reports the results of fertilizer insptrtion during the first half of 1909. Analyses of fertilizers, fall season, 1908, and spring season, 1909, H. W. Kilgore et al. {Bui. N. C. Dcpt. A found in cultivated fields and pas- tures, and also of their dormant periods in order to determine if possible means of destroying these .seeds. In all 92 sanii)l('s of weed seeds, reitreseiit- ing 52 si)ecies, were used, and the results of the investigations are shown in tabular form. It appears that the general effect of exposing the .seeds to thawing and frety.- ing was to increase the percentage of germination and to shorten the dormant period. This was especially true of seeds having hard seed coats. Where the seed pos.sessed thin, delicate seed coats in a few instances the vitality of the seed Was lessened or destroyed. In general it was found thiit most weed seeds with thick seed coats require a more or less extended period of rest after maturity, and the vitality of nearly all weed seeds is weakened by drying out. The power of germination was increased by exi)osure to the conditions usually 626 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. prevailing in tlie fall and sjn-iug, wliieli are the natural periods for the best seed germination. Variation of fungi due to environment, F. L. Stevens and J. G. Hall {Bot. Gaz., JfS {1009), A'o. /, pp. 1-30. figs. 31). — Attention is called to the variation found in studies of fungi made during the past few years, and attempts were made to analyze the cause of the variations to the end that the factor of environmental variation may be more clearly recognized as a problem in mycol- ogy. The effect of density of colonies, density of mycelium, chemical rela- tions, light relation, and several unknown factors are discussed at length, and the variability in spore measurements due to various factors is shown by means of diagrams. The authors state that the bearing of these facts on mycological taxonomy is apparent, and that the tendency to variation should be recognized In making studies of many fungi. They believe that many fungi should be studied in cultures, under suitable standard conditions, in order to determine some of their more important taxonomic characters. Notes on Peronosporales for 1907, G. W. Wilson {Proc. Iowa Acad. tSci., 15 (1908), pp. 85-S9). — Studies were made of various genera and species of mildews to determine the interrelation of meteoi'ological conditions and the development of these fungi, and also the location of centers for seasonal distri- bution. Sixteen species have been under observation, represented by 72 speci- mens, and of these only S contained oospores. The seasonal distribution showed that Plasmopara pygmwa is an early spring form, and Bremm lactucw, Peronospora euphorhia', antl P. patciitilUr early summer forms, while Albugo portulacw, A. tragopogonis, Rhysofliccd halstcdii. Peronospora cffusu, and P. poJygoni appeared during the latter part of the summer and in autumn. Synopsis of the British Basidiomycetes, VV. G. Smith {London, 1908, pp. 531, pis. 5, figs. 145). — The publication is designed as a handboolv for the study in the field of the larger British fungi, and a descriptive catalogue is given of the drawings and specimens in the department of botany of the British Museum. More than 2.000 species are described, including those grow- ing in the open air and those constantly appearing in greenhouses and in gardens. The term Basidiomycetes is used in the same sense as it was em- ployed by Debary, and includes all mushroom-like fungi, the forms growing on stumps and trees, puff balls, etc., but not the rust fungi which are included by Brefeld. The effect of chemotropism on the parasitic action of fungi, L. Petri {Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Bend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. scr., 18 {1909), I, No. 10, pp. 545-553, flgs. 3). — Experiments with a number of species of grasses are reported in which their susceptibility to the fungus Sclerotinia lihertiana was investigated. The author found that some species of grasses possess a natural immunity against this fungus while not showing ininumity against the citase elaborated by the fungus. He is led to believe that immunity against parasitic organisms on the part of the plant is based on the minimum content of nutritive substances in the aerial organs that exercise a positive chemotropic stimulus upon the fungus sufficient to produce citase and of the presence of sufficient oxalate of potash to overcome the neutralizing action of the cellular content of the higher plant. The author thinks that in the cases studied, and probably in many others, natural immunity against parasitic micro-organisms is secured through the occurrence in the various organs of a minimum stimulating action and a maxi- nnim neutralizing effect of the enzymic activity of the parasite. In those plants whieli are Incking in antienzymic i)ower natural immunitv is wanting. AGRICULTURAL BOTANY. 627 Toxic and antagonistic effects of salts as related to ammonification by- Bacillus subtilis. C. B. LiPMAN (Hot. ilnz.. '/N {1909), No. 2, i)i). 105-l,io, figs. •p). — The effect of the chlorids of calcium, magnesium, potassium, and sodium, as shown on the activity of B. subtilis, is reported upon. Each of the 4 chlorids was found toxic in the order enumerated, calcium chlorid being the most toxic and sodium chlorid the least. This is said to be quite diftVrent from the results with higlier plants where niaguesium is the most toxic and calcium the least. There were found to l)e marked antagonisms existing between calcium and potassium, magnesium and sodium, and potassium and sodium. No antagonism was found to exist between magnesium and cal- cium, but the toxic effect of each is inci-eased by the addition of the other. These experiments are held to have practical application because of the fact tliat the salts experimented with are all found in soils in greater or lesser amounts, and in some soils they ai-e present in excess. On similarity in the behavior of sodium and potassium, W. J. V. Oster- HOUT (Jiot. (la:;., J,8 (1909), Xo. 2. pj). 9,S-I0.'f, fly.s. J). —The author carried on two extensive series of experiments with the chlorids of sodium and potassium to determine the commonly accepted statement that potassium and sodium, while agreeing closely in chemical behavior, have fundamentally different effects upon plants. Most of the experiments were carried on with wheat, but other plants as algre, liverworts, Equisetum, and various genera of flowering plants were also used. The results obtained show that the accepted idea that sodium and potassium have entirely different effects ui)on plants is not valid in the field of toxic and protective action, but that their behavior shows the close similarity which would be expected when their near chemical relationship is considered. Some notes on the modifications of color in plants, H. Kkaemer (Science, n. ser., 29 (1909), No. 151, p. 828). — In a paper presented before the American Philosophical Society, in which the author first reviews the previous work on the control of color in plants, an account is given of his experiments in using various chemicals which were either sui)plied to the plants in the form of solu- tions or added to the soil in solid form. When the white rose Kaiserin was supplied with potassiurn hydrate, potassium carbonate, calciimi hydrate, and lead acetate, red pigments were developed in the basal portion of the petals. This rose tends to a yellowish color but never shows pink or red, and therefore the red color produced in the petals was a new character. The explanation offered is that either the added chemical reacted directly with the compound already present in the petals or induced the formation of an entirely new substance in the petals, or that the color substance was formed in other i)arts of the plant and transported to the petals through the influence of the chemic;ils. The red-flowering form of Hi/draiificd otaksa gave blue flowers when growing in either sand or garden soil and supi)lied with potassium and aluminum sul- phate or aluminum suli)hate and calcium hydrate. In those plants grown in sand and supplied with a nutrient solution and potassium carbonate l)lue flowers were also produced. The flowers remained pink or red when grown in either soil or ;;and and fed with a nutrient solution to which ii-on and ammonium sulphate or lead acetate was added. The original color of the plants was con- siderably intensified, due to the presence of lead acetate. In the case of plants gi'owiT in soils sujtplied with potassium carbonate there was no change in color. The effect of salts upon pigments, E. A. Bunyard ((lard. Chrnn.. ,i. so:. .'/6 (1909), No. /ISO, 1)11. 97, 98). — After giving an account of the experiments of Kraemer, described above, the author calls attention to the effect of cold on llie changing of color in i)Iants. The rose Frau Karl l>ruschki had the outer peiiils 628 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. eliauged to a deep carmine after the cold uights of the early summer, and a red i>igmeiit was noticed in white geraniums which does not appear when the llowers are grown in greenhouses at high temperatures. Other examples are cited where low temperatures produce red pigments in otherwise white flowers. The chemistry of chlorophyll and its relation to the chemistry of the coloring- matter of the blood, L. Makchlewski (Die CJiemie der ChloropliuUe ■uiid Hire Bezichui\(i ziir Chemie dcs Bhitfarbstoffs. Brunswick, 1909, pp. X+187, pis. 7, figs. 6, dgm. ]). — This work is practically a second edition of the author's monograph on the chemistry of chlorophyll, the original of which appeared in volume 8 of Roscoe. Schorlemmer, and Briihl's Handbook of Or- ganic Chemistry. The subject-matter has been rewritten and brought to date. After a discussion of the occurrence and functions of chlorophyll, methods are given for its isolation and the spectroscopic ai)pearance of crude and pure chlorophyll is described. The author then takes up the sul).1ect of derivatives of chlorophyll, describing the effect of acids and alkalis on this coloring mate- rial. Chapteis are devoted to the transformation of chlorophyll by animal organisms and to the chemistry of the coloring materials in the blood. The author discusses at some length the relationship between the coloring matter of leaves and that of blood. Some of the phases of this discussion have al- ready been noted (E. S. R.. 20. p. 1026). The photodynaniic work of chlorophyll and its relation to photosynthesis in plants, W. Hausmann (Jalirb. Wiss. Bot. [Fringshcim], JfG (1909), A'o. .'i, pp. 599-623). — This is a detailed account of investigations pi-eviously noted (E. S. R.. 21. p. 227). The production of anthocyanin as a result of annular decortication, R. Combes (Bui. Soc. Bot. France, 56 (1909), No. 3-.',, m). 227-i?3/).— While studying the formation of anthocyanin in plants in- which the author was ob- serving the reddening of Spirtea prunifoUa and S. paniculata, he observed that when accidentally decorticated the leaves beyond the point where the stem had been ringed turned red, while below they remained a normal color. It was shown that annular decortication of stems resulted in checking the translocation of nutritive substances, notably those formed in the leaves by photosynthesis. This results in an accumulation of carliohyd rates toward the tops of the branches and brings about the production of anthocyanin in the leaves of that part of the stem. The development of fat in the black walnut (Juglans nigra), F. M. M'Clenahan (Jour. Amer. Chem. Soc, 31 (1909), No. 9, pp. 1093-1098).— From the author's experimental studies and analyses of black walnut kernels at dif- ferent stages of growth a number of general conclusions were drawn. " Starch, sugar, and tannin were absent from the kex'nel at all iteriods of its development. " Fuchsin was not able to penetrate into the interior of the kernel cajisule, although it would penetrate the other parts of the nut. " Tannin was markedly present in the hull and the tissue of the kernel capsule. " When the kernel was entirely a liquid (June 15th) there was a pronounced fluid pressure. "The first formation of the .ielly-like kernel was on the interior surface of the capsule tissue. This gradually changed to a white solid, while the jelly-like formation retreated toward the center of the chamber of the capsule, replacing in turn the liquid and finally being itself replaced by the solid kernel. ■' The fats increase out of all proportion to the increase or decrease of other constituents. . . . FIELD CROPS. 629 " Evidently the fat in the walnut is not formed from starch, sugar or tannin within the capsule of the kernel. The quantitative relation of the fats to the crude tiber. proteins, and pentosans would not lead one to believe that the fats were formed from the decctmposition products of these .substances. . . . The early disappearance of acidity would indicate that at an early date in the nut's development the migration of free fatty acids into the capsule had ceased, if any such phenomenon had ever taken place. . . . After the kernel had become solid the increase of fat went on, although there was no substantial change within the kernel in reference to the other components and there was no marked development of fat elsewhere in the nut than in the kernel. The most noticeable development aside from the fat was the tannin in the hull."" The analyses rejtorted contain data regarding .-ish constituents as well as organic constituents. The distribution of poisons in the Amanitas, W. W. Ford {Jour. Pharma- col, and E.ritt. Tlirr., 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 275-287). — The author claims to have develoi)ed a method for the isolation and purification of poisons in Amanitas, particularly of hemolysin, and he gives the results of studies with a number of species in which the presence or absence of the poisonous sub.stances amanita hemolysin, amanita toxin, and muscarine was determined. As a result of his experiments, which were carried on with rabbits and guinea pigs, he found Amanita phaUoulcs, A. virosa, A. apreta, A. porphyria, A. fitrobiliformis, A. radicata. A. chlorino.<^ma, and A. mnscaria definitely poisonous and to be avoided, W'hile A. ruhesccnn and A. ri(si.ls. 2).— Histological studies were made of the seeds of various varieties of apples, and their specific gravity was determined. Marked variation is shown in the structure of the seeds of a number of the varieties, and the specific gravity was also found to vary with different varieties. FIELD CROPS. Report on irrigation and dry farming and cereal investigations at the Auxiliary Station at Caldwell, K. Nelson {Idaho St a. l{pt. 1908, pp. 16-29).— Wheat, irrigated 3 times from May 19 to June 29, and receiving a total of 15.56 680 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. in. of water, yielded at the rate of 18.2 bu. per acre. Second year alfalfa, re- ceiving 7 irrigations from April 30 to September 9 gave a total yield of 5.16 tons per acre. The total amount of water applied amounted to 22.15 in. An- other alfalfa plat irrigated in the same way, except that one of the irrigations was given in October, yielded 1.54 tons more. Wheat with winter irrigation and with a total of 8.21 in. of water used or evaporated, yielded at the rate of 16.07 bu. per acre. As a rule, winter and summer irrigation gave better yields than either winter irrigation or summer irrigation alone. Tables are given showing the chemical composition of wheat as affected by different amounts of water applied in irrigation and the protein content as affected by cultural methods. The analyses showed that wheat grown in rows and cultivated contained a greater percentage of protein, though the amount of water applied was the same. It was further observed that the plats pi-oducing wheat with the greatest percentage of protein also ranked high in yield. Cassia County Flint corn yielded 29 bu. per acre in 1907 and 46.8 bu. in 1908. Two varieties of Dent corn did not give such good yields. Notes are also given on a culture test with sorghums. Report cf the work at the Holly Springs Station for 1908, C. T. Ames {Mississippi Sta. Bui. 122, pp. 10). — The results of fertilizer work witli cotton showed that untreated finely ground phosphate rock either alone or with cotton- seed meal was satisfactory on thin soils, giving about the same results as an equal weight of acid phosphate. Cotton-seed meal alone also seemed to produce good yields. For the brown loam area 200 lbs. of an equal mixture of high- grade cotton-seed meal and either ground phosphate rock or acid phosphate per acre is recommended for ordinary uplands. For the better classes of soils it is suggested that a mixture consisting of one-tliird cotton-seed meal and- two-thirds acid phosphate applied at the rate of from .300 to 400 lbs. per acre will give good results. . Of 16 varieties of cotton tested in 1908, Cleveland Rig Boll, Excelsior, Moss Improved, Bledso Mortgage Lifter, Triumph, Lewis Prize, and New Imperial ranked first, the total value of seed and lint cotton per acre of- these varieties being $36.52, $35.78, $34.36, $30.58, $30.47, $30.15, and $30.00 respectively. Finely ground phosphate rock as a fertilizer for corn gave better results than any of the other applications tried. Cotton-seed meal, in most instances, gave satisfactory yields and acid phosphate was also profitable. For the brown loam area from 200 to 400 lbs. of finely ground phosphate rock is recommended for growing corn on the better class of soils. For thin soils an equal mixture of high-grade cotton-seed meal and either finely ground phosphate rock or acid phosphate applied at the rate of 100 to 300 lbs. per acre is recommended. Ten varieties of corn were tested on oi'dinary valley land which had received per acre 5 tons of barnyard manure the fall before and 250 lbs. of an equal mixture of cotton-seed meal and acid phosphate in the drill before planting. The yields ranged from 70.55 bu. per acre for Cocke Prolific to 43.61 bu. per acre for Hickory King. Boone County White, standing next to Hickory King, yielded .51..37 bu. per acre. Report of the director of agriculture, G. E. Nesom {Rpt. Philippine Com., 1908, pt. 2, pp. 273-31 1). — In this general review of the agricultural situation in the Philippine Islands, the author discusses, among other topics, agricul- tural extension, agricultural engineering, experiments with different crops, seed and plant introduction and distribution, and the work pursued at the .dif- ferent experiment stations and farms. Report of the agricultural department, Bengal, for the year ending June 30, 1908, W. R. GouRLAY (Rpt. Agr. Dept. Bnu/al 7.9(98, pp. 1I + 12+XV).— This publication treats of the organization of the department, the experiments FIELD CROPS, 631 under its ontrol on public and private estates, and agricultural associations and agricultural shows. Brief notes on the different crops grown are given. Report of the agricultural department, Eastern Bengal and Assam, for the year 1907-8, S. G. Hakt (Rpt. Agr. Dcpt. East. Bengal and Assam, 1907-8, pp. 19+VII). — This publication is a general report of the different lines of work under the supervision of the agricultural department, including notes on the progress in introducing agricultural improvements in regard to cotton, .iute, potatoes, sugar cane, rice, wheat, and other crops. Annual report of the agricultural stations in Eastern Bengal and Assam' for the year ending June 30, 1908. S. (J, Hart (Ann. Rpt. Agr. Stas. East. Bengal anil Assam. t90s. pp. 110). — This publication contains the annual re- port of the Dacca, Kangtmr, Burirhat, Kajshahi, Jorhat, Shillong. Upper Shil- long, and Wahjain experiment stations. Each of the stations is described and the culture tests with numerous tropical crops are briefly noted. Agriculture in the Tropics, J. C. Willis {Camhridgc, 1909, pp. XVIII+222, pis. 25 \. — The four parts of this book are devoted respectively to the prelimi- naries of agriculture, the principal cultivations of the tropics, tropical agri- culture in general, and agricultural organization and policy. The cultivated plants of our colonies. D. Westermann {Die Xutzpflanzcn unserer Kolonien. Berlin, 1909. pp. 9'/. pis. 36). — This book describes briefly numerous crops grown in the German colonies, including grains, root crops, tropical fruits, spices, oil-producing plants, fiber plants, and rubber, tannin, and medicinal plants. A brief note is also given on the principal forest trees occurring in the various colonies. The culture of industrial plants in Argentina, C, D. Girola (In Ccnso Agropccuario Xacional la Ganaderia y la Agricultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt.. 1909, vol. 3, pp. 3.97-448).— This article treats of the textile, oil. root, sugar, spice, narcotic, aromatic, resin, and medicinal crojis grown in Argentina. A contribution to the question of the choice of varieties of grains for the province of Silesia, J. Stanjek {Ein Beitrag zur Frage der Sortcnausicahl bei Getreide fiir die Provinz Schlesien. Inaug. Diss.. Univ. Breslau, 1906, pp. IS-i). — The climatic, soil, and other cultural conditions of Silesia are consid- ered and data regarding the yields secured from varieties of rye. barley, wheat, and oats are presented. The climatic and soil conditions existing at 16 dif- ferent seed-growing establishments are described and the publication con- cludes with a list of 144 references having a bearing on the subjects dis- cussed. The following varieties are reported as giving the best yields: Rye — Petkus and Prof. Heinrich ; barley — Goldthorpe, Hanna, Imperial, Webb, Swedish Princess, and Frederikson : winter wheat — Mette, Besel, Strube, Rimpau, Steiger II, Heine, and Danish and Swedish square-head wheats; and oats — Ligowo, Auderbeck, Besel, Strube-Schlanstedt, Hvitling, Sechsamt, Pfiffelbach, and I.,eutewitz yellow. The Berlin and Vienna systems of judging barley, A. Cluss and J. Schmidt (Separate from Allg. Ztsehr. liierhrau. n. Malzfahrih:, 37 (1909), No. 8-12, pp. 20). — The systems of judging barley in vogue in different localities and prac- ticed by numerous investigators are discussed in detail. The authors regard the relations between the following factors as highly important in judging barley : Starch and extract content, protein content and starch and extract content, the weight per 1,C)00 kernels and protein content, the weight i)er 1.000 kernels and the starch and extract content, and the thousand-kernel weight and the percentage of hull. Report on agriculture in Asia Minor, with special reference to cotton cul- tivation, W. DUxNSTAX (London: Govt., 1908, pp. 18, maps ..— The examina- 632 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. tion of a number of samples of cotton grown in Asia Minor sliowed tliat fiber of excellent quality can be produced in that country. Some of tbe samples of native varieties were stained but the American varieties were generally free from stains. The samples from American varieties were generally very promis- ing and in some cases approached very nearly in quality similar varieties grown in the United States. A cotton, known as No. 5 Tarsus, of the Egyptian Abassi tj'pe, appeared very promising. A profitable cotton farm, C. L. Goodrich ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Fanners' Bui. S6Jf, PI). 23, figs. 12). — This bulletin contains a description of a cotton farm in the east-central part of South Carolina, together with an outline of its manage- ment, including methods of growing cotton, corn, oats, cowpeas, the keeping of live stock, and the equipment. Apparently as due to the present management, the results of the first year showed a yield of li bales of cotton per acre and 37 bu. of corn per acre as compared with previous yields of 300 lbs. of seed cotton and 5 to 8 bu. of corn per acre. The yields continued to increase, although the amount of commercial fertilizer used was decreased, the cotton yield rising to 2.27 bales per acre in 1908 and the corn yield to 85 bu. per acre in 1907. Likewise the oat yield increased from 10 bu. per acre with 150 lbs. commercial fertilizer in 1902 to 80 bu. in 1908 without any commercial fertilizer. The important features of the management are clearing the field, filling the gullies, deep plowing in the broad, gently sloping lands, instead of terracing, the practice of a systematic rotation of crops including cotton, corn, oats, and cowpeas, the feeding of live stock, and the application of barnyard manure to the cotton land. Cotton cultivation: Its extension in Ceylon, J. S. J. McCall {Circs, and Agr. Jour. Roy. Bot. Ganl. Ceylon, 4 (1909), No. 19, pp. 165-178, pi. 1).— The condition and prospects of the cotton industry in Ceylon in the past and at present are briefly reviewed. Flax culture and flax industry in Holland, Belgium, and France, J. Frost (Ber. Landiv. Reichsamte Innern [Germany'\, No. 9, pp. 1^2, pis. 20, figs. 25). — This publication discusses the different phases of flax culture and describes the condition of the industry in each one of the countries mentioned. A study of the varieties of Abaca (Manila hemp), M. ]M. Saleeby {Philip- pines Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 165-110, pi. i).— This article enumerates the 9 varieties of Abaca under cultivation in the district of Davao, and gives descriptions of each variety, including notes on the quality and quantity of the fiber produced. The varieties considered most valuable are Tangouan, Maguindanao, Libuton, and Bangulanun. The Arupan and Lumawaan varieties are considered medium in value, while Puteean, Baguisanun, and Agutay, on account of weakness in the fiber produced and other undesirable characteristics, are not recommended for planting. Observations on the relation between specific gravity and the germinative energy of oats, R. Stigell (Fiihling's Landiv. Zig., .58 (1909), No. 9, pp. 3^2- 34.'i). — The results of different investigators working along this line are briefly reviewed and the data secured by the author are presented. It is pointed out that, with only one exception, the time required for the grain to germinate decreased regularly as its specific gravity increased. The results are regarded as indicating that the specific gravity of the seed and the factor called germina- tive energy, or the time required for the seed to germinate, are directly correlated. Farm management in northern potato-growing sections, L. G. Dodge ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 365, pp. 31, figs, ii).— Statistics of potato growing in the United States, cultural methods employed in Aroostook County, Maine, and FIELD CROPS, 633 in other sections, tlie cost of producing tlie crop, and seed selection are dis- cussed, and reconnnenda lions with reference to soils best .idapted to potato growing, the importance of crop rotation, the use of commercial fertilizers, the application of barnyard manure, the necessity of thorough cultivation, spraying for the prevention of blight, potato machinery, marketing the crop, and main- taining a supply of humus in the soil, are given. Observations on the sugar content of sugar-beet crops, R. Schulze and LiPSCHiTz (FiUiling's Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), No. 10. pp. 3-'i')-355).— The ob- servations here rei»ortod indicate that the meteorological conditions of Septem- ber and October do not alone control the quality of the beet but that the tem- perature, sunshine, and precipitation in July are of greater consequence in this regard. The data secured indicate ]»lainly that the temperature in July stands in direct relation to the ripening ])rocess of the beet and that the temperatui-e of the later months is not so prominent in this respect. The beet sugar industry (Ceufius and Statis. [Canada] Bui. 9, pp. Ho, figs. 3). — This bulletin is a report on an investigation of sugar-beet production in Canada and the manufacture of beet sugar. The history of the industry is reviewed, its present condition discussed, and sugar statistics for Canada and other countries reported. Annual report of the bureau of sugar experiment stations for the year 1908-9, W. Maxwell {Ann. Rpt. Bur. Sugar Expt. Stas. [Queensland], 1909, pp. 60). — Among the experimental results discussed in this report are the aver- age yields from second rattoons of the 10 best varieties grown under four differ- ent conditions — irrigation or nonirrigation and manuring or nonmanuring. In 1908, the irrigated plats with manures gave 14 cwt. more cane per acre than the nnirrigated plats I'eceiving manures, while the irrigated plats without manures gave a slightly lower result than the nnirrigated plats without manures, the difference being 2 cwt. of cane per acre. The increase apparently due to manures was for the irrigated plats 15.5 tons of cane and 2.4 tons of sugar per acre, and for the nnirrigated plats 14.7 tons of cane and 2.1 tons of sugar per acre. The leading varieties of cane in this experiment were New Guinea 24, 24A, and 24B, together with New Guinea 15 or Badila. The results of a subsoiling experiment showed that the total first and second rattoon crops on the subsoiled and cultivated plats exceeded by 24 tons of cane per acre the corresponding yield on the nonsubsoiled and uncultivated i)lats. The results of distance experiments indicated that plants with 3 e.ves i)laced G in. apart in the row or closer is the best way of planting in the row. A dis- tance exceeding 5 ft. between the rows was found likely to result in a lower yield of cane and sugar per acre than where the planting is closer. A new series of experiments with seedlings and varieties is outlined and work along various lines and with crops other than sugar cane in the different districts is described. Cane seedlings in Java, J. D. Kobus {Internat. Sugar Jour., 11 {1909), No. 128, pp. 373-379). — This paper, presented at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry, London, 1001). reviews the work of growing young sugar- cane plants from seed and summarizes the results along this line seciu'ed in Java. It is stated that in eastern Java only seedling canes are now cultivated, while in the western provinces where conditions are more favorable the old Cheribon cane is still used to some extent. The increase in the Java sugar production from 2.5 tons per acre in 1887 to over 4.5 tons in 1908 is considered chiefly due to the cultivation of seedling canes. Sweet potato culture, F. GarcIa {New Mexico Sta. Buh 70, pp. .5-55, figs. 8). — Sweet iiotato plants, irrigated immediately after setting out and receiv- ing from 5 to 8 additional irrigations, have matured good crops at the station. 634 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Placing tliO plants fmui 15 to 18 in. apart in rows 3^ to 4 ft. apart gave satis- factory yields. The Bermuda type was tlie most productive, the average yield for 3 "years being 18,371 lbs. per acre. The average cost of production, not in- cluding the hauling, the growing of the slips, and the cost of sacks, was $61.75, and the estimated total cost $128.44. Trimming the sweet potato vines apparently had no advantage. A heavy vine growth seemed to be correlated with a large yield of tubers. In two experiments the use of 400 lbs. per acre of nitrate of soda seemed to increase the yield. It is the experience of the station that a better stand in the field can be secured from home-grown plants than from those shipped from a long distance. The estimated net receipts per acre at the station for the 3 years 1007-1! )0!) were ,$123.81. Storing sweet potatoes in dry sand reduced decay and evaporation. Preparing- land for winter wheat, A. M. Ten Eyck and L. E. Call {Kansas Sta. Circ. 2, pp. -}). — The results with several methods of preparing the seed beds for winter wheat carried on for the past two seasons are briefly reported. Plowing was done on July 15, August 15, and September 15. The highest yields were obtained from the August 15 plowing. The wheat on the early plowed plat, which was an old alfalfa field, lodged, and this may have interfered with the yield. One plat plowed August 15 and cultivated after plowing re- ceived two harrowings before September 15, while a second plat plowed at the same time was not surface cultivated until September 15. The two harrow- ings increased the yield in 1907 by 4 bu. per acre and in 1908 by 2 bu. per acre. The late ])lowing each year gave the lowest yield of any of the plowed plats. Listing and disking did not prove especially successful. It is recommended that the seed bed for winter wheat should be mellow and well pulverized only about as deep as the seed is planted and that below that depth the soil should be firm and well settled. This condition, it is pointed out, will supply moisture to the seed from the firm soil below and the mellow soil above will prevent a too rapid evaporation. Variety tests of wheat, C. F. Noll (Peniisi/lvania Sta. Bui. 94, pp. 3-13). — The results of variety tests in 1908 and 1909 are reported in tabular form with brief comments. The highest yielding varieties according to the averages for the last 4 years ranked as follows: Dawson Golden Chaff, Harvest King, Fulcaster, Turkish Amber, Beechwood Hybrid, Rochester Red, Forty Fold or Gold Coin, China, and Reliable. The grain yields of these varieties ranged from 36.4 to .32.6 bu. per acre. Turkish Amber led in straw production with an average yield for the 4 years of 4,191 lbs. per acre, followed by Fulcaster with 4,129 lbs. Dawson Golden Chaff stood last among these varieties as a straw producer, the average yield for the variety being only 3,153 lbs. per acre. Dawson Golden Chaff, Harvest King, and Rochester Red, which exhibit considerable resistance to lodging on account of their stiff straw, are recommended for rich land. Pre- liminary milling and baking tests have indicated that Dawson Golden Chaff is inferior in quality to Fulcaster. A comparison of different dates of sowing was conducted in 1907 and 1908. The wheat was sown on 8 different dates from August 18 to October 27. In 1907 the wheat sown October 8 gave the highest yield of grain and that sown September 8 the highest yield of straw, while in 1908 the wheat sown August 28 ranked first in yield of both grain and straw. The yields from these different seedings were largely conti'olled by the prevalence of the Hessian fly. The first year the late seeding yielded comparatively well because the early seeding was injured by this insect. In addition good growing weather in October and No- vember favored the late sown wheat. In the second year a small injury by the FIELD CROPS. 635 riy and the w.inii wcatliiM- and tiiiioly rains in SeptenilxT fav«)re (sirly seeding, while cool weather in October and November chtH-ked the growth of the later seeding. Wheat culture tests of the Silesian wheat growers' association, 1906-1908, Opitz {Ztschr. Landic. Kammcr Schlesien, 13 (1909), No. 35. pp. lO.'fO-lO.'fS).— The results of this cooperative experiment indicated the superiority of Leute- witz squarehead and Strube Schlanstedt sqnarehead wheats, the average yields of these varieties being 2,!)87 and 2.S45.5 kg. per hectare ( 2.<;oS and 2,531 lbs. per acre), respectively. These sorts also prodnced the stiffest straw. The resnlts for all varieties of each individnal test are given in tables. Grain yields of the world in 1907 (Die Gctreideeriitc drr Welt im Jahre J907. BiKhipest: Govt.. J908, 2. ed., pp. .',5). — The production of different grains in all the principal grain-prodncing countries of the world is briefly noted. Production of the principal grains in 1908 (Ernteergebnis der Wichtigsten h'onterfriichte iniJoliie li)l)S. Vienna, I90S, pp. 12, dgina. 5). — Statistics on the production of wheat, rye, barley, oats, and maize in the Austrian Empire are presented. Weeds; their eradication and control. (}. E. Adams (Rlnidc Island t^ta. Bui. 133, pp. 51-61, pis. 2). — A classification of weeds is given in this bulletin, gen- eral methods of control are pointed out. and the results of experiments with iron sulphate in eradicating certain weeds are briefly reported. It was found that solutions of this substance can be used to control the daisy in hay fields, mustard in cereal fields, and dandelions on lawns. Charlock (Rapltanus raplianistrmn) proved resistant to the iron suli)iiate spray. The most satisfactory results were obtained from the use of a 20 per cent solution, applying about 1(X> to 150 lbs. of iron sulphate per acre. It is stated that suc- cess depends upon the ap])lication of the solution in a fine spray and in a forci- ble manner at the proper stage of growth. The eradication of bindweed, or wild morning-glory, II. K. Cox ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 3(i8, pp. 19, figs. 6). — This bulletin contains a descrip- tion of the different plants known as bindweed and presents methods of their eradication. The most ti'oublesome species are hedge bindweed (Convolvulus sepium) and field bindweed (C. arvensis), while C. sepium repens and C. californieus are of secondary importance. It is pointed out that hedge bindweed is propagated by rootstocks and field bindweed by roots, and that the top growth of the plants nnist be kept down to starve out the roots and rootstocks as one of the principal steps in their eradication. Clean cultivation, especially with implements that will keep down the top growth is advised. It is also stated that the bindweed may be greatly reduced or entirely destroyed by seeding the land to alfalfa and then following this plant with a cultivated crop. The use of chemicals as a method of eradicating bindweed has not been found very successful. The cultivation of Passiflora fcetida and Mikania scandens to keep down other weeds, M. K. Bamber (Vires, and Agr. Jour. 7>'o//. Bot. Card. Cei/lon, .'/ (1909). \o. 16. pp. 1.'il-l.'i5, pi. /). — The value of these two plants in subduing other undesirable tropical growth is iiointed out and mechanical and chemical analyses of the two species are rejwrted. P. fcetida loses on an average about 70 per cent of moisture on sun drying, and produces about T.SOO lbs. of air-dried material per acre, which contains jis shown by the analyses 169 lbs. of nitrogen and .500 lbs. of ash. the latter includ- ing ].").(') llts. of lime, 85 lbs. of potash, and 20.3 lbs. of phosphoric acid. M. scandens lost over 85 per cent of moisture on air drying. This species differs largely from the foregoing in containing only abonl one-J'ourtli as niucli lime and two and one-half times as much [totash. 636 EXPEKIMENT STATION" EECOED. Seed tests and microscopic examinations, A. Voigt (Jahrb. Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., 25 {1901), pp. 3S8-361).—Dmmg the year ended June 30, 1908, 5,633 tests were made for 405 persons. The seed samples sent in were mainly clover, grasses and grains, and root and oil crops. The results of the examinations and tests are tabulated and a brief note on each kind of seed is given. HORTICULTURE. Pollination of the apple, C. I. Lewis and C. C. Vincent {Oregon Sta. Bui. lO.'f, pp. 3--'iO, figs IJf). — Owing to many complaints from various parts of the State relative to the lack of setting of fruit, the Oregon Station has taken up a number of pollination problems, the results of some of which are reported in this bulletin. An account is given of the technique of pollination as employed by the authors. In the method herein outlined from 600 to 1,000 emasculations per day were made. The small camel's hair brush was found to be a practical and efficient way of applying the pollen to the stigmas, and very satisfactory results were obtained by applying the pollen at the time of emasculation, although many breeders do not make the applications until 2 or 3 days after the blossoms are opened. It is pointed out that when pollenizing and emasculating are done at the same time, the bags will not have to be removed again. Experiments were made to determine the efficiency of wind in distributing pollen. In confirmation of Waugh's work (E. S. R., 11, p. 347), the authors found that plum ]iollen was not transmitted through the air in sufficient quanti- ties to insure cross-pollination. Similar results were secured with apples. Determinations were made of the sterility and fertility of 87 varieties of apples, out of which 59 varieties are classified as self-sterile, 15 varieties as self- fertile, and 13 varieties as partially self-fertile. This work appears to confirm the experience of Waite who found in similar work with apples that in the ma- jority of cases no fruit resulted from self-pollination (E. S. R., 6, p. 47). Va- rieties that are naturally self-fertile are abundantly able to fertilize their pistils without artificial aid. Better results are obtained, however, when self-fertile varieties are crossed with other varieties. Work was conducted to determine the best poUenizers for the Spitzenburg, which is only partially self-fertile, and for commercial purposes should be cross- pollinated. Sixteen varieties of apples were found to cross successfully with this variety, of which the Yellow Newtown, Ortley, Arkansas Black, Jonathan, Baldwin, and Red Cheek Pippin (Monmouth Pippin) are very promising. In some cases immediate effects of foreign pollen on the color of the fruit seemed perceptible. Spitzenburg crosses made by Jonathan pollen resembled the Jona- than in color, and with Arkansas Black pollen, the crosses took on a darker color. The above phase is to be further studied before conclusions are drawn. As compared with the crossed apples, the self-pollinated Spitzenburgs were inferior in size, ill shapeu, and practically devoid of i»Iump seeds. These dif- ferences are indicated by a diagram and table. With an increase in the weight of the crossed apple, there was a proportional increase in the weight of the seeds. Crosses were made with the Yellow Newtown, a self-fertile variety, to determine the possibilities of improving such a variety by cross pollination with other varieties. As compared with the self-fertile fruits, the crosses invariably made much larger and finer apples, although no perceptible difference was detected between the quality, fiavor and color of the self-fertile and the cross-pollinated fruits. Of the 18 varieties crossed with Yellow Newtown, a few such as Spitz- enburg, Jonathan, and Grimes Golden gave excellent results. The authors point HORTICULTURE. 637 out the need of a study of the uiutuiil atfiuities of apples that are likely to be planted together, and for the purpose of throwing some light on this question, a list is given of a large number of successful crosses made during two years' work. In cooperation with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department a record was kept for the past 2 years of the blooming periods of the fruits grown in the college orchard, and tables are given showing the blooming periods of 95 varie- ties of apples, 31 varieties of pears, and 17 varieties of cherries, p'or the locality in which the observations were made, it was foinid that apples re- mained in blossom 13 days, jiears 11 days, and cherries 10 days. The varieties are grouped as early and late bloomers. A study of the table shows a varia- tion of several days in the appearance of the first blossom of the several varieties. The possibility of selecting varieties with reference to their time of blooming, thereby partially eliminating the failure to set fruit, is pointed out. Pollen was found to be capable of maintaining its viability for 3 weeks pro- vided it was not allowed to ferment. As a solution to the problem of collecting an adequate supply of pollen for pollination experiments, the forcing house was resorted to where pollen can be riiiened quite rapidly. The culture of the pear, G. T. Powell {Mass. Crop Rpt., 22 (IDO!)), No. 5, pp. 2S-36). — This is a popular bulletin on pear culture discussing soils, prepara- tion of the land, planting operations, varieties, plant distances, cultivation, pruning, diseases and insects and their control, and marketing. Protecting' fruits from late frost, Lancaster and Skeggs (West. Fruit Grower, 20 {1909), Xo. 10, pp. 5, 6, fig. 1).—A brief account is given of the ex- perience of Grand Junction fruit growers in protecting their orchards from un- timely frost by the use of smudges of various kinds. The results secured in 1908 indicate that the use of smudges is both efficient and practical. On the grafting of American grapes, von Jablanczy {Osterr. (}art. Ztg., 'i (1909), Xo. 10, pp. 3.')9-.}ii.'i, pjjs. .{). — An account is given of the mechanism and use of a recently invented machine for grafting grapes, which is being enqdoyed to a certain extent in European practice. The style of graft made by this machine is known as the tap graft, being a modification of an older form known as the peg graft. The machine cuts a hole in the end of the stock, and a corresponding plug or tap on the end of the scion. Beport of the technical division of the grape-improving station, Geisen- heim-Eibingen, Flscheu {Her. K. Lcliraiist. Wcin. Ohst ii. (luricitbau (Icisvn- licim, 1908, pp. lS'i-192). — Data are given on the condition and character of i)oth grafted and hybrid grapes under test at the station. Culture of small fruits, C. I. I^ewis and C. A. Cole {Oregon t^ia. Bui. t05, lip. 3-29, figs. 13). — A popular bulletin containing suggestions for growing, harvesting, and marketing strawberries, rasjjberries, blackberries, Logan and l)henonienaI berries, gooseberries, currants, and cranberries. The coffee plantations of Tonkin, P. .T. S. Ckamek {Bui. I'Jcon. /ndo-Cliiitr, II. ser., 12 (1909), Xo. 7H, pp. 171-177). — In the cour.se of a visit to tlie coftce plantations of Tonkin a study was made of the virescence of the flowers of Coffrn arahicn. This trouble manifests itself in two forms. In one the flower is greatly reduced in size, and the petals are entirely green. In the other form the flowers are nearly white, the petals are twisted, and the pistils and anthers are aborted. TJje conclusion is reached that the virescence of the flowers is a physiological phenomenon caused by whatever affects the nutrition of the plant, whether climatological, pathological, or agrological. The author suggests that condi- tions other than climate can be ameliorated I)y removing all excresceuc«'s which develop on the trees and by adopting ;i method of pruning which i)ro- 638 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. vides for constant renewal of the top of the tree. The conditions of climate and soil may be ameliorated somewhat by the use of companion and shade crops. Date palm culture and commerce in Nefzaoua, Jeangeraed {Bui. Dir. Agr. Com. ct VoJon. [Tunis], 13 (1909), No. 51, pp. 206-229).— A brief account is given of the methods of planting and caring for date palms, and harvesting and marketing the fruit, together with notes on the more important varieties growing in Nefzaoua, including their nomenclature, age of bearing, character, yield, and market valuation of the fruit. Report of the inspector of coconut plantations for the year 1908, L. C. Brown {Agr. Bui. Straits and Fed. Malay States, S {1909), No. 9, pp. ^6- j^^j^)_ — A brief report on the condition of coconut plantations in the 4 Federated Malay States. The area under coconuts for the year 1908 approximated 118,697 acres as compared with 112.500 acres in 1907. Report on the activities in pomology and g'ardening, E. Junge {Ber. K. Lehrunst. Wein, Ohst u. Gartciibau (iciscnheiiti, 1908, pp. 'tO-65, figs. -)).— This is a report on horticultural operations for the year, including notes on the con- dition of the station orchards, data on variety tests, lists of orchard varieties included in new plantings, and an outline of outdoor and indoor work with vegetables. Some experiments in the application of carbolineum to fruit trees during the summer period are also reported. Judging from the one season's work, sum- mer spraying with carbolineum does not seem to be highly successful in com- bating insect pests and plant diseases. FORESTRY. Measurements of the effects of forest cover upon the conservation of snow waters, W. K. Mattoon {Forestry Quart., 7 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2//.5-2//.S ) . — The author reports observations made on the progress of snowfall and subsequent melting in a virgin stand of western yellow pine in northern Arizona, and on an adjacent treeless park covering an ai*ea of several square miles. The observa- tions, which were made during the period from February 26 to April 25, included the measurements of each successive snowfall and the total depth of snow at intervals of 7 days. The progress of aecunuilation and subsequent melting of the snow in the two locations is summarized as follows : " The total snowfall in the forest is somewhat more than over the open parks, due chiefly to accelerated wind velocity over the parks, resulting in a lighter deposition of snow, a case similar to the deposition of silt in stream courses. " Due to protection afforded by the forest cover against extremes of cold re- sulting in a higher average temperature, the process of melting during the spring commences considerably earlier in the forest than in the adjacent open park. " The low mininuim daily temperatures in the park account for the formation of a thick layer of ice at the base of the snow during the early spring. This in turn serves to retain the moisture above the soil. " During the mouth of March the park remained almost entirely covered with a deep and quite uniform layer of- snow and ice, while in the forest the snow cover was much broken along rock ledges and banked high in the natural tree avenues, and the total amount of snow and water content above the soil surface was decidedly less per unit of area in the forest than in the park. The condition strongly suggested an apparent advantage of a treeless over a forested area in conserving the winter snowfall and storing a supply of moisture for distribu- tion in the late spring when most needed. FORESTRY. 639 " With rising sprinjj; toinporatures and absence in the pai-k of protection against extremes of heat, a point is reached— the usual 'warm spell '—when the layer of snow and ice in the park ' breaks up ' very rapidly and the water goes off with a rush, resulting in a very small underground storage, and the further consequence of a rapid drying or l)aking of the soil. '• In the forest, due to the high efficiency of the tree canopy in modifying sur- face 'emperatures, and of the forest cover in checking the velocity of the winds which at this season of the year are strong and from the southwest, and blow with the regularity of the ' trades.' the progress of melting proceeds more mii- formly and is prolonged into late spring or early summer with a minimum loss of water by surface run-off and evaporation and a relatively high storage in the forest soil." The effect of frost upon the green and blue forms of Douglas fir, E. Zeder- BAUER (Vcntbl. Gcsam. For.stic, So (1909), \o. 8-9, pp. 381. i?SS).— Observations which were made in different forests in Austria relative to- the comparative resistance to frost of young trees of the green and blue forms of Douglas fir (Pscudotxiiga ta.rifoita). show on the whole that the blue form (/'. ta-i-i folia glauca) w-di< much more resistant than the green form, particularly in open situations. A study of piiion pine, F. J. Phillips (Bot. Guz., J,8 (1909), No. 3, pp. i]6-223). — A brief discussion of the piiion pine (Pinus edulis) relative to its general distribution, local occurrence, tolerance and form. wood, fruit, reproduc- tion, and future management. Eucalypts cultivated in the United States, C. Westekgaard, Jr. (Forestry Quart. . 7 (1909). No. ,1 pp. 280-.i0,3). — Descriptions are given of the species of eucalypts most generally cultivated in the southwestern United States, relative to their identification, growth, wood and its uses, climatic requirements, and occurrence. Four years' experience growing rubber trees on Basilan, C. F. Miller {Philippine Agr. Rev. [English Ed.], 2 (1909), No. 7. pp. 395-40.',).— A brief account of the author's experience in growing the Ceara rubber tree (Munihot gl(iziorii) on Basilan. Philippine Islands. Consideration is given to germination and planting, pruning, tapping, coagulation, the raw rubber, and soils. Fifty trees 3* years old when taitped yielded a total of o lbs. of rubber. Each tree was tapped 3 times, thus giving a little over i oz. per tree for each tapping. A list of the trees of the State of Florida, J. Gifeord (Cocounut Grove, Fhi., 1909, pp. 24). — This consists of a list of some 281 species which are either native to or have been introduced into Florida. Both the botanical and common names are given, and the locality as well as the economic value of the more imi)ortant species are indicated. Native trees of the Hudson River Valley, N. Taylor (Bui. S. Y. Bot. Garden. 7 (1909). No. 23, pp. 90-l.'i7. pis. 20).— This consists of a descriptive list of trees known to grow naturally in the counties of New York and New Jersey bordering the Hudson River. Forest flora and forest resources of Portuguese East Africa, T. K. Sim [Aberdeen, 1909, pp. VI+166, pis. 700).— This is a handbook of the forest flora of Portuguese East Africa published under the authority of the Mozambique (government and based on the author's observations, together with other avail- able data. The work is indicative of the forest wealth of that region. Part 1 contaiiis a general description of the country, and of the forests relative to their constitution and locality, synoptical and si)ecitic botanical descriptions of the forest flora, and an account of the timbers and miscellaneous economic products 13042—09 1 640 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. with recommendations concerning their exploitation and utilization. Part 2 consists of a hundred botanical drawings illustrating 158 species. Forest statistics (Canada Yearbook. 2. sci:, lOOS. pp. 106-113). — Statistics are given for the various provinces of Canada showing the production of timber, logs, wood, and minor forest products for the decennial periods 1871-1901, the value of the various forest products for the year 1!)01, and the values of forest products exported from Canada in the 5 fiscal years 1904-8. Annual administration report of the Forest Department of the Madras Presidency for the twelve months ending' the 30th of June, 1908 iAAlinin. Rpt. Forest Dcpt. Madras, 1908, pp. 9(J + (' \ XVI + IS). — This is a progress report relative to the constitution, management, and administration of the state forests in the northern, central, and southern circles of the IMadras Presidency, including financial statements for the year. The data relative to areas, progress in forest surveys and working plans, routine administration work, forest prod- ucts, revenues, expenditures, etc., are appended in tabular form. Impregnation of beech ties with copper arsenite, N. voN Lorenz {Cenibl. Gesam. Forstic, 35 (1909), No. 8-9, pp. 388-390).— The author describes a method of impregnating beech ties with an ammoniacal solution of copper arsen- ite. The advantage claimed for the use of this material is that its preservative constituent does not become washed out of the ties by rains as in the case of copper sulphate, zinc chlorid, tar-oil, etc. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Annual report on plant diseases, M. Hollrung (Jahrcsber. Pflanzenkrank., 10 (1901). pp. X-f,//(?2).— This report, published in 1909, gives a review of the literature which appeared in 1907 relating to plant diseases and insect pests, about 1,400 titles being noted. While the total number of papers is less than in the previous volume (E. S. R., 20, p. 758), a greater number of the articles are abstracted at some length. The general arrangement and treatment of toi)ics are similar to those in pre- vious reports. The author expressly desires investigators to send to him, at the University of Halle, Germany, for review all papers published by them on plant pathology, economic entomology, and kindred topics. The diseases of plants due to mineral substances in the soil, C. Roux (Ann. 8oc. Bot. Lyon, 33 (1908), pp. l-'tl). — A critical review is given of litera- ture X'elating to plant injuries attributed to the presence or absence of mineral substances in the soil. The studies begin with the absorption of mineral salts by plants, after which are described the poisonous action of different groups of minerals and the injurious action of an excess of water, acids, organic mate- rials, etc. in the soil. An attempt is made to classify these injuries according to their causes. A bibliography of more than 200 works completes the paper. Beport of the plant pathologist, I. B. P. Evans (Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 120-134). — Notes are given on the principal diseases of economic plants observed during the season covered by the report, together with sug- gestions for their control as far as definite means are known. The results of some experiments to test the susceptibility of Indian wheats to rust in the Transvaal are briefly given, the experiments having extended over several years, and in all 13 varieties having been tested. All of these varieties are claimed to be more or less rust resistant in India, but all were affected with Puccinia graminis, and several of the varieties were literally brown with the rust. In addition to the species P. graminis, P. triticina also attacked the plants. DISEASES OF PLANTS. 641 Infection experiments were carried on with a number of local rust-proof wheats, but none of them showed immunity to the rust P. triticina, and only one toward F. graminis. As a result of his studies the author thinks that rust- proof and rust-rosistaiit are terms that should be used with great caution. Diseases and pests of cereals. H. I've (Jour. Dciit. A(/r. Victoria, 7 (1909), Xo. 0. y>/>. 3lS8-.n\i). — The results of ohser* ations are given on the occurrence of wheat smuts, and experiments on the production of snnit-resistant varieties of cereals are desirlbed. Comparative tests have been carried on w.itli varie- ties of wheat in regard to their resistance to the stinking smut, and decided differences are noted in their susceptibility to the fungus attack. A durum variety, Medeah, has proved almost entirely free from this disease. Some other varieties proved resistant to a consideraole extent, although not entirely immune. In the report of the experiments the relative values of ditferent treatments for the prevention of smut and effect of fungicides on germination ai-e given. Soaking the seed in corrosive sublimate solution or a strong solution of copper sulphate proved the best treatment for the prevention of the smut, while the tests to determine the effect of these fungicides on germination were so variable as to be inconclusive. The results of breeding experiments with different varie- ties of wheat to produce smut resistance are briefly described. The mildews of cereals, G. M. Kekd (Bui. Torrey Bot. Club, 36 (WO'J), Xo. 7, pp. So3-.iHS). — In a previous paper (E. S. R., 21. p. oO). the author has given a suunuary of the work that has been done on the physiological speciali- zation of the Erysipliaceie. In the present paper an account is given of investi- gations with the mildews of barley, rye. wheat, and oats that supplement those previously described ( E. S. K.. 18. p. 244). In the experiments the author has obtained all (»f the iivailable si)ecies and fornis of Triticum, Secale. Hordeuni. and Aveua, and cross inoculations have been made with conidia. So far as tested all species of Avena are susceptible to the oat mildew. All varieties of Tritiruiii nihjarc are likewise suscei)tiblc to the wheat mildew. There were, however, certain varieties of 7'. (licoccuiit which were liractically immune to the wheat mildew, while other vai-ieties of this same species were quite snsce|)tible. Some si)ecies of Hordeum were found immune to the barley mildew, and the same seems to be true of certain sjjecies of Secale with reference to rye mildew. It appeal's that under ntunial condi- tions there are well-detlned forms of l-UiiHiplic (jnnninis occurring on the different species of each of the 4 cereals enumerated above. Some interesting facts were brought out relating to the susceptibility of a hybrid between tlie rye and wheat, this hybrid proving resistant to both tlie rye and wheat mildew. A brief bibliography of litei-ature r(>lating to this sul)ject is given. Experiments relating to rust and smut resistance, I). McAlpink (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. Victoria, 7 (l!)0!)). Xo. .'/, pp. 2')'>-2()0, figs. 2). — Preliminary experi- ments have been conducted in testing varieties for rust resistance .and for liability to stinking smut, and witJi the flag smut of wheat. In connection with the rust, the investigations involved both I'uccinia triticina and also /'. graininis, the latter being by far the more destructive. In testing for smut resistance the author sought to confirm tlie claims made that the varieties Florence and (ienoa are i)racticaiiy snnil proof, and that as a consecpience the seeds do not recpiire treatment with fungicides for the pre- vention of smut. In the e.xperiments reported seed was dusted witli spores of stinking smut prior to sowing. The results obtained upon tabulation showed that Florence may have as much as 12 per cent and (Jenoa <>2 |u>r cent of stink- ing smut, although on a whole they are fairly resistant. This seems to dispose of the claim of hereditary resistance on the itart of these varieties. The author 642 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. states that rapidity of germiuation is correlated with the resistance to the stiuliiug smut, and that these two varieties germinate relatively rapid, hence their partial freedom from disease. The experiments with flag smut were largely to identify the species occurring on wheat. This disease is widely distributed in portions of Australia, and in some cases is said to reduce the crop considerably. The smut not only infects the young seedlings, but infection also occurs through diseased straw. It has been believed that the species in Australia occurring on wheat was identical with that occurring elsewhere on rye, but inoculation experiments showed that the fungus could not be transferred from rye to wheat. The species occurring on wheat in Australia is said to be Uroci/stis tritici. Bunt, or stinking smut of wheat, F. D. Heald (Insect Pest and Plant Dis- ease Bur. xA'Cftr. Bill. 2, pp. 8, figs. 3). — A description is given of the stinking smut of wheat (TiUetia foetans), and for its prevention the treatment of seed with formalin is recommended. Methods of combating the smut diseases of cereals, O. Appel (Jahrb. Deut. Lmuliv. dcseU., 2.'i {1909), No. 2, pp. 319-333). — In an address before an agri- cultural conference, the author gives an account of the various smut diseases of cereals, and describes the different methods for combating them. These include the soaking of the seed with chemicals, such as copper sulphate, for- malin, etc.. and the hot-water treatment in its regular and modified forms. Anthracnose of beans, E. M. Wilcox and C. B. Temple {Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Nehr., Dir. Bot. Circ. (i, pp. '/. fiffs. 3). — Popular descriptions are given of the bean anthracnose due to Colletotrichmn Undemuthianum, together with suggestions for the prevention of injury due to that fungus. The methods suggested are the planting of clean seed, which may be obtained by the selection of unspotted pods, and care in not disturbing the plants while they are in a moist condition. All diseased plants should b(^ removed and burned as soon as the presence of the fungus becomes evident. Observations on some diseases of beets. Griffon and Maublanc {Bui. Trimest. Soc. Mycol. France, 25 {1909), No. 2, pp. 98-101, fig. i).— The authors from time to time have carried on studies with forage and sugar beets, and in 1907 and 1908 were able, on account of the peculiar seasonal conditions, to determine the influence of drought and humidity on the diseases to which these plants are subject. Among those reported upon in the present paper are the heart rot of beets, leaf diseases, and root tumors. According to their observations, the heart rot is most prevalent in dry seasons, when it is particularly abundant in clay soils underlaid at a little depth by an impermeable stratum. The persistence and localization of the heart rot to cer- tain soils, they think, indicates that the parasite lives in the soil. The fungus most commonly reported as causing this disease is Phoma tabifica, and the authors think that a lack of water and unfavorable soils render the crop more subject to its attack. As impermeable soils seem to contribute to the conditions best suited to this disesise. it is reconiniended that either beets should not be cul- tivated in such soils or that means should be taken for their improvement. In a series of experiments in which beets were sprayed with copper fungicides for the control of this disease, but little trouble was experienced with either the sprayed or checked plants. This may have been due to the season, which was a very moist one. Of the leaf diseases those described are the rust {Uromyces betce), mildew (Peronospora schachtii), and leaf spot (Cercospora beticola). In addition to these fungi the author reports the frequent presence of Ea miliaria beticola. and it is thought that this fungus at times occasions considerable loss. mSEASKS OF PLANTS. 648 The root tuiuor, which is snid (o attiick piirticularly siisar heets, has heen attributed to a iiuniher of caiisfs, tliat most conunonly occurring beiug the fuugus Urot>Jtl!/vtis leproidcs. The end or fiber rot of g-inseng seedlings, II. 11. Whetjjkl (Spec. Crops, n. tier., 8 (1909), \y a bronzing or yellowing of the leaves which finally take on a reddish tinge as though ripening in autunni. In general 2 and 3 year old plants are found to suffer more seriously than older ones. Ui)on the young plants it results in the decided stunting of the root growth. On the basis of other investigations for the control of this fungus, the.author reccmnnends the application of any substance that will reduce the alkalinity of the soil. Exi)eriments have shown that acid phosphate is quite effective. Dry rot of the potato, C. P. Lounsruky (Ar/r. Jour. Cape (load Hope, 35 (1909), \o. J, pp. Ji2--'f8, flgs. 3).— An account is given of the dry rot of the potato, which is also known as " stem-end rot," " white rot," and " winter rot," and is attributed to the fungus Ncrfriii Nolaiii. Attention is called to similar diseases due to FuHarium aolani and F. oxysporuin. and the statement made that the Fusariums are probably the couidial phase of Nectria. The importance of the disease as it occurs in South Africa is pointed out. tlie infection ap- parently having been introduced on imported seed. Suggestions are given for tlie prevention of loss due to this fungus, the means adopted being rotation of crops, the use of healtliy seed, the destruction of all diseased tubers, and the storing in cool, well-ventilated places of all sus])ected ])otatoes. Brown rot or twig blight, W. W. Froggatt (Ayr. (iaz. N. S. Walen, 20 (1909). Xo. 3, p. 202). — The author notes the sudden appearance in several districts of New South Wales of the brown rot fungus (Monilia fructigena). On examination many twigs and leaves were found to be dead, but the fungus seemed to have been checked in its spread by the hot weather. Nectarines suf- fered particularly from this disease, and peaches and .Japanese plums were injured to some extent. Two prevalent cherry diseases, W. H. Hein (Insect Pe.'^t aiul Plant Disease Bur. \ebr.. Div. Bot. Circ. 2. pp. ), pgs. 2). — Popular descriptions are given of the powdery mildew (Podosphwra o.ryacanthw) and the cherry shot-hole dis- ease caused by the fungus CiiUndrosporiina padi. together with suggestions for their control. A fungus-like appearance on imported and exported apple trees, D. Mc- Alpine (Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 (1909), No. 7, pp. Ji3-5--'iS9. figs. 5).— A description is given of a fungus-like appearance that was observed on branches and stocks of apples occurring in Australia or imported into the Transvaal. The presence of this peculiar development resulted in the rejection of a large importation as infectetl with some fungus, but a study by the author siiowed tliat it was due to an abnormal development of lenticels, from which there was exuded a loose white powder which gave the impression of spores of a fungus. Bitter pit of the apple, 1). McAi.imne (Jonr. Dept. Agr. Victoria. 7 (1909). No. 7, pp. .'i.V.t-.'i'il). — The author calls attention to the bitter pit of the apple, a ra4^her common disease in Australia which is believed to be identical with that described by Brooks as fruit spot of apples (E. S. R., 20, p. S47). Downy mildew of the grape, W. H. Hein (Insect Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Ncbr., Div. Bot. Circ. -'/, pp. (J, figs. 3). — A description is given of the 044 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. downy mildew of the grape due to Plasmopara viticoU(. with notes for its control by means of spraying. Treatment of downy mildew, Belle and Fondard (Rev. Vit., 32 (1909), No. 812, pp. .'/7, //.S). — Suggestions are given for the prevention of attacks of the downy mildew of grapes. The authors claim that in ordinary seasons 3 sprayings are sufficient, the first application to be made when the new shoots are 12 to 15 cm. in length, the second immediately after flowering, and the third when the grapes begin to ripen. The second treatment is considered the most important, and in unfavorable years two or more sprayings should be given the vines after the second application. The authors recommend various fungicides to which sugar, soap, and other adhesives are added, but they prefer one in w'hich resin is a component. This fungicide is prepared by dissolving 0.5 kg. of car- bonate of soda in 4 or 5 liters of water to which is added an equal weight of resin. This is then thoroughly mixed with 10 to 15 liters of water containing a solution of 1 per cent coi)i)er sulphate, and the whole is brought, by the addition of water, to 100 kg. The carbonate of soda may be replaced by lime, but the authors prefer the purest form obtainable of carbonate of soda. This fungicide is very adhesive, and as prepared it has neutralizetl the sulphate of coi)per. When exceedingly severe attacks of the disease are suspected it is recom- mended that for some of the earlier treatments a copper acetate solution be substituted for the other fungicide. The blister rust of pines and the European currant rust, G. G. Atwood {X. Y. Dept. Agr., Horf. Bui. 2, pp. 15, pis. 2). — A reiiort is given on the blister rust of pines {Peridermium strobi), which was found on a number of .3-year-old seedlings imported in 1909. This is one of the stages in the life cycle of the fungus, the other occurring on currants and gooseberries. On the currant this disease has been previously reported by Stewart (E. S. R., 18, p. 747) and the account given of this stage of the fungus is practically a reprint from that source. Following the recognition of this new fungus on imported stock, a meeting was held of plant pathologists, foresters, and others, in which the situation was discussed and conclusions reached regarding the control of the disease. It is recommended that all premises be inspected, and that wild and cultivated goose- berries and currants be destroyed within 100 yds. of where any of the intro- duced white pines have been planted. A close watch should be kept on culti- vated strawberries and gooseberries, as well as on all the suspicious pine trees, and all affected plants should be destroyed by burning. It is especially im- portant that the currants and gooseberries be examined in the summer or fall, as they would not be expected to show signs of the disease until after July 15. Peridermium strobi in America, P. Spaulding {Science, n. ser., 30 (1909), No. 763, pp. 200, 201). — The author reports having found in June specimens of w^hite pine affected with the leaf blister due to P. strobi. Later investigations have shown that this fungus is present on imported stock in New York, Ver- mont, Massachusetts, and Connecticut, and there appears to be no doubt that it was present in the German nurseries from which the trees were obtained. Cedar rust, W. H. Hein (Insect' Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Xebr., Div. Bot. Circ. 1, pp. Jf, figs. 4). — A popular account is given of the cedar rust (Gynino- sporangium macropus), and its relation to the apple leaf rust pointed out. Sug- gestions are given for the treatment of these diseases, which consists of re- moval of the cedar trees and the planting of the more resistant varieties of apples. Thorough spraying has been recommended as a treatment, but investi- ECONOMIC ZOOLOdY ENTOMOLOGY. 645 yatious curried on at the Nebraska Station failed to sliow tliat any decided advantage accrued from tlie ai>i)lication of Bordeaux mixture. The appearance of the oak mildew in Sologne, E. Noffray {Jour. Agr. Prat, n. ser.. 18 {1909), No. 28, pp. 81, ,S.^).— Attention is called to the reap- pearance of the oalv mildew, attributed to Oidium qucrcinum, which has proved quite destructive to young oalc trees, jiarticularly those grown in coi)pice, for the last 2 or 3 years in parts of Europe. Tte so-called canker of poplar trees, P. Hoc (/'/or/. Agr. ct Vit. {Ed. VEst- Centrc). SO (1909). Xo. SO, pp. 116-120).— \ A-ariety of Canada poplar, which is extensively iilanted in parts of France on account of the rai)idity of its growth and the quality of its wood, is said to be more or less subject to a canker disease which is attributed to the action of bacteria. This disease is charac- terized by the canker-liko growths formed upon the branches, in which the wood and pith are destroyed. The change brought about in tliese tissues is not limited to the canker spot but follows along the fibro-vascular bundles for a considerable distance. A prominent swelling surrounds the canker which is characterized by a depressed center which forms the canker ijroper. It is said to be not uncommon that perfectly sound trees are found associated with those that have been completely destroyed by the disease. It is suggested that where it is possible the affected branches should be cut out and destroyed. If it is desired to replant, other varieties that are not susceptible to the disease should be used. A disease of rose twigs {Dept. Agr. Trinidad, Bui. Agr. Inform., 1909, n. ser., Xo. 63, p. 91 ) . — A brief account is given of a disease of rose twigs in which the fruiting bodies of a species of Stilbella were found. The disease was shown to be readily transmitted through inoculation experiments, and for its control it is recommended that the diseased twigs be cut back and the bushes thoroughly sprayed witli Bordeaux mixture or lime sulphur solution. Spraying calendar (Insert Pest and Plant Disease Bur. Xehr. Bid. 1, pp. 12, figs. 2).— Formulas and directions for i)reparation are given for a number of the more common fungicides and insecticides, and a tabular statement pre- sented showing the times for application and the fungicides and insecticides to be used for tlie principal insect and fungus pests of many economic plants. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. Directory of officials and organizations concerned with the protection of birds and game, 1909, T. S. Palmer {U. H. Dept. Agr., Bnr. liinl. Survey Circ. 70, pp. 16). — This is the tenth annual directory of ofBcials and organiza- tions concerned with the protection of birds and game in tlie United States and Canada (E. S. E., 20. p. 4.55). The addresses are grouped under the headings state oHicials. national organizations, state organizations, and Audubon societies. Annual review of investigations in general biology {Ann. Biol. [Paris], 11 {1909), pp. .\LlI+o08). — This volume contains abstracts of the most ini- ])ortant articles published during l!»0(j relating to heretlity, variation, cellular l)iology, origin of species, geographical distribution, and biological theories. The balance of nature, C. Abbey (London. 1909, pp. XLr+278, figs. 150).— This is a practical manual iu which mammals, birds, and reptiles are considered. Particular attention is given to methods of destruction, including trai)ping, poisoning, etc. The rat problem. W. II. Boixtek (London. 1909. pp. VH+165, figs. 75).— Chai)ters are i)resented on the natural history of the rat. the economic loss caused by rats, the rnlc |ilaycd by tlic rat in the disseminatinn of disease, and 646 EXPERIMENT HTATION RECORD. the means for the exteriuiuatiou of rats. An appendix is devoted to the rat laws of Barbados, Antigua, Hongkong, and Denmark, and to a draft of the pro- posed English rat law. A bibliography is appended. Distribution of the rat plague in Mexico, C. Macias (Bol. Com. Par. Agr., Jf (1908), No. 3, pp. 218-363). — In response to circulars sent out information was obtained which is here presented by States. A list is given of the small rodents, the identifications of which were made by E. W. Nelson. It is estimated that these i)ests cAuse an annual loss in Mexico of about $5,000,000. The economic value of some common birds, N. Griddle (Nor'-West Fanner, 28 (1909), No. 13, pp. 748, 150, 751, flgs. ^).— An account of some of the more important birds of the Northwest, including the black-billed cuckoo, northern hairy woodpecker, yellow-bellied sapsucker, northern flicker, whippoorwill, night- hawk, kingbird, horned larks, and blue jay. Birds of the Boston public garden, H. W. Wright (Boston and New York, 1909, pp. XX +238, ijls. 8). — A record of the occurrence of birds, based on ob- servations extending over a period of 9 seasons. The birds of Washington, W. L,. Dawson and J. H. Bowles (Seattle, 1909, vols. 1, pp. XV+l-',58, pis. U, figs. 168; 2, pp. 111+1,59-996, pis. 16, figs. 193).— A scientific and popular account of the 372 species of birds found in the State of Washington. Analytical keys to the orders, families, and species prepared by L. Jones and a British Columbia supplement with annotations by A. Brooks are appended to the work. Index to the Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club and the Condor, 1899-1908, H. B. Kaeding (Los Angeles, Gal., 1909, pp. 48). — This is an index to the first 10 volumes published by the Cooper Ornithological Club, of which the first volume bears the title Bulletin of the Cooper Ornithological Club, the remainder being known as The Condor. Pearls and parasites, A. E. Shipley (London, 1908, pp. XV +232, pis. 8).— This is a collection of essays, most of which have been issued separately. The papers presented discuss pearls and parasites; zebras, horses, and hybrids, in which are considered telegony, heredity, etc.; Pasteur, including a history of his investigations on fermentation, silkworm disease, anthrax, and rabies; malaria, including an account of mosquitoes and their role in disease trans- mission ; flies and ticks, and the diseases which they carry, etc. Beneficial parasites, L. J. Newman (Jour. Dept. Agr. West. Aiist., 18 (1909), No. 5, pp. 377-383). — An account of the parasites of importance in the control of insect pests in Western Australia, California, and Hawaii. Long-lived parasites, L. J. Newman (Jour. Dcpt. Agr. West. Aust., 18 (1909), No. J/, p. 297). — Codling moth cocoons parasitized by Caliephialtes niesser were sent from Spain to California and kept in cold storage for 14 months. Three weeks after removal from cold storage the parasites commenced to emerge. Keport on economic entomology [in the Sudan], H. H. King (Rpt. Well- come Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum. 3 (1908), pp. 201-248, pis. 10, figs. 4). — Under animals injurious to man and animals the author considers the mosquitoes, simulids, tabanids, and tsetse flies; the insects causing myiasis, including the tumbufly (Cordylohia anthropophaga), and the Congo floor mag- got (Anehmeroniyia luteola ) ; the insects injurious by means other than by blood sucking, including filth-feeding flies. and blister beetles, and the Acarina, includ- ing the fowl tick (Argas persietis), the human tick (Ornithodoros savignyi), and scaly leg, due to Sarcoptes mutans. Under animals injurious to farm and garden crops the author discusses the dura stem borer (Sesamia cretica), which is said to be one of the worst pests from which dura and maize suffer; the White Nile army worm (Remegia fruga- lis), the cockchafer (Rhinhyptia, sp.), the dura plant bug (Lygceus militaris). E0ONt>MK' ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 647 the andata buis iAgonosccIus puherula), the asal fly (Aphis snrghi). and a millipede attacking dukhu. The animals injurious to cotton include the Egyp- tian cotton boll worm (Earias insulana), which is very common in the Sudan and is responsible for considerable yearly loss to the cottcm growers; the Sudan cotton boll worm (Diparopsis castunca), cotton tlea beetles (Xisotra anifonnis and AphtoiHi. sp.), the cotton root and stem borer, the Egyptian cotton stainer (0.ri/careiius Jiijalinipcnnis), and the cotton aphis (Aphis mah-(e). Animals injurious to cucurbits include the melon ladybird (Epilachna chrysomelina) , the melon weevil (Baridius, sp.), the melon stem borer, melon fruit fly (Dacus, sp.), and the melon plant bug (Aspongopus viduafiis). The Rerseem worm (Caradrina c.vigun) is injurious to alfalfa, and the green molokhia worm (Gonitis involuia) and the red molokhia worm (Ta ruche tro- pica) are destructive to jute. The migratory locusts (Schistocerca prrrgrina and Acridium (vgyptian) are said to be the most important of all the insect pests from which the agriculturists in the Sudan suffer. • The orange tree butterfly (Papilio dernolcus), rose chafers (Pachnoda sarig- nyi and Stalagnosoma cynanche). and the date scale (Parlatoria [WebsterieUa] W.anchardi) are mentioned as injurious to trees and shrubs. The animals men- tioned as injurious to stored goods are the horn beetle (Dermestes vulpinus), the clothes beetle (Anthrenns vorax), a seed beetle (Attogenus, sp.), the confused flour beetle (Tribolium confusus), the saw-toothed grain beetle (Silvanus surinameiisis), cigarette beetle, bean weevil, rice weevil, and the grain weevil. Those mentioned as injuring timber are ^inoxylon scncgalcnse, white ants, and the shipworm. Notes are also presented on several fungus pests and brief men- tion is made of the occurrence of Cimex lectularius and rotundatus. Report of the entomologist, C. W. Howard (Transvaal Dept. Agr. Ann. Rpt. 1908, pp. 16.'i-209, pis. 5, fig. 1). — The principal work during the year was connected with brown and red locust destruction. Brown locusts were as nu- merous as during the previous year. The size of the invading swarms was un- usually large, one having been fully 15 miles across its front and requiring between 2 and 3 days to pass a certain point. A great deal of success was due to preparations for the work having been made long before the first rains ap- peared. Locust birds are increasing- in numbers. The importation of Italian bees during the season was very successful. It is said that the department is now in a position to commence in a small way the foundation of the silk industry among the people. The insect pests of corn were more noticeable than for several years previous, the cornstalk borers beginning to appear in November and destroying from 25 to 50 per cent of the plants. The mealy stalk borer or mealy grub (Scsamia fiisca) was fii-st noticed through the tops of young plants withering and turning to a brown .scorchei^l color, due to the heart being eaten out of the plants. Scale insects upon citrus trees are demanding considerable attention. Fumigation is considered the most satisfactory remedy, and it is said that the more well-to-do farmers of the colony are now readily adopting this system. Larvoe of the orange codling moth (Enarmonia batrachopa) can be found in oranges, naartjes, and lemons at almost any time of the year. Observations made during the year show that there are at least 3 generations of the citrus psylla (Trioza sp.) each year in the Transvaal. The codling moth is present in the colony in only one small place and every effort is being used to keep it from becoming established. The greatest danger lies in the intro- duction of apples, pears, and quinces from Cape Colony. The woolly aphis still continues to cause a great deal of trouble as there are still a great number of apple trees which are not on blight-proof stock and which harbor the insect and furnish a source of infestation. Cockchafer beetles are becoming more 648 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. noticeable in the colony, there being 5 species that are particularly injurious to oi-chard trees. In orchards where fruit moths {Ophiitsa catella) were abun- dant a large percentage of the fruit was destroyed. But few fruit flies (Cerati- tis capitata) were noticed during the season. The aphis which attacks peaches, plums, and nectarines is becoming more widespread. The Australian bug {leery a purcliasi) continues to attract a great deal of attention from fruit growers, but only in a few cases has it be- come abundant enough to be considered extremely dangerous. It is said that the fig and willow borer (Phryneta spinator) will continue to prove a pest of trees, troublesome to deal with, so long as people persist in growing figs as shrubs and not as trees. A fig curculio was discovered for the first time, and is prob- ably Metatyges turritus, which has been rei»orted from Natal. Cutworms have been the source of greatest injury to field and garden crops. Ground or corn crickets {Brachytrypcs mcmhranaceous and Carconopsis sp.) were the source of injury to crops in those portions of the colony where the soil is very loose and sandy. Heliothis armigcr is found in nearly every part of the Transvaal in greater or less abundance and is destined to become a seri- ous pest. A cotton stainer (Dysdercus sp.) appeared during the year. Eel- worms, or gall worms, continue to be a source of injury in certain portions of the colony. The use of a machine for fumigating the nests of white ants is being widely adopted by people in the Transvaal and has proved its superiority above every other method of destruction which can be employed for white ants which form a large nest. Several instances of houses having been attacked by these ants came to the author's notice during the year. Report of the acting' governm.ent entomologist, F. E. West (Admin. Rpts. Roy. Bot. Gard. Ceylon, 1908, Ed., ScL, and Art. pt. ',, pp. C 2. C 3).— The pests reported as injuring the tea plant are the shot-hole borer (Xyleborus fornicatus), which appears to have spread considerably during the last 2 years and to have damaged every estate which it has attacked; termites (Calotermes niilitaris). which are responsible for considerable damage; the nettle grub (TJwsea reeta), which was the source of considerable injury in the Uva district, where it has occurred periodically for many years; the red slug (Heterusia eingala). which was injurious in two districts; the yellow mite (Tarsonymus translucens) ; the scarlet mite (Brevipalpus obovatus) ; the green bug (Lecanium viride) ; and the brown bug (L. coffece). Ants and termites were responsible for injury to rubber trees. Spraying for canker on the cacao killed off the Heloiieltis. The introduction of Clerus fnrmi- caritis to prey upon the shot-hole borer is under way. It is estimated that two-thirds of the island is undermined by termites. An ant exterminator which was employed is said to have entirely cleared out the nests by killing the ants. An investigation was made of the house-fly nuisance at Colombo. Insect pests and their foes, W. W. Fkoggatt {Jour. Dept. Agr. So. Aust., 11 {1901), No. 4, pp. 382-386; 11 (1908), No. 6, pp. 583-587; 12 (1908). Nos. 1, pp. 33-^0; 2, pp. 137-141; 5, pp. 467-472; 12 (1909), Nos. 7. pp. 615-621; 9, pp. 773, 77-})- — The reports here presented were submitted by the author during a tour of the world, on which he was sent at the joint exj tense of all the states of Australia, except West Australia, in order to investigate insect pests, more particularly in relation to their parasitic and predaceous foes. This report is of particular interest to the entomologist since it contains information on the present status of economic entomology in the lands which the author visited, namely, Hawaii, the United States, Mexico, the West Indies, England, France. Spain, Austria, Hungary, Italy. Turkey. Cyprus. Egypt, India. Ceylon, etc. EC'ONOMIl' ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. G49 Report of orchard demonstrations by counties, H. A. Surfack (ZooL BuI. I'eini. I)Pi>t. A in:, (i (li'Ofi). To. 12, pi). J,0J-.',23) .—In addition to the report of spraying demonstrations by counties, insect specimens received during Febru- ary and Marcli. VMM, are listed. Biologia Centrali-Americana. Insecta. Orthoptera {London, vol. 1, 1893- 7,s'.'^'/. ini. X+.'tr,s. itls. 22; vol. 2, lV00-1i)()'.K />/>. V III + ',12, pis. S; rev. in Nature \ London], 80 (Hm), No. 2061, pp. 2^1, 2.',2).—The first volume, which treats of the Forficulidie. Blattidie, Mautidse, Gryllidfe, and Locustidse, began to appear in 1893 and was completed in 1899. The volume was prepared by Dr. H. de Saussure. assisted by L. Zehntner and A. Pictet. Volume 2, bearing the dates 1!)0(t to 1909. contains a monograph on the Acridiidfe by I... Bruuer and A. P. .Morse, and a list of the Pliasniid.-e compiled by R. Shelford. The rice bug (Leptocorisa varicornis), IL M. T.,kfroy (Mcni. Dipt. Ayr. India, Ent. t^cr., 2 {1908), No. I, pp. l.i, pi. I). — This pest is a source of injury to rice in India when the grain is forming and the seeds full of milky juice. The bugs gather on the rice ears and suck out seed after seed. Such ears turn wholly or I»artly white, little or no grain being formed. Pemphigus venafuscus n. sp., Edith M. Patch {Ent. Neics, 20 {1909), No. 7. /)/'• 319-322, pL 1). — This new species was taken from the lilac, elm. and red ash in October at Orono, Me. On the red ash they are said to seek the ash clus- ters of the gall mite Eriophiics frd.iiniphila, where they deposit the true sexes as well as in the rough bark. In these situations on the bark and in ash clusters minute males and females molted and mated, and the winter eggs were subse- quently laid. The author reports this as the tirst time that she has found the sjime species of Pemphigus choosing widely different host plants for the same stage. American snowball louse (Aphis viburnicola n. sp.), C. P. Gillette {Ent. News, 20 {1909), No. 6, pp. 280-28.5, pi. 1). — Detailed descriptions of the stages of a new species which attacks Viburnum opulus in Colorado. Aphid technique, P. Hayhurst {Ent. News, 20 {1909), No. 6, pp. 2o.j-260).— The author has found a 70 per cent solution of alcohol to be the most satis- factory means for permanently preserving aphids. The more delicate species should be placed in a 3.5 per cent solution for several hours before transferring to the 70 per cent alcohol. It is stated that aphids preserved in abt)ut 2* per cent formalin can be absolutely depended upon not to shrink. If the aphids are fixed in hot water at about 80° C, pricked when sufficiently hard, and kejit in the dark, they will partly retain their normal color. Two scale pests of laurel, L. Lindingek {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 18 {1908), No. 6, pp. 321-33(i, pi. 1. fif/s. 2). — The biology, distribution, and economic im- portance of Aspidiotus hritdnnicu.'i and Aonidia hiuri are here considered. A bibliogi-aphy for each species is appended. Scale insects from the south of France and from Corsica, V. Marchal {CompL Rend. Acad. 8cL [Paris], 1J,8 (1909), No. 13, ;j/). cS77, 87^.^).— Four species are here described as new to science. Notes on the scale insects of Europe and northern Africa, I, P. Marc iiai. (.4»/*. .S'oc. Ent. Erancr, 77 ( 1908), No. 2, pp. 22.i-.309, fhjs. .',(;).— In this article the author considers species of the CoccIujir and Lecaniuse. Pseudococcus citri var. eoleoruni, common on Coleus in the gardens near Paris, and observed at Lau- sanne, Switzerland, and I'henacoccus cliolodkovski from the roots of wheat {Triticuni rulgnre) in central Russia, are descrihed as new. Destruction of Lecanium hesperidum by Sporotrichum globuliferum, J. de Camara Pestana {Bui, Hoc. Portugnise Sei. Nat., 2 {1908), Nos. 1-2, pp. 15-18, pj_ /). — A preliminary account of investigations as to the value of the fungus 050 EXPERIMENT STATION HECORD. S. globuliferinii In the destruction of the soft scale (Coccus [Lecanium] firspcridum). Destruction of Lecanium oleae by Sporotrichum globuliferum, J. de Camara Pestana (Bui. Afir. Algcric ct Tuniaie, 15 (1909), No. 6. pp. U(i-l-i8, figs. 2).— This is apparently the same account as the above except that a diflferent host is given. The Aleyrodidffi of Barbados, C. C. Gowdey (West Indian Bui., 9 (1908), No. //, pp. 3J,5-360, figs. 5). — Insects of the family Aleyrodid:ie are said to be very plentiful in Barbados and the other West Indian islands. Nearly all of the species are omnivorous and through such habits may become of considerable economic importance. Tables for the separation and description are given for the 3 species of Aleyrodicus and 8 species of Aleyrodes reported from the West Indies. Miscellaneous papers. A new genus of Aleyrodidse, with remarks on Aleyrodes nubifera, and A. citri, A. L. Quaintance ( U. S. Dcpt. Agi:. Bur. Ent. Bui. 12, tech. scr.. pt. 9, pp. 169-174, figs. 2). — The new genus Paraleyrodes is erected for a species of white fly occurring on Persea carolinensis in Florida which was formerly described as Aleyrodes persecr. During the course of the investigations in Florida of the citrus white fly P. persea; has frequently been found upon the orange, avocado pear, and persimmon (?). A parasite bred from the species has been given the manuscript name Encarsia variegatus. ('ollection records are given showing A. nuMfera to occur in various localities in North Carolina, Florida, Mississippi, Louisiana, and Cuba. It is stated that previous records of A. citri from Cuba are incorrect and that all apparently refer to A. nubifera. Specimens of A. citri in the Bureau of Entomology of this Department were received from China and Japan and it has recently been determined that A. aurantii, described by Maskell, from the northwestern Himalayas in India is a synonym of A. citri. The classification of the phylloxera, B. Grassi and Anna Foa (Atti R. Accad. Lined, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 (1908), II. No. 12, pih 683-690). — Notes on the classification of the phylloxera. There are said to be 9 species in Italy besides the grape phylloxera. The cultural treatment in combating' the phylloxera, A. Wanner ( Wein- bau u. Weinhandel, 26 (1908), Nos. 3'.). p. 35',: ',0. pp. 362. 363). — A discussion of methods applied in dealing with this pest. Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. Additional observa- tions on the lesser apple worm, S. W. Foster and P. R. Jones ( U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 80, pt. 3, pp. 45-50, pi. 1). — The information here presented, which is additional to that previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 858), is based upon studies made at Siloam Springs, Ark., and in the insectary at Washington, D. C. During the spring of 1908 the larvje of Epinotia pijricolana were found feed- ing in the apples and iilums around Siloam Springs. In July and August adults were reared in numbers from larvte found in young vigorous growing shoots and water sprouts of apple trees. Most of the injury to the twigs, however, was done in June and July. Many observations made by the authors indicate that a large part of the first brood larvae matures in the fruit, that the re- mainder of the first brood and also the second brood mature in the young twigs and water sprouts, and that the larger part of the later brood goes bai-k again to the fruit. During the season the authors were unable to obtain a single speci- men of EnarmoHia prunivora from twigs of the apple, but all specimens taken appeared to be Epinotia pyricolana. The injury caused by the lesser apple worm early in the season is not so pro- nounced nor are the larvae so abundant as those of the codling moth, but by midsummer and fall there is a marked increase in -the number of larvip of this ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 651 species over that of the (.■odliiiK uioth. This increase is »)fteii sufficient to l>ring the total number of the lesser ai)ple worms, in the fruit for tiie season, in excess of the codling moth larviP. Overwintering larvie of the lesser apple worm have been found in the cracks and crevices of the barks of trees and also in fruit and barrels which had been stored over winter. They have also been found in great abundance in late fall in the partly devoured fruit of Cratfegus, both on the trees and on the ground. Many larvjie passed the winter in the Cratiiegus fruit in breeding jars, and this overwintering habit very probably obtains under natural conditions. The moths from overwintei-ing larv;e emerge about the same tim<> as those of the codling moth. In the Ozark region the first brood of larvj^e matures usually during the month of June, moths from the second brood of larva^ emei-ging in 1908 from .Tune 20, to July 30. From the evidence at hand it appears that there are 3 full generations annually in the Ozark region. Individual records kept from 120 eggs during July, August, and September gave the minimum time of incubation as 4J days, and the maximum 5* days. The length of the larval period from the time of hatching to leaving the fruit varied from 13 to 15 days in July and from 20 to 27 days in August and the first half of September, and increased to from 30 to ~>0 days after the middle of September to early November. From about 100 specimens allowed to spin cocoons in ends of apples, either at the stem or blossom end, the average time during July and August was 7 to 8 days from leaving the fruit to pupation, the minimum being 1 day and the maximum 12 days. The actual duration of the pupal stage varies from a minimum of probably 4 to a maximum of 17 days, averaging about 10 days. A technical description is given of the eggs, which, in rearing cages, were deposited on the upper surface of the fruit stems, etc. A specimen of a parasite reared from a larva infesting the apple has been determined as I'lnnicntionia n. sp. It is stated that the usual treatment prac- ticed against the codling moth has so far served to keep in check the serious injury by the lesser ajiple worm. New species of Ting'itidae and description of a new Leptoglossus, O. Heidk- MANN (BtiL Buffalo Soc. ^^at. ScL, !) (.WOO), Xo. 2, pi). 231-238. figs. 6).— Four species belonging to the genus Atheas, Corythuca floridana from Fhn-ida, and Leptoglossus ashmcadi also from Florida, are described as new. A generic revision of American moths of the family (Ecophoridae, with descriptions of new species, A. Busck (Pnx: U. N. Xat. Mux.. 3.'> (UK)!)), jip. 187-207). — The larvtc of the fficoiihoridic are said to have various life modes, though a m.ijority either live in spun leaves or feed in decayed wood. One American genus is parasitic upon Kermes. A few of the sjiecies are of some economic importance as enemies of cultivated crops. Many of the species over- winter as adults in thatch or under bark, or as in the case of some Depressaria, in houses, thereby occasionally causing nnnecessary alarm when they appear in numbers at the approach of warm weather. Descriptions of new species of North American crambid moths, W. D. Kkarfott (I'roe. U. S. Nat. Mu.s.. 35 (Hm)). pp- 3(!7-3!)3. fii/.s. /',).— Twenty species representing 8 genera are described as new. A revision of some species of Noctuidae heretofore referred to the genus Homoptera boisduval, J. B. Smith (Proc. U. S. Xat. Mu-<.. 35 { 11109). pp. 209- 275, pis. 6).— A table for their separation precedes the account of the species noted. The genitalia of the group Noctuidae of the Lepidoptera of the British Islands, F. N. Pikbce (Liverpool. 1909, pp. XII+SS, pis. .12).— This account of the morphology of the male clasping organs is said to record the results of 20 years' investigation made in odd hoins. It is illustrated by many i)en drawings. 652 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. The larch shoot moths {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], Leaflet 208, pp. 'i, figs. 3). — An account is given of the tineicl moths, Argyresthia J(evigateUa and A. atmoriella. In the neighborhood of Oxford and in Hampshire the larches up to 20 years of age are said to have been much injured by these pests. Descriptions of some new mosquitoes from tropical America, H. G. Dyar and F. Kxab (Proc. U. S. Nat. Mas., 35 (1909). pp. 5 J-70).— Thirty-one species, representing 7 genera, are described as new to science. Mosquitoes at St. Vincent, W. X. Sands {Agr. News [Barbados], 8 {1909), Xo. 185, p. 110). — A list is given of 12 species of mosquitoes known to occur on the island of St. Vincent. The larvfe of CeUia {Anopheles) argi/rotarsis and the wild pine mosquito, Wyeomyia sp.. were found breeding in abundance in water that had collected at the bases of leaves of the so-called wild pines, which are epiphytic bromeliads belonging to various species of Pitcairuia. .T^cbmea, and Tillandsia that occur in large numbers on various trees. Nearly every plant with water that was examined contained larvie, even those brought down from a heigbt of 30 to 40 ft. New mosquitoes from the Sudan, F. Y. Theobald ( lipt. Welleoine Research Labs. (Jordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 {1908), pp. 2.',9-267, pi. 1, figs. 27').— One genus (Mimeteculex), 6 species, and 1 variety are described as new to science. Mosquito work, A. Balfour {Rpt. WeUcoine Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 {1908), pp. 6-'/-67, figs. 2). — An account of the mosquito investigations at Khartoum. It is said that while t< costalis. Because of effective work, mos- quitoes are rare in Khartoum, being as a rule represented by only one s])ecies, Cule.r fatigans. Prof. Koebele's work on horn fly, K. ('. L. Perkins ( Ifairaii. Planters' Mo., 28 {1909), No. If, pp. 122-125). — This is a preliminary report on the introduc- tions, from Germany, of parasites and other enemies of the horn fly now under way. Warble flies {Agr. Neics [Barbados], 8 {1909). No. 185, .p. J7«).— Notes are given on the ox warble-fly, which is reported to have been found at St. Lucia. West Indies, in cattle that had been imported from Canada. Sense of smell in flies, A. Hill {Nature [London], 80 {1909). No. 2063, p. 308; Sci. Amer. Sup., 67 {1909), No. 11 ',5, pp. 315. -J76).— The author has found formalin (40 per cent formaldehyde), 2 teaspoonfuls to a soup plate full of water, to be by far the most eflicient of fly destroyers. The solution neither atti'acts nor repels the flies. Sleeping sickness and the Bahr-El-Ghazal Province, H. Ensor and R. G. Archibald {Rpt. Wellcome Research Labs, (iryrdon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 {1908), pp. 93-99, maps 2). — Information on the habits and distribution of (llossina palpalis and G. morsitanx is included in this account. Hylemyia coarctata, a destructive wheat pest, II. F. Fryer {Ent. Mo. Mag., 2. ser., 20 {1909), No. 234, in>- ISJ,, iJ5).— The larvie of this fly are said to have seriously injured young wheat in England by feeding in the stem. The damage caused seems to have l)een generally attributed to wireworms. An illustrated glossary of chaetotaxy and anatomical terms used in de- scribing diptera, W. R. Walton •( i?«^. News, 20 {1909), No. 7, pp. 301-319, pis. 3). — A richly illustrated glossary of value to the economic entomologist in the identification of flies. A monographic revision of the Coleoptera belonging to the Tenebrionide tribe Eleodiini inhabiting the United States, lower California, and adjacent islands, F. E. Blaisdell {U. S. Nat. Mas. Bui. 63. pp. XI+52't. I>ls. 13. figs. 8). — The species of this tribe are considerei Kiver, from tlie northern bonndary of the United States southward into lower California. Mexico, and South America. Observations on the life history of the Tomicini on the land of the Mos- cow Agricultural Institute, N. Maloliktknkow (Izr. Moscor. Nr/.s/,-. Khoz. Inst. [Ann. Inst. Aaron. Moscou^, L'f (190S), Xo. .}, pj). !i!)-~ll,3, fifj.'t. J).— The species here considered are Tomlcux cJialcograptius, 'I', sc.rdcntdliis. V. laricis, Dri/nroctcs (ititoflrajiltus, and Trmxxlrmlron lincatinn. An outbreak of horse-radish leaf beetles, G. Kokfk ( I'nikl. HI. I'/hinzcnlxiii u. Schutz; a. scr., 6 (li)OS), No.s. S, pp. 02-95, fitj.s. 2; II. iii>- 1 2 lbs. of lime to 50 gal. of mixture is sufficiently strong for the two sprayings following the falling of the blossoms. It is reconnnended that for the first application, Bordeaux mixture (Hro: 50) or (4:4: 50) be used after the cluster buds open but before blooming; that the second application be Bordeaux mixture (2:3:50) and an arsenical, applied just as soon as the bloom had fallen; that the third application be Bordeaux mixture (2:3:50), or self-boiled sulphur-lime, and an arsenical, applied 3 to 4 weeks after the petals fall; that the fourth application be Bordeaux mixture (4:4: 50) aud an arsenical, applied 6 or 7 weeks after the petals fall ; that the fifth application be Boi-deaux mixture (4:4:50) and an arsenii-al, applied '.) or 30 weeks after the blooming period; and that the sixth application be Bor- deaux mixture (4:4:50) and an arsenical, applied nl)out 3 weeks after the fifth application. Concentrated lime sulphur: Its properties, preparation, and use, J. P. Stewart (Pennsylvania 8ta. Bui. 92, pp. 3-20, figs. 5). — The advantages enumerated for this insecticide are cheapness and wide availability of ma- terials; safety to the trees: simplicity of preparation: and substantial effective- ness if carefully made and thoroughly applied; while the disadvantages are extreme causticity and corrosion to flesh and machinery: large amounts of sed- iment of uncertain value; a demand for immediate application; inability to store the product, thus requiring extra labor at times when men are already rushed and often involving loss of materials; the need for heating excessive amounts of water ; the lack of " creeping ability ; " and the absence of a sure and convenient test for reliability of the finished spray. These imperfections having greatly limited the use of the wash, the author conduct(!d an investiga- tion in order to determine the essential features involved in the prei)aration of storable cencentrated solutions. The problem of producing a storable lime-sulphur is one of preventing the crystal formation at ordinary temperatures and of securing a product suffi- ciently condensed to entitle it to storage space. Excess of lime and exposure to air were found to be important factors in the crystallization, whereas ordi- nary temperatures have little effect on the crystallization or keeping qualities cf solutions. The results of the experiments show that the way to avoid permanent crystal formation is to remove the lime in the ingredients, transfer the liquid to a storage vessel w'hile still hot, and protect it from the air, either by oil films or complete filling of closed vessels. The results obtained from the use of different ratios of sulphur to lime show that the optimum weight of sulphur for use with 100 gal. of water and 1(X) lbs. of lime ranges from 190 to 205 lbs. " The best concentration is evidently a matter of viewpoint. For the best utilization of materials and fair storage qualities, 112 to 120-gal. volumes are preferable. For better storage and fair utilization of materials, 75 to SO-gal. volumes may be I)est. For average quali- ties of both utilization and storage, 100 to llO-gal. volumes are I)est, as well as simplest, and are accordingly recommended in this bulletin for general con- ditions." The details connected with the preparation and ai»plication of the wash in- cluding a table of times and strengths of spraying for various, purposes are dis- cussed at length. Directions for the application of carbon disulphid in vineyard, orchard, garden, and farm, L. IIiltneb (Prnkt. Bl. Vflanzcnhnii u. Kcliutz, n. scr., 658 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. 7 {1909), No. -'i, pp. Ji5-53, figs. 2). — Directions are given for the use of tliis insecticide, including descriptions of the apparatus to be used. A Ivuapsaclv in- jector is illustrated. Spraying machinery, F. W. Faurot {Missouri Fruit Sta. Bui. 20, pp. 3-26, pis. 12).— This discussion of spraying machinery is said to be based upon sev- eral years' observations, field experience in the operation of a number of makes of machines, and data obtained from mechanical tests relating to the efficiency, convenience, and suitability of certain accessories. The author does not rec- ommend any particular make or enter into the detail of the mechanics of vari- ous machines but calls attention to those commendable or objectionable fea- tures which in general make machines desirable or undesirable for use under ordinary conditions. The use of the Beng'al bean in lime cultivations {Agr. Netcs. [Barhados], 8 {1909), No. IS-'i, p. 15'i, fig. 1). — The discovery is reported that certain trees which had been in a dying state for some time as a result of an attack by scale insects were much improved in general vigor and freedom from scales after the Bengal bean plant {Mucuna pruricns) had climbed over them and covered their branches for a year or two. From extended trials then made with the bean it is reported that good results always follow, and that the results are better the more completely the beans cover in all the trees. Up to the present time this has been tried only on limes that were badly infested with scale before the beans were planted. One field which received this treatment some 7 years ago, and has had no spraying or other treatment of a similar kind since, is remark- ably healthy and free fi'om scale. It is considered probable that the cover of beans maintains a more moist condition beneath and in this way encourages the growth of the fungi which attack and kill scale insects. Animal parasites and diseases of the tea plant, C. Beknard {Bui. D<^pt. Agr. Indcs XcrrlatHl. 1909, No. 23. pp. 1 ',8, pis. ,',).— Part 1 of this work (pp. 1-39) is a general report of preliminary observations of the animal and vege- table parasites, including a bibliographical index. In part 2 (pp. 41-1-JS), the acarids which attack the plant.' including the so- called red spider {Tctranychus hiocuilatus), scarlet mite {Brcvipalpiis obo- vatus), yellow mite {Tarsonemus translucens), five-ribbed tea mite {Phytoptus carinatus), and the pink mite {P. thcw), and the remedies therefor, are con- sidered at some length. Next to the so-called mosquito blight due to species of Helopeltis, the red spider is said to be the worst pest of the tea i)lant that occurs in Java. Pwe-nyet and Indian dammars, D. Hooper {Ag7: Ledger, 1908-9, No. 3 {Vcg. Prod. Scr., No. 108). pp. 31-50, fig. 1). — This is a report on the quality of resins known as pwe-nyet, which are formed by bees, particularly Melipona {Trigona) Icrriccps, in building their nests. Silkworms and how to rear them, Mrs. J. South {Queensland Agr. Jour., 21 {1908), Nos. 3, pp. 135-11,2, figs. 9; 4, pp. 18J,-181, pi. 1, fig. 1; 5, pp. 226-228, pis. 3, figs. 1). — A brief account, accompanied by illustrations of the apparatus used in rearing silkworms. Several species besides Bomhyx mori including the tusser {Antherea mylitia), muga {A. assama), and eri {Attacus ricini) are considered. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Food products, H. Dugat and A. L. Girard {Les Produits AUmentaires. Paris, 1908, pp. 378, figs. 11,8). — This volume is made up of four independent publications bound together, the first dealing with animal products, the second with vegetable products, the third with beverages, and the fourth with sugars, cofi'ee, and tea. The production and manufacture of these food products, their general characteristics, and other similar objects are considered. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 659 Preliminary report of the dairy and food commissioner for the year 1908, J. FousT (Pcnti. Dvpt. Agr. Bui. 1S3, pp. 57).— A summary is given of the work of the department, and statistics of a number of analyses of canned vegetables and h-uits, dairy products, meats and fish, cakes, ice creams, flours, and other foodstuffs which were examined are discussed. A list of creameries in ronnsylvnnia is also given, together with an article by W. Frear on the dairy industry in Pennsylvania, and a pai)er by C. II. La Wall and II. P. Cassidy on the trade in decayed eggs known as "rots" and "spots" and their employment in food i»roducts, in which a large amount of information is sunmiarized regarding the handling and marketing of eggs, egg preservation, the uses of spoiled eggs by bakers, and the importance of restricting the use of such materials to technical purposes. Report of the Department of Food and Drugs, State Board of Health, for June, 1909, H. E. Barnard (Mo. Bill. Ind. Bd. Health. Li (I'lO!)), \o. G, pp. 7S-S.i). — Of 142 samples of canned goods, ice cream, milk. ;ind beverages exam- ined 4(1 were found to be illegal. Report of the Department of Food and Drug's, State Board of Health, for July, 1909, H. E. Barnard {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health. 12 (1909), No. 7, pp. 90-9.'f) .—Of 312 samples of sausage, meat, dairy products, baking powders, beer, and other materials examined 1S9 were declared illegal. Information is also given regarding the inspection work in groceries, markets, canning factories, flour mills, milk depots, etc.. and regarding the prosecutions brought under the state law. Bacon curing- in Scotland, L. M. Douglas (Trans. Highland and Agr. ,Sfoc. Scot., 5. ser., 21 (1909), pp. 58-74, ^f7«. 7).— A general and statistical article on the Scotch bacon industry in comparison with bacon production in Ireland. Electric process of curing meat (Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 8, pp. 401. 1/02) — A recently devised process is described in which meat is placed in pickle in vats which have systems of electrodes at each end, forming poles from which an electric current passes thi'ough the brine and meat, alternating from pole to pole. It is claimed that the meat cures much more rapidly than by the usual process. Remarks on the electric process of curing meat, O. W. Willcox (Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 8, p. 402). — The author discusses critically the electric process of curing meat noted above and its possible relation to the pure food laws. In his opinion the sodium chlorid is dissociated by the electric current and recombined in the meat, forming sodium hypochlorite. " Viewing the proc- ess simply from the known facts of electrolysis, the electric meat-curing jtrocess appears as a process of bringing the meat into contact with a solution of a pretty strong antiseptic." Observations on an outbreak of meat poisoning at Limerick, E. J. Mc- Wekni:y (Brit. Med. Jour., 191)9. No. 2.',2'i. Pl>. 1 171-1 ll.i).—\ disastrous out- break of food poisoning, with a number of deaths, was traced to the eating of warmed over meat and was caused, according to the author's conclusion, jtartly by bacterial intoxication and partly by infection, the causal micro-organism being Bacillus cntcritidis. It seems probable that the animal was sickly and harbored the bacillus at the time of slaughter. "The practical lesson to be derivetl from the observation of this occurrence is twofold. First, it indicates the need there is for the abolition of the private slaughterhouse and [the need) for the inspection of all animals used ftir hinnan food, both before, during, and after slaughter; secondly, it «'mph.isizes the danger arising from the use of old scraps of meat, and especially of beef. If, on eco- nomic grounds, such leftover pieces must be used u|\ the only way of avoiding or diminishing the danger would seem to l)e very thorough ami prolonged iioiling. 660 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Ordinary examination of such meat may fail to discover any grounds for sus- picion." Dried eggs and dried milk (Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 9, pp. JiGS-JflS).— JNIetliods of manufacturing dried eggs and dried milli are described. Soups in tablet form (Pttre Products, 5 {1909), No. 9, p. -).97). — A process of malving condensed soup in the form of tablets is described. lu the example cited fat, onions, meat extract, rice, farina, and salt are used. The chemical composition of soup tablets, H. Wagner and J. Clement (Ztschr. U'ntersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmtl., 18 (,1909), No. 5, pp. 3U-319).— Analyses of a lai'ge number of commercial soup tablets, chiefly of German manu- facture, are reported. Absence of purin bases in caviar, K. Linneet (Biochcm. Ztschr., IS {1909), No. 3-5, pp. 209, 210). — From analysis the conclusion is reached that caviar contains neither purin bases nor true nucleic acid. Phosphate in foods {Dept. Agr. Mysore, Ann. Rpt. Agr. Chein., 9 {1907-S), pp. 21, 22). — The author reports 0.35 per cent phosphoric acid in rice, 0.69 per cent in ragi {Eleusine coracana) , and 1.02 per cent in oatmeal. The experimental data, in the author's opinion, did not substantiate the popular idea entertained locally that ragi is not so good a food as rice on account of a deficiency in phosphorus. Some African food grains {Bui. Imp. Inst., 7 {1909), No. 2, i)p. l^o-loJf).— Information is given regarding the conunercial value of food grains received from South Africa and analyses are reported of gray millet, " Tamba " millet. " Bolu " grain {Eleusine coracana) " Bambarra " groundnuts, and seeds of Hibiscus sahdariffa. Milling and baking qualities of some Sudan wheats, A. E. Humphries {Millers' Gaz., 33 {1909), No. 17, pp. 208, 209).— Tests with 6 samples of wheat are reported. Variety names wei'e not given, but the sample which was decidedly superior to the others was, in the author's opinion, similar to the variety known in India as Muzaffernagar. Notes on the aforementioned wheats, R. Hewison (Millers' Ga~., 33 (1909), No. 17, pp. 209, 210). — Brief statements are made regarding the source of the wheats included in the investigation referred to above. Flour testing for the baker. It. Harcotjrt (Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 8, pp. 395-398). — A discussion of the sub.iect with citation of some of the Canadian work. "Any information which a baker can get regarding the peculiarities of the flour he is buying ought to be of considerable value. As has been shown, no chemical analyses will bring out the desired point, but simple baking tests made by au experienced person with the proper appliances will enable a baker to purchase flour intelligently and handle it to the best advantage in the bakery." The behavior of wheaten flour toward bakers' and brewers' yeast, J. L. Baker and H. F. E. Hulton (Jour. 8oc. Chcm. Indus., 28 (1909), No. 14, pp. 778-781). — An experimental explanation was sought for the fact that brewers' yeast, when used in bread making, does not produce a degree of fermentation commensurate with that produced by distillers' yeast. When comparative tests were made with both brewers' and bakers' yeast and wheat flour, using distilled water as a menstrum, practically no fermenta- tion took place in the case of the brewers' yeast, while distillers' yeast fer- mented well. When tap water was employed, however, the brewers' yeast fer- mented without any trouble. Experiments were then conducted with inorganic salts, potassium sulphate and others, In distilled water. Here it was found that fermentation had taken place with brewers' yeast and that these salts had a sort of protective or anti- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 661 toxic effect toward tlie toxins contained in the wheat flour. The use of these salts produced no acceleration of fermentation with bakers' or distillers' yeast. The effect produced by tap water is probably brought about by the presence of acid calcium carbonate. Brewers' yeast cultivated three times in distillers' mash took on some of tlie characteristics of bakers' yeast. The explanation, therefore, is that the yeast cells acquire a sort of inunnnity to the toxin of the raw cereals. It is thus obvious why brewers' yeast does not give entire satisfaction when used with raw flours. It can be employed for bread making, however, by cultivating it several times In distillers' or raw worts, and thus acquiring a certain degree of immunity, or substances like potassium sulphate may be used to protect the organisms from the cereal toxin. The toxicity of flours toward top fermentation of yeasts (Saccharomyces cerevisise), J. L. Baker and II. F. E. Hui.ton {Jour. Soc, Chcin. Indus., 28 (1909), No. IJf, pp. 781-7S.'f). — This is a continuation of the work on wheat flours noted above. Fermentations were carried out with invert sugar, aqueous flour extract, invert sugar and flour, aqueous flour extract and flour, distillers' wort (rye and maize), cold aqueous extract of distillers' malt, and unboiled malt wort prepared from brewers' malt. It was found that potassium sulphate was without effect as far as the actual acceleration of fermentation was concerned with invert sugar solutions, and that its function is only that of a protective agent against toxins. A distilled water extract of the toxin is destructive to yeast and this toxicity can be held in check by the addition of potassium sulphate. The fermentation of a sugar solution by brewers' yeast is stopped by adding flour, but if potassium sulphate is present the fermentation proceeds. Brewers' yeast is acted upon strongly by the rye flour toxin, but the latter is not so soluble as the toxin of wheat. Fermenting an aqueous solution of flour by brewers' yeast and adding flour checks the fermentation. Bakers' yeast fermentations are not affected. A malt distillers' wort containing rye flour and maize is toxic to brewers' yeast, but this toxicity can be destroyed by boiling. High kilning temperatures destroy the toxicity of the malt but the process of germination does not. The toxicity in the flour may also be partially destroyed by heating at a temperature of 100° C. for some hours. The author sought to simulate the toxic action of the flour toxin by adding potassium cyanid to the fermentation, but found that potassium sulphate exerted no protective effect. Breakfast foods, R. Harcourt {Pure Products, 5 {1909), Xo. 9, pp. /i5t- Ji55). — This discussion of the nutritive value and place in the diet of cereal breakfast foods is based on the author's investigations (E. S. R., 19, p. 683). Examination of some of the diabetic foods of commerce, D. W. Fetterolf {Univ. Pom. Med. Bui., 22 {1900), No. 7, pp. 217-222) .—Analyses of a number of sorts of gluten flours manufactured in the United States and of foreign diabetic products are reported in comparison with wheat flour. The amount of carbohydrates in both classes of diabetic goods varied within wide limits. An analysis is also reported of peanuts and of a raspberry jelly which has been put on the market for diabetics. The latter proved to be "a wholly arti- ficial product, composed of apple juice, glycerin, anilin coloring, and flavored with artificial raspberry flavor. The origin of this spurious product is unknown." Infant's and invalid's foods, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada BuL lS:j, pp. 15). — In this report are included the results of the examination of 77 samples of so-called infant's and invalid's foods. The author calls attention to the fact that these goods fall naturally into two classes which are distin- guished by the amount of unchanged starch present. One group containing about 7.') per cent of unchanged starch may be designated as farinaceous foods, while the remainder contain smaller amounts, some showing little or no starch. 662 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. " Most of those foods which are poor in fat are directed to be prepared for use by addition of niilli. " It must be said that some of those directed to be prepared with water only would seem to provide a starvation diet for infants, so far as the fat is con- cerned ; but questions of this kind must be left to be decided by physicians." The molecular weight of the dextrin of honey from Coniferae, H. Bae- SCHALL (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 28 (1908), Ao. 2, pp. J,05-419, fig. J).— The molec- ular weight ranged in 5 samples from 456 to 485. Fruit juices, R. O. Bkooks {Pure Products, 5 {1909), JSfo. 9, pp. 455-439).— Average analyses of apple, grape, lime, pineapple, strawberry, and other fruit juices are presented, and the manufacture of fruit juices, especially on a com- mercial scale, is discussed. Cherry juice, P. Buttenberg and P. Berg {Ztschr. Untersuch. yahr. u. GciuissmtL, 11 {1909), Xo. 11, pp. 672, 073). — A number of analyses are reported. Concerning' the uncooked juice from difEerent sorts of strawberries, J. KocHS {Pharm. ZcntralhaUe, 50 {1909), Xo. 28, pp. 585-587). — Analyses are reported of the juice of 30 varieties of strawberries. The berries ranged in weight from 0.9 to 16.2 gm. each. Wine musts of the year 1908 from the Moselle and neighboring localities, A. Wellenstein {Ztschr. Untersuch. Xahr. u. Genussintl., 18 {1900), No. 4, pp. 271-275). — A large number of analyses are reported. Temperance beers, H. E. Barnard {Mo. Bui. Ind. Bd. Health, 12 {1909), No. 7, pp. 95, 96). — The general character of so-called temperance beers is dis- cussed in comparison with ordinary beer, and 46 analyses are reported. Cocoa and chocolate, E. Ltjhmann {Kakao und Schokolade. Hanover, 1909, pp. 210, figs. 68; rev. in Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 8, p. 439).— It has been the author's purpose in this volume to give an extended description of the prep- aration of all kinds of cacao preparations and the apparatus necessary in this industry. "Malt coffee," L. Eberlein {Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 9, pp. 459, 460).— The process of manufacturing so-called malt coffee from kiln malt, either wet or dry, is described. Tea, A. McGill {Lab. Inland Rev. Dcpt. Canada Bui. 183, pp. 18). — The total number of samples examined was 222. The results showed that 31 black teas and 19 green teas were below standard in extractives. Two samples yielded more than 8 per cent ash. For this investigation only the cheaper grades of tea were secured. '" With very few exceptions, the teas . . . are retailed at from 1.5 to 30 cts. per pound. They may therefore be regarded as representing the lower qualities of this article. Most samples consist of large, coarse leaves, very much broken, and have a large proportion of leafstalks and bits of stem. The delicate aroma of good tea is notably absent, on infusing ; but the teas are botanically true to name, and no admixture of foreign leaves occurs." Ground ginger, A. McGill {Lai). Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 184, PP- 19). — Of 1.50 samples examined 65 per cent were declared genuine, 21 per cent adulterated, and 14 per cent doubtful. Commercial cream of tartar, A. Lemoine {Lab. Inland Rev. Dept. Canada Bui. 180, pp. 23). — The total number of samples examined was 225, of which 180 were genuine, 41 adulterated, and 4 doubtful. The manufacture of sugar color, W. Hoffman {Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 9, pp. 476-.'i78). — A commercial method followed in the manufacture of sugar color from cane sugar or from glucose is described. This material is marketed either in liquid or solid form. The author states that pulverized sugar color. FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 663 generally mixed with a little fat, is used in the coffee indnstry nnder the name " coffee essence." " Beer colored with sngar color may he recognized by the fact that the foam is not a heautifnl white, but has a yellow color." The fuels of the household, Mauian White {Boston, 1909, pp. 97). — The composition of fuels, comlmstion, ignition, and incandescence, the solid fuels, the semisolid fuels, liquid and gaseous fuels, economy of fuels, and the use of electricity for light and heat are some of the questions discussed. This volume summarizes a large amount of data ou the subject with special reference to household problems. An index is provided. Cooking for two, Janet M. Hill {Boston, 1909, pp. XII -\-. ',01, pi. Jf, figs. lO'i, (Igms. S). — A large number of recipes are given for the pre])aratlon of foods in small quantities, the problems of housekeeping are discusswl from this stand- point, and sample menus are given for a family of two for a week in each month of the year. The gist of domestic science, Elizabeth Gist {Albert Lea, Minn., 1909, rev. rd., pp. IGS). — The author has summarized a large number of recipes for the preparation of food and in addition briefly discusses some general household topics. Food values. Practical methods in diet calculations {Bui. Amer. School Home IJcon., .SVr. 1, 1909, Xo. 1,1 pi. 1, figs. 13). — Data are summarized in tabu- lar form which show the nutritive value of a large variety of foods reduced to the uniform basis of portions supplying 100 calories, and also on the basis of comijosition and energy value per ounce, the former table being compiled from I. Fisher's work (E. S. R., 17, p. 1174), and the latter from publications by J. H. Kellogg. Fisher's graphic method of calculating dietaries (E. S. R., 18, p. 1152) is also explained. Note on the social condition of certain working class families in Dublin, C. D. La Touche and T. J. Stafford (Dublin: (lovt., 1907, pp. '/■')). — Data were collected regarding living expenses, food consumption, etc., of 21 workingmen's families in Dublin. The protein content in these studies ranged in round numbers from 4.5 gni. to 154 gm. per man per day, the energy value in these 2 cases being 2.058 and .'>.927 calories, respectively. In a few cases the energy value was higher than the latter figure, while in 10 cases it was less than 3,000 calories. In the case of 10 of the families representing unskilled laborers the average protein con- sumption was in round numbers SI gm. and the energy 2,040 calories per man per day. The total weekly income of the unskilled laborers was on an average $3.99. In the case of all the families studied the average income from all sources was $5.62. The sociological and economic aspects of the data collected are discussed and suggestions are made for improvement of the diet. In the opinion of the authors, under the conditions studie days a similar ration made an average daily gain per bead of 1.S2 lbs. at a cost of 0.0(5 cts. per ponnd. Tbe steers sold at $4.r)0 and tbe beifers at .$3.50 per bundredweigbt. Tbe net proceeds would allow only $2.57 per bundredweigbt as a possible purcbase price, wbicb would indicate tbat yearlings of sucb condition and size as tbese sbould be fed longer for profitable results, and on a ration of not more tbau 4 to 5 lbs. per bead per day. "Cotton-seed meal and hulls wben fed to 2-year-olds give excellent daily gains at profit-making cost. Yearlings will not finisli into market conditions in a IGO-day period on cotton-seed meal and bulls. A full ration of meal for 2-year-olds, as indicated by tbis experiment, sbould not exceed 7.5 lbs. per bead per day and probably not more tban 7 lbs. per bead per day." Meat production in Germany, H. Gerlich (Ztschr. Agrarpolitik, 7 (1909), Xos. 7, PI). S'iS-SSS; S, pp. Ji20-Ji50) . — Statistical tables are used to illustrate tbe importance of meat production in Germany, which was formerly only a side issue of agriculture. To offset the high prices of feeds it is pointed out tbat more economy is needed in saving tbe waste of the cities which may be used for feeds or fertilizers, and more feeds must be grown at home if meat production is to be profitable. As the acreage in Germany can not be increased to any extent tbe yields per acre must be increased and every available foot of land must be utilized. On ttie value of milk for fattening- calves, Bassmann {Milch Ztg., 38 (1909), Xo. 26, pp. SO-'i, 305). — On a ration composed of skim milk and whole milk the average returns for tbe whole milk for fattening 3 calves was 14.1 pfennig per liter (about 3.5 cts. per quart), when tbe skim milk was estimated to be worth 2.5 pfennig per liter (about 0.6 per quart). On a ration of whole milk alone 1 calf returned a value of 10.6 pfennig per liter (about 2.6 cts. per quart). Winter and summer calf rearing, J. M. Adams and W. F. Prendergast (Dept. Ayr. ami Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 {1909), No. J,, pp. 695-703).— The expense of raising the calves of the cows used in the experiments of tbe authors noted on i^age 673 of this issue was as follows : The November calves of tbe first experiment showed a profit of £2 5s 8d and the April calves a loss of £4 2s Id. In the second experiment the winter calves showed a profit of £3 4s lid; tbe summer calves a loss of 8s Id, A successful ovarian transplantation in the guinea pig, and its bearing on problems of genetics, W. E. Castle and J. C. Phillips {ticicncc, n. scr., 30 {1909), No. 760, pp. 312, 313). — The ovaries were removed from an albino guinea pig about 5 months of age and replaced with ovaries of a black guinea pig about 1 mouth old. The albino was then mated with an albino male and 6 months later bore 2 black pigmented young. Evidently the transplanted ovaries became functional as no modification of tbe germ cells could be detected as a I'esult of the changed environment. It is pointed out that tbe so-called modifications obtained by other investigators (E. S. R., 21, p. 372) may have been Aiw. to the fact tbat tbe ova may have come from tbe regenerative tissues of the mother rather tban from tbe tissue of tbe introduced ovaries. Action of the corpus luteum, P. BouiN and P. Ancel {Conipt. licnd. /S'oc. Biol. [I'uri.s], 66 {1909), No. 12, pp. 505-507').— Studies on tbe rabbit apparently show that tbe changes which take place in the uterus preparatory to the attach- ment of the ova are due to the influences of the corpus luteum. Corpus luteum and mammary gland, P. Ancel and I'. BouiN {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [I'(lriH^, 66 {1909), No. 1.',, pp. 605-607; ah.s. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Sac. [Loudou], 1909, No. .), p. 'I'lH). — Further studies with a virgin rabbit indicate a correlation l)etween these 2 organs, both of which reach their maxinuun de- velopment in 14 days. The development of the mammary gland has two phases 670 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. during gestation : The first or kinetic, when the cells are i-apidly formed, and which is determined by the secretion of the corpus luteum, and the second or glandular phase, which is conditioned by some other factor. The spermatogenesis of the domestic guinea (Numida meleagris), M. F. GuYER {Anat. Anz., 3-', {1909), No. 20-21, pp. 502-513, pis. 2).— The author finds that although there are several departures from those recorded for the sperma- togenesis of most vertebrates, the general order and most of the minor details with guinea fowl are similar to those of the pigeon previously determined, including the double numerical reduction from the spermatogonia! number of chromosomes brought about through a pairing of the chromosomes both in the primary and secondary spermatocytes. An important point determined was the existence of an accessory chromo- some common to insects, which possibly has some bearing on the determination of sex. Seventeen chromosomes differing in size occurred in the spermatogonia. Kine appear for division in the primary spermatocytes, of which 8 are pre- sumably bivalent, the other being accessory and passing undivided to one pole of the spindle in advance of the others. "At the division of the secondary spermatocyte the odd chromosome after lagging for some time divides longi- tudinally. The divisions of the secondary spermatocytes result in the produc- tion in equal numbers of 2 classes of spermatids, those containing the odd chromosome and those without it. The two kinds of spermatids are visibly different and ultimately give rise to spermatozoa which differ in size." The spermatogenesis of the domestic chicken (Gallus gallus), M. F. Guyer (A)wt. Ahz., 3-'f {1909), Xo. 22-2.'/ . pp. 513-580, pis. 2).^Iu the spermatogenesis of the chick, as in that of the guinea, there is an accessory chromosome, a double numerical reduction to one-fourth the spermatogonial number of chromosomes, and two sizes of spermatozoa. In the first division of the spermatocytes the odd chromosome not infrequently reveals a tripartite structure. Often one of its components seems to stand more or less apart and behaves much after the man- ner of a supernumerary chromosome. The odd chromosome passes undivided to one pole in the vast majority of cases. Tlius one daughter cell receives 8, the other 9 chromosomes. The final result of the two divisions of the spermatocytes is the production of 4 spermatids, two of which receive 4, and two 5 chro- mosomes. Parthenogenetic segmentation in birds, A. Lecaillon {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], V,8 {1909), No. 1, pp. 52, 58; Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 (1909), No. 23, pp. 1053-1055; abs. in Jour. Roy. Micros. Soc. [London], 1909, No. Jf, p. Ji'iJ). — The author has observed a true parthenogenetic cleavage in unfertilized eggs of the fowl. Mitosis appears to be abnormal, as it affects only a part of the cicatricula, proceeds more slowly than in fertilized eggs, and the cells gradually degenerate. The segmentation of parthenogenetic eggs appears to be similar to that of eggs fertilized by weakened spermatozoa, which occurs when tlie males have been removed from the breeding pen for some time. Studies on the physiology of reproduction in the domestic fowl. A case of incomplete h.ermaph.roditism, R. Pearl and Maynie R. Curtis {Biol. Bui. Mar. Biol. Lah. Woods Hole, 17 {1909), No. J,, pp. 271-283, pis. 2, fig. 1).—The authors describe a Barred Plymouth Rock bird which externally resembled a normal hen, although the comb and wattles were abnormally large, a condition similar to the antero-posterior gynandromorphism of insects. " Internally the bird possessed on the left side a large, lobulated gland in the position and anatomical relations normal to the ovary. There was also a fully developed, normal oviduct, in functional condition on the left side of the body. On the right side of the body was a small organ in the position and anatomical rela- ANIMAL PRODUCTION, 671 tions normal to the right testis. Attached to this organ was a normal epididy- mis and vas deferens leading to the cloaca. Microscopical examination showed that both sex glands were in a condition of extreme degeneration. Neither spermatogenesis or ovigenesis could be found in any part of either gland. . . . " The case shows clearly enough that the secondary sexual characters of both sexes may exist without the accomj)animent of functionating germinal epithe- lium in the same individual. It does not i)rove that the secondary characters may originally develop in the absence of the functioning of the primary glands, because of the uncertainty as to whether either of the glands was ever functional In this specimen. . . . The present case, of course, affords no direct evidence as to whether a secretion influencing secondary sexual characters may not be pro- duced by the interstitial or stromal cells. A further point of considerable inter- est lies in the fact that in this bird we have a fully developed, noi'mal, and so far as can be told, entirely functional oviduct in the absence of a functional ovary." Barring' in Plymouth Rocks, W. J. Spillman {PouUry, 6 (1909), No. 1, pp. 1, 8, l.'t, flffs. 6). — This is an explanation of how the transmission of barring in Plymouth Rocks may be accounted for accoi-ding to the sex chromosome theory. The peculiar inheritance of pink eyes among colored mice, W. E. Castle and C. C. Little (Science, n. ser.. SO (1909), No. 766, pp. 313, Si^).— The authors think that the dilute or pale series of color variations of mice and guinea pigs is a qualitative and not a quantitative modification of the usual or intense series. The dilution is demonstrably interchangeable from one color variety to another, so that it may conveniently be treated as due to an independent factor. The authors recognize 4 series of color varieties among mice, 2 dark-eyed and 2 pink-eyed. Specific illustrations are used to explain their views. Nine Men- delian factors are now recognized as concerned in the color variations of mice, namely, general color, dilution, spotting, pink-eye or paucity, yellow, brown, black, restriction, and agouti. The mnemic sensibilities in their relation to the orig'inal sensations, R. Semon (Die Miieiuisclien EiiipfindiiiKjcii in ihrcn Beziehungen zu den Orifjinal- cmpfindiuigen. Leipzig and London, 1909, pp. XV-\-392; rev. in Nature [Lon- don], 81 (1909), No. 2080, p. 302).— This is a further discussion and explana- tion of the author's mnemic theory, by which he claims that the inheritance of acquired characters can be proved. This theory may be considered a modified form of Hering's memory theory. Permanent changes of living matter as caused by external stimuli are termed " engrams," and the sum of engrams in an organism is its " mneme." The inheritance of acquired characters is accounted for by the transmission of the effects produced by the stimulus from the organized matter first affected to all other parts of the organism, either by nerve paths or by proplasmic intercellular filaments. In this way faint engrams may be made on the reproductive organs. For further discussions of this theory see Darwin's presidential address (E. S. B... 21, p. 318), and a previous note by Weisman and Semon (B. S. R., IS, p. 1058). Telegony as induced reversion, O. F. Cook (Science, n. ser., 30 (1909), No. IB'i, pp. 2'il-2.'i3). — A new point of view is suggested for looking at the facts grouped under telegony. These facts are examples of reversion and are sequels of hybridization. Hybridization, like other conditions, may influence the expression though not the transmission of characters. Atavistic changes appear more frequently in some series of hybrids than in others. " If rever- sions prove to be more frequent after hybridization telegony will be estab- 13042—09 G 672 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. lished, though its manifestations may not be otherwise different from rever- sions that occur Nvithout hybridization." Domesticated animals of the Altai-Kalmucks, T. Noack {Zool. Ans., S-i (1909), Nos. 22-23, pj). 683-695 ; 24-25, pp. 750-760).— From an anatomical study of the domesticated animals of the Kalmuclc population in the region of the Altai mountains the author thinljs that the dog is of the same type as the north Russian and north Asiatic laika dog ; the cat, a near relative of Felis microtis; the sheep, closely allied to Oris arkal; and the cattle, which ai-e similar to those of the Kirgis, appear to be a cross between Bos hrachyccros and B. primigenius. The possible ancestors of the horses living under domestication, J. C. EWART (Science, n. set:, 30 (1909), No. 763, pp. 219-223; Proc. Roy. Boc. [Lon- don], Ser. B, 81 (1909), No. B 549, pp. 392-3.07 ) .—These are abstracts of a paper presented before the Royal Society, London. The anatomical differences of 6 species, the possible ancestors of the domes- tic horse, are briefly described. Three of these species, which have been found in the Pliocene deposits, are Equus sivalcnsis, the oldest true horse known to science, found in the Siwalik deposits of northern India, E. stenonis of Europe and northern Africa, and E. gracilis (Asinns fossiJis of Owen), also found in Europe and Africa. The three principal Pleistocene types are E. namadicus, E. fossilis, and E. robiistus. Some relationships between these species and the modern breeds are briefly noted. Capturing and domesticating' mountain sheep, W. Frakes (Recreation, 30 (1909), No. 4, pp. 184, 185, figs. 5). — This is an account of the author's expe- rience with the California or Nelson's sheep, a somewhat smaller animal than the bighorn or Rocky Mountain sheep. Though they are wild, difficult to cap- ture, and subject to pneumonia when exposed to rain storms, it is possible to tame them and keep them in good health in captivity if properly cared for. The evolution of a breed of cattle, J. Wilson (Mark Lane Express, 102 (1909), No. 406S, p. 293). — This is an abstract of a paper read before the British Association at Winnipeg, 1909. The Aberdeen-Angus breed is used to illustrate the fact that nearly every breed of cattle is the result of crossing several breeds. The races which may be considered as factors in the origin of this breed are the TJrus, the black Celtic brought to Britain before the TJrus became extinct iu the Bronze Age, the brown race of the Belgfe, the white race of the Romans, and the hornless breed of the Norsemen. In the eighteenth century many large Dutch-flecked cattle were taken to the northeast of Scotland and crossed with the native stock, thereby increasing the size. When iu the middle of the eighteenth cen- tury a demand for hornless cattle arose in England, the large horned cattle were crossed with the Norse hornless, finally resulting in the modern Aber- deen-Angus stock. Some early history concerning the Shorthorn breed in New England, E. W. Morse (Neiv England Farmer, 87 (1908), No. 9, p. 8).— Brief notes on early importations of pure-bred Shorthorns and their influence on cattle breed- ing in New England. Bovines and their products, A. Gindre de Malherbe (Les Races Bovines ct Leitrs Produits. Paris, 190S, pp. LVI+591, pis. 6, figs. 136). — This is a popu- lar work on modern breeds of cattle and other species of the genus Bos, feeding and rearing cattle, dairying, dieseases of cattle, and European cattle legislation. Catalogue of the cattle exhibit of the Hoorn division of the Holland Agri- cultural Society and the provincial union of breeders' associations (Cata- logus der TectentoonsteUing Samengesteld door de Hollandsche Maatschappij van DAIRY FAEMING DAIRYING. 673 Landbouio Afd. Ifooni cii tic Provincialc Bond ran Fokvcrccnigingcn. The Hague, 1009, pp. 20, pla. 20). — This contains an account of the breeders' asso- ciations of the province of North Holland, by L. T. C. Scheij, and measurements, yields of uiillc, and other data of over 100 animals belonging to the associations, by G. Nobel. [Live stock statistics of Argentina], A. B. Martinez (Ccnso Agropccuario dc la Xacioii: J'rinicros Ri .■^iiltndos. La Industria Clanadcra. Buenos Aires: Govt., IDOS, pp. 32). — The live stock statistics of different provinces in Argen- tina are tabulated and compared with those of 1S95. Since 1895 there has been an Increase of 2,605,339 cattle, 844,568 horses, 462,521 pigs, 8,550 asses and mules and a decrease of over 18,000,000 sheep. Don't kill the laying hen, T. F. Potter {Doicncrs Grove, 111., IDOS, pp. 102, Jigs. 2!)).- — This boolv describes a method of selecting' laying and nonlaying hens, and contains information on the causes which affect the laying qualities. 1'here are numerous illustrations which show the ovaries in normal and patho- logical conditions. Note on an artificial incubator, A. Cartier {Bill. Econ, Indo-Chine, n. sen, 11 {1908), Xo. 75, pp. 700.-710, figs. 3). — This is a description of an incubator for hatching ducks which is used in Annam, Indo-China. Layers of eggs are alter- nated with layers of paddy in cylindrical baskets, which are also surrounded by paddy. Directions are given in detail for the examination and management of the eggs. DAIRY FARMING— DAIRYING. Experiments on the feeding of dairy cows, F. P. Walker (Durham County Council, Ed. Com., Offcrton Bui. 3, pp. 5-20; abs. in Dairp, 21 {1909), No. 2-'i8, p. 217).- — This is a report of an experiment to discover the effect of feeding brcAvers' grains upon the quantity and quality of milk and is a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 18, p. 870). Two lots of 5 cows each were used in this experiment, which lasted 10 weeks. The daily ration of lot 1 consisted of 4 lbs. of maize meal, 2 lbs. of Bombay cotton cake, 3 lbs. of chopped straw, 12 lbs. of hay, 20 lbs. of brewers' grains, and 20 lbs. of swedes per 1,000 lbs. live weight. The average daily yield per head for this lot was 11.435 qts. of milk, containing 3.34 per cent milk fat and 13.48 per cent total solids. Lot 2, which received a similar ration excei)t that the brewers' grains were replaced by 40 lbs. of swedes, gave an average daily yield jic-r head of 11.505 qts. of milk, containing 3.37 per cent fat and 13.44 per cent total solids. Lot 1 lost on an average 2.5 lbs. per head in body weight, whereas lot 2 made an average gain in body weight of 5.6 lbs. per head. At the end of the above experiment the rations of the 2 lots were reversed, with the following results : The average daily yield of lot 1 for 10 weeks was 10.595 qts. milk, containing 3.49 per cent fat and 9.21 per cent solids-not-fat. Lot 2 gave an average daily yield per head of 10.86 qts. milk, containing 3.45 per cent fat and 9.09 per cent solids-not-fat. Both lots lost in body weight, the first lot losing 14 lbs. and the second lot 19.6 lbs. per head. Milk production, .7. M. Scott {Florida Hta. Bui. 99, pp. 3-10). — These experi- ments have been noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 375). Winter milk production, J. M. Adams and W. F. Prendergast {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 {1909), No. //, pp. 665-69Ji, pis. //, dgms. //). — This is the first report on studies undertaken to ascertain the cost of producing milk in Ireland in winter, at which time so little butter is placed on the market that the Irish trade in the British butter markets is practically lost. Ou one farm the profit ou 5 winter-milking cows was £21 10s. 5d., aud on 5 summer- 674 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. milking cows, £9 3d. On another farm with the same number of cows, the profit on the winter cows was £29 5s. Id., and on the summer cows f2:j 4s. 5d. Cow test association work in Maine, L. S. Merrill {Bill. [2Iainc^ Dcpt. Agr., 8 {1909), No. 3, pp. 79-169). — This bulletin contains a report for the year 1908-9 of the work of the first two cow test associations organized in Maine and milk records of the herds belonging to the members of the association. Milk yields of different cattle breeds in Steiermark, A. Gstirner {Osterr. Moll: Ztg., 16 {1909), No. V,, pp. 187, JSS).— Milk yields are reported of 1,807 cows belonging to IS different breeds and cross breeds. The introduced breeds averaged larger yields than the native cattle. The yields of the three best herds were as follows : Twenty-two cows of the Algiiu X Oberinntal averaged 2,872 kg. of milk per head, containing 3.89 per cent fat; 22 cows of the Montavon X Meran averaged 3,077 kg. of milk per head, con- taining 3.62 per cent fat; and IS Simmental cows averaged 2,94.5 kg. of milk per head, containing 3.17 per cent fat. Suggestions are given for improving the native cattle by crossing with improved dairy breeds. The dairy industry in Argentina, E. Fynn, Jr. {In Ceiiso Agropccuario Nacional la Ganaderia y la Agiicultura en 1908. Buenos Aires: Govt., 1900, vol. 3, pp. 301-312, pi. 1). — This is a brief account of the growth and present condition of dairying in Argentina. The dairy characteristics of the Valaque sheep, O. Laxa {Rev. Gen. Lait, 7 {1909), Nos. 13, pp. 289-300, jjIs. J,, chart 1; IJ,, pp. 313-328; 15, pp. 337-3.',7 ; 16, pp. 361-373;- 17, pp. 391-402).— This series of articles contains a brief account of the dairy industry in the region of the Carpathian Mountains. The breeds of sheep in this region belong principally to the species Ovis aries strepsiceros. One of the important dairy breeds is known as the Yalaque or Trausylvauian. The author has made an extensive study of the yields of this breed and reports a large numl)er of analyses of the milk. The results are presented in tal)ular form. A bibliography on the subject is appended. Handbook of milk, P. Sommerfeld et al. {llandbiich dcr MUchkunde. Wiesbaden, 1909, pp. XIV-\-999, pis. 3, figs. 234)- — This valuable compilation on milk and its properties is the work of specialists and includes the latest re- searches on the subject, with numerous references to the literature. Nearly one-half of the book is occupied with the topics of milk secretion, ferments and organisms in milk, and sterilization and pasteurization. The chemical and physical changes in milk from the moment of its secretion until the time of using are also treated in detail. The list of subjects in the table of contents is as follows: Physiology of Milk Secretion, by M. Pfaundler; Physical Properties, by H. Koeppe; General Chem- istry of Milk, by R. W. Raudnitz; Quantitative Analysis, by F. Reiss and P. Sommerfeld ; Milk Ferments, by E. Seligmann ; Saprophytes in Milk, by H. Weigmaun ; The Transmission of Disease by Means of Milk, by A. Weber ; The Passing of Toxins and Antibodies into Milk and Their Transference to Nurslings, by P. H. Romer ; Stables, by A. Schlossmann ; Diseases of Dairy Animals, by J. Bongert ; Management of Milk, by H. Weigmann ; Sterilizing and Pasteurizing, by H. Tjaden ; Special Arrangements for Supplying Milk to In- fants, by H. Neumann; Investigation of Milk' and Milk Products, by F. Reiss; Human Milk, by St. Engel ; Milk of Other Animals, by A. Burr; A Table of the Properties and Composition of Different Milks, by R. W. Raudnitz ; and Market Milk and Milk Regulations, by A. Schlossmann. On the starch-like structures in tlie milk glands of cattle, A. Zimmermann {Ztschr. Fleiseh u. Milelihyg., 19 {1909), No. 12, pp. ^25-1,29, pi. i).— The gran- ules often found in the alveoli and alveolar tissues of the mammary glands are figured and described. DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 675 In structure the granules resemble starch grains but do not give the typical reactions of amyloid substances. The micro-chemical reactions obtained by the author were more like those of a lipoid, although they were only slightly solu- ble in ether and chloroform. The granules contained a central nucleus with concentric layers. They varied somewhat in shape and in size from 5 to 200 microns. Although found in animals of all ages and at all periods of lactation, they were more numerous in older cows, sometimes as many as 10 or 12 being found in one alveolus. The central nucleus and the presence of the smaller granules in the alveoli alone and not in the tissues indicate that they are formed in the alveolus about some particle of foreign matter as a center. The influence of feed on the composition of milk, C. Pokcher {Hyg. Viande et Luit, S {1909), ^o. 9, pp. Jf 09-.'/ 2 5). —This is a discussion of some Europi.an investigations on this topic. The passing' of medicaments and toxic substances into milk, C. Porcheb {Ilpg. Viundc ct Lait, 3 (1909), No. 9, pp. 425-437).— Some recent investiga- tions are discussed with reference to the effect on the consumer of using milk which has absorbed toxic substances or drugs which may have been adminis- tered to the lactating animal. The transfer of boric acid from cattle food to cow's milk, S. H. Collins (Durham County Council, Ed. Coin., Offerton Bid. 3, pp. 21-24; aJ)s. in Dairy, 21 {1909), No. 248, p. 217). — This experiment was undertaken because boric acid is often used to prevent Indian cotton-seed cake from becoming moldy. Boric acid appeared in the milk as soon as cows were fed daily i lb. of a meal which contained 5 per cent of boric acid. About one-fiftieth of the boric acid appeared in the milk. When the meal contained 1 per cent of boric acid about one-seventieth appeared in the milk. "As milk needs i per cent boric acid to produce any useful preservative in- fluence, there seems no difficulty in distinguishing between milk preserved with boric acid and milk contaminated by the use of foods containing boric acid. If milk be found to contain more than 0.1 per cent boric acid the milk has prob- ably been deliberately preserved with some boric preservative, but if less than 0.01 per cent boric acid be found in the milk, the source of that small amount of boric acid is to be looked for in the food of the cow." Are the colostrum bodies a reliable test for determining the stage of the lactation period? Anders {Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. Tierheilk., 35 {1909), No. 4-5, pp. 380-415). — As a rule the period in which colostrum bodies were found varied fi'om 4 to 40 days before, and from 2 to 10 days after, calving. They were sometimes present, however, when cows were considerably advanced in the lactation period, especially after a sudden change in the feed, and they were also found in the udders of heifers and in cows with diseased udders, so that the presence of colostrum bodies is not a sure proof that the milk was obtained from a new milch cow. From 1 to 3 days after calving freshly drawn milk gives an acid reaction. Colostrum milk was not found to contain less fat than other milk. The specific gravity of milk, other than the first milk, was quite constant for 4 weeks after calving. A bibliography of literature on the subject is appended. The Trommsdorff leucocyte test for milk, G. RDhm {Ztschr. Flcisch u. Milchhyy., 19 {1909), Noa. 6, pp. 210-217; 7, pp. 243-251; 8, pp. 271-277; abs. in Rev. G6n. Lait, 7 {1909), No. 13, pp. 309, 310; Milchio. Zenthl., 5 (1909), No. 7, pp. 319, 320). — This is a critical review relating to the determination of the leucocyte content of milk. It is thought that the Trommsdorff test is of value as a preliminary diagnosis of mastitis and other diseases of the udder. It is by no means a positive proof but is a simple and easy method of dividing the herd into sound and suspicious 676 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. animals. Tiiose under suspicion should undergo further diagnosis bj' a compe- tent veterinarian. A bibliography is appended. The reduction v. the fermentation test, J. H. Monrad {N. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 28 {1909), JSio. 18, p. 730). — This is a discussion of the rela- tive advantages of the two tests, with comments on the views of Jensen and Barthel. The author thinks the reduction test is more valuable for controlling the milk supply of cities and the fermentation test of more use for cheese makers, but sees no reason why they may not be combined as suggested by Jensen. The multiplication of Bacillus coli in milk kept at 10, 20, 30, and 37° C, F. C. Harrison and J. Vanderleck {Rev. Gen. Lait, 7 {1909), No. 15, jrp. 3//7- 353). — The object of these experiments was to ascertain the rate of increase of B. coli under good, hygienic conditions, and to obtain precise information as to the i-estraining action of lactic-acid bacteria. At 37° C. the principal increase of organisms up to the time of curdling was due to B. lactis acidi. B. coli can increase much faster in beef broth than in milk because it is checked by the acid organisms in the latter medium. At 30° the temperature was still more favorable for B. lactis acidi, which was prac- tically the only microbe present when the milk curdled in 172 hours. At 20° B. coli and B. lactis aerogenes increased slowly, the average time per generation for both organisms being 142 minutes. At 10° the results were irregular. The temperatui'e was unfavorable for the B. coli group, but there was a progressive inci-ease of the lactic-acid bacilli. The results of this investigation are compared with those of Conn, Esten, and others (E. S. II., 16, p. 1013). On the longevity of diphtheria and paratyphus bacilli in milk, H. E. Kersten {Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., SO {1909). \o. 2, pp. 3 ',1-350 ; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, I, Ko. 2^, p. 1900'; Milchiv. Zentbl., 5 {1909), No. 8, p. 376).— This article reports experiments with milk as a nutrient medium for several types of diphtheria bacilli and compares the results obtained by previous investigators. The length of time the different types lived in commercial raw milk ranged from 22 days when kept at the temperature of an ice-box to 63 days at a tem- perature of 34° C. In sterile milk they remained for 6 months without losing their virulence or other typical biological propei'ties. Paratyphus bacilli sur- vived in commercial milk 61 days in an ice-box temperature, 64 days at room temperature, and 4^ months at 37°. These experiments would indicate that milk does not appear to act as a germicide toward these types of bacilli. A bibliography of the literature is appended. Investigation of city milk supply 1908, F. W. Robison {Mich. State Dairy and Food Dept. Bui. IGlf, pp. 72). — Data are reported on the percentage of fat and total solids, the time for coagulation, and the Wisconsin curd test of about 2,000 samples of market milk taken in the summer of 1908. Bacterial counts and fermentation tests were made with a portion of the samples. The composition of milk in the vicinity of Harburg, Province of Hannover, W. Bremer and F. Sponnagel {Milch Ztg., 38 {1909), Nos. 35, pp. J,09-J,l.',; .36, pp. 421, 422). — ^Analyses are reported of 153 samples of milk. The fat content ranged from 1.70 to 4.86 per cent, the average being 3.1 per cent. Solids-not-fat ranged from 8.16 to 9.43 per cent, with an average of 8.75 per cent. The fat content in 41.17 per cent of all samples was between 3 and 3.5 per cent. The evening milk contained more fat than the samples of morning milk. Production of milk for children, Pusch {Die Kindcrmilchproduktion. Ber- lin, 190S, pp. 73, fi(js. 10). — An account of the methods of preparing sanitary DAIKY TARMING DAIRYING. 677 milk as practiced at the veterinary scliool at Dresden. There is also a sum- mary of general information on this topic. On the influence of high temperature in the sterilizing- of milk, Y. Kida (Jour. Col. Agr. Imi). Unin. Tokyo, 1 {l!)09),.No. 1, pp. lJ,]-lJi J,). —The percent- age of digestibility of milk when heated for 30 minutes in a pepsin-hydrochloric acid solution gradually deci-eased with the increase in temperature, as indi- cated by the following figures: In 100 gm. of milk the amount of undigested protein when unhealed was 0.'^G2 gm. ; when heated at 80° C, 1.53 gm. ; at 85°, 1.493 gm. ; at 90°, 1.42 gm. ; at- 95°, 1.54 gm. ; and at 100°, 1.719 gm. The amount of lecithin contained in 1,000 cc. of one sample of milk was in the uuheated milk 0.407 gm., and in that heated 30 minutes at 95°, 0.349 gm. ; in a second sample the figures were 0.505 gm. in the unhealed milk and 0.4G7 gm. in that heated at 35° ; in a third sample, 0.474 gm. in the uuheated milk, 0.42 gm. in that heated at 80°, and 0.444 gm. in that heated at 75° ; and in a fourth sample, 0.351 gm. in tlie unhealed milk. 0.351 gm. in that heated at 100°, and 0.407 gm. in that heated for 30 minutes in an autoclave above 100°. The commercial pasteurization of milk, B. R. Rickards {Amcr. Jour. Puh. Hyg., 19 (1909), No. 3, pp. 507-513).— This is an abstract of a paper read before the American Public Health Association at Winnipeg, August, 1908. The establishments of 3 firms for pasteurizing milk for the Boston trade were visited and samples were taken as the milk went into the pasteurizer and came from the cooling apparatus. Out of 125 samples taken at different times only 22 were below the limit of .500,000 bacteria per cubic centimeter. When kept for 24 hours at ice-box temperature the bacteria increased four times as fast in the pasteurized as in the unpasteurized milk. " Pasteurized milk seems to keep longer, but eventually acquires a strong odor and really may be said to decompose rather than sour. ... By the reduction of the number of bacteria through the heating process, the criterion by which we now judge a dirty, old, or improperly kept milk, is temporarily lost. ... A false sense of security is imdoubtedly conveyed by the term pasteurized milk. The lack of security may come from either improper pasteur- ization, the pasteurization of improperly handled milk, or improper care of pas- teurized milk. . . . Pasteurized milk may well mean cooked dirt, cooked dung, and cooked bacterial products, and the laboratory is powerless to detect it unless apparent to the naked eye. . . . The pasteurization of milk in itself is probably not a harmful process, and is, perhaps, to a certain extent a necessity under modern conditions in large cities, but commercial pasteurization should be carried on only under the most stringent supervision. . . . The pasteuriza- tion of milk affects the microscopic estimate of bacteria and leucocytes." Economic reasons for the reduction of milk to powder, L. C. Merrell (Cannrr and Dried Fruit Packer, 29 {1909), No. 8, pp. 30, 32, 3',, 36).— This is a paper read before the Syracuse section of the American Chemical Society. When properly desiccated, milk is not essentially altered from its natural characteristics as a food, but may be preserved for an indefinite length of time without the addition of any preservative substance. For desiccating rapidly at a low temperature the concentration of lactic acid has little effect on the casein. According to the author, by partially evaporating milk and then spraying it into a current of hot air the albumin will not be coagulated. It is stated that milk could bo sold in New York City in a powderefl form at an erpiivalent of G cts. per quart and yet afford a margin of profit for all concerned. Other advantages of dried milk are pointed out. The coagulation of condensed milk, R. Greig-SxMitii (Proc. Linn. 8oc. N. 8. Wales, 3-'f (1909), pi, 1, pp. 107-113). — A microbe of probable widespread occur- 678 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOKD. rence lias been isolated from coagulated condensed milk, which the author believes to be the cause of this trouble. It is distinguishable from Micrococcus pyogenes albus only by its being nonpathogenic to mice. The action of the microbe is accelerated by calcium carbonate. Extracts from the fourth annual report of the dairy research laboratories at Jaroslav, April, 1909, C. Maass (Milchw. ZentU., 5 {1909), No. S, pp. 329-3 Jf 4). — Analyses of milk and butter and investigations on the rancidity of butter are repoi-ted, and a method of preparing dried cultures of lactic-acid bacteria is described. The specific gravity of covf's milk ranged from 1.029 to 1.0355, the fat content from 2.5 to 7.4 per cent, with an average of 4.2 per cent, and the sugar content from 3.06 to 5.60 per cent. The average ash content was 0.71 per cent, and the average total solids 13.17 per cent. The specific gravity of goat's milk ranged from 1.0292 to 1.0391, the sugar content from 8.11 to 4.79 per cent, and the fat from 1.4 to 8.5 per cent. A number of constants in butters were determined. The Reichert-Meissl num- ber vai'ied from 21.9 to 34.6. The higher figure was reached in butter made in January, and in the average number of samples it gradually decreased until the autumn months. The refractometer readings varied from 40.6 to 45.9, and the specific gravity from 0.8632 to 0.8720. In continuation of earlier work on the rancidity of butter the effect of pre- servatives on fat splitting ferments was studied. As a preliminary study, thymol, chloroform, formalin, bichromate of potash, and boric acid were added to cream and stored at a temperature of 15 to 18° for 24 months. The cream was then made into butter and the acidity and refractive index determined. Chloroform did not render the cream sterile. Thymol became dissolved in the fat and naturally affected the refractive power. The bichromate of potash restrained both the action of bacteria and the ferments. Formalin appeared to have no influence in increasing the acidity and was selected as the best pre- servative for further experiments. In testing the milk of various cows it was found that at the end of the lacta- tion period milk contains a large amount of ferment. In studying the effect of pure cultures of bacteria, yeasts, and fungi on the acidity of cream PeniciUiuni glaucum was found to increase the acidity, and also O'idium lactis, but in a lesser degree. Peptonizing bacteria had no effect on acidity. A species of yeast was found to prevent the growth of /'. glaucum and O. lactis, and it is sug- gested that this yeast may be added to butter to prevent rancidity. All of these experiments seem to show that rancidity does not progress rapidly from purely chemical and physical causes. Twenty-second annual report of the Bernese Dairy School at Riitti- Zollikofen, A. Peter et al. (Jahrcsber. Mollc. SchuJc Riltti^ZoUikofoi, 22 (1908-9), pp. 5^, fig. 1). — This report contains the results of experiments in the manufacture of butter and cheese, analyses of milk and dairy products, and notes on the dairy industry and related matters. A. Peter and G. Koestler have studied the relation of milk constituents to the composition of Emmental cheese. The average figures for 12 normal cheeses are as follows: Amount of milk 1,197 kg., fat .3.4 per cent, total solids 12.45 per cent, weight of green cheese 112 kg., weight of ripened cheese 102 kg., fat con- tent in cheese 31.58 per cent, total, solids in cheese 66.34 per cent, relation of total solids of the milk to the yield of ripened cheese 1 : 0.685, and relation of fat in the milk to the fat of the total solids in the ripened cheese 1 : 14.04. G. Koestler reports that in analyses of pure butter obtained from various sources the Reichert-Meissl number varied so much as to make it of doubtful value as a means of distinguishing between butter and margarin. The same VETERINARY MEDICINE. 679 investigator reports experiments in yield of whey butter. In an average of 12 experiments 4.71 kg. of butter was obtained from 1,000 leg. of mills in the ordi- nary cheese kettle, 3.06 kg. by introducing a jet of steam into the whey, and 0.93 kg. when the whey was run through the separator. A study of Pennsylvania butter, H. E. \'an Norman and C. W. Lakson {Pennsylvania Sta. Bui. 93, pp. 3-l.'i). — This bulletin contains a report of the butter-scoring contest of 1908-9 conducted by the dairy husbandry department. The average of all the scores showed that the best butter was made in June and August and the poorest in March. The most common causes of poor fl;ivor were old, overripe cream, and a cowy flavor due to the uncleanly methods of the i)ro- ducer. Many useful hints are given for practical butter makers. Concerning " short " cheese, F. W. J. Bokkhout and J. J. Ott de Vries (Rev. Gdn. Lait, 7 (190!)), Nos. 17, pp. 385-391; 18, pp. JflS-.'i23; Ccnthl. liakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 2.'f {1909), Nos. 5-7, pp. 122-129).— A continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 19, p. 474). The authors find that bilactate of i)aracasein produced by an excessive amount of pure lactic acid is the direct cause of " short " cheese. Milk deficient in lime is a predisposing cause, as the bilactate is formed when there is insufficient lime to neutralize any excess of lactic acid that may be produced. [Analyses of cheese] {Bol. Dir. Gcrnl Agr. Estac. Agron. Lisboa, 9 {1909), No. 3, pp. 2.'f-27). — Analyses are reported of 104 samples of different varieties of cheese made from cow's, sheep, goat's, and mixed milks. Milk rules for patrons of cheese factories in West Prussia {Molk. Ztg. Berlin, 19 {1909), No. 33, pp. 387-389; N. Y. Produce Rer. and Amer. Cream., 28 {1909), No. 20, pp. 812, 813). — These rules were established by the cheese makers because of the inferior quality of milk supplied in that locality, where a large amount of Tilsiter and imitation Emmental cheese is made. Although not suit- able for conditions in other countries, they may furnish suggestions for operators of cheese factories where slack methods prevail among the patrons. Annual report of the cheese experiment station at Lodi, 1908, C. Besana LT al. {Ann. R. t^taz. ^per. Caseif. Lodi, 1908, pp. 130). — An account of the work of this station during the year, including investigations which have been pre- viously noted. A new measuring' device, C. A. Johnson (.V. Y. Produce Rev. and Amer. Cream., 28 {1909), No. 14, p. 584, fid- !)• — This is a device for measuring and delivering skim milk or whey to patrons of creameries and cheese factories. It consists of a tank with supply and delivery pipes, by which the amount of liquid can be quickly and accurately delivered. Lime and lime salts and their relation to dairying, F. M. Berberich and A. Burr {Molk. Ztg. [Hildesheim], 23 {1909), Nos. 32, pp. 895, 896.; 33, pp. 925-927; 3'i, pp. 953-955; 35, pp. 984-986). — This series of articles summarizes our present knowledge of the significance of calcium compounds in milk, milk products, feeds, and drinking water, the nutrition of dairy cows, the water sup- ply of creameries and cheese factories, the sterilizing of dairy utensils, the dis- infection of cow stables, and other uses of lime in dairying. There are numer- ous references to the literature on the subject. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Report of the chief veterinary officer, S. Stockman (Bd. Agr. and Fisheries [London], [Vet. Dept.], Ann. Rpts. Proc. 1908, pp. .)-/7).— The attention of the chief veterinary officer is said to have been largely taken up with an investiga- tion of epizootic abortion. Foot-and-mouth disease appeared among cows in a herd in Edinburgh in February, and before it could be stamped out 3 outbreaks 680 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. occurred and 244 boviues were destroyed, of which 112 became affected before slaughter. The infection was traced to baled hay received from Holland. " The hay in question had been imported from an infected country fully 2* months before it was brought in contact with the animals which developed the disease, and assuming that it was contaminated on the farm of origin, of which liowever we have no evidence, the virus might in such case be held to have re- mained active for at least 83 months. It had certainly retained its virulence for 23 months, since it had during that period been beyond all sources of pos- sible contamination." During the year 11.599 outbreaks of hog cholera were reported, of which 2,067 were confirmed. There were 1,32G cases which, after inquiry, were found to be swine erysipelas, and 6S1 of these showed lesions of the lieart. There were 789 outbreaks of glanders, in which 2,433 horses were found affected. During 1908, 1,105 outbreaks of anthrax were reported, in at least IGO of which there was evidence of an error in diagnosis. The number of outbreaks of sheep scab was in excess of the 2 years preceding. Reference is made to Texas fever inoculation experiments conducted in Eng- land in collaboration with the veterinary departments of the Transvaal and East Africa Protectorate (E. S. R., 20, p. 791). Working in collaboration with J. M'Fadyean, the author was able to show the blood of animals suffering or recovering from English redwater to be capable of infecting other susceptible cattle with the disease after an incubation period of from 6 to 10 days. The disease appears to be transmitted by both Ixodes ricinus and Hcemaphy sails punctata as previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 1082). A few experiments with the tropical form, or African piroplasmosis, which is much more severe, showed that the nymphs of H, punctata, which as larvse had engorged on infected ani- mals, were capable of transmitting the disease. Report of the assistant secretary, animals division, A. W. Anstruther {Bd. Agr. and Fisheries ^London], [Vet. Dcpt.], Ann. Rpts. Proc. 1908, pp. 18- 58, pis. 2). — This is a more detailed account of the outbreaks of foot-and- mouth disease, hog cholera, glanders, and anthrax than that above noted. Of the outbreaks of glanders and farcy reported during the year 749 occurred in England, 9 in Wales, and 31 in Scotland. [Report of the superintendent of animal industry], Y. A. Norgaard {Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Ayr. and Forestry Hawaii, 5 {PJOS), pp. 123-15Jf) .—This is the fourth annual report of the territorial veterinarian, and relates to the work for the calendar year 1908. In connection with the live stock inspection work it is stated that 13 Shorthorn bulls, 4 Hereford bulls, 05 Merino lambs, and 40 Merino ewes were imported from New Zealand during the year. Glanders was the most important disease of the horse, having occurred principally on the islands of Oahu, Maui, and Hawaii. Epizootic laryngitis was a source of con- siderable loss on the Island of Hawaii. Report on the zootechnic, veterinary, and epizootic service of Indo-China, F. Lepinte {Bui. Fcon. Indo-Chine, n. scr., 11 (1908), Nos. 7-',, pp. Jj61-J,85; 75, pp. 600-693). — A more detailed report of the service than that previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 279). Castration and ovariotomy, E. PIermanos (Estac. Agr. Expt. Ciudad Judres, Chihuahua, Bol. 20. pp. 21, pis. 7). — A detailed, illustrative account. Further studies upon the phenomenon of anaphylaxis, M. J. Rosenau and J. F. Anderson {Puh. Health and Mar. Hosp. Serv. U. S., Hyg. LaJ). Bui. 50, pp. 52). — -"While the use of hypnotics appeared promising for the prevention of anaphylaxis, it seems from our work that they offer little or no pi-actical ad- vantage for this purpose. We used in our experiments urethane, paraldehyde, chloral hydrate, and magnesium sulphate. These substances have practically VETEKINARY MEDICINE. 681 no influence upon the fatal outcome of anaphylaxis. Further work upon the specificity of anaphylaxis emphasizes the specific nature of this phenomenon. The effect of heat in modifying or destroying the sensitizing or poisonous prop- ertes of proteins probably depends entirely upon its effect in rendering the proteins insoluble, rather than by the production of chemical changes in the protein. . . . " There is apparently no difference in the subsequent immunity whether the intoxicating injection be given subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, or intracrani- ally. In these cases the immunity was tested 24 hours after the second injec- tion. We present preliminary evidence suggesting that antibodies are con- cerned in the mechanism of anaphylaxis. The mixture of normal horse serum with the blood serum of a sensitive guinea pig apparently increases the toxicity of the horse serum for sensitive guinea pigs. We have shown that guinea pigs may remain sensitive 1,09G days; that is, a little over 3 years." See a pi'e- vious note (E. S, R., 20, p. 1183). On the intestinal resorption of serum antitoxin and milk antitoxin, P. H. RoMEE {Ztschr. Immunitatsf. u. E.rpt. Tlier., I, Orig., 1 {J 909), No. 2, pp. 171- 192; abs. in Milchiv. ZentU., 5 {1909), No. 8, p. 375). — The author's experiments indicate that the intestinal canal has a greater power to resorb milk antitoxin than a homologous serum antitoxin. These results confirm those obtained by Bertarelli (E. 8. R.. IT, p. 001). Form and size of red blood corpuscles in domestic animals, E. Retterer iVoiiipt. Rciid. Soc. Biol. [Puris], 65 {190S), No. 36, pp. 59-J-o.O 6). —The author finds that the red blood corpuscles of the ox, sheep, goat, pig, and horse are solid. Most are spherical, others hemispherical and lenticulai*. Oleander poisoning of live stock, F. W. Wilson (Arizona Sta. Bui. 59, pp. 3S1~397, figs. 6). — The literature showing that the oleander (Neriiim oleander) is poisonous when eaten by human beings, rodents, and common farm animals is reviewed and experimental data reported. Three active principles, all of which are glucosids, have been found in the oleander, of which the most important is oleandriu. The oleander occurs native in the Mediterranean regions of the old world, also in Persia, Japan, and the East Indies, whence it has been distributed to most warm countries. It grows readily in the open throughout the southern part of the United States and is much used as a house plant in many northern and eastern homes. Both the white and pinlv varieties were used in the investigations reported, but little difference in their poisonous action being found. The details in regard to dose, symptoms, and post-mortem appearance in experiments with 2 horses, a cow, a mule, and 3 sheep are reported. " The amount of oleander necessary to cause death in horses ranges from 15 to 20 gm. of green leaves, and from 15 to 30 gm. of dry leaves. This depends on the condition of the animal at the time the poison is obtained. A full stomach will necessitate more poison. In the case of cows it is safe to say that from 10 to 20 gm. of green leaves and 15 to 25 gm. of dry leaves are suf- ficient to cause death. For sheep the fatal dose of either green or dry leaves is from 1 to 5 gm. There is little danger in the bark, roots, or flowers since live stock would hardly obtain sufficient poison in that way. . . . " The general symptoms are increased temperature and pulse, coldness of the extremities, warm body temperature, dilation of the pupils of the eyes, and discoloration of the mouth and nostrils, followed by sore mouth. The body becomes wet with sweat, due to the exertion caused by the powerful heart stimulation. The animal generally refuses to eat or drink during the 24 hours preceding death. This is usually due to soreness of the mouth and throat, 682 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. making it paiuful to masticate and swallow food. The bowels act often and feces are usually greenish in color. The action of the kidneys is increased slightly and color of urine is normal. . . . There is little doubt that numerous cases of oleander poisoning have never been brought to light because of death being attributed to other sources. It is safe to say, however, that many hun- dreds of animals have been lost in southern Arizona from this shrub." There is said to be little or no treatment that can be offered once the animal has received a fatal dose. When oleander has been taken by human beings an emetic may be used with more or less success if given promptly. It is recommended that other plants such as pomegranate, Japanese, California, and Amoor Kiver privets, common myrtle, laurustinus {Viburnum tinus), and tamarisk be planted for hedge, screen, and ornamental purposes in place of the oleander. Checking- the ravages of loco, C. D. Marsh (Amer. Rev. of Reviews, 40 {1909), No. 2, pp. 191-196, figs. Ui). — A popular account of this disease based upon investigations conducted by the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart- ment, previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 484). Diplodia disease of maize (suspected cause of pellagra), E. F. Smith and Florence Hedges {Science, n. ser., 30 {1909), No. 75S, pp. 60, 61). — It is sug- gested that this fungus may also be the cause of the so-called cornstalk disease prevalent among cattle in the West. Surra hi the Federated Malay States, H. Fbasee and S. L. Symonds (Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 2, i)p. 185-192) .—The first case of surra in the Federated Malay States was rejiorted in 1903. It has since been observed from time to time in horses, cattle, and dogs. An outbreak in 1905 was responsible for the death of 43 ponies. Mechanical transmission of the disease was effected by four species of flies of the genus Tabanus, but not by flies of the genus Stomoxys. The disease is only met with in horses stabled in the vicinity of the jungle, where flies of the species Tabanus fumifer are found. Experiments conducted with the view of determining whether or not the life cycle of the trypanosomes was carried out by biting flies were inconclusive, but appear to show that the trypanosomes are not found in the gastro-intestinal contents of infected flies after 24 hours. Treatment by means of atoxyl, mer- curic chlorid, and tartarated antimony was not encouraging. While the para- sites could be caused to disappear from the peripheral circulation and the health of the animal much improved, these results were only temporary. Occult tuberculosis, H. Vallee {Rec. Med. V4t., 86 {1909), No. 3, pp. 106- 117; Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 2, pp. 133-1^0) .—Attention is called to the fact that in animals, as in man, the invasion of gland tissue by Koch's bacillus does not always lead to the rapid production of macroscopic lesions, this temporary condition of infection by the bacilli being capable of ex- isting for a variable and sometimes a very long time. While to this particular condition of gland infection German authors have applied the term " latent tuberculosis " the author considers " occult tuberculosis " a better one. The author believes that clinically occult tuberculosis may represent any of the following: "Tuberculosis resulting from a recent infection (when one finds it in animals free from macroscopic lesions) ; tuberculosis in the process of form- ing local lesions by extension from- preexisting lesions elsewhere in the animal examined; latent or dormant infections with the bacilli, the clinical manifesta- tion of which (the formation of tubercles) is retarded by a local or general con- dition of immunity, either experimental or natural, as in the case of cattle inoculated with human bacilli tested by inoculation with bovine bacilli after bovovaccinatiou, or calves infected by the ingestion of virulent milk." VETEEINAKY MEDTCINE. 683 The evacuation of tubercle bacilli with the bile in the intestine of animals affected with latent lesions, A. Calmette ami C. Guerin [VoniiJt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 1J,8 (1909), No. 10, pp. 601-603).— In continuation of investiga- tions previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 178), the authors find that a part of the bacilli introduced into the circulation can be eliuilnated by the hepatic gland and evacuated with the bile in the iutestines. As the bile acts upon the envelope of the bacilli (hey are more easily absorbed by the liealthy intestinal membrane aud thus reinfection may readily taUe place. The calcification of tuberculous lesions in bovine animals, Piettre ( Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], IJ/S {1909), No. IJ,, pp. 95^-956) .—In bovines the cal- cification of tuberculous lesions is not a sign of cure, and there is no relation between the virulence and the degree of calcification. Any therapeutic method based on the introduction of calcium salts into the economy is deemed illusory and i)erhaps dangerous. What is the normal temperature of cattle? E. C. L. Miller {Amcr. Vet. A'c/-.. ,35 (HJOU), No. 5, pp. 5o.',-55G). — Records kept of the temperature of 2,397 normal cattle between the age of 1 and 2* years have, even when kept under favorable conditions, shown a variation from 101.0 to 103.4° F. The average was 102.395°. Ceratitis enzootic in cattle, A. Fumagalli {Gior. R. Soc. ed Accad. Vet. Itah, 57 (1908), No. IJ,, pp. 319-322; ahs. in Deut. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 17 (1909), No. 13, p. IS-',; Amcr. Vet. Rev., 35 {1909), No. 5, p. 594).— The author observed cases in which the disease was transmitted from cattle to cattle and to sheep and dogs by means of the ocular secretions. As a proi)hylactic meas- ure the author i-ecommeuds the immediate separation of the liealthy from the infected animals, and also disinfection and the destruction of flies. Echinocococcis of the heart of an ox, Huon and Conor {Compt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 {1909), No. 8, pp. 361, 362).— The author reports on a case of this affection in a G-year-old ox which was killed at the Marseille abattoir. Follicular mange in cattle, Bugge {Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 {1909), No. 28, pp. 522-52Ji; aJjs. in Vet. Rec., 22 {1909), No. 1100, p. 107).— The author presents an account of studies made of several large herds of cattle in which fol- licular mange was widely distributed. Tlie transmission of the disease appar- ently took place bj^ means of grooming implements and by the cattle rubbing each other. Bovine piroplasniosis in the vicinity of Alg'iers, H. Soulie aud (J. Roig {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], UiS {1909), No. 1.',, pp. 952-95J,).—l\\ con- tinuation of investigations previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 2S4), the authors conclude from the morphological characters and its inoculability that the Piroplasma which they have studied comes near to the Piroplasnia mntans de- scribed by Theiler from the Transvaal aud to P. annulatiim described from Transcaucnsia. Gastro-enteritis in hogs, A. T. Kinsley {Amcr. Vet. Rev., 35 {1909), No. 5, pp. 576-578, fig. 1). — Young cockleburs {Xanthium canadense) just coming through the ground are reported to have caused the death of 6 months' old shoats in Missouri. Death was due to an acute gastro-enteritis. Contribution to the study of nodules of the liver of equines, C. Malerba and P. Scacco {Clin. Vet. [Milan], Sez. Prat., 31 {1908), No. 51, pp. 8t8-82.'i, fig. 1; ahs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., J, {1909), No. 3, pp. //7.'/-//7'7', fig. 1).—A brief review is first given of the opinions concerning the cause of the calcareous nodules of various sizes that occur in the liver of the horse. Tlie authors consider that the eggs of Dlstoma lanceolatum act as foreign bodies, cause in- flammation of the tissue, and become the centers of miliary nodular neoforma- tions which later on become calcified. 684 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. " While the eggs may be numerous in the nodule, traces of the Distoma have never been discovered. The intermediary host of D.- lanccolatum is thought to be a mollusk of the genus Planorbis. Embryos of the parasite and the adult worm may be found in water and pass into tlie stomach of the horse. From the stomach it passes to the beginning of the intestine, gains the duct and makes its way to the biliai-y ducts where it sets up the changes of ordinary inflamma- tion. As it does not find the conditions in the liver favorable, it deposits eggs, leaves tlie liver for the intestine, and passes out with the feces." Although the authors have never been able to demonstrate the parasites in the nodule, they do not deny the possibility of their becoming at times the center of a nodule. Some observations on equine piroplasmosis, A. Pricolo {Rev. Gen. M6d. Vet., 13 (1909), No. l-'i6, pp. 60-64; «&*"• in Jour. Trop. Vet. 8ci., 4 {1909), No. 3, p. 1/55). — This is a contribution from the military laboratory of veterinary bacteriology at Rome. The disease is said to be generally disseminated over Italy, certain centers of permanent infection being iiresent from which it has a tendency to extend. It also appears in Rome in the hot season and the autlior has microscopically diagnosed it in blood from Nettuno, Civita Vecchia, Mcenza, Persano, Bologna, and Chieta. The most successful treatment so far adopted consists in the sup- pression of all drugs and allowing as much pure water as the animals will drink. Rabies in very young dogs, P. Remlinger {Rci\ Gen. Med. Vet., 12 (1908), No. 143, pp. 617-62.',; Compt. Rend. 80c. Biol. [Paris], 65 (190S), No. 3J,, pp. 508, 509; Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., -', (1909), No. 3, pp. //S.5-//90).— By the passage of the rabid virus through a young dog its virulence is increased and under similar circumstances this renders it more dangerous to man than that of an adult dog. Of 9 small dogs inoculated with small doses of street virus 7 con- tracted the disease. The percentage is much higher than that obtained with adult dogs under similar conditions. In the majority of observations the virus inoculated beneath the skin of the dog demonstrated an incubation period analogous to that which would have been shown had it been inoculated sub- durally in the ral>bit. From a clinical point of view rabies ill young dogs has no great difference from that in older dogs and is not more difficult to diagnose. Microsporosis of the dog", Sabouraud, Suis, and Suffran (Rev. Vet. [Tou- louse], ;?// (1909), Nos. 1, pp. 1-1.',; 2, pp. 73-8J,; 3, pp. 131-11,9, figs. J,).— The authors here report at some length the results of studies made of 15 cases of ringworm. The Microsportim lanostim is said to occur very frequently in dogs in the region about Toulouse. Diseases of the dog and tlieir treatment, G. Mxjller and A. Glass (Phila- delphia, [1908], 2. ed., rev. and enl., pp. XVII +.',19, 2)ls. 10, figs. 93).— A second revised and enlarged edition of this work, in which the articles on distemper, rabies, and tuberculosis have been rewritten. Hyoscine-morphine-cactin the most desirable anesthetic for dogs, D. M. Campbell (Amer. Vet. Rev., 35 (1909), No. 5, pp. 568-570). — ^A compound of hyoscine 1/100 grain, morphin 1/4 grain, and cactin 1/67 grain is considered to be the safest anesthetic for dogs. The greatest advantage noted from its use is the quiet it induces after operation. Natural infection of the guinea pig with Malta fever, C. Nicolle and E. Conseil (Compt. Rend. Soe. Biol. [Paris], 66 (1909), No. 12, pp. 503-505; ahs. in Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., J, (1909), No. 3, p. -)S5).— While it is not easy to infect a guinea pig with Malta fever, recent observations show that it may become naturally infected. In 5 guinea pigs purchased from a Maltese goat keeper, 2 were found to have an agglutinating power of 300 and from 1 of these the VETERINARY MEDICINE. 685 authors were able to isolate easily the micrococcus from the spleen autl liver. It was also found that the agglutinating: power was transmitted hereditarily to the young. Three others similarly infected have since been discovered. An investigation of the mortality of incubator chicks, E. F. Pernot (Ore- gon .S7(j. liul. JO.l, pp. .l-l(t). — This is a reijort of nn investigation into the cause of the high mortality of incubator chicks previously noted (E. S. K.. 20, p. 472). I'lnte cultures were made from pipped eggs that failed to hatch iuid a large number of others to determine the number of kinds of micro-organisms present. The -number of colonies developed was so great in many instances that a straight platinum needle had to be substituted for the loop used in securing the samples. In all 15 kinds of organisms were found, each of which was tested for its pathogenesis by inoculating chicks of different ages with bouillon cultures. Only one of the 15 was fatal. With this bacillus, known as B. No. 9, further experiments were conducted. Its morphological and biological chai-- acters are here described. All the eggs examined contained micro-organiouis, even in the early stages of their development in the ovaries. B. No. 9 was not found in any of the fresh (ggs examined but was constantly found in the tmabsorbed yolks of all chicks that had failed to hatch, and all chicks that died shortly after hatching. Oi-ganlsms were found to pass through the shell during the process of hatching and more readily through those in an incubator than those under the hen. In explanation of the fact that eggs under a sitting hen are not infected with B. No. 9, although those in an incubator are, it is suggested that the body of the hen transmits to the egg shell an oily substance which fills the pores of the shell and prevents the entrance of organisms to the egg content. Con- tamination of the eggs through the daily contact with the hands in turning may account for the mortality due to B. No. 9 in incubators that had been fumi- gated. A magnetic incubator was experimented with as a step toward deter- mining whether the magnetic force transmitted by the hen is an important factor in successful incubation. An account is given of fumigation experiments conducted. If an egg con- tains any i)atbogenic germs at the time it is laid it is impossible to destroy them, by disinfectants or by any other means, without destroying the vitality of the egg. Pathogenic organisms including B. No. 9 were destroyed by formalde- hyde gas when exposed in an incubator. Since it is highly probable that the infection with B. No. 9 occurs in many cases after the release of the chick from the egg, fumigation of the incubators before placing the eggs in them is considered a wise precaution. The occurrence of spirillosis of fowls in Martinique, Simond, Aubert, and Noc (Compt. RoKl. Hoc. Biol. [Paris], 66 [1909), 'No. 15, pp. 71. ',-7 16). —This disease of fowls is said to be epizootic in Martinique during the warm season from May to December and occasionally during other months of the year. The spirochete observed in the blood of fowls in the vicinity of Fort de France is said to be similar to that studied by Marchoux in Rio de Janeiro, and which makes poultry i-aising in Guiana so difficult. In Martinique as in South America, Argas minintus is the active agent in its transmission. Spirillosis and the loss suffered from the mongoos are said to have made poultry raising nearly imjiossible in the lower parts of the colony where the disease is much more prevalent than in the mountain section. The author considers it probable that the disease also occurs in Guadalupe. Human parasitology, M. Neveu-Lemaire {Precis de PurusHoloyie Ilumninc. Paris, 1908, 4. ed., rev. and enl., pp. V+712, figs. 391).— The first part of this 686 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. work (pp. 1-168) is devoted to the vegetable parasites, and tlie second part (pp. 169-665) to tlae animal parasites, known to affect man. An account of some Helniinthes contained in Dr. C. M. Wenyon's collec- tion from the Sudan, R. T. Leiper (Rpt. Wellcome Research Labs. Gordon Mem. Col. Khartoum, 3 (1908), pp. 187-199, pi. 1, figs. 11).— A genus (Bal- fouria) and several new species are described in this account. An echinostoma from the intestine of the dog, A. Railliet and A. Henry iCompt. Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 66 (1909), No. 11, pp. //// 7-^/9). —The species Echinostoma grcgale is hei-e described as new. Two other species of the genus have been reported from domestic carnivora and the author considers it very probable that the species here described is a common parasite of the dog and perhaps of the cat. A disease of rats caused by mites, W. Schurmann [Centhl. Bakt. [etc.], 1. AM., Orig., ^S (1908), No. 2, pp. 167-172, figs. 7).— The author describes a disease of rats which appears to be due to a species of Sarcoptes. The ears, nose, feet, and tail, particularly, are affected. The hemogregarines of snakes, L. W. Sambon and C. G. Seligmann (Jour. Trop. Med. and llijg. [London], 11 {1908), Nos. 23, pp. 355-358; 2J,, pp. 374-377; 12 {1909), Nos. 2, pp. 22-2 J,; 3, pp. 38-', 1; 1,, jyp. 1,8-55; 5, pp. 70-75, figs. J,Jt).— The authors have brought together the scattered information concerning hemo- gregarines in general. The ophidian hemogregariues are considered at length, several species being described as new. A bibliography of 44 titles relating to this subject is appended. Concerning Trypanosoma pecaudi, T. dimorphon, and T. congolense, A. Laveran {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], I'/S {1909), Nu. 13, pp. 818-821).— Sheep immune to any one of these trypanosomes appear to be susceptible to the other two. Observations here reported confirm the view that the 3 trypan- osomes are distinct species. On the discovery of trypanosomata in an ox in Germany, G. Frank {Zfschr. Infektionsla-ank. u. Ilyg. Haustiere, 5 {1909), No. 3-J,, pp. 313-315; Berlin. Tierdrtztl. Wehnschr., 25 {1909), No. 11, pp. 21/,, 215, abs. in Jour. Compar. Path, and Ther., 22 {1909), No. 2, p. 18'/). — The tryi)anosome concerned is said to be a new and different form from any hitherto known. The transmission of trypanosomes, B. ]\1()LLei{s {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infektions- Icranlc, 62 {1909), No. 3, pp. J,25-.',32; abs. in Sleeping Sickness Bur. [London] Bui. 6, pp. 211-213). — The author considers that 5 of 107 female mice became infected with Trypanosoma bruecl through copulation and that he has proved the possibility of infection in this way. In experiments with the young of infected bugs there was no case of con- veyance of the trypanosomes. Transmission experiments with descendants of specimens of Ornithodoros ■moubata brought from East Africa by Koch all re- sulted negatively. Three days after the ticks had fed on infected animals no infection could be produced by the injection of the body contents into mice. Hematoxic substances secreted by the larvae of CEstrus, M. Weinberg {Compt Rend. Soc. Biol. [Paris], 65 {1908), No. 25, pp. 75-77).— '' The larv:e of CEstrus, which fix themselves to a point in the intestinal tract, live on the blood of the host. They suck blood intermittently. The parasites secrete sub- stances which have the property of hindering the coagulation of the blood, of redissolving a clot already formed and of dissolving I'ed corpuscles. The sub- stances are not specific and appear to be reduced, but not destroyed, by heat. They are elaborated by the digestive organs of the larva. They are also found in the adipose tissue and particularly in the red cells of those organs." EUKAL ECONOMICS. 687- Dipping and tick-destroying agents, II. Watkins-Pitchford {Natal A(/r. Jour., 12 {1909), No. .'/. pp. J,36-J,59, pis. 2, dgms. 2).— This is a report of dip- ping experiments with 14 different products. Most of the preparations were found to be efficient ticli killers, some of them acting efficiently even when used in much higlier dilutions than was recom- mended in the directions. No observations were made as to the species of tick concerned in the test, although the brown tick was the subject of special notice in computing the tick-killing properties of the dipping fluids. No attempt was mf.de to compare the cost of the various preparations, attention having been given entirely to the tick-killing properties and the safety with which applica- tions could be made. RURAL ECONOMICS. The problem of farm finance in its relation to permanent agriculture, B. McFarland {Anil. Rpt. Mo. Bd. Agr.. J,l {1908), pp. 110-121) .—The author maintains that the fundamental facts upon which the problem of farm finance rests are the cost and the selling price of farm products ; that the cost of farm products is measured and determined by three factors, (1) interest on the investment, (2) labor incidental to growing, harvesting, and marketing the crops, and (3) soil fertility removed by the crops; and that farmers in the United States are not prosperous for the reason that they have to sell their products for less than they cost them. Taking the average yields and cost per acre of corn, oats, wheat, and tim- othy, the cost per bushel of grain is shown to be 57 cts., 53 cts., and $1.04, respectively, while a ton of timothy costs *the average farmer $11.15 to produce. On the other hand the average prices received by the farmer are 35, 28, and 70 cts., respectively, per bushel for the grain and $7.50 per ton for the hay. In the estimate of the cost is reckoned the loss of potash, phosphoric acid, and nitrogen removed by the crops, which depletes soil fertility, the value of which the average farmer seldom considers. The problem of maintaining our soil fertility, however, is regarded as the paramount problem of agriculture, which can not be made a permanent industry until it is first made profitable. Among the good results mentioned that would follow the adoption of a system of profitable agriculture would be the rapid increase in the number of fai-mers, as a large number of wage-workers in the cities would take up farming, resulting in an approach to " that ideal national state of society with a more uniform distribution of population and with the greatest possible number of independent producers of wealth." Land productivity and the diminishing profits of labor, E. Langenbeck {FUhUny'a Luiidw. Zt(j., .38 {1909), Xo. 15, pp. 5.'i5-555). — Statistics are pre- sented and discussed as to the factors entering into the cost of producing crops, by which it is shown that a limit is soon reached in the profitable ex- penditure of capital and labor on land, cultivated extensively or intensively, in the production of farm products. The productivity of the land is the predominating factor which can not be increased indefinitely even by the application of fertilizers, as the relation between the cost of plant food and the yield of crops, even where the applica- tion of the fertilizers has resulted in an increased yield, is measured by the net returns to the farmer. The net returns, however, are shown not to increase proportionately with the increased expenditures of labor and capital, and from this it is argued that capital and labor can not overcome the natural limits of land productivity. 13042—09 7 688 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED The agricultural labor problem, H. Thiel et al. {Jahrb. Dent. Landic. GeselL, 24 {1909), No. 2, pp. 461-527, dgms. 4)- — These ai-e a series of addresses delivered at the meeting of the German Agricultural Society held June 11, 1909, and dealing with the more important features of the farm labor problem in Germany. Among the topics discussed are fai-m management and the scarcity of labor, the arbitration of labor disputes, settlements of laborers, the promo- tion of rural welfare, the rural school problem, rural amusements, and agricul- tural instruction in rural schools. The agricultural labor problem in Saxony, B. Moll {Die Landarbeiter- frage im Konigreich Sachseii. Lcipsic, 190S; rev. in Sachs. Landw. Ztschr., 51 {1909), No. 4, pp. 52, 53). — The defects in the ti'eatment of the agricultural labor problem in the Kingdom of Saxony in the author's booli ai'e discussed in this review, with particular reference to the history and statistics, the classi- fication of laborers, the means for relieving the lack of laborers, arbitration commissions, and labor organizations. An inquiry regarding agricultural small holdings {Bui. Mens. Off. Ren- seig. Agr. [Paris], 8 {1909), Nos. 3, pp. 347-351; 4, PP- 468-511; 5, pp. 659-699; 6, pp. 768-806; 7, pp. 929-965). — This is a series of monographs giving the size, character, vahie, and other economic data relating to land ownership in France, arranged alphabetically by provinces. Cooperation in the tenure of small holdings, Mrs. Roland Wilkins (Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 {1909), No. 5, pp. 353-364) .—This article describes the results of cooperation in the process of acquiring and holding land in England under the provisions of the small holdings act of 1907, together with the worli of the Agricultural Organization Society in promoting cooperation among small holders and practical illustrations of the success of the movement up to the present time. It is the author's opinion that small holdings will only be suc- cessful on the basis of cooperation among the members and that "no pains should be spared to see that the cooperative idea is at the root of every scheme for the further extension of such holdings." The marketing of agricultural products in England, F. Brinkmann {FilliUng's Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), No. 7, pp. 247-261)'.— The author traces the development of the various marketing systems in different parts of England for the disposal of wheat, barley, oats, hops, hay, straw, and live stock, as compared with methods of marketing in Scotland, Wales, and Germany, with a discussion of the economic effects on the producer and on the development of agricultural cooperation in England. It is shown that under the commercial development of Great Britain during the past half century, the purchasing of such products in the markets has re- sulted in the creation of a class of men who are expert buyers, possessing a knowledge of the markets and quality of the goods which the ordinary producer . can not obtain, and that such buyers, in connivance with traders, millers, brewers, butchers, and even with the auctioneers, where goods are sold by auc- tion in certain markets, take advantage of the producers and purchase goods far below their actual value. To secure better returns for their products, the producers have formed cooperative associations, and the character and growth of these societies have been largely determined by the commercial and marketing systems which there prevail for the disposal of staple products. Establishment and working of the sugar industry agricultural bank at Barbados, J. F. Clarke {West Indian Bui., 9 {1908), No. 2, pp. 133-137; Haivaii. Planters' Mo., 28 {1909), No. 7, pp. 266-270) .—The difficulties under which sugar planters labored to secure means for the cultivation of their crops from 1884 to 1907 are described in this article, together with a description of AGRICULTURAL. EDUCATION. 689 the organization, control, and operation of tlie suj^ar industry agricnltural bank and its economic effects on tLie suj^ar industry in Barbados. The development of mutual agricultural fire insurance, Cassez {Senvaine Agr. [Paris], 2S ilDO'J), Nos. 1J,56, pp. 133, I3J,; 1J,51, p. ^-^2).— This is a report presented at the annual meeting of delegates held at Chaumont, April IS, 1909, representing six provinces forming part of the department of the East. Statistics show that on December 1, 1905, the societies numbered 10, with 325 members and a capital insured of 3,350,000 francs ; while on April 1, 1909, the societies numbered 590, with 18,000 members and a capital insured valued at 180,000,000 francs. Other facts and figui'es bearing on the rapid progress of the mutual fire insurance societies in these provinces are also presented and discussed. Crop Beporter (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bar. Statis. Crop Reporter, 11 {1909), No. '.I, pp. 57-64)- — Statistics on the condition of crops in the United States and foreign countries, the farm values, and range of prices of agricultural products, and the exports of domestic farm and forest products for the years ended June 30, 1908 and 1909, are presented and discussed. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Education for country life, W. M. Hays {U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Circ. 84, pp. 40, figs. 13). — An address given before the INIinnesota Education Association, Januai-y 2, 1908. The circular embodies suggestions for a systematic articulation of the work of agricultural schools of all grades with each other and with the exist- ing system of public schools. It gives special attention to the question of con- solidation of rural schools and proposes and illustrates ways and means for such consolidation, while still upholding the one-teacher school in localities where consolidation is not advisable. It also suggests detailed courses of study for the eight-year elementary rural school, for the agricultural high school, and for the college of agriculture. The financing of the agricultural high school and of consolidated rural schools in Minnesota is discussed, the work of the district agricultural schools of Georgia is referred to, and the growing neces- sity of vocational training for country life shown. The authority of science, W. H. Jordan {In Semi-Centennial Celebration of Michigan State Agricultural College, 1S57-1907. Mich. Agr. Col, 1908, pp. 128- l'i5). — This is the publication in full of an address previously noted (E. S. R., 18, pp. 1004, 1014). Development of agricultural education, E. E. Brown {In Semi-Centennial Celebration of Michigan State Agricultural College, 1857-1907. Mich. Agr. Col., 1908, pp. 103-113). — This is a publication in full of an address previously noted (E. S. R., 18, p. 1012). A course in agriculture for the high schools of Michigan {Mich. Agr. Col., Dept. Agr. Ed. [Pamphlet], 1909, pp. J/S). — Following an introduction designed to show the value and feasibility of an agricultural course in the high school and its educational relation to the other sciences in the curriculum, the pam- phlet furnishes syllabi of the work to be done in botany, prepared by W. J. Beal; in farm crops, by F. W. Howe; in entomology, by R. H. Pettit; in soils and farm management, by J. A. Jeflfery ; in horticulture, by C. P. Halligan; in poultry, by J. G. Halpin ; and in dairying and live stock, by A. C. Anderson and R. S. Shaw. These syllabi give lists of laboratory equipment required, with suggestions for teaching, and the pamphlet closes with a bibliography of agri- cultural reference books and lists of available Michigan Station bulletins and Farmers' Bulletins of this Department. 690 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Course in nature study for elementary grades of Minnesota public schools, Flokence E. Lillie i2Iinneapolis, Minn.: Dept. Pub. Instr., 1909, pp. SI). — This course emphasizes at the outset the view that a nature-study course should not be planned as an introduction to elementary science, or even as a basis for future high-school science and agriculture; "into one or the other it should gradually blend; but that is not its object." The work as planned in this course is carefully classified as to the plants and animals to be studied each term, to avoid uninteresting repetition and the frequently just criticism that nature-study work is " scattering and disconnected." The outline for the higher grades makes free use of The First Book of Farming (E. S. R., 17, p. 96), and a considerable list of other standard agricultural and special texts is included in the last two pages. Rural continuation schools in Prussia, Teunz (Illus. Landio. Ztg., 29 {1909), Xci. JfJf, pp. Jf30-Jt32). — ^An account of the development of rural continuation schools, and a discussion of their courses of study, with particular reference to the amount of agricultural instruction to be included in them. The theoretical training of practical farmers, P. Herzbeeg (Landw. Wchnschr. Sachsen, 11 (1909), IS^o. 3't, pp. 320, 321).— Brief descriptions are presented of the various classes of German schools giving instruction in agri- culture, including the agricultural winter school, the rural continuation school, the farm school, a new school for practical farmers and estate managers estab- lished last year at Neuhaldensleben with a course extending thi-ough one winter semester, and the agricultural schools. Farraers' institutes for women, J. Hamilton ( U. 8. Dept. Agr., Office Expt. Stas. Cire. 85, pp. 16). — ^A discussion of the importance of farmers' institutes for women is followed by suggestions for organiziug such work, including the form of organization for county and state associations, and data concerning the kind of instruction women's institutes should give and the extent to which women's institute work has been developed in the different States. Programme for technical schools and science and art schools and classes {Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland [Circ], 1909, pp. 26). — This is an explana- tory circular, with the regulations for 1909-10 for the administration and dis- tribution of grants to schools other than day secondary schools. Beport of the Royal Institute for Instruction in Viticulture, Pomology, and Horticulture, Geisenheim, J. "Woetmann {Ber. K. Lchranst. Wien, Obst u. Gartenhau Geisenheim, 1908, pp. IV-\-212, figs. 11, dgms. Jf). — This is a report on changes in the personnel of the institute, attendance, student excursions, additions to buildings, the library, and the collections of specimens, the technical and scientific work of the institute, the work of the viticultural station at Geisenheim-Eibingen, and extension work. The progress of agricultural education in the state schools of the Sale (East Gippsland) District, E. R. Davey {Jour. Dept. Agr. Victoria, 7 {1909), No. 8, pp. 533-538, figs. 10). — Agriculture is now substituted for the science course in 55 of the schools in this inspection district. The instruction is supple- mented by a series of experiments in which the child's powers of observation and reasoning are carefully and systematically cultivated. The course embraces the formation and analysis of soils (correlated with physical geography), the nature and value of humus, plant foods and how obtained (osmosis) and their availability at different depths of soil, the water-holding capacity of soils (the necessity for drainage, tillage, and mulching), the progress of plants in dry, drained, and saturated soils, and the growth of plants under varying conditions. School plats are maintained for the testing of varieties of cereals, forage crops, fibers, fruits, and vegetables, and the comparison of crops grown with and without fertilizers. MISCELLANEOUS. 691 Elementary agriculture of Tennessee, K. L. Hatch, J. A. Haselwood, aud C. A. Keffer {Chicago, 1909, pp. 1S5+6, pi. J, pga. 49, map 7).— This is a revi- sion, by C. A. Ke£fer, of Hatch and Ilaselwood's 1907 edition of Elementary Agri- cnltnre (E. S. R., 19, p. 793), in which several chapters have been rewritten and two wholly new chapters have been added to adapt the work to Tennessee con- ditions. One of the new chapters deals with *' The Three Kingdoms " and shows the interdependence of soils, plants, and animals in successful farming operations. The other now chapter is on the agricultural geography of Tennes- see aud includes a map of the physical divisions of the State. In the chapter (m special crops soy beans and truck crops are discussed instead of sugar beets and onions as in the earlier editions. Weeds, V. H. Davis (Agr. Col. Ext. BuL [Ohio State Univ.], 5 {1909), No. 1, pp. 3-1 't, figs. 11). — The author describes the most Important ways in which weeds lessen farm profits, discusses natural and artificial methods of seed dis- persal, and gives a few general principles to be observed in destroying weeds. Opportunities for Instruction in dairy industry at the University Farm, Davis. California, 1909-10 (California Sta. Circ. -'/'i, PP- 1 -u fid^^- ^)- Announcement of farmers' short courses for 1909 at the University Farm, Davis, California {California Sta. Circ. .'i5, pp. 3-20, figs. 9). MISCELLANEOUS. Annual Report of Idaho Station, 1908 {Idaho Sta. Rpt. 1908, pp. 31).-^ This contains the organization list, a financial statement for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, a report of the director, and departmental reports, of which that of the irrigationist is abstracted on pages 617 and G29 of this issue. Twenty-seventh Annual Report of New York State Station, 1908 {New York State Sta. Rpt. 190S, pp. 552). — This contains the organization list of the station, a financial statement for the federal funds for the fiscal year ended June 30, 1908, and for the state funds for the fiscal year ended September 30, 1908, reprints of Bulletins 296-302, and 30.5-310, Technical Bulletins 7 and 8, and Circular 9, all of which have been previously noted, a list of the periodicals received by the station, and meteorological observations noted on page 616 of this issue. Experiment Station Work, LII {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 366, pp. 32). — This number contains articles on the following subjects: Treatment of muck soils, manures for timothy hay, corn breeding, yellow berry in wheat, weed seeds in feeding stuffs, hook-worm disease of cattle, effect of machine milking on cows, milk supply of cities, the crow as a menace to poultry i-aising. and hours of labor, wages, and cost of board in Minnesota. Books of interest to farmers (Coliinthiis: Ohio State Library, 1908, pp. 6.'i). — This comprises a classified list of the 700 agricultural books in the travel- ing library department of the Ohio State Library, with brief notes on the scope and character of most of these volumes. Accessions to the Department Library, April— June, 1909 {U. 8. Dept, Agr., Lihrary Bui. 72, pp. 90). NOTES. Alabama College and Station. — 11. S. Mackiutosli has been granted a year's leave of abseuce for research in plant breeding at the Iowa College, where he has a fellowship in horticulture and is also acting as instructor in horticulture. M. J. Funchess has been appointed instructor in agriculture in the college and assistant in agronomy in the station. California University and Station. — The legislature has increased the rate of taxation for the support of the university from two to three cents for each one hundred dollars of assessed valuation. This is expected to provide an income for the current year of about $600,000. Appropriations were also made aggre- gating $130,000 for additional buildings and equipment at the University Farm at Davis, and $88,500 for its maintenance during the ensuing biennium; $20,000 for farmers' institutes; $15,000 for viticultural investigations; $12,000 for cereal investigations; and about $40,000 for the equipment and maintenance of the Southern California Pathological Laboratory'. A division of agricultural education has been organized, in which Leroy An- derson, professor of dairying and superintendent of the university farm schools, is to have direct charge of secondary instruction in agriculture. E. B. Babcock, assistant professor of agricultural education, will assist in the secondary in- struction and have direct charge of elementary instruction in agriculture, the introduction of garden work, and the organization of agricultural clubs. Four new courses are offered for regular and special students in the university on teaching agricultui'e in high schools, teaching agriculture and nature study in the elementary schools, gardening for prospective teachers, and a special course for students who are preparing to teach the sciences and desire to obtain some preparation in horticulture and agriculture. A circular on suggestions for garden work in California schools has been published and another dealing with agriculture in the high schools is in the hands of the printer. Howard Phillips has been appointed instructor in animal husbandry at Davis, and L. M. Davis assistant in dairy husbandry. Colorado College and Station. — E. II. Bennett, assistant in horticulture, has been appointed professor of horticulture and forestry and horticulturist, vice Wendell Paddock, whose resignation has been previously noted. C. L. Fitch has been appointed assistant potato specialist in the station. Connecticut College. — Chaiies F. Stephenson has been appointed assistant poultryman. Connecticut State Station. — Clarence E. Shepard has been appointed chemist, vice Charles A. Brautlecht, resigned. Other appointments include Samuel N. Spring, as forester, and Walter O. Filley, as assistant forester. Florida University and Station. — As a result of the marked success of the cor- respondence course for teachers, instituted last year", the university has ex- tended these courses to farmers and their families and others who may be interested. The new courses began November 1, and will be completed June 1, 1910. The subjects covered include elementary agriculture, soils, tillage, 692 NOTES. 693 drainage and irrigation, manures and fertilizers, field crops, types and breeds of live stock, dairy lausbandry, animal breeding, feeds and feeding, and citrus fruits and citrus culture. Tliere is no age limit or entrance examinations in these courses, and the only expense incurred is for postage and the text-book. Ground has been broken for the new station building. Alfred Dickinson re- signed as gardener October 1. Idaho University and Station.— lioeent appoiutuionts include W. H. Wicks as professor of horticulture and horticulturist in the station ; F. W. Chamberlain, D. V. M.. a graduate of the University of Vermont and the IS'ew York Veterinary Ccllege, as professor of veterinary medicine and animal husbandry; L. F. Childers, recently connected with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Depart- ment, as agronomist ; and G. E. Frevert as assistant in dairying in the station. Prof. J. M. Aldrich has been made consulting entomologist of the station. Illinois University. — New courses in agriculture extending over two and one- half years are to be introduced into the academy which serves as a preparatory school to the university. In these the first year will be given to a study of field croi)s and soils, the second to animal husbandry, and the remaining half year to orchard and garden crops. It is planned to make the entire course a demon- stration of the feasibility of teaching secondary agriculture in the public schools. It is also expected that these courses will afford a satisfactory means of in- structing public-school teachers, who may cover the entire work in one year while also pursuing some studies in the college of agriculture. Half semester courses in cooking, sewing, and the care and planning of the home are also being offered in the academy, in connection with the department of household science of the university. This department received an appropria- tion of $2,500 per annum for the ensuing biennium from the last legislature, and is preparing to offer additional university courses dealing with special problems in connection with marketing, the storage of food, and the utilization of waste, and in the economics of the family group. Purdue University and Station. — Recent appointments include in the college of agriculture H. E. Kiger as instructor in animal husbandly, C. E. Craig as assistant in agronomy, and G. M. Frier as assistant in extension work; and in the station, P. H. Crane as assistant in dairy field work. Iowa College and Station. — The following are among the recent appointments : W. W. Dimmoch as professor of veterinary medicine and research ; I. G. Mc- Beth, of the Bureau of Soils of this Department, as assistant professor of soil bacteriology and experimentalist in soil bacteriology ; A. Leitch, a graduate of the Ontario College, as assistant professor of dairying and assistant dairy- man ; J. H. Gordon, a 1900 graduate of the University of Missouri, as instructor in daii'y bacteriology and assistant dairyman; J. R. Campbell as assistant in botany in the college; R. E. Smith, a 1909 graduate of the college, as instructor in soils; and J. W. Merrill, C. R. Bush, and L. E. Troeger as assistants in the extension department. M. L. Bowman, professor of farm crops, has resigned. Kansas College. — A. B. Nystrom, assistant professor of dairy mechanics at Ohio State University, has been appointed assistant in dairying. Maryland College. — Cornelius Beatty, formerly chemist at the Oklahoma Sta- tion, has been appointed assistant chemist in connection with the state work. Massachusetts College and Station. — About 200 men applied for admission to the entering class, of whom 131 were admitted, making the total registration for the year 350. This is the largest enrollment in the history of the college, and represents an increase of 100 per cent in the last 6 years. Work has been commenced on the new building for the eutomological and zoological departments. 694 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. A field meeting of tlie State Poultry Association was held at the college October 12 and 13. Addresses were made by President' Butterfield and Director Brooks, and by President Creelman, of the Ontario College; demonstrations in poultry anatomy by J. B, Paige; lectures by W. D. Hurd and F. C. Sears, on field and fruit crops in connection with poultry keeping; and an illustrated lecture by J. E. Rice, of Cornell University, on The State and the Poultryman. The meeting was noteworthy as the first gathering of poultrymen ever held at the college. Dr. H. J. Franklin, of the Minnesota University and Station, has been ap- pointed assistant entomologist, and began work October 1 in charge of the cranberry investigations. P. B. Goldsmith, assistant in chemistry in the station, has resigned to take effect December 1. Minnesota College and Station. — New buildings have been completed for the poultry and veterinary divisions, extensive repairs have been made on the boys' dormitory, and plans have been approved for the girls' dormitory, recently authorized. A farm has been leased for five years to carry on experiments in quack grass eradication. The Grand Rapids Substation is conducting, in cooperation with the Wisconsin Station, experiments as to methods and cost of stump removal from cut-over lands. Ralph Hoagland has been appointed professor of agricultural chemistry, vice Harry Snyder, whose resignation from this position has been previously noted. Missouri University and Station. — Among the recent changes in staff are the following : E. A. Trowbridge, promoted from instructor to assistant professor of animal husbandry; Fred S. Putney, appointed assistant to the dean and director, vice John M. Evvard, who has been appointed assistant in animal hus- bandry, vice H. P. Rusk, resigned ; and R. E. Hundertmark and E. W. Rusk, 1909 graduates of the University of Missouri and the Ohio State University, respectively, appointed assistants in animal husbandry. Nebraska University and Station. — Registration under the new form of organi- zation, whereby the agricultural work is separated from that of engineering, shows an enrollment in the college of agriculture of 125 students in the four- year course, 88 in the summer school, and 340 in the school of agriculture, making the total to date 553 students. A temporary building is being added for the use of the department of farm mechanics, which will practically double the floor space available for instruc- tion in farm machinery. The department of animal husbandry has recently purchased, under an appropriation of $2,500, a herd of Shorthorn and Hereford cattle for use in instruction work. G. Herbert Coons has been appointed adjunct professor of agricultural botany, vice R. E. Stone, whose resignation has been previously noted. Karl A. Ulmann, a 1909 graduate of the university, has been appointed instructor in dairy hus- bandry. New Jersey College Station. — Nahum D. Shore, assistant in plant breeding since 190G, died September 20, at the age of 28 years. Mr. Shore was graduated from the Baron de Hirsch School in 1901 and fi'om Rutgers College in 1906, receiving the master's degree from the latter institution in 1908. He had given special attention to plant breeding and histology, and to plant physiology. Henry L. Janeway, a member of the board of control since 1902, died October 18. New Hampshire College and Station. — E. D. Sanderson, director of the station for the past two years, has resigned to take effect January 1, 1910. L. A. Pratt, a 1909 graduate of the college, has been appointed instructor in chemistry, and T, G, Bunting, a 1907 graduate of the Ontario College, instructor in horticulture. NO^ES. 695 New York State Station. — W. J. Younj;, student assistant in horticulture, has refunied to the Hureau of Chemistry, of this Department. Ohio State University. — W. C. I.asseter, a 1!)09 graduate of the T'niversity of Wisconsin, has l)een aitpoinli'd assistant in soil i)hysics. Oklahoma College and Station. — Albert Stoeker, a 1909 graduate of the Univer- sity of Wisconsin, has been appointed assistant professor of dairy husbandry. It is announced that the previous note regarding O. M. Morris and G. M. Mac- Nider (E. S. R., 21, p. 195) was incorrect, the former retaining the position of horticulturist and botanist and no appointment having been made to the position of assistant chemist. Oregon College and Station. — The main section of the new agricultural hall is in process of construction. This portion will be 150 by 175 ft., with four stories and basement. The basement is to be of concrete, and the superstructure of brick with stone trimmings. Mrs. Laui-a Hill Griffin has resigned as assistant entomologist, and has been succeeded by Miss Alice L. Edwards, a 1906 graduate of the college. W. L. Powers, who recently received the M. S. degree at the New Mexico College, has been appointed assistant agronomist, and will give special attention to irrigation problems. James Koeber, a 1909 graduate of the college, has been appointed assistant in agronomy. Pennsylvania College. — A department of agricultural education has been established to assist in the work of introducing agriculture into the public schools and to take charge of the correspondence courses in the college. In this connection it is proposed to outline reading courses and probably to establish correspondence courses for teachers. T. I. Mairs, who has had charge of the correspondence courses for several years, is at the head of the new department. Porto Rico College and Station. — The establishment of an agricultural college bas been authorized by the territorial legislature, and J. W. Hart, of the Louis Queiros School of Agriculture, at Piracicaba, Stio Paulo, Brazil, has been elected president. The college is to be located at Mayaguez, where land has been acquired, some of which adjoins the station. It is hoped to begin the erection of buildings on this tract in the near future. The board of trustees includes D. W. May, special agent in charge of the station. South Dakota Station.— H. B. Potter, W. D. Griggs, S. Garver, and P. H. Moore have been appointed assistants in agronomy, B. L. Thompson, assistant in animal husbandry, and Orland White, assistant in botany. Texas College and Station. — According to press reports, 50 moi*e tents have been purchased to add to the 85 already in nse on the campus for the accommoda- tion of students. It appears that there are more than 200 students who can not be accommodated in the dormitories. Don T. Griswold has been appointed instructor in animal husbandry in the college and assistant animal husbandman in the station. J. B. Rather has been transferred from the feed control work to the investigations under the Adams Act. Washington College. — F. B. Hadley, assistant professor of anatomy and sur- gery, has accepted a similar position at the Ohio State University. K. A. Kirk- patrick has been appointed instructor in horticulture. Wisconsin University and Station. — A department of home economics has been established in the college of agriculture in charge of Miss Abby L. Marlatt, with Misses Alice Uoomis and Leona Hope as assistants. The initial registra- tion in the courses offered is over 100, of whom 54 are in the four-year course and several are graduate students. Other appointments include E. E. Eldridge, a 1909 graduate of the college of agriculture, as assistant in bacteriology, and Llewellyn R. Davies as assist- 696 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. aut iu dairy tests aucl fertilizer and feed inspection, vice Roy T. Harris, resigned to engage in commercial worli. New Experiment Station in Argentina.— Tlie government of tlie province of Tucnman, Argentina, has recently established an agricultural experiment sta- tion near the city of Tncuman. R. E. Blonin, formerly assistant director of the Louisiana Sugar Station, has accepted the directorship of the new station, and Dr. Fritz Zerban, formerly chemist of Louisiana Sugar Station and more recently director of the Sugar Experiment Station, at Lima, Peru, is to be subdirector. Entomological Research in Africa. — The London Times announces the appoint- ment by Lord Crewe of a scientific committee of 20, to be known as the African Entomological Research Committee, the object of which will be to further the study of economic entomology, with special reference to Africa. Lord Cromer has consented to act as chairman and Guy A. K. Marshall as scientific secretary. Arrangements are being made to send trained entomologists to the east and west sides of tropical Africa, respectively, to stimulate interest in entomological work among the officers and other residents of the regions, and to affoi'd instruc- tion iu the use of scientific methods. It is hoped thereby to obtain an organized body of investigators. The committee will also keep in touch with work already under way, and has received offers of cooperation from the British Museum, the Loudon and Liverpool Schools of Tropical Medicine, and the leading Eng- lish universities. It is planned to publish observatiims and other scientific results in a .iournal or series of bulletins to be established. The Biltmore Forest School. — A note in Conservation states that the Biltmore Forest School, Biltmore, N, C, was to close November 1, when Dr. C. A. Schenck, who has been superintendent of the school for about 15 years, was to sever his relations with the Biltmore estate. Some 25 of his students have signified their intention of continuing their work under his direction and will accompany him to Germany. A new school under his management is to be organized, to retain the name of the Biltmore Forest School, but instead of having a single fixed location it will carry on work over a wide range of forests. The prin- cipal headquarters will be in Germany near the Black Forest, where the school will be located for about 6 months each year. For the rest of the year practical work in the forests of Maine, Wisconsin, and eastern Tennessee is contemplated. Agriculture in the University of The Philippines. — A college of agriculture was opened at Los Banos, June 14, with about GO students in attendance. E. B. Copeland is dean and professor of agriculture, Harold Cuzner, professor of agronomy, Edgar M. Ledyard, professor of zoology, and S. B. Durham, professor tif animal husbandry. Agricultural Course at the University of Manchester. — This university has de- cided to establish a three-year course in agriculture leading to a degree in science. The first year will, as a rule, be taken entirely at the university, while the second and third years will be given partly at the university and partly at the College of Agriculture of the Cheshire County Council at Holmes Chapel. Agricultural Course at Lenox College. — A recent number of Wallace's Farmer states that a four-year course, dealing with animal husbandry, farm crops, soil research, and rural citizenship, has been established at Lenox College, Hopkin- ton, Iowa. The course is open to all farmers' sons, and does not require a pre- paratory high-school training. C. N. Evans, a postgraduate student of the Iowa State College, has been given charge of the new course. A New Polytechnic Institute with Agricultural Courses. — The Billings Poly- technic Institute was opened at Billings, Mont., the first week in October, occu- l)ying temporary quarters pending the completion of 7 buildings which are in NOTES. 697 process of coustruction. The institute is a secondary school, offering courses rehited to the industries of the region, among which is a 4-year course in agriculture. The officers of the corporation include John D. Losecamp as president and Lewis T. Eaton as educational director. New York State School of Agric-ulture. — The New Yorlc State School of Agri- culture at Alfred University has just issued its first annual announcement. A novel feature is the arrangement of its 3-year course of study (G months each year) under three heads, viz, for boys, for boys and girls, and for girls. The work under the first and third headings is almost evenly balanced in time units, and among the technical studies common to groups 1 and 2 are gen- eral agriculture, general and agricultural botany, farm law and accounts, rural sociology, butter, cheese, poultry, plant diseases, general and landscape gardening, and insect pests. Besides English, arithmetic, history, and hygiene, careful attention is also given to physical culture, music, parliamentary prac- tice, and social life. Secondary Instruction in Agriculture. — The Genesee Wesleyaii Seminary, at Lima. N. Y., has established departments of agriculture and domestic economy, and is offering courses in these subjects for the first time. This institution is one of tlie oldest college preparatory schools in w^estern New Yorli, having been established in 1820 and oi»ened in ^Nlay, 1832. During all of this time it has confined its work almost entirely to classical and Latin-scientific courses, but more recently it has established an engineering preparatory course, a course in connnerce, and a seminary course, and now it purposes developing courses of instruction more closely related to the lives and interests of the people in its vicinity. The agricultural equipment includes SO acres of land, about 00 of which will be available for gardening, fruit growing and general agriculture, a small herd of dairy cows, work horses, and poultry. F. E. Robertson, a 1909 graduate of Cornell University, has been appointed professor of agriculture, and has been spending the summer repairing the farm buildings. Poultry houses are to be erected and up-to-date farm machinery and implements installed. An agricultural high school has been provided for at Sparks Station (P. O. Philopolis), Baltimore Co., Md., with B. H. Crocheron, a graduate of Cornell Umversity, as principal and teacher of agriculture. A new building is being erected and will soon be ready for occupancy. Mr, Crocheron will also super- vise instruction in agriculture in the public schools of Baltimore County. Under a recent act of the Maine legislature, which pi'ovides that any in- corporated academy in the State maintaining a course in manual training, domestic science, or agriculture, approved by the state superintendent of schools, shall be entitled to receive annually from the State a sum equal to the amount expended for such instruction up to $250 for each course, an agri- cultural high school course has been adopted in Leavitt Institute at Turner Center, Me. The course extends through four years and includes the ordinary academic subjects in addition to a full line of agricultural instruction of secondary grade. A rather unusual feature of the course as reported is the application of chemistry " to agriculture, the study of soils, jilant life, and fertilizers" in the first year. In addition to the 2 district agricultural schools already established at Tishomingo and Warner, the Oklahoma legislature has authorized the estab- lishment of similar schools, to be located during the year 1909, in the third, fourth, and fifth supreme court judicial districts. Sixty thousand dollars Is appropriated for the erection of buildings in these .3 districts, with $12,000 each for their maintenance in 1910, and $17,000 each for the year ending June 30, 1911. A later act approved March 11, 1909, divides the fifth district 698 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. into two parts aud provides for the establislimeut of a school to be known as the I'anhandle Agricultural Institute for the counties of Cimarron, Texas, and Beaver. This school also is to be located before 1910, on 80 acres of land deeded to the State, and like the rest will be governed by the State Commission of Agricultural and Industrial Education. There is appropriated $12,000 for the erection of buildings, $5,000 for maintenance in 1910 and $7,000 for 1911. An announcement has been received of the courses in agriculture, manual training, and domestic science to be inaugurated this year in the public schools of Glencoe, Minn., under the provisions of the Putnam Act. giving State funds not to exceed $2,500 a year upon condition that half that amount be expended by the local school authorities for the support of instruction along these lines. The work in agriculture provided for in this announcement in- cludes instruction in soils, farm crops, horticulture, animal husbandry, and dairying, this work to be given in a short course of 5 months beginning Novem- ber 1. The work in manual training will be accessory to that in agriculture, and will include the drawing of plans for useful farm implements and struc- tures, elementary work in iron, and carpentry. The high school also purposes doing extension work in farmers' institutes, testing seeds, milk, and other agricultural products, furnishing information useful to farmers, and performing other services similar to the extension work of the county agricultural schools in Wisconsin and Michigan. The La Crosse County School of Agriculture and Domestic Economy at Onalaska, Wis., opened to students October 11, with an enrollment of 71 boys and 61 girls. A new two-story brick building, witli a highi basement and con- nected greenhouse, has been erected on the 17-acre farm which this school will utilize for instruction and demonstration purposes. The 2-year course is similar to that in the other county agricultural high schooLs, except that it includes military drill for men. A. A. .lohnson is principal of the school. Miss Lucile W. Reynolds, teacher of domestic eccmomy, and P. L. Johnsrud, teacher of agricultural engineering and manual training. . Secondary and Elementary Agriculture in Texas. — The legislature of Texas at its last session appropriated $0,000 a year for two years to. the State normal schools located respectively at Huutsville, Denton, and San Marcos for the pur- pose of installing, equipping, and maintaining departments of agriculture, man- ual training, and domestic science, and provided that instruction in these sub- jects shall begin not later than the autumn of 1909. The act also made pro- vision for the introduction of teachers' courses in elementary agriculture in the summer sessions of these 3 normal schools, the College of Industrial Arts for Girls, at Denton, and in summer sessions at the Agricultural and Mechanical Col- lege aud the State University. For the support of this work $3,000 annually was appropriated to be divided equally among the 6 institutions. There was a further appropriation of $32,000 to provide a fund from which the State Board is to duplicate amounts not less than $500 nor more than $2,000, that shall have been appropriated by the trustees of any common school dis- trict or independent school district to the establishing, equipping, aud main- taining of departments of instruction in agriculture, including courses in manual training and domestic economy " subsidiary to agriculture." State aid shall not, however, be given more than twice to the same school and the geographical location of the school shall be considered with a view of locating such a school if possible in each of the senatorial districts of the State. Unlike many of the acts intended to promote instruction in agriculture, this one makes it obligatory on the part of the school board to provide laboratories for instruction in botany, zoology, and other elementary sciences related to agriculture, aud land for the NOTES. 699 production of farm and garden plants and to employ a teacher wlio has received special training in agi-iculture and allied branches. Jewish Agricultural Scholarships. — The Jeirish Fnnncr for September an- nounces the establishmeni of 12 scholarships for sons and daughters of .Jewish farmers, by the Jewish Agricultural and Industrial Aid Society. These scholar- ships are open to successful contestants in the writing of short essays in English of not more than 500 words, and provide free tuition in the short winter courses of any state agricultural college, together with all other expenses excepj; railroad fare. Associations of Teachers of Agriculture. — The Nebraska Fanner announces the organization of a society for promoting the interest and preparation of teachers in school agriculture in the Nebraska State Normal School. The plan contemplates the formation of local subsidiary chapters of the society wherever 10 or more teachers become interested, and the hope is entertained that the parent organization may thus become a working " pedagogical labora- lory for testing and discovering methods to improve and extend the teaching of agriculture throughout the schools of Nebraska." The central society will have an annual meeting in connection with the State Fair at Lincoln, where lectures will be given in the various barns and halls by prominent agricultural h-aders " in the presence of actual results exhibited by pi'actical farmers." According to the School Ncics and Practical Educator (Chicago), 27 high- school teachers attending the summer school of the Universitj^ of Illinois, have organized the Illinois Association of Teachers of Agriculture. It contemplates the circulation to members of edited and mimeographed reports of the work each is doing from month to month. The president is A. C. Norris, instructor in physics and chemistry in the Rockford (111.) High School. There is no expense connected with membership and it is open to all teachers interested. Fourth National Dairy Show. — The Fourth National Dairy Show was held October 14-24, at the Auditorium in Milwaukee, Wis. The show was opened by President Taft and Governor Davidson, of Wisconsin, the former setting the machinery in motion by telegraph, and the latter serving as presiding officer on the opening night. The attendance was exceptionally good through- out, this being attributed in part to the marked local interest in the show, the daily press devoting much attention to the enterprise. In the way of educational exhibits the show was particularly strong. One of the most noticeable features was a working dairy of 16 grade cows, shown by the Dairy Division of this Deiiartment. Complete records were posted each day as to the cost of food and net profits for the different animals, as a demonstration of the value of keeping records; and there were comparative trials of different methods of feeding. The Dairy Division also showed photo- graphs of hiodern dairy equipment, barn plans, and other illustrative material relating especially to the care of milk on the farm and in the home. The University of Wisconsin, the Pennsylvania State College, and the Minnesota Dairy and Food Department also had educational displays. The agricultural colleges and this Department contributed numerous speakers to the various conventions held in connection with the show, and in the stock judging contest. Director Ilayward, of the Delaware Station, served as judge in the Ayrshire class. The fourth annual conference of the Official Dairy Instructors' Association was attended by about 40 members, representing all parts of the country. The committee on dairy score cards reported that the card adopted by the asso- ciation at its last meeting is now in actual use in 128 cities, and that 110 others have the card under consideration. Reports were also given by the 700 NOTES. standing committees on official testing of dairy cows, relations to the National Dairy Show, courses of instruction, experimental work in milk production and dairy manufactures, standards for dairy products, official methods of testing dairy products, extension work, judging dairy cattle, and cow test associations. The officers of the previous year were reelected, as follows: C. H. Eckles, presi- dent, H. E. Van Norman, vice-president, and C. B. Lane, secretary-treasurer. The intercollegiate students' judging contest of dairy cattle was under the supervision of Chief Rawl, of the Dairy Division, and was particijiated in by teams from 7 institutions. The $300 sweepstakes trophy and the trophy for highest individual score were won by students from the University of Nebraska, followed in order by the teams from Cornell, the universities of Missouri and Minnesota, the Iowa and Pennsylvania colleges, and the Ohio State University. The breed trophies were awarded to the Ohio State University team for Ayrshii'es, to that of Missouri for Dutch Belted cattle, to Minnesota for Guern- seys, to Nebraska for Holsteius, and to Cornell for Jerseys. Ponrth International Dairy Congress. — An account has recently been received as to this congress, which was h61d at Budapest June 6-11. The congress was opened by the patron. Archduke Joseph, with over one thousand delegates in attendance. As in previous years, it was organized in three sections, namely, rules and ordinances, hygiene and veterinary science, and dairy industry. The progrannne also included many excursions to typical dairy farms and milk depots, and there was an extensive exhibit of dairy prod- ucts and machinery. The next congress is to be held at Stockholm, in 1911. Entomological Meetings at Boston. — In connection with the Boston meeting of the American Association for the Advancement of Science and its affiliated societies, the American Association of Economic Entomologists will hold its twenty-second annual meeting December 28 and 29. The Association of Horti- cultural Inspectors will meet December 27, and the Entomological Society of Amercia December 30 and 31. It is expected that there will be an extensive exhibit of New England insect fauna, together with a special display of equip- ment and devices for rearing and distributing beneficial species, as well as for treating noxious species in the field. Miscellaneous. — The death is announced in Nature of Prof. J. Scott, author of various text-books on farm engineering, and formerly professor of agriculture and rural economy at the Royal Agricultural College, Cirencester. The Ilhistrierte LandwirtschaftJiche Zcitung of May 1 gives brief descrip- tions of the Agricultural and Dairy Institute, Alnarp, the People's High School at Hvilan, and the Seed Breeding Station. Svalof, with a statement of their influence on Swedish agriculture. lUustrierte Landicirtschaftlichc Zcitung for June 12 contains an illustrated description of the buildings and equipment of the Agricultui-al Institute of the University of Leipsic. The March-April number of UAgricoltura Coloniale contains an illustrated account of the Italian Colonial Institute of Agriculture, with a description of the lines of work. o EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Editor: E. W. ALLEN, Pii. D., Assistant Director. Assistant Editor: H. L. Knight. EDITORIAL DEPARTMENTS. Asricultnral Chemistry and Agrotecliny — L. W. Fetzer, Pb. D. Meteorology, Soils, and Fertilizers — W. H. Beal. Agricultural Botany aud Vegetable Pathology — W. 11. Evans, Ph. D. Field Crops — J. I. ScHtXTE. Horticulture and Forestry — E. J. Glasson. Foods aud Human Nutrition— C. F. Langworthy, Ph. I). Zootechny, Dairying, and Dairy Farming — E. W. Morse. Economic Zoology, Entomology, and Veterinary Medicine — W. A. Hooker. Rural Engineering . Rural Economics — J. B. Morman. Agricultural Education — D. J. Crosby. CONTENTS OF VOL. XXI, NO. 8. Page. Recent work in agricultural science 701 Notes 800 SUBJECT LIST OF ABSTRACTS. agricultural chemistry— agrotechny. Enzyms and antienzyms, Vandevelde 701 The maltase of buckwheat, Huerre 701 Determination of nitrogen by Kjeldahl method, particularly in milk, Wiegner 701 The determination of nitric acid with nitron, Paal and Ganghofer 702 Detection of nitrates in the presence of bromids, Villedieu 702 The micro-chemical analysis of the alkaline earth metals, Schoorl 702 A new titrametric method for the determination of barium, Hill and Zink 702 The estimation of lead in tin vessels, Knupfle 702 A new micro-chemical reaction for arsenic and i)hosphorus, Denigcs 703 Approximation of small amounts of arsenic, Bensemann 703 Estimation of citrate soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, Soxhlet 703 The determination of potash in potassium fertilizers, Soxhlet 703 A reaction of acid S( >i Is, Loew 703 The detection of free CO2 in water, Bitter 703 Legal coloring matters for foods and difficulties of preparation, Kohnstanun.. 703 Salicylic acid as a preservative from the newer legal standpoint, Racine 704 Methofls for the determination of salicylates, Seidell 704 The detection of preservatives in meat, VVara 704 The amount of sulphurous acid in gelatin, Lange 704 The determination of fat in hog products, Perrier 704 Detection of patent roller flour in bread, Griebel 704 Some further contributions to the knowledge of artificial honey, Jiigerschmid. . 704 [Some further contributions I'egarding Fiehe's reaction]. Reiser 704 Fiehe's reaction and that of Ley and Jiigerschmid, Bremer and Sponnagel. . . 705 The detection of mineral acids in vinegar, Utz 705 I II , CONTENTS. Page. The detection of inosit in natural wines, Perrin 705 The presence of inosit as a characteristic of natural wines, Meillere 705 Note on a method to distinguish wines made from red or white grapes 705 The analysis of alcohols and brandies, Mastbaum 705 Detection of methyl alcohol in ethyl alcohol, Vorisek 705 The analysis of malt extract, Richards , 706 On the action of Fehling's solution on malt sugar, Lewis 706 Influence of pectin substances on the polarization of sugar beets, Pellet 706 A colorimetric method for the determination of lactose in milk, Binaghi 706 Clarification of milk for the lactose determination, Carrez 706 EscuUn bile salt media for milk analysis, Harrison and Van der Leek 706 Some mineral substances which give the peroxydase reaction, Wolff 707 The retarding of the rennin action by milk, Schern 707 The detection and estimation of formaldehyde in milk, Brunnich 707 Detecting benzoic and salicylic acids and saccharin in cream, Monier-Williams . 707 The action of light on butter fat, Siegfeld 707 Does the presence of iron in butter indicate poor quality? Hoft 707 Butter colors containing mineral oils, Fritzsche 708 Modification of Halphen's reaction, Garnier 708 [Kreis's reaction for detecting peanut oil in olive oil], Kriier 708 Shaking out v. extraction method for fats, Schulze 708 Methods of determining pentosen and pentosans and their application, Adan. . 708 Notes on fodder analysis, Brunnich and Smith 708 The determination of urea in urine. Gill, Allison, and Grindley 708 The estimation of phosphorus in urine, Mathison 709 A comparison of methods for the estimation of total sulphur in urine, Ritson. . 709 The use of barium peroxid in the estimation of total sulphur in urine, Ritson. . 709 Chemical tests for blood, Kastle 709 Examination of bituminous materials for roads, Richardson and Forest 710 The Munroe crucible, Snelling 710 Solvents for use with the Monroe crucible, Swett 710 A modified form of Gooch crucible, Richards 710 [A modified Gooch crucible], Brunck 710 The effect of ultra-violet rays on fermenting ciders, Maurain and WarcoUier. . 710 By-products of the sugar beet and their uses, Townsend 710 Sugar-cane wax : The possibility of obtaining this commercially, Wijnberg. . . 710 The manufacturing of flavoring extracts, Chace 710 Milk and egg powders, Popp 711 The pollution of canned goods after sterilization, Pfuhl 711 Examination of varnishes for canning purposes, Gruber 711 Antiformin : A study of its properties, Uhlenhuth and Xvlander 711 METEOROLOGY — WATER. The so-called change of climate in the semiarid West, Sullivan 711 Climate of Yukon Territory, Stupart 711 Influence of insolation on temperature of different sides of a valley, Buhrer. . . 712 Instruments for making weather observations on the farm, Seeley 712 Weather reports for Alaska, Georgeson 712 Meteorological record 712 [Meteorological observations at Wisley in 1908], Curtis 712 Meteorological observations - - - 712 Rainfall observations 712 On the sodium and the chlorin in river and rain waters, Shelton 712 The mineral content of Illinois waters, Bartow et al 712 The economic value of protecting the water supplies, Wood 713 Private sewerage 713 SOILS — FERTILIZERS. Reactions between manurial salts and clays, mucks and soils, Morse and Curry. 713 The potash requirements of a clay soil, Morse and Curry 714 The effect of soils on the solubility of potassium, Morse and Curry 715 The solubility of potassium of soils and soil minerals, Morse and Curry 715 The distribution of potassium in cultivated soils 715 Changes in soils by subjecting them to steam under pressure, Lyon and Bizzell . 716 CONTENTS. Ill Page. The changes in the nitrogen in soil, Kruogcr 716 InHuence of carbon l)isinlphid on nitrogen transformations in the soil, Scher[H'. 716 New facts aljout bat'tci-ia of California soils, Lipman 716 The fixation of the free atmospheric nitrogen by micro-organisms, Christensen . 717 B(U'lllii>t innylobacler, Bredemann 717 INIanganese in soils and in plants, Boname 717 Humus — its imi)ortance to soil fertility and its use with lime, Hoff 717 A contribution to Volger's tlieory of the formation of soil water, Kriiger 717 Soil mulches for checking evaporation, Fortier 717 Peat and swamp lands, I'ratt 717 The drainage and value of peat lands for agriculture. Woodward 717 Swamp lands and their reclamation, Wilson 717 Soil survey of Dubois, Perry, and Crawford counties, Indiana, Shannon 718 Soil survey of Daviess County, Snider 718 Surface geology of Michigan, Lane 718 Results of analyses of cultivated soils, Villasenor 718 The soils of Nevis, Watts and Tempany 718 Notes on the soils of Bengal, JNIookerjee 718 Physico-chemical properties of Russian black soil, Kuriloff 718 The value of the present-day soil analysis, Bloch and Hoffmann 718 Soil testing, Taylor 719 How can the farmer maintain the fertility of the soil? Hopkins 719 Fertilizers and manures. Hall 719 Artificial manures, Ville, revised by Crookes and Percival 719 ]Mineral fertilizers in 1908, Grandeaii 719 Losses of manurial constituents in farmyard manure during storage. Berry . . . 120 Investigations on nitrogenous fertilizers, 1898-1907, A-'oorhees and Lipman . . . 720 On the consequence of nonfusion of nitrate of soda in the soil, Demolon 720 The action of sulphate of ammonia on light sandy soils, Imelmann 720 The use of sulphate of ammonia on sandy soils, Bachmann 720 The production of ammonium sulphate in 1908, Atwater 721 Manufacture of saltpeter, Drummond-Hay 721 The new nitrogen manures, von Feilitzen 721 Importance of nitrogen fixation from the standpoint of technical chemistry . . 721 Nitrated limestone of North Caucasus, Glasenapp 721 Notes on nitrate of soda, De Ruijter de Wildt 721 Ammonia and nitrate in potash deposits, Biltz and Marcus 721 The occurrence of potash salts in northern Chile, Setz, Goldenberg, and Torres. 721 The discovery of deposits of potash salts in Ui^per Alsace, Grandeau 721 Soil potash, Fraps 721 Orthoclase, mica, and nepheline as sources of potassium, Prianishnikov 722 Influence of calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate on the assimilation of phosphoric acid [by plants] fioin different sources, Prianishnikov 722 Fertilizer experiments with increasing amounts of Thomas slag, Imelmann . . 722 Phase relationships of the calcium phosphates, Bassett, jr 723 A new deposit of phosphate of lime, Chavard 723 Phosphate 723 The mineral phosphate industry, Aguillon 723 The manufacture of superphosphates, Schucht 723 The formati(jn of oceanic salt deposits, \'an't Hoff 723 On catalytic fertilizers, Bertrand 723 The fertilizing value of peat, Haskins 723 Composition of volcanic clay from Java, Van Bemmelen 723 The use of molasses as a fertilizer, Boname 724 Annual report on fertilizers, Ross 724 Inspection and analyses of commercial fertilizers, Hand ct al 724 Commercial fertilizers and poisonous insecticides in 1908-9, Fraps 724 AGRICULTURAL HOTANV. Plantfood removed from growing plants by rain or dew, LeClercand P>reazeal((. 724 The transpiration in young seedlings, Bergen 725 Vitality and th(_> transmission of water through the stems of plants, Dixon . . . 725 The absorption of water by seeds, Atkins 725 The temporary suspension of the vitality of certain sei'ds, Beccjuerel 726 The green coloring matter of the inner seed coats, Monte verde and Lubimenko. 726 IV CONTENTS. Page. On the nature of anthocyanin, Wheldale .- 726 The demonstration of the formation of starch in leaves, Eckerson .- 727 UtiHzation of nitrogen in air by plants, III, Jamieson 727 Stimulation of storage tissues of higher plants by zinc sulphate, Silberberg ... 727 The influence of chemicals in stimulating the ripening of fruits, Vinson 727 Notes on the effect of mechanical pressure on the roots of Viciafubu, Gregory. 728 Influence of traction on the formation of mechanical tissues in stems, Bordner. 718 Light-perception organs of leaves, Damm 728 International catalogue of scientific literature. E — Bacteriology 728 FIELD CROPS. [Work with field crops at the Alaska stations], Gasser, Neal, and Heideman. . 728 [Work with field crops], Taylor 729 Further results in a rotation of potatoes, rye, and clover, Wheeler and Adams. 730 Effects of manures throughout rotations of crops, Gilchrist 730 [Work with field crops], Gilchrist 731 Summary of agricultural experiments 731 Hints to settlers on the Umatilla project, Oregon, Hunter 731 The search for new leguminous forage crops. Piper 732 The selection of cotton and corn seed for southern farms, Knapp 732 Alfalfa, Ball 732 New barleys 732 Some factors involved in successful corn growing, Williams 732 Cowpeas, Ten Eyck and Call 732 The soy bean in the United Kingdom 733 Comparative tests of sugar-beet varieties, Tracy and Reed 733 Influence of self-fertilization on degeneration of the sugar beet, Andrli'k et al. 73-4 A comparison of nitrogen fertilizers for sugar beets, Urban 734 Substituting nitrate of lime for nitrate of soda in beet culture, Stoklasa 734 Common salt as a fertilizer for sugar beets, Andrlik and Urban 735 Sodium chlorid as a fertilizer for sugar beets, Mette 735 Estimation of the sugar-beet crop, Mette 735 Variations in seedling sugar canes 735 [Storm resistance of D 74 sugar cane] 735 Intensive methods and systematic rotation of crops for tobacco, Mathewson. . 736 The varietal characters of Indian wheats, A. and G. L. C. Howard 736 Methods of plant breeding as tested by experiment, Von Riimker 736 The determination of the proportion of first-grade kernels in grain, Kegel 736 Method of making germination tests, Pieper ^ 736 Notes on eradication of weeds, with experiments in 1907-8, Pammel and King. 737 Weed destruction. Brooks 738 HORTICULTUKE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska] , Georgeson et al 738 Report of the department of horticulture, Pickett 738 Hybridization in horticulture, Bellair 738 Promising new fruits, Taylor 738 Vineyard manuring experiments in Gorz-Gradiska, Gvozdenovic 738 Plant culture, Oliver j 739 Dahlia growing made easy, Lockley 739 The orchid stud-book, Rolfe and Hurst 739 New refrigeration car, Guenther 739 FOEKSTRY. The basic principles and systematics of the science of forestry, Wappes 739 The status of forestry in the United States, Cleveland, jr 739 Forest conditions in Ohio, Green and Secrest 739 The reclamation and reforestation of the high moors in Belgium, Crahay 740 On the reforestation of culm piles and abandoned quarries, Leonard 740 On the use of chemical fertilizers in forest plantations, Mathey 740 The German forest, Buesgen 740 A review of the forest administration of the Grand-Duchy of Baden for 1907. . 740 Forestal and botany expedition to Kamerun and Togo, Jentsch and Biisgen. . 741 Indian woods and their uses, Troup .- 741 CONTENTS. V Page. The distribution and cultivation of babul {Acada arabica) in Berar, Nayadu. . 741 Note on the pines of Lang-Bian 741 Commercial production of balsam, Frazier 741 The oil palm, Soskin 741 The culture and exploitation of rubl)er-producing species in the Belgian Kongo. 741 The lat,ex of Palo Amarillo {Enf<)r}>ia elastica) , Sanders 741 A comparison of the various processes of preserving timber, Shipley 742 DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist for 1908, Clinton 742 Some plant diseases of 1908, Paminel and King 743 Report of the department of botany. Brooks 744 Annual report of the consulting botanist for 1908, Carruthers _ 744 Report of the section for plant protection, Brick 744 The predisposition of plants to parasitic diseases, Giissow 745 The development of farm crops resistant to disease, Orton 745 Studies in diseases of cereals and grasses, Selby and Manns 745 Some studies on CoUelotrichum gofisiipii, De Loach 746 A new disease of potatoes, Ducloux and Hediard 746 The prevalence of potato blight in Ireland in 1909 746 The potato rot ( PhiitopldJiura infedans), Gdndara 747 The use of lime with reference to finger-and-toe disease in turnips, Collinge.. 747 Notes on a nematode in wheat, Johnson 747 The characteristics of apple-tree anthracnose, Cordley ' 747 The perfect stage of leaf spot of pear and quince, Atkinson 748 A new disease of pears, INIarchal 748 The American gooseberry mildew and proposed legislative measures, Salmon. 748 European currant rust on the white pine in America, Spaulding 748 The present status of the chestnut-bark disease, Metcalf and Collins 748 The diseases and parasites of cacao, von Faber 749 A coffee disease in Dominica 749 Root diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, Gallagher 749 Note on a branch and stem disease of Hevea brasiliensis, Gallagher 749 Parasitic and semiparasitic nematodes occurring on plants, Marcinowski 749 Experiments with insecticides and fungicides 750 Copper as a fungicide, Barlow 750 ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. \. biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region, Preble 750 Regulation for the protection of deer in Alaska 750 Fur farming, Harding 750 The mammals of Indiana, Hahn 750 Use of poisons for destroying noxious animals 751 Methods of killing coyotes, Cunningham 751 How to destroy rats, Lantz 751 Mouse plagues, their control and prevention. Piper 751 Susceptibility of gophers, mice, and ground squirrels to plague, McCoy 751 Campaign against grouncl squirrels in Contra Costa County, California, Blue. . 751 The economic value of predaceous birds and mammals, Fisher 751 Several aspects of the protection of our native birds, Froggatt 751 The relation between birds and insects, Beal 752 The importance of local ecological studies to entomology, Johnson 752 Some phenomena associated with parasitism. Potts 752 Detection of eggs of parasites in feces, Telemann 752 Report of standing committee, on insects and diseases, Home 752 Report of superintendent of entomology, Kotinsky 752 [Notes on insect pests] 753 [Notes on insect pests] 753 Insects of the year 1907 [in Scotland], Macdougall 753 Injuries to cultivated plants by insects 753 Some new galls and gall formers from Chile, Kieffer and Herbst 753 Influence of different kinds of fallow on some injurious insects, Kurdumov. . . 753 Methods of protecting plants from injurious insects, Pachoskil 753 Plant pest treatment, Surface 754 VT CONTENTS. Page. The use of iron arsenate as an insecticide, Vermorel and Dantony 754 Iron arsenate and the arsenical salts, Vermorel and Dantony 754 A new method of making arsenical spray, T wight 754 The termites or white ants, Escherich 754 Locust destruction, Kelly 754 Combating the migratory locusts with chemical products, Schroeder 754 Chemical composition of migratory locusts, their eggs and young, Schroeder . 755 The pear thrips and its control, Moulton 755 The British Thysanoptera, with notes on injurious species, Bagnall 756 Notes on our species of Emesidte, Banks 756 The digestive canal of Cimbex americana, H. H. P. and H. C. M. Severin 756 Habits of C. americana and Trichogramma pretiosa, H. H. P. and H. C. M. Severin 756 Aphidfe of southern California, 11, Essig 756 Further studies on the grape phylloxera, Grassi and Foa 756 Further studies on the gall form of the grape phylloxera, Grassi and Grandori. 756 Results of new investigations on the biology of phylloxera, von Janicki 756 Combating the phylloxera in Algeria, Mares 757 The anatomy of Siphonophora ro-mrum, Grove 757 Preparations for winter fumigation for citrus white fly, Morrill and Yothers. . 757 The genus Pseudococcus in California, Essig 757 Notes on California coccidte, II, Essig 757 Host index to California coccidae, Essig and Baker 757 Scale insects and fungi [in the West Indi s] 757 A preliminary account of parasites of Diaspls pentagona, Silvestri 757 The danger of introduction of San Jose scale into Great Britain, Collinge 758 Codling moth investigations, Sanderson et al 758 The' an tiered maple caterpillar {Heterocamjia guttiviita), Jackson 759 Cecropia peltata and its relation to other insects, Fiebrig 759 The food plant of Enarmonla tridrigana, Frost and Summers 760 Extermination of the maize-stalk borer, Lilienthal 760 Catalogue of the lepidoptera Phala?n8e in the British Museum, Hampson 760 Manual of North American diptera, Williston 760 The Hessian fly in 1908 and notes on its life history, Wolff 760 The geographical distribution of some blood-sucking insects, etc., Old 760 The striped cucumber beetle, Headlee 760 A contribution on the distribution of gall forming beetles in Silesia, Schmidt. 761 Hibernation of the Mexican cotton boll weevil. Hinds and Yothers 761 A stem boring beetle attacking cotton in the Sudan, King 763 Color sense of honeybees: Is conspicuousness an advantage to flowers? Lovell. 763 A preliminary contribution to a knowledge of the genus Pepsis, Brethes 763 Studies in Oxybelidcie, I, Baker 763 New species of Ixodidfe, with a note on abnormalities, Warburton and Nuttall . 763 The influence of cold on ticks and Firoplasma parvum, Theiler 763 Insects injurious to clover and alfalfa, Folsom 764 Some things that the grower of cereal and forage crops should know, Webster. 764 Information about spraying for orchard insects, Quaintance 764 The insect pests and diseases of the grape, von Kirchner 764 So-called fruit flies that are not fruit flies, Froggatt 764 Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. Contents and index, 764 Cholera and flies, Ganon 764 Further investigation on recurrent fever, ]\Ianteuf el 764 Sheep maggot and related flies; their classification and habits, Macdougall . . . 764 Anueba chironomi n. sp., parasitic in the larva of a Chironomus, Porter 764 Biggie bee book. Biggie 765 Wax craft. Cowan 765 Annual report of the Bee- Keepers' Association : 765 FOODS — HUMAN N'UTRITION. Analyses of eggs, Willard and Shaw . .-. 765 Horse flesh from the standpoint of food value and hygiene, Martel 765 Sophistication of meat goods, Gaujoux 765 The diastatic enzym of ripening meat, Peters and Mattill 765 Meat poisoning epidemic caused by Bacillus enteritidis, Hogan 765 Contamination of cream cheese with tin from the wrapper 766 The relative value of condensed and fresh milk 766 CONTENTS. VTI Fage. The condensed milk and milk chocolate industry in Switzerland, Mayer 766 Composition of rice, i)Otatoes, and manioc, Boname 766 Uncured rice as a cause of beri-beri, Ellis . . 766 Papers and discussion on beri-beri 766 The production of a vegetable fl,our ric;h in sugar, Aulard 766 On the carbohydrates of shoyu, INIitsuda 767 Physico-chemical studies on tofu, Kato 767 Food value of mushrooms, Lesourd 767 Italian salted tomatoes 767 Judging fruit juices, Windisch and Schmidt 767 The production of raspberry anci cherry juice in Jlisslitz, ^Moravia, Haas 767 The ash of genuine wine and wine treated with gypsum, Carpentieri 767 Candied peel, Allen 767 Analysis and chemical composition of commercial tomato catsups, Hortvet. . . 767 [Sodium benzoate as a preservative] , Robison 767 The food laws of Switzerland 768 Report of the committee on food standards, Frear 768 Food inspection decisions 768 [Work of dairy and food department], Robison 768 Report of Missouri Food and Drug Commission for the month of May, 1909. . . 768 [Dairy and food division report] 768 Adulteration of food, Gerald et al 768 Diet and nutrition of the Filipino people, Aron 768 Budget of twenty-two workingmen's families in Munich, Conrad 770 Parsimony in nutrition, Crichton-Browne 770 Appetite in relation to experimental physiology and pathology, Sternberg 770 Influence of sodium chlorid on the digestion and absorption of proteid, Paderi. 770 The output of organic phosphorus in urine, Mathison 770 Effects of chocolate and coffee on uric acid and purins, Fauvel 770 The metaljolic balance sheet of the individual tissues, Gotch et al 771 Further advances in physiology. Hill 771 ANIMAL PRODUCTION. Experimental zoology. I, Embryogeny, Przibram 771 Elements of the exact study of heredity, Johannsen 771 The theory of ancestral contributions in hereditj^ Pearson 771 Ancestral gametic correlations of a INIendelian population, Pearson 771 Studies of inheritance in rabbits. Castle et al 772 ^lendelian inheritance of sex, Hagedoorn 772 Selection index numbers and their use in breeding. Pearl and Surface 773 Yearbook of scientific and practical animal breeding 773 Pasture results for 1908, Groll 773 Report on pastures for young stock, Miller 774 Report of work at the Kodiak live stock and breeding station, Snodgrass 775 Coyote-proof pasture experiment, 1908, Jardine 775 [Feeding experiments], Taylor 776 Size of the body and its relation to the lungs and heart of sheep, Seeberger. . . 776 Dried potatoes and corn for fattening swine, Kellner et al 776 The substitution of dried potatoes for oats and corn for horses, Kellner et al. . 777 Wintering farm horses, Norton, jr 777 The Tripoli Barb 777 Cost and methods of transporting meat animals, Andrews 777 DAIRY FARMING — DAIRYING. Sorgum r. corn meal as a source of carbohydrates for dairy cattle, Flint 777 Cotnparii?on of corn stover and hay for dairy cows, Taylor 778 The relation between form and function of milch coavs, Schmidt 778 Mathematical description of the milk-producing power of the cow, Rodewald. 778 Conformation and milk yield, Kronacher 778 The milking trials of 1908, Whitley 779 Report of the cow-testing associations in Norway, 1907-8, Funder 779 Statistics for Swedish cooperative creameries, 1906, Liljhagen 779 Report of the activities of the dairy institute at Proskau, Klein 779 On the morphology of milk globules, Nalli._ ._- 779 VIII CONTENTS. Page. Analyses of colostrum milk, Petersen " 780 The influence of heating upon the nutrient value of milk, Lane-Claypon 780 Partially skimmed milk, Hess 780 Report on the use of preservatives in cream, Hamill 780 Experiments on the preservation of cream by boron compounds, Harden 780 [Analyses of butter] , Rasmussen 781 Some essentials in farm butter making, Rasmussen 781 Sterilization of water and milk with ultraviolet rays, Santolyne 781 The aeration of milk for cheese making, Barr 781 Cheese bacteria Avhich decomj^ose glycerin and casein lactate, Troili-Petersson . 781 Noncoagulating cheese-milk and nonripening bitter curds, Wolff 782 The ripening and holing of Swedish farm cheeses, Troili-Petersson 782 Roquefort cheese industry '782 Studies on fermented milk. II, Kefir, Kuntze 782 VETERINARY MEDICINE. Book of veterinary posology and prescriptions, Brumley 782 Mallein and tuberculin, Villar 782 Tallianin, Berndt 78.S Studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis. Wells 783 The presence of bacteria in normal organs, Conradi 783 Report of proceedings under the Diseases of Animals Acts for the year 1908 . . 783 Anthrax in man contracted through the consumption of sausage, Hutyra 783 Infantile kala-azar, Niccole 783 Milk sickness, Jordan and Harris 783 Additional notes on the bacteriology and pathology of njiik sickness, Luckhardt. 784 The prevalence of rabies in the United States, Kerr and Stimson 784 Diagnosis of rabies, Moore 784 The nature, cause, and prevalence of rabies, Mohler 784 Development of a piroplasma and trypanosoma in artificial media, Martini 784 Notes on a case of Piroplasma hicjeminum, Wellington 785 Equine biliary fever, Jolliffe 785 Notes on immunity in canine piroplasniosis, Nuttall and Graham-Smith 785 Attempts to infect the fox and jackal with R. canis, Nuttall and G raham-Smith . 785 Surra in the Federated Malay States, Eraser. ., 785 Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei by Glossina palpalis, Kleine 785 Anilin antimonyl tartrate in the treatment of trypanosomiases, Laveran 786 Diseases, ticks, and their eradication, Theiler 786 Relation of the Indian form of relapsing fever to African tick fever, Strong — 786 East Coast fever 786 The diagnosis of tuberculosis, Neuhaus 786 The practical value of the ocular tuberculin reaction in cattle, Foth 786 The ophthalmo-reaction: An exact method of diagnosis, Klimmerand Kiessig. 786 Tuberculosis infection in its relation to the tuberculin reaction, Arloing 786 Tuberculosis infection and immunization by the digestive tract, Calmette 787 Experiments with von Behring's bovovaccine. I, Regner and Stenstrom 787 Some facts about tuberculous cattle, Schroeder 787 The tuberculosis situation, Reynolds 787 Loss among cattle in Alaska, Snodgrass 788 Poisoning by cotton-seed meal, Rust 788 Johne's disease of cattle, Alexander --- 788 Acute dietetic eczema in cows, Nissen 788 Investigation of lactosuria in milch cows, Sieg 788 Relapses in milk fever, Steffen 788 Hepatic echinococcosis as a cause of chronic tympany in cattle, Weber 789 Infectious keratitis of calves, Vas 789 Normal salt solution in diarrhea of calves, Kronacher 789 A new prophylactic treatment for dysentery in calves, Evers 789 Gastro-intestinal strongylosis of sheep, Caze 789 The role of distomes in hydremia of sheep, Carre 789 The specific antibodies in distomiasis and cysticercosis, Weinberg 789 Sheep dips, Sargeant ". 790 Recent work of Bureau of Animal Industry concerning hog cholera, Dorset. . . 790 Hog-cholera serum 790 Swine fever 790 CONTENTS. IX Page. Contribution to the Ijnowled^e of infectious anemia of horses, Hempel 790 Equine infectious anemia, Kinsley 790 Coiijundlcitis dij)hOicnca, Beuge 791 Glanders, Van Es 791 A new subcutaneous mycosis of equines, Carougeau 791 Filariasis of the tendons of the horse, Drouet 791 Filariasis of the suspensory ligament of the pastern joint, Schneider et al 791 The treatment of traumatic arthritis, Urbain 791 Worm tumors in the stomach of the horse, Henry 791 The painless destruction of dogs, Jakob 791 FurtiTer investigation upon white diarrhea, Hadley and Kirkpatrick 792 The dissection of fowls, Harrison 792 Malaria and other blood parasites, Stephens and Christophers 792 Report on the prevention of malaria in Mauritius, Ross 792 Notes on some Australian parasites, Johnston 792 Intestinal worms of Filipino women and children. Garrison and Llamas 792 Observations on the division of spirochetes, Mackinnon 793 Present knowledge of the haemoflagellates and allied forms, Patton 793 RURAL ENGINEERING. The small irrigation pumping plant, Fleming 793 Decreasing the consumption of fuel and lumber, Joachimsson 793 Cement silos in Michigan, Jeffery 793 Labor saving devices in farm 1 )uildings, Jonsson 793 RURAL ECONOMICS. The wastes of the farm, Woods 794 The business side of farming. Farm records, Bexell 794 Farm accounts. Feet 794 Types of farming in the United States, Spillman 794 Profitable farming in New England 795 Causes of southern rural conditions and the remedy, Knapp 795 Regarding rural depopulation 796 The utilization of agricultural land in Denmark, Koefoed 796 Agricultural cooperative societies in Denmark, Fourrier 796 Cooperative banking without money and cooperative credit unions 796 National congress of agricultural credit, Sagnier 796 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Report on distribution of grants for agricultural education and research, 1907-8. 797 The Illinois College of Agriculture: Its early struggles and ideals. Draper 798 The place and function of agriculture in the curriculum. Hart 798 A course of study in nature study: Part I. tirades I-IV, Charles 798 Report of the work of the School Garden Society, 1907 and 1908, Maribo 798 Bringing nature back to the city, Sutherland 798 MISCELLANEOUS. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1908 799 Annual Report of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1908 799 Thirty-first and Thirty-second Reports of Connecticut State Station, 1907-8. . . 799 Nineteenth and Twentieth Reports of New Hampshire Station, 1907-8 799 Suitable paper for permanent records, Veitch 799 Index for Bulletins 69-83 of the North Dakota Station 790 LIST OF EXPERIMENT STATION AND DEPART- MENT PUBLICATIONS REVIEWED. Stations in the United States — Continued. Page. 745 Ohio Station: Bui. 203, Apr., 1909 Bui. 204, June, 1909 739 Rhode Island Station: Bui. 135, May, 1909 730 Texas Station: Bui. 109,a Sept., 1908 732 Bui. 123, July, 1909 724 Stations in the United States. Alaska Stations: Page. An. Rpt. 1908 712, 728, 738, 775, 788, 799 Connecticut State Station: Bien. Rpt. 1907-8, pt. 12... 742,799 Georgia Station : Bui. 85, Julv, 1909 746 Bui. 86, July, 1909 777 Iowa Station: Bui. 104, July, 1909 743 Bui. 105, July, 1909 737 Kansas Station: Bui. 159, Mar., 1909 765 Bui. 160, Apr. 29, 1909 732 Michigan Station: Bui. 254, Mar., 1909 777 Bui. 255, May, 1909 793 Circ. 6, July," 1909 790 Mississippi Station: Circ. 20, Feb. , 1906 724 Circ. 21, Mar., 1906 724 Circ. 22, Jan. , 1907 724 Circ. 23, Mar. ,1907 724 Circ. 24, Apr., 1907 724 New Hampshire Station: Circ. 7, Sept., 1908 781 Nineteenth and Twentieth An. Rpts. 1907-8 712,713,714, 715, 719, 729, 738, 744, 758, 759, 760, 776, 778, 781, 799 New ]Mexico Station: Bui. 71, May, 1909 793 North Carolina Station: Bui. 204, June, 1909 732 North Dakota Station: Bui. 85, Sept., 1909 791 Index to Buls. 69-83, June, 1909 799 Note. — The publications of the United States Department of Agriculture may 1)6 purchased from the Superintendent of Documents, Washington, D. C, to whom all remittances should be made. The price of Experiment Station Record is $1 per volume, and there will be two volumes each year. The prices of other technical publications are given above. The publications of the State experi- ment stations are distributed from the stations and not from the Department. U. S. Department of Agriculture. Yearbook, 1908 ($1.25) 710, 712, 717, 724, 732, 736, 738, 745, 752, 764, 777, 787, 790, 794, 795, Farmers' Bui. 369 Food Insp. Decisions 108-109 Bureau of Biological Survey: North American Fauna No. 27 (80 cents) Circ. 68 Bureau of Entomology: Bui. 68, Contents and Index ( 5 cents ) Bui. 77 (25 cents) :.... Bui. 80, pt. 4 (10 cents) Circ. Ill Forest Service: Circ. 160 Circ. 167 Bureau of Plant Industry: Bui. 141, pt. 5 (5 cents) Circ. 37 Circ. 38 Doc. 485 Doc. 495 711, 751, ,799 751 768 750 750 764 761 755 757 775 739 748 733 748 732 731 oNot to be confvised with Bui. 109, Aug., 1908, previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 510). EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Vol. XXI. Abstract Nuiviber. No. 8. RECENT WORK IN AGRICULTURAL SCIENCE. AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY— AGROTECHNY. Enzyms and antienzyms. A. J. J. Vandevelde (Chem. WeekbL, 6 (1909). Xo. 19, i)i>. 327-337). — The author mvestif^ated the iufluence of heat iipou the proteolytic enzyms of milk and serums from various sources, with particular reference to antiproteolysis. For this purpose ceutrifuged cow's milk, bovine blood serum, and horse blood serum were heated at temperatures of 45, 55, and 65° C. for 30 minutes, respec- tively. The amount of proteolysis was detei'mined by estimating the amount of protein which was precipitated before and after a period of 410 days with 92 per cent alcohol. Percentage of proteolysis in milh and different serums at various temperatures. Kind of material. Room tempera- ture. 45° C. 55° C. 65° C. Per cent. 33 11 20 17 17 20 20 Per cent. 36 15 17 16 17 20 17 Per cent. 50 29 17 17 19 21 14 Per cent. 52 26 Bf)vine serum and milk 17 19 22 12 9 From the above results it appears that the presence of bovine serum in milk brings about a diminution of proteolysis and indicates the presence of anti- enzyms. The presence of horse serum, however, shows no antienzymic action. A theory as to the results obtained is given. The maltase of buckwheat, J. Huerre {Compt. Rend. Acad. Sci. [Paris], 11,8 {1909), Ao. 23, pp. 1526-1528; ahs. in Chem. Zentbl., 1909, II, No. 3, p. 227). — Buckwheat contains an under-maltase which has a range of activity between +3 and +70° C. with the optimum at 55°. This activity is reduced by partial neutralization with alkalis, or on addition of amino acids and acetamid. The I-maltase exists only in the dried seeds or possibly at the beginning of germination, but decomposes quickly as the germinating process goes on. The determination of nitrogen by the Kjeldahl method, pai-ticularly in milk, G. WiEGNER (Jour. Landic, 57 (1909), No. 1, pp. 81-110, //r/.s. ^').— The 701 702 EXPEETMENT STATION EECORD. various factors which influence the results in nitrogen determinations in gen- eral, and especially those in milk analysis, are discussed very completely. Special stress is laid on the error due to the nondecomposition of the vola- tile fatty acids, the adhering of these bodies to the sides of the oxidizing flask, and their final transmission into the distillate. The author prefers using copper sulphate instead of mercury, which gives low results in milk analysis. Sodium hydroxid is discarded in favor of potassium hydroxid, as the latter solution boils more freely, very seldom bumps, and does not necessitate the addition of zinc. The method proposed is as follows: Weigh off 10 gm., or thereabouts, of milk in a flask and heat with 25 cc. sulphuric acid. When the frothing ceases, add 10 gm. of potassium sulphate, and oxidize until no color is present. Dilute the solution with 50 cc. of water and filter through a hardened filter paper to remove any unoxidized fatty acids. After this add just so much 60 per cent potassium hydroxid as will neutralize the acid, allow the mixture to cool, and then add the remainder of the alkali, which in all is about 175 cc. Finally add 100 cc. of 17.5 per cent potassium sulphid solution. For the distilling process the author describes a new apparatus, in which the distillation is carried out in about 45 minutes. The distillate is collected in 60 cc. of decinormal sulphuric acid, and subsequently accurately diluted to 250 cc. The nitrogen is estimated by adding 15 cc. of a 10 per cent potassium iodid solution and 15 cc. of 4 per cent potassium iodate solution, closing the flask with a ground glass stopper, allowing it to stand for 45 minutes, and titrating back the iodin with decinormal thiosulphate solution. The determination of nitric acid with nitron, C. Paal and A. Ganghofer (Ztschr. Anahjt. Clicm., J,S {J909), No. 9, pp. 5 J,5-55 5). —This is a verification of Paal and Mehrtens' work (E. S. R., 18, p. 525) on the accuracy of the method for the determination of nitrates in meat. The method is also found efficient for solutions which contain dextrin, peptone, or gelatin. Detection of nitrates in the presence of bromids, Villedieu {Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 6. ser., 30 {1909), No. 2, pp. 66, 67; abs. in Analyst, Sit {1909), No. ^02, pp. 418, Jtl9). — Although the coloration produced by nitrates with sulphuric acid and ferrous sulphate is masked by the color of the iron bromid if a bromid is present, good results can be obtained even with solutions containing a small amount of nitrate and much bromid by neutralizing the liquid, shaking it with an excess of basic lead acetate, and allowing it to stand. The upper liquid is then decanted and filtered. To the filtrate an amount of sodium sulphate is added sutficient to precipitate all lead present, and this is then again filtered. If 1 cc. of the filtrate is mixed with 1 cc, of sulphuric acid and 1 drop of a reagent prepared by mixing sulphuric acid with a very small quantity of ferrous sulphate, even minute quantities of nitrates give a reddish-brown coloration. Contributions to the micro-chemical analysis of the alkaline earth metals, N. ScHOORL {Ztschr. Anahjt. Chem., .'/S {1909), No. 7-8, pp. JfO 1-4 15). —Many general and special micro-chemical methods are described for barium, strontium, and calcium. A new titrametric method for the determination of barium, E. A. Hill and W. H. Zink {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 70, Repert., p. 305).— The method is based upon the precipitation of barium as an iodate and the reaction of this substance on iodide of -potash solutions of linown strength. Sodium, potassium, magnesium, and ammonium salts present in slight amounts do not influence the reaction, but this is not the case with calcium and strontium. The estimation of lead in tin vessels, F. Knopfle {Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. Genussmth, 17 {1909), No. 11, p. 670). — Methods such as Busse's do not yield AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY AGROTECHNY. 703 correct results when Ibo tin-lead composition contains much iron. The autlior proposes a method whicli j^ives better results. A new micro-cliemical reaction for arsenic and phosphorus, Deniges ((htcn: Chcm. Ztg., J 2 (1909), No. 16, p. 208).— With this test the author was able to detect quickly and in the cold 1/lOCiO mg. of arsenic and phosi)horus. The reaj^ents employed were either ammoniacal or acetated silver nitrate solu- tion or mercuric nitrate and nia.irnesiuni mixture. The arscuic is obtained in the form of rods or plates. The phosphorus is transformed into phos[)h()ric acid and collected with the condensed water in a Blondlot and Dusart apparatus. Quj.litative test and quantitative approximation of small amounts of arsenic, R. Bensemann (Zt.sclir. Angcw. Chcm., 22 {1909), No. 37, pp. ISOJ/- ISOG). — ^A Julius and Robert Otto hydrogen generation apparatus has been modified by the author for arsenic work. For the quantitative approximation analysis he proposes a series of mirrors prepared from known amounts of arsenic. The estimation of the citrate soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder, Soxhlet (Laiidw. Vers. Stat., 11 (1909). No. 1-3, pp. 220-22.'i). — The Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations of Germany has adopted the following methods for the estimation of citrate soluble phosphoric acid in Thomas slag powder: (1) The hydrochloric method with the elimination of silicic acid; (2) the direct precipitation according to Bottcher- Wagner in con- junction with the Kellner preliminary test; (3) the method of Naumann ; (4) the Darmstadt method; and (5) the Lorenz method. The permissible limit established for error is 0.3 per cent. The deternaination of potash in potassium fertilizers, Soxhlet (Landw. Vers. Stat., 11 (1909), No. 1-3, pp. 181-205).— This is a criticism of the various methods employed in the determination of potash in- potassium salts for fer- tilizers by the Association of Agricultural Experiment Stations of the German Empire. A reaction of acid soils, O. Loew (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsw. Ostcn:, 12 (1009), No. 5, pp. J/6 1-^/63; ahs. in Chem. Abs., 3 (1909), No. 19, p. 2331).— The following method for detecting acidity is given : Boil 10 gm. of the soil with 10 cc. of 1 per cent potassium iodid 5 to 10 minutes in a water bath, add a few drops of potassium nitrate and starch paste, and cool quickly. The detection of free CO- in water, L. Bitter (Hyg. Rundscliau, 19 (1909), No. 11, pp. 633, 63.'f; ahs. in Chcm. Zcnthh, 1909, II, No. 1, p. 63 ) .—Attention is called to the fact that too much reliance must not be placed in the rosolic acid reaction. It is better to take 50 cc. of water and 10 drops of an alcoholic solu- tion of phenolphthalein in a 200 cc. Erlenmeyer flask and if a red coloration does not ensue to shake the water strongly for 10 minutes or boil it for a time. If a pink color manifests itself, free CO2 is present. For its quantitative de- termination Trillich's titration method is recommended. The leg'al coloring matters for foods and the difficulties of their prepa- ration, G. KOHNSTAMM (Ostcrv. Chem. Ztg., 12 (1909), No. 15, p. 19.'t).— Of 189 colors examined, it was found that the poorest grade of colors was that gen- erally employed to color foodstuffs. All of the <;o samples of Naphthol yellow S examined contained martins yel- low, many had from 2 to .33 per cent of the original synthetizing bodies and de- composition i)roducts present, and 41 contained arsenic, 2!) in large quantities. With Orange I, out of 2S sami)les investigated all contained procbicts of decora- jiosition, most contained free najihthol and lead, and 'some containcMl iron. .\mong .3S Amaranth samples, all contained arsenic and other coloring matters; iron was alsQ found. lu 10 of the 12 Erythrosiu samples examined thery was^ 704 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. no erythrosin whatever, but arseuic was present. The 2 remaining samples had too little iodin. Among the Fuchsin S yellow-light-green samples only 1 was free from arsenic and 9 contained lead or copper. Of the 8 samples of indigo disulphonic acid not 1 was pure. Ponceau 3 R was the purest of all the coloring matters examined. Salicylic acid as a preservative from the newer legal standpoint, R. Racine (Zt-svJir. Offentl. Clicin., 15 (1909), No. 12, pp. 221-22.'i).—A discussion of the legal use of salicylic acid in various foods and beverages, with some general remarks upon its action on the human organism. Methods for the determination of salicylates, A. Seidell (Jour. Amcr. Cliem. 8oc.,31 (1909), No. 10, pp. 116S-1177). — A critical study of existing methods for the determination of the salicylate radical in the salicylates. The detection of preservatives in meat, W. Waka (Ztschr. Fleisch u. MUchhijg.. 19 (1909), No. 11, pp. 381,-381). — This is a compilation of the usual methods for the detection of boric, salicylic, and sulphurous acids, saltpeter, formaldehyde, and hydrogen sulphid in meats, so simplified that very little chemical knowledge or equipment is required for their use. A method for the approximation of the glycogen content is also given. The amount of sulphurous acid in gelatin, W. Lange (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 32 (1909), No. 1, pp. l-'i4-lol). — \Yhite and red gelatin from different manufac- turers, gelatin powders, and gelatin for clarifying wines were found to contain from 0.016 to 0.467 per cent of sulphurous acid. The capsules had a maximum of 0.026 per cent and a minimum of 0.014 per cent (6 samples). The results indicate that sulphurous acid is generally employed in the manufacture of gelatin. The determination of fat in hog' products, G. Perkier (BuI. Soc. Chim. Fraitcr, J,, ser., 5-6 (1909), No. 10. pp. 569-571; al)s. in CJicm. ZentbL, 1909, II, No. 2, p. 152). — By this method the fat is obtained in unchanged form in about 3 hours. A 10-gm. sample of the product (liver paste, bologna, etc.) is rubbed up in water with 3 to 4 gm. of washed and dried sand and 20 to 2.5 gm. or more of water-free sodium sulphate until the mass is powdered and does not adhere to the sides of the mortar. This is allowed to stand for one-half hour, packed into an extraction thimble and extracted with ether for 2 hours. The residue obtained from the extraction is dried at 110° C, or in a vacuum over sulphuric acid at ordinary temperature. Detection of patent roller flour in bread, C. (Jriebel (Ztschr. Untcrsuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 17 (1909), No. 11, pp. 657-661, figs. 7).— Patent roller flour is a flour prepared from steamed potatoes, which is supposed to increase the baking quality of poor rye or wheat flour. The author was able with potassium hydroxid and chloral hydrate to differentiate the various cellular elements of the potato, the cork tissue of the peel, the vascular elements, etc., both in the flour and the baked bread. Solanin could be detected chemically only in the flour. Some further contributions to the knowledge of artificial honey, A. Jager- SCHMID (Ztschr. Untersuch. Nahr. u. GenussmtL, 17 (1909), No. 11, pp. 671, 672). — By distilling off the volatile products of artificial honey the author was able to verify the presence of furfurol with anilin acetate. Pure honey did not give this reaction. Some spectroscopic investigations were also made. [Some further contributions regarding Fiehe's reaction], K. Kelser (Arh. K. Gsndhtsamt., 30 (1909), No. 3, pp. 6.37-657).— The author was able to verify some of Fiehe's conclusions and found that honeys which had 8 to 10 per cent of invert sugar, 20 per cent of artificial honey, and 40 per cent of glucose resj)ectively gave a very definite reaction, lu studying the different products AGRICULTURAL CHEMISTRY — AGROTECHNY. 705 obtained by the diffoivnt methods of inversion of siif;ar it was found that yeast invertase did not produce products which give this reaction. When imre honey was heated to 120° C. or heated for 1 hour at 100°, the Fiehe reaction was itbtained. Pure honey heated at 00° for 2 hours gave a very slight reaction, though pronounced. The reaction is ])robably produced by the formation of /3-Oxy-S-methyl-fnrfurol. Attention is drawn to the fact that during tlie pro- duction of chirified honey long heating is avoided as it tends to diminish the quality of the article, but that it is possible to distinguish the difference between a honey which has been overheated and one which is adulterated. Fiehe's reaction and that of Ley and Jag-erschniid, W. Bremer and F. Spon- NAGEL (Zfsvhr. Uiitcrsucli. Xalir. ii. dciiKssinil.. 11' (1909), No. 11, pp. 66-'i- 6'6'7). — The authors obtained Fiehe's reaction with honey of undoubted purity. In some instances it was obtained in the cold, while v.ith others it was apparent only after heating In the water bath. It is also reported that a honey which was declared to be artificial gave Fiehe's reaction only after heating for some time in the water bath. With Ley and Jiigerschmid's method only 7 out of 9 natural honeys could be identified. The reaction, therefore, is not deemed alto- gether reliable. The detection of mineral acids in vinegar, F. Utz (Ostcrr. Clictn.. Ztg., 11 (1908), No. 2Jf, pp. 326-328; aM. in Ztsrhr. Analyt. Chem., /,8 (1909), No. 6, p. 389). — Fiehe's invert sugar reaction (E. S. R., 20, p. 612) was used, 4 to 5 gm. of cane sugar in 10 cc. of the vinegar being inverted in the water bath, the solution cooled, and extracted 2 or 3 times with ether, the ethereal extract evap- orated, and the residue treated with resorcin-hydrochloric acid. Even with very small amounts of mineral acid present a rose-red color appears which rapidly changes to a cherry red. The detection of inosit in natural wines, G. Perrin (Aim. Chini. Anahjt., l.'f (1909), No. 5. pp. 182, 183; «7>.s. in Analyst, 3Jt (1909). No. J/OO, p. 32.',).— To 200 cc. of wine are added 20 cc. of basic lead acetate and a few drops of an alcoholic solution of tannin. The filtrate is freed from lead with hydrogen sulphid, decolorized with charcoal, and concentrated to a bulk of 200 cc. on the water bath. Two drops of this concentrated solution are heated on a platinum foil with 1 drop of a 10 per cent solution of silver nitrate and finally cautiously igLited. Inosit gives a red-violet coloration which disappears on cooling. Two more drops are then heated on another platinum foil witli 1 drop of nitric acid, ignited as before, the residue treated with 1 drop of ammonia, and again evaporated. A color less red than that obtained with silver nitrate indicates that the wine contains inosit. The presence of inosit as a characteristic of natural wines, O. Meill^re (Jour. Pharm. et Chim., 0. scr., 30 i 1909). No. 6. pp. ^.'/7-2-'/9).— The author con- cludes that inosit is normally present in natural wine and discusses this ques- tion. The estimation of inosit is discussed. Wote on a method to distinguish wines made from red or white grapes (Ann. FulHtf., 1 (1908), No. 2, p. 83). — The sulphuric acid reaction is not suffi- cient to determine whether a wine is made from white or red grajies. The analysis of alcohols and brandies, Mastbaum (Ahs. in Clicm. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 69, p. 626). — It is slated that in the determination of aldehydes the methods commonly employed are either colorimetric or volumetric. The colorimetric methods are those of (Jaymi, Barbet, Jandrier and others. The higher alcohols are estimated chiefly by 3 methods, those of Saville-CJirard, Pocsc-Stufzer-Sell. and Marcpiardt-.MIen-Schidrowitz. Detection of methyl alcohol in ethyl alcohol, A. Vorisek {Join: .S'or. Chem. Indu.s.. 28 (1909), No. 15, pp. 823-82'), jirtant investigations relating to this subject, covering the period from Ilellriegel and Willfarth to recent times (May. 1909). A bibliograi)h.v of the subject is given at the close of the article. Bacillus amylobacter in its morphological, physiological, and systematic relations, G. Brkdemann (Centhl. Bald. [etcA, 2. AM., 23 (1909), A'O. l.',-20, pp. 3S5-06S, pis. 6, figs. 13; al)s. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 561, II, p. 601). — The present state of kuowletlge with reference to this organism, especially as regards its nitrogen-fixing powei*, is summarized in this article. A very complete bibliography of the subject is also given. The characteristic features of the organism are its power of fixing nitrogen, decomposing carbohydrates with the formation of alcohol and volatile acids, and malving and storing glycogen. As indicated by the amount of volatile acids produced, there was little variation in function in organisms from different sources. Manganese in soils and in plants, P. Boname (Sfa. Agron. Mauritius Bui. 20, 1909, pp. J0-5-J).— Analyses are reported which show that manganese is widely distributed in considerable amounts (as high as 0.4 per cent) in the soils of Mauritius and consequently is present in considerable amounts in plants (as high as 1.2(; pe* cent in arrowroot) grown on these soils. Humus — its importance to soil fertility and its use with lime, J. N. Hoff {Jour. Amer. Peat Soc, 2 (1909), No. 2, pp. Jfl-52). — ^A brief general discussion of the subject is given. A contribution to Volger's theory of the formation of soil water, Kruger (Gsndhts. Ingcn., 32 (1909), No. 28, pp. 469-/,73).—X series of laboratory and field experiments is reported, the results indicating in general that the free water of the soil is very slightly increased by capillary condensation of the moisture of the air. Soil mulches for checking evaporation, S. Fortier ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Year- hook 1908, pp. 465-472, figs. 7). — The extent of the loss of water from the soil under irrigation is pointed out and the use of deep fuiTOws and granular soil mulches to reduce this loss is explained. It is shown as a result of tank experi- ments in different localities that " the deeper the mulch the less the evaporation, but there are practical considerations which limit the depth of soil mulches. A depth of less than 9 in. and more than 3 in. would meet the requirements of the arid region in general." Peat and swamp lands, J. H. Pratt (Jour. Amer. Peat Soc., 2 (1909), No. 1, pp. 13-17). — This article briefly discusses the extent and importance of drainage and the agricultural and industrial value of drained peat and swamp lands. The drainage and value of peat lands for agriculture, S. M. Woodward (Jour. Amer. Peat Soc., 1 (1908), No. 3, pp. 61-67). — The history, methods, and extent of drainage work are briefly reviewed in this article, the information given being based largely upon the work of the Drainage Investigations of this Office. Swamp lands and their reclamation, H. M. Wilson (Jour. Amer. Peat Soc, 1 (1908). Nos. 1, pp. 8-10: 2, pp. 3'i, 35). — This article gives information regard- ing the extent of swamp lands in the TTnited States and the reclamation of such lauds by the individual States and by the United States. 718 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Soil survey of Dubois, Perry, and Crawford counties, Indiana, C. W. Shannon (/«(/. Dept. GcoL and Xat. Resources Ann. Ri>t.. S3 (1908). pp. 277- 3J,2, pis. 8, maps -^).— Observatious on the pbysiograpby, geology, climate, his- tory of settlement and development, and soils of these 3 counties, embracing an area of about 1,015 square miles, are reported with a discussion of the plant food in the soils and their fertilizer requirements. These surveys were made under the direction of the department of geology and natural resources of the State and are supplementary to a number of similar surveys which have been made in diftereut parts of the State by the Bureau of Soils of this Department. Reviewing the results of the surveys, it is stated that they show a marked deficiency of plant food in southern Indiana soils due to the fact that these soils are derived from formations containing but small amounts of the elements of plant food. The soils are low in organic matter and of such texture as to be difficult of cultivation in many cases. The use of raw phosphate and of leguminous crops as green manure in rotation with grain crops and potatoes is recommended as a means of improving the soils. Advice is also given as to the use of commercial fertilizers. Soil survey of Daviess County, L. C. Snider {Ind. Dept. GcoJ. and Xat. Resources Ann. Rpt., 33 (1908), pp. 3-'t3-357, pis. 2, map 1). — A survey similar to those noted above is reported. It is stated that 4 general types of soils occur in this county, namely, river and stream bottoms, sand, marsh or prairie areas, and upland clay. Many of the soils are quite productive. The predominance of clay soils makes the production of staple crops, corn, wheat, hay, and live stock, the leading agricultural feature of the region. Surface geology of Michigan, A. C. Lane (Rpt. Bd. GcoL Survey Mich., 1907, pp. 89-152, pis. J, figs, l.'i, maps 2). — This report is intended "as an introduc- tion to the surface geology of the State and its bearing on the study of the soils, surface deposits, and physical geography, for the use of our public school teachers and their pupils, and as a key to the large scale maps of the surface geology," which are being prepared. Types of Michigan soils are described under dune sand, muck, peat, and meadow soils, and Clyde, Marshall gravel, Superior, and Miami soil types as defined by the Bureau of Soils of this De- partment. Eesults of analyses of cultivated soils, F. F. Yillasexor (Mem. y Rev. Soc. Cient. "Antonio Alzate," 21 (1908), No. 1, pp. 19-28). — Physical and chemical analyses of a number of samples from San Luis Potosi, Mexico, are reported. The soils of Nevis, F. Watts and H. A. Tempany ( West Indian Buh, 10 (1909), No. 1, pp. 60-79, dgms. U,; ahs. in Cliem. Ahs., 3 (1909), No. 18. pp. 2191, 2192) .—In further study of the soils of the Leeward Islands, chemical and physical analyses of a number of samples of soils of Nevis were made and the results are briefly summarized. Notes on the soils of Bengal, D. N. Mookerjee (Indian Ayr.. 3'/ (1909), Nos. 7, pp. 217-220; 8, pp. 253, 25'/). — The geological origin and formation of the soils of this region are briefly discussed and typical soils are described. Physico-chemical properties of Russian black soil, B. Kuriloff (Abs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 71, p. 653). — The properties of the Russian black soil are described with the aid of tabular data and diagrams based upon chemical analyses of the soil. The value of the present-day soil analysis, C. Bi.och and M. Hoffmann (Mitt. Landiv. Inst. Breslau, // (1907), No. 1-2, pp. 305-319; aJ)s. in Chem. Zenthl., 1909, I, No. .',, p. 318; Chem. Ahs., 3 (1909), No. 19, p. 2337).— Studies of the accuracy of the determination of mineral constituents in carefully sam- pled soils are reported, indicating that even with the greatest care there are SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 719 considerable variations in sucli deterniiiiatlons. Tlie averages of 5 means of 5 samples each were fonnd to give results which could I)e relied upon. Varia- tions due to applieations of potash and soda could not be accurately determined. On the other hand, those due to ai)plications of lime and phosphoric acid were readily detected. Soil testing. F. W. Taylor {Nctv Hampshire Sta. Ritts. 1907-S, pp. 311, 312). — Tests of the wire-basket method of the Bureau of Soils of this Depart- ment are reported, the general conclusion being " that tlie method, while simple and of com[taratively easy operation, fails to determine with any considerable degree of accuracy the manurial reipiirements of our common types of soil. It is probable, however, that with soils markedly deficient in humus or in one or more particular elements, the method would have some valui' in making the determination." How can the farmer maintain the fertility of the soil? C. (i. Hopkins {Quart. Rpt. Kaits. lid. Agr., 2S (HWO), No. 109, pp. JJ--',6' ) .— The causes of a decline of soil fertility are discussed and the use of rotations, manure, and phosphates to restore i)roductiveness in soils of the corn belt is explained. The basis of the system is an increase of hunniy and phosphates. Fertilizers and manures, A. L). Hall {London, 190!), pp. A'1'/+3S-J, pJs. 7). — This book is meant to be a companion to the author's treatise on the soil (E. S. K., 20, 1). 1113), and both are intended for the use of farmers and senior stu- dents and teachers in English agricultural schools. The presentation of the subject is as nontechnical as possible, but assumes some elementary knowledge of chemistrv. The book contains a brief historical statement and very liicidiy i)resents the argument for the use of fertilizers as well as the principles upon which the modern theory of the use of fertilizers is based. In the author's opinion "the future . . . lies with intensive farming; every year the ratio of the cultivable land to the population of the world shrinks ; every year science puts fresh resources in the hands of the farmer. . . . Inten- sive farming implies the use of fertilizers; still more it implies, or should imply, skill and knowledge in using them." The results of the Rothamsted experiments have been freely drawn upon in the preparation of the book, and, as the author states, much of the matter has already been printed (E. S. E., 18, p. 921 ; 20, pp. 428, 1018). The book contains an introduction and chapters dealing with fertilizers con- taining nitrogen, the function and comparative value of nitrogenous manures, phosphatic manures, the function and use of phosphatic fertilizers, the potassic fertilizers, farmyard manure, Peruvian guano and other mixed fertilizers, ma- terials of indirect fertilizing value, theories of fertilizer action, systems of manuring crops, the valuation and purchase of fertilizers, and the conducting of experiments with fertilizers. Artificial manures, G. Ville, trans, and edited by W. Crookes, rev. by W. ("rookks and .7. I'krcival (London, Xcw York, Bomhai/, and Calcutta, 1909, new ed. rev., pp. XXXVIII+S-'iJ, pis. 6, figs. 10; rev. in Cliem. News, 100 (.1909), No. 2592, p. 59). — This is a new edition of this translation, containing nmch new matter relating especially to substances which have recently come into promi- nence as fertilizing agents, and adapting the fornuilas for fertilizers to modern requirements and to the needs of the P^nglish farmer. Mineral fertilizers in 1908, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. Prat, n. ser., 18 (1909), Nos. ^8, pp. 77, 7S; 29, pp. 107-109). — Statistics of the production and consump- tion of fertilizers during 1908 are briefly reviewed. The production of raw phosphate is given as about 5,000,000 tons. The larger part of this raw phos- 720 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. pliate was converted into superphosphates, of which about 7,500,000 tons were produced. The production of Thomas slag is stated to have been about 3,000,000 tons. The world's consumption of nitrate of soda during 1908 is given as 1,748,000 tons, of sulphate of aunnonia 878,000 tons, of Norwegian nitrate 25,000 tons, and of calcium cyanamid 20,000 to 25,000 tons. Data are given regarding the de- velopment of new potash deposits and the use of potash salts and other fer- tilizing materials in France. Losses of manurial constituents in, and the action of preservatives on, farmyard manure during storage, R. A. Berry {Abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 13, jtp. 122, 723). — This is a note on a paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Chemisti'y at I^ondon, which gave an account of investigations to compare losses of the fertilizing constituents in manure kept in exposed heaps in a climate with an average rainfall of 41 in. with the losses occurring under cover, and showing the effect of different pre- servatives on the nitrogen content of manui-e in storage. The rainfall during the period of experiment was 15.1 in. and the mean temperature 39.5° F. The average effect of storage was to increase the ratio of insoluble nitrogen and to decrease the ammouiacal nitrogen by about 10 per cent. There was a decrease in total nitrogen of about 29 per cent. The effect on the mineral con- stituents was to produce a slight decrease in the ratio of soluble to total phos- phates and potash. The general effect of the use of preservatives (superphos- phate, kainit, gypsum, acid sodium phosphate, chalk, bleaching powder, forma- lin, and chloroform) in comparison with covering the manure with soil and closely and loosely packing it was to increase the ratio of insoluble nitrogen by 4.5 per cent and of ammouiacal nitrogen by 3 per cent. The losses of total nitrogen were variable. The best results in preserving the manure were ob- tained by packing it closely and covering with a layer of soil. Investigations relative to the use of nitrogenous fertilizers, 1898-1907, E. B. VooRHEES and J. G. Lipman {Abs. in Join: Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 13, p. 723). — In this paper, presented at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London, the authors summarized investigations at the New .Jersey Stations extending over 10 years ( E. S. I{., 21. p. 529). On the consequence of nonfusion of nitrate of soda in the soil, A. Demolon {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 17 {1909), No. 18, pp. .Jo7-559). — This article, based largely upon investigations by Miintz and Gaudechon (E. S. R., 21, p. 23), Hall, and Deherain, shows the importance of taking account of the moisture content of the soil in the application of nitrate of soda and of applying the nitrate in a fine state of division at times when the soil contains sufficient moisture to bring the material rapidly into solution and diffuse it widely in the soil. The action of sulphate of ammonia on lig'ht sandy soils, A. Imelmann {Deut. Landw. Prcsse, 36 {1909), No. 72, pp. 768, 769). — Experiments with beets and oats during 1907 and 1908 in continuation of experiments with rye and po- tatoes in 1905 and 1906 (B. S. R., 19, p. 926) are briefly reported. The results show that under the conditions of these experiments the sulphate of ammonia gave profitable returns when used on light sandy soils in connection with the necessary amount of phosphoric acid and potash. The use of sulphate of ammonia on sandy soils, Bachmann {Landic. WcJnibl. Sehles. Hoist., 59 {1909), No. J,0, pp. 673-675).— Tests of different amounts and methods of applying sulphate of ammonia on rye grown on sandy soils are reported. Spring application of the sulphate gave better results than a divided appli- cation in fall and spring. Good results were obtained by making the first application early in the spring with a second application 3 weeks later. SOILS FERTILIZERS. 721 The production of ammonium sulphate in 1908, C. G. Atwatek (Amcr. Fcrt., 31 (li)0!)). \(). ,.^ /)/>. 10-12).— The world's production is given as 895,550 metric tons, of which 325,228 tons was i)roduced in Great Britain and ol3,0()() tons in Germany. Manufacture of saltpeter, F. E. Drummond-IIay {Diplo. and Cons. Rpts. [London], Ann. Scr., WO!), JSo. Ji218, p. 10). — This is a brief account of progress in the construction and the probable capacity of various Norwegian works for the manufacture of lime nitrate, nitric acid, and other products. The new nitrogen manures, II. von Feilitzen {Ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chan. IndHi<., 2S (1909). Xo. I J. pp. 723, 72'/). — A note is given on a paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London, in which ex- periments with calcium nitrate and calcium cyanamid carried on by the Swedish Moor Culture Society at Flahult since 1904 are summarized (E. S. K., 20, p. 319: 21, p. 121). The importance of nitrogen fixation from the standpoint of technical chemistry (Dctit. Landw. Presse, 36 (1909), No. 56, p. 60S, dgm. i).— This is a brief account containing a diagram showing the numerous applications of nitric acid in agricuUure and Industry. Nitrated limestone of North Caucasus, M. Glasenapp (Rigaschc Indus. Ztg., 8.') U909). p. 2; EiKjrai.s. 2', (1909). Xo. 22, pp. 600, 60 1; ahs. in Clinn. Ztg., 33 (1909), Ao. 61, Rcpcrt., p. 279). — It is reported that samples of calcareous ma- terial were found in this region which contained from 9.7 to 47.8 per cent of nitrate of potash. Attention is especially called to the value of this material for the manufac^ture of calcium cyanamid. Notes on nitrate of soda, J. C. de Ruijter de Wildt (Cultura, 21 (1909), No. 252-253, pp. ^77-.'/81). — The author calls attention to the importance of the high potash content often found In nitrate of soda. Analyses of 49 samples are given in which the percentage of potash ranged from 0.5 to 5.6, 34 samples having over 2 per cent. Ammonia and nitrate in potash deposits, W. Biltz and E. Marcus (Ztsclir. Anorgan. Chem., 62 (1909), No. 3, pp. 183-202, pis. 2, figs. 5; Kali, 1909, pp. 189-19.1,; al)S. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 81, Repert., p. 358 ) .—Using the ordinary colorimetric method, the authors found in 10 gm. of salt from Stassfurt and Vieueuburg deposits an average of 0.016 mg. of ammonia, much less than is found in sea water at the present time. No nitrites were found in the Stassfurt salts, but considerable amounts of nitrate were shown to be present by the method of reduction with sodium amalgam. The nitrate was strongly localized in the middle layers of saline clay. The authors consider this nitrate to be an evidence of former organic life. The occurrence of potash salts in northern Chile, F. Setz, F. Goldenberg, and J. Torres (Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 (1909), No. 61, Repert., p. 279).— The occurrence of salt deposits near Iquique in North Chile, which contain 3 to 4 per cent of potassium chlorid, is reported. The discovery of deposits of potash salts in Upper Alsace, L. Grandeau (Jour. Agr. I'rut., n. xrr., 17 (1909), No. 2',, pp. 7.'/7, 7//S; 18 (1909), No. 26, pp. 11, 12). — Important deposits recently discovered near Wittelsheim are briefly described. Soil potash, G. S. Fraps (Abs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indu.'^., 28 (1909), No. 13, pp. 721, 722). — This is an abstract of a paper read at the International Con- gress of Applied Chemistry at London, reix)rting a study of the solubility of the potash in various minerals, such as nephelite, leucite, glauconite, biotite, microcline, orthoclase, and muscovite. Wide variation in solul)ility in strong acids and other solvents was observed. Potash absorbed by zeolites was found to be readily soluble iu tiftli-uormal 722 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. nitric acid, but was not completely removed. Some of the potash dissolved by fifth-normal nitric acid was removed from solntlon by fixation in the soil, but the percentage of fixation was in no case large. Orthoclase, mica, and nepheline as sources of potassium for plants, D. N. Pbianishnikov (A&s. in Jour. Soc. diem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 13, p. 122).— In this abstract of a pai)er iiresented at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London it is stated that plants can assimilate very little potash from orthoclase and mieroeline even when finely powdered, but that mica, and to a still greater extent, nepheline are valuable sources of potash, about 17 per cent of the potash of the mica and 25 per cent of that of the nepheline rock being assimilated by plants. Influence of calcium carbonate and ammonium sulphate on the assimila- tion of phosphoric acid [by plants] from different sources, D. N. Prianish- NiKOV {Ahs. in Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909), No. 13, p. 722). — An abstract is given of a paper presented at the International Congress of Applied Chem- istry at London in which investigations were reported tending to show that the addition of calcium carbonate iiroduced a marked decrease in yield when applied with bone meal, raw phosphate, and pure tricalcium phosphate on sandy soils in connection with calcium nitrate or other nitrates, and no in- crease when used with basic slag, acid phosphate, and dicalcium phosphate. Different results were, however, obtained when the nitrate was replaced by ammonium sulphate, which decomposes phosphates, the most marked effect being produced when half of the nitrate was replaced by the sulphate. When ammonium sulphate was used alone the plants were injured by the physiological action of the acid condition produced in the soil, although they were super- saturated with phosphoric acid. The injury from this cause was reduced by the application of a small quantity (0.25 per cent) of calcium carbonate and the yield was increased. When the amount of calcium carbonate was increased to more than 1 per cent all of the free sulphuric acid was neutralized and the plants suffered from phosphoric acid starvation. The effect of the different methods of treatment was apparent not only in the yield of crops but also in their content of phosphoric acid. See also a previous note (E. S. R., 21, p. 24). Fertilizer experiments with increasing* amounts of Thomas slag*, A. Imel- MANN {Dent. Landn: Presse, 35 {190S), No. 63, pp. 667, 668, figs. 3; ahs. in Zentbl. Agr. Chcni., 38 {1909), No. 5, p. 356). — In the experiments reported Thomas slag was used in' amounts of 400, 600. 700, and 800 kg. per hectare (from 356 lbs. to 712 lbs. per acre) on rye and oats in connection with a basal ration furnishing potash and nitrogen. The yield, the profit, and the after effect increased with the increase in the application of slag. The results of the experiments indicate in general that slag is the cheapest form of phosphoric acid for light sandy soil. Phase relationships of the calcium phosphates and bearing upon certain agricultural and biological problems, H. Bassett, Jr. {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 69, p. 626; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 28 {1909). No. 13, p. 7;22).— This is a note on a paper read at the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London, reporting investigations which the author has been carrying on for some time on the three-component system. CaO — P.Or> — H2O. and which has enabled him to scale a solid model of the region of orthophosphates. The results of the investigation throw light on the conditions under which various mineral phosphates have been formed and on the nature of the naturally- occurring so-called tricalcium phosphates, as well as on the condition in which phosphoric acid is present in the soil. It is stated that if is probable that the available phosphoric acid of the soil is in large part in the form of tetracalcium phosphate. The same is true of the phosphorus of Thomas slag, and this fact SOILS — FERTILIZERS. 723 explains the soorl results obtained from the use of slag as a fertilizer. The paper also deals with the natnre of tlie mineral constituents of hones and sliows that the hone phosithate is a mixture of tetracalcium and tricalcium phosphate, both of whicli are in hydrated condition. A new deposit of phosphate of lime, A. Ciiavard (Jour. Agr. I'lut.. ii. srr., /7 U009), No. 25, I). 119). — An important deposit of nodular phosphate suitable for the manufacture of superphosphates which has recently been discovered in the Department of Aude is described and an analysis given. Phosphate {Ann. Rpt. Mineral I'rod. Canada, J90U [piih. 1!)09], pp. IJ,'), i//6").— Statistics of production and export of apatite in Canada from 1878 to 1906 are given. It is stated tliat at one time this mineral was mined to the extent of from 20,(KX) to 30,000 tons a year, but is now obtained chiefly as a by-product in the mining of mica, the amount produced being comparatively small, 850 tons in 1900. The mineral phosphate industry, L. Aouillon (Hnf/rais, 2'i {1909), Nos. .'lO, pp. 1106, ItOl; //l. pp: H.'/l-l l.'/')). — The world's production of mineral phos- phates in 1908 is given as 5,218.00(t metric tons, of which the United States pro- duced 2,500,000 tons and Tunis 1,2.5S,(X)0 tons. The manufacture of superphosphates, I^. Schucht {Die Fabrikation des SupcrpJio.'iphats. Bnmsu-ick, 1909, 3. rev. and enl. ed., pp. VIII-\--'t60, pis. It, figs. 153). — This is a third enlarged and revised edition of this important work (E. S. R., 15, p. 4G2). The information has been brought up to date and a considerable amount of new matter added, including chapters on the utilization of nitrogenous industrial by-jiroducts, the utilization of the nitrogen of the air, methods of analysis of fertilizers as adopted by the German Association of Fertilizer ^lanufacturers in 1907, a review of investigations in the field of fertilizer manufacture, and a select bibliography. The formation of oceanic salt deposits, J. H. van't Hoff {Zur liildung dcr Ozcanisdicn Salzahlagcrungcn. Brunsicick, 1909, pt. 2, pp. Vl+90, figs. 15; rev. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 82, p. 150). — This completes the account in book form (E. S. R., 17, p. Ill) of van't Hoff's work on the formation of oceanic salt deposits. This second part deals with lime salts and borates. On catalytic fertilizers, G. Bertkand {Ahs. in Chem. Ztg., 33 {1909), No. 11, p. 653; Jour. Soc. Chem. Indus., 2S {1909), No. 13, p. 72^).— This is a note on a paper presented before the International Congress of Applied Chemistry at London. Investigations are reported on such substances as manganese, zinc, boron, fluorin, etc., which occur as a rule only in traces in soils and w'hich in the author's opinion affect the fertility of the soil by catalytic action. It is recom- mended that manganese sulphate at the rate of 50 kg. per hectare (44.5 lbs. per acre) and carbonate at 4 to 5 times this rate be employed as a fertilizer, prefer- ably in mixture with manure. The fertilizing' value of peat, H. D. Haskins {Jour. Amer. Peat Soc., 1 {1908), No. 2, pp. 23-26). — This discussion of the fertilizing value of peat is based upon analyses of a large number of samples of peat from Massachusetts. It is pointed out that the percentage of mineral matter in peat is too small to be of any particular significance and that the fertilizing value is due mainly to the nitrogen present. Artificial digestion of peat in permanganate solution indicates that only about one-fourth of the nitrogen present is in immediately available form. A much larger proportion, however, is believed to become available as a result of slow decomposition in the soil. Composition of volcanic clay from Java, J. M. Van Kkmmki.kn {Chem. Weekbl., 6 {1909), Nos. 13, pp. 199-215; 15, p. 25 Jf; Ztschr. Anorgan. Chem., 62 15149— No. 8—09 3 724 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. {1909), No. 3, pp. 221-236; ahs. in Jour. Chon. ^oc. [London], 96 {1909), No. 559, II, p. //28). — A tecbiiical-chemical study is reported. The use of molasses as a fertilizer, P. Boname {Hta. Agron. Mauritius Bui. 20. 1909, pp. 21-24). — Experimeuts to determiue the fertilizing value for sugar cane of " molascinder," which is a mixture of molasses, ashes, scum, and other residue of sugar mailing, are reported. It is stated that the molasses in the mixture used contained 2 per cent of potash and 0.35 per cent of nitrogen, and the scum 2 per cent of phosphoric acid and 0.8 per cent of nitrogen. The material was therefore comparatively rich in potash and gave best results when supplemented with phosphatic and nitro- genous fertilizers. The results on sugar cane indicated a greater benefit than could be ascribed to the fertilizing constituents applied, and this increased benefit is attributed to the action of the molasses in promoting the activity of beneficial soil bacteria. Annual report on fertilizers, P>. 15. Koss {Bui. Ayr. Dvpt. [Ala.], No. 29, pp. 125). — This report contains analyses of fertilizers and cotton-seed meal in- spected during the year ended July 31, 1909, as well as lists of fertilizer licenses issued, number and names of brands of fertilizers registered, and the texts of the State fertilizer and cotton-seed meal laws. The bulletin also contains an article giving general information regarding the composition and sources of fertilizers, the composition of the cotton plant at various stages of growth and at maturity, and the fertilizer requirements of the cotton plant. Inspection and analyses of conimercial fertilizers on sale in the State, W. F. Hand et al. {Mississippi ISta. Cires. 20, pp. 3-15; 21, pp. 3-19; 22, pp. 8-24; 23, pp. Jt-20 ; 2Jt, pp. 3-21). — The results of analyses of samples of fertiliz- ers inspected from 1905 to 1907 are reported. Commercial fertilizers and poisonous insecticides in 1908—9, G. S. Fraps {Texas Sta. Bui. 123, pp. 5-11, fig. 1). — This bulletin reports the results of the control work with fertilizers and insecticides in Texas during the season of 1908-9, with explanations of the principal features of the fertilizer and insecti- cide law of the State, valuation of fertilizers, the conditions under which free analyses are made, directions for taking samples, and results of the analyses of fertilizers. The amount of fertilizer, exclusive of cotton-seed meal, sold in Texas from September 1, 1908, to May 1, 1909, is estimated at 23,800 tons. The average selling price per ton during this period was $26.22 per ton as compared with $29.07 per ton during the preceding season. The average valuation was $20.55 per t(5n as compax'ed with $22.05 during the i)recediug iseasou. AGRICTJLTUEAL BOTANY. Plant food removed from growing' plants by rain or dew, ,T. A. Le Clerc and .J. F. Breazeale {U. »s'. Dept. A effect produced by tlies(> nsencies, experiments were c.irried on with various plants and the leachinj; couducted under different conditions, sinudating rainfall and dew as nearly as possible. Among the plants experimented with were barley, rice, wheat, oats, and potatoes. The general conclusions from the investigation show that, on ripening, the salts held in the sap of the plants migrate from the dying toward the living tissues in an upward and not a downward direction, there being little evidence to show excretion through the roots into the soil. The plants were foiuid to exude salts upon their surfaces, and the rain washed these salts back into the soil. As a consequence of this action, analyses of plants for ash ingredients may give misleading results when it is desired to determine the amount of plant food absorbed by or essential to plant growth, unless the leaching action of I'ain and dew be considered. The transpiration in young seedlings, J. Y. RERt;i:N (Bot. (laz., J/S (JDOl)), yo. .'/, pp. 27o-2S2, fig. 3). — Investigations on the adaptation of transpiration to changed environment on the part of young seedlings are reported. The studies Avere carried on with a number of species of plants and the transi)iration ratios determined. As a result of the experiments it was found that plants growing in a highly humid atmosphere acquired a capacity much greater than normal for transpira- tion in a moderately dry atmospliere. Different families and dllTerent genera of the same family vary in their capacity to acquire a tendency to extremely rapid transpiration. The ratios of transpiration for the same species become noticeably greater as the leaves become fully developed. The transpiration ratios are not necessarily greater when the relative humidity of the air is very low than when it is of medium value. Vitality and the transmission of water through the stems of plants, H. H. Dixon (ScL Proc. Rot/. Dublin Soc, n. scr.,12 (1909), No. 3, pp. 21-3^, figs. 3).— A report is given of investigations made to demonsti'ate that the force requii-ed for the transpiration current of plants is not as great as that claimed by some investigators. The author studied the rate of movement of water through stems of Syringa vulgaris. Special precautions were taken for the elimination of error, and after testing two shoots as nearly similar as it was possible to obtain, one was killed by subjecting it to steam or poison and the transfer of water noted. The experiments and observations, tlie author believes, indicate that vital actions on the part of the stem are not needed to assist the transpiration cur- rent, and that the anatomical relations of the cells of the stem to the conducting tubes are also not in accord with the view that they can apply any elevating force. The absorption of water by seeds, W. R. G. Atkins (Set. Proc. Roy. Dublin Soc, n. scr., 12 {1909), No. //, lu). 35-46, dgms. }). — The author has made an attempt to discover the forces which cause water and salt solutions to enter dried seeds, in oi'der that some light might be thrown on the condition of latent life existing in them. Seeds were immersed in water and various salt solutions and their increase in weight determined. The i)ernieability of the seeds was also investigated. By volumetric methods changes in concentration of the solutions were determined. Seeds of beans and sweet peas were used, and the results obtained show that bean seeds whether living or dead take up the same quantity of water in their iiutial stages. The final weight reached by the seeds is independent of the presence of potassium nitrate, except in so far as the salt alters the density of the water. The rate at which distilled water is taken up is no greater than that at which salt solutions are absorbed. Seeds placed in potassium nitrate 726 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. solutions and then in pure water lose weight, their final weight being the same as it would have been had they been placed directly in pure water. Seeds placed in normal sulphuric acid, decinormal iodiu, and decinormal sodium chlorid produce no concentration of these solutions. These facts are held to prove that there is no semipermeable membrane in bean seeds until germination begins, when the cell protoplasm acts as such, and that there is no difference in absorption between living and dead seeds until after germination. The forces concerned are capillarity and imbibition in the initial stages and osmosis after germination. Carbon dioxid may be detected with living seeds or with those killed by cnloroform, the evolution of the gas being noticeable in less than 2 hours after the air-dried seeds have first been moistened. The temporary suspension of the vitality of certain seeds, P. Becquerel (Vompt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], U8 (190U), Xo. l(j, pp. 1052~105J,) .—The author gives an account of an experimental demonstration of the complete arresting of the vital function of seeds without impairing their germinative ability. In the experiments a number of mustard, alfalfa, and wheat seeds were dried at a temperature of 40° C. for 6 months, placed in small glass tubes from which the air was exhausted, and later submitted for 3 weeks to the temperature of liquid air, followed without any warming by a 77 hours' im- mersion in liquid hydrogen at — 253°. The seeds were then taken from the tubes and germinated on absorbent cotton at a temperature of 28°. All the seeds of mustard and alfalfa germinated in a few days, and 4 out of 5 of the wheat grains did likewise. It seems that the protoplasm retained its vitality in the absence of moisture and oxygen, in vacuum, and at temperatures approximating absolute zero. The green coloring' matter of the inner seed coats of certain plants and its relation to chlorophyll, N. A. Montevekde and W. N. Lubimenko (Izv. Imp. St. Petersh. Bat. Siida [Bui. Jardiii Imp. Bat. St. Pctcrsh.], 9 (1909), No. 2-3, irp. 27-^^, figs. 5). — Studies have been made of the green coloring matter found in the seed coats of many plants. Out of nearly 900 species representing 110 families of plants, 18 families were found to show the green color in their seed coats. Among the families thus characterized the cucurbits were found to be conspicuous, and the nature of the coloring matter has been investigated. In the cucurbit seeds the green color begins to show late in the development of the seed, in fact often not until the seed has attained almost normal size. Studies of the alcoholic and ether extracts showed that the coloring matter is similar to protochlorophyll in etio- lated leaves. Under the influence of light, green coloring matter in the living cells of the seed coats may become transformed into chlorophyll. On the nature of anthocyanin. Miss M. Wheldale (Proc. Cambridge Pltil. Soc, 15 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 137-168; abs. in Jour. Chem. Soc. [London], 96 (1909), No. 561, II, p. 60Ji). — Investigations have been made on the coloring matter of plants, the studies including a large number of species. The author concludes that chromogens which are pale or deep yellow in color are of the nature of the flavone and xanthone classes of natural coloring mat- ters, and are widely distributed in plants and commonly found in connection with the pink, purplish-red, and purple series of anthocyanic pigments. These chromogens probably exist in the plant as glucosids. Recent work of Palladin is said to indicate that chromo'gens of an aromatic nature are widely dis- tributed and are able to produce i-ed and purple pigments when acted upon bj^ peroxydase in the presence of available oxygen. Experiments in crossbreeding plants have shown that for the production of anthocyanin two bodies are essential, an aromatic chromogen of the flavone AGRICTTLTURAL BOTANY. 727 sorios and a reddoiiinj; factor, wliieh in all jtrobability is an oxidizing fonnont. I'ink, piirplish-rcd, and jiurplc which arise from successive oxidation sta^'es of the aromatic chroniojien are tlie more common forms of anthocyanin. Albinos result from the absence of the chromoj^en or the peroxidase. The bluing enzyms are said to depend on the presence of both these factors. An extensive bibliojjraphy of the literature of flower colorings is given. The demonstration of the fornaation of starch in leaves, Sophia Kckerson (Bot. Gaz., J/S {1909), \o. ,f, />/>. ^,l',-228).—A qualitative demonstration in pho- tosynthesis is reported, in which the time required for the disai)pearance of accnijHilated starch and that required for its subsequent demonstrable forma- tion is recorded. The results are tabulated, showing the time required in dark- ness to empty the leaves of starch, the time in diffuse light to make enough starch to show clearly detined figures with the iodin test, and the time required to show sharply defined dark figures, together with the necessary interval required for the iodin to produce its full effect. Of about 30 species of plants studied the best for showing the disaiipea ranee and reapi)arence of starch were Pelargonium hortoru.in zoiialc, Fiich.sia xpcciosa, t^cnccio mik-anloidcs, Imixitieiis .sidtani, and young plants of sunflower, castor bean, common beans, maize, and pumpkins. In connection with these studies the effect of temperature on tlie amount of starch was quite apparent. The o]itimum temperature for photosynthesis was found to be abou"! 2C>-22° C. In some of the experiments less starch was found at the end of hot afternoons than in the early morning. The explanation for this phenomenon is that translocation from the leaf into the stem increases with rising temperature more rapidly than photosynthesis. Utilization of nitrogen in air by plants, III, T. Jamikson {Agr. Reftearch .l.v.s-or. l-Sco/.] Tii)t. 1907, pi). 9-75, pis. //). — This is a continuation of a previous publication (E. S. R.. 19, p. 127), in which the author describes and offers evidence to confirm his theory that atmospheric nitrogen is directly assimilated by plants through certain specially developed trichomes, to which the name "nitrogen assimilators " is given. Stimulation of storage tissues of higher plants hy zinc sulphate, Berenice SiLBERBERG (BuL Toircy Bot. Club, 36 {1909), No. 9, pp. //g" EGO, figs. .)).— The effect of zinc sulphate on the storage tissues of a number of plants was inves- tigated. In weak solutions it bad a stimulating effect, while in stronger ones it proved injurious. Nf)rmal solutions and fractional normal solutions were teste sunshine or by hejitiug for some hours to 45° C. It is believed that this i)rocess will permit the shipjaug of green dates and ripening th<'m al their destination, as bananas are now handled. 728 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. By moderate treatment with acetic acid the taimin of the date was not ren- dered entirely insohible, but the astringency disappeared in a few hours. The intracellular luvertase passes into solution innnediately after the treatment, and probably other catalytic agents are simultaneously released. The ripening pi'ocesses were found to be initiated not only by the acetic acid, but also by other chemicals, such as acetic ether vapor, soaking for some hours in a solution of potassium acetate, etc. Notes on the effect of mechanical pressure on the roots of Vicia faba, Louise H. Gregory (Biil. Torrcij Bot. Club, 36 {1909), No. 8, pp. Jf57-J,62, flrjs. .J). — studies are reported on the. effect of mechanical pressure on the roots of V. faba, the object of the investigation being to determine the effect of pressure on the mitotic figure, and also the morphological changes that take place in compressed root cells. The investigation was carried on principally with roots of V. faba, although those of maize and sunflower were also treated, with rather poor results. In the different experiments the time of compi-ession and the amount of pressure varied, and a number of morphological phenomena were noticed taking place in the cells of the compressed roots. In all cases splits or rifts were observed in some stage of formation in the different tissues. The beginnings of these splits were found where there was the least pressure and continued as the pressure was increased. The first indication of a definite split was the appearance of cells which hati lost their entire contents, retaining, however, their cell walls. In general the protoplasm of the cells had become vacuolated and had shrunken from the wall, and in some cases the nuclei showed signs of abnormality. In the second group of experiments, in which the pressure varied from 1,000 to 1,400 gm., the plerome cells were still more vacuolated and definite splits had appeared not only in the external layer of plerome cells but also throughout the central portion. In the third group of experiments, where the amount of pressure was still greater, the plerome cells were broken up and the splits were even more pronounced. It is concluded that although certain changes are produced by the compres- sion, not even a maximum amount of pressure nor an absolute change in envi- ronment would entii-ely stop or affect the normal development of the cells. The influence of traction on the formation of mechanical tissues in stems, J. S. BoRDNER (Bot. Gaz., .',8 (1909), No. .',, pp. 2.5/-27.'/).— This is a detailed report of investigations a preliminary account of which has already been given (E. S. R., 21, p. 318). Light-perception organs of leaves, O. Damm (Naturtv. Rundscliau, 2-'f (1909), Nos. 31^ pp. 389-391, figs. 5; 32, pp. 407-1,09).— A critical summary is given of investigations by a number of authors relating to light perception on the part of plants, the work being largely based upon that of Haberlandt. International catalogue of scientific literature. II — Bacteriology (Intcr- vat. Cat. 8ci. Lit., 7 (1909), pp. T7//+77/).— A catalogue is given of the litei-ature of bacteriology (including yeasts and molds) and parasitic proto- zoology, over 6,000 titles being reported. FIELD CROPS. [Work with field crops at the Alaska stations], J. W. Gasser, J. W. Neal, and C. W. H. Heideman (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 33-1,1, .'/'/, Ii5-J,9. 52^}'). pis. 3). — Brief notes are given on culture tests with numerous varieties of grains, grasses, and potatoes at the Rampart, Fairbanks, and Copper Center stations. FIELD CROPS. 729 At lianipart. wheat, rye. and t-nmu'r, aiiiont; the fall i=iown grains wintered jierfet'tly but l)arley and oats were not successful. Excelsior rye produced well-tilled heads with larire plump grains, attained a heijiht of (iO in., and was ripe Sei)tenil)er ."». The heads of eunner were large and well tilled and the straw was of good length. This grain stood up well and was cut when not quite fully ripe on September 9. Among the promising spring grains at Kampart was a variety of barley secured from Eagle, Alaska, and apparently identical with barley No. 1S!)22. This produced a fine, even growth and was ripe August 14. Twelve varieties of Scandanavian and Russian barleys, grown for the first lime, were the earliest varieties but showed a tendency to lodge. Probsteier oats S. P. I. No. 20401 and White Probsteier S. P. I. No. 20402 were matured Seiiteniber 10. IJgowo S. P. I. No. 20450, and Banner. Swedish Select, Burt Extra Early, Finnish Black, and Sixty-day, grown from station seed, also gave promising results. Russian buckwheat from station seed seeded Maj^ 22, began to bloom June 22, and was harvested August 20, yielding a fair crop of well-ripened grain. Among 35 varieties of potatoes, the largest percentage of first-grade tubers was produced by Early Market, Snow Flake Junior, Extra Early Triumph, Early Ohio, and Irish Cobbler. The seed of all the varieties mentioned with the exception of Snow Flake Junior, which came from Skagway, \vas secured froiy. the Sitka Station. At Fairbanks, barley No. 279 ranked first in ripening. Hanna barley No. 5793 from South Dakota was ripe enough for hay August 15, and rii)e enough for harvest August 25. Manshury, Hull-less No. 19851, Hanna No. 5793, Hull-less No. 12709, and Beardless No. 19852, in their respective order, ripened after barley No. 279. Sixty-day oats and oats No. 19851 ripened about together, l»eing matured by August 25. These varieties were followed in ripening by Finnish No. 20459 and No. 20460. Rye No. 280 from South Dakota seeded -May 25, was in full head July 15, stood from 36 to 46 in. high, and was harvested September 3, with the seed fairly well matured. A brief review is given of the pedigree plant breeding carried on at the Coi)i>er Center Station. The work of crossing Pamir S. P. I. No. 18922 barley with Champion is reported. Of 20 seeds obtained from this cross. 17 grew and 2 of these resembled Champion, 5 of them were bearded, 1 hull-less, 5 of them black, 1 failed to mature seed, and the rest were early and quite promising. This offspring appears more promising for Alaska than either of their parents. A barley secured at Coldfoot and named Chittyna has made excellent growth at the stiition. A gray or nearly white sport of Finnish Black oats, discovered in one of the pedigree beds, is also giving satisfactory results. The injury to wheat by frost on July 21 was greater in every case than the injury to barley and oats. Among the barleys, Pamir S. P. I. No. 18922, Champion, and Manshury. grown from station seed, matured. It is stated that Pamir has but one quality, earliness, to recommend it, and that the Russian variety. No. 2078(5, is better. Yakutsk has a good performance record and Champion and the new beardless hybrids are the most promising of all. Finnish. Black oats S. P. I. No. 158,57, matured at the station and a sport of Finnish Black, a vigorous white-seeded variety, also gave good results. Wild oats from the Minnesota Station made a very vigorous growth. [Work with field crops], F. W. Taylok (New Hampshire .S7«. Rpts. 1907-S, />/>. 3 1. i -31!)). —The work conducted in the department of agronomy is briefly summarized. The corn breeding work now in progress for 2 years is described and mention is made of the fact that during the last year, a most unfavorable one for corn, the yields fr<»ni .50 selected ears varied from 11 to 27 bu. per acre. Ten varieties of oats yielded from 40 to 08 bu. per acre and varied in weight per bushel from 730 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 29 to 34.5 lbs. Long White Tartar oats proved the best variety. A plat of winter wheat produced 30.75 bu. of grain and 2,580 lbs. of straw per acre as compared with 18.2 bu. of grain and 3,010 lbs. of straw for spring wheat. The plan of a grass fertilizer experiment begun in 1907 and to be in progress until 1912 is presented and results with fertilizing old sod land are reported. Plats of 4-year-old sod received different fertilizer treatment. The first received a mixture of 150 lbs. of nitrate of soda, 100 lbs. of acid phosphate, and 50 lbs. of muriate of potash at the rate of 300 lbs. per acre ; the second received noth- ing ; the third, nitrate of soda at the rate of 300 lbs. ; and the fourth, barnyard manure at the rate of 12 tons. This treatment was given in 1904 and 1905, but in 1906 no fertilizer or manure of any kind was applied. It was found that the complete commercial fertilizer gave a very fair return but was not persistent and that nitrate of soda alone was used at a loss. Barnyard manure proved to be a good top dressing for grass land and showed a persistent effect. A table is given summarizing the results of seed inspection in 1908. The seed examined included samjjles of timothy, redtop, red clover, alsike clover, and alfalfa. Further results in a rotation of potatoes, rye, and clover, H. J. Wheeler and G. PI Adams {Rhode Island 8ta. Bui. 135, pp. 101-128). — Earlier results of this experiment have been previously noted (E. S. R., 12, p. 1030). The rota- tion consists of winter rye the first year, clover or clover and grass the second year, and potatoes the third. The work has now been in progress 12 years and this bulletin has reference mainly to the last 6 years of this period. On an average for the whole period of 12 years, plat No. 11 received per acre 54.6 lbs. of potash, 91.6 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 27.2 lbs. of nitrogen, and 2.50 11 )s. of lime; plat No. 14, 58.2 lbs. of potash, 90.4 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 26.9 lbs. of nitrogen, and 232 lbs. of lime ; and plat No. 13, 67.7 lbs. of potash, 87.2 lbs. of phosphoric acid, 27.1 lbs. of nitrogen, and 232 lbs. of lime each year. Previous work (E. S. R., 7, p. 760) had shown that the proportion of mer- chantable tubers in the potato crop is greatly increased by liming, even some- times in cases where the total yield remains the same. The results secured indicate that after the 3-year rotation is well started, further liming once in 6 yeais at very moderate rates will be sufficient. The general impi'ovement of the soil was found to have far less beneficial effect upon the rye crop than upon potatoes and clover. With the improvement in the soil it was necessary to omit nitrogenous top-dressings for rye, with the result that the yields of straw were somewhat lessened and those of grain increased. The experiment also taught that it is advisable to sow grass seed with the clover, as grass usually more i-eadily survives under extreme winter and excessive dry summer conditions. No success was secured in trying to grow clover without first applying lime or wood ashes to the land. As calculated by the authors, the net returns per acre during the first 6 years were $279.40 and during the second 6-year period $371.46 or $92.06 in favor of the last 2 rotations. Effects of manures throug'hout rotations of crops, D. A. Gilchrist {Connly Northumh., Ed. Com., Bui 13, pp. 3-i-Jfl). — Barnyard manure was considerably more valuable than commercial fertilizers for the light soil on which the ex- periments were made, although both gave satisfactory results. The manure produced practically as heavy crops of roots as manure and commercial fertil- izers used together but the combination considerably improved the three fol- lowing crops. The best results were obtained by using manure alone for swedes and a complete commercial fertilizer application for hay. The rota- tion included cereal, root, and hay crops. FIELD CROPS. 731 Double (IrosRings of manure, amounting to 20 tons in 4 years, increased tlie eroi)s witliout Increasinj: tlie net gains. It was found that conuneri-ial fertil- izers, especially superpliosijliate, must be apjilied in excess. When potash was excluded from the api»licali(>n. commercial fertilizers gave but small gains and the good results secured where manure alone was used show that a moderate dressing largely made up the potash deficiency of the light land. Sulphate of ammonia had singularly exhausting effects on succeeding crops. Feeding off the swedes by sheep on this land apparently encouraged the finger- and-toe disease, and this reduced the following swede crop. Linseed cake fed to the animals when eating off the roots greatly increased the cereal crop imme- diately following but influenced the second crop to only a small extent. IWork with field crops], I). A. Gilchrist (Couiifi/ yorthiunb., Ed. Com., Bui. 13, pp. J,2-6.3). — On an average for 3 years. Banner, Thousand Dollar, and Sensation, all Canadian sorts, were the leading varieties of oats under test, the yields being 65i, 62i, and Gl bu. per acre respectively. Payrent and Beseler Prolific oats also gave good results. Chevalier barley grown at Cockle Park since 1903 gave considerably better yields in 190S than either of the three Chevalier barleys the seeds of which had been recently changed. Similar results were also secured with Goldthorpe l)arley. In the wheat trials. Squarehead Master for 2 years gave the largest average produce of both grain and straw with Scholey Squarehead ranking next. The results with beans are considerably in favor of the Scotch Horse beans which were more vigorous and gave the heaviest crops of both grain and straw. In a fertilizer test the Scotch Horse bean gave much heavier yields than the Norfolk Tick beau, and the use of 6 cwt. of basic slag was more satisfac- tory than the use of superphosphate. The application consisting of 10 tons of manure, (5 cwt. of slag, and 1 cwt. of muriate of potash per acre gave the best results, while the same application with the manure omitted ranked next in efficiency. The clovers from English seed proved more vigorous and lasting at Cockle Park than those from seed from abroad, and Italian rye grass from English seed did better than that from French seed. On an average for 4 years. Mammoth Long Red mangel produced 21 tons and 19 cwt. of roots per acre as compared with 20 tons and 19* cwt. for Prize- winner Yellow Globe. In 1908, 352 plants of Mammoth Long Red. lOS of Prize- winner Yellow Globe, and 68 of Golden Tankard per acre produced seed the first year. The results of fertilizer experiments indicated that nitrate of soda had an advantage over sulphate of ammonia for mangels, that basic slag is better tlian suiierphosi)hate, and sulphate of potash lietter than nuiriate of l)otash. It was found profitable to apply a complete fertilizer together with barnyard manure. The use of 2 cwt. of common salt per acre increased the mangel crop by over 3J tons, but both lime and lime mud decreased the yield of roots. Yields of swedes and turnips are also recorded and tlie percentages of dry matter in swedes as shown in analyses of 4 varieties during the past 6 yeai's are given in a table. Summary of agricultural experiments {Jour. lid. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), No. fl, pp. .'/H9-.'f!n'). — A summary of miscellaneous experiments with cereal, leguminous, and I'oot crops conductetl at various agricultural institutions of England and Scotland is given. Hints to settlers on the Umatilla project, Oreg'on, R. Hunter (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr., Jiur. I'laut Indus. Dor. .'i9.'i, pp. 12). — A descriptitm of the regi(m and its climate is given, together with discussions on clearing and seeding the land, the 732 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. iiimieili.ite expenses, alfalfa gi-dwing and dairying, the growing of orchard, small frnit, and vegetable crops, the valne of green^manure and cover crops, and the nsefnlness of wind-breaks, and a list of publications of this Department deemed of service to settlers. The search for new leguminous forage crops, C. V. Piper ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 2Ji')-260, pis. 7). — The need for new leguminous forage crops is pointed out, the conditions affecting the search for new species described, and the climatic conditions of different sections of this country with those of other countries are compared. The article contains descriptions of the follow- ing leguminous forage plants and discussions of their economic value: Lyon beau (Stizolohiitin lyoni), kudzu {Pucraria fhunbcrgiaun) . guar {Cyamopsis telragouoJoha), the Tangier pea {Lathijrus fingitaiiiis), Siberian alfalfa (Medi- cago falcata), moth bean (Pfiascolus aconitifolitis), adzuki bean (P. angiilaris), cowpea (Vigiia unguiculata), soy beans (Soja Mspida), Bonavist or hyacinth bean {DoUclws lahJah), kuiti {D. biflorus), bur clovers (Medicago denticiUata and M. arahica), and vetches {Vicia sativa, V. fulgens, V. atropiirpurea, and V. dasycarpa). The selection of cotton and corn seed for southern farms, S. A. Knapp ( XJ. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Doc. J/So, pp. 8, figs. 6). — Brief directions are given for the improvement of cotton and corn by seed selection. The matter I>resented is largely taken from publications previously noted (E. S. R., 17, p. 548; IS, I). 1120; 19, i)p. 7.34, 836). Alfalfa, O. M. Ball (Texas 8ta. Bui. 109,'^ pp. 3-/S).— This bulletin is a gen- eral treatise on the culture of alfalfa in Texas. The results of analyses of alfalfa seeds for 1906 are partially reported and the quantities of weed seeds found in the samples are pointed out. New barleys (Wchiischr. Brau., 26 (1909), No. 36, pp. J,29, J,30) .—A tabular description of new varieties of barley from Galicia, Moravia, Russian Poland, Bukowina, Slavonia, Hungary, and Franconia is presented. The moisture content of the different varieties varied from 12..50 to 17.76, the protein content in the dry matter from 8.15 to 13.(53, and the quantity of desirable kernels from 28.6 to 94.5 per cent. The barleys from Hungary and Slavonia were in general low in protein and moisture. In the 1,000-kernel weight of air-dry grain, Franconia barleys excelled with weights ranging from 45.6 to 48.S gm. Some factors involved in successful corn growing, C. B. Williams (North, Carolina Sta. Bui. 20.), pp. ')-.'f2, figs. 22). — This bulletin discusses early, medium, and late maturing varieties of corn, varieties adapted to certain sec- tions of the State, factors affecting the i)eriod of maturity, conti'ollable factors affecting yield, and methods of improvement in general. Cowpeas, A. .M. Ten Eyck and L. E. Call (Kansas 8ta. Bnl. 160, pp. 179-209, figs. 10). — The uses of cowpea for hay, soiling, ensilage, pasture, soil im- provement, and green manuring are pointed out and the methods of growing, harvesting, thrashing, and storing the crops are discussed. Experimental results obtained by the station are also reported. The average results for 5 years show that corn grown alone from 1903- 1907, inclusive, produced 43.98 bu. per acre as compared with 47.62 bu. <^ This bulletin must not be confused with the bulletin, also numbered by the station Bulletin 109, entitled The Determination of Cotton-seed Hulls in Cotton- seed Meal, by G. S. Fraps, issued in August, 1908, and previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 510). FIELD CROPS. 733 per .-icrc for corn with fowiiens tlrilkHl hctwci'ii Iho rows at the last culti- vatioii. Wheat si'owii conthiuously for H years from liK)4- lOOS, inclusive, save an average yield of 12.;U hu. per acre, while wheat grown continuously hut with cowpeas as a catch crop averaged l(i.(il bu. per acre. From 1!)()4-11)07, inclu- sive, corn was grown in rotation, both following cowpeas as a catch crop after wheat and without this intermediate green manure crop, the average yields of the corn being 50.75 bu. and 41.77 bu. per acre, respectively. The average yield of the wlieat per acre amounted to i(!.49 bu. where the cowpeas had been grovyn and 14.01 bu. where they had not been used. Rotation experiments with corn and soy beans resulted in an average annual increase of over 14 bu. of shelled corn i^er acre as apparently due to the soy beans immediately preceding tlie corn. Wheat in rotation witli soy l)eans or cowpeas gave an average yield per acre for 5 years of 29.8.3 bu. where the crop was grown continuously and of 28.39 bu. where it was alternated with soy beans or cowpeas. During the past 6 years some 40 varieties of cowpeas and 35 varieties of soy beans have been tested for seed and hay production. Among the cowpeas Mount Olive ranked first in hay production, having produced an average of 2.08 tons of hay per acre for tlie G years, with Whippoorwill second with an average of 2.03 tons. In the average seed production for 5 years Warren New Hybrid heads the list with 13.40 bu. per acre, Rlacl^ Eye second with 12.71 bu., and New Era third with 12.44 bu. These tests indicated Black Eye, New Era, and Warren New Hybrid as the best varieties for seed, Whippoorwill for hay, and New Era for a catch crop after wheat. The results of planting cowpeas on different dates in 1905 and 1900 show that i)lantiug June 9 gave the highest yield of grain, and planting June 3 the largest production of hay. In 1904, the greatest yield of hay was produced from the June 3 planting, while the plantings made June 10 and June 28 produced the most grain. In 1905, the June 28 planting and in 1904 the July 14 planting was injured by frost. The method of ad.iusting a connnon thrashing machine for thrashing cow- peas is described and a list of manufacturers of cowpea machinery is given. The soy bean in the United Kingdom (Oil, Paint and Drug Reporter, 76 (J 900), No. 9, p. 16). — This article discusses the use of the soy bean in the manufacture of soap, feeding cake, paint, varnish, edible oil, burning oil, and linoleum. Comparative tests of sugar-beet varieties, J. E. W. Tracy and J. P. Reed ([/. /S*. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 37, pp. 21). — The work here described was carried on for a term of 5 years in cooperation with the New York State, Michigan, and Utah experiment stations and with private parties at Holland, Mich., and Fairfield, Wash. The Colorado Station and the Eastern Oregon Substation also cooperated with the Department for 3 years. The experiments at the various stations were uniformly conducted to test the ability of each strain or variety to produce a paying crop under varying local conditions. At each station all plats were planted the same day and in the same manner. Tal)les are given sliowing the relative performance of varie- ties at the various stations and during the dilferent years. The greatest amount of sugar obtained in 1904 and 1!X)5 was 4,094 lbs. i)er acre and the average 3,477 lbs., while in 1900 and 1907, the highest sugar ob- tained was 5,729 lbs. and the average 4,947 lbs. per acre. The last 2 seasons were in general much the more favorable to the growth of the crop. 734 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. The relative performance of the varieties for the eutire period is shown in the following table : Yields of Kuga r-hrct raricties for the entire five-year period eorered hij tlie tests. Variety. Sources of seed. Arranged by Arranged by stations. years. Roots. Sugar. Roots. Sugar. Tons per Pounds Tons per Pou7ids acre. per acre. acre. per acre. 15.46 5,069 14.25 4,590 U.2.5 4,881 13. 15 4,429 14.39 4, 711 13.46 4,315 14.49 4,679 13.30 4,202 14.10 4,665 12. 79 4,214 14.53 4, 657 13.48 4, 243 13.95 4, 642 12.59 4,101 13. 95 4,603 12.72 4,147 1 14. 53 4, .571 13.35 4, 128 13.85 4,498 12.42 3,961 13. .57 4,490 12.52 4,068 13.01 4,364 12. 16 4,018 1 12. 40 3,721 11.25 3,254 Klein Wanzleben Do Do Do Schreiber Specialitaet Klein Wanzleben Do Do Do Jaensch Victrix Klein Wanzleben Do Knauers Mangold Fairfield, Wash Klein Wanzleben, Germany Sehladen, Germany Quedlinburg, Germany Nordhausen, Germany Bernburg, Germany .... Hadmersleben, Germany... Lehi, Utah Eisleben, Germany Aschersleben, Germany Quedlinburg, Germany Naarden, Holland Grobers, Germany The influence of self-fertilization on the degeneration of the sugar beet, K. Andrlik, V. Barto.s, and J. Urban {Ztschr. Ziickeriitdus. Bohmen, 3S (1909), No. 7, pp. Jf09-Jil8). — The results of the experiments here reported indicated that the degenerative influence of self-fertilization varies with different indi- viduals and manifests itself in a reduced sugar content and a prevalence of red and yellow roots. Other indications of degeneration were changes in the shape of the crown and of the root and the appearance of green crown beets. A comparison of nitrate of soda, nitrate of lime, and nitrogen lime as fer- tilizers for sugar beets, .J. T'rcan (Ztsehr. Ziiekerindiis. Jiiihiiieii. .33 (1909). No. 9, pp. 535-5-'i7). — The results of 2 years' experiments indicate that nitrogen lime is a satisfactory fertilizer for sugar beets, especially when the rainfall is sufficient, but this efficiency is not equal to that of nitrate of soda. The efficiency of nitrogen lime in 1906, when 403 mm. of rain fell during i\.c vege- tative period, was S5.G per cent as compared with nitrate of soda, but in 1907, when only 349.(5 mm. of rain fell during the growing period, the efficiency was only 75 per cent. The sugar content of the beets fertilized with nitrogen lime in 1900 was 0.3.5 per cent higher than that of the beets which had received nitrate of soda, while in 1907 it was O.IS per cent lower. The fertilizing effect of lime niti'ate in 1907 was greater by 11.3 per cent than that of nitrate of soda, and the sugar content of these beets was on an average 0.16 per cent higher. The results of these experiments also show that nitrogen fertilization on soil not largely lacking in nitrogen may reduce the sugar con- tent of the beets, while, on the other hand, if the soil is poor in nitrogen it may increase the sugar content. The possibility of substituting nitrate of lime for nitrate of soda in sugar- beet culture, J. Stoklasa (Ztsehr. Landw. Versuehstc. Osterr., 12 (1909), No. 8, pp. 627-636). — The report of experiments conducted shows that the best yield of sugar beets was secured where nitrate of soda was used as a fertilizer. The beets grown with nitrate of soda were also richer in sugar than those grown with uiti'ate of lime. The outcome "of the experiments is regarded in general as a decisive proof that nitrate of lime can not be substituted for nitrate of soda as a ferilizer for the sugar beet. FIELD CltOPS. 735 Common salt as a fertilizer for sugar beets, K. AndriJk and J. Urban (Zlsvhr. Zuck(rUHlu><. Bohmcn, 33 (1900), yo. 8, pp. -'f77-fi85 ; ahs. in Jour. Chem. iSVm'. [Loiuhjii], ix; ilHO!)), So. 5(J0, If, p. oiJ).— Kxporiiuents with salt as a fertilizer for sujrar boets are reviewed. The results obtained seemed to indicate to the authors that since this treatment did not cause an increase in the sodium content in the root or in the whole plant there is no danger that the use of salt as a fertilizer can be very injurious to the sugar content. Further experiments are deemed necessary to determine whether or not salt may be injurious or advantageous when used as a fertilizer for this crop. Sodium chlorid as a fertilizer for sugar beets, II. ^NIette {Ztschr. Zucker- imlii.^. Bohmen, 33 (l!>09), Xo. 10, pp. 6.20, 621).— The publication of the results noted in the abstract above induced the author to present observations made by him along the same line. Experiments were conducted on land which had received a general applica- tion of 40,000 kg. of barnyard manure, 300 kg. of superphosphate, 200 kg. of anuuouium superphosphate, and 100 kg. of nitrate of soda per hectare. Sugar beets were gi'own on plats 0.01 hectare in size and on some of the plats common salt was applied in August at the rate of 400 kg. per hectare (356 lbs. per acre). This application was made after continued dry weather which caused the plants to suffer from the lack of moisture. The yield of beets on the plats receiving the salt was increased 2,312 kg. per hectare (about 2,058 lbs. per acre) over the yield on the plats not so treated. The average sugar content on the plats receiving salt was 21.48 per cent as compared with 20.58 per cent on the check plats. The authors believe that the use of salt on good soils under temperate climatic conditions with normal rainfall may not be very effective, but that very satisfactory results may be secured on the lighter soils and in warm climates. The favorable results in these experiments are attributed largely to the hygroscopic activity of the salt during the dry weather. Estimation of the sugar-beet crop, H. Mette (Ztschr. Zuckcrindus. Bohmcn, 33 (1909), Xo. 10, pp. 618-620). — A record of meteorological data at Quedlin- burg is presented and attention is called to the fact that during the week of September 12 with only 27 hours of sunshine and an average temperature of 12.7° C, there was an increase in the sugar content of only 0.1 per cent, while the following week there were 50 hours of sunshine, an average temperature of 11.3° C, and an increase in the sugar content of 0.9 per cent. Variations in seedling sugar canes (La. Planter, Ji3 (1909), No. 12, p. 178). — This article discusses the variations encountered with the seedling canes D 74 and I) 95. D 74 is described as standing very erect, the stalk somewhat larger at the base than farther up, the foliage somewhat restricted, the canes rather brittle, and the stalks green in color, while D 95 has leaves rising up erect and droop- ing over at the extreme tip, the stalks red or purple in color, and the eyes or buds very much more prominent than in D 74. The article discusses the possi- bility of fixing the chief characteristics of excellence of these seedling canes by means of persistent culture. [Storm resistance of D 74 sugar cane] (La. Planter, 1,3 (1909), No. 15, p. 229). — This article discusses the relative merits of caue D 74 as a storm- resistant variety. It is stated that this cane possesses a wind resistance at or near the root very far superior to its strength in the upper joints of the stalk. This strong root resistance may be a virtue in moderate storms but in violent hurricanes a great deal of damage is done through breaking of the canes. 736 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. Intensive methods and systematic rotation of crops in tobacco culture, E. H. Mathewson (V. »S'. Dept. Afir. Yearbook 1908. pp. J,()3-Ji20, pis. J).— Tins r.rticle discusses the wastefulness of early methods, present conditions, the adaptation of tobacco to intensive methods, fertilizers for the tobacco crop, effects of crop rotation on the soil, and the effects on the different crojjs grown in succession. The experimental results and observations described are based on material previously noted from other sources (E. S. R., 19, p. 335: 20, p. 833). The varietal characters of Indian wheats, A. and G. L. C. Howard {ilcm. Dept. Agr. India, Bot. Her., 2 {1909), No. 7, pp. 11+66). — This is a critical study in which the different characters are discussed with reference to the relation they bear to the length of the growing period and the utilization of the available soil moisture. A classification and a description of the wheats of the Punjab are given and the quality of Indian wheat and natural cross fertilization in India are discussed. A conspectus of the species of wheat is outlined. Methods of plant breeding as tested by experiment, K. von IiImkkk (Methoden der rflanzenxuchtung in ccperimentellcr Priifung. Berlin, 1909, pp. VII+321, pi. 1, figs. 7). — In this work the author discusses at length the results secured during a series of years in breeding rape, rye, and wheat. The determination of the proportion of first-grade kernels in grain, R. Kegel (Trudiii Bynro Prikl. Bot., 2 U909), Xo. 3, pp. /77-/77).— The author describes and points out the advantages of a ujethod by which the proportion of high-grade kernels in grain may be approximately determined. From an average sample, 2 lots of 300 kernels each are taken and weighed. The difference in weight between the 2 lots should not exceed 0.3 gm. From each lot 100 of the heaviest kernels are selected and weighed, the limit of difference in weight between these 2 samples being 0.01 gm. The difference between the lt>0-kernel weight of the selected and the average samples is taken as indicating the degree of uniformity in the grain and incidentally the need of improving either the grain or the results already secured in this line of work. It is shown that a comparison of these 100-kernel weights points out any deficiency of the grain in weight. Method of making germination tests, H. Pieper (Jour. Landw., 57 {1909). iVo. 2, pp. 137-lJp). — The present methods of making germination tests are dis- cussed and a new method is proposed and its advantages pointed out. The essential feature of the proposed method is to regard kernels failing to germinate as foreign material or impurities. The following concrete examples are given for the purpose of illustration : A sample of orchard grass seed weighing 1 gm. contains 0.1 gm. of foreign seeds and the rest of the sample is composed of l.OSO filled and 120 empty kernels. Of the well-filled seeds. 112 germinated in 5 days, 780 in 6, 62 in 7, 4 in 10, 4 in 14, and 2 in 21 days, mak- ing a total of 1,000 germinated seeds or 92.6 per cent of the number of filled kernels. A factor known as energy of germination is determined from the percentage of germination at the end of 7 days, which in this case is 88.15 per cent, 952 of the 1.080 kernels having germinated within this time. The weight of the empty kernels is 0.05 gm. which, added to the weight of the foreign seeds, gives a total of 0.15 gm. or 15 per cent, thus producing a purity of the sample of 85 per cent. According to the newly proposed method the filled seeds are not counted, but after inert matter and foreign seeds have been removed the sample is ger- minated and the weight of the kernels not germinating is deducted from the total weight of the sample and calculated to a percentage basis. The average FIELD CHOPS. 737 length of time required for Keruiinatioii is determined in tlie usual way. It is pointed out that by this method the difficulty of separating empty and fully developed seeds is avoided and thereby the i*eliability of the results in germi- nation tests is increased. The percentage of germination is based on weight and is, therefore, more readily comparable with the cpiantities of seed bought and sold. Furthermore, the mathematical impossibility of comparing per- centages of weight and i>(>rc(Mitagcs of number is avoided. Notes on eradication of weeds, with experiments made in 1907—8, L H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King {Iowa Sta. Bill. 105, pp. 265-300. figs. 19). — Notes are given on the annual, biennial, and perennial classes of weeds, the character of root systems of weeds, the dispersal of weed seeds, and on spray- ing machinery, and reports on experiments in weed eradication are i)resented. In studying the root systems of weeds the root of common milkweed was traced for a distance of 14 ft. through the soil. The depth and sjircad of roots of some common weeds are shown in tables. \A\v\y in the summer of 1908 seeds of 31 different weeds and cultivated pl.iiits were placed in horse manure and left for 5 weeks. After this treat- ment 1 per cent each of the seeds of chess, large ragweed, squirrel tail, curled dock, and sunflower, and i per cent each of the seeds of lamb's quarter, corn, and Rugel plantain germinated. In all the other samples no germinating seeds were found. The percentage of germination in samples of these seeds not so treated ranged from S to 9S per ceut, except in the case of field thistle, with which no seeds grew from either the treated or untreated sample. The report on the results of experiments in weed eradication is prefaced by notes on the destruction of weeds by the use of copper suli)hate, sodium chlorid, carbolic acid, sulphuric acid, slaked lime, formaldehyde, corrosive sublimate, sodium arsenite. sodium arsenate, and iron sulphate. In 190T-S, 2 weedy oat fields were sprayed with a solution consisting of 100 lbs. of iron sulphate to a barrel of water. The fields were sprayed on June 20 and 21, the weather being cloudy and heavy dews following the spraying. This treatment blackened the leaves of oats to a considerable extent and was effective on mustard, greater ragweed, smaller ragweed. Pennsylvania smartweed, slender knotgrass, lamb's quarter, artichoke, Spanish dagger, and wild buckwheat. The oats recovered from spraying as did also milkweed, morning glory, cockle bur. meadow sun- flower, germander. Indian hemp, pigeon grass, and foxtail. In the second field the sjiraying was effective on ground-cherry, cress, pepper grass, five-fiuger, ellisia, and evening primrose, but not effective on dock, boltonia, and meadow sunflower. A test of spraying weeds along a roadside showed that this treat- ment is not effective in the case of many weeds and is injurious to red clover. The results of other experiments showed that while young mustard was killed by spraying, plants which had already formed pods at that time produced seed. (Ireater ragweed treated with the iron sulpliate solution did not average more than 2 ft. high at harvest time, while the untreated specimens were from 3 to 4 ft. high. Changing the strength of the solution indicated that the injury from double strength and half strength solutions was proportionate to the injury from the normal solution. Observations made in the greenhouse on the growth of quack grass indicated that the larger proportion of the roots of this plant are between 2 and 4 in. below the surface, and it is concluded that deep plowing will prove an effective method of eradication. An acre of ground in a cornfield was hoed July 7, 11, 14. IS, 24, 2H, and 31, August 8, 12, 17, 21, and 26, and September 2, 9, 1(5, 29, and 30, when practically all of the grass was killed. In a similar experiment au acre of corn ground was spaded and the quack grass roots carefully removed. 738 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. This acre was lioed Anynst 21 and September 2, 9, 16, 23, and 30. This field was made cleaner by the treatment than the field which was simply hoed. The cost of this treatment was $12 an acre. Weed destruction, C. Beooks {ISlew HampsMre Sta. Rpts. 1907-S, p. 389). — In 1907, wild mustard was successfully destroyed in an oat field by thoroughly spraying with iron sulphate solution when the plants were small. Two lbs. of iron sulphate were used per gallon of water and the solution applied at the rate of 50 gal. per acre. In 1908, equally satisfactory results were secured. HORTICULTUEE. [Horticultural investigations in Alaska], C. C. Georgeson, R. W. De Akmond, J. W. Gasser, and C. W. PI. Heideman (Alaska Stas. Rpt. J90S, pp. 9~lJf, 21-32, 41-.'i3, .'/J, Ji9-52, 56, 65-72, pis. 2).— A progress report on the condi- tion of orchard and small fruits, ornamentals, and vegetables being tested at the Sitka and Rampart stations, of fruits and vegetables at the Copper Center Station, and of vegetables at the Fairbanks Station, together with several reports from settlers relative to the behavior of flower and vegetable seed re- ceived for trial. The subject-matter of this report is similar in character to that of previous reports (E. S. R., 20, p. 142). The successful maturing of watermelons at the Hot Springs farm in the Tauaua Valley is reported. These melons are grown on soil surrounding the Hot Springs. The soil, which is heated by the same source as heats the water, is sufficiently warm to permit of the successful culture of such vegetables as muskmelons, squash, tomatoes, and sweet corn. Beport of the department of horticulture, B. S. Pickett (New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 539-51^1). — A brief report on horticultural operations being conducted at the station, including some data on an experiment in pack- ing apples which indicate that New Hampshire apples well graded and ])acked will bring highly remunerative prices. Hybridization in horticulture, G. Bellair {URyhrUhttion en Horticulture. Paris, 1909, pp. VI +339, figs. 123). — A treatise on plant breeding, discussing the production of varieties, crosses, hybrids and races, and the practices of crossing and selection. Consideration is first given to natural variations relative to the theories and factors of variation, adaptation, and correlation. Artificial variations are then considered, including variations produced by different cultural processes, cross- ing and selection. Lists are given of the principal horticultural hybrids, to- gether with special lists of some orchid hybrids. Mendel's law, the factors involved in the production of the principal variations, the production of varie- ties resistant to parasitic diseases, better fruit varieties, and the improvement of cereals and certain ornamental plants, as well as graft hybrids and crosses, are also discussed. Promising new fruits, AV. A. Tai'lor (U. 8. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. Ji73--'i90, /j/.s". 9). — Historical notes and descriptions with color plates are given of the following little known or recently introduced fruits and nuts which are considered worthy of attention either for the home garden or ,the commercial plantation : Patten, Bennett, and Williams apples, Augbert and Champion peaches, Eaton raspberry, Peters Mango, Kawakami and Lonestar persimmons, and the Taylor, Kennedy, Hodge, Bolton and Carman pecans. Vineyard manuring experiments in Gorz-Gradiska, F. Gvozdenovic (Ztschr. Landw. Versuchsiv. Osterr., 12 {1909), Ao. 8, pp. 601-626, charts J,).— A detailed account, including the tabulated results, is given of a number of demonstration manuring experiments conducted in various vineyards in Gorz- FORESTRY. . 739 Gradiska, Austria. The results as a whole indicate thus far that chemical f(>rtilizers not only are remunerative but also are necessary in order to attain the desired production from the vineyards. Plant culture, U. \V. Oliver {New York, 1909, 2. ed., rev., pi). 308, figs. 103).— This is offered as a working liandbook of everyday practice for all who grow flowering and ornamental plants in the garden and greenhouse. The methods described are based upon the many years' experience of the author. Specific directions are given for the x-ulture of various types of plants, including stove and greenhouse plants, bedding plants, vase and basket plants, vines (hardy and tender), bulbous, water, and hardy perennial plants, as well as hardy shruas, ornamental grasses, ferns, and lycopods. A section at the end of the work is devoted to general directions, including propagation, hybridization, pot- ting plants, soils, nnilching, and watering. Dahlia growing- made easy, J. G. Lockley {Sydney [1909], pp. 128, figs. 30). — A brief popular treatise, in which consideration is given to the history of dahlias, detailed cultural operations, types, exhibiting and judging. A monthly working plan is also suggested, together with several lists of the best dahlias of various types. The orchid stud-book, R. A. Rolfe and C. C. Hurst {Kew, 1909, i)p. XLVIII+327, figs. 122). — This work is intended as a guide to the literature of orchid hybridization and as a standard of nomenclature. It contains an enu- meration of hybrid orchids of artificial origin, with their parents, raisers, date of first flowering, references to descriptions and figures, and synonymy, together with a historical introduction and a chapter on hybridizing and raising orchids from seed. The text is fully illustrated. New refrigeration car, K. Guenther {Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. &'.], 1909, A'o. 3566, p. 7). — This is a brief descriptive note on a new type of refrig- erator car recently invented in Germany. Methyl chlorid is used for producing cold. It is claimed that at a speetl of 2.5 miles per hour and at 20° C. tempera- ture of the external air, the interior of the car can be reduced to 0° in 40 or 45 minutes. FORESTRY. studies on the basic principles and the systematics of the science of for- estry, L. Wappes {t140— No. 8— Oy 4 740 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. examiuation of forest conditions in tUe natural forests and forest plantations in tlie Wallionding ^'alley, and parts of central and sontlieru Ohio. The territory covered wholly or in part includes i9 counties. Consideration is given to the geology of the various sections examined, as well as to the constitution and nature of the existing stands. The present condition of several artificial forest plantations of various ages is discussed, special attention being given to catalpa plantations, this species being the one most planted on account of its rapid grovi^th and quick availability for posts and pole material, and for windbreaks. Out of 645,270 trees distributed by the station since 1904, 426,812 were catalpa. During the past summer data were collected on the rate of growth of a number of catalpa groves throughout the area surveyed. Considerable variation was found in groves of the same age growing in different situations. The effect of various soils, methods of pruning, different planting distances, and thinning as influencing the i-ate of growth is discussed. Briefer notes are also given on other important species examined. The reclam^ation and reforestation of the high moors in Belgium, N. I. Crahay (Bui. Soc. Forest. FraiicJie-Comte ct Belfort, 10 il<)09), No. 3, pp. 21.'t-221). — A summarized account of the work being undertaken by the Bel- gian forestry department in reforesting the high moor or peat lands. On the reforestation of culm piles and abandoned quarries, G. Leonard (Ann. Gcinbloiix, 10 (1909), Xo. 10, pp. 558-510, pis. 3).— A thesis in which the author shows the possibilities of reforesting culm piles from coa4 mines and abandoned quarries, by giving an account of work which has been accomplished along this line in different sections of France, including the species of plants and trees best suited for these situations. On the use of chemical fertilizers in forest plantations, A. Mathey (Bui. Soc. Forest. Franchc-Comte ct BcJfort, 10 (1909), No. 3, pp. 3J,-'i-3Ji6, fig. 1).— Basic slag used alone and in conjunction with kainit, 2 : 1, has been tested for several years as a fertilizer in plantations of Austrian pine, Norway spruce, and of various hardwoods in the calcareous waste lands of the Burgundisin hills. The general result has been a considei'able increase in growth. The effect was immediate with the spruces and the majority of the hardwoods, and was noticeable when the plants were 2 years old in the case of the pines. The maxi- mum expense per tree is given as 1 centime (0.2 ct. ), 40 to 100 gm. of the mix- ture being used per tree. In one case fertilized 2-year-old black pines made as much growth as unfertilized 7-year-old i)lants. The German forest, M. Buesgen (Dcr Deutsche WaUI. Lcipsic [1909], pp. 176, pis. 2, figs. 44) • — A book popular in scope containing considerable informa- tion on the forests of Germany relative to their history, constitution, . and forest operations and industries. A statistical review of the forest administration of the Grand-Duchy of Baden for the year 1907 (Statis. Nachw. Forstverw. Baden, 30 (1907), pp. ■''iJi+XX+139, pis. 13, dgms. 11). — Part 1 of this review is a general considera- tion of the forest conditions in Baden with special reference to forestal de- velopment. The data showing forest development along various lines are por- trayed in a series of colored charts. Part 2 consists of a statistical review of the government forest administra- lion relative to forest areas, planting and cutting operations, iind yields and revenues from various forest proilucts, together with comparative data on net revenues for the past 40 years. In part 3 statistical data for 1007 are given for the community and coopera- tive forests. FORESTRY. 741 Forestal and forest botany expedition to Kamerun and Togo, Jentsch and BusGKN {Tropcupjlimzcr. lUihcftc, 10 (1909), No. J,-o, pp. IV+310, pis. 5, figs. I'l, uiiips 2). — An accoinit of an expedition to Kamerun and To£;o dealing par- ticularly with forest conditions and possibilities and the forest botany of those couu trios. Indian woods and their uses, 11. S. Troup {Indian Forest Mem., FJcon Prod- ucts Ser., 1 (1909), No. 1, pp. //+27//-fCC.YF///).— The object of this publica- tion is to present all available information regarding those Indian woods which are used for specific puri)oses. Some 55.3 species are thus considered. Part 1 consists of an enumeration of purposes for which woods are employed, and the woods used for each purpose. Part 2 contains condensed descriptions of the various woods mentioned in part 1, relative to their botany, physical characteristics, and chief usos. Woods used for fuel, cliarcoal, distillation, and similar purposes are not included. Two appendixes are given, one of which consists of vernacular names and the other of English and trade names, although where accurate identification is desired the use of botanical specimens of leaves, flowers, and fruits is advised. The distribution and cultivation of babul (Acacia arabica) in Berar, S. Nayadu (Indimi Forester, So (1909), No. 9, pp. Ji9t-512). — A paper on this sub ject in which the author describes the forest region under consideration, and gives an account of A. arabica relative to its distribution, varieties, associates, vegetative seasons, germination and early life, later life, reproduction, uses. and injuries. The various systems of regenerating the si)ecies in Berar are also described. Note on the pines of Lang'-Bian (Bui. Econ. Indo-Chine, n. ser., 12 (1909), So. 78, pp. nS-182, fi(/s. 2). — A brief descriptive account of the pine forest of Lang-Bian in South Annam. Commercial production of balsam, A. H. Feazier (Bui. Internat. Bur. Amer. Repul). [FiuiUsh ,sVr^]. 29 (1909). No. Jf, pp. 808-810, fig. 1).—A brief report of the balsam industiy in San Salvador, relative to the botany and distribution of the tree (Myro.rylon pereirw) . and the preparation of the product for market. The oil palm, S. Soskin (Tropeiipfiainer, Bcihefte, 10 (1909), No. 6, pp. Vlll-rSllS'il, pis. 9). — This is a contribution on the culture of the oil palm and the preparation of its products, based upon information gleaned from various sources and prepared with a view to stimulating the culture of this plant in German East Africa. Consideration is given to the botany of tlie oil palm, its products and their use, soils and climate, the oil palm in countries other than Africa, species and varieties, details of culture, harvesting, preparation of the products, and diseases and other enemies. The cultural directions are based for the most jiart on studies of native processes. Practical manual on the culture and exploitation of rubber-producing spe- cies, both native and introduced, in the Belgian Kongo (Manuel Pratique dcla Culture ct dc U Exploitation des Essences Caoutchoutiferes Indig&ncs et Intro- duties au Congo Beige. Brussels: Govt., 1909, 2. ed., pp. 126, figs. //O).— This I publication is offered as a practical guide to the culture and exploitation of rubber on the Kongo. The various rubber-producing species are discussed sepa- rately under three groups — trees, vines and shrubs, relative to their botany, propagation, planting operations and subsequent treatment. The concluding s«'ction of the work contains instructions on harvesting and coagulating the latex, and the |iri'paration. drying, iiacking. and transportation of rubber. The latex of Palo Amarillo (Euforbia elastica), J. McC. Sanders (.1». Inst. Med. Nae. [Mexico], 10 (1908), pp. C7-7//). — This consists of notes on the Palo .\marillo rubber tree (E. S. li.. 21, ]». SAO), relative to the chemical composition 742 EXPERIMENT STATIOISr RECORD. of the latex and its exploitation as a rubber producer. The quantity of rubber in tlie latex is only about 10 per cent, and the product obtained by simple methods contains 50 parts per 100 of resins, which prohibits its being vul- canized. The product can be freed from the resins only by costly machinery, which the quality of the rubber does not appear to justify. A comparison of the various processes of preserving timber, G. B. Shipley {Engin. Neics, 62 (1909), No. 16, pp. .396-JfOO, figs. 2).— This paper consists of a comparison of the Burnettiziug, Wellhouse, absorption, full cell creosote, Rueping, Lowry and Card processes for preserving timber, together with a dis- cussion of the selection of process, the required mechanical equipment, piling, shipment of treated wood, estimated cost of treatment, capacity and costs of plants. Descriptions are also given of 2 modern plants. DISEASES OF PLANTS. Report of the botanist for 1908, G. P. Clinton (Connecticut State 8ta. Rpt. 1907-8, pt. 12, pp. S.'f9-907, pis. 16). — General notes are given on a number of plant diseases previously reported, as well as observations on others less well known, and discussions of investigations on peach yellows, chestnut bark disease, and artificial cultures of Phytophthora with special reference to the formation of oospores. The general relation of weather conditions to plant diseases is discussed at some length, after which notes are given on the occurrence of the tecidial stage of Gyninosporangiiim macropus on the fruit of the apple, the presence of downy mildew of grapes on the ripening fruit, the abundance and injurious character of bacterial spot of peaches, a collar girdle and root injury of peaches, due in the author's estimation to winter injury, and infectious chlorosis of tomatoes. Among the diseases not previously reported, accounts are given of smoke and gas injury to asparagus, chlorosis of beans, dry weather injury to dahlias, damping-off of beet seedlings, bacterial spot of larkspur, a disease of the com- mon white lily that is possibly of bacterial origin, chlorosis of muskmelons that is possibly infectious, and limb gall of oaks which is thought to be of bacterial origin. In the discussion of investigations of peach yellows and so-ealled yellows, at- tention is called to the fact that a number of different forms of injury are fre- quently grouped together under this one form. These include the so-called yel- lows, little peach, collar girdle, winter injury, drought injury, leaf fall, guiu- mosis, etc. The author in the present article brings out the fact that many of these diseases are largely the result of the unusual weather conditions that have prevailed for some years. The relation of weather to peach diseases is discussed, considerable winter injury being reported following the winters of 1902, 190.3, and 1904. In ]907 and 1908 severe droughts occurred in Connecticut, and after the drought of 1907, moist autumn weather prevailed, setting up late growth of the dormant buds. Several theories regarding the causes of yellows are discussed at some length, but the author thinks that as winter injuries and yellows apparently come at irregular periods and seem to be associated, considerable of the loss attributed to the disease is really the result of unfavorable weather conditions. The chestnut bark disease, attributed by Murrill and others to Dia port lie parasitica, is discussed at some length, and its general distribution and its dis- tribution in Connecticut are outlined. An attempt was made to determine whether the disease was contagious by planting a number of healthy chestnut trees among diseased trees, but so far no sign of the fungus has been found. Attention is called to the fact that all the sprouts from the cut of 1906 were DISEASES OF PLANTS. 743 badly iufected, while those eoniing from trees cut in 15)07 showed little or no disease. TBe author questions whether the funj^us, which is generally consid- ered a wound parasite, is responsible for all the injury, and he believes there is considerable evidence to show that winter injuries contribute very materially to the spread of the disease. In continuation of previous investigations on artificial cultures of Phyto])h- thora with special reference to oospores ( K. S. K., 20, p. 11.38), experiments have been carried on with a number of species of I'hytophtliora. In the previous pub- lication reference was made to the possibility of sexual mycelia, but in the pres- ent account, which is based on more than a thousand cultures of potato and Lima" bean mildews, the results seem to throw considerable doubt upon the theory. The life history of the fungi is shown on the different cultures, and the cultural melliods. media, etc.. are described at considerable length. Some plant diseases of 1908, L. H. Pammel and Charlotte M. King (lou-n ^ta. liiil. lO.'i. pp. J3Ji-2.j9, fiffs. 11). — Notes are given on smut, downy mildew, and spot disease of millet, powdery mildew of wheat, black blight of wheat and oats, and bean anthracnose and rust. The millet smut, which was noticed in the fall of 1908, is caused by the fungus UstUago era inert. The fungus occurs in the smaller spikelets and com- pletely destroys them, leaving only the outer wall of the ovaries. At times it may become so serious as to destroy the crop almost entirely. Investigations seem to show that the disease is transmitted to the seed, and some studies were carried on to determine the effect of formaldehyde and corrosive sul)li- mate solutions on the germination of spores. The stronger solutions of both fungicides completely i)revented the germination of the spores, and it is recommended that seeds should be treated either with formalin or corrosive sublimate before sowing. Investigations have shown that the hot-water treat- ment is also effective, but it does not appear to have any advantage over the formalin treatment. The downy mildew of millet (Sclcrospora graminicola) appears to be widely distril)uted and occurs not only on the cultivated millet but also on wild foxtail and other host plants. This fungvis, from the nature of its growth, does not yield to fungicides, and on this account attempts should be made to plant millet in fields where this plant and foxtail grasses have not been grown. A spot disease of millet {Piricularia grisea) was reported as seriously affecting the, crop. This disease is readily recognized by the pale green or yellowish ai)peai"ance of the leaves and definite purple or reddish colored spots. These spots usually elongate and the center collapses with the progress of the disease. The fungus has long been known as a troublesome parasite, occurring on a considerable number of grasses. No experiments appear to have been made for the treatment of this disease, but some varieties seem less subject to the fungus than others, and it is recommended that more resistant kinds be cultivated. The powdery mildew of wheat {Erysiphe graminis) was unusually prevalent in some of the plats at the station, occurring on certain varieties to an inju- rious extent. This fungus has been reported in different parts of the country, occurring on a large number of grasses, and its development seems to be due to combinations of heat and moisture. On this account grain should not be too thickly sown. I'nacclimated varieties seem particularly susceptible to this trouble, and where the disease is prevalent it is reconnnended that well-accli- mated varieties be selected for sowing. In other investigations (E. S. R., 17, p. 873) it has been suggested that biologic species of W. gramini.-t are present. The authors placed a number of species of grasses iu contact with leaves of 744 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. wheat affected by the powdery mildew, but were unable to iufec-t them with the fungus. ' The black blight of wheat aud oats {CJaOospoHum herbarum) api'.eared as a general Infection of the fields of the station during 1908. This fungus occurs ou many host plants, and the best means for prevention is to keep the fields and neighboring grounds free from weeds upon which it is likely to grow. In connection with the notes given on the bean anthracnose (Colletotrichum Undemuthianum) and the bean rust (JJi'omyces appendiculatus), suggestions are presented for their control. Report of the department of botany, C. Brooks (Neic Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 330-389, pis. 15, figs, 5). — This report gives an account of investiga- tions on the fruit spot of apples, apple leaf spot, pine blight, notes ou apple aud peach diseases, and comparative tests of fungicides. The report on the fruit spot of apples is a more extended form of a previous account (E. S. R., 20, p. 847). The report on the leaf spot is by the assistant, I. M. Lewis, and treats of the leaf six)t of apples, which in the opinion of the author is primarily caused by the fungus Sph(croj)sis maJoriim. Experiments with Bordeaux mixture and lime-sulphur mixtures for the control of this disease were carried on, and the sprayed trees retained their leaves long after the unsprayed ones were com- pletely defoliated. The best results were obtained with a 3-3-50 Bordeaux mixture or a lime-sulphur 2-1-50 mixtui'e. Some investigations were conducted on a pine blight which seems to have occurred chiefly on the white pine. In this the needles were browned in fairly uniform manner over the entire tree or in some cases the tips of the needles were browned while the bases remained green. No evidence of insect or fungus troubles could be found, and it is thought probable that the trouble is of physiological origin, resulting from drought or unfavorable locations. Descriptions are given of the apple scab, sooty blotch, apple rust, European apple tree canker, winter injury due to extreme cold, spray injury due to Bordeaux mixture, and peach yellows and peach leaf curl. These different diseases are described aud remedies suggested where definite means are known. Comparative tests are reported of a number of fungicides in which the jMcIntosh apple, a variety especially subject to scab, was sprayed with a number of proprietary forms of Bordeaux mixture, with homemade Bordeaux mixture, with copper phosphate, aud with proprietary and homemade lime and sulphur mixtures, the object being to determine their relative value as fungicides and also the injury due to spraying. The Bordeaux mixtures proved the most efficient fungicides, with the proprietary lime-sulphur mixtures a close second. When the possible injury to apples due to Bordeaux mixture is considered, the lime-sulphur solutions seemed to offer an efficient method of controlling scab. The report concludes with a brief account of spraying experiments noted on page 759. Annual report of the consulting botanist for 1908, W. Carruthers (Jour. Roy. Agr: 8oc. England, 69 (1908), i)p. 308-320, figs. 6).— An account is given of the work carried on under the supervision of the author, which includes seed investigations and studies of weeds and of diseases and injuries to plants. Among the latter subjects reports are given on the failure of the swede crop due to attacks of Phoma napo-brassicce, the appearance of a Fusarium disease of potatoes, Botrytis cincrea on sea kale, and smoke injury to oats. Report of the section for plant protection, C. Brick (Jalirl). Hamburg. Wiss. Anst., 25 (1907), pp. 362-382). — A report is given of the work carried on in the section for plant protection from July 1, 1907, to June 80, 1908, the work includ- DISEASES OF PLANTS. 745 ing the inspection of imporlcd fruits ujicl plants as well as gtudies on plant diseases. These latter include a study of the fungi and insects affecting vari- ous common crops as well as a numl)er of the tropical crops, the material having been sent to the laboratory for study. The predisposition of plants to parasitic diseases, II. T. (iussow il'roc. Assoc. Econ. Biol., 1 (190!)), Xo. J,, pp. iJ 3-.'/ 6'/. pis. 2). — After calling attention to the need of varieties of farm crops immune to disease, the author discusses the basis of disease resistance, considering the adaptation to environment, specific resistance to parasites, the nature of the resistance, etc.. and describes a number of varieties of cotton, cowpeas, melons, potatoes, clover, wheat, and flax that have been developed by Department and station investigators. Studies in diseases of cereals and grasses, A. D. Selby and T. F. Manns (Ohio Sta. Bui. 203, pp. 187-236, pis. 2, figs. 20).— A description is given of a new anthracnose of certain cereals and grasses, and studies are reported on the fungus of wheat scab, which occurs on seed and as a seedling parasite not only on wheat but also on a number of small grains. The anthracnose seems to be quite prevalent in Ohio and is believed to be conuuou in neighboring States as well, rye, wheat, oats, emmer, and various grasses being subject to attack. ^Inch of the loss due to the shriveling of grain is attributed to this disease. As a result of a study of affected host plants and the cultivation of the organism, the authors have determined it to be an undescribed species of Colletotrichum, to which the name C. cereale n. sp. is given. The fungus is parasitic on the roots, culms, blades, and spikes of rye, and on the roots, culms, and blades of wheat, oats, barley, emmer, orchard grass, timothy, blnegrass, chess, etc. It is said to have caused noteworthy losses in the yields of rye in fields where it prevails. The attacks of the anthracnose are shown by the premature dying of those portions of the spikes above the point of attack, resulting in an almost total loss of grain in these dead portions. On wheat there is no special attack of the wheat head, and the roots are less frequently affected. The basal portions of the stem and the basal leaf sheaths of wheat are conspicuously attacked, and the disease is accompanied by pre- mature whitening and ripening of the plant and much shriveling of the grain. Similar conditions are found on the other host plants enumerated. The spores of the fungus readily disseminate the disease through the seed grain, as is shown by the result of centrifuge examinations made of the wasli- ings of suspected grain. Seed treatment with formaldehyde is recommended, as preliminary investigations seem to indicate its efficiency. Tlie studies on the wlieat scab have been continued (E. S. R., 11, p. 161), and it is shown that the scab fungus certainly survives as an internal infection in scab-infested kernels of wheat. Pure cultures have been obtained of the fungus by placing externally sterile grains upon agar in Petri dishes. Tliese investi- gations not only demonstrate that the scab fungus survives in the dead wheat kernels, but also in those capable of germination. The fungus is an exceed- ingly active parasite, killing young wheat plants when they are a month or less old. ^ The cause of this disease has been attributed to Fusarium roscum and rtihhcrrUa sauhinctii, and infection experiments in the greenhouse and cultin-al 746 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. work cjirried on with these fungi and material obtained from scabbed wheat, oats, barley, rj^e, aud emmer hidicate the identity of the two species. In addition to the cereals the Fusarium is shown to be an active parasite upon red clover, and there seems to be evidence of its parasitism upon alfalfa, resulting in possible sickness of fields seeded after wheat. Some studies on Colletotriclium gossypii, R, J. H. DeLoach {Georgia 8ta. Bui. S.J, 1)1). 3-15, figs. S). — An account is given of investigations carried on by the author on the cotton anthracnose (('. gassy pii) while connected with the station. The studies included the life history of the fungus and also some investigations carried on in the fields and in cotton mills. As a result of his investigations the author found present in the young cot- ton bolls a mycelium aud also a brown mycelium in the seed coats. This mycelium readily grew in cultures, the only difference apparently in the growth of the brown mycelium and that taken from other sources being a difference of time. The brown mycelium seems to be stouter and less sensitive to stimulants. The author is of the opinion that the control of the disease will depend to a considerable extent on the diseased cotton left in the field, as the mycelium seems to persist throughout the winter. Investigations in the field in 1908 seem to indicate that the disease is carried over either through the brown mycelium in the planted seeds cfr in the decayed and diseased bolls left over in the field from the previous year. An attempt was made to determine the effect of selecting seed, and where one lot of seed was planted as it came from the gin and another as selected there was an apparent gain of about 12 per cent in sound plants due to the selection. Marked differences in susceptibility of varieties to the anthracnose are shown, the relative percentage of diseased bolls in 1907 and 1908 being given for 25 varieties. The relation of the anthracnose to the milling problems was taken up, and it appears that much of the loss incurred in the mills is due to immature or dis- eased fiber caused by the presence of the fungus. As practical suggestions for the control of this disease the author recom- mends the burning of old plants, the rejection of diseased bolls when picking, the gathering of cotton as early as possible, the rotation of crops, and the cleaning of cotton seed, whereby the light seed is rejected, after which the heavy seed is treated with a 3 per cent formalin solution. In addition to these sug- gestions the use of resistant varieties is recommended as far as they can be secured. A new disease of potatoes, Ducloux and L. Hediard (Betterave, 19 {1909), No. Jj87, pp. 299, 300). — In a communication to the Society of Agriculture of Nord, France, the authors describe a disease of potatoes to which the name curliness is given. This disease is said to be of a physiological nature and rather poorly defined. A number of causes have been attributed as favoring its development, among them the degeneration of the varieties, soil conditions, aud the kind of fertilizers used. The authors appear to think that degeneration of the varieties is the most important of these, and call attention to the facts that the diseased poto- toes often show weak, discolored, elongated sprouts, and that in some cases the tubers fail to germinate entirely. In combating the disease it is recommended that tubers from all such plants be rejected and only those tubers planted which have been obtained from regions where the disease is not known aud which are sound and show strong, well-developed, and well-colored sprouts. The prevalence of potato blight in Ireland in 1909 {Dcpt. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland Jour., 9 {1909), No. 4, pp. 745-74S). — An account is given of the DISEASES OF PLANTS. 747 outbreaks of potato blijilil in Ireland np to July 17, 1'.>()1). jnid the action taken by the department to seeun^ a more general use of spraying' is briefly stated. Tills includes the distribution of a larw number of leaflets dealing with the prevention of potato bliijht by means of sprayinj,'. and grants and loans for the purchase of spraying apparatus. In the counties covered by the report over 1.000 spraying machines have been distributed to date. A number of overseers and assistants are employed whose duties require them to repair spraying ma- chines, to sell machines at cost price, within certain limits, and to give demon- strations in spraying. The potato rot (Phytophthora infestans), G. (Jand,\r.v (liol. Hoc. Af/r. Mcxi- cana.' 33 (1909), Nos. 20, pp. 39.',-396; 21, pp. 412-^16; 22, pp. //,^5-'/28 ) .— A description is given of the i)otato rot due to P. infestans, with suggestions for its control, thorough si)raying with Bordeaux mixture being reconunended. The use of lime in agriculture, with special reference to its application to finger-and-toe disease in turnips, W. E. Collinge (Jour. Cooper Research Laly., 1909, No. 1, pp. 15-27, figs. 2). — After discussing the manurial, chemical, and physical effect of lime when applied to the soil, the author takes up its use in connection with certain plant diseases, particularly the club root of cruciferous jilants and potato scab. The application of lime to soils seems to favor the development of potato scab, while if applied at the proper time and in considerable amount it seems to reduce the tendency to the club root disease. Common lime at the rate of 2i tons per acre, slaked to a fine powder, and thoroughly mixed with the soil, is usually productive of the best results. The application should be made as soon as liossible after the removal of a diseased crop and the surface soil should be thoroughly mixed with the lime. Experiments show that the lime may be more effectual on the second than on the first crop which follows its applica- llon, and it is thought probable that the greatest effect from its application will not be noted for several years. Notes on a nematode in wheat, E. C. Johnson (Science, n. ser., SO (1909), No. 773, p. 576). — The author reports the appearance in different portions of the United States in 1909 of a nematode in wheat. It was first discovered in grain from California, and its presence has since been reported from Georgia, West A'^irginia, and New York. The affected heads of wheat are similar in appearance to those attacked by bunt. The glumes of the spikelets spread somewhat, and the places where the kernels should be are occupied by dark galls full of nematode larvne. The species is believed to be Tylenehus tritiei. which has long been known in Europe, but apparently has not been previously reported in America. The author cites a letter from Dr. E. A. Bessey, who has been for several years making a study of these parasites, in which it is stated that related forms occur on species of Agropyron, Elymus, Calamagrostis, Trisetum, Chse- tochloa, Agrostis, and Sporobolus in various parts of the United States, but that he had not observed any form attacking wheat. The parasite is said to have gained considerable headway in West Virginia and may prove a serious jiest. It is suggested that infested wheat should be cleaned tlioroughly before sowing. It is thought probable that the hot-water treatment used for smut or soaking the seed in a dilute solution of sulphuric acid would destroy the nematodes, but further experiments are necessary before these treatments can be recommended. The characteristics of apple-tree anthracnose, A. B. Cordley (Better Fruit, .'i (1909), No. .',, pp. 13-17, figs. 6).— A description is given of the apple-tree anthracnose, previously reported in a publication of the Oregon Station (E. S. R., 748 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. 12, p. 58). with suggestions for its coutrol. The means recommeudetl for the prevention of this disease include the cutting out of dead spots and dead wood during the early spring and thorough spraying with Bordeaux mixture during the growing season. The perfect stage of leaf spot of pear and quince, G. F. Atkinson {Science, n. ser., 30 {,1909), Xo. 770, p. '/.j2). — Attention is called to the fact that the perfect stage of the pear leaf spot fungus {Entomosporiutn maculatum) , although prohably common, is easily oveiiooked and seldom reported. It is said to occur quite abundantly on the leaves of the pear and quince affected with the disease which have lain on the ground during the winter. Some years ago the author discovered the perfect stage of the fungus, which was identified as Fahrcra sp.. but while he has several times grown the Entomo- sporium from quince fruit in pure cultures, he has never obtained the perfect stage of the fungus in these cultures. He has, however, carried the cultures in the opposite direction and obtained the Entomosporium in pure cultures from ascospores of the Fabraea. Pending the publication of a full account of his studies, the author thinks it desirable to indicate the name of the fungus in its new position, and that the name of the perfect form should be F. macula ta. A new disease of pears, E. Marchal (Bid. 8oc. Roy. Bot. Belg., J/o {1908), No. 2, pp. 3-'i3, S'l-'i). — The presence of Phijtophthora oinniiora on pears in Belgium is noted. The diseased fruit shows round brown spots, which in- crease in size until the greater part of the fruit is affected, after which it falls. In one instance the loss due to this fungus was great, fully one-half of the fruit being destroyed. Where pears had been bagged they did not suffer from the fungus. It is thought probable that the disease could be prevented by spray- ing with Bordeaux mixture. The American gooseberry mildew and the proposed legislative measures, E. S. Salmon {Pioc. Assoc. Ecoti. Biol., 1 {1909), No. .), pp. 150, 151).— An abstract is given of a paper presented by the author, giving an account of the introduction and spread of the gooseberry mildew {Sphwrothcca inors-uva) in Europe, and reviewing the attempts made to secure legislation looking toward the reduction of the disease in (ireat Britain. European currant rust on the white pine in America, P. Spaulding ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Circ. 38, pp. //). — Attention is called to the fact that large importations of white pine seedlings have been made for planting in the Northeastern and North-Central States during recent years and that accomi)anying these seedlings diseased material has been found which upon thorough examination proved to be affected with the white pine blight (Peridcr- mium strobi). This fungus is perennial on the white pine and has for its alternate host species of Ribes. It is known to incubate for at least a year on the white pine before fruiting and the fruiting bodies are situated on the wood formed in the second year. The fungus is of general distribution in Europe and on this account imported white pine trees should be held under suspicion until proved free of the fungus. The possible damage caused by the distribution of this fungus is Tery great and precautions are suggested against its importation. The present status of the chestnut bark disease, H. Metcalf and J. F. Col- lins {U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Plant Indus. Bui. IJ/l, pt. 5, pp. ^5-5'i. pi. 1, fig. 1). — A review is given of the history of the chestnut bark disease and its present distribution is indicated. The disease, which is considered to be due to the fungus Diaporthe parasitica, is apparently spreading with considerable DISEASES OF PLANTS. 749 rapidity and is causiiiji the dcstniclion of iar.L'e imiubiM-s of cliestinit trees iu tbe infested regions. Snggestions are given for jireviMiting tlie further spread of the disease, whicli include tlie inspection and destruction of diseased nursery stock and the treat- ment of diseased trees where this is practicable. In regions where the disease is widespread it is believed doubtfvd whether individual treatment will pay. Where only isolated cases have appeared it is believed possible to stamp out the disease by carefully cutting out and burning all diseased bark and limbs, thus destroying the sources of infection. The diseases and parasites of cacao, F. C von Faber (Arb. K. Biol. Anst. Land. u. Forstw., 7 {1909), No. 2, pp. 193-351, pis. 2, figs. 51). — A monographic study is given of the plant diseases and insect and other pests to which the cacao tree is subject. A coffee disease in Dominica {Agr. A'cu-.s- [Barbados^, 8 {1909), No. 193, p. 292). — A brief note is given describing the attack of StUbella flavida on coffee berries that were received from Dominica. This fungus has caused serious damage in Mexico and in sevei*al South American States and is also reported from Trinidad and .Jamaica. . Preventi\e measures are given which include the removal and destruction of the affected plants, spraying, and careful attention to tillage. Root diseases of Hevea brasiliensis, W. J. Gallagher {Dept. Agr. Fed. Malay States Bui. 2, pp. IS). — According to the author, the Para rubber trees in the Malay Peninsula seem to be suffering from root diseases. An investi- gation led to the identification of the cause, which is said to be due to Fomes semitostus. A description of the fungus and the symptoms produced upon the trees is given. The source of the trouble seems to be in many instances the si)read of the fungus from roots and stumps of trees other than rubber. In combating the disease, so far as possible all roots, stumps, and logs should be cleared away, so that there will be no possibility of the mycelium spreading to the newly planted trees. Another root disease, due to an undetermined fungus, is found occasionally on Para rubber and quite frequently on camphor. The symptoms are quite similar to those produced by the above-described fungus, l»ut the fungus itself behaves in quite a different manner. A preliminary note on a branch and stem disease of Hevea brasiliensis, W. J. Gallagher {Dcpt. Agr. Fed. Miilnij States Bui. (i. pp. 0. fig. I). — A l)ranch and stem disease of the Para rubber seems to be quite prevalent, and a study has been made of it with the result that a number of fungi have been found asso- ciated with the disease, but the identification of the causal fungus has not been definitely determined. The di.sease seems to be found on trees of all ages, and on young trees it first shows itself just above the fork, generally on a branch, but sometimes on the main stem. The first sign is the exudation of a black latex, and as the disease progresses the branches and stems are girdled, the leaves drop, and the branch is quickly killed. Pending a detailetl study of the cause of the disease and means for its con- trol, remedial and preventive measures are suggested which consist of cutting out the diseased branches and coating the wounds with tar or other material. It is thought possible that spraying with Bordeaux mixture, where the attack is limited to a few trees, would prove advantageous. Parasitic and semiparasitic nematodes occurring on plants, K. Marcinow- SKI {Arb. K. liiol. Anst. Land u. Forstw., 7 (1909), \o. 1, pp. 1-192, pi. 1, figs. 750 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. 76). — The results of a study of the parasitic aud nouparasitic forms of nematodes are given, special attention being paid to the morpliology and biology of the different species. Nine genera are described, of which the parasitic forms are 9 species of Tylenchus and 2 of Heterodei'a. An extensive bibliography completes the publication. Experiments with insecticides and fungicides {Jour. Cooper Research Lab., 1909, No. 1, pp. 11-1'h pJs- '-)• — A brief outline is given of experiments being carried on with insecticides and fungicides in which practically all the materials reputed to have fungicidal or insecticidal value are being tested. Copper as a fungicide, W. H. Barlow (Jour. Cooper Research Lab., 1909, No. 1, pp. 3-'f-50). — A summary is given of investigations relating to the use of copper as a fungicide, and the chemistry of Bordeaux mixture and its action on fungi, leaves, and upon the assimilation of the plant are discussed. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY— ENTOMOLOGY. A biological investigation of the Athabaska-Mackenzie region, E. A. Preble (V. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Biol. t:>urvey, Xorth American Fauna No. 27, pp. 51. 'i, pis. 25, figs. 16). — This worlv is based mainly upon two expeditions con- ducted by the author, the first in 1001. the second in 1003-4. Attention is first given to the itinerary (pp. 11-lG) ; physical geography and climatology of the Mackenzie Basin (pp. lG-40) ; and life zones of the Athabaska-M.'ickenzie region (pp. 40-53). The area lies within the Boreal Region and comprises parts of each of its three subdivisions. Previous explorations and collections (pp. 54-85) are then discussed, followed by a general account of the routes traversed by the Biological Survey parties (pp. 85-125), The mammals are considered at length, all the species known to occur in the region being listed (pp. 12G-251). "Owing to the uniformity of climatic and physiographic conditions in the north many species range over large areas v.ithout differentiation into i-aces; consequently few new forms have been de- tected. It has been necessary to describe only one, a northern form of Evotomys gapperi; in the case of one or two other forms, old names have been revived." All the species of birds that have been authoritatively repdrted from the regions are listed (pp. 251-500). " In the spring, when its rivers and swamps are freed from the grasp of the long Arctic winter, the region becomes the resort of millions of birds which hasten to breed within its borders. These include representatives, and in some cases the bulk of the individuals, of most of the migratory game birds, which are of great economic importance in the United States, where many of them winter."' But few reptiles and batrachians live in the region, only 5 sjiecies being recorded (pp. 500-502). Twenty species of fresh-water and anadromous fishes are listed (pp. 502-515) from the Mackenzie Valley. The trees and shrubs of the region are considered at some length (pp. 515-534) and a list of the prin- cipal books and articles relating to the birds and mammals of the region is appended. Regulation for the protection of deer in Alaska {TJ. 8. Dept. Agr.. Bur. Biol. Survey Circ. 6S, p. 1). — Regulations additional to those previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 455) are here promulgated. Fur farming, A. R. Harding (Columbus, Ohio, 1909, pp. 1S6. pi. 1, figs. 25). — A book of information about fur-bearing animals, inclosures, habits, care, etc. The mammals of Indiana, W. L. Hahn (Ind. Dept. Geol. and Nat. Resources Ann. Rpt., 33 (1908), pp. 417~65Ji, figs. 4i).— A descriptive catalogue of the mammals occurring in Indiana in recent times. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 751 Use of poisons for destroying noxious mammals, I). K. Lantz (U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 421-.'i32). — This article doscribos the various poisons employed in the destruction of noxious mammals and jjives directions for their use. Methods of killing coyotes, ,T. C. Cunningham (Breeder's Gaz., 56 (1909), No. 4, p. 132). — An account of some California methods of poisoning and trap- ping coyotes. It is said that on many of the big cattle ranches Australian stag hounds are now used. How to destroy rats, D. E. Lantz (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Farmers' Bui. 369, pp. 20, figs. 5). — This bulletin is, in the main, a digest of Bulletin 33 of the Bureau of Biological Survey of this Department previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 346). Mouse plagues, their control and prevention, S. E. Piper ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearhook 1908, pp. 301-3 W, pis. 5). — A brief account of outbreaks in which mice become the source of great loss. A more detailed account of the methods by which they may be controlled has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 54). The susceptibility of gophers, field mice, and ground squirrels to plague infection, G. W. McCoy (Jour. Infeet. Diseases, 6 (1909), No. 3, pp. 283-288).— In the experiments here reported 3 families of the order Rodentia were repre- sented by the California i)ocket gopher (Thomomys hotta'), field mouse (2Iicrotus ealifornieus), and ground squirrel (Citelhis heeehyi), respectively. " Gophers are highly resistant to plague when inoculated by the cutaneous method, but apparently often susceptible when inoculated subcutaneously. As only 4 animals were used for the subcutaneous inoculation, no sure conclusion can be drawn from the experiments. Field mice are moderately susceptible to cutaneous inoculation and quite susceptible to subcutaneous inoculation. Plague infection was successfully carried directly fi'om animal to animal through three transfers in field mice by the cutaneous method of inoculation. Ground squir- rels are highly susceptible to plague infection, no example of immunity having been encountered. "We may conclude that gophers are not sufficiently susceptible to infection with BaciUus pestis to be of any importance from an epidemiological point of view. Field mice are probably about as susceptible as rats, but as they rarely come in close contact with man, it is improbable that they will ever be a serious factor in the spread of plague. As we already know from experience, ground squirrels are of the utmost importance in plague epidemiology." Campaign against ground squirrels in Contra Costa County, California, R. Blue (Pub. Ihalth ami Mar. IIo.sp. ^err. V. S.. Pub. IIcaNIi Rpts., 2', [1900), No. 21, pp. 67Jf-676; Reprint, pp. 5). — Headquarters were established at Alamo, Cal., about April 20, 1909, and a campaign has b3en inaugurated which con- sists of shooting, trapping, and poisoning. For the latter purpose small gas machines will be used for sulphur and carbon bisulphid asphyxiation. The economic value of predaceous birds and mammals, A. K. Fisher ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 187-19/i, pis. 3). — This article discusses the economic value of some of the better known predaceous species. Man's inter- ference is shown to have been an important factor in the undue increase of many pests. Several aspects of the protection of our native birds, W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. X. S. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 5, pp. 369-.376). — A somewhat extended discus- sion of this subject as applying to the conditions in Australia. Attention is drawn to the fact that when the natural food of insectivorous birds, etc., is destroyed, or, due to the destruction of their natural enemies, these birds increase in numbers sufficient to exhaust the natural food supply, they may become injurious by preying upon vegetation. The magpie in Australia is cited as an instance of this adaptation to the changed conditions. 752 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. The relation between birds and insects, F. E. L. Beal (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 3.^3-350). — The author considers birds to be the most im- portant natural factor in the control of injurious insects, and he believes that they do but little permanent harm in eating insects indiscriminately. The importance of local ecological studies to entomology, C. W. Johnson (Psyche, 16 (1909), A'o. 1, pp. 5-12). — This is the presidential address delivered at the annual meeting of the Cambridge Entomological Club, January 19, li)09. Some phenomena associated with parasitism, F. A. Potts (Parasitology, 2 (1009), No. 1-2, pp. Jf2-56, figs. 3). — "In the Insecta, parasitism appears to influence caste production. Grassi suggested that the sterility of soldiers and workers in Termites is due to protozoan parasites. In ants a giant caste is known (mermithergates) always harboring a nematode worm." Detection of eggs of parasites in feces, W. Telesiann (Dcut. Med. Wchnschr., 3.'f (190S), No. 35, pp. 1510, 1511).— The author describes his method for the detection of eggs in feces as follows: (1) Select several small portions, about the size of a pea, from different parts of the stool to be examined; (2) mix them in a i%agent glass filled with equal parts ether and hydrochloric acid ; (3) shake the mixture; (4) filter through a hair sieve; and (5) centrifugalize the filtrate for 1 minute. The eggs will be found at the distal ends of the cen- trifugal tubes. Report of standing committee on insects and diseases, W. T. Horne (Ann. Rpt. Cuban Nat. Hort. 8oc., 3 (1909). pp. 59-67). — Particular attention is given to citrus troubles, of which the blue-green beetle (Pachnwus sp.) is said to be the most serious. During the excessive droughts of the previous 2 years all the groves unless treated with sulfur suffered considerably as the result of the at- tacks of the red spider. It is said to be necessary to spray all lemon and grape fruit orchards for the rust mite, as well as the orchards of oranges intended for export. The citrus white fly, which was abundant in the vicinity of the experiment station 4 years ago, can not now be found upon the island. The principal fungus which attacks the gnava white fly in Cuba looks like the Aschersonia aleyrodis which attacks the white fly in Florida. In previous years the long scale and the oyster-shell scale were extensively destroyed by. a gi'ay fungus Ophionectria coccicola, while during the summer of 1908 the roimd black scale was attacked in a very effective manner by Sphwrostilbc coccophila. The snow scale (Chionaspis sp.) is said to be rather exempt from natural enemies. The orange borer (Apate carmelita) was frequently reported as injuring young citrus trees. The scab of lemons, grape fruit, etc., and gummosis or foot rot are also considered, and brief mention made of vegetable and tobacco troubles. Report of the superintendent of entomology, J. Kotinsky (Rpt. Bd. Comrs. Agr. and Forestry Haivaii, 5 (1908), pp. 97-119, pi. i).— This is the fifth report of the division of entomology, covering the calendar year 1908. Inspection work is said to have taken up the greater part of the time. Among the pests on fruits condemned were Aspidiotus rapax on apples, pears, and lemons, and the purple and San Jose scales on lemons. Very few lots of turnips were admitted owing to infestation by the cabbage maggot which has not as yet appeared on the islands. Soil on roots, etc., is considered one of the most dangerous importations as a source of agricultural pests. Lists of the pests intercepted in the course of inspection and the beneficial insects distributed are included and the rules and regulations pertaining to the importation and the inspection of honey bees and honey are appended. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 753 [Notes on insect pests] {■lour. lid. Agr. [lj()ii(hni\. 1(1 (190!)), No. 3, pp. 210-212). — Reports on the occurrence of the pear-leaf blister-mite ( BriopJn/cs pyri) indicate that the pest is increasing in frequence in Great Britain. A serious attacli of the willow beetle ((lalcrucclla lincohi) in Somerset ruined many willows for commercial purposes, in some cases the whole crop being destroyed. [Notes on insect pests] (Jour. lid. Atjr. [Loiidtui], Id (l'.)UU), No. .'/, pp. .^93-297, pis. 2, fig. J). — The bulb mite (Rhizoglyphus cchinopus) was reported as a source of injury by a number of correspondents, particularly the larger growers in Ireland. Vaporite and Apterite lightly i)owdered over a scale of the bulb were found to kill the moths in a short time. The narcissus fly (Mcrodon equcstris) was a great pest of narcissus bulbs 4 or 5 years ago, but is now rarely found due to the practice of destroying all sickly and infested bulbs. Leaves of the evergreen oak infested by the larvte of LithocoUctU mcsmniella wei'e rec-eived from (lUildford with the statement that apparently every ever- green oak in the immediate neighborhood was affected and that some of the younger trees had injuries on every leaf. The Cai-eless variety of the goose- berry is believed to escape generally if not always the attack of the red spider. The occurrence of the asparagus beetle, pear midge, Otiorhynchus picipes, liyturus tomentosus, Dilophus fcbrilis, Spathcgastcr haccarum, and Terus ter- iniiKilis are also noted. Insects of the year 1907 [in Scotland], R. S. Macdougall (Trans. High- land and Agr. .s'oc Scot., .7. scr., 20 ( l!>0!i), pp. 305-308). — The beech-felted scale (Cryptococcus fagi) is said to be widespread over the country and destructive to the beech. The gooseberry and currant saw-fly (Nematus ribesii) and the magpie moth (Abraxas grossulariata) continue every year to be most trouble- some. Methods of combating these pests and the oyster-shell scale, woolly aphis, sprnce-gall aphis, larch aphis, and ox warble flies are considered. Injuries to cultivated plants by insects (Ber. K. Lchranst. ^¥ciH, Obst u. (lartcnbau (Iciscnhcini, 1901, pp. 275-305, figs. 8). — This report consists of a number of short articles on the insects that were injurious in Germany during T.)U7. Among the insects considered by G. Liistner are several scale pests of poma- ceous fruits, the injuries by and parasites of Cochylis ainbiguclla, the in- juries by bagworms, Eudemis botrana and Julus londinensis, observations on the occurrence of mites on fruit trees and the grapevine, and injury to apples by Argyrcsthia conjugcUa. Accounts are given by E. Molz on the cause of color dimorphism in Rhynrhitcs betulcti, on the terminal galls of the branches of Abies nobilis caused by Chcnnes picece, and of the injury to Ampelopsis quinquefolia by Hpilosoma lupricipeda. H. Morstatt reports investigations made of Diaspis falla.r and of a new pest of the strawberry in Germany. Some new galls and gall formers from Chile, Kieffer and P. Herbst (Ccntbl. Balct. [etc.], 2. Abt., 23 (1909), No. 1-5, pp. 119-126, figs. ?).— Galls formed by trypetids, cecidomyids, aphids, coccids, etc., on several species of l>lants including Hydrangea are here considered. Several genera and species of gall formers are described as new. The influence of different kinds of fallow on some injurious insects, N. KvRDUMov ( Yuzh. Ross. ,SV7.s7.-. KIto.t. (Iliaz.. 1907, No. 35; abs. in Zliur. Opuitn. Agron. \Russ. Jour. Erpt. Landw.]. 10 (1909), No. 2, pp. 199, ;^00).— The author shows that early fallow contributes to the destruction of Anixoplia austriaca and that black fallow is similarly destructive for Agrotis svgctum. Methods of protecting plants from injurious insects, I. Pachoskii (Zap. Imp. Obshcli. Hclslc. Khoz. Yuzh. Ross., 78 (1908), Nos. 1-2, pp. 12-25; 5-^, 754 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. pp. 27-42; abs. in Zhur. Opuitn. Agron. [Buss. Jour. Expt. Landw.l, 10 (1909), Xo. 1, pp. 82, 83). — This article is a critical review of the existing measures for combating injurious insects. Plant pest treatment, H. A. Surface (Zool. Bui. Penn. Dept. Agr., 7 {1909), No. 1, pp. 31). — In Section A a list is given of the plants or property liable to injury, with references to Section B in which are given formulas and methods, and to Section C in which directions are given as to the dates and periods of application. The use of iron arsenate as an insecticide, V. Vermoeel and E. Dantony [Compt. Rend. Acad. 8ci. [Paris], l.',8 {1909), No. 5, pp. 302-30 4) .^The authors have conducted experiments with iron arsenate and here report upon its value as an insecticide. Considerable success has followed its use during 1906, 1907, and 1908 in combating the codling moth. It is prepared by slowly adding 400 gm. of iron sulphate dissolved in 10 liters of water to an equal amount of arsenate of soda also dissolved in 10 liters of water. The solution should be constantly agitated as the addition is made. Due to the variation in the purity of these chemicals it is necessary toward the end of the operation to test the mixture with potassium ferrocyanid (or potassium ferricyanid) paper in oi'der to prevent an excess of the iron sulphate. No more of the solution should be added after the paper turns blue and it is also important that there should not be an excess of soluble arsenate. The stock mixture should be diluted with water to make 100 liters and will contain 200 gm. of ferrous arsenate per hectoliter, also some sulphate of soda and ferrous hydrate. When in contact with the air the ferrous arsenate turns greenish, becoming ferroso-ferric arsenate, and the ferrous hydrate turns to ferric hydrate, which is the best antidote for arsenic poisoning. The general color of the spray material is a dirty green and can not be mistaken for any food product. The maximum adhesive power is reached at the dilution here given. Iron arsenate and the arsenical salts, V. Yermorel and E. Dantony {L'Ar- seniate Ferreux et Ics Sels Arsenicaux. MontpelUer and Villefranche, 1909, pp. 52). — This work discusses the arsenical insecticides, particular attention being given to iron arsenate, a brief account of which is above noted. On the basis of several years' experiments the authors conclude that the action of iron arsenate, as an insecticide, is equal and sometimes superior to that of lead arsenate. It is easily prepared for use and its adhesive power is greater than that of similar products. Among the advantages that this insecticide has over lead arsenate are its characteristic color which prevents a mistaken use and the presence of iron in place of lead, the former having a beneficial effect upon the foliage. The most important advantage, however, is the cheapness of the product due to the cheapness of sulphate of iron as compared with acetate of lead. A new method for making arsenical spray, E. H. Twight {Better Fruit, i {1909), No. Ji, pp. 24, 25). — This is an account of the use of iron arsenate as an insecticide as above noted. The termites or white ants, K. Escherich (Die Termiten oder Weissen Ameiscn. Lcipsic, 1909, pp. XII +198, pi. 1, figs. 51; rev. in 8ci. Prog. Ttoentieth Cent., Jt {1909), No. 13, pp. 171, 172).— This is a summary of the life history and bionomics of termites. Locust destruction, A. Kelly- {Natal Agr. Jour., 12 {1909), No. 6, pp. 77/7- 7-'/9). — This is a report of tlie work for the season of 190.S-!) in Natal. Combating the migratory locusts w^ith chemical products, J. Schroeder {Ztschr. Pflanzenkrank., 19 {1909), No. 1, pp. 1-13, figs, h; Bui. Mens. Off. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 755 Rcnuciff. Agr. [Paris], 8 (1909), 'So. 1, pp. //^-5/). — This is a ivport of experi- uients t'oiuliK'ted in Uruguay with contact and stomach iK)isons. While as high as 82 per cent were Icilled by contact sprays this method is only api)llcable to gardens, small fields, and orchards. For more extensive op- erations sweetened arseuicals must be used. In order to obtain the best results the author considers it necessary to establish a well-organized force in the localities where the locusts are known to breed. It is also deemed desirable that the governments of Uruguay, Paraguay, Argentina, and Brazil cooperate in dealing with the pest. Contribution to the knowledge of the chemical composition of migratory locusts, their eggs, and young, J. Schrokdkb (ZtscJir. I'flaiizcnkrank., 19 (1909), \o. 1, pp. 13-18). — The results of analyses here reported show that the migratory locust is much richer in nitrogen and phosphoric acid but poorer in potash than is liarnyard manure. Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. The pear thrips and Its control, D. Moulton (U. S. Dcpt. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. SO, pt. .'/, pp. 51-66, pis. 3. fiffs. 5). — In continuation of investigations previously noted (E. S. 11., 19, p. 453), it is announced that the adult thrips cause scab on pears, while the larvjie produce scab on prunes. The adults accomplish their feeding by rasping the tissues and sucking out the plant juices in the early buds and blossoms. Studies of the seasonal history and habits of the pest are reported. Eecords kept of the emergence from the soil of adults from 4 orchards in the Santa Clara Valley in 1909 show the first to have been collected on February 15, while by February 25, they wei'e common in all orchards. The maximum emergence begins about February 19 and continues until about March IG. Practically all the thrips were out of the ground by March 20. A lack of food supply causes the adults to migrate, and the fact that migration often takes place before the period of oviposition begins explains why the thrips may injure an orchard during one season and seem to have almost entirely disappeared from it the next. In 1909, oviposition was first observed on 31arch 10. Larvie hatch out in about 4 days and seek sheltered places between rolled or folded leaves or in blossoms or lie close along the veins on some of the larger leaves. They reach full growth after 2 or 3 weeks, drop to the ground and penetrate into it for several inches where they enclose themselves in a tiny cell and remain during all the rest of- the year. While they usually remain in the 3 or 4 in. of harder ground immediately below the surface, where the soil is loose owing to a shallow spring cultivation, they penetrate to a much greater depth and have been found at a depth of from 15 to 16 in. The period of pupation begins in September and reaches its maximum during October, November, and December. Practical and efficient measures have been perfected for the control of this pest. "To gain complete control of the pear thrips, both plowing and spraying should be adopted as remedial. Land should be plowed as soon as possible after the early rains in October, November, and December, to a depth of from 7 to 10 in., harrowed or disked, and then cross plowed, the second plowing to be followed also l)y harrowing. The pupa? are by this means broken from their protecting cells and most of them either injured or killed. "A combination spray of black-leaf tobacco extract in the proportion of 1 part of extract to 60 parts of water and 2 per cent distillate oil emulsion, or a spray of bhick-leaf extract alone, should be used against the adults during early March, just when the cluster buds begin to open, and against the larv* in April, after the blossom petals fall. The thrips must be killed by contact insecticides, and u)t by internal poisons. 15140— No. 8—09 5 756 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. " Fertilizers and irrigation do not kill the thrips in the gronnd. They act against them only indirectly, by placing the soil in better condition for cultiva- tion and by strengthening the trees." A contribution to our knowledg'e of the British Thysanoptera (Terebrantia), with notes on injurious species, R. S. Bagnall (Jour. Econ. BioL, Jf (JiJO!)), Ko. 2, pp. SS-Jfl ) . — Food plants and localities are recorded for species belonging to the genera Chirothrips, Limothrips, Euthrips, Anaphothrips, Leucothrips, Heliothrips, Fartheuothrips, Aptinothrips, Thrips, and Platythrips. Chirothrips simUis from grass is described as new. Limothrips cerealium {=aven(e) was taken from SoJanttm dulcamara. Euthrips pyri was received from Berkhamsted where it had been taken in plum blossoms. Notes on our species of Emesidae, X. Banks (Psyche, 16 (1909), No. 3, pp. Ji3--'i8, figs. 2). — Twelve species representing 6 genera of "skeleton-bugs" are reported from the United States of which 7 are described as new to science. Anatomical and histological studies of the digestive canal of Cimbex americana, H. H. P. and H. C. M. Severin (Trans. Wis. Acad. Sci., Arts, and Letters, 16 (1908), pt. 1, No. 1, pp. 38-60, pis. 4). — Studies of the American sawfly. Habits of the American sawfly (Cimbex americana), with observations on its egg parasite, Trichogramma pretiosa, H. H. P. and H. C. M. Severin ( Trans. Wis. Acad. Hci., Arts, and Letters, 16 (1908), pt. 1, No. 1, pp. 61-76, pi. i).— This is a report of biological studies of material obtained fi-om peach-leaved willow (Salix amygdaloidcs) and long-leaved willow (S. longifolia) in Milwaukee County, Wis. The sawfly cuts rough gashes through the bark, which extend transversely or nearly so around the branches. The imago first makes its appearance about the beginning of June and disappears toward the middle of July. Five hundred or more eggs may be deposited by the female. " The total number of eggs deposited on 100 leaves of the peach-leaved willow was 395, of which only 5 eggs were parasitized by Trichogramma pretiosa, whereas upon the long-leaved willow there were 280 eggs deposited, and of these, 6 were parasitized by this same Hymenopteron. The percentage of eggs which failed to hatch on account of this egg-parasite was therefore less than 2 per cent. " The number of pupse of T. pretiosa found in the 5 parasitized eggs was, respectively, 15, IS, 22, 25, and 30." Aphididae of southern California, II, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 1/7-52, figs. //). — In continuation of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 451), notes are contributed on the orange aphis (Ai)his citri) and the walnut aphis (Callipterus juglandicola) which is of great economic importance in southern California due to its damage to walnut trees. The appearance of this species on walnut is so sudden and often occurs in such num- bers that the damage is done before the orchardist is aware of its presence. Further studies on the grape phylloxera, B. Grassi and Anna Foa (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 (1908), I, No. 12, pp. 753-760; II, No. 8, pp. 31,9-359).— A report of biological studies. Further studies on the gall form of the grape phylloxera, B. Grassi and R. Grandori (Atti R. Accad. Lincei, Rend. CI. Sci. Pis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., 17 (1908), I, No. 12, r>p. 760-770; II, No. 3, pp. 99-106).— A report of biological investigations. Results of new investigations in Italy on the biology of phylloxera, par- ticularly the grapevine phylloxera, C. von Janicki (Zool. Zenthl., 15 (1908), No. 12-13, pp. 353-376, figs. 6). — This is an extended review of the investiga- tions of Grassi, Foa, and Grandori, noted above. ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY ENTOMOLOGY. 757 Combating the phylloxera in Algeria, K. Mar£:s {Bill. Agr. Algerie et Tmiisic, 15 {1009), No. 9, PI). 197-21(); Rev. Tit., 31 (1909), Nos. 801, pp. Gl-'i-SlS; 808, pp. (I'f6-6'i9; 809, pp. 668-673 ). — This is a report presented at the Agricultural Congress held at Constantine, in which an account of the occurrence of the grape phylloxera in Algeria is given and methods dealing with it are considered. The pest is said to have first been discovered in Algeria at Tlemcen in 1885. The anatomy of Siphonophora rosarum, the green-fly pest of the rose tree, A. J. Grove {I'uraxitoJiKju. 2 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 1-28, pi. 1, figs, io).— A bibliography of 15 titles, relating to the subject, accompanies the account. Preparations for winter fumigation for the citrus white fly, A. W. Mor- rill and W. W. Yothers (U. ti. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Circ. Ill, pp. 12, figs. J/). — As a result of investigations conducted by the Bureau of Entomology of this Department during the past 3 years, fumigation for the citrus white fly has been placed upon a practical basis and the process has been so simpliOed that any citrus grower can undertake the treatment of his grove without depend- ing upon experienced fumigators to conduct the operations. This circular, which is based upon investigations in 1907 (E. S. R., 20, p. 555), and extensive field experiments since conducted, calls attention to the desira- bility and. in most cases, the necessity for early preparations, and gives detailed directions for these. The authors recommend fumigation for this pest when groves are isolated by a distance of at least 200 yds. from all other infested groves, in citrus groves or in citrus-growing sections where the white fly has recently appeared and is still of limited distribution, and in sections where co- operation can be secured among growers in naturally isolated groups. The genus Pseudococcus in California, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 35-.'i6, figs. 11). — A provisional key to the females of Pseudococcus in California is given, Pseudococcus artemisice, P. agrifoUw from beneath the bark of Quercus agrifoUa in the locality of Claremont, P. obscurus from the roots of Opuntia in the vicinity of Los Angeles, and PJienacoccus ramonw from the roots of the black sage (Ramona stacliijoides) and from the foliage of Diplacus glutinosus are described as new. Notes on Californian coccidae, II, E. O. Essig (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 31-3-'f, figs. 6). — In continuation of an article previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 452), Erium licfitensioides is said to occur in considerable numbers on the stems and twigs of Artemisia californica. The long scale (Coccus longulus) has spread rapidly and alarmed many citrus growers in the Clai*e- mont district. The chaff scale (Parlatoria pergandii) has been found in great numbers infesting the trunk, leaves, and fruit of an orange tree in Pomona. Host index to California coccidae, E. O. Essig and C. F. Baker (Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 (1909), No. 2, pp. 53-70). — Quarantine records are included in this list. Scale insects and fungi [in the West Indies] (Agr. News [Barbados], 8 (1909), No. 186, p. 186). — The red-headed fungus is said to be abundant in Dominica and probably occurs in other islands of the West Indies. This fungus attacks the purple or mussel scale (MytUnspis citricohi) principally and the orange snow scale (Chionaspis citri) slightly. The green shield scale ( Lecanium viride), the brown shield scale (L. hemisphcricum), and similar scales are often attacked by a white fungus which may be detected by the fact that these scales often leave a whitish mark on the leaf or bark when they are removed. A preliminary account with descriptions of parasites of Diaspis pentagona, F. SiLVESTRi (Atti R. Accnd. Lined, Rend. CI. 8ci. Fis., Mat. e Nat., 5. ser., IS (1900), I, Nos. 10, pp. 480-402; 11, pp. 563-565).— A lady beetle (Chilocorus 758 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. kuwanw) from China and Japan and 2 cbalcidoids, Archenomus orientalis from Japan and ProspaUcUa diospidicola from South Africa are described as new. The possibility and danger of the introduction of the San Jose scale into Great Britain, W. E. Collinge (Proc. Assoc. Econ. Biol., 1 {1908), 'No. 4, pp. J71-17S). — The author considers the danger of the introduction of this scale into Great Britain to be very great and rigid measures necessary. Codling moth investigations, E. D. Sanderson et al. (New Hampshire Sta. Rpls. J 907-8, pp. 396-1,98, pis. 5, figs. 23; a6s. in Jour. Econ. Ent., 2 {1909), No. 1/, pp. 309-311). — This report is based upon investigations conducted in New Hampshire during the 4 years from 1905 to 1908, a popular account of the first 2 years of which has been previously noted (E. S. R., 19, p. 56). Studies were made in May, 1907, in a badly infested orchard to determine the position of cocoons on the trees. Out of 385 cocoons found on 7 trees, 70 per cent were on the trunk and the remainder on the main branches. Of those on the trunlv 97 were within 1 ft. of the crotch, 112 were within 1 ft. of the ground, and 60 were between on the middle portion of the trunk. In counts of larvse collected from bands on 9 unsprayed trees the same season, it was found that out of 640 larvae, 58 per cent were from the lower bands where 1 band was placed just below the crotch and another just above the ground. Records kept of the condition of the larva in each cocoon and of the apparent cause of mortality showed 94 per cent to have been killed, 87 per cent by birds, 4 per cent by fungi, and 3 per cent by cold. In another badly infested orchard, 1,090 cocoons ^'ere examined during the same month. Of these, 66 per cent had been killed by birds, 6 per cent by fungi, and 9 per cent by cold. From these figures it is evident that birds are the most important natural enemies of this pest in New England. The average date for pupation during 1906, 1907, and 1908 varied from May 25, 1906, to June 16, 1907. The average length of the pupal stage for the 3 years was 20. 16, and 19 days; the majority of the adults appeared June 14, July 2, and June 20, respectively. It was found that the pupal period, while decreasing between May 25 and June 15 from 18 to 15 days, required a total normal temperature (degrees above 32° F.) of 470 to 480°, which is practically a thei-mal constant. It is concluded that other factors than temperature con- trol the time of pupation and emergence. While the average length of life of moths which fail to oviposit or deposit but a few eggs, appears to be about 4 days, 6 moths, which laid many eggs and lived under normal conditions, survived from 5 to 28 days, averaging 13 days. From 60 to 75 eggs are laid and often 100 or more. They appear to be deposited promiscuously over the foliage, twigs, and fruit, the majority being placed upon the leaves. A careful study of records for 3 seasons fails to show that the distance of the nearest egg bears any relation to the worminess of the api)le. Eggs deposited in June hatched in from 6 to 10 days, while eggs deposited July 2 hatched in 5 days. Since there is a considerable variation in the incubation period at but slightly different temperatures, the author concludes that the eggs are probably deposited at different stages of embryonic development. Repeated laboratory and field observations have shown that upon hatching out the larvae first feed upon the foliage, mining into the leaf at the angles of the midrib and branch veins, and gnawing the softer portions of the surface, more often on the under surface. As in breeding cages larvae matured on foliage alone, the author considers it highly probable that they do so in the orchard. Nine orchards in which the records were kept on unsprayed trees show a variation of from 39 to 77 per cent of the first brood entering the calyx, with an average of 65 per cent, while of the second brood from 22 to 79 per ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 759 cent entered the calyx, avei'aging 4(5 per cent. The ohservations recorded indicate tluit from 25 to 30 days are usually spent in the apple. It is concluded from band records that not over 3 per cent of the larv;e maturing in a season transform to a second brood of moths and probably not over 1 or 2 per cent. A detailed account is given of spraying experiments conducted in different orchards during 190G, 1907, and 1908. The importance of using large plats and numerous trees in codling moth experiments is emphasized. Experiments based upon individual trees scattered through an orchard are deemed of little vporth in determining the value of spraying, due to the influx of moths from surrounding trees. A detailed account of the methods followed in recording and tabulating results is accompanied by orchard diagrams. Two lbs. of arsenate of lead per barrel was found to be practically the equiva- lent of 3 lb. of Paris green in effectiveness. Attempts to determine the effect of poisoning the calyx cavity only, in which the arsenical was applied with an atomizer, did not give definite results. Neither were definite results obtained in the attempts to determine the effect of spraying the foliage only, the fruit being protected by bags. On the basis of the large amount of data obtained, the author concludes that the drenching spray has no particular advantage over the mist spray, except as it may deposit more material on the foliage and apples. In the West the calyx cavity is still open 2 weeks after blossoming, by which time the stamen bars have shriveled. This, however, is not the case with the Baldwin apple, as it grows in the East, the calyx closing in a week or at the most 10 days after the blossoms drop, the stamens still remaining turgid, thus preventing the spray from reaching the inner calyx cup. The records indicate that a second spray applied 1 to 2 weeks after the first is of less value than the third and in many cases is of little value when the first and third are applied. An analysis of the Infiuence of the third spray (applied 3 or 4 weeks after the petals drop) shows that of the total benefit 33 per cent is due to the effect on the second brood, 18 per cent on the calyx wormy, and 19 per cent on the side wormy, first brood. The author concludes that when the foliage and calices are thoroughly sprayed the number killed in the calyx and by feeding on the foliage or surface of the apple will be about equal. The details of the effect of spraying on the amount of worminess of dropped and picked fruit are presented in tabular form and graphically illustrated by text figures. The antlered maple caterpillar (Heterocampa guttivitta), C. F. Jackson (New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 51.'f-531, pis. 9, figs. 3). — This insect, which has previously been noted as a source of great injury in Maine during 1907 and 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 1054), is said to have completely defoliated large tracts of woodlands in New Hampshire during 1908. The life history and habits are discussed and technical descriptions are given of its stages. Calosoma calidum was quite plentiful in different parts of the State, but vs^as outnumbered by Podistis placidus, which was observed in Infested sections sucking juices from the larvse. A scarcity of all kinds of birds is thought to be an important factor in the outbreak. Many of the larvfe were found diseased but no large proportion were thus destroyed. At present there appears to have been no way of eliminating this pest from the vast foi'est areas which have become infested. A bibliographical list is given and a map showing the distribution of the pest in the State in 1908 is appended. Cecropia peltata and its relation to Azteca alfari, Atta sexdens and other insects, with a note on the ant thorns of Acacia cavenia, K. FiKnuiu (liiol. Centhl.. 29 (1909), Nos. J, pp. 1-16; .1, pp. 33-55; 3, pp. 65-77, pis. 5; ahs. in Nature [London], 81 {1909), No. 2070, p. 23).— The author has investigated In 760 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOKD. Paraguay the relations obtaining between the arboreal species of Azteca and Pseiidoniyrnia and the trees which they inhabit. It is said that Azteca not only makes use of interuodal cavities already exist- ing in the stem of C. peltata, but also excavates fresh spaces or enlarges existing ones at the expense of the living tissues of the tree. The presence of colonies of Azteca does not prevent Cecropia from receiving much damage from the attacks of other insect enemies, and the author is of the opinion that the constant loss suffered by the tree from the depredations of Azteca itself involves a more serious drain upon its vitality than the occasional raids of the leaf-cut- ters. The occupation of Cecropia by these ants not only fails to afford protec- tion against enemies other than the leaf-cutters but also even encourages the assaults of such foes as woodpeckers and internally feeding lepidopterous larvae. The author concludes that in the species observed by him the benefits of the association between trees and ants are not mutual but are enjoyed by the ants alone. The food plant of Enarmonia tristrigana, with, a description of mature larva, C. A. Frost and J. N. Summers {Psyche, 16 {1909), No. 1, pp. 13-16).— Stalks of Baptisia tinctoria at South Framingham, Mass., were found to be oc- cupied by one or more of the larvae of this moth. Extermination of the maize-stalk borer, J. H. Lilienthal (Natal Agr. Jour., 12 {1909), No. 6, pp. 723-730).— A brief account of the injury and meth- ods of dealing with the corn-stalk borer. An Ichneumon fly is said to be an important enemy of the pest. Catalogue of the lepidoptera Phalsenae in the British museum, G. F. Hamp- SON {London, 190S, vol. 7, pp. XT+709+2S. figs. hS4). — A key to the genera of the Acronyctinie is given. Eight hundred and forty-three species are described and their habitat noted. Manual of North American diptera, S. W. Williston (New Haven, Conn., 1908, 3. ed., pp. 405, i)Is. 7, figs. 14I; rev. in Science, n. scr., 29 {1909), No. 753, pp.- 898, 899). — In this third revised and enlarged edition, about 1,200 genera are defined which, with the exception of a few doubtful forms, include all those known to occur in North and Central America and the West Indies. More than 600 genera are defined more or less fully and decisively by ne^irly 1,000 figures. The appearance of the Hessian fly in 1908 and notes on its life history, M. Wolff {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. AM., 23 {1909), No. 1-5, pp. 109-119).^^ Studies on the biology of Mayetiola destructor at Bromberg in Eastern Prussia. Contribution to the study of trypanosomiasis and to the geographical dis- tribution of some of the blood-sucking insects, etc., J. E. S. Old {Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London], 12 {1909), No. 2, pp. 15-22). — Observations on the flies and ticks collected by the author during 4 years in Nyasaland, British Centi'al Africa, are here reported. The striped cucumber beetle, T. J. Headlee (New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 499-513, pi. 1, figs. 2). — The author here discusses at length the life history, habits, and methods of combating this insect, which in New Hampshire is single brooded. The literature is freely quoted in connection with the account of the studies conducted. It was found in New Hampshire that all the pupae in breeding cages trans- formed to adults before cold weather. The date at which the beetles appear in the spring seems to vary with the season and latitude from some time in April to early in Juae. In New Hampshire beetles were found pairing freely on June 24, and copulation continued until about August 30. The first eggs in 1907 were obtained July 2 and the last August 6. In both field and cage experi- ments eggs were deposited in the surface of the soil, singly or in groups, usually within a crack or crevice anywhere within sevei'al inches of the plant. Dissec- ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 761 tions of IS gravid females showed an average of 33 eggs with an upper limit of 59, but 5 i)airs confined in breeding cages produced an average of 88 eggs per pail*. Thirty-two eggs exposed to an average mean temperature of 74° P. required an average of 7.7 days for hatching. Under an average mean temi)erature of 73°, 24 individuals spent an average of 27.1 days in the larval stage. When first hatched the larva is very active and crawls rapidly about. In cages where the soil was moist all the way to the top, the pupal cells were constructed within ^ in., or even less, of the surface, but in others where the surface soil was dry they were constructed in the moist soil even when that was 2i in. below the surface. Records of 10 individuals showed that an average of 13 days was required to complete the pupal stage under an average mean temperature of G5.9°, while records of 14 individuals showed that an average of 23 days was required under an average mean tem- perature of GG°. " The length of period from the hatching of the egg to adult, 54.14 days, added to the average length of the egg stage, 7.7 days, gives a total of 61.8 days required to complete the life cycle, under an average mean tem- perature of 70° F." Experiments were conducted to determine the effectiveness of various repel- lents. "Among those with little or no practical value may be mentioned char- coal, soot, road dust, saltpeter, cow manure, chicken manure, burdock infusion, slug shot, hellebore, rags and corn cobs soaked in kerosene, bisulphid of carbon, land plaster, and X. O. dust. Among those that have proven more useful are ashes, air-slaked lime alone or with arsenites, tobacco dust, and Bordeaux mixture alone or with Paris green." Where these were applied the arsenate of lead plats made the best growth of any and the cucumber division thus treated produced the earliest cucumbers in the patch. Three lbs. of arsenate of lead to 50 gal. of water seemed just as effective as 6 lbs. Although young and tender squash plants were kept dusted the beetles could not be destroyed with either Paris green or arsenate of lead. Squash plants may be used as traps for both squash and cucumber crops provided the latter are covered with some foreign substance to render them distasteful. When a large acreage is to be grown it is recommended that trap squashes be planted about the field a week or ten days before the regular crop is set out and through the field at intervals. Another set of trap squash seed should be planted when the regular crop is put into the ground, and again a week or 10 days before the main crop has been started. From the first appearance of the pest the crop should be thoroughly covered with arsenate of lead at the rate of 3 lbs. to 50 gal. of water or with tobacco dust if preferred. In cases of extreme infestation covering the plants seems to be the only means of saving them. Several kinds of covers are described. A contribution on the distribution of gall forming beetles in Silesia, H. Schmidt (Ztsclv. Wiss. Insektenhiol., 5 (1909), No. 2, pp. 42-49). — An anno- tated list. Hibernation of the Mexican cotton boll weevil, W. E. Hinds and W. W. YOTHEES (U. S. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 77, pp. 100, pis. 10, figs. 9).— This is a detailed report of extensive investigations of the hibernation of the cotton boll weevil conducted from 1902 to 1907 in Texas and Louisiana. The first part of the bulletin (pp. 11-25) discusses the entrance of the -weevil into hibernation. Concerning this the authors state that food conditions in the fall govern largely the abundance of the individuals which may enter hil)ernation and therefore affect the abundance of the species in the following spring, since climatic and shelter conditions govern largely the proportion of the hibernating individuals which may survive. Weevils becoming adult com- paratively late in the season are more likely to survive hibernation than are 762 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. those wliicli liave been active for a number of weeks before the time for them to hibernate successfully. The duration of the entrance period for the species depends upon the severity of the drop in temperature below about 43° F. of mean average temperature. This period usually occurs coincidently with the first killing frosts and extends through a period of about 25 days. Hibernation usually takes place as the mean average temperature falls below 55° and may remain complete until the mean temperature rises above 60°. Temperature con- ditions were practically normal during November, 1906, and the most favor- able time for entrance into hibernation was between November 12 and 15 at Dallas, Tex., and slightly later at the more southern points. Shelter during hibernation is discussed at some length (pp. 25-33), the following conclusions being drawn : Weevils may avail themselves of almost any kind of shelter and the favorable character of the shelter in relation to the prevailing climatic conditions will influence the percentage of survival. Many pass the winter sheltered by the old bolls that remain hanging upon the stalks. The percentage of survival in bolls decreases generally from southern to north- ern Texas. Under exceptionally favorable climatic conditions the larvae which are more than half grown may complete their development if in bolls and be- come mature during the hibernation period. Immature stages in squares rarely survive. Hibernation experiments in small cages (pp. 33-38), large cage experiments at Keachie, La., and Dallas, Tex., in 1905-6 (pp. 38-52), emergence in the field at Victoria, Tex., in 1906 (pp. 52-54), large cage experiments at Dallas, Cal- vert, and Victoria, Tex., during 190(5-7 (pp. 55-94), and longevity of weevils after emergence from hibernation (pp. 83-90), etc., are reported accompanied by details in tabular form. In regard to weevil survival, the authors report exceptionally cold and wet winter weather as most unfavorable for weevil survival. During the winter of 1902-3, at Victoria, Tex., in the small cage experiments, with 356 weevils, an average of about 11 per cent survived. During the following season, also at Victoria, among 400 weevils, i of 1 per cent survived. During the winter of 1904-5, large numbers of weevils were under observation at each of 6 localities ranging from the southern to the northern portions of the infested area. As this was the season of most exceptional rainfall and cold, it was not surprising that no weevil survived in the cage tests except at Victoria, which was the most southern point of experiment. An average for the 6 localities shows a survival of less than two-thirds of 1 per cent. In the small cage work of 1905-6, there was an average survival of 1.3 per cent, and practically all of this occurred in the outdoor cages. In 3 localities under observation during 1906-7, an average of 11.5 per cent of the 75,000 weevils placed in the experiments survived and emerged. The average survival in each of the localities was as follows: Calvert, 9.49 per cent, Dallas, 11.22 per cent, and Victoria, 13.47 per cent. Occasionally weevils may survive in stored cotton seed and be distrib- uted along with it at planting time. It has been found to be of common occurrence for the weevils to leave their winter quarters upon warm days in spring, returning again to a condition of inactivity for a period of several days or even weeks. The disappearance and reappearance in the case of plainly marked individuals has been observed to occur as many as 8 times and a maximum period of 43 days between appear- ances has been recorded. In 1907^ emergence began during the last week or 10 days of February. At Dallas, 7.8 per cent, at Calvert, 10.5 per cent, and at Victoria, 27.7 per cent of the total numbers of weevils placed in cages were counted as being active at some time during the winter season when they should normally have all been in complete hibernation. Very few weevils emerged ECONOMIC ZOOLOGY — ENTOMOLOGY. 16^ while the teiuiieratiire wa.s below ni" (1905-0). The sex was detenniiuHl for more than 8,500 weevils wliieli had survived tho winter and it was found that 56.7 per cent of these were males. lu each locality (I'.IOT) the; maximum longevity after emergence was shown by males, and the average duration of life of that sex was also slightly in excess of that of females. The average survival of all weevils liept without food was about 10 days, but a considerable number lived to between G and 12 weelis after emergence. The maximum survival for any unfed weevil was 90 days. It thus appears that there is no chance to starve out all weevils by any possible delay in planting. Among the fed weevils the longest lived was also a male which was active for 130 days after its emergence. The longest lived female was active for 118 days. The average active life for all fed weevils was 2~>h days after emergence. Practically one-half of all fed weevils lived for more than 6 weeks in the spring. Reproduction can not begin until the first squares becouie at least half grown. It is concluaed that at whatever date cotton may be planted in a locality, there is a decided advantage in having it all planted at as nearly a uniform date as is possible. It is considered that this study has demonstrated the enormous practical importance of fall destruction of the plants. A stem boring' beetle attacking' cotton in the Sudan, H. H. King {Jour. Econ. Biol., Jf {1909), Xo. 2, pp. '/->'-)'/. [)}. 1). — A species of the genus Spheuop- tera, probably 8. ncglccta, has been found by the author in the province of Berber where it is seriously injuring cotton. Notes are given on the life history and habits of the pest. " Plants infested by the borers are not usually killed outright, but live to the end of the season, though reduced in vitality. The borers are, however, fre- quently the indirect cause of the death of the plant, as white ants (termites) which will not, as a rule, attack healthy living plants, readily attack those which have been weakened by the work of the beetle larvfe." The color sense of the honeybee: Is conspicuousness an advantage to flowers? J. H. Lovell {Amcr. Nat., J,3 {1909), No. 610, pp. 338-3//9 ) .— The lit- erature is critically reviewed and original observations recorded. A preliminary contribution to a knowledge of the g'enus Pepsis, J. Brethes {An. Mas. Nac. Buenos Aires, 3. ser., 10 {1909), pp. 233-2.'i3). — Numerous species of these pompilids are described as new. Studies in Oxybelidse, I, C. F. Baker {Pomona Jour. Ent., 1 {1909), No. 2, pp. 27-30). — A provisional table is given for the separation of the four genera of this family. Belomicrus eolorata and B. coolcii are described as new. On new species of Ixodidse, with a note on abnormalities observed in ticks, C. Warburton and G. H. F. Nuttall {Parasitology, 2 {1909), Nos. 1-2, pp. 57-76, figs. 26). — Two species of Ixodes and 9 of H.iemaphysalis, all exotic, are described as new. The influence of cold on ticks and Piroplasma parvum, A. Theilee {Bui. Sac. Path. Exot., 1 {1908), No. 8, pp. J,51-J,5.'i; abs. in Jour. Trap. Vet. Sci., 4 (1909), No. 2, pp. 223-225). — Details are given of experiments conducted with the view of determining the effect of cold upon the causative agent of East coast fever when ingested by Rhipicrphalus appendiculatus, a brief summary of which has been noted from another source (E. S. K., 21, p. 483). The effect of cold upon the blue tick is summarized as follows : " Larval ticks of It. decoloratus die within 30 minutes when exposed to a temperature of —18° C. ; larval ticks of R. decoloratus do not die when exposed to a tempera- ture of — 18° C. for 15 minutes; larval ticks of R. decoloratus do not die when exposed to a temperature of — 5° G. for 24 hours; the majority of larval ticks of R. decoloratus die when exposed to a temperature of — 5° C. for 48 hours." Y64 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. Insects injurious to clover and alfalfa, J. W. Folsom (Ann. Rpt. III. Farm- ers' Inst., 13 {1908), pp. 101-115, figs. 30). — A more extended acco-ant has been previously noted (E. S. R., 21, p. 453). Some thing's that the grower of cereal and forage crops should know about insects, F. M. Wkbster ( V. »S'. Dept. Agr. Yearhoolc 1008, pp. 367-388, pis. 3, figs. 11). — The author considers the life history and habits of injects and illustrates the importance of such knowledge in combating them. It is shown that destructive insects may often be controlled by methods of farm practice. Information about spraying for orchard insects, A. L. Quaintance ( TJ. S. Dept. Agr. Yearhoolc 1908, pp. 267-288, i)1s. 5). — The way in which insects feed, the spraying of dormant trees, and summer spraying are briefly considered. The important insecticides, spraying apparatus and accessories are discussed at some length, accompanied by illustrations. The insect pests and diseases of the grape, O. von Kirchner (Die Rehcn- feinde, ihre Erkennung und Bekampfung. Stuttgart, 1909, pp. 42, 1)1 s. 2, figs. 25). — This account is accompanied by 2 large colored plates, one illustrating the nature of the injury caused by fungi, and the other the insects and the nature of their injury. A discussion of remedial measures is included. So-called fruit flies that are not fruit fl.ies, W. W. Froggatt (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 5, pp. 36 J,-369).— The metallic-green tomato fly (Lonchcea splendida) which has caused considerable loss to growers of tomatoes in New South Wales due to their product'r; being condemned at Melbourne, Victoria, is shown to attack damaged tomatoes only. The other species mentioned are the wine fly (Drosophila obscura), the green-bodied fly (Phaonia personata) bred from rotting oranges, and the black tomato fly (Muscina stabulans). Papers on deciduous fruit insects and insecticides. Contents and index (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Bur. Ent. Bui. 08, pp. YIII+109-117).—A table of contents and index to the 9 papers dealing with deciduous fruit insects and insecticides which form Bulletin No. 68 of the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. Cholera and flies, J. Ganon (Genecsk. Tijdschr. Ncdcrl. Indie, ^8 (1908), No. 2, pp. 227-233; abs. in Jour. Trop. Mrd. and Ilyg. [London], 12 (1909), No. 10, p. 158). — Flies can transmit infection at least 24 hours after a meal of infective matter, and during such a period may be carried very long distances in railway cars. The author was unable to show that the insects could retain the power of infecting for more than 4 days, as none of those he experimented with lived longer than that. Further investigation on recurrent fever, Manteufel (Arb. K. Gsndhtsanit., 29 (1908), No. 2, pp. 337-35',; abs. in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 5, pp. 205, 206). — The author has found that Ornithodoros moubata can transmit from rat to rat not only 8piroch(rta duttoni but also 8. obermeieri from Russia. Sheep maggot and related flies; their classification, life history, and habits, R. S. Macdougall (Trans. Highland and Agr. Soc. 8cot., 5. ser., 21 (1909), pp. 135-17 J/, figs. 9). — Lucilia sericata is said to be the chief maggot fly of sheep in Great Britain. Very severe dii'ect loss from the death of the mag- got-infested sheep is not often reported, however, and such loss is chiefly ou hill farms. CaUiphora erythrocephala, which is typically a carrion feeder, was bred from sheep by the author. Other species here considered are C. vomitoria, Myiospila meditabunda, Stomoxys ealeitrans, H(rtnatobia stimulans, H. irritans, Miisca domestica, M. corvina, and several Anthomyiid and Sarcophagid flies. Amoeba chironomi n. sp., parasitic in the alimentary tract of the larva of a Chironomus, Annie Porter (Parasitology, 2 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. 32-^1, figs. 21). — This amoeba is said to be distributed through the entire length of the digestive tract of the larva of a Chironomus. FOODS — HUMAN NUTRITION. 765 Biggie bee book, J. Biggle (I'hUadeliJhia, J'JOO, /. J3G, pL 1, figs. 6"J). — A pocket jiuide to practical bee keeping. Wax craft, T. W. Cowan (London, 1<)08, pp. 112, pis. 11, figs. 37).— A work on beeswax, including its liistory, production, adulteration, and coininercial value. Annual report of the Bee-Keepers' Association (Ann. Rpt. Bee-Keepers' Assoe. Ontario, 1901, pp. SO). — This is a report of the proceedings of the asso- ciation. FOODS— HUMAN NUTRITION. Analyses of eggs, J. T. Willard and R. H. Shaw (Kansas Sta. Bui. 159, pp. U'lS-lll). — Results are given of analyses of all the eggs laid in G weeks by 4 lots of pure-bred chickens. Ou an average the thickness of the shells was 0.0139 in., no great variations being observed with the different individuals and different breeds. " Closely connected with thickness of shell is the factor of weight necessary to perforate the shell, and as would be expected the thinner shells are on the average shown to be perforated by less weights." As might be expected, the individual eggs show some variations. Data are also recorded regarding the size of the eggs, both the long and short diameters being measured. Ou an average the eggs weighed 1.8S oz. each, the white constituting 57.01, the yolk 32.75, and the shell 9.99 per cent of the total weight. As regards composition, little variation was observed in the eggs of the differ- ent breeds, namely, American Reds, Plymouth Rocks, Single Comb White Leg- horns, and. White Wyandottes. " Perhaps as important a difference as any is shown in the percentage of ether extract in the yolk, running from 31.8 in the Single Comb White Leghorns to 32.87 in the American Reds. The percentages of protein in the yolk show a corresponding variation, ranging from 17.83 with the Leghorns to 17.18 in the American Reds." In addition to the usual determinations data are reported regarding the per- centage of phosphoric acid, the ash in the yolk, and the ratio of phosphoric acid to ash. The average amount of ash was 1.57 per cent and of phosphoric acid 1.43 per cent, the ratio of phosphoric acid to ash being 1 : 1.09. " It is evident that the ash consists almost entirely of phosphoric acid. This is doubtless produced almost entirely, if not altogether, from the lecithin of the egg yolk." Horse flesh from the standpoint of food value and hygiene, 11. Martel (Hyg. Viande et Lait, 3 (1909), ^os. 1, pp. 21-26; 3, pp. 111-116).— \ summary and discussion of analytical and other data. Sophistication of meat goods, E. Gaujotjx (Hyg. Viande et Lait, 3 (1909), If OS. 2, pp. 63-10; 3, pp. 102-111). — A summary of data on the adulteration of meat goods, methods of detection, and similar topics. The diastatic enzym of ripening meat, A. W. Peters and H, A. Mattill (Jour. Biol, ('hem., 6 (1909), No. 2, pp. XXIX, ZXX).— When muscle is auto- lyzed the sugar becomes greater provided the meat is fresh and edible, but otherwise, the amount diminishes. Meat poisoning epidemic caused by Bacillus enteritidis, J. .1. IIogan (CaL Bd. Health Mo. Bui., // (190S), Xo. 1, pp. 61-69).— A severe outbreak of illness was traced to eating beef sandwiches. According to the author. " the cause of the epidemic was the Baeillus enteri- tidis and not the ordinary bacteria of decomposition. 766 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECORD. " This form of meat poisouiug occ-urs wlieu cows . . . suffering witli acute intestinal inflammation are killed, and people partaking of [the meat] suffer with the symptoms of acute gastro-enteritis ; these symptoms are also present even if the meat is well cooked. " The ordinary inspection of meat in the dressed carcass would not show any signs of this disease. " The necessity of careful inspection of cattle before and after slaughtering, as it is only in this way that cases of meat poisoning of this type could be recognized," is pointed out. The author also believes that " many of the so-called cases of typhoid fever and like intestinal troubles are nothing more or less than types of meat infec- tion as the symptoms iiroduced are identical, and it is only by obtaining a blood culture in these cases that a differential diagnosis can be made." Contamination of cream, cheese with tin from the wrapper {Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 10, p. 533). — A summary of data showing that the surface of cheese may become contaminated with tin. " Before eating cream cheese, the outer layer should be removed, particularly if it appears. somewhat grayish in color." The relative value of condensed and fresh milk (Dairi/ World, 18 (1909), No. 210, pp. 108, 109). — In this discussion of condensed milk for infant feeding analyses by F. J. Lloyd of both machine-skimmed and whole condensed milk are quoted. Notes on the condensed milk and milk chocolate industry in Switzerland, Mayee (Pure Products, 5 (1909), No. 10, pp. 522, 523). — Data are summarized regarding the manufacture of condensed milk and of so-called milk chocolates, which, according to the author, are essentially composed of dried milk and ground cocoa intimately mixed, dried, and pressed. Composition of rice, potatoes, and manioc, P. Boname (8ta. Agron. Mauri- tius Bui. 20, 1909, pp. J/ 1-48). — Analyses of a number of samples of rice, pota- toes, and cassava are reported. The importance of adding a nitrogenous food such as lentils to a ration made up of these carbohydrate foods is pointed out. Uncured rice as a cause of beri-beri, W. G. Ellis (Brit. Med. Jour., 1909, No, 25-'/.^, p. 935). — Experiments and institution experience are summarized show- ing that the eating of uncured rice is a cause of this disease. In connection with his discussion the author gives the full native diet at the Lunatic Asylum in Singapore, which consists of 1.5 lb. rice, 4 oz. meat, 4 oz. fish, 6 oz. assorted vegetables, 0.5 oz. salt, 0.5 oz. onion, 0.5 oz. lard, and a little garlic daily. Papers and discussions on beri-beri (Jour. Trop. Med. and Hyg. [London], 12 (1909), No. l-'i, pp. 212-218).— In this account of the proceedings of the Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene abstracts of papers by L. Braddon and A. R. Wellington are given as well as of the discussion following the papers. It seems well established that the occurrence of beri-beri is connected with the use of uncured rice. According to Braddon's conclusion, the disease is attributable to a toxin resulting from a change in the grain. " Either the grain itself becomes altered (as by the formation of poisonous proteins, etc.), or it becomes the seat of growth of agents (e. g., ferments, bacteria, fungi) which produce poisons of their own." When rice is "cured" (E. S. R., 21, p. 466) the toxic change in the grain is prevented. The production of a vegetable flpur rich in sugar as a foodstuff for man and animals, A. Aulaed (Suer. Indig. et Colon., 74 (1909), No. 7, pp. 172- 175). — The manufacture of a flour by drying and grinding sugar beets is dis- FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 767 cussed, the composition of such goods ropoitiMl, and infoiiimtion given regarding their use for malviug calces, puddings, etc., and also as a feeding stuff for farm animals. On the carbohydrates of shoyn, K. Mitsxjda {Jour. Col. Agr. Imp. Univ. Tokiio. 1 (J!K)!i). \(>. I. />/). 91-101). — The presence of glucose and smaller quanti- ties of galactose and maltose in shoyu (soy sauce) was demonstrated as well as free furfurol. According to tlie author's results, the amount of pentose and jtentosau increases for a time and then diminishes. Physico-chemical studies on tofu, Y. Kato {Mem. Col. 8ci. Engln. Kyoto, 1 [1909], pp. 325-SSl; abs. in Chem. Abs., 3 {1909), No. 18, p. 2182).— The con- clusion is reached that tofu (a foodstuff made from soy beans) solution con- tains a negative colloid. Food value of mushrooms, F. Lesouro {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. scr., 18 {1909), Xo. So, pp. SOl-SO-'i). — A summary and discussion of analytical and other data showing the low nutritive value of mushrooms. Italian salted tomatoes (Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 10, p. oo-'f). — The manu- facture of this product, which is much used in Italy, is described. Tomatoes are allowed to ferment a short time and the strained pulp mixed with salt and evaporated to the consistency of a thick puree. Judging- fruit juices, K. Windisch and P. Schmidt {Ztschr. Vntcrsuch. Nahr. u. ClcnusstiitJ., n [1909), No. 10. pp. 58-i-6Ji5). — Data on the analysis of fruit juices are summarized and the results of a large number of analyses of different sorts reported and discussed, with special reference to changes in composition due to fermentation and to storage, the influence on composition "of preserving fruit juices with alcohol, and the valuation of fruit juices by means of chemical analysis. In addition to the more common fruits and berries, the analyses included mulberry, plum, pear, medlar, quince, and gooseberry juice. The production of raspberi*y and cherry juice in Misslitz, Moravia, B. Haas {Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 10, pp. oi.5-52i ) .—Methods of extracting and marketing these fruit juices are described. The composition of the ash of genuine wine and wine treated with gypsum, F. Carpextieri {Staz. Sper. Agr. Ital., 42 {1909), No. ^-6, pp. 273-304).— Analyses are reported and discussed. Candied peel, W. J. Allen {Agr. Gas. N. 8. Wales, 20 {1909), No. 7, pp. 596- 600. figs. Jf). — Experiments on the manufacture of candied orange and lemon peel were carried out. The selection of the fruit, the grading, the pickling, the manufacture of the sirup, the apparatus, the packing, and the details as to the cost are described. Analysis and chemical composition' of commercial brands of tomato catsups, .1. HoRTVET {Pure Products, 5 {1909), No. 10, pp. 529-532). — Analyses are reported and discussed, with special reference to the use of sodium benzoate as a preservative. [Sodium benzoate as a preservative], F. W. Robison {Mich. 8tatc Dairy and Food Dept. Bui. 167. pp. 32). — Experiments were made to determine whether sodium benzoate is dissolved and absorbed by the body fluids and whether it has any inhibiting or retarding influence on the digestive agents of the body, and also to ascertain its effects when fed to young animals (cats) for a considerable period in quantities which would be suHicient for preservative purposes. The results were summarized as follows: " Sodium benzoate is absorbed, [when taken] in not too large quantities, and enters the system proper of the animal. " Sodium benzoate in (vitro) doses as low as 0.2 per cent (some instances as low as 0.1 per cent) seems to exert a measurable inhibitory effect on enzymic activity (directly or indirectly). 768 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOKD. " Sodium benzoate in ordinary food products does not act as a complete preservative in dilutions below 2 per cent, and in. some instances does not preserve even in this strength, although it may show a retarding influence in strengths under this. " Milk containing as low as 0.1 per cent benzoate of soda seems injurious to the health of young animals, and a fair inference seems to be that it might in a measure at least be injurious to young persons. Larger amounts such as 0.2 per cent and 0.5 per cent [show] correspondingly greater deleterious effects." The food laws of Switzerland (Ztschr. Offcntl. Chcm., 15 (1909), Nos. 8, pp. lJ/1-153; 9, pp. 161-179). — The pure food laws as recently enacted and put in force on July 1, 1909, are given. Included are the rules, regulations, and defini- tions for the sale of foods and other commodities. Report of the committee on food standards of the Association of Official Agricultural Cheonists, W. P'rear (1908, pp. 8). — The recommendations of the committee have to do with manufactured meats (sausage, sausage meat, etc.), malt liquors and spirituous liquors. The other work of the committee is briefly summarized. Food inspection decisions (U. 8. Dept. Agr., Food Insp. Decisions 108, 109, p. 1 each). — The importation of coffee and the labeling of wines are the topics discussed. [Work of dairy and food department], F. W. Kobison (Mich. State Dairy and Food Dept. Buls. 158-160, pp. 67). — Out of a total of 443 samples of baking powder, buckwheat, butter, catsups, cocoa, canned goods, eggs, extracts, jams, jellies, spices, etc., 134 were found to be adulterated. Data are also given regarding the inspection work of the department and of a court case dealing with the sale of sausage containing cereal. Report of Missouri Food and Drug Commission for the month of May, 1909 (Bill. Dept. Food and Drug Insp. Mo., 1 (1909), Xo. 2, pp. 23, figs. 3).— A prog- ress i-eport is made of the work of the state food and drug commission and the report of the analyst, A. H. Douglass, is given regarding the examination of a number of samples of milk, extracts, salad oil, and other materials. The undesirability of using secondhand bottles for vinegar and for other pur- poses is discussed. [Dairy and food division report] (Pcnn. Dept. Agr., Mo. Bui. Dairy and Food Div., 7 (1909), .Vo. 7, pp. 119). — Data are given regarding the analysis of food materials including among others butter, ice cream, lard, milk, nonalco- holic beverages, oleomargarine, and vinegar, as well as the licenses issued and suits and prosecutions instituted under the state pure-food law. The bulletin also summarizes some general information on clean stores and other topics. Adulteration of food, W. J. Gerald et al. (Rpt. Inland Rev. Canada, 1908, pt. 3, pp. 278, figs. //, dgms. 3). — This volume contains the reports of the deputy minister, the chief analyst, and the district analysts of Canada, which sum- marize in brief form data regarding the character and extent of food, drug, and fertilizer inspection work. In the foi'm of appendixes are reprinted Bulletins 135 to 150, inclusive, of the Inland Revenue Department. Those which have to do with foods, beverages, and domestic water supply have already been noted as they appeared. Diet and nutrition of the Filipino people, H. Abon (Philippine Jour. Sci., B. Med. Sci., J, (1909), No. 3, pp. 195-202).— Problems of diet in the Tropics are discussed and the results of investigations of Filipino diet reported. The ration furnished the Filipino prisoners in Bilibid prison in Manila, ac- cording to the author's computations, supplies on an average 75 gm. protein, 27 gm. fat, and 510 gm. carbohydrates, with an energy value of 2,647 calories per FOODS HUMAN NUTRITION. 769 man per day. The ranjie in protein content on the different days of the week was from r>() to IKi jrni. and in enerjiy from 2.31 T) to 2.'.);>4 calories. The basal ration consists of 270 j;m. rice, 45 sm. sugar, 300 jini. bread, about 250 gm. camotes or potatoes, and 50 to 100 gm. onions, which would supply about 45 gm. protein and 2,100 calories. To this is added on the different days of the week fish, bacon, or meat, and sometimes mongo beans also in somewhat vary- ing quantities, together with a little tea, coffee, or ginger root. As the author jwints out, the average weight of the Filipino is only from 50 to 55 kg. as comi)ared with an average of 05 kg. for the European, a fact which must be taken into account in comparing the above-mentioned values for the daily diet with commonly accepted standards. The author considers, however, that food requirements are proportional to surface area rather than to weight, and that as Filipinos are on an average probably thinner and taller than Euro- peans of the same weight, their energj' requirement is only about 10 per cent less than that of the European, instead of 20 per cent, which would be the esti- mate based upon variations in body weight. In general, he concludes that the energy requirements of the body are not lower in the Tropics than in temperate regions as has often been claimed. To determine whether the diet of the prisoners was in accord with the usual Filipino food habits determinations were made of the nitrogen in the urine of laboratory servants and Filipino students. With the servants " we have never obtained less than 10 gm. of nitrogen in 24 hours, and usually we have found about 12 gm., which corresponds to about <0 to 75 gm. of absorbed protein." In the case of the students the urine " showed a nitrogen content of about 12 to 15 gm., corresponding to from 70 to 100 gm. protein. The results of these examinations warrant the statement that the quantity of protein found on an average in the prisoners' food corresponds to the protein intake of the average Filipino workman. " Concerning the estimation of the caloric value of the food of the people, we are forced to apply a rougher method. The Filipino is accustomed to take his food together with others from the same dishes and is hence unable to state with accuracy the quantity of food that he individually consumes. We know that the Filipino lives principally on rice and fish, some vegetables and fruits, and very seldom eats meat for the reason that it is not always, for him, ob- tainable." According to observations made on house servants, and information obtained from students, the author concludes that the amount eaten per day on an average is from 0.50 to 700 gm. of rice and about 200 to 2.50 gm. of fish. Such a ration, disregarding the vegetables and fruit occasionally eaten, according to the author's calculations, would furnish about 70 to 75 gm. protein, 10 gm. of fat, and 525 gm. of carbohydrates per man per day. That the daily food of Filipinos in provinces, and even in towns, does not always contain as much fish is noted. In discussing the wholesomeness of a diet without fish, the author directs attention to the occurrence of certain diseases such as beri-beri, which are observed where people live exclusively on a diet furnishing a single kind of vegetable protein, and states that in this connection he has made experiments on the effects of a single proteid with rabbits fed corn. " One other point must not be forgotten. The recent researches on the chem- istry of protein bodies on the one hand, and the l)iological reaction on the other hand, show that the question as to what constituents make up the albu- minous substances may be of great importance for their value in nutrition. While it is certain that a man may continue in good health for a long time on a carefully selected purely vegetable diet; nevertheless we see that it is very 770 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. often impossible to properly nourish young animals exclusively on one kind of vegetable protein. . . . This has been attributed to a want of certain con- stituents in vegetable proteins." Budget of twenty-two workingmen's families in Munich, E. Conrad (Ein- selsvhr. ^tatis. Amt. Milnchcn, lii09, Xo. 8, pp. 80; ahs. in Hyg. Rundschau, 19 (1909), No. 18, p. 1087). — Statistics regarding wages, total expenditure for food, expenditure for individual food materials, and similar data are included in this report. Parsimony in nutrition, J. Crichton-Browne (London and New York, 1909, pp. VI +111 ) . — In this volume the author gives reasons for his belief in a gen- erous rather than a low proteid diet, drawing his evidence from personal ex- perience, considerations of public health, study of the animal functions, under- nutrition of school children and of the poor, and the experience of mankind in general. This volume is an expansion and revison of the author's presidential address to the section of preventive medicine at the meeting of the Royal Institute of Public Health, July, 1908 (E. S. R., 20, p. 769). Appetite in relation to experimental physiology and clinical pathology, W. Sternberg (ZcntU. Physiol., 23 (1909), No. 10, pp. 306-32',) .—In this ex- tended summary and discussion of data the author emphasizes the need of considering appetite and lack of appetite in relation to the preparation of food for normal individuals, in invalid dietetics, and related questions. The influence of sodium chlorid on the digestion and absorption of proteid materials, C. Padeki (Arch. Farmacol. Bper. e Sci. Aff., 8 (1909), No. 6, pp. 2.',9-261; aJ)s. in Cheni. ZentN., 1909, II, No. 10, p. 8J/3).— From experiments with animals and in vitro the author concludes that the presence of sodium chlorid facilitates the cleavage of amino acids from peptones. Large quantities of sodium chlorid hinder the process. The output of organic phosphorus in urine, G. C. Mathison (Bio-Chem. Jour., Jf (1909), No. 5-7, pp. 27 ',-279). — Organic phosphorus compounds, the author concludes, are normally present in urine, contrary statements being due to the employment of incorrect methods of analysis. In young adults, on an ordinary diet, the organic phosphorous was usually found to be more than 0.1 gm. per day. Occasionally it fell below this, while in one case it reached 0.3 gm. " The percentage of the total P2O6 present in organic combination varies considerably from day to day. In the cases examined it averaged 6 per cent of the total. " The addition of a large quantity of organic phosphorus in the form of glycerophosphoric acid to the diet had no distinct effect on the output of organic P2O5, while it increased the total P2O5 output. Glycerophosphoric acid was not broken down by gastric or pancreatic digestion in vitro, so it was probably absorbed unchanged. " In the observations made, vigorous exercise was not followed by increased output of organic P2O5. " The N : P2O5 ratio was fairly constant in any one individual on a fairly regular diet. It differed greatly in different individuals, and also in the same individual when the diet was irregular." Effects of chocolate and coffee on uric acid and purins, P. Fauvel (Compt. Rend. Acad. Set. [Paris], 1J,8 (1909), No. 23, w>. 15J|l-loJ,J^).—^\\th. persons on a vegetarian diet chocolate and coffee increased the output of purin bases and diminished uric acid excretion, the diminution being apparently not due to retention in the organism. The excretion of uric acid quickly became constant and remained at the minimum for purins of endogenous origin in the case of the long continued use of chocolate and coffee on a diet otherwise free from purins. ANIMAL PRODUCTION. 771 The metabolic balance sheet of the individual tissues. Final report of the committee, F. Gotch et al. {lipt. Brit. As.s(h: Adv. aS'c/.. 1<)08, pp. Jt36-.'tJ,0) .— The principal object of the committee was the establishment of methods for research and it is stated that this end has l)een attained. A summary is presened of the work reported durinji the last 5 years as re- gards technique and the results obtained in experiments with individual organs. Further advances in physiology. L. Hill (London, IS7r/. Bill. HIS, pp. 19-21). — In these exiicrinients 10 cows on Bermuda pasture were divided into 2 lots. During the first test 1 lot was fed daily C to 7 lbs. each of cotton-seed meal and distillers' grains in the ratio of 5:4, 30 lbs. of green sorghum, and 5 lbs. of oat straw. The other lot was fed 8 to 10 lbs. of equal parts by weight of corn meal, cotton-seed meal, and 778 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. distillers' graius, and 5 li)s. of oat straw. At ttie end of 2 weeks the rations were reversed. On the sorglium ration there was produced 2,747 lbs. of milk, at a cost of $20.8o, and on the corn meal ration 2,921.05 lbs. of milk, at a cost of $24.71. In a second test on a similar grain ration all cows were fed sorghum, but those receiving corn meal were fed one-half as much sorghum as the other lot. On the corn meal ration was produced 2,664.45 lbs. of milk, at a cost of $24.52, and on the ration containing no corn meal 2,576.05 lbs. of milk, at a cost of $21.22. The third test was similar to the first, but the sorghum ration con- tained a larger proportion of carbohydrates than in the earlier trial. The milk production on the corn meal ration was 2,306.65 lbs., at a cost of $22.93, and on the sorghum ration 2,344.2 lbs., at a cost of $20.23. "An average of all 3 tests indicates that the corn meal ration produced 3.06 per cent more milk at a 15.86 per cent greater cost. Under the conditions of this experiment corn meal would have to sell for 77.71 cts. per bushel to make it as economical a feed to furnish carbohj^drates as green sorghum." Comparison of corn stover and hay for dairy cows, F. W. Taylor (New Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-8, pp. 325-327). — Two cows in 30 days consumed 489 lbs. of grain, 1,125 lbs. of timothy hay, and 1,645 lbs. of silage, and pro- duced 1,622.3 lbs. of milk, testing 3.75 per cent fat. At the same time 2 other cows consumed 489 lbs. of grain, 1,240 lbs. of cut corn stover, aiid 1,645 lbs. of silage, and produced 1.221.1 lbs. of milk, testing 4 per cent butter fat. In a second period the rations were reversed. Lot 1 consumed 517.5 lbs. of grain, 1,057 lbs. of corn stover, and 1.860 lbs. of silage, and produced 1,345.8 lbs. of milk, testing 3.65 per cent fat. Lot 2 consumed 508 lbs. of grain, 1,222 lbs. of hay, and 1,860 lbs. of silage, and produced 1,269.4 lbs. of milk, testing 3.9 per cent fat. The change from corn stover to hay produced a gain, and the change from hay to corn stover, a loss in flesh. The relation between form and functijn of milch cows, J. Schmidt (Arb. Dent. GescU. Ziichtungsk., 1909, No. 1, pi. 132 ; iths. in FiihJing's Landw. Ztg., 57 (1908), No. 2-'t, pp. 8-'/-}-846). — The author measured 371 cows according to Werner's method. His general conclusions are that there is a relation between conformation and milk yield when the dimensions of the diffel'ent parts of an animal are considered as a whole, but that the dimension of one part of the body alone is not a reliable guide in the choice of a dairy animal, as there are many other factors to be considered. Mathematical description of the milk producing' power of the cow^, H. Rode- WALD {FiiliUng\s Landw. Ztg., 58 {1909), No. 9, pp. 3i J-3.'/2 ) .— The author has treated mathematically the data in the article noted above in order to deter- mine quantitatively, as well as qualitatively, the relation between form and function. Milk production was computed as a function of live weight, height, depth of chest, and other dimensions, and the results are presented in graphic form and as mathematical equations. The calculations indicate that milk production is a function of live weight and can best be represented by the formula: Milk production =17.4— 0.01933 X live weight. The results obtained by computing milk yields from this equation agree to a large extent with actual observation and with results obtained by computing yields from equations which include a number of body measure- ments. It is stated that as body weight and linear dimensions are interde- pendent nothing can be gained by so modifying the equations as to include body measurements. Conformation and milk yield, C. Keonacher {Arh. Deiit. Gcscll. Ziichtungsk., 1909, No. 2, pp. 160). — Body measurements and other determinations were made of 104 cows of the various highland breeds of Germany. The author draws his DAIRY FARMING DAIRYING. 779 deductions by arranging the animals in classes instead of subjecting bis data to biometrical analysis, and concludes tbat there is a correlation between the form of the body and the production of milk, as all millc breeds conform to a certain type, althougli the "points" of a dairy animal may vary somewhat in different breeds and there are always individual variations. His results are compared with those obtained by other investigators. A bibliography of the literature on the subject is appended. The milking- trials of 1908, S. II. Whitley (Jour. Brht. Dairy Farmers' Assoc, 23 (1909), pp. JOl-Ly,). — These trials of the British Dairy Farmers' Association were carried out on lines similar to those of previous years. The following table is a summary of the results of the different breeds represented in these trials since 1900 : Average yield and quality of milJc of different breeds. Breed. Number Daily Year. of yield Fat. cows. of milk. Us. Per cent. 1900-1904 123 48.8 3.72 190;>-l'JU,s 61 47.3 3.47 190.'j-190S 70 50.0 3.77 1997-190.S 16 50.2 3.49 1900-1901 111 31.3 5.20 190r>-190.S 54 34.2 4.89 1900-1904 36 31.5 4.58 ]9Ur>-190.S 21 33.8 4.62 1900-1904 33 40.5 3.70 1905-1908 41 38.5 3.52 1906-1908 12 38.6 3.30 190(> 5 48.3 3,72 1900-1904 43 30.9 4.12 190r>-190S 24 35.0 4.09 190(^1908 17 28.9 3.46 Total .solids. Shorthorns, pedigreed and nonpedigreed Shorthorns, pedigreed Shorthorns, nonpedigreed Lincolnshire Red Shorthorns Jerseys Do Guernsevs Do Red Polls Do Ayrshires South Devons Kerries Do Dexters Per cent. 32.61 12. 46 12. 65 12.35 14.40 14.09 13.65 13.80 12.70 12. 50 12. 15 12. 93 13. 26 13.14 12.58 Report of the cow-testing associations in Norway, 1907—8, L. Fiindeb (Aar.'iher. Offentl. Foranst. Lnndbr. Frenune, 1908, Statsforanstalt., pp. 559- 6'26).— The report contains the annual summary of the work of the 14r> associa- tions that were in operation during the year, with tables showing the yields of milk and butter fat and the feed consumption for about 35,000 cows. The average yearly production of milk per head was 2.033 kg. Statistics for Swedish cooperative creameries, 1906, G. Liljhagen {Meddel. K. Landtbr. Styr. [Sn■edcn^, 190S, No. 10 (139), pp. 60 + VII).— The statistics include value of buildings and equipment, number of patrons and of cows, aver- age yield of milk per cow, number of hauling routes, method of heating, lighting, and cooling creameries, uses of milk delivered by patrons, running expenses per 1,000 kg. of milk and per kilogram of butter, help employed, payment for milk and net returns, amount of milk per kilogram of butter, price of butter received by creameries, yields of full-cream, part-skim and skim cheese, and other data. Report of the activities of the dairy institute at Proskau, Klein (Ber. Milchic. Inst. Proskau, 1908-9, pp. ^i).— This is the usual annual report and contains analyses of milk, results of trials of separators, and other related matters. On the morphology of milk globules, V. Nalli (Rev. Uyg. et MM. Infant., 8 (1909), No. //, pp. 3J.'i-325, pis. 2). — Abnormal forms of globules found in hu- man milk are figured and described. The author recognizes five different kinds of globules and points out their value for diagnosing pathological conditions. 780 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Analyses of colostrum milk, J. Petersen {MfeJkeriUd., 22 {1909), No. 28, pp. 615-620). — The pliysical and chemical properties of milk from 8 cows were studied for 4 days after calving. It was found that the red or yellow color disappeared after 20 to 36 hours, and that the specific gravity, behavior on boiling, and percentages of butter fat, solids, and total nitrogen in the milk generally became normal 30 to 40 hours after calving. Owing to the exceptions that are likely to occur, it is recom- mended that the milk from fresh cows be not mixed with that delivered to creameries until about 72 hours from the time of parturition. Observations on the influence of heating upon the nutrient value of milk as an exclusive diet for young animals, Janet E. Lane-Claypon (Jour. Hi/g. [Camiridgcli, 9 {1909), No. 2, pp. 233-238, fig. i).— In 2 series of experiments with rats fed raw milk, milk heated to 96° C. and sterilized milk made from full cream dried milk, there was no apparent diminution in nutritive property because of heating. Partially skimmed milk, A. F. Hess {Ztschr. Hyg. u. Infectionskrank., 62 {1909), No. 3, pp. 395-400; a&s. in Milchiv. Zentljl., 5 {1909), No. 7, pp. 325, 326; Cliem. Zenm., 1909, I, No. 20, p. 1665). — This is a study of the distribution of bacteria in bottled milk and its significance in the feeding of infants. Counts were made of the bacteria in the different layers of cream. In the upper layer there were found to be much larger numbers of bacteria than in the lower layer and these included tubercle bacilli and streptococci, as well as other kinds which were probably carried there by the fat globules. Centrifugal cream has a smaller bacterial content than cream raised by gravity if the milk passes slowly through the separator running at a high speed. It is suggested that in feeding infants the upper layer of cream be removed before pouring out the milk. Report to the local government board on the use of preservatives in cream, J. M. Hamill {Local Govt. Bd. [Gt. Brit.], Food Rpts. 1909, No. 10, pp. 35).— This contains a discussion and recommendations concerning the use of boron compounds and other preservatives in cream, a report on experiments in the preservation of cream by boron compounds, by A. Harden (noted below), and a report on the detection of small quantities of benzoic acid, salicylic acid, and saccharin in cream, by G. W. Monier-Williams, noted on page 707. Report on some experiments on the preservation of cream by boron com- pounds, A. Harden {Local Govt. Bd. {Gt. Brit.], Food Rpts. 1909, No. 10, pp. 19- 32). — Three series of experiments were carried out in the mouths of October and November, the following conclusions being drawn : If the cream be covered, 0.5 per cent of pure boric acid will preserve it for about 6 days at 64 to 68° F., and for about 4 days at 75 to 77°. Uncovered cream containing 0.5 per cent of pure boric acid is liable to become moldy after about 4 days. Two-tenths per cent of pure boric acid will preserve cream for 1 or 2 days only, even at 64 to 68° F. When boric acid was made neutral with caustic soda the production of acid was not checked but the quality of. the cream was greatly modified. The presence of saccharin in trade boron pre- servatives did not add to the efiiciency of the preservation, "Boric acid in presence of about 0.14 equivalent of caustic soda (2.26 cc. of normal caustic soda solution per gram of boric acid (H3BO3), or 7 gm. of alkali (Na20) per 100 gm. of boric acid) is a more effective preservative than pure boric acid. In the presence of this proportion of alkali 0.4 per cent of boric acid is practically as effective as 0.5 per cent at 65°, but is slightly less effective at 71°. Cream may be preserved by either of these proportions for about 4 to 7 days at temperatures up to 71°." DAIRY FARMINC -DAIRYING. 781 [Analyses of butter], F. Kassiusskn (Xcir Ihiiuiislihc Htn. h'i»l.-t. I!)07-H. pp. 53Ji-5ii6). — Ten samples of butter from as many different creameries were analyzed by tbe station. The averajie oomiiosition was as follows: Water 11.25, fat 84.38, casein 1.8, and salt 2.57 per cent. Some essentials in farm butter making, F. Rasmusskn {New Hampshire Sta. Clrc. 7, pp. 2). — Tbis circular contains practical bints on cream rijiening, cbnrning, salting, working, packing, and marketing butter. Sterilization of water and milk with ultraviolet rays, P. Santolyne {8ci. Amer. Sup., 68 {1909), No. 1162, p. 235).— A sunmiary of investigations on the sterilization of potable water, milk, and wash water used in making butter. The aeration of milk for cheese making, G. H. Bark {R'pt. Duiiij and Cold Storai/e Coinr. Caiunht, 1909. pp. ,2,S-),?, pis. 2). — Tbe object of these experiments was to ascertain tbe effect of aerating and cooling with different methods of handling milk made under ordinary farm conditions. Tbe following table con- tains a summary of tbe results : Summari/ of the defects in the curds and cheese from milks treated in five different ivays. Milk aer- ated by dipping. Milk run over an aerator. Milk aer- ated and cooled. Milk cooled with water in shotgun can. Milk cooled in tub of water. SERIES A. Number of curd tests Per cent not clean flavor Per cent gassy texture SERIES B. Number of curd tests Per cent not clean flavor Per cent gassy texture SERIES c. Per cent of cheese not clean flavor 18 83.4 77.8 9 8.H.9 22 68.2 68.2 12 50.0 SO. 0 7.i.0 18 44.0 44.0 10 40.0 20.0 10 10.0 20.0 20.0 30 6.6 6.6 15 The average temperatures and acidities of tbe milks when delivered at tbe factory were as follows : Aerated and cooled, temperature 65.3° F., acidity 0.165 per cent; cooled without aeration, temperature 67.3°, acidity 0.165 per cent; aerated without cooling, temperature 70.9°, acidity 0.169 per cent; and in rusty cans without aerating or cooling, temperature 68.2°, acidity 0.168 per cent. Tbe average loss of butter fat in whey from the different methods of treating the milk at the farms was: When cooled without aeration, cans covered, 0.203 per cent ; aerated and cooled, 0.211 per cent ; aerated without cooling, 0.219 per cent ; and in rusty cans without aerating or cooling, 0.233 per cent. " The aeration of milk by dipping or by running it over an aerator will not give a uniform quality of milk. The same can be said of aeration and cooling combined. Aeration alone will not keep the milk sweet enough for cheese mak- ing purposes during the hot summer months. . . . The milk which was cooled with as little exposure to the air as possible and covered when milking was finished produced the best curds and cheese." Studies of cheese bacteria which decompose glycerin and casein lactate, Gerda Troili-Petersson (Cent hi. liakf. \ete.'\, 2. AM.. 2'i {1909), No. 13-15, pp. 333-3Ji2, pi. i).— The author found in Swedish farm cheese 3 varieties of aerobic bacteria which decompose glyceiMn. Three other species were found which i)ro- duced propionic-acetic acid from casein lactate, and which are closely related 782 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. to Bacterium aciili proijioiiici a foiuul in Emmeutal cheese by Frendeureich and Jeuseu. Tliey were present in larger numbers in old than in young cheese and were specially numerous in cheese containing a large number of holes. One of the varieties under some conditions grows only in the absence of oxygen; in other cases only in the presence of oxygen, and is very variable in form. On the case of noncoagulating cheese-milk and nonripening bitter curds, A. Wolff (Centbl. Bakt. [ctoA, 2. AM., 2k (1909), No. 13-15, pp. 361-313, pis. 3, figs, k), — The author describes some species of bacteria, yeast, and fungi found in abnormal milk. Investigations on the ripening and holing of Swedish, farm cheeses, Gerda Troili-Petersson {Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 2.'t (1909), No. 13-15, pp. 3J,3- 860, pi. 1). — This is a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 15, p. 815). Normal holing results from inoculation with lactic-acid bacteria, liquefying cocci (O'klium lactis), and Bacterium glycerini. In 2 cases holes were formed normally by adding propiouic-acid-forming bacteria, lactic-acid bacteria, and liquefying cocci, though when well I'ipened the characteristic cheese taste was less pronounced than in normal cheese. Saltpeter prevented gas formation with B. glycerini c when grown in glycerin agar. The method of Kuylenstierna was found to be successful for the preservation of several species of cheese bacteria. In pursuing these studies it was found to be of great advantage to sterilize by means of hydrogen peroxid the milk from which the cheeses are made. Roquefort cheese industry (Daily Cons, and Trade Rpts. [U. 8.], 1909, No. 3610, pp. 8, 9). — Consul W. H. Hunt, of St. Etienne, reports on this industry, which amounts to 3.797 metric tons of cheese annually. To make this, 92,459 gal. of pure unskimmed sheep's milk is required, which is supplied by about 600,000 sheep. Recent installations of refrigeration plants and other equipment have greatly increased the output over that of former years. In 1908 the United States imported $404,518 worth of the cheese. About 100 liters of milk produce 24 kg. of fresh cheese, whereas imitations of Roquefort made in other localities from cow's milk require 100 liters of milk to make only 15 kg. of cheese. Details of the method of handling the milk and curing the cheese are given. Studies on fermented milk. II, Kefir, W. Kuntze (Centbl. Bakt. [etc.], 2. Abt., 2J, (1909), No. 5-7, pp. 101-122, pi. i).— This is a continuation of earlier work (E. S. R., 20, p. 875) on organisms found in fermented milks, and is chiefly occupied with a discussion of experimental work on the identity of the organisms essential to kefir fermentation. There were regularly found 2 spore-forming species belonging to the butyric- acid group, one of which proved to be a variety of Bacillus esteriflcans. The other is designated B. kefir. According to the author, the characteristic kefir fermentation is due more to these butyric fermentations than to lactic-acid organisms or to yeasts. A bibliography of the literature is appended. VETERINARY MEDICINE. Book of veterinary posology and prescriptions, O. Y. Brumlet (Colum'bus, Ohio, 1909, pp. 190).— This small handbook has been prepared for the veterinary student as a ready reference in materia medica and pharmacy. Mallein and tuberculin, S. Yillar (Vet. Jour., 65 (1909), No. 410, pp. 382- 394; Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1103, pp. 141-153).— X paper presented at the meeting of the National Veterinary Association at Harrogate, England, July 8, 1909. VETERINAEY MEDICINE. 783 Tallianin, C. Bebndt (Berlin. Ticrarstl. Wchnschr., 25 {1909), No. 26. pp. .'/SI, 482; (lbs. ill Vet. Rcc, 22 (1909), No. 1101, p. 1J8). —The author considers tal- lianin to be a valuable remedy in all forms of pneumonia, havinj;; lost but 1 out of 70 cases treated by it during the last 3 years. Xotwithstandinj: the hijih price of the drug he considers that the results obtained amply justify the expense. Studies on the chemistry of anaphylaxis, H. G. Wklls (Jour. Infect. Din- cases, 6 (1909), No. J,, pp. 506-522). — "Apparently there are markefl differences in the anaphylaxis in animals and there seems to be some differences in the reactions produced by different proteins." The presence of bacteria in normal organs, H. Conradi (MUnchen. Med. Wchnschr., 56 (1909), No. 26, pp. 1318-1320; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1102, p. 132). — Studies of the normal organs of cattle and pigs, In which 102 pieces of tissue were taken from 150 animals, resulted in finding that 72 con- tained bacteria. " The liver was by far the most frequently infected organ, 42 out of 03 pieces of liver which were investigated (or two-thirds of the total) containing germs. Bacteria were also found in 18 out of 59 pieces of muscle and in 6 out of 19 kidneys, the proportion of infected organs in each of these cases thus being about one-third. Four out of 5 lungs, 1 out of 4 lymphatic glands, and 1 out of 11 spleens also contained germs. "Bacterium coli commune, B. lactis aerogenes. Streptococcus acidi lactici, Bacillus mesentericus. Bacillus fluorescens non liquefacicns, Diplococcus pneu- monia;, and Bacillus suipestifer were all identified culturally in the foregoing order of frequence. The B. suipestifer was found on four occasions, namely, deeply situated in the muscles of 2 pigs and 1 bovine, and in the kidney of a pig. Anaerobic bacteria were very often found." Report of proceedings under the Diseases of Animals Acts for the year 1908 (Dept. Agr. and Tech. Instr. Ireland, Rpt. Diseases Anim., 1908, pp. 85, charts 2, map 1). — Of the 11 diseases scheduled under the Diseases of Animals Acts in Ireland but four, anthrax, sheep scab, hog cholera, and parasitic mange, oc- curred in 1908. There were more outbreaks of the first two than in 1907. Anthrax in man contracted through the consumption of sausages, F. HuTYRA (Ztschr. Fleisch u. Milchhyg., 19 (1908), No. 3, pp. 85-94; «&«• in Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 6, p. 2^6). — Eleven cases of anthrax are reported which resulted from the consumption of sausages manufactured from affected animals. Infantile kala-azar, C. Xiccole (Ann. Inst. Pasteur, 23 (1909), No. 6, pp. -'/}/- 411, charts 5). — This is a disease of the dog which is transmissible to infants. It occurs in Tunis and very probably in southern Italy. A protozoan of the genus Leishmania (L. infantum) has been found to be the causative agent. Out of 222 dogs obtained from the pound at Tunis, 4 were found infected. A bibliography is appended to the account. Milk sickness, E. O. .Jordan and N. M. Harris (Jour. Infect. Diseases, 6 (1909), No. .'1, pp. JfOl-491, figs. 6). — In this paper a comi)lete review is given, including the results of the author's investigations, of the disease known as milk sickness, trembles, etc., which is common to man, horses, and cattle (E. S. R., 20, p. 379; 21, p. 383). This affection occurs occasionally at the present time in the States of North and South Carolina, Kentucky, Tennessee, Ohio, Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, and Texas, and in the Territory of New Mexico. " From practically all cases of the disease that we have seen in man and other animals (horse, sheep, cattle) we have isolated an aerobic spore-bearing bacillus which grows well and characteristically on the ordinary culture media. 784 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. We have found this bacillus — named B. JactimorU — in the internal organs. and heart blood of animals examined but a few hours after death. In some instances it was present in pure culture (for example, heart blood of a heifer, liver of a fetal calf, gut nodule of a horse, etc.). The same bacillus has been found by us in cow's milk collected by one of us under aseptic conditions and in butter suspected of having communicated the disease. It was also present in the feces in several nonfatal human cases of milk sickness. We have also found it in the soil of milk sick regions. . . . " Taken as a whole the facts do not surely indicate that a specific micro- organism is the cause of milk sickness or trembles. The bacillus in' question belongs to a group which seems widely distributed and for the most part cer- tainly not endowed with pathogenic qualities. In particular localities, liowever, where the soil conditions are favorable in respect to moisture and other un- known factors, strains of the bacillus perhaps possess pathogenic or toxigenic characters ; but if so, these, according to our experience, are quickly lost under artificial culture." A complete bibliography is appended. Additional notes on the bacteriolog'y and pathology of milk sickness, A. B. LucKHARDT {Jouv. Infect. Diseases, 6 (1909), No. 4, pp. '{92-505, figs. 3).— This is a report of bacteriological studies conducted in connection with the investi- gation noted above. " The preceding exi^eriments are far from being decisive in establishing Bacillus lactimorM as the etiological factor in the production of milk sickness. The organism either loses its pathogenicity very rapidly when grown on arti- ficial media, or the virulence of the organism is dependent on what may be termed a symbiotic life or existence on certain plants. It is possible that its growth on such plants as the rayless golden-rod (Bigelovia), and white snake- root (Eupatorium ageratoides) is responsible for its pathogenic power." The prevalence of rabies in the United States, J. W. Kkrr and A. M. Stimson (Jour. Amer. Med. Assoc., .53 (1909), yo. 1.3, pp. 9S9-99'i, fig. i).— "To sum- marize briefly the results of this inquiry, there were 111 deaths in human beings from hydrophobia reported from 30 States during the year 1908. Rabies was reported in the lower animals from at least 53-4 localities in 39 States and Territories, including the District of Columbia. Evidence has also been secured of nearly 1,500 persons who, on account of exposure to rabies, or pre- sumably rabid animals, were obliged to take the Pasteur treatment. The disease is disseminated throughout the eastern three-fourths of the country, and seems to have been unknown during the past year only in the Rocky Moun- tain and Pacific slope regions." Diag'nosis of rabies, V. A. Moore (Amer. Vet. Rev., 36 (1909), No. 1, pp. 20- 30). — This paper was presented at the forty-sixth annual meeting of the Ameri- can Veterinary Medical Association at Chicago, September. 1909. A list of some of the more important works on the subject is appended. The nature, cause, and prevalence of rabies, J. R. Mohler (Amer. Yet. Rev., 36 (1909), No. 1, pp. 31-Jf-'t). — A paper presented at the forty-sixth annual meeting of the American Veterinary ]\Iedical Association at Chicago, Septem- ber, 1909. The development of a piroplasma and trypanosoma of cattle in artificial culture media, E. Martini (Philippine Jour. ScL, B. Med. Sci., 4 (1909), No. 3, pp. lJi7-169, pis. 6). — ^" In the Philippine Islands there are domestic cattle apparently quite healthy which are carriers of the parasite of surra. These cattle are a continual danger, especially for horses, in which surra always runs a fatal course. There exists a variety of Texas fever which is perhaps identical with that seen by Jobling and Woolley in the years 1903 and 1904. VETERINARY MEDICINE. 785 It is a variety of Piroplasma hhjcininum and shows iu certain culture media developmental forms which correspond to those described by Robert Koch in the tick for P. Mgeminum. This pirojilasma, when kept in the bouillon employed and at a temperature of 29 to 31° C, dies within 5 to 10 days. " In the Philippine Islands there occurs a Trypanosoma of cattle which is different morpholofjcically and biologically from Truixniosoma cvanxi and from the other trypanosomata of mammals. Its virulence for the Indo-Chinese and Australian calves appears to bo slight. This trypanosoma could not be dis- covered in the fresh blood by microscopical examination, but could be culti- vated in a mixture of blood and bouillon, and could be transferred to healthy caJves by the subcutaneous injection of the cultures. The trypanosoma remains alive and capable of causing infection for at least 10 days in the bouillon employed when kept at a temperature of 29 to 31°. Since the Piro- plasma which was present at the same time in the blood of the ' orighial calf died out at this temperature within the above-mentioned time, it was possible to isolate the trypanosoma and to transfer it, thus separated from the piro- plasma, to calves. These culture experiments ijrove the great importance of this method for the differentiaticm of blood parasites." Notes on a case of Piroplasma bigeminum, A. R. Wellington (Jour. Trop. AIC(L and Hijg. [London}, 12 (1909), No. IJ,, p. 207, fig. J).— An account of this disease in a bull received in Borneo direct from England. Equine biliary fever, C. H. H. Jolliffe (Vet. Jour., 65 (1900), Nos. Ji09, pp. 338-3 Jf9 ; J/IO, pp. 398-40.5). — A review of the knowledge of equine piroplas- mosis. Notes on immunity in canine piroplasmosis, G. H. F. Xuttall and G. S. Graham-Smith (Parasitology, 2 (J909), No. 3, pp. 215-228). — As yet the experi- ments have failed to yield promising results. The parasites of Piroplasmosis cants may persist in the blood of apparently recovered dogs for a considerable length of time, 6 months to 2 years, and so long as they are present in the blood the hitter remains fully virulent for clean dogs. The passage of the African P. canis through upwards of 90 animals in the course of 2i years has shown that the parasite may be communicated by inoculation from dog to dog for an indefinite period. Note on attempts to infect the fox and the jackal with Piroplasma canis, G. H. F. NuTTALL and G. S. Graham-Smith (Parasitology, 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 211-21J(). — The experiments appear to indicate that P. canis is peculiarly specific in its pathogenicity, since it is incapable of producing disease in the fox and jackal, species closely allied to the dog. They also seem to show that neither of these species is concerned in the maintenance of the disease in nature. Surra in the Federated Malay States, H. Fraser (Jour. Trop. Vet. Sci., /f (1909). Xo. 3. pp. 3'i5-389. Jig. 1). — Previously noted from another source (E. S. R., 21, p. 6.82). Transmission of Trypanosoma brucei by Glossina palpalis, Kleine (Deiit. Med. Wchnschr., 35 (1909), No. 11, pp. Ji69, /,70).—The author here reports upon investigations conducted in German East Africa. Flies fed upon infected hosts for 3 days and then for 14 days upon fresh healthy animals did not transmit the infection. From the eighteenth to the twenty-fourth day, however, the flics were fed on a sheep and from the twenty- fifth to the thirty-ninth day on an ox, both hosts becoming infected. Goats, calves, and sheep were used to feed the flies from the fortieth to the fiftieth day and all were infected. " From this it is seen that flies which for many days after the ingestion of blood containing trypanosomes were not infective, aftem'ards became so." 786 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. The author points out that if G*. palpalis transmits T. briicei, there is a pos- sibility that G. morsitans transmits T. ganiMense. He considers that sheep and goats must act in nagaua regions as carriers of the parasites. Anilin antimonyl tartrate in the treatment of trypanosomiases, A. Laveban {Compt. Rend. AcacJ. Sci. [Paris], 11,9 {1909), No. 13, pp. 5f,6-.5-',8).—The author reports the immediate results of the treatment of human trypanosomiasis with this drug to be very satisfactory. Diseases, ticks, and their eradication, A. Theiler (Transvaal Agr. Jour., 7 (1909), No. 28, lip. 685-099). — This is a review of the present knowledge of South African tick-borne diseases including the life histories of the ticks con- cerned and the methods applicable in eradicating them. Belation of the Indian form of relapsing fever to African tick fever, R. P. Strong (Philippine Jour. Sci., B. Med. Sci., 4 (1909), No. 3, pp. 1 87-193). — The author's investigations seem to show that the Bombay spirillum fever is dis- tinct from the African tick fever but that it constitutes a form of relapsing fever very closely related to, if not identical with, the forms of relapsing fever encountered in Europe and the United States. From experiments carried on with the different strains of the Spirochetse, including a study of the morpho- logical characteristics, serum reactions, and animal inoculatiouf,, it appears that the European and African strains are distinct species. It does not as yet seem clearly demonstrated that the American and Indian strains are distinct from the European ; if not identical, these strains must be very closely related to one another. East Coast fever (Agr. Jour. Cape Good Hope, 35 (1909), No. 2, pp. 186- 190). — A resume of the steps which have been taken by the government for safe- guarding Cape Colony against the inti'oduction of East Coast fever from the ad- joining colonies of Natal and Transvaal. " The main considerations which have been kept in view are efficient fencing of the borders, adequate patrolling of the fences, and an embargo on the introduction from the infected colonies of animal produce, grass, hay. and other articles which are capable of conveying infection." The diag-nosis of tuberculosis, Neuhaus (Dent. Ticrdr.zt1. Wchnschr., 17 (1909), No. 20, pp. 285-288; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1101, p. 118).— The author describes a method which he recommends for the diagnosis of open pulmonary lesions of bovine tuberculosis. After inserting DieckerhofE's bleeding canula into the trachea a feather is introduced through the canula which by its contact with the posterior wall of the trachea excites coughing. The sputa projected forward through the trachea adhere to the feather and the material thus obtained is examined for tubercle bacilli. By this method the author proved the existence of open lesions in 11 of 16 cows suspected of tuberculosis. The practical value of the ocular tuberculin reaction in cattle, Foth (ZtscJir. Tiermed., 12 (1908), No. 5-6, pp. 321-3-^7).— The experiments which are here reported indicate that this test is a valuable means for the diagnosis of tuberculosis in bovines. The ophthalmo-reaction : An exact method of diag'nosis, M. Klimmer and W. KiESsiG (Monatsh. Prakt. Ticrhcilk., 20 (1908), No. 3, pp. 97-132; abs. in Rev. G6n. M6d. V^t., 13 (1909), No. 150, p. 33i).— The authors have found the ophthalmo-reaction to be a convenient and accurate method in diagnosing tuberculosis and glanders. Nontubereulous animals do not react even if a concentrated solution of tuberculin be used. A subcutaneous injection of tuber- culin preceding has no influence upon the ophthalmic reaction. Tuberculosis infection in its relation to the tuberculin reaction, S. Arloing [Jour. M6d. V6t. et Zootcch., 60 (1909), Feb., pp. 65-7.',; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 787 (1909), No. 1099, p. 89).— The iuitlior considers the so-called failures of the tuberculin test, namely, failure to reveal an existing tuberculosis, and an indica- tion of the disease when at the post-mortem examination evidence is lacking. With rabbits and jiuinea pigs, in ft)ur-fiftlis of the cases In which inoculation with attenuated bacilli Is i)racticed the resulting lesions are not only micro- scopic but also atypical. Intraperitoneal inoculation alone of these bacilli in rabbits and guinea pigs produces typical tubercles of millet seed size in the epiploon and the perigastric lymphatic glands. In young goats and young cattle the subcutaneous injection of attenuated bacilli is followed by a temporary swelling of the corresponding lymphatic glands, but when these glands have regained their normal volume it is generally impossible to find histological lesions in them. When the attenuated bacilli are injected intravenously, histological sections may show some slight lesions. Notwithstanding the absence of macroscopical lesions and the extremejy dis- crete character of the histological alterations, young cattle which have received modified tubercle bacilli always present at a given moment the physiological reaction of tuberculous infection. These observations demonstrate that there is no necessary relation between the sensibility of the subject to the tuberculin or the sero-agglutination test and the presence of a macroscopic tuberculous lesion. A positive reaction to tuber- culin nearly always indicates that the subject has been infected by tubercle bacilli, but does not necessarily indicate the existence of macroscopic lesions, and does not assist in the prognosis of the case. It is im])ossible to say whether the lesions present in a reacting animal will retrogress or develop into a clinically evident tuberculosis. The owner desiring to stamp out tuberculosis in his herd should, in practice, regard every reactor as infected. Tuberculosis infection and immunization against tuberculosis by the dig'estive tract, A. Calmette (Rev. 8ci. [Paris], 5. set:, 10 (1908), No. 18, pp. r45-551; ahs. in Rev. V6t. [Toulouse], S.'i (1909), No. 2, pp. 113-117).— Au account w^hich was presented before the Harvey Society of New York, October, lOOS. Experiments with von Behring's bovovaccine. I, Tests with cattle not protected against natural tuberculosis infection, G. Regneb and O. Sten- STROM (MedilcL E. Lnndtbr. Sti/r. [Stcctlcn]. VM)8, No. 11 {l.'iO), pp. i,0+ ril; Centbl. Bali, [etc.], 1. Aht., Orig., J,8 (1909), No. .5, pp. 628-657).— The authors conclude from experiments in 10 different Swedish herds that bovovac- cine is an easily applied method of inoculation which is, moreover, entirely harmless, in so far as can be judged after four years' practical experience with it. While it exercises a beneficial effect in certain cases, it can not be recom- mended as an effective means of combating bovine tuberculosis without accom- panying hygienic precautions, like isolation, sterilization of milk fed to calves, etc. Some facts about tuberculous cattle, E. C. Sciiroeder (U. S. Dept. Affi: Yearbook 1908, pp. 217-226, pis. -J). — Data regarding tuberculosis and its trans- mission are briefly considered. The author concludes that " for the protection of public health it seems imperatively necessary that regulations should be made requiring either that all milk must be obtained from cows certainly free from tuberculosis, stabled, milked, i)astured, et?., in an environment free from tuberculous infection, or that it must be sterilized or pasteurized before it is used as a beverage or in the manufacture of butter and other dairy products." The tuberculosis situation, M. H. Reynolds (Breeder's Gaz., 65 (1909), No. 25, pp. 1J,02. l-'i03).—''l think it fair to say that the Bang method on private farms has not been demonstrated as generally practicable in this country ex- cept in the case of very valuable herds. . . . Apparently the one great thing 15149— No. S— 09 7 il EXPERIMENT STATION EECOED. which we need first and most is some practical system of handling reacting cattle that will be more economical than slaughter with carcass salvage." Loss among cattle in Alaska, M. D. Snodgrass (Alaska Stas. Rpt. 1908, pp. 63, 64). — Loss among cattle in the vicinity of the Kodiali Station is principally due to their eating wet, dead grass before there is enough green grass to aid digestion. Post-mortem examinations showed the principal seat of impaction to be in the third stomach. The contents of this stomach were so hard, packed, and dry as to crumble in the hands, and the mucous membrane lining the stomach was black and dead. To guard against impaction, cattle should not be allowed to graze on land where there is long dead grass at the time the new grass first appears in the spring, more especially if the period is wet. There is less danger on pastures where the grass has been eaten close the fall I)revious but the safer way to guard against the trouble is to feed during this period without allowing the cattle to range. Loss was also occasioned by cattle falling over cliffs in early spring. This can be overcome by fencing around the dangerous places or by confining stock during the first weeks of new grass. Poisoning by cotton-seed meal, Eust (Vcroffcntl. Jahres-Vet. Bet: Tierdrzte I'nuss., 6 {I'JO.J), pi. .>, pp. 35, .36 [pub. JOOS'i; abs. in Vet. Rec, 21 (1909), No. 1080, p. 630). — The author observed peculiar toxic symptoms in draft oxen that were receiving 2 lbs. of cotton-seed meal per head daily. Edematous swellings appeared at the extremities, the appetite being undis- turbed. In later stages, great weakness of the hind quarters appeared, and in single animals, disturbances of equilibrium. Four out of 15 of the affected oxen showed disturbances of vision. Apparently they became completely blind, as was evidenced by their groping gait and colliding with other animals and surrounding objects. Examination of the eyes revealed no special lesion ex- cept marked protrusion of the eye ball and abnormal enlargement of the pupil. The most severely affected animals were slaughtered, but the remainder re- covered after the administration of laxatives and alterations in the diet, includ- ing the discontinuance of the use of cotton-seed meal. Johne's disease of cattle, A. S. Alexander (Breeder's Gas., 56 (1909), No. 8, pp. 290, 291, fig. 1). — The author states that he has obtained fairly satisfac- tory results from the use of fluid extract of eucalyptus, 1 oz., in a pint of cold water every 4 hours. In several cases the scouring absolutely ceased after 5 doses or thereabouts had been given. Acute dietetic eczema in cows, Xissen (Maancdsskr. Dyrlwffer, 20 (1909), No. 22, pp. 602-605; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1102, p. 132).— In the out- break of dietetic eczema here reported a change of food and symptomatic treat- ment, lead lotion being used against the eczema and boric lotion against the conjunctivitis, resulted in the complete disappearance of the disease in 2 or 3 weeks. Investigation of lactosuria in milch cows, Sieg (Arch. Wiss. u. Prakt. TierhciUc, 35 (1909), No. 1-2, pp. ll-'i-lJ,0; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 (1909), No. 1102, p. 133). — Lactose, the only sugar that the author was able to find in the urine of milch cows, was present in 38 out of 68 cows studied. " Lactose is very often found in the urine of cows far advanced in pregnancy, and is probably always to be found at the time of parturition. The lactosuria is physiological, appearing from .overproduction of milk sugar in the mammary glands during parturition. Usually the lactosuria diminishes gradually until it completely disappears, but in some cows the urine yields lactose during the whole period of milking." Belapses in milk fever, C. Steifen (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 (1909), No. IJ,, pp. 265, 266; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 (1909), No. 1106, p. 182).— Two cases VETERINARY MEDICINE. 789 are repoi-tetl in which recovery froui milk fever was speedily followed by severe relapse. The relapse in the first case is supposed to have been due to milking too sooTi after the previous recovery, while overfeeding is suggested as the cause of the second. In both cases the relapse assumed a more serious form than the initial attack, but both were cured by the insuHlation of the udder with air. It is the author's i)ractice to administer a purgative when tympany appears as a complication of milk fever. Hepatic echinococcosis as a cause of chronic tympany in cattle, E. Webek (Dci't. Ticnirztl. Wcliii.schr., 17 (IDOi)), No. 2',, pi>. 3.'i7-S.',i) ; ab.s. in Vet. Rcc, 22{j909), Xo. llO'i, IK 157). — Two cases are described in which hepatic echino- coccosis was the cause of chronic tympany. Infectious keratitis of calves, K. Vas (Allatorvo,si Lapok, 31 (1008), Xo. Jf.). pp. 537-539; abs. in Vet. Rcc, 21 {1909), No. 10S3, p. 695).— The author describes an ei)izootic outbreak of infectious keratitis in calves which does not appear to be transmissible to other animals. Normal salt solution in diarrhea of calves, Kronacheu (Berlin. Tierdrztl. Wchnschr., 25 ( 1909), No. 31, pp. 575, 576; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), No. 1101, p. 118). — A 2-weeks-old calf which had suffered for 2 day from violent diarrhea and presented symptoms of cardiac failure, rapidly recovered when treated with physiological salt solution. Two enemata, each of 3i pt., were given within 6 hours. A new prophylactic treatment for dysentery in calves, K. Evers (Ztschr. lHfektionf, pp. -',63--'iGS, fig. 1). — The author has employed the different sera and also treated the umbilicus against the dysentery of calves for a long time without completely satisfactory results and considers that too much has been claimed for these methods. A new method of prophylaxis is here described which was practiced extensively iii the winter of 1907-8 with very successful results. The method consists in moving the calves as soon after birth as possible to a box which is easy to cleanse and keeping them there for 4 or 5 days. Dur- ing this time it is necessary that the calves be fed with the mother's milk and that the pei-son who feeds them should have clean hands. Special movable boxes for this purpose are described. Gastro-intestinal strongylosis of sheep, L. Gaze (Rev. G4n. Med. Vet., 12 (1908). No. l-'i.'i, pp. 688-690; abs. in Vet. Rcc, 21 (1909), No. 1086, p. 7.',5).— This affection committed great ravages in Algeria during the summer of 1908. It is caused by Hamonehus (Strongylus) contortus which lives in the abomasum and by Nematodirus d^trongijlus) fiJicollis, a parasite of the small intestine. The disease is pai'ticularly intense toward the end of summer and during the autumn and the mortality very high. A pure water supply is important from a prophylactic point of view. Isolation of affected animals and burning the viscera of infected cadavers are recommended. As a curative treatment the author employs a mixture of oil of cade, oil of turpentine, and alcohol (90 per cent), 50:50:15, which is administered in the morning. In this way the author has been able to save TO or SO per cent of the animals when the treatment was commenced in the early stages of the disease. The role of distomes in hydremia of sheep, II. Carrk (Conipt. Rend. Soc Biol. {Paris], 66 (1909). No. 6, pp. 262, 263).— The author's experiments show that neither the absorption of blood nor the excretion of toxins by distomes are the immediate cau.se of hydremia in sheep. Investigations of the specific antibodies in distomiasis and cysticercosis, Weinberg (Compt. Rend. Soc Biol. [Paris], 66 (1909), No. 5, pp. 219-221).— The author concludes that the presence of specific antibodies in the serum of sheep 790 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. infested by gourd worms shows that in these affections there is a chronic poison- ing due to substances excreted by the parasites in the liver. Sheep dips, F. P. Sargeant (PJiunn. Jour. [London], If. sei:, 28 (1909), No. 2378, pp. 6Jt2, 643; abs. in Chem. ZcntU., 1909, II, No. 3, p. 231).— The author discusses the various chemicals used to combat the parasites of the sheep fleece. The different formulas and most efficient chemicals are enumerated. Recent work of the Bureau of Animal Industry concerning the cause and prevention of hog cholera, :\I. Dorset ( [/. .S. Dept. Ayr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 321-332). — An account is given of hog cholera and of the methods of immunizing hogs against the disease as worked out by this Department. Hog-cholera serum [Michigan 8ta. Circ. 6, pp. //, figs. 2). — Directions are given for the use of hog-cholera serum which is now being manufactured at the bacteriological laboratory. The serum-simultaneous method is not recommended at present, but the serum-alone method is strongly recommended for use where hog cholera exists or in eases where immunity is desired for a short period. A charge of 2 cts. per cubic centimeter is made for the serum, which is said to be below the actual cost for producing and testing it. A contract releasing the laboratory from all i-esponsibility is required of all who use the serum. Swine fever (Agr. Gaz. N. 8. Wales, 20 (1900), No. S, pp. 656-669, flgs. 8).— Hog cholera is said to have been known in New South Wales for about 6 years. Contribution to the knowledge of infectious anemia of horses, J. Hempel (Ztschr. Infektionskrank. u. Hyg. Hausticre, 5 (1909), No. 5, pp. 3Sl--i34). — The author finds the causative agent of this disease to be an ultravisible non- culturable virus. It produces the disease when small quantities are subcu- taneously or intravenously injected, but large quantities are necessary to pro- duce it through ingestion. The saliva of an affected animal is not infectious and healthy animals do not contract the disease through the inhalation of the same air nor by eating from the same troughs as the diseased ones. An inter- mittent fever is the only striking symptom. Recovered animals are not immune to the disease and it is not possible to immunize animals against it. A con- tinued heating for 1 hour at a tempei*ature of 56° C. does not destroy the virus. Equine infectious anemia, A. T. Kinsley (Amer. Vet. Rev., 36 (1909), No. 1, pp. J/S-SJf). — This paper is based on correspondence with 60 veterinarians practicing in various localities where the disease occurs and on field investiga- tions of about 50 cases in northern Oklahoma and southeastern Kansas. "The infection, in many instances, seems to remain on a farm or in a barn indefinitely. It is usually not readily carried to adjacent farms or other barns. A farm near Coft'eyville, Kans., has been infected for 12 or 14 years, and the owner has lost horses with this disease nearly every year during that time, while a neighbor living not more than 60 rods diagonally across a thoroughfare has never had a case." Horses and mules were found to be about equally susceptible to the disease, while age and breed appear to have little influence over susceptibility. Food seems to have no causal relation to the disease, as it affects as many horses that are constantly fed on dry food as those which run in pastures. The disease occurs regardless of the source of water. "The initial attack of this disease usually occurs during July, August, and September, though many cases have been observed both earlier and later than this. The disease is most prevalent in the summer months; however, chronic cases may be seen in midwinter. The disease is more prevalent during wet seasons and is equally prevalent on uplands and lowlands. The disease may ap- pear suddenly or it may have an insidious onset." The symptoms of the disease are discussed at some length, and post-mortem examinations reported upon. " The most characteristic microscopic lesions were found in the blood. The hemoglobin content, which according to the Tallquist scale ranges from 00 to 100 VETERINARY MEDICINE. 791 per cent in normal equines, varied from 10 to 85 per cent in tlie affected animals. The red blood cor])nsc!es varied from l.(»0(!,400 to (t.SOO.CKK) per cubic millimeter. Tlie red blood corpuscles very in size, there being some very small (mycrocytes) and some excessively larj^e (me;;alocytesl ; they are also variable in shape (poikilocytes) ; and occasionally a nucleated cell (erythroblast ) is observed. The changes occurring in the white blood corpuscles are somewhat variable. The one principal change is the increased proportion of polymori)hs." The results of blood examinations of 35 affected horses are reported in tabular form. Conjunctivitis diphtherica, Beuge (Ztschr. ^'('tel^ilHil■l■., 20 iinOH), Xo. 8-9, pp. 369, 310; abs. in Vet, Rec, 21 (1909), Xo. 1086, p. 7//6).— The author records a case of catarrh of the conjunctiva of one eye in a gelding. The case was treated with a 2 per cent solution of nitrate of silver and the severe symi>toms, which were probably infectious in origin, subsided in 10 days. Glanders, L. Van Es (Xorth Dakota Sia. Jiiil. 83, pp. 29-75, pis. 5). — This is a summary of the Ijnowledge concerning glanders and its prevention. Most of the cases in North Daltota occur in counties having the greatest influx of settlers and in those where railroad construction work has been most recent. A new subcutaneous niycosis of equines, Carougeau {Jour. Med. V^t. et Zootech., 60 (1909), .Jan., pp. 8-22; Feb., pp. 75-90; Mar., pp. L>,8- 1.13). —The author describes a mycosis of the subcutaneous connective tissue which occurs in the horse and mule and may offer some resemblance to epizootic lymphan- gitis, ulcerative lymphangitis, and farcy. Clinically the affection is characterized by small nodules or multiple sub- cutaneous abscesses. It is caused by a filamentous fungus which seems to be a Sporotrichum. The disease can be reproduced experimentally by the inocu- lation of pure cultures of this fungus. Recovery takes place under the influence of potassium iodid which exercises a specific action upon the parasite. The author has designated the affection as sitorotrichosis of horses. Filariasis of the tendons of the horse, Duouet (Rrr. (i^n. MM. Yet., 12 (1908), No. 142, pp. 553-568, figs. 3).— This affection, caused by Filaria reticu- lata, occurs very frequently in horses of the lower Rhone region. The ma- jority of the cases are not grave and the affection has no marked influence on the use of the animal. It does, however, sometimes produce chronic lesions and more or less directly causes tendonous distensions. There is no prophy- lactic or therapeutic treatment to be recommended. Filariasis of the suspensory ligament of the pastern joint in the horse, Schneider, Fayet, and Moreau (Rev. Gen. M?d. Vet., 13 (1909), Xo. 1J,5, pp. 1-10, flytt. Jf). — The symptoms and pathological anatomy of this affection are here considered at some length. The treatment of traumatic arthritis, Ubbain (Jour. M4d. V6t. ct Zootech., i;0 (1909), May, pp. 257-260, fig. 1; abs. in Vet. Rec, 22 (1909), Xo. IIOJ,, p. 157). — The author records the successful treatment of 2 cases (10-year-old horses) of traumatic arthritis. Worm tumors in the stomach of the horse, :m. IIenky (Agr. Gaz. X. S. Wales, 20 (1909), Xo. 7, pp. 579, 580, fig. /). — The small thread-like white worms (Spiroptera megastoma), which cause these tumors by burrowing under the mucous membrane of the stomach, are said to be widely distributed in New South Wales. The painless destruction of dogs, II. Jakob (Miinchen. Tieriirztl. Wchnschr., 53 (1909), Xo. 8, pp. 1.i7-1',1; abs. in Vet. Rec., 22 (1909), Xo. 1105, p. 170).— The author recommends the combined use of veronal and chloroform as a quiet and painless method of destroying dogs. The dogs are first thrown into a deep sleep by a large dose of veronal and are then destroyed by chlorcform. The dose of veronal is 2* to 4 gm. given by the mouth or rectum. This drug requires 792 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. at least lialf an hour after administration before deep sleep is prodnced, but the sleep is then maintained up to 6 hours. Further investigation upon white diarrhea of chicks, F. B. Hadley and W. F. KiRKPATRicK (Successful Poultry Jour., 1.) {1909}, No. 4, pp. IS, 19).— \ paper read at the meeting of the International Association of Intstructors and Investigators of Poultry Husbandry, at Guelph, Canada, in which the authors report upon experiments conducted at the Rhode Island Station (E. S. R., 21, p. 387). The following are the conclusions drawn: " The first evident fact is that Coccidimii cuniciili, the cause of blackhead in turkeys, does, when fed experimentally in pure culture to young chicks 2 days old, cause a severe, and in every case fatal, disease, which is in all respects similar to the affection known by poultrymen as white diarrhea. "The second fact to be noted is, that the Bacterium pullorum, alleged by Rettger to be the cause of white diarrhea, when fed by means of bouillon cul- tures to young chicks 2 days old, did not in any instance produce any disease nor any manifestation of white diarrhea. " The third fact to be observed, and the most important one of all, is that by the use of sterilized food, sterilized water, and aseptic conditions in the brooders, the presence of white diarrhea or of any other intestinal disease was absolutely prevented." The dissection of fowls, F, C. Harrison {Rel. FouUnj Jour., 16 (1909), No. If, pp. Ji66, 467, figs. 2). — Instructions are given for the dissection of fowls and the recognition of abnormal conditions. The practical study of malaria and other blood parasites, J. W. W. Stephens and S. R. Christophers (London, 1908, 3. ed., pp. IV+414+XIV, pis. 6, figs. 128). — A third revised and enlarged edition of this work (E. S. R., 15, p. 983). The pathogenic trypanosomes, Hremamoebidje, and si>irochetes are described more at length than in the earlier edition. The chapters on the ticks have been rewritten and much extended. Report on the prevention of malaria in Mauritius, R. Ross (London, 1909, pp. XTI+202, pis. l.'i, map 1 ; rev. in Lancet [London], 1909, If, No. 1, pp. 22; Bui. Inst. Pasteur, 7 (1909), No. 3, pp. 13',, i3.5).— The author, who spent 3 months on the island investigating the problem, is of the opinion that in all likelihood malaria was not endemic in the colony before lSG.j. The particular mosquito responsible for transmitting the disease in Mauritius is Pyrctophorus costalis, which was probably brought to this island by some Aessel. Notes on some Australian parasites, T. H. Johnston (Ayr. Gaz. N. S. Wales, 20 (1909), No. 7, pp. 581-584). — This is a brief account of the entozoa infesting human beings and live stock in Australia. The intestinal worms of three hundred and eighty-five Filipino women and children in Manila, P. E. Garrison and R. Llamas (PliUippine Jour. Sci., B. Med. ScL, 4 (1909), No. 3, pp. 185, 186). — A comparison of the frequency of these parasites in men from all over the islands and women and children in Manila is shown in the following table: Frequency of parasites. Animal parasites. Men. Women. Children. Tricehuria Per cent. 59.00 26.00 52. 00 3.00 .80 .70 .10 Per cent. 84.00 51.00 15.00 0 0 0 0 Per cent. 92.00 Ascaris 56. 00 Hookworms 11.00 Strongvloides . .. 0 Oxvuris 1.33 Taenia .66 Hymenolepis 0 RURAL ENGINEERING. 793 Observations on the division of spirochetes, Douis L. Mackinnon {Parasi- tology, 2 (1909), No. 3, pp. 207-280, figs. 2).— The author is inclined to the opinion that both longitudinal and transverse divisions take place in the spiro- chetes, the latter form being the more eoininon. A critical review of our present knowledg'e of the haemoflagellates and allied forms, W. S. Patton {I'amsitoJotiil, 2 (1900), No. 1-2, pp. 91-l.'i3).— An extensive bibliography accompanies this accouut. RURAL ENGINEERING. The small irrig-ation pumping plant. B. P. Fleming (New Mexico Sta. Bui. 11, pp. 3-75, figs. 18, dgiiis. J,). — Most of the water supply of the TeiTitory of New Mexico available from streams is covered by existing rights, leaving agri- cultural extension in the Territory very largely dependent upon either the storage of storm waters or i)umping with underground waters. This bulletin is i)repared especially for homeseekers who nuist depend upon pumping to secure a water supply for irrigation, and covers practically all of the poiuts which would occur to one who is contemplating the establishment of a pumping plant in New Mexico. It discusses the occurrence of ground waters, the sinking of wells, including methods, machinery, casings, and strainers; the types of pumps adapted to lifting water for irrigation under New Mexico con- ditions; types of engines and motors; and the construction of reservoirs. Most of the points are illustrated by drawings. Tables are included showing the profitable limit of lifting for several crops with various fuels at different prices, and charts depicting the s.nme facts are also given. Decreasing the consumption of fuel and lumber, A. Joaciiimsson (Ostergot- lands Ldns Hushall. Sallsk. Handl., 1909, No. 3, pp. 34, figs. 19). — The pamphlet deals with measures for decreasing the domestic consumption of fuel, peat, and lumber, for fencing, building i)urposes, etc., and shows how other materials, especially cement, may be substituted for wood. Cement silos in Michigan, .1. A. Jeffery (Michigan Sta. Bui. 255, pp. 63-92, figs. 29). — This bulletin discusses the principles of silo construction, and gives data on methods of building and material used in the erection of some success- ful cement silos in INlichigan. Some suggestions are also offered on stave silos, and attention is called to the waste of silage which often occurs b"cause silos are not properly tilled. A number of solid cement wall silos are described which cost from $202 to $250. For their construction either wooden, iron, or steel forms may be used. Details are given for constructing several types of cement block silos costing from $1.50 up. One of these, 28 ft. high and 16^ ft. in diameter, required 700 blocks. It is said that .3 men can make about 100 blocks per day. One type of hollow wall cement silo is made so by the use of drain tile in addition to the cement block. It is thought by some that silage is more liable to freeze in the hollow than in the solid wall silo. For reenforcing these silos the most coumion materials used are either wire cables or barbed wire built into the wall about 18 in. apart. In some cases 2-in. band iron hoops are built on the outside, as in the case of the stave silo. At the present time the cement block silo is more popul.ir than the solid wall cement silo because the work of constructing the cement block silo seems to be more attractive, and the expense and labor entailed in building forms for a solid cement wall are considerably greater than in building the form for making cement blocks. When forms are built for a single solid wall this difference in expense is magnified. This observation does not hold where the professional silo builder is employed. Labor saving devices in farm buildings, V. Jonsson (K. Landtbr. Akad. Handl. och Tidskr., .',8 (1909), No. 1, pp. 3-32, figs. 26).— An illustrated article 794 EXPERIMENT STATION EECORD. showing methods of construction of, and labor saving devices in, barns, cow and horse stables, and hog houses. Many of the suggestions made were prompted by a study of farm architecture in the United States, made by the author during 1907. RURAL ECONOMICS. The wastes of the farm, A. F. Woods {V. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 1!)5-216). — This article points out the great economic losses which occur on farms in the United States as a result of a lack of up-to-date tools and ma- chinery, the inetiicient application of labor, the over-cropping and insufficient fertilization of the lands, improper location of wells, the failure to grow garden crops for home consumption, lack of system in crop rotations and farm manage- ment, the purchase of cheap and poor seed, failure to control diseases and insect enemies of crops, careless marketing of products, and numerous other sources of waste. While in many instances the loss to individual farmers from some or all of these causes may not be very great, it annually amounts to many millions of dollars, thus reducing the profits to the farmer and increasing the price of products to consumers. It is believed that under a system of scientific farm management these losses will be largely reduced in the future. " For the past ten years there has been apparent to all interested in agricul- tural production a rapidly increasing interest in improved methods all along the line. There is a strong demand for men better trained in the business and art of farming and farm management. The methods of the men who have made a success of farming are being studied. The improvement of soil and the use of fertilizers are now problems of interest to most farmers in all parts of the country. Higher-bred crops and animals now interest the many instead of the few. The control of diseases of plants and animals is receiving more general and intelligent consideration. Better marketing methods, the improvement of farm sanitation and home conditions and life in general on the farm and its relation to the general welfare are uppermost in the minds of a rapidly increas- ing number, not only of farmers, but of the public generally. The wonderful progress made on American farms in the last century is but the beginning of a much greater development in this new century." The business side of farming-. Farm records, J. A. Bexell ( CorvaUis, Oreg., 1D09, pp. 11). — This is part 1 of a manual to be used as a text-book devoted to the business side of farming, the remaining parts dealing respectively with rural law and rural economics. This part illustrates and describes the single and double entry systems of keeping farm accounts, with practice work in both forms. Farm accounts, J. O. Feet {Jour. Bd. Agr. [London], 16 (1909), No. 6, pp. 453-Jt63). — This article discusses and illustrates the advantages of keeping farm accounts, what books to keep, when and how to commence farm accounts, and profit or loss in various departments. Types of farming- in the United States, W. .J. Spillman ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 351-366). — The various types of farming carried on in this country are outlined in this article to meet the needs of city toilers and others unacquainted with the rudiments of the industry who desire to take up farming as a business. The article sets forth the systems of farm management practiced under gen- eral conditions in various parts of the country and on the different classes of farms mentioned, and points out the conditions under which success or failure is likely to result. Before undertaking to faim the beginner is urged to study the literature of the various types of farming. In a comparison of farming with other industries the conclusion is drawn that " the intelligent farmer pro- RURAL ECONOMICS. 795 duces a large part of his living on the farm, thus rendering the expense of living in the country much less than in the city. It should be further remem- bered that the independence of farm life goes far toward balancing its disad- vantages when compared with city life; nor should it be forgotten that the farmer requires both experience and at least a rudimentary knowledge of several sciLMices in order to attain the best success. It is only recently that farnnng has profited by the discoveries of the scientist, and even yet there is much to learn, especially about the soil. There is growing up, however, a science of farming, and in so far as this science has been reduced to rule, it takes the place of experience to a certain extent. A diligent study of agricul- tural literature, therefore, may enable the beginner to be successful with comparatively little experience." Profitable farming- in New Eng^land {Boston Evening Transcripi, 1909, Oct. 23, i)t. 3, p. 2). — Statistics of in-ofitable farming in such branches of the agri- cultural industry as vegetables and flowers, fruits, potatoes, corn, sheep, poultry, dairy products, pigs, hay, etc., are presented and discussed. The article indicates what can be done on the so-called " abandoned farm " lands of some of the New England States. Causes of southern rural conditions and the small farm, as an important remedy, S. A. Knapp (U. S. Dept. Agr. Yearbook 1908, pp. 3/1-320).— Notwith- standing a favorable climate, fertile soils, satisfactory rainfall, and valuable natural resources in the South Atlantic and South Central States, this article shows that the South has thus far failed to produce the results in wealth pro- duction and economic progress which its natural conditions seem to justify. This deficiency in progress is traced to four main economic errors, viz, com- pulsory labor by another race, adoption of a one-crop system of farming, the establishment of large plantations in the South, and failure to utilize the wealth of minerals, timbers, and other natural resources in building up " a common- wealth that would furnish markets as well as raw material and thus in a measure become self-sustaining and independent." Other causes of decline mentioned are lack of transportation facilities, poor roads, and scarcity of money and labor. The breaking up of large plantations into small farms, each owned and operated by one family, is regarded as essential to the establishment of perma- nent prosperity in the South. " The area must not be so large that the income will support the owner without effort on his part, nor should it be so small that it will make a mere toiler out of the owner, for this narrows the intellect. It should be large enough to provide good farm equipment, buildings, machinery, and stock and furnish labor for the family. The annual income must be sufficient to improve the farm, educate the family, assist in starting its members in ways of independent support, and provide a reserve for old age. The I'nited States has fixed that area in some States at 100 acres. The right acreage of the farm depends upon conditions. In semiarid sections it may require more than double that number of acres, while near large cities less than one-fourth may answer the purpose." The small farm is regarded as a means of increasing the dignity of rural life, as an excellent training ground for young men, and as a means of encouraging thrift and conservatism in farmers. In the author's oi)inion, the national gov- ernment should see that rural districts are served at a freight charge based on the cost of service performed. The framing of a law " by which the farmer may participate in the use of an equitable portion of the vast time deposits of the people's money at a moderate rate of interest and upon such securities as lie possesses," is also advocated as a means of promoting the establishment of pros- perous rural homes in the South. 796' EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Regarding rural depopulation (Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 (1909), No. 33, pp. 250, 251). — The chief causes of rural depopulation in France are believed to be the system of training young farm people for commercial and professional careers rather than for farm life and the small size of French peasant families at the present time. The result has been a scarcity of farm help. To meet this condition the employment of more farm machinery, the instruc- tion of farm laborers in its use, the improvement of the economic and social status of the laborers, the employment of married people on the farm, the exten- sion of the metayer system, and the practical training of young rural people to the particular lines of agricultural industry followed in different sections of the country are advocated. The utilization of agricultural land in Denmark, M. Koefoed (Statis. Tahel- vcerk [Denmark], 5. ser., 1909, Litra C, No. 3, pp. 52 + 179). — The statistics given in this report cover data relating to the utilization of agricultural land in Den- mark for small grains, root and miscellaneous crops, fallow, green-manuring and soiling crops, and pastures, during the years 1896-1907, inclusive, with the de- crease or increase in area in each case. Statistics for the individual crops and changes in the area occupied by these for the periods given, the area marled and drained, and the amounts of seed used are also reported. Agricultural cooperative societies in Denmark, P. Fourrier {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 {1909), No. 38, pp. Jt00-.'f02). — The returns of cooperative dairies, slaughterhouses, and egg-collecting societies have been previously noted (E. S. R., 20, p. 794). The cooperative societies for the purchase of supplies numbered 973 with 160,000 members, and the " control associations," which aim to secure the best results in the raising of highly-productive cows, numbered 450, with more than 10,000 members, owning 169,000 cows. Cooperative banking without money and cooperative credit unions {Farm and Home [Mass.], SO (1909), Nos. 631, p. 523; 633, pp. o7'-'/. 583). — These articles describe the operation and principles of mutual credit unions or banks in Europe, give a brief account of their history and development in America, and point out the particular advantages of the agricultural cooperative credit union to farm- ers as follows : (1) It enables worthy borrowers to escape from the bondage of the loan sharks; (2) it enables a great body of honest and industrious citizens to estab- lish their persoual credit, as yet unrecognized by existing banks; (3) it gives an opportunity to farmers, or to beginners at farmiug, to obtain the first small cap- ital with which to begin business on their own account; (4) it encourages saving among numbers of people whom the savings banks never reach ; and (5) it proves to be a creative, educating, and moral tendency in any community in which it is successfully established. National congress of agricultural credit, H. Sagnier {Jour. Agr. Prat., n. ser., 18 {1909), No. 36, pp. 3.',l-3.',.', ; Indus. Lait. [Paris], 3', {1909), No. 38, pp. 724-730). — This is a summarized account of the third congress held at Mont- pell ier, September 1-4, 1909. The discussions and resolutions related to the establishment and extension of different forms of mutual insurance and credit in France and the modification of existing laws with reference to the organization, operation, and functions of agricultural associations. The courts had decided that agricultural associa- tions did not come under the head- of cooperative societies and could not carry on their functions under the laws relating to the latter, but the congress demanded that laws be passed permitting the agricultural associations to fur- nish to their members all the materials and machinei'y necessary for the exploitation of the land. AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. 797 AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION. Annual report on the distribution of grants for agricultural education and research. 1907-8 (Bd. Ayr. and FinlicrUx [Lomloii], Ann. Rpt. Af/r. IJd. and Research. 1907-8, pp. A'L//+/6i).— According to this report the grants awarded by the Board of Agriculture and Fisheries for agricultural instruction in England and Wales in 1!»0T-S amounted to .$58,085. This is an increase of $2,G0S over the previous year, due to grants of $1,455 to the University of Oxford for a dei)artuient of rural economy, and of .$1,213 to the University of Cambridge for a school of forestry. There were also special grants for experi- mentation and research amounting to $1,843. making a total of .$G0.52S. The total attendance at the subsidized institutions has increased from 1,221 in li)0G-7 to 1,313 in 1907-8, not counting 230 students attending the Uoyal Vet- erinary College nor 300 elementary school teachers who attended short courses at the colleges during the year. It is estimated that every year 10.000 young men in England and AVales should receive agricultural instruction in some form, while as a matter of fact less than 7 per cent of the registered college students are actually receiving such instruction. In these estimates no account has been taken of market gardeners and others occupying holdings of less than 5 acres, nor of the bailiffs, shepherds, laborers, and others belonging to the agri- cultural and industrial classes for whom instruction in the manual processes of agriculture, poultry keeping, cottage gardening and bee keeping is now provided by local authorities. In an endeavor to estimate the direct expenditure for agricultural education, it is shown that with the exception of the grants earned for classes in the prin- ciples of agriculture from the Science and Art Department, all the state aid available for technical in.structiou in agriculture was, until 1!)02, given by the Board of Agriculture. These grants increased gi-adually from $7.!i05 in 188.S-9 to $58,685 in 1907-8. After the Education Act of 1902 came in force the Board of Education grants to local authorities for the purposes of higher education became applicable to agricultural instruction, but apparently no substantial sum was applied to agricultural purposes until the board introduced the new "block grant" regulations in 1906. In a memorandum recently published by the Board of Education, it was estimated that $37,767 was disbursi'd in 1907-8 for '* specialized agricultural technology." Of this amount .$(5,445 was paid to 7 agricultural institutions and the remainder to county education committees for local work. It is estimated that in 190.5-6. out of a total of 5.72S evening schools receiving grants of $1,682,950, only 248 earned grants for agricultural work. The report shows that the total annual cost of agricultural education in Eng- land and Wales during the past 9 years has varied from $412,250 in 1899-1900 to .$475,300 in 1903-4, and that the net average expenditure for agricultural education in 1906-7 and 1907-8 was actually about .$50,000 less than in 1901-2 and 1902-3. A table is given showing by counties the male population engaged in agi'icul- ture, average sums spent on agricultural education, percentage of males en- gaged in agriculture, percentage of residue grant spent on agriculture, and ex- penditure on agricultural education per 1,000 male agriculturists. These figures indicate that " among English and Welsh counties, for example, there are 4 in which more than 40 i)er cent of the whole male i)opulation over 10 years of age is engaged in agriculture, but these 4 counties spend on the average less than 5 per cent of their 'whiskey money' in promoting agricultural education; this works out at less than $.53 per 1.000 agricultin-ists. In contrast there are the 4 counties which (excluding Middlesex) have the smallest agricultural 798 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. population (less than 7 per cent of the total number of males). These counties give on an average 15 per cent of their ' whiskey money ' for agricultural edu- cation, or about $713 per 1,000 agriculturists." "In general terms it may be stated that partly because they are rich, partly because the industrial classes were quicker to appreciate the value of technical instruction, and thus set an example for their agricultural neighbors, and in not a few cases because of the action in the earlier years of capable officials, the industrial counties now possess organized systems of instruction in agriculture, while agricultural education in the agricultural counties is, with a few marked exceptions in the west of England, in a very unsatisfactory state." The supply and training of teachers and their salaries, the education of the farmer, the need for special instructors for local work, the local administration of agricultural education, and the special claim of agricultural education to State assistance are discussed. There are also 2 appendixes, the first giving detailed reports on the institutions receiving grants from the Board of Agricul- ture and Fisheries in 1907-8 and on agricultural instruction provided by county councils in 1907-8, and the second giving reports and resolutions on agricul- tural education adopted by different rural and agricultural organizations. The Illinois College of Agriculture: Something concerning its early strug- gles and ideals, A. S. Draper {GoodalVs Farmer, 31 (1909), A^o, i2, pt. 2, p. 1, fig. 1). — ^A brief sketch of the development of the Illinois College of Agriculture since the beginning of the author's administration as president of the university. The place and function of agriculture in the curriculum, W. R. Hart {Nature-Studij Rev., 5 {1909), No. 6, pp. 161-16J,) .—The author begins by point- ing out the fact that the utility of a study depends entirely upon the student's point of view and purpose. Thus. Latin is more utilitarian than science if it is studied with a view to the better understanding of scientific terms and the latter subject is pursued merely for cultural purposes. Agriculture is unique in the fact that it may serve as the introduction to so many of its component sciences while holding a large content of practical and cultural value on its own account. " No other study has ever engaged the attention of scholars which has so many different elements or aspects." Such considerations lead the author to conclude that the place and function of agriculture in the school curriculum is threefold: " (1) It furnishes a good body of material which may be used as a point of departure for the study of other sciences, (2) it contains much material identical with good material in other sciences, and (3) it also opens a vast field for the application of the laws of other sciences." A course of study in nature study: Part I. Grades I, II, III and IV, F. L. Charles {Bui. North. III. State Normal School, DeKalb, 6 {1909), No. //, pp. 40). — This is a well-elaborated arrangement of nature-study work by grades and seasons based upon several years' experience in the training-school course of the Northern Illinois State Normal School. It is introduced by a set of nature- study maxims which emphasize the principles on which it is based. Report of the work of the School Garden Society, 1907 and 1908, C. Mabibo {Haven, 9 {1909), extra No., pp. 169-18J/). — This third report of the society con- tains a brief history of each of the 27 school gardens established since the publi- cation of its previous report in 1907, with information as to attendance, methods of instruction, facilities, etc. The total number of school gardens in exist- ence in Denmark in 1908 was about- 40. Bringing nature back to the city, A. Sutherland {South. Workman, 38 {1909), No. 10, pp. 529-535, figs. 5).— A description of the work of the Vacant Lots Cultivation Association of Philadelphia, including the new feature of the year, the formation of boys' clubs. MISCELLANEOUS. 799 MISCELLANEOUS. Yearbook of the Department of Agriculture, 1908 ( U. S. Dcpt. Agr. Year- hook lUOS, i)p. ,s'JJ. i)ls. .;.-,, fi(js. ^'.'M.— The Yearbook for IDOS contains a report by the Secretary on the work of the Department aurinj; the year. 23 special articles abstracteil elsewhere in this issue, and an appendix consisting' of the usual agricultural directory, a review of weather and crop conditions during the year, the principal injurious insects and plant diseases of the year, progress in food and drug inspection and other chemical work, in forestry, and in game protection, soil areas surveyed and mapped, road laws enacted in 1908, and agricultural statistics. Annual Report of Alaska Agricultural Experiment Stations, 1908 {Alaska Stas. lipt. i;)OS. mi. .sr^).— This contains a re])ort of the chief lines of work car- ried on during the fiscal year ended June .30, lOOS, at the Sitka, Rampart, Fair- banks, Copiier Center, and Kodiak stations, an account of the closing of the Kenai Station, brief notes on the maturing of melons and other vegetables at Hot Springs Farm, and on live stock operations at a ranch at Kodiak, a list of plants collected in Alaska during 190S by C. W. H. Heideman, and reports from the seQd distribution. Meteorological data and accounts of the extensive tests with field and garden crops and of the live stock operations are abstracted else- where in this issue. Thirty-first and Thirty-second Annual Reports of Connecticut State Sta- tion, 1907-8 (Coiinccticiit State Sta. Rpt. JD07-S, pt. 12. pp. XXIV). — These pages include the organization list, a report of the board of control, in which are embodied resolutions adopted regarding the life and work of the late W. O. Atwater and E. H. Hoyt, former members of the board, a financial statement for the fiscal years ended September 30, 1907, and September 30, 1908, and a list of corrections and additions to the report. Nineteenth and Twentieth Annual Reports of New Hampshire Station, 1907-8 (Xciv Hampshire Sta. Rpts. 1907-S, pp. 2.'i6-680+IIl ) .—This contains the organization list; a report of the director for the biennial period ended October 31, 1908; financial statements for the fiscal years ended June 30, 1907, and June 30, 1908 ; departmental reports, the experimental work of which is ab- stracted elsewhere in this issue; brief notes on sheep breeding experiments for early lamb production ; a list of insects received for identification ; reprints of Press Circulars 1-12, entitled alfalfa for New Hampshire, spraying for the brown-tail moth and orchard caterpillars, early lamb production, low grade cotton-seed meal, herd testing, poultry manure, good grass seed, some points about fertilizers, buying and selling a cow on one test, cotton-.seed meal and mixed feed, an outbreak of forest caterpillars, and keeping apples in a cool place ; a list of the publications of the station from 1888 to 1908, and an index to these publications. Suitable paper for permanent records, F. P. Veitch ( U. S. Dept. Agr. Year- book 1908, pp. 261-266). — This article, which supplements others previously noted (B. S. R., 20, p. 875; 21, p. 295), enumerates the factors that determine the durability of papers, describes the methods of determining the quality, and discusses the proper care of important publications and records. Index for Bulletins 69-83 of the North Dakota Station (XortJi Dakota Sta. Index to Bills. 69-83, pp. 3-11).— In addition to tlie index for liulletins G9-83, inclusive, this contains lists of these bulletins and of the pi-ess bulletins and special bulletins published during the same period. NOTES Connecticut State Station.— The construction of the addition recently author- ized to the laboratory building has been begun, and it is expected that it will be completed by April 1, 1910. Georgia Station. — The resignation is noted of C. L. Willoughby, dairyman and animal pathologist, who has gone into commercial lines. The change tooli effect December 1. Illinois University and Station. — An addition to the experimental greenhouse, 28 by 222 ft., has been made, this exactly doubling the capacity. Half of the building will be used temporarily for class-room purposes, and the remainder will be utilized for growing cucumbers during the winter and roses during the simmier. Massachusetts Station.— Carl D. Kennedy, a graduate of the New Hampshire College, has l)een api)oiuted assistant chemist, and has entered upon his duties. Michigan Station. — A brick annex to the botanical building is under construc- tion. This addition is to be 3.3 by Gl ft., with 2 stories and basement, and will cost about $13,000. A greenhouse 24 by 40 ft. is also to be erected. Montana College and Station. — W. J. Elliott, who has been professor of dairying and dairyman for 0 years, has resigned to take effect January 1, 1910, when he will assume charge of a demonstration farm operated by the Canadian Pacific Railway in Alberta, Canada. For the immediate future the dairy work will be organized as a division of the department of animal industry, in charge of an assistant to be engaged. New Hampshire Station. — W. L. Slate, jr., has been ai)pointed assistant in agronomy. New Mexico College and Station. — J. D. Tinsley has resigned to take up work with the industrial department of the Santa Fe Railway, beginning Janu- ary 1, 1910. Cornell University. — By recent action of the faculty either one-half year or one year of high-school agriculture may be presented for entrance credit in the college of agriculture. New York State Station. — Stockton M. McMurran has been appointed assistant botanist during the year's leave of absence of G. T. French, who is pursuing postgraduate work at Cornell University. W. J. Schoene, assistant entomolo- gist, is also absent on leave to take up postgraduate work at the University of Chicago. Virginia Truck Station. — At a recent meeting of the governing board, the title of the superintendent was changed to director. The erection of a tool shed and work room, and of a laboratory building for spraying materials was authorized. Eugene G. Smyth has been appointed assistant in entomology, vice C. H. Pope- noe, who is now devoting his entire time to work in the Bureau of Entomology of this Department. J. I. Milstead, assistant in truck crops, has resigned to ac- cept a position with the Bureau of Plant Industry of this Department. West Virginia University and Station. — A 4 months' leave of absence, be- ginning November 1, has been granted to W. M. Mnnson on account of ill health. Wyoming Station. — Charles J. Oviatt, a 1909 graduate of the Michigan College, has been appointed assistant in wool investigations. 800 o INDEX OF NAMES. Abbe, C., jr., 616. Abbey, G., 645. Abbott, F. H.,400. Abderhalden, E., 31, 67, 277 466. Abel, J. J., 199. Aberson, J. H.,299. Abrest, K.,567. Ackermann, E., 11. Ackermann, H.,583. Acres, G.H., 183. Adams, C. F., 94. Adams, G. E., 635, 730. Adams, J. M., 669, 673. Adan,M. R.,708. Adier, M.,265. Agee, H., 234. Agreslini, A., 109. Aguillon,L.,723. Agulhon,H.,463, 609. Ainslie, C. N., 452. Akerman, A., 339. Albert, R., 107. Alberto, S., 411. AIbiach,E.,240. Alcock,N. H.,771. Aldrich, J. M.,559,693. Alessi, G.,75. Alexander, A. S., 788. Alexander, J., .301. Allard, H. A., 138. Allemann, O., 379. Allen, E. R., 618. Allen, E. W., 40.3. Allen, W.J. ,767. Allen, W. M., 65, 462. Allison, F. G., 708. Alsop, H. W., 296. Alsop, W. K., 14. Amberger, C, 110. A.nies, C. T., 630. Ampola, G.,24,25. Anastasia, G. E., 156. Ancel, P., 669. Anders, 675. Anderson, A. C, 689. Anderson, A. O., 290. Anderson, J. F., 476, 680. Anderson, L., 94, 692. Anderson, R. L., 92. Andouard, A., 334. Andouard, P., 334, 524, 569. Andr6, G.,32. Andreasch, R., 414. Andrejew, P., 583. A.ndrews, F.,777. Andrlik, K., 42, 233, 734, 73.') Anstnither, .\. W.,(W0. Antweiler, von S., 141. Anxionnat, E., .371. Appel, A., 73. Appel, 0.,243, 549, 642. Appelius, W., 111. Archibald, R. G., 7S, 652. Arctowsky, II., 113. Arkell, T. R., 194. Arloing, S.,7S6. Armond, R. W. de,738. Armsby, II. P., 469. Armstrong, H. E., 126. Arnaud, G.,245. Arnold, J. H.,573. Arnozan, X., 66. Arntz, E.,409. Aron, H.,768. Arrhenius, S., 278. Ashby.S. F.,416. Ashe.W. W.,219. Ashmead,W. n.,554. Ashworth, J. H.,389. Askenasy, P., 215, 221. Asmis, 225. Aso, K., 622, 624. Aston, B. C.,18. Atkeson,T. r.,ni. Atkins, W. R. G.,725. Atkinson, G. F., 748. Atterberg, A.. 106. Atwater, C. G.,721. Atwater, W. O., 204, 799. Atwood, G. G.,644. Aubert, 68,5. Auch^, B.,462. Aufrecht, 264. Aulard, A.,766. Aumann, 14. Avare, H., 55.3. Avasia, D. N., 563. Averitt, S. D., 308, 309. Avery, S., 611. Aylesworth, B. O., 592. Aymes, P., 253. Ayres, B.,511. Ayrs, O. L., 017, 618, 619. Azzarello, E., 301. Babbitt, E. G., 36.3, 474. Babcock, E. B.,94, 692. Babcock, R., 619. Bachelier, 122. Bachmann, 720. Bacon, R. F., 547. Bacot, A., 452. Bagnall, R. S., 756. Baicr, E., 11, 12. Bailey, E. H. S., 566. Bailey, E. W., 595. Bailey, L. H., 97, 197, 405, 508, 511,513,590. Bailey, R. D., 412. Bailey, V., 347. Bailhache, G., 140, 447. Bain, S. M., 1.34. Bainl)ridgc, F. A., 152. Baintner, F., 475. Baker, A. H., 579. Baker, C. F., 451, 757, 763. Baker, J. L., 060, 661. Bakker, J., 142. Balcomb, E. E., 195, 196, 197, 494. Bald, C, ,3.3,i. Baldassarre, J. F., 140. Balen, B. A. P. van, 299. Balfour, A., 78, 386, 388, 389, 652. Ball, C. B., 64. Ball, E. D.,53, 195, 348. Ball, O. M., 7.32. Ballore, H. de M. de, 133. Ballou, F. H., 233, 545. Ballou, H. A., 356. Bamber, M. K.,635. Bandini, I., 492. Banker, H. J., 449. Banks, N., 458, 562, 756. Barber, A. L., 489. Bareia y Trelles, J., 121. BardeIli,C.,574. Barfurth, D.,572. Bargum, G., 167. Bark, D. H., 289. Barker, B. T. P., 4(VJ. Barlow, W. II., T.W. Barnard, ('., 363. Barnard, II. E., 16.5, 310, 463, 659, (■>62. Barnes, C. L., 79. Barnes, P. T., 441. Barnes, S. E., 173. Barr, G. II., 7Sl. Barrett, J. T., 146. Barrows, W. M., 194. Bansacq, J., 2;}6. Barschall, H., 362, 662. Barthel, C, 109, 528,574. Bartlett, J. M., 424. Barton, F. T., 177. 801 802 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Bartos, V., 233, 234, 734. Bartow, E., 712. Basch, E. E., 302. Basenau, F., 582. Basile, C, 269. Bassett, H., jr., 722. Bassett, L. B., 498. Bassmann, 6(59. Bastiti, E. S., 290. Bate, H. C, 616. Bateman, H. R., 161, 286, 581. Bates, F. A., 264. Bateson, W., 46, 470. Batson, H. M., 441. Bauer, E., 67. Bauer, L. A., 113. Baur, E., 126, 306. Bauriedl, B., 368. Bay ley, C, 425. Bayley, W. S., 16. Bazarewski, S. von, 20. Beach, C. L., 235, 274. Beach, S. A., 333. Beal, F. E. L., 752. Beal, W. H., 397, 398. Beal, W. J., 689. Beam, W., 518, 564, 617. Beattie, R. K., 157, 244. Beattie, W. R., 136, 139. Beatty, C, 195, 693. Beau, M., 12, 89. Bechmann, G., 123, 124. Bechstein, O., 380. Beck, F. W., 199. Becker, 66. Becquerel, P., 726. Bedford, F., 518. Beebe, W. L., 381. Beger, C, 666. Behre, A., 66. Beljerinck, M. W., 75. Beissner, L., 338. Belden, H. L., 618. Belden, W. S., 616. Bell, A. H., 85. Bellacasa, D. N. P. de la, 86. Bellalr, G., 738. Belle, 644. Belling, J., 320, 380. Bglohav, J., 16. Bemmelen, J. M., van, 723. B6nard, J., 124. Benecke, W., 200. Benedict, A. L., 365. Benedict, F. G., 68, 267, 366, 467, 468, 568, 665, 666. Benedict, P. A., 499. Bennetch, P. B.,499. Bennett, E. R., 236, 430, 692. Bennett, F., 617, 618. Bennett, H. H., 618. Bennett, I. D., 440. Bensemann, R., 703. Benson, C. C, 266. Benson, J., 380. Bentley, W.H.,212. Berberich, F. M., 679. Berg, P., 662. Bergen, J. Y., 725. Berger, E. W., 349. Berman, A., 64. Bernard, C, 658. Bernardini, L., 30. Bern4tzky, J., 551. Berndt, C, 783. Bernhard, F., 392. Bemthsen, A., 24, 198, 314, 419 531. Berry, M., 198. Berry, R. A., 720. Bersch, W., 311, 418, 539. Bert, P., 475. Bertarelli, E., 681. Bertoni, G., 294. Bertrand, G., 624, 723. Besana, C, 679. Bessey, E. A., 747. Bethune, C. J. S., 350, 352. Betts, H. S., 443. Beuge, 791. Bevan, L. E. W., 390. Bexell, J. A., 794. Bierema, S., 620. Biffen, W., 528. Bigelow, A. P., 499. Bigelow, F. 11., 112, 113, 115, 525. Bigelow, W. D., 299. Biggie, J., 440, 765. Billwiller, R., 309. Biltz, W., 721. Binaghi, R., 314, 706. Bioletti, F. T., 94, 344. BIrdseye, M., 468. Birkeland, K., 198. Birt, A. G., 545. Bishop, E.G., 196. Bissauge, R., 488. Bissell, W. G., 261. Bisson, E., 162. Bitter, L., 703. Bitting, A. W., 277. Bittmann, O., 53. Bizzell, J. A., 42, 198, 716. Black, S. W., 296. Black, W. J., 598. Blackham, R. J., 66. Blair, A. W., 307, 311, 313. Blair, T. A., 616. Blair, W. R., 15, 525. Blaisdell, F. E.,6,52. Blanchan, N., 46. Blarez, C., 11, 305. Blau, G., 174. Blobel, E., 121. Bloch, C., 718. Blondel, R., 174. Blouin, R. E., 696. Blue, R., 751. Bode, F. M., 191. Boehncke, K. E., 261. Boekhout, F. W. J., 77, 679. Boelter, W. R., 645. Boldyreff, W. N., 365. Boles, A. P., 94. Bolla, J. J., 311. Bolley, H. L., 136, 242, 436. Boltenstern, O. von, 479. Bolton, J. S., 771. Bomer, A., 306. Bonamartini, G., 210, 411. Boname, P., 717, 724, 766. Bongert, J., 674. Bonjean, E., 567. Bonn, A., 10. Bonnet, L., 94. Bonser, F., 191. Bonsteel, J. A., 528. Booth, N. P., 462. Bopp, J. v., 426. Boquet, A., 182. Borchmann, K., 108. Bordas, F., 109, 475, 614. Borde, F., 518. Borde, G. U., 187. Borden, J. B., 592. Bordner, J. S., 318, 728, Borgesen, F., 335. Bornemann, F., 89. Borner, C, 159. Bort, K. S., 235. Bos, J. R., 299. Bose, J. C, 317. Boss, A., 132. Boss, W., 87, 194. Bougert, 585. Bouin, P., 669. Bouska, F. W., 176. Bowhill, T., 483, 580. Bowles, J. n., 646. Bowman, M. L., 134, 693. Boyd, M. M., 170. Boyer, M. K., 473. Braddon; L., 766. Braui, L. L., 420. Branagan, F. A., 190. Brandin, 189. Brante, L., 82. Brautlecht, C. A., 692. Breazeale, J. F., 278, 724. Breckenridge, J. E., 620. Bredemann, G., 717. Brefeld, O., 33. Breinl, A., 390. Bremer, W., 676, 705. Brend, W. A., 282. Breslauer, M., 317. Brfethes, J., 154, 763. Brewster, W., 450. Brick, C., 744. Briem, H., 138, 224. Brigham, A. A., 372. Brimont, E., 389. Brinkley, L. L., 73. Brinkmann, F., 688. Brinton, L., 67. Brioux, C., 19. Brizi, U., 243, 521. Brock, J. E., 296. Brode, J., 304. Broden, A., 287. Brcemer, 541. Bromme, C., 25. Brooks, A., 646. Brooks, C., 738, 744. INDEX OF NAMES. 803 Brooks, F. E., 454, 457. Brooks, J. G., 395. Brooks, R. O., (;t;2. Brooks, W. P., 511, 694. Broun, A. F., 49. Brower, A. L., 49. Brown, A., 303. Brown, .\.. J., 136. Brown, B. E., 217, 219. Brown, E. E., G89. Brown, F., 29f). Brown, G. T., Kil. Brown, L. C, 638. Brown, T. \V., 545. BrowTie, C. A., 211, 412. Browne, J. C, 770. Browne, R. S., 171. Bru, 178. Bruce, D., 28(5, 581. Bruce, W., 137. Brues, C. T., 154, 249, 452. Bruhm, A., 445. Brumley, O. V., 782. Brunck, O., 710. Brundy, V., 76. Bruneau, N., 532. Bruner, L., 246, 249, 251, 649. Brunnich, J. C, 707, 708. Brush, AV. D., 318. Brust, E., 612. Bruttini, A., 492. Bryan, E. A., 506, 512. Bryan, T. J., 65. Brynildsen, A., 610. Bubak, F., 549. Buchan, W. H., 591. Buchanan, R. E., 120. Buchanan, W. S., 300. Buchheim, E. S., 1.53. Buck, J. E., 158, 456. Bueno, J. R. de la T., 556. Buesgen, M., 740. Buffard, M., 487. Buflum, B. C, 129. Buford, F. G., 539. Bugge, 683. Buhrir, C, 712. Buiehikhm, A., 426. Buisine, 54. Bunting, T. G., 694. Bunyard, E. A., 627. Burd, J. S.,316. Bureau, G., 286. Burger, 0. F., 95. Burgess, J. L., 618, 619. Burgess, W. B., 221. Burke, E. W., 65. Burke, K. A., 7. Burlison, W. L., 38, 133, 537. Bumiester, H., 242. Bumett, E. A., 469, 511, 513. Burnett, S. H., 78. Burr, A., 379, 074, 679. Burr, W. W., 129 Burri, R.,212. Burrill.T. J., 146. Burt, B.C., 17. 300cS9— 10 2 Burton, J. A., 44. Burtt-Duvy, J., 415. Busck, A., 651. Biisgen, 741. Bush.C. R.,693. Busy, 584. ButkewiUch, W., 228. Butler, T., 481. Butt«nberg, P., 062. Butterfield, K. L., 197, 509, 694. Butterfield, M.,96. Cadoux, G., 362. Caine, T. A., 618. Caldwell, G.C., 97. Caldwell, K. S., 110. CaUnescu,I.,284. Call, L. E., 634, 732. Calniette, A.,683, 787. Calmette, H., 178. Calvert, H.T., 215. Calvert, T. L.,73. Calzolari, F., 439. Camara Pestana, J. de, 649, 650. Campbell, D. M., (iS4. Campl>ell, J. C, 197. Campbell, J. P., 290. Campbell, J. R., 594, 693. Capellanl, P., 492. Capus, J., 254. Caquet, F., 491. Carapelle, E., 75. Carberry, V. .1., 471. Cardon, P. V., 195. Carles, P., 10, 263. earlier, A., 70. Carlisle, J. N., 596. Carlyle, W. L., 371. Caro, N., 198, 418. Carougeau, 791. Carpenter, F. B., 225. Carpenter, L. G., 510, 511, 515. Carpenter, T. M., 68, 267, 467, 468, 568. Carpentieri, F., 361, 767. Carr, M. E., 18, 618. Carr(5, H., 789. Carrez, C, 706. Carrier, L., 330. Carruthers, W., 744. Carter, H. R., 536. Carter, W.T., jr., 618. Carteret, G.,64. Carteret, M., 64. Cartier, A., 673. Carver, G.W., 537. Carver, T. N., 492. Gary, A., 241. Cassez, 689. Cassidy, II. P., (i59. Castelin, 396. Castella, F. de, 44. Castle, W. E., 71, 170, 669, 671, 772. Gate, C.C, 297. Gates, J. S., 543. Gathcarl,C.S.,471. Caton, O., 195. Caudeli, A. .\.,248. Cavanaugh, G. W., 117. Cave, C.J. P., 415. Cave, T. W.,82. Gaze, L., 789. Geisler, A., 47. Center, O. D., 539. Chace, E. M., 710. Chaffee, F. P., 616. Chagnon, E.,94. Chaiiiljerlain, A., 197. Chaml)erlain, F. W., 693, Chamberlain, J. S., 193. Ghambliss, II., 195. Chancerel,220. Chandler, W. H., 439, 562. Chapelle, J., 1.59. Chapin, R. C, 463. Chapman, R. W., 47. Charles, F. L., 798. Charles, V. K., 552. Chase, W. W., 60. Chatterton, A., 588. Chaudhury, N. C, 539. Chauliac, M. D., 240. Chaussi;, P., 179. Chavard, A., 723. Chelle, L., 11, 305. Chenault, L., 422. Cherry, T., 620. Chesneau, G., 105. Chevaher, A., 547. Chick, fl., 84, 321. Chifflot, 51. Childers, L. F., 693. Chittenden, F. H., 57, 154, 452, 458, 559. Chittenden, R. H., 257, 366. Chouchak, D., 105. Christensen, A., 495. Christensen, F., 111. Christensen, H. R., 717. Christie, G.I.,511. Christophers, S. R., 5S0, 792. Christy, J. M., 179. Church, J. E.,jr., 14. Cillis, E. de, 438. Clapp, F. G., 16, 310. Clark, C. F., 426. Clark, H. W., 215. Clark, J. A., 600. Clarke, J. F., 688. Clarke, W. T., 598. Clausen, II., 23, 547. Clayden, A. W.,616. Claypon, J. E. L., 780. Clayton, E.G., 521. Clayton, 11. II., 616. ('leghorn, A. M.,95. Cleland, J. B . , 78, 79, 580. Clement, J., 110, 660. Clemcnt.s, F. E., 338. Clemons, L. E., 96. Cleveland, T., jr., 739. Clinton, G. P., 742. Close, C. P., 136, 437, Clothier, R. W., 40. 804 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Cluss, A.,631. Coale, G. G., 595. Cobb, G. R., 499. Cobb, N. A., 64. Coblentz, W. W., 113. Coburn, F. D., 371. Cochel, W. A.,499. Cockayne, A. H., 50. Cockefair, E. A., 595. Cockerell, T. D. A., 556, 557. Coffin, W., 777. Coignard, P., 293. Coit, H. L., 573. Coit, J. E., 44, 94. Coker, R. E., 314. Col, A., 345. Colcord, J. C.,96. Cole, C. A., 637. Cole, L. J., 246, 274, 285. Coleman, C. B.,499. CoUctte, A. G., 480. CoUette, R., 480. CoUinge, W. E., 556, 557, 562, 747, 758. CoUingwood, C. B., 498. Collins, G. N., 427. Collins, J. F., 241, 748. Collins, S. H., 675. Collison, R. C, 498. Collison, S. E.,95. Combes, R., 228, 628. Comstock, A. B., 192. Comstock, L., 497. Conger, N. B., 113. Conn, II. W., 420, 676. Connold, E. T., 160. Conor, 683. Conrad, E., 770. Conradi, A. F., 157. Conradi, H., 783. Conseil, E., 684. Contardi, A., 617. Conti, A., 492. Convert, F., 293. Cook, A. J., 452. Cook, F. C, 168, 524. Cook, H. O., 143. Cook, (Mrs.) K. M., 196. Cook, M. T., 154, 497, 654. Cook, O. F., 27, 28, 40, 671. Cook, W. M., 498. Cooley, E. G., 196. Cooley, R. A., 62, 347. Coons, G. H.,694. Cooper, T. P., 188. Cooper, W. F., 256, 562. Copeland, E. B., 696. Coquillett, D. W., 357. Cordley, A. B., 515, 747. Cornalba, G., 198, 614. Cornu, F., 301, 409. Corso, G., 30, 203,361. Costenoble, H. L. V.,95. Cotton, C. E.,481. Cottrell, H. M., 473, 598 Coulter, J. G.,191. Coulter, J. L.,492. Coulter, J. M.,191. Courcelle, L., 63. Courmont, J., 575. Courquin,393. Cousins, H. H.,334. Covert, C.C, 309. Cowan, T. W.,765. Cowie, G. A.,240,335. Cowles, H.C.,534. Cox,H. R.,635. Crabtree, P. E.,296. Crahay, N. I., 740. Craig, C. E., 693. Craig, J. F.,486. Cramer, P. J. S., 637. Cramer, W., 570. Crandall, C. S., 547. Crane, P. H.,693. Craw, A., 450. Crawford, C, 195. Crawford,!. C, 554. Crawley, J. T., 26, 234. Creelman, G. C.,694. Crevost,C.,lll. Crewe (Lord), 696. Cribb,C. H.,462. Crichton-Browne, J., 770. Criddle, N.,646. Crissey,F.,397. Crocheron, B. H., 138, 697. Crockett, H. W.,195. Cromer, C. 0.,35. Cromer (Lord), 696. Crookes, W.,719. Crosby, C. R.,351. Crosby , D. J. , 100, 102, 196, 296,397. Cross, E. M.,364. Crossley, B. W.,134. Crow, J. W.,332. Crowell, F. H.,594. Crowther, C.,537. Cserh4ti, S.,262. Cuboni, G.,246. Cunningham, J. C, 751. Cunningham, J. D., 45. Cunningham, J. T., 170. Cupper, P. A., 287. Curlewis, A. W.,284. Curry, B. E., 26, 72, 713, 714, 715. Curtis, H. E.,225. Curtis, M. R.,670. Curtis, R. H.,712. Curtis, R. S.,472. Cushman, A. S.,207. Cuzner, H.,696. Czermak, \V.,607. Dabney, T. G.,589. Dacy, A. L.,440. Dahm, 579. Daire, P., 414,575. Dall,M.,-187. Dalrymple, W. H.,569. Dam, L. van, 108. Dam, W. van, 378. Damm, O., 728. Dammhahn, 31. Dana, S. T., 339, 443. Danckwerts, J., 123, 124. Dandeno, J. B., 319, 340, 343. Daniel, J., 499. Daniel, L., 31. Dannfelt, H. J., 88, 91. Dantony, E., 151, 754. Danysz, J.,152. Dappert, J. W.,85. Darwin, F., 318, 671. Davenport, C. B., 28, 171. Davenport, E., 100, 103, 196, 506, 514,515. Davey, E. R.,690. Davidson, J. B., 328, 332, 392. Davidson, K. L.,3.35. Davies, L. R.,695. Davies,S. H., 108, 166. Davis, B. M.,298. Davis, C. A., 187,290. Davis, J. E.,92. Davis, L. M., 692. Davis, R. A., 545. Davis, R. O. E.,209. Davis, V.H., 691. Davis, W.E., 497. Davison, E.T., 487. Davy, J. B.,415. Dawson, W.L., 646. Day, E. D., 362, 567. Day,G. E., 369, 375. Day, W. H., 308, 391, 394. Dean, B.,553. Dean, F., 476. Dean, G., 83. Dean, G. A., 92. Dean, H.H., 376. Dearing, C. T.,400. De Armond, R. W.,738. De Ballore, 11. deM:.,133. De Camara Pestana, J., 049, 650. De Castella, F., 44. De Cillis, E., 438. Deegener, P., 553. Deerr, N., 420, 578. De Filippi, F., 66. De Flacourt, M., 538. De Grazia, S., 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 117. Deichman, C. F., 460. De Istvtoffl, G., 139, 240, 550, 551, 552. Delacroix, G., 146,343. De la Torre Bueno, J. R., 556. De la VaI16e-Poussin, L., 221. Deleano, N. T., 227. Del Guercio, G., 253. De Loach, R. J. H., 746. De Malherbe, A. G., 672. De Molinari, M., 111. Demon, R., 248. Demolon, A., 720. De Montessus de Ballore, H.,133. Demuth,R.,480. Dendy, A.,270. Denigte, 703. Denis, W.,304. Densch, 302. INDEX OF NAMES. 805 Dep6ret,C.,553. • Pe Plato, C, 211, 412. Dern, J.,195. De Ruijter de Wildt, J. C.,721. De Saussure, IT., 649. Deseh,C. II., 301. Descombes, P., 48, 143. De Seynes, 314. DeSornay, P., 520. Desoubry, 583. Do Thestrup, H. V. F., 499. Dctjon, L. R., 498. Devaux, H., 48. De Vine, W.B., 385. Devrient, M.,582. De Vries, J. J. O., 679. De Vuyst, P., 190, 200. Dewey, L. H., 13G. Dice, J. R., 497. Dickinson, A., 093. Diedrlchs, A., 413. Diesing, E., 204. Diggle, J. II., 88. Diramoch, W. W., 693. Dimock, W. W.,84. Dinescu, 575. Dittmar, F., 566. Di.xon, A. E., 123. Dixon,H. H.,318, 725. Dixon, R. W., 583. Doane,R.W.,560. Dobell,C.C.,184. Doberitz, 11. von K., 395. Doby,G.,431. Dodd, S., 181,385. Dodge, L. G.,632. Doktorovich-Ghrebnitzkil, A. S., 333. Dole, R. B.,617. Dommen, E.,189. Donath, E.,621. Doncaster, L.,247. I)ony-II6nault, 0.,121. Doolittle, R. E.,65. Dop, L.,592. Dornic, P., 414, 575. Dorr, 16. Dorset, M., 790. Dorsey, M. J., 334. Douglas, L. M., 123, 371, 059. Douglass, A. H., 768. Downey, W. F.,364. Downing, A. S., 195. Dox, A. W.,609. Drake, E.T.,43. Drake, J. A., 618. Draper, A. S., 100,798. Drinkard, A. W., jr., 415, 438. Drouet, 791. Drummond-Hay, F. E., 721. Drushel, W. A.,209. Dryden, .1., 75. Dubard,444. Duboux,M.,ll,523. Ducceschi, V., 475. Duckwall,E. W.,461. Duckworth, R. F.,296. Ducloux, 746. Dueloux, A.,92. Ducloux, K. II.,305, 30<). Ducloux, L. II., 305, 306. Ducomet, V., 340. Duerden, J. E.,473. Dugat, II., 658. Duggar, B. M., 1.53. Duggar, J. F., 39, 511. Dumas, L., 117. Dumas, W.C., 107. Dumont, J., 340, 531. Dunbar, P. B., 304. Dunbar, W. P., 215. Duncan, J. L., 473 Dunlap, R. W., 65. Dunstan, W.,631. Dunstan, W. R., 426, 496. Dupont, F., 563. Dupuis, L., 551. Dur6, M., 170. Durgin, A. G., 96. Durham, II. E., 78, 361. Durham, S. B.,696. Durst, C. E., 595. Duthie, G. A., 345. Dutoit, P., 11, 523. Duval, C. M., 388. Duvel, J. W.T.,435. Duzee, E. P. van, 556. Dyar, H. G., 556, 652. Dybowski, J., 150. Dye, F., 598. Dyson, O. E., 482. Eardley-Wilmot, S., 143. Eastham, J. W., 342. Eastman, A. R., 596. Eastman, J. F., 498. Eaton, B. J., 75. Eaton, L. T., 697 Ebbels, 124. Eberhardt, 444. Eberlein, L., 662. Eckart, C. F., 541. Eckblaw, K. V. T., 595. Eckcrson, S., 727. Eckles, C. II., 75, 574, 700. Eckman, O. L., 618, 619. Edelmann, R., 163. Edgcrton, C. W., 549. Edington, A., 581. Edmiston, II.D., 213. Edmunds, C. W., 199. Edwards, A. L., 695. Edwards, II., 507, 512. Edwards, S. F., 386. Effront, J., 21, 379. Egbert, D., 233. Eggebrecht, 586. Eggers, II. D., 497. Ehrenberg, ]'., 301, 417, 529. Ehrlich, 612. Eichhorn, A., 163. Einecke, A., 313. Ekenbcrg, M., 393. Eldrldge, E. E., 695. Ellett, W. B., 421, 438, 479. Elliott, C. G., 589. Elliott, II. B., 483. Elliott, T. 11., 591. Elliott, W.J. ,800. Ellis, II. R., 610. Ellis, W. G., 766. Ellsworth, C. E., 309. Ellsworth, J. L., 597. Elser, W. L., 498. Elvove, E., 611. Ely, C. W., 618, 619. Embcrson, R. II., 194. Emery, J. Q., 65, 299. Emich, F., 221. Emmctt, A. D., 524. Emslip, B. L., 223. Engberding, D., 620. England, J. W., 75. Ensor, II., 652. Erdmann, E., 518. Erf, O., 300. Eriksson, J., 148. Erlanger, J., 64. Erman, A., 113. Ernst, A., 32. Es, L. van, 382, 583. Escherich, K., 451, 653, 754. Esclangon, E., 15. Escot, M. E. P., 9. Essig, E. O., 451, 452, 756, 757. Esten, W. M., 676. Estes, C, 105. Eulcr, II., 422. Eustace, H. J., 141. Evans, A. C, 500. Evans, C. N., 696. Evans, G. H., 587. Evans, I. B. P., 640. Evans, J., 393. Evans, W.E., jr., 252. Evers, K., 789. Evvard, J. M., 694. Ewart, J. C, 672. Ewers, E., 108. Ewert, R., 29. Eyde, S., 24, 419, 622. Ezendam, J. A., 412. Faber, F. C. von, 749. Faber, II.,90. Fabre, J., 133,471,667. Fahrion,W.,306. Failyer, G. H.,224. Fairchild, E. T., 1%. F'airfield, W. H.,321. Fallada, 0.,147,224,368. Falta, W.,3(>5,666. Fantham.H. B., 185, 256. Farcy, L., 8, 9, 409. Farrand, B., 478. Farrar, R.,94. Farrington, E. II., 77, 177. Farrington, H. A., 143. Fascetti, G.,375. Fash,R. II., 419. Faugl,la,240. 806 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Fauque, L.,124. Faure, L., 313. Faurot, F. W.,656,658. Faiivel, P.,770. FaviIIe,A. D.,569. Fawcett, H. S., 342, 343, 356, 625. Fayet, 791. Feder, E.,303. Feilitzen, H. von, 120, 121, 198, 221,721. Felt, E. P., 55, 247. Fendler,G., 212, 307,414. Ferguson, H. M., 199. Ferguson, M., 418. Fernald,H. T.,140. Ferneyhough, J. G., 482.' Ferrari, S., 89. Ferris, E. B.,84. Fetterolf, D. W.,661. Feytaud, J.,254,457. Fiebrig, K.,759. Fiehe,J.,613. Field, J., 92. Filippi, F. de, 66. Filley, W. 0.,692. Findlay,A.,301. Fippin, E. O., 117, 617. Fischer, 637. Fischer, Ed., 53. Fischer, Emil, 10. Fischer, H., 117, 118, 416, 417. Fischer, M., 495. Fischer, R., 124. Fisher, A. K.,751. Fisher, C. P., 340. Fisher, I., 663. Fisher, W.R., 3.38. Fitch, C.L., 692. Fitzpatrick, F. B.,299. Flack, M., 771. Flacourt, M. de, 538. Flanksberger, C.,543. Fleig, C.,306. Fleischer, M., 117. Fleming, B. P., 793. Fletcher, F., 91. Fletcher, J., 200, 349. Fletcher, S.W., 299. Fletcher, W., 466. Flint, P.N. ,777. Floyd, B. F., 343. Fo4, A.,650, 756. Fo^, C.,474, 475. Foaden, G. P., 91. Fock, D., 443. Folin, 0.,211. Folsom, J. W., 453, 764. Fondard,644. Forbes, R. H., 193. Forbes, S. A., 55, 56, 57, 58, 558. Ford, W.W., 029. Forel,A.,154. Forest, C.N. ,710. Fortier, S.,717. Foster, J. H., 48. Foster, L., 511. Foster, S. W., 650. Foth, 786. Fotticchia, N.,375. Fourrier, P., 796. Foust, J., 659. Fowler, W.L., 595. Fox, A. W., 464, 465. Fox, J. W., 74, 328. Frakes, W.,672. Franceschelli, D., 10. Franche, C.,299. Frandson, J. H., 573. Frank, A., 120. Frank, G., 686. Frank, L., 307. Frankforter, G. B.,.302. Franklin, H. J., 56, 156, 249, 352, 694. Franz, F., 665. Franzen, H.,209. Fraps, G. S.,540,721,724. Eraser, H., 682, 785. Frazier, A. H.,741. Frear, W., 217, 235, 659, 768. Fred, E. B., 418, 420, 421, 431. Fredholm, A.,150. Freeman, E. M., 445. Freeman, G. F., 92, 193. Freeman, R. G., 573, 574. Frei, W.,484. French, G. T., 800. French, W.H., 90. French, W.L., 296. Frenzel, K., 621. Frerichs, K., 12. Freudenreich , E. von, 379. Frevert, G. E., 693. Fricdlaendcr, K., 274. Frier, G.M., 693. Fries, J. A., 121, 209. Fritzsche, M., 708. Froggatt, W. W., 559, 643, 648, 751, 764. Fron, G., 342, 448. Frost, C. A., 760. Frost, J., 632. Frost, W. D.,64. Frothingham, C, jr., 287. Fruwirth, C, 543, 773. Fryer, H. F., 652. Fullaway, D. T., 95. Fuller, C, 451, 459. Fuller, J. G., 69. Fulmer, 11. L., 198. Fumagalli, A., 683. Funchess, M. J., 692. Funder, L., 779. Fiirst, 579. Fynn, E., jr., 674. Gage, S. DeM., 128. Gagcy, R., 314. Gahan, A. B., 556. Gall, n., 121. Gallagher, W. J., 749. Galli-Valerio, B., 586. Gallo, N., 412. Gamble, F. W., 246. Gamble, H., 668. Gamble, W. P., 369. Gammie, G. A., 136. Gana, V. Q., 547. G4ndara, G., 747. Ganghofer, A., 702. Gannett, H., 16, 617. Ganon, J., 764. Garcia, F., 633. Garinski, W.,665. Garman, H., 251, 345. Gamier, L., 708. Garrigou-Lagrange, P., 16. Garrison, P. E., 792. Garvcr, S., 695. Gaskell, W. H., 553. Gasscr, J. W., 728, 738. Gassner, G., 32. Gates, B. N., 348, 3.57, 563. Gaudechon, II., 23, 621, 720. Gaujoux, E., 765. Gaumnitz, D. A., 590. Gaut, R. C, 138. Gaylord, C. W., 292. Gearhart, W. S., 296. Geerligs, H. C. P., 124, 263, 519. Geib,W. J., 617, 618, 619. Gentry, E., 296. Georgeson, C. C, 712, 738. Gerald, W. J., 768. Gerard, E., 10. Gerber, C, 76, 175, 379, 533, 629. Gerhard, W. P., 187. Gerlach, M., 131, 221, 313. Gerlich, 11., 669. Gervais, P., 139. G6zc, J. B., 132. Gheury, M. E. J., 616. Ghrebnitzkil, A. S. D., 333. Gianoli, G.,623. Gibbs, W. D., 511. Gibelli, P., 359. Gibson, C. B., 397. Gibson, H., 572. Gibson, J. B., 113. Giddings, N. J., 549. " Gieseler, E., 491. Giflford, J., 639. Gigault, G. A., 598. Giglioli, I., 120. Gigon, A., 267, 365. Gilbert, A. G., 372. Gilchrist, D. A., 474, 572, 730, 731. Gilchrist, J. M., 414. Gilchrist, M., 318. Gile, P. L., 220. Gilkyson, F., 290. Gill, F. W., 524, 708. Gillette, C. P., 649. Gilruth, J. A., 279, 283. Gindre de Malherbe, A., 672. Girard, A. L., 658. Girard, C, 523, 567, 615. Girault, A. A.,653. Girola, C. D., 631. Gist, E., 663. Gladding, T. S., 410. INDEX OF NAMES. 807 Glascnapp, M., 721. Glass, A., 684. Glenn, T. H., 587. Glikin, W., 517. Glofjner, 664. Glover, G. H., 79, 178. Gobbi, U., 294. Godet, C, 30. Goklbcrger, J., ,tS7. Goldenberj;, F., 721. Goldsmith, P. V., 172, 094. Goldtiiwaite, N. E., 4t;i. Goler, G. W., 198. GoII, H. L., 498. Goltschke, O., 302. Gomez, L., 582. Gomez, R. L., 11. Gonder, R., 580. Gonnermann, M., 307, 615. Good, E. S., 385. Goodale, H. D., 571. Goodrich, C. L., 632. Goodwin, W. II., 253. Gordon, J. H., 693. Gore, 11. C, 613. Gorgas, W. C, 459. Gossard, H. A., 251, 254, 352. Gotch, F., 771. Goucher, J. L., 476. Gouin, A., 569. Gourlay, W. R., 630. Gouthifere, H., 245. Gow, R. M., 94. Gowdey, C. C, 650. Grabert, 585. Gradon, A. F., 445. Graebner, P., 50. Grafe, V., 128. Graflf, P. W., 497. Graftiau, F., 64. Graham, W. R., 372. Graham-Smith, G. S., 785. Gram, J., 122. Gram, J. F., 429. Grandeau, L., 719,721. Grandmont, P., 10. Grandori, R., 756. Grassi, B., 650, 756. Gravier, A., 142. Gray, A.C. II., 280. Gray, C. Earl, 476, 478. Gray, Charles E., 484. Gray, D. D., 350. Gray, II., 283. Gray, M. W., 019. Grazia, S. de, 20, 22, 23, 24, 25, 117. Green, C. E., 561. Green, E. E., 247. Green, F. E., 88. Green, O., H^>^. Green, S. B., 546. Green, W. J., 739. Greene, E. P., 95. Greenwood, J. M., 197. Greenwood, M., jr., 771. Gregg, W. R., 15. Gregory, C. O., 73. Gregory, L. 11., 728. Greig, R. B., 37. Greig-.'^mith, R., 077. GreshotI, M., 304. Grete, A., 414. Grieliel, C, 203, 704. Griffen, A. M., 018. Griffin, II. P., 400. Griffin, L. II., 695. Griffith, F., 481. GrilTon, E., 229, 343, 340, 544, 642. Griggs, W. D., 095. Grimaldl, C, 518. Grimmer, 177, 574. Grimshaw, 161. Grindley, II. S., 524, 547, 70S. Grinnell, J., 449. Grisdale, J. H., 321, 308, 394. Griswold, D. T.,695. Groif, II. II., 240. Groll, E., 773. Gross, E., 141. Grossenbacher, J. G., 148. Grove, A. J., 757. Grove, 11. M., 604. Gnibe, K., 568. Gruber, T., 615, 711. Gruenberg, C. B., 29. Griiner, E., 230, 359, 363. Gruner, II., 310, 528. Griinhut, L., 614. Gstirner, A., 074. Guarini, E., 185. Guenther, R., 739. Gu^rault, P., 575. Guercio, G. del, 253. Gu(5rin, C, 178, 083. Guillin, R., 314. Guillon, J. M., 567. Guiraud, 115, 119. Gunson, C. H., 80. Gurney, W. B., 563. Gussovv, H. T., 745. Gutbier, A., 409. Guth, H., 164. Guthrie, C.C, 372. Guthrie, G. T., 96. Gutierrez, E. E.,300. Guttenberg, H. von, 544. Guyer, M. F., 270, 070. Guzman, D. J., 333. Gvozdenovic, F., 738. Gyula, A. S., 550, 551. Haack, 441. Haarst, J. van, 299. Haas, B., 767. Haas, E., 67. Haavardsholm, O.,010. Iladley, A.T.,4. Hadley, F. B.,695. Iladley, P. B., 285, 387, 792. Hadlock, W. L.,298. Hadwen, S., 488. Haedicke, 16. Haensel, n.,212. Haflner, 624. riagedoom, A. L., 772. Ilahn, M., 521. Hahn, W. L., 553, 750. Haig, A., 67. Hale, J. II., no. Hale, W., 199. Hall, A. I)., 301, 719. Hall, B., 441. Hall, F. II. (111.), 196. Hall, F. II.(N. Y.), .38, 239. Hall, I. W., 67, 489. Hall, J. G., -XA, 145, 146, 244, 447, 449, 626. Hall, L. D., 595. Hall, M., 112. Hall, M. C, 84. Halliburton, W. D., 301. Halligan, C. P., 689. Ilallot, 487. Halpin, J. G., 500,689. Hals, S.,77, 429, 524. Hamerton, A. E., 161, 286, 562. Ilamill, J. M., 564, 780. Hamilton, J., 398, 598, 690. Hammar, A. G., 454. Hammerschmidt, 523. Hammett, T. S., 499. Hampden, A. G. 11., 445. Ilampson, G. F., 760. Hand, W. F., 26,125, 532, 668, 724. Hansen, A. J., 233. Hansen, C. H., 83. Hansen, E.G., 600. Hansen, J., 474. Hansen, K., 427. Hansen, N. E.,426. Hanson, E. S., 291. Hansson, N., 471. Hanzlik, P. J., 67. Harcourt, G., 114. Harcourt, R., 312, 353, 357, 367, 372, 660, 661. Harden, .V., 780. Harding, .\. R., 750. Harding, U. A., 38. Hards, A. K., 2.33. Hardt-Stremayr, E. von, 168. Hardy, W. B., 210, 607. Hare, R. F., 18, 22, 72. Hargreaves, S., 499. Hariot, P., 346. Harper, J. N., 428. Harris, C. D., 73. Harris, E., .390. Harris, J. A., 28. Harris, J. N., 591. Harris, N. M., 3!'3, 783. Harris, R. T., 276, 096. Harrison, .\. J.,489. Harrison, F. C, 676, 706, 792. Harrison, W. H., 225. Ilarshberger, J. W., 220. Hart, E. B., 69, 167, 177, .SCO, 376, 60S, 613. Hart, J. H., 37, 5:5. Hart, J. W., 695. Hart, R. A., 195. Hart, S.O., 631. Hart, W. R., 798. Hartman, S. B.,141. 808 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. HartwcU, H. L., 26, 212, 224, 228, 668. Harvey, F., 286. Harvey, H. C, 567. Harvey, H. W., 423. Harvey, L. D., 101, 196, 197. TIaselhoff, E., 128, 219, 223, 414. Haselwood, J. A., 691. Hasenbauiner, J., 409. Haskins, H. D., 124, 723. Haslam, C. P., 500. Hassall, A. H.,521. Hasterlik, A., 64. Hastings, E. G., 98, 174, 495. Hastings, S. H.,535. Hatch, K. L.,691. Hauch,L. A.,3.38. Hausmann, W., 227, G28. Havelka, A., 141. Haviland, G. D.,S55. Hawes, A. F.,241. Hawk, P. B., 63, 67. Hawks, E. B.,372. Hay, F. E. D.,721. Hayes, W. 0.,15. Hayhurst, P., 94, 557, 649. Hays, H. A., 441. Hays, W. M., 689. Hayward, H.,699. Headden, W. P., 71, 561. Headlee,T. J.,92, 760. Headley,F. B.,5.35. Heald.F. D.,642. Heape, W., 269. Hearn, W. E.,618. Hebard, M., 555. Hedges, F., 341, 682. Hediard, L.,74G. Hedrick, U. P., 238. Heenan, T. E.,307. Hegnauer, L., 539. Heide, C. von der, 304, 305. Heideman, C. W. H., 728, 738, 799. Heidemann, O., 451, 651. Heidenstam, G. von, 14. Heimburger, L., 124, 624. Hein, W. H., 298, 643, 644. Heinrich, 414. Heinsheimer, 265. Hektoen, L., 278. Hellsten .A. F.,267. Helme, N., 213. Hempel, J.,790. Henault, O. D.,121. Henderson, J., 553. Henderson, L. F., 51. Henkel, A.,.320. Henkel, T.,.30.5. Henri, V., 575. Henricksen, H. C, 45. Henriques, V., 568. Henry, A., 686. Henry, A. J., 113, 616. Henry, A. M., 171. Henry, E., 18, 345. Henry, M., 284, 386, 791. Hepner, A., 174. Hepner, F. E.,34,.35. Herbst, P.,753. Herman, 7. Hermanos, E.,6S0. Herms, W. B., 94, 5.5.3. Herrick,R. S.,193. Hermiann, 122. Herrmann, C. F. von, 616. Herter, C. A., 259. Hertkorn, J.,412. Herz., P., 208. Herzberg, P., 690. Herzog, H.,520. Herzog,R. O., 475, 611. Hes, A., 409. Hess, A. F., 76, 780. Hesse, E., 563. Hewison, R., 660. Hewitt, C. O.,200. Hewitt, J. L.,94. Heyer, 8. Hickson, S. J., 246. Hiesemann, M., 153. Higgins,C. H.,482, 487. Higgins, J. E., 45. Hilderbrandsson, H. H.,415. Hilgard,E. W.,1. Hill, A., 652. Hill, E. A., 702. Hill, H., 462. Hill, J. A., 73. Hill, J. M., 663. Hill, L., 771. Hill, L. E.,68. Hill, M., 143. Hill, W. F.,88. Hills, J. L., 226, 274, 511, 515, 531, 594. Hiltner, L.,228,657. Hilton, G., 482. Hindhede, M.,167. Hinds, W. E., 61,348, 555, 761. Hine, G. S.,500. Hinman,C. H.,296. Hissink, D. J., 209. Hitchcock, A. S.,226. Hitchings, E. F.,248. Hobart-Hampden, A. G.,445. Hobbs, J. T.,271. Hoe, P., 1.59, 645. Hoff, E. R.,195. Hoff, J. H., van't, 723. Hoff, J. N., 717. Hoffman, W., 662. Hoffmann, C, 174, 384. Hoffmann, M., 718. Hofstiidter, E.,522. n6ft,n.,707. Hogan, J. J., 765. Hollmann, 536. Hollnmg, M., 640. Holme, -C, 46. Holmes, L. C, 619. Holmes, S. J., 470. Holsinger, C. V., 296. Holt, v., 95. Holter, G. L., 195. Holterbach, 571. Honey, W., 154. nood,C. E.,348. Hooker, W. A., 458, 562. Hooper, C. H., 219. Hooper, D., 13, 111,658. Hoover, J. A., 97. Hope, L., 095. Hopkins, A. D., 56. 557. Hopkins, C. G., 225, 419, 719. Hopkins, I., 161. Ilorchem, P. J., 100. Home, A. S., 447. Home, W. T., 94, 245, 252, 654, 752. Ilorroeks, W. H., 12, 280. Horth, F., 475, 611. TTorton, E.C.,616. Horton, J. R.,195. Horton, R. E., 214, 415. Hortvet, J., 108, 767. Hotehkiss, W. S., 536, 544, 594. Hoton, L., 522. Hough, J. G. F.,482. Houghton, A. A., 491. Houghton, CO., 56, 497, 555. Houser, J. S., 254. Howard, A., 736. Howard, C. W., 451, 647. Howard, G. L. C.,736. Howard, L. O., 61, 62, 452, 458. Howard, W. L., 440. Howe, F. W., 97, 493, 494, 689. Ilowitt, J. E.,342. Tloyberg, 614. Hoyt, E. H.,799. nubback,J. H.,592. Iliiljener, 182, nul)er, K., 54. lluber, P., 565. Hubert, P., 307. lludig, J.,115. Hudson, C. S., 609. Hudson, T. G.,65. Iluerre, J., 701. Hulton,H. F. E., 660, 661. Hume, A. N.,539. Hummel, J. A., 290. Tlummelberger, P., 210. Humphrey, G. C, 275, 366. Humphrey, H. B.,499. Humphreys, W. J., 15, 113, 214, 525. Humphries, A. E., 060. Humphries, W. A., 250. Ilundertmark, R. E., 694. Ilundeshagen, F.,8. Hunt, C. L., 263. Hunt, R. N., 298. Hunt, T.F., 20, 138, 220. Hunt, W., 335, 354. Hunt, W. H., 782. .Hunter, B., 134, 291,731. Hunter, W. D., 57, 180. Hunting, W., S3. Huntington, E., 112. Huntington, E. A., 105, 195. Hunziker, O. F., 412. INDEX OF NAMES. 809 ITuon.nsa. Ilurd, W. D., 96, 694. Hurdelbrink, 108. Hurst, C. C, 739. Hurst, L. A., 618, 619. nurtley,W.H.,110. Hurty,J. N.,310. IIusek,B., 417. IIuss, ir.,379. Hutchinson, F., 180. Hutchinson, W. L., 40. Hutt, II. L., 335, 354. Hutton, G. H.,321. HutjTa, F., 77, 783. Huyge, C.,305. Hyslop, R. E.,400. Imraelmann, A., 720, 722. IngaUs, W. R.,27. Ingham, N. D.,94. Ingle, H., 192, 370, 58.3. Inouye, R.,622. loms, M. J., 45, 97, 239. Irk, K., 475. IstvAnfli, G. de, 139, 240, 550, 551, 552. Jablanczy, von, 637. Jackson, C. F., 194, 759. Jackson, D. D., 283. Jackson, H. (India), 445. Jackson, II. (Penn.), 499. Jackson, H. L., 566. Jackson, H. S., 297. Jackson, J. B., 451. Jacob, M., 182. Jacobson, C. A., 97. Jaeger, J., 149. Jaffa. M. E., 375. Jagerschmid, A., 304, 704. Jago, W., 263. Jakob, H., 791. James, D. L., 595. Jamieson, T., 727. Janeway, II. L., 694. Janicki, C. von, 756. Jannasch, P., 7. Janson, A., 333. Jardine, J. T., 775. Jarvis, C. D., 43, 561. Jarvis, C. M., 296. Jarvis, M. R., 241. Jeangerard, 638. Jeffens, 611. JefTerson, M. S. W., 113. Jeffery, J. A., 330, 689, 793. Jeffords, T. M., 195. Jenkins, E. II., 299. Jenks, F. B., 493. Jenne, E. L., 455. Jennings, A. H., 459. Jennings, II., 618. Jennings, U.S., 469, 470. Jensen, O., 379, 523. Jenson, J. W., 195. Jentsch, 741. Jerzykowski, Z., 172. Jewell, C. II., 183. Joiichiiiisson, A., 793. Job, H. K., 495. Jodidi, S. L., 498. Johannsen, O. A., 96. Johannsen, W., 771. Johnson, A. A., 698. Johnson, C. A., 679. Johnson, C. W., 752. Johnson, E. C, 445, 747. Johnson, R. O., 103, 196, 197 Johnson, S. .\., 430. Johnson, S. W., 193, 201. Johnson, T. C, 430. Johnsrud, P. L., 698. Johnston, J. R., ■')52. Johnston, T. 11., 792. JollilTe, C. H. H., 78.i. Jolyet, A., 241. Jones, A. A., 400. Jones, C. II., 226, 274, 531. Jones, D. B., 210, 410,607. Jones, E. R., 98. Jones, G. B., 617, 618- Jones, J., 546. Jones, L., 646. Jones, L. R., 499, 549. Jones, P. R., 650. Jones, W. J., jr., 124. Jonescu, A., 523. Jonsson,V., 793. Jordan, E. O., 383, 783. Jordan, II. E., 310, 374. Jordan, W. II. ,689. Jorgensen, G., 302. Joseph, D. R., 199. Jowett, W., 81, 386. Joyner, J. Y., 197. Judge, J., 347. Juhlin-Damifelt, II., 91. Junge, E., 638. Jurisch, K. W., 24. Juritz, C. F., 72. Kaeding, H. B., 646. Kahan, D., 530. Kaluzhskil, A. A., 531. Kappeli, J., 571. Kappen, H., 419. Karsten, G., 200. Kastle, J. II., 611, 709. Kato, Y., 767. Kaupp, B. F., 79. Kayser, R., 5(j5. Keane, C. A., 10.5. Keane, J., 121. Kcarfott, W. D., 651. Kearney, M. T., 94. Kearney, T. II., 330. Kebler, L. F., 165, 563. Keene, 567. Keffer, C. A., 141,440,691. Kei.ser, K., 704. Keith, A., 771. Keilt, T. E., 432. Keleher, T. A., 257. Kelhofer, W., 151. Keller, F., 265. Kellerman, K. F., 619. Kelley, W. P., 139. Kelhier, J.,518. Kellncr, O., 368, 621, 776, 777. Kellogg, J. H., IftS, 663. Kellogg, R. S., 48, 444. Kelly, A., 754. Kelly, L., 94. Kenealy, J., 616. Kennedy, C. D., 800. Kennedy, P. B., 27. Kennedy, W. J., 370. Kenny, E. G., 223. Kerr, F. M., 589. Kerr, J. W., 574, 784. Kerr, W. J., 103, 196, 506, 511. Kersten, H. E., 676. Keyser, V., 598. Kickton, A., 523. Kida, Y., 677. KiefiEer, 753. Kiessig, W., 786. Kiger, H. E., 693. Kilgore, B. W., 125, 226, 625. Killby, H. B., 45. Kimball, A., 193. Kimball, H. H.,525. Kimbrough, J. M., 538. King, C. M., 737, 743. King, F. G., 400,570. King, F. H., 19. King, H. H., 646, 763. King, H. M., 198. Kingsley, R. G., 335. Kinman, C. F., 97. Kinsley, A. T., 683, 790. Kionka, 530. Kirchner, O., 147, 245, 446, 764. Kirk, T. W., 50, 153, 160, 161. Kirkaldy, G. W.,556. Kirkpatriek, K. A., 695. Kirkpatrick, W. F.,792. Kisskalt, K.,2(i3. Klason, P., 14. Klassert, M.,303, 306. Klebahn, H.,315. Kleiber, A., 519. Klein, 569, 779. Klein, L. A., 583. Kleine, 785. Kleinschmidt, E., 615. Klimmer, M. , 786. Klinck, L. S., 132. Kling, A., 413. Klossovskii, 113. Klostermann, M., 403. Klut, H.,521. Knab, F., 652. Knapp, S. A., 103, 196, 732, 795. Kneale, R. D.,85. Knebel Dooberltz, H. von, .395. Knierieni, W. von, 23. Knight, H. G., 34, ;«, 528. Knight, J. B.,75. Knight, h. I., 499. Knight, N., 224. 810 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Knoch, R., 87. Knoche, E., 159. Knopfle, F., 702. Knorr, F., 136. Knowles, M. E., 183, 553. Knowlton, F. H., 450. Kober, G. M., 364. Kobus, J. D., 033. Koch, W., 265. Kocher, A. E., 618, 619. Kochs, J., 662. Kocks, J., 480. Koebele, A., 450. Koeber, J., 695. Koefoed, M., 796. Koenig, W., 523. Koeppe, H., 674. Koeppen, W., 616. Koemer, T., 14. Koestler, G., 678. Kohl, 582. Kohl, N., 78. Kohler, A. R., 137. Kohman, H. A., 163. Kohn, 615. Kohn, E., 416. Kohn-Abrest, 567. Kohnstamm, G., 703. Kolbe, L. A., 618. Kolka, W., 10. Kolkunov," v., 543. Kollmarm, M., 78. Konig, J., 220, 409. Koning, C. J., 277. Konradi, E., 578. Korfl, G., 653. Korosy, K. von, 664. Kossowicz, A., 64. Kostytscheff, S., 32. Kotinsky, J., 450, 752. Koto, P. O., 481. Kozai, Y., 18. Kozan;^, J., 89. Kraemer, H., 627. Kranzlin, G., 126. Kraus, E. J., 298, 499. Krauss, F. G., 41, 427. Kravkov, S., 312. KrCmir, J., 114. Kreidi, A., 175. Kreitz, W., 242. Krell, O., ST., 415. Krische, P., 23, 122, 223, 225. Kristeller, L., 266. Krober, E., 315. Krohne, K., 290. Kronacher, C, 778, 789. Kraeger, W., 716. Kruer, H., 708. Kriiger, 717. Kniger, E., 131. Kriiger, W., 446. Krzemieniewski, S., 313. Kr^i^an, R., 412. Krzjinowski, 434, 435. Kuhl, 302, 360. Kiihl, H., 30, 414. Kiihn, A., 22. Kuhn, O., 414. Kiiminel, H. B., 311. Kiing, A., 478. Kuntze, W., 782. Kunze, M., 443. Kirrdumov, N., 753. Kuriloff, B., 718. Labbe, A., 286. Labb6, II., 466. Laberg(?rie, 396. Ladd, E. F., 65, 414, 415, 564. Laer, N. van, 305. Lafargue, 586. La Faugi, 240. Lafore, J., 8, 409. Lagrange, P. G., 16. Laine, E., 115, 121, 416. Lako, S., 299. Laliere, A., 334. Lamb, C. G., 481, 482. Lancaster, 637. Land, L. R., 595. Lane, A. C, 718. Lane, C. B., 700. Lane-Claypon, J. E., 780. Lanfranchi, A., 285. Lang, F., 228. Lang-Anderson, R., 92. Lange, W., 304, 704. Langenbeck, E., 687. Langer, 412. Langeron, M., 255. Langworthy, C. F., 198, 199, 363, 364, 468. Lankester, E. R., 246. Lantz, D. E., 346, 751. Lapham, M. H., 619. Laris, E., 241. Larsen, C, 177. Larsen, H. C, 90. Larsen, O. H., 529. Larson, C.W., 679. Larson, W. E., 594. LaShell, L. L., 498. Lassablifere, P., 565. Lasseter, W. C, 695. Latham, M. E., 421. LiitiSre, H., 142. Latimer, W. J., 618. La Touche, C. D., 663. Latshawe, J. B., 400. Laubert, R., 53. Laur, E., 189, 492. Lavenir, F., 311. Laveran, A., 185, 286, 686, 786 La Wall, C. H., 304, 659. Laxa, O., 674. Lazarenko, A., 526. Lea, S. II., 288. Leather, 3. W., 198. Leathes, J. B., 67. Leavens, G. D., 209. Leavenworth, C. S., 410. Leavitt, S. A., 198, 262, 499. L6caillon, A., 670. Leek, J. van der, 706. Lecler, P., 393. Le Clerc, J. A., 162, 198, 262, 724. Ledyard, E.M., 696. Lee, D. C, 592. Lee,'F. E., 490,543. Lee, L. L., 618. Lee, O., jr., 618, 619. Leeney, II., 170. Leenhoff, J. van, 542. Leese, A. S., 581, 583. LefSvre, J., 30. Lefroy, II. M., 154, 247, 649, 653. Legat, C. E., 546. Lehmann, A., 498. Lehmann, C, 571. Lehmann, K. B., 260. Leighton, M. O., 617. Leiper, R. T., 686. Leishman, W. B., 388. Leitch, A., 693. Lemaire, M. N., 685. Lemarie, C, 536. Lemercier, J., 411. Lemmermann, O., 118, 417. Lemoine, A., 662. Lemstrom, S., 317. Lendrich, K., 304. Lenz, W., 411, 522. Leonard, G., 740. Lepinte, F., 680. Le Roy, G. A., 108. Lesourd, F., 767. Levasseur, E., 567. Levene, P. A., 9, 266, 524. Levi, L. E., 13. Levites, S. J., 665. L^vy, L., 462. Lewis, A. C, 51, 56, 252. Lewis, C. I., 45, 636, 637. Lewis, D. n., 168. Lewis, I. M., 400, 744. Lewis, J. H., 287. Lewis, T., 771. Lewis, W. L., 706. Lewkowitsch, J., 518. Le\\'ton-Brain, L., 420. Leyst, E., 213. Libutti, D., 124. Liebig, II. J. von, 359. Liechti, P., 120, 231. Liggett, W. M., 498. Lilienthal, J. 11., 760. Liljhagen, G., 779. Lillie, F. E., 690. Lind, G., 332, 380. Lindau, G., 33. Lindblad, R. C, 15, 308, 616. Lindet, 480. Lindfors, A. O., 365, 563. Lindhard, E., 230. Lindinger, L., 459, 649. Lindsey, J. B., 172, 316. Linfield, F. B., 511. Ling, A. R., 301. Linnert, K., 660. Linton, A., 92. INDEX OF NAMES. 811 Lipman, C. B., 94, 627, 716. Lipinan, J. G., 33, 198, .529, r-,30, 720. Lipschitz, 633. Liro (formerly Lindroth), J. I., 321. Lister, J. J., 246. Little, C. C, 671. Little, E. E., 333. Littlejohn. A. R., 384. Livingston, B. E., 20, Mr,. Livingston, (Mrs.) C. J., 113, 016. Llamas, R., 792. Lloyd, E. R., 398. Lloyd, F. J., 766. Lock, R. H., 240. Loc-kley, J. G., 739. Lodge, O., 317. Loew, O., 9, 220, 316, 620, 624, 703. Loges, 308. Lohmann, E., 209. Lohnis, F., 21, 121, 418. Lohrisch, H., 265. Lokot, T., 435. LoUi, A., 359. Lomas, H., 83. Lombard, M., 8, 409. Long, J. H., 259. Longyear, B. 0., 139. Loomis, A., 695. Loquist, H. J., 590. Lorenz, N. von, 640. Lory, C. A., 197, 511. Losehnig, J., 141. Losecamp, J. D., 697. Lotrionte, G., 591. Loucheux, G., 225. Loudon, C. F., 65. Loughridge, R. H., 4, 94. Lounsbury, C. P., 451, 643.' Lovell, J. H., 763. Lovett, A. L., 297. Lovewell, C. B., 264. Lowe, W. C, 279. Lu4ces, E. L., 80. Lubimenko, W. N., 726. Lubin, D., 592. Luckey, D. F., 2&1, 481. Luckhardt, A. B., 784. Ludlow, C. S., 161. Luhmann, E., 662. Liihrig, H., 12, 164, 174, 303, 378. Lumsden, L. L., 76. Lund, R., 303. Lundbeek, W., 154. Lunge, G., 105, 108. Lunn, A. G., 75, Lunt, T., 140. Lussault, ."iSe. Liistner, (i., 50, 53, 753. Lutman, B. F., 195. Lutz, A. M.,28. Lutz, L., 421. Liitzow, K. L. von, 2r.7, 268, 269, 571. Lyford, C. A., 47. Lyle, J., 114. Lyman, J. F., 97. Lyman, W. S., 618, 619. Lyon, H. W., 2(54. Lyon, T. L.. 117, 19S, 716. Lythgoe, 11. C, 109. Maass, C, 678. Macallum, A. B., 266. McAlpice, D., 44, 641, 643. McBeth, I. G., 693. McBryde, C. N., 486. McCail, A.C., 92. McCall, J. .S. J., 632. McCallimi, W. R., 49. McCampbell, E. F., 283. McCausland, J. W., 94. McCleUand, C. K., 2?'5. McClelland, T. B., 499. M'Clenahan, F. M., 628. McClintock, J. E., 497. McClure, II. B., 536. McCollum, E. v., (i9, l(i7, 366. MacConkey, A. T., 280. McConnell, .1. P., 299. McCool, M. M., 153. McCoy, G. W., 254, 383, 580, 751. McCray, A. II., 31. McCready, S. B.,331. McCue, C. A., 244. MacDonald, W., 219. McDonald, W. T., 499. McDonnell, 11. B., 26, 569, 625. MacDougal, D. T., 27. Macdougall, R. >S., 753, 764. McDowall, A. B., 15. McDowell, M. S., 223. MacFadden, A. W. J., 164. M'Fadyean, J., 384, 680. McFarland, B., 6S7. McGill, A., 164, 309, 359, 3C0, 361, 625, 661, 662. MacGowan, J. P., 389. McGuirk, J., 592. Marias, C, 646. Mclntire, A. L., 144. Mclver, W., 397. Mack, W. B., 584. Mackay, A., 321, 331, 476. McKay, G. L., 177. . Mackenzie, K. J. J., 276. McKeown, G. M., 553. Mackie, W. W., 619. Mackinnon, D. L., 793. Mackintosh, R. S., 692. MacLaurin, R. D., 400. MacLean, A., 88. Mac Lean, H., 362. MacLean, J. A., 513. McLean, J. A., 668. McLellan, B. G., 108. McLendon, W. E., 618. McMeans, A., 236. McMurran, .S. M., 800. McNatt, II. E., 400. McNeil, J. II., 386. MacNidcr, G. M., 195, 231, 2.32, .'■)19, 569, 618, 695. McNutt, J. C. 194. Matoun, W. T., 321, 331. Mcl'herson, W., 65. McUae, ir.C, 521. McWceiiey, E. J., 659. McWethy, L. B., 35. Mader, K., 141. Maggiacomo, F., 263, 361. Magnin, L., 487. Maier, A., 262. Maler-Bodo, F., 191. Main, J., 103, 196. Maire, R., 423. Mairs, T. I., 695. Maizi^res, 123, 223, .531. Major, E. W., 94. Maksimov, N. A., 127. Malcolm, J., 583. Maiden, W., 459. Malcrba, C, 683. Malherbe, .\. G. de, 672. Mally, C. W., 557, 655. Malolietenkow, N., 653. Malpeau.\, L., 138, 332. Maly, R., 414. Mammen, F., 444. Manaresi, A., 439. Mandelbaum, R., 523. Manea, A., 212. Mangum, A. W., 618, 619. Mann, C. J., 618. Mann, C. W., 618, 619. Mann, E. A., 543. Manns, T. F., 745. Manolescu, G., 162. Manteufel, 764. Mantoux, C, 178, 582. Manuel, E. V., 13. Marchal, E., 748. Marchal, P., 649. Marchand, H., 221. Marchandlse, 191. Marchlewski, L., 628. Marcinowski, K., 749. Marcus, E., 721. Marek, J., 77, 585. Marfes, R., 757. Maribo, C, 798. Maring, D. T., 616. Marlatt, A. L., 695. Marsh, C. D., 484, 682. Marshall, F. II. A., .570. Marshall, G. A. K., 696. Marshall, II., 301. Marshall, W. E., 83. Martel, II., 164, 765. Martin, C. J., 84. Martin, J. B., 262. Martin, O. B., 494. Martinez, A. B., 572, 67,^ Martini, E., 580, 784. Martiny, B., 479. Marvin, C.F.. 113,616. Mason, F. 11., 7.5. Ma.s.sec, G., 50, 150, 245, 534. Ma.s.son-1'olet, E., 419. Mastl>auiii, 705. Matarotti, F., 463. 812 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Mathewson, E. 11., 433, 736. Mathey, A., 740. Mathison, G. C, 709, 770. Matthews, D. M., 345. Mattill, H. A., 765. Mattoon, W. R., 47, 638. Maul)lanc, A., 146. Maublanc, C, 343, 346, 642. Maudoul, II., 115. Mauduit, F., 546. Maurain, 710. Maw, P. T., 338. Mawbey, E.G., 123. Maxwell, W., 633. May, D. W., 220, 431, 695. Mayer, 766. Mayer, C, 622. Mayer, J., 65. Mayo, N.S., 80, 84,400. Maze, P., 575. Meek, E. B., 276. Meeker, F. N., 618. Meigs, E. B., 262. Meniere, G., 705. Meinecke, F., 122, 223. Melander, A. L., 61, 157. Melia, T. W., 283. Melick, C. W., 575, 577. Meline, J., 491. Mell, P.H., 97. Meltzer, S. J., 199. Melvin, A.D., 282, 381, 481. Mendel, L. B., 168, 366, 665. Mendelyeeva, D. I., 496. Mendenhall, W. C, 16, 17, 309, 617. Menozzi, A., 236, 623. Mensio, C, 11. Merkel, F., 111. Merl, T., 108. Merrell, L. C, 677. Merres, E., 208, 209. Merriam, C. H., 153, 295. Merrill, J. W., 693. Merrill, L. A., 195, 598. Merrill, L. S., 674. Mesnil, F., 389. Messner, E., 67. Mestrezat, W., 11, 305. Metcalf, H.,748. Mette, H., 735. Meuleman, 161. Meulenhofl, J. S., 109. Meyer, A., 521. Meyer, F. N., 424. Meyer, G. M., 524. Meyer, K. M., 392. Meyer, L. F., 168. Michael, L. G., 330, 333, 370, 393. Michael, W. II., 64. Michaud, G., 211. Michaud, L., 365. Michels, J., 578. Mieg, M., 122. Mieir, W. O., 19. Miklauz, R., 220. Miller, \. C, 257. Miller, C. F., 639. Miller, C. W., 356. Miller, E.G. L., 683. Miller, M., 773, 774. Miller, W. W., 84. Mills, J., 79. Mihier, R. D., 575. Milroy, T. H., 67. Milstead, J. I., 800. Minchin, E. A., 255. Miner, II. L., 226, 531. Mingenback, C. F., 88. Minns, E R., 426. Mitchell, A. J., 113. Mitchell, G. E., 123. Mitchell,!. D., 180. Mitchell, J. W., 12. Mitchell, M. J., 362. Mitscherlich, E. A., 208, 416, 611. Mitsuda, R.,767. Mitsuta, R.,623. Mitter, S. N.,386. Miyawaki, A., 400. Miyawaki, G., 274. Moerk, F.X.,523. Mohler, J. R., 163, 381, 383, 784. Mohr, E. C. J., 617. Mohr, O., 305. Molinari, M. de, 111. Molisch,II.,544. Moll, B., 688. MoUers, B.,686. Molliard,M.,126. Molz,E.,52, 753. Moncrief, W. D.S.,215. Moncure,W. A. P., 479. Money, P. A., 499. Monhaupt, M., 305. Monier-Williams, G. W., 707,780. Monrad, J. H., 076. Monroe, A., 497. Monteran, 479. Montessus de Ballore, H. de, 133. Monteverde, N. A., 726. Montgomery, C. W., 498. Monvoisin, A., 175. Moodie,R. L.,256. Mooers, C. A., 116, 132, 133. Mookerjee, D. N.,718. Mooney,C. N., 617, 018. Moore, B., 257,581,771. Moore, E., 31. Moore, J. W., 415. Moore, M. E., 567, 579. Moore, P. H.,095. Moore, V. A., 80, 178, 579, 784. Moorhouse, L. A., 38, 133, 495, 537. Mooring, D.C., 499. Morandi,L.,309. Morden, G. \V.,419. Moreau, 791. Moreland, W. H.,489. Morell,.L. L.,297. Morgan, A. C, 155. Morgan, F. P., 563. Morgan, G. T.,301. Morgan, J. F., 26, 668. Morgan, J. 0.,42. Morgan, T. H., 247. Morgen, A.,276, 666. Morley, E. W.,199. Morman, J. B.,492. Morrill, A. W., 193,757. Morris, D.,200. Morris, E.,97. Morris, O. M., 195, 439, 695. Morris, W. E.,500. Morse, A. P., 649. Morse, E. W., 199, 672. Morse, F. W., 26, 72, 400, 713, 714, 715. Morse, G. B.,587. Morse, S. F.,470. Morse, W. J., 144. Morstatt,H.,656,753. Mortensen, M. L., 427. Moseley, E. L.,383. Moss, W.L., 281. Moulton, D.,755. Moussu, G., 178,582. Miicke, M.,443. Mudge, G. P., 270 Mueller, S., 65. Mueller, T., 89. Miihlens, 579. Miiller, G.,684. Muller, H. C.,615. Muller, J.,149. Muller, M., 79, 268,571. Muller, T., 592. Muniford,F. B., 371, 400. Munroe,C. E.,222. Munson, W. M., 457, 800. Muntz, A., 23, 115, 121, 313, 416, 621,720. Murchhauser, H., 665. Murray, J., 321, 331, 372. Murray, W. S.,546. Murtfeldt,M. E.,555. Muttkowski, R. A., 450. Nacher, F.,542. Nalli, V.,779. Naquin, W. P., 211. Nash,C. W.,497. Naudin, L., 488. Nayadu,S.,741. Neal, J. W.,728. Neergaard, T. B. von, 269. Nehrling, A. H.,595. NeUson,C. H., 168. Nelson, A., 27. Nelson, E., 536, 617,629. Nelson, E. W.,646. Nelson, W. L.,74. Nesom,G. E., 425, 630. Netohtzky,F.,10. Neubauer, 304. Neufeld,C. A.,263. Neuhaus, 786. Neumann, A., 175. Neumann, H.,674. Neumann, L. G., 183, 587, 054. Neumann, M. P., 163. Neumann, P., 11, 12. INDEX OF NAMES. 813 Neumann, R. O., 587. iN'euwinpcr. K., 557. Neveu-Lemaire, M., 685. Xewbranch, 11. £.,-100. Newell, F. II., G17. Newell, W., 232, 350. Newhall, E. H.,211. Newlands, B. E. R.,519. Newlands, J. A., 520. Newlands, J. A. R.,519. Newman, C.C, 138. Newman, L. J., G4(i. Newsom, A. C.'iSr,. Niccole, C.,7S3. Nichols, E. A., 113. Nichols, E. L., 113. Nichols, J. B.,2()6, G64. Nichols, W.H., 199. Nicholson, J^F., 497. Nickles, J. M.,219. Nicolaii,D. J.,86. Nicoll, W.,388. Nicolle, C.,183,684. Nielsen, N. P., 231, 235. Nierenstein, M., 287, 390. Nishimura, S., (524. Nissen, 788. Niven,L. A., 300. Noack,T.,r.72. Nobel, G., 673. Noe, 685. Noe,G.,184. Noel, P., 230. Noffraj', £.,449,045. Nogier, T., 575. Nolen, J.,241. Noll,C. F.,034. Nomblot-Brnneau, 532. Norgaard, V. A., 100, 483, 680. Norgord, C. P., 98. Norlin,E.,14. Norman, H. E. van, 200, 270. Norman, K. H. van, 302. Norris, A. C, 699. North, A. J., 450. Northrop, R. S.,195. Norton, H. W., jr., 777. Norton, J. B., 202, 430. Nottbohm, E.,304. Novik, P., 332. Nowell, H. T.,38, SO. Nurenberg, L. I., 109. Nuttall, G. H. F., 83, 101,255,256, 488, 562, 703, 785. Nystrom, A. B., 093. Oakes, J. C.,547. Gates, M. B.,94. O'Callaghan, M. A., 175. Odell, F. L.,90. O'Gara, P. J.,113,489. Oijen, L. A. T. J. F. van, 142. Okajima, G.,247. O'Kane, W. C.,400. Old, J. E. S.,760. dig, A., 612. Olive, E. W.,435. Oliver, G. W., 739. Olmsted, V. n.,16. Olson, G. .v., 109. Olson, O. M., 499, 598. Olsson-Seffer, I'., 340. Oosterhuis, \. C.,499. Opitz,635. Oppenheimer, F., 004. Orsdale, L. F. van, 473. Orsi, G.,302. Ortmann,C.,225. Orton, W. A., 745. Orwin,C. S.,294. Osborn, H.,5G, 192. Osborne, O. M.,400. Osborne, T. B., 210, 300, 410, 007. Osgood, \V. II., 151. Osmaston, B. B., 445. Osterhout, W. J. V., 627. Osterspen, J., 539. Ostertag, R.,585. Ostrander, J. E., 15, 308, 525, 616. Ott de Vries, J. J., 679. Ottolenghi, D.,612. Oviatt, C. J., 800. Owen, E., 65. Paal, C, 110, 702. PachoskiI,I.,753. Paddock, W., 193,.236, 430, 092. Pade, L.,11,567, 615. Paderi, C.,770. Page-Roberts, F.,335. Pagniello, A., 615. Paige, J. B.,694. Pailheret, F.,522. Paladino, R.,362. Paleneia, R.,545. Palladin, V. I., 532. Palmer, G. S.,296. Palmer, G. T., 712. Palmer, T.S., 645. Palmer, W. R., 497. Palmer, W. S., 113, 114, 131. Palmquist, A. G., 305, 410. Pammel, L. H., 629, 737, 743. Pantanelli, E., 551. Paraschtschuk, S., 476. Park, W. H.,579. Parker, E. C.,188. Parker, H. N.,617. Parker, J. B.,448. Parkes, E. B. H.,484. Parkin, J., 319. Parloa, M.,500. Parr, S. W.,712. Parrott, P. J., 348. Parrozzani, A., 25. Parry, E. J., 307. Parsons, A. C, 184. Patch, E.M., 55, 649. Patouillard,N.,346. Patterson, B. C.,296. Patterson, F. W.,552. Patterson, H. F.,400. Patterson, H. J., 437,597. Patterson, T. G., 400. Patterson, W. C.,596. Patton, W. S., 183, 255, 793. Paturel, G., 65, 523. Paulsen, F.,545. Paulsen, T. C.,96. Payne, C. H.,46. Pearl, M. D., 171,270. Pearl, R., 70, 171, 269, 270, 271,273, 274,279,372,469,070,773. Pearson, K.,771. Pearson, L., 583, 599. Pearson, R. A., 573, 574. Pease, H. T.,386. Peck, S. S.,578. Peet, J. 0.,794. Pekelharing, C. A., 365. Pellet, H., 105, 706. Pember, F. R., 224, 228. Pembrey, M. S., 771. Pennington, L. H., 345. Pennington, M. E., 198. Penny, C. L., 497. Peralta, F.,91. Percival, J., 550, 719. Perkins, F. C.,589. Perkins, R. C. L.,652. Perkins, W. R.,40. Pemot, E. F.,685. Perpezat, F., 159. Perrier, G.,8, 9,704. Perrin, G., 705. Perrin, J. M., 108. Perrin, P., 108. Pervinquiere, L., 122. Pestana, J. de C, 649, 650. Fetch, T., 150,253,343. Peter, A., 678. Peter, A. M., 308, 309. Peters, A., 482. Peters, A. T.,595. Peters, A. W., 765. Peters, J., 571. Peters, R. C, 11. Petersen, J., 780. Peterson, B. J., 553. Peterson, E. L.,499. Peterson, \V. A., 330. Petersson , G . T. , 781 , 782. Petit, A., 142. Petri, L., 246, 447, 626. Pettis, C. R., 143, 335. Pettit, .v., 286. Pettit, R. H.,689. Pew, \V. H.,194. Pfaundler, M.,074. Pfeiflfer, T.,417. Pfersch, C. L.,471. Pfuhl,711. Phelps, E. B.,310. Phelps, I. K.,010. Phillips, E. F.,348. Philhps, F. J.,639. Phillips, II., 092. Phillips, J. C.,009. Phillips, J. II., 197, 397. Phillips, J. Mcl.,283. Phillips, W. J., 452. 814 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pickel,J. M.,73. riekering, J. S.,391. Pickering, S. U., 219. Pickett, B. S.,738. Pictet, A., 649. Pidance, R., 540. Pien, L., 100. Pieper, H., 736. Pierce, F. N., 651. Pierce, W. D., 247. Pierson, A. H., 144. Piettre, 683. Piettre, M., 522. Piflault, A., 191. Pillado, J. A., 572. Pillsbury, J. P., 239. Pinchot, G., 241. Piper, C. v., 732. Piper, S. E., 54, 751. Pipers, P., 621. Pirquet, C. F. v., 199. Pitchford, H. W., 180, 284, 687. Plato, G.de, 211,412. Plauche, S. W.,96. Plemper van Baleu, B. A., 299. Plimmer, R. H. A., 70, 210. Plowman, A. B., 32. Pliicker, W.,611. Plummer, J. K.,498. Plunkett, H., 395. Pluvinage, C, 530. Poe, C. H., 493. Poggi,T., 293. Pogosky, A. L., 66. Polet, E. M., 419. Pope, W. ,1., 301. Popenoe, C. H., 800. Popowitsch, K., 173. Popp, M., 8, 711. Porcher, C, 475, 675. Porter, A., 764. Porter, E., 138. Porter, F. B., 223. Porter, J. A., 202. Portheim, L. von, 128. Pott, E., 471. Pottenger, P. M., 281.- Potter, H. B., 695. Potter, M. C, 340. Potter, T. F., 673. Potts, F. A., 752. Potts, H.W., 473. Pouget, I., 105, 119. Poussin, L. de la V., 221. Powell, E. H., 499. Powell, G. H., 355. Powell, G. T., 140, 637. Powers, M. R., 181. Powers, W. L., 695. Pozzi-Escot, M. E., 9. Pratt, J. n., 717. Pratt, L. A., 694. Preble, E. A., 750. Prelini, C, 185. Prendergast, W. F., 669, 673. Preston, H. W., 241. Prianishnikov, D. N., 24, 529, 722 Price, H. C., 395. Price, H. L., 351, 415, 438. Pricolo, A., 684. Priestley, J. H., 422. Prillieux, 343. Prinsen Geerligs, 11. C, 124, 263, 519. Pritchett, H. S., 506. Prout, L. B., 452. Prussia, L., 518. Przibram, H., 771. Przibylla, C.,410. Publow, C. A., 306. Puchner, H., 416. Puig de la Bellacasa, D. N., 86. Pulfrich, C, 571. Punnett, R. C, 46. Pusch, 676. Putnam, G. A., 191, 598. Putney, F. S., 694. Pye, H., 641. Quaintance, A. L., 348, 650, 764. Quajat, E., 162. Quante, H., 526. Quantz, W., 499. Quartaroli, A., 222. Quayle, H. J., 155. Quereau, F. C, 173, 595. Quick, W. J., 299. Quinn, J. F., 616. Race, J., 11. Racine, R., 704. Radford, W. A., 395. Ragondet, G. L., 221, 315, 622. Raguet, J., 478. Rahn, O., 478. Raiford, L. C, .500. RaiUiet, A., 686. Ralph, C. H., 476. Ralston, W. E., 298. Rammstedt, O., 10. Ramsey, H. J., 94. Ramsey, W., 198. Rane, F. W., 143. Rapp, E. M., 190. Rasmussen, F., 781. Raspe, F., 518. Ratcliff, J. A., 537. Rather, J. B.,695. Raudnitz, R. W., 674. Raumer, E. von, 303. Ravaz, L., 334. Raven, W.F., 271. Ravenel, M. P., 64, 574. Rawl, B. II., 700. Rawson, H. E., 319. Ray, B. J., 498. Reach, F., 267. Rebholz, F., 141. Recknagel, A. B., 339. Reddick, D., 148, 344. Reed, G. M.,50, 641. Reed, H. S., 29, 149, 422. Reed, J. C, 124. Reed, J. F., 733. Reed, O. E.,595. Reeves, G. I., 59. Regel, R., 736. Regn^r, G.,787. Rehn, J. A. G., 555. Relchenbach, E., 529. Reid, L. J.,236. Reid, W., 199. Reimer, F. C, 4.39. Reinelt, J.,446. Relnsch, A., 522, 613. Reisner, IT., 214. Reiss, F., 674. Reitz, A., 213. Remlinger, P., 684. Remy, T., 119, 233, 243, Rennes, 586. Rennie, T., 587. Rensselaer, M. van, 567. Retterer, E., 681. Rettger, L. F., 586. Reybold, E. C.,jr., 86. Reynolds, J. B., 364. Reynolds, L. W., 698. Reynolds, M. H., 82, 83, 179, 381, 787. Ricard, II.,63. Rice, F. G., 476. Rice, J. E.,694. Rice, T. D., 618, 619. Richard, v., 612. Richards, E. H., 197. Richards, E. S., 706. Richards, M. W.,499. Richards, P. A. E., 164, 462, 564, 565. Richards, T. W., 710. Richards, W. B., 570. Richardson, C, 710. Richardson, W. D., 163. Richelet, J. E., 463,565. Richmond, C. \V.,553. Richter, F., 280. Rickards, B. R., 677. Ricketts, H. T., 280. Rlddell, R. R.,395. Riddle, 0.,374. Ridgway,C. S.,94. Ridgway, R., 450. Riecke, R., 198, 221. Riehm, E., 446. Riggs, L. W., 517. Rikli, M.,547. Ring, E. E., 46. Ringehiaann, 567. Ritson, S.,709. Ritzema Bos, J., 299. Riviere, G., 140, 447. Robb, J. F., 483. Robb, L.,629. Roberts, F. P., 335. Roberts, G., 225, 316. Ro1)erts, R. M.,94. Robertson, F. E., 697. Robertson, F. II., 473, 654. Robertson, J. W.,90, 101,196, 197. Robertson, M., 476. INDEX OF NAMES. 815 Robertson, R., 321, 331. Robertson, T. B., 411, 607. Robertson-Scott, J. W., 472. Robinson, C. S.,498. Robinson, J. II., 372. Robinson, L. E., 256, 562. Robinson, T. R.,619. Robinson, W., 274. Robinson, W. J., 443. Robison, C. II., 100. Robison, F. W., 65, 608, 676, 767, 768. RockweU, F. H., 193. Roctnood.E. \V.,466. Rocques, X., 462, 567. Rodewald, IT.,269, 778. Rodhain, J., 287. Rogers, C. G., 445. Rogers, L. A., 175, 476. Rohland, 117. Rohmann, F.,63. Rohwer, S. A., 556, 653. Roig, G., 683. Roitzsch, A.,396. Relet, A., 109, 578. Rolfe, R. A.,739. Rolfs, F. M., 243. Rolfs, P. H.,511. Romer, P. H., 674, 681. Romondt, W. H. A. van, 335. Rooy, A. C. A. van, 18. Rordam, K.,111. Rorer, S. T.,167. Roscoe, H.,198. Rose, D.H., 497. Rose, F.,363. Rose, J. D., 94. Rose, L., 476. Rose, P. S.,596. Rose, R.E., 72, 124, 171,624. Rosenau, M. J., 383, 574, 680. Rosenfeld, A. H., 232. Ross, B. B., 124, 724. Ross, L.C., 525. Ross, R.,*792. Ross, W. G., 499. Ross, W. H.,9, 17, 74. Rossi, U., 569. Rossmeisl, J., 376. Rotch, A. L., 113, 415. Rothenfusser, S., 11. Rotmistrov, V., 425. Rousseaux, E., 19, 164. Roux, F. C, 539, 040. Roy, G. A. le, 108. Roy, P., 413. Ruau, J.,189, 491. Ruby, J., 159. Rudlofl, H. L., 190, 293, 491. Rudovitz, L.,526. Rucdiger, E. H., 486. Ruflfner, R. H.,497. Riilnn, G..179,675. Riimker, K. von, 736. Rumsey, W. E., 454. Rupp, P., 563. Ruppin, E., 106. Rusk, E. W.,694. Rusk, H. P., 694. Russ, F.,419. Russell, E., 462. Russell, H. L., 295, 384, 495, 511, 515,598. Russell, II. M.,659. Russo, A.,269. Rust, 788. Ruth, W. A., 595. Rutherford, J. G., 38.'), 482, 48.5, 487. Ruzek, C. V.,59S. Ryan, H., 187. Ryves, R.,391. Sabouraud, 084. Saeher, J. F.,106. Sackett, II. W.,596. Sackett, W. G.,145. Sagnier, II., 796. Sagorsky,S.,292. St. Engel, 674. Salecker, P., 163. Saleeby, M. M.,632. Salmon, D. E.,262. Salmon, E. S.,748. Sambon, L. W., 286, 686. Sammis, J. L., 177. Samter, V.,212. Sanborn, C. E.,297. Sanders, J. G.,347. Sanders, J. McC.,741. Sanders, T. \V.,546. Sanderson, E. D., 56,. 348, 694, 758. Sando, R. B.,173. Sands, W.N. ,652. Sandsten,E. P., 434, 500. Sanna, A., 64. Santolyne, P.,7S1. Saracomenos, D., 159. Sargeant, F. P., 790. Sartori, A., 164,303. Saunders, C. E., 36, 321, 358. Saunders, E. R.,45. Saunders, W.,. 36, 321. Saussure, H. de, 649. Sauton, B.,522. Savage, W. G.,80. Savary, 586. Sawitsch, W. W.,379. Sayer, W. S.,220,478. Saylor, C. F., 431. Sazanov, V. I.,528. Scacco, P., 683. Scala, A.,411. Schacke, F.,223. Schade, 89. Schaefler, N. C..196. SchafInit,E.,211. Schamberg, J. F.,587. Schander, R.,54. Scharfl, R. F.,170. Schaub, I. O., 198, 297. Schefler, T. H., 246. Schelj, L. T. C, 673. Scheiner, J., 113. Schenck, C. A., 48, 696. Schenke, V., 611. ScherfTius, W. H., 1.38, .3.30. Schermbeek, A.J. van, 338. Schern, K., 614, 707. Scherpe, R., 716. Scherubel, E. F., 163. Schindlcr, P., 191. Schlcgelberger, 294. Schloesing, T.,jr., 21. Schlossmann, A., 665, 674. Schmidt, 371. Schmidt, A. E., 63. Schmidt, II., 89, 761. Schmidt, J., 631,778. Schmidt, P., 767. Schneider, 791. Schneider, G., 243. Schneider, G. E., 487. Schneidewind, W., 122, 472. Schoene, W. J., 800. S('hoorl, N., 702. Schouto, J. C, 412. Schreiber, C, 227. Schreiner, J., 653. Schreiner, O., 22, 224, 422. Schrenk, H. von, 448. Schribaux, E., 262. Schroder, F., 211. Schroeder, 294. Schroeder, E. C, 574, 787. Schroeder, F. C, 618, 619. Schroeder, J., 754, 755. Schroter, 376. Schryver, S. B., 517, 565. Schubert, F., 108. Schucht, L., 723. Schuftan, G., 471. Schultz, H. F., 561. Schultze, F. E., 246. Schulze,B., 6.33, 708. Schulze, E.,30. Schuman, J. B., 291. Schiirmann, W., 686. Schurz, H., 197. Schuster, F., 622. Schwappach, A., 144, 308. Schwartz, M., 458. Schwartze, C. A., 400. Schwarz, F., 304. Scott, F. H., 70. Scott, J., 700. Scott, J. M., 328, 370, 375, 673. Scott, J. W. R., 472. Scott, L. L., 459. Scott, N. A., 597. Scott, W. M., 149, 244. Scott-Moncrief, W. D., 215. Scovell, M. A., 225, 506, 511. Scurti, F., 211,412. Sears, F. C, 140, 694. Sebellen, J., 610. Secrest, E., 739. Sceberger, A., 773, 776. Seelcy, D. A., 712. Seelhorst, C. von, 430, 434, 435. Seerley, H. H., 196. 816 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Sefler, P. O., 340. Seidell, A., 704. Seidler, L., 136. Seitner, M., 254. Selby, A. D., 138, 515, 745. Seldenschnur, F., 547. Seligmann, C. G., 686. Seligmann, E., 674. Seltensperger, C, 91. Semon, R., 671. Sergent, E., 287. Seton, R. S., 542. Setz, F., 721. Sevegrand, 87. Severance, G., 130. Severin, H. C. M., 756. Severin, H. H. P., 756. Severin, S. A., 22. Seydel, 466. Seynes, de, 314. Shackell, L. F., 609. Shamel, A. D., 138. Shannon, C. W., 718. Sharp, J. C, 195. Sharpe, T. A., 321, 331. Shattuck, C. H., 97. Shaw, C. F., 618. Shaw, C. H., 535, 546. Shaw, R. H., 75, 765. Shaw, R. S., 271, 689. Shaw, W. N., 415. Shear, C. L., 52. Shedd, O. M., 209, 308, 309. Shelford, R., 649. She! ton, H. S., 712. Shepard, C. E., 692. Shepard, I. H., 197. Shepard, J. H., 177, 462. Shepperd, J. H., 136, 570. Sherman, F., jr., 554. Sherwin, M. E.,497. Sherwood, F. W., 498. Shimek,B.,218. Sbimidzu, Y., 109. Shimono, N., 113. Shinn, J. R.,400. Shipley, A. E., 183, 184, 646. Shipley, G. B.,742. Shoebotham, J. W., 553. Shore, N. D.,694. Short, A. K.,94. Shrewsburj', H. S.,613. Shull, G. H.,28. Shulte, A., 144. Shutt, F. T., 17, 172, 198, 308, 309, 310, 316, 321, 329, 341, 367. Sieard, H., 254. Sidersky, D., 611. Sieg, 788. Siegfeld, M.,175,707. Siegfried, H.,571. Sievers, A. F.,141. Silberberg, B.,727. Sill, E.M.,. 567. Silliman, B., jr., 202. Silvestri, F., 159, 557, 757. Sim, T. R.,639. Simmons, G. E.,497. Simond, 685. Sinclair, J. M., 79. Singh, S., 546. Singleton, W. M., 77. Sirker, J. N.,545, 624. Sjollema, B., 115. Skeggs, 637. Skinner, J. J., 217. Skinner, R. P., 64, 623. Skraup, Z. H., 168, 210, 411. Slate, W.L., jr., 800. Slater, E. K., 65. Slezkin, P., 431. Sluis, Y. van der, 582. Smetham, A.,668. Smith, A., 108. Smith, A.M., 319, 422. Smith, B.,589. Smith, C. P., 499. Smith, D. T., 113. Smith, E. E.,260. Smith, E. F., 341, 682. Smith, E. H.,549. Smith, F., 460, 708. Smith, F. A., 15, 34, 35, 528. Smith, G. E. P.,86. Smith, G.S. G.,785. Smith, H. C, 618, 619. Smith, H. D.,372. Smith, H. L.,465. Smith, H. S.,247, 249, 251. Smith, H. W.,56. Smith, J. A., 474. Smith, J. B.,651. Smith, J. L.,209. Smith, J. W., 192, 495, 616. Smith, L. H.,134. Smith, P. H., 172. Smith, R. E.,693. Smith, R. G., 677. Smith, R. I., 348, 558. Smith, T., 56.5. Smith, W. G.,626. Smolenski, K.,302. Smyth, E. G.,800. Snell, J. F.,463. Snelling, W. O.,710. Snider, L. C.,718. Snodgrass, M. D., 775, 788. Snow, J. H.,460. Snyder, A. H.,494. Snyder, H., 63, 296. Snyder, J. L.,512. Snyder, W. P., 129. Sobotta, 314. Solberg, E.,425. Solemacher-Antweiler, von, 141. Solyom, H. L.,616. Sommerfeld, P., 674. Sonntag, G.,665. Somay,"P.de, 520. Soskin, S.,741. Soule, A. M., 172, 296, 307, 36; 511,598. Souli6, H.,683. Som'sac, L.,52. South, (Mrs.) J., 658. Southccmbe, J. E., 518. Sowder, W. S.,300. Soxhlet, 703. Spaeth, E.,304. Spain, W., 97. Spaldmg, E. H.,90. Spalding, V. M.,535. Sparks, H. W.,499. Spartz, L.,80. Spauldlng, P., 448, 552, 644, 748. Spears, H. D., 367. Spegazzlni, C., 447. Speir, J., 376. Spencer, A. G., 17. Spencer, J., 486. Spencer, J. B., 173. Spillman, W. J., 172, 543, 071, 794. Spiro, K.,414. Spitzer, G. W.,412. Sponnagel, F., 676, 705. Sponsler, A. L., 96. Sprague, L. P., 174. Spriggs, E. I., 67. Spring, S. N., 692. Sprinkmeyer, H., 413. Squires, J. H., 133. Stabler, H., 617. Stafford, T. J., 663. Stalker, M., 96. Stallings, R. E., 05, 72. Stange, C. H., 386. Stanjek, J., 631. Stanley, L., 567. Staples-Browne, R., 171. Starling, E. H., 568. Staub, AV.,212. Stebbing, E. P., 154, 159, 247. Stebler, F. G.,230. ' Steddom, R. P., 482. Steffen,C.,-788. Stegmann, L.,302. Stein, A., 305. Steiner,H., 304,305. Stella, L. M. 235. Stenstrom, O., 787. Stephens, J. W. W., 792. Stephenson, C. F.,692. Sterling, E. A., 3.39. Sternberg, W., 770. Steuart, W. M.,617. Stevens, F. C, 595. Stevens, F. L., 22, 33, 100, 118, 119, 145, 146, 147, 244, 447, 449, 493, 619, 626. Stevens, J. C, 309. Stevens, O. A., 497. Stevens, R. P., 619. Steven.son, N., 435. Stevenson, W., 444. Stewart', F. C, 644. Stewart, G. N.,199. Stewart, H.W., 59.5. Stewart, J. B., 138. Stewart, J. D.. 284. Stewart, J. P., 2.37, 238, 657. Stigell, R., 632. INDEX OF NAMES. 817 Stiles, C. W., 587, 590. Stillesen, M.,414. Stimson, A. M., 784. Stockberger, W. W., 136, 430. Stockdale, F. A., 147, 150. Stocker, A., 695. Stockman, S., 679. Stoddart, C. AV.,218. Stodel, G., 575. Stojentin, vou, 189. Stoklasa, J., 32, 121, 418, 537, 734. Stone, A. L., 298. Stone, B. H., 174. Stone, C. A., 25. Stone, G.E., 226. Stone, R. E., 400, 694. Stone, W., 247. Stone, W. E., 50<1, 511, 513. Stormer, K., 52. Storms, A. B., 500, 511. Strahorn, A. T., 619. Strang, W., 439. Straus, X., 277. Streeter, G. C, 397. Stremayr, E. von H., 168. Strickland, C, 83, 255, 256, 488. Stritt, W., 24. Stroeter, E. R., 371. Strohmer, F. 224. Strong, R. P., 786. Strouse, S.,199. Strunk, II. F., 144. Stuart, W., 239, 350, 544. Stubbs, J. E., 594. Stupart, R. F., 113,711. Stutzer, A., Ill, 136. Suchting, H.,9. Suffran, 684. Siiis, 6S4. Sullivan, C, 66. Sullivan, M. X., 22, 5.33. Sullivan, R.H., 711. Sullivan, V. L., 588. Summers, H. E.,348. Summers, J. N., 760. Sundstrom, S., 166. Surface, F. M., 70, 170, 269, 271, 273 279,372,773. Surface, H. A., 649, 754. Sutherland A., 798. Sutherland, W. A., 595. Sutton, A. W.,27. Swanwick, B., 271. Sweet, A. T., 619. Swenk, M. H., 154, 249, 250, 251. Swett, O. D.,710. Swingle, L. D.,286. Sydow, P., 33. Syme, W. A.,107,498. Symonds, S. L.,682. S>-mons,T. B .,349,555,502 Szigethl-Gyula, .\.. 550, 551. Tabel, T. B., 142. Taft, L. R., 333, 353. Tailby.G. W., jr., 618. Takeuchl,T.,621,623. Tangl, F.,177. Tani, W.,sr., 142. Tannatt.E. L.,516. Tannatt.E. T.,8o. Tarr, R. S.,292. Tatlock,R. n.,13. Taubenhaus, J.,497. Taylor, .\. M.,500. Taylor, E. P. , 60, 252, 348, 560. Taylor, F.W.. 92, 719, 729. 776, 778 Taylor, G. R.,476. Taylor, H. C.,98. Taylor, N., rag. Taylor, W. A., 402, 738. Taylor, W.C.. 97. Taylor, W. J., 96. Telemann, \V., 7.i2. Telle, F., 8, 10,302. Teller, G. L.,3.')9. Tempany,II. A., 4.32, 718. Temple, C. E.,642. TenEyck, A. M., 634, 732. Teppaz, L., 184, 488, 584, 585. Terrill, B. M.,98. Tesch,P.,18. Tetens, 0.,616. Thackara,.\. W.,474. Thaer, ^.,667. Tharp.W. E.,618. Thatcher, R. W.,224. Theiler, A. , 284, 483, 580, 763, 786. Theobald, F. V., 652, 655. Theopold, W.,360. Thiel,n.,172, 173. 174,688. Thiroux, A. , 184, 488, 584, 585. Thoday,D.,318. Thomann,65. Thomas, G.,19.'^ Thomas, H. H.,441. Thomas, P., 519. Thomas, W. A., 157. Thompson, B. L.,695. Thompson, F.,497. Thompson, H.,84. Thompson, H. B.,97. Thompson, J., 26. Thompson, J. B.,95. Thompson, W. O., 500, 511. Thomsen, J., 7. Thomson, C. G.,279. Thomson, E. II., 195. Thomson, R. T.,13. Thonger, C.,441. Thoni, J.,379. Thornber, J. J.,33. Thomber, W. P., 141. Thorne,611. Thorne,C. E., 22, 222. Thcirher, 210. Thornton, A. ■W.,440. Thornton, R.W., 23.3. Thresh, 617. Thyssen,N.,2.33. Tiemey,D. P., 498. Tinsley,J. D.,800. Tischtschenko, J., 10. Tison,A.,423. Titus, E. G.,348. Titze, C.,81. Tjaden, n.,674. Todd, J. L., 287, .388. Todd, W. J., 96. Todorovic, K. N., 11. Tolman, L. M.,414. Tomaselli, P., 162. Tormey, J. L.,500. Torres, J., 721. Tortclli.M., 110,306. Tottingham, W. E.,608. Touche, C. I), la, 663. Touplain, F., 109, 475, 614. Tourchot, A. L.,575. Towar, .T. D., 130, 196. Tower, G. E..3,37. Tower, W. V.,.353. Towgood, W.,4ol. Townsend, V. O., 710. Townscnd,C'. W.,486. Townshend, N. S.,297. Toyama, K., 154. Trabut, L., 253. 353, 434. Tracy, .1. E. \V.,733. Tracy, AV. W.,jr.,43. Transeau,E. N.,5.35. Trasher, G. B.,296. Travis, G.,476. Trelles, J. B. y, 121. Trcutlcin, A., 260. Tribot, J., 563. Trillat, A., 65. Tripp, T. M., 553. Troeger, L. E., 693. Troili-Petersson, G., 781, 782. Tromsdorfl, R., 378. Troop, J., 437, 438. Trott,490. Troup, R. S., 741. Trowbridge, C. C, 113. Trowbridge, E. A., 371, 694. Trowbridge, P. F., 125. True, A. C, 97, 397, 507, 511, 515. True, R. 11., 141, 187 TrufEaut, G.,422. Truman, J. M., 572. Trunz, 690. Truog, E., 500. Tsuda, S., 623. Tsujimoto, M., 13. Tsvett, M., 126, 227. Tubeuf, K. von, 51. Tuck, C. II., 598. Tucker, E. S., 653. Tucker, G.M.,594. Tucker, J. R., 94. Tuley, H. E.,574. Turk, W., 411. Turner, J. D., 367. Tumey, A. O., 333. Twight, E. II., 7rA. Udden, J. A., 712. Uhlcnhuth. las, 711. UUmann, M., 419. I Ulmann, K. A., 694. 818 EXPEEIMENT STATION EECOED. Ulrich, P., 446. UnderMll, F. P., 464. Urbain, 791. Urban, J., 30, 42, 233, 734, 735. Usher, F. L., 422. Uteau, R., 159. Utz, F., 66, 522, 566, 705. Vageler, H., 316, 608. Vageler, P., 219, 621. Vahl, M., 625. Valerio, B. G., 586. Vallee, H., 682. Vall6e-Poussin, L. de la, 221. Van Balen, B. A. P., 299. Van Bemmelen, J. M., 723. Van Dam, L., 108. Van Dam, W., 378. Van der Leek, J., 676, 706. Van der Sluis, Y., 582. Vandervelde, E., 491. Vander Wal, G. H., 11. Vandevelde, A. J. J., 30, 701. Van Dine, D. L., 160. Van Duzee, E. P., 556. Van Es, L., 382, 583, 791. Van Haarst, J., 299. VanEise, C. R., 621. Vanhoudenhove, J., 356. Van Laer, N.,305. Van Leenhofl, J., 542. Van Nonnan, H. E., 200, 270, 679, 700. Van Norman, K. H., 302. Van Oijen, L. A. T. J. F., 142. Van Orsdale, L. F., 473. Van Pelt, H. G., 96. Van Rensselaer, M., 567. Van Romondt, W. H. A., 335. Van Rooy, A. C. A., 18. Van Schermbeek, A. J., 338. Van Slyke, D. D., 9. Van Slyke, L. L., 25. Van't Hoff, J. H., 723. Vaplon, W. E., 193. Vas, K., 789. Vasiliu, H., 664. Vasterling, P., 523. Vater, H., 442. Veitch, F. P., 295, 799. Vermorel, V., 146, 151, 754. Vemon, H. M., 167. Verrall, G.H., 248. Vestergaard, H. A. B., 235. Viall, E., 563. Vibrans, O., 621. Viekery, R. A., 249. Vidal, D., 133, 471, Vieth, P., 476. Vikhlyaer, 430. Villar, S., 782. Villasenor, F. F., 718. Ville, G., 719. Villedieu, 702. Vinall, H. N., 430. Vincent, C. C, 636. Vincent, H., 48. Vine, W. B. de, 385. Viner, V., 425, 528. Vinson, A. E., 9, 17, 74, 727. Vimeisel, F.,479. Vitry, G., 466. Vivarelli, L., 560. Voegtlin, C, 199. Voelcker, J. A.,229, 308. Vogel,J.,313. Voges, E., 54. Voglino, P., 342. Vogt, J., 122. Vogtherr, M.,306. Voigt, A., 636. Volhard, J., 367. Voltz, W., 277, 570. Voorhees, E. B., 198, 529, 5.30, 720. Voorhees, J. F., 114. I Vorisek, A., 705. Vries, J. J. O. de, 679. Vuaflart, L., 303. Vuyst, P. de, 190, 200. Wagner, H., 110,660. Wagner, M.,226. Wagner, T. B.,569. Wahl, L. D., 264. Wahl, R., 162. Waid,C. W.,240. Wal, G. H. van der, 11. Waldrcn, L. R., 526, 535, 545, 557, 564, 594. Wale, B. N., 371. Walker, E., 334. Walker, F. P., 673. Walker, G. W., 302. Walker, L. S., 124. Walker, R. E., 278. AValker, W. O., 12. WaU, C. H. la, 304. WaU, S., 283. WaUace, E., 596. Wallace, R., 82. Waller, A. D., 317. Waller, O.L., 587. Walter, A., 214. Walter, P., 89. Walters, E. H., 195. Walther, K., 186. Walton, W. R., 652. Wanner, A., 650. Wappes, L.,739. Wara, W.,704. Warburton, C, 161, 562, 763. Warburton, C. W., 430. Warcollier, G.,710. Ward, A. R.,375. Ward, C. W., 45. Ward, H. M.,320. Ward, S.H., 381. Warden, R. .\., 495. Waring, G. A., .309. Warming, E., 625. Warner, S. P., 459. Warren, E., 555. Warren, G. F., 494. Warren, J. A., 424. Warriner, E. C.,.397. Washburn, F. L., 56, 248, 348, 562. Washburn, H.J.,. 381. Washington, H. L., 64, 75. Waters, H. J., 194, 469, 510, 511, 51.3. Watkins, J. L., 539. Wat kins, O. S., 547. Watkins-Pitchford, H., 180, 284, 687. Watson, C, 67. Watson, E. A., 79, 487. Watson, E. J., 589. Watson, M. U., 358. Watt, R. D., 21, 311, 524, 619, 624. Watts, F., 200, 540, 541, 718. Waugh, F. A., 140, 546, 636. Weatherby, L. S., 195. Weathers, J., 46. Weaver, J. T., 618, 619. Webb, E.G., 585. Webber, H. J., 135. Weber, A., 81, 376, 674. Weber, E., 789. Weber, G. H., 364. Weber, H., 445. Weber, O., 304. Webster, F. M., 59, 347, 764. Webster, J. M.,595. Webster, R. L., 157, 554. Wedemann, 108. Weed, L.H., 610. Weeks, A. D.,97. Weeks, F. B., 25, 219. Weibull, M., Ill, 527. Weidanz, O., 108. Weidman, S., 217. Weigert, L., 139. Weigmann, H., 379, 674. WeU, L., 10. Wein, 120, Wemberg, B., 113. Weinberg, M., 686, 789. Weinrich, W., jr., 41. Weinzierl, T. von, 230. Weir, R. E., 386. Weis, F., 21. Weisman, A., 671. Welborn, R. C. W., 142. Welborn, W. C, 39. Weldon, G. P., 193, 352. Weldon, W. F. R., 246. AVellenstein, A., 662. Wellington, A. R., 766, 785. Welhnan, F. C., 562. • Wells, H. G., 783. Wenyon, C. M., 184, 382, 686. Werner, H., 568. Wery, G., 146. Wessling, H. L., 64. West, F. E., 648. West, R. M., 108, 304, 498. Westell, W. P., 154. Westergaard, C., jr., 639. Westermann, D., 631. Westermann, T., 21, 527. Westhausser, F., 666. INDEX OF NAMES. 819 Westman, K. A., 573. Weston, F. E., 610. Westover, H. L., 017, 618. Wheaton, A. H., 462. Wheeler, G. C, 296, 400. Wheeler, H. J., 515, 730. Wheeler, W. M., 58, 553. Wheldale, M., 125, 726. Whetzel, H. H., 643. Whipple, L. F., 26, 668. Whipple, O. B., 44, 97, 140, 240. White: A. D., 97. White, G. R., 183. White, H. C, 397. White, M., 285. White, Marian, 663. White, O., 695. White, T. H., 136, 437. Wliitley, S. R., 779. Whitmarsh, P., 363. Whitney, M., 617, 618. Whitson, A. R., 217, 218. Whittemore, F. D., 264. Whitten, J. C, 438. Wiancko, A. T., 35. Wickersham, G. H., 573. Wickersham, G. W., 165. Wicks, W. H., 400, 693. Wickson, E. J., 514. Widtsoe, J. A., 516. Wiegner, G., 701. Wiesner, A., 616. Wiesner, J., 533. Wigand, P., 180. Wijnberg, A., 710. Wijs, J. J. A., 11. Wijsman, 11. J., 109. Wilco.x, E. M., 435, 642. Wilder, A. P., 363. Wilder, H. J., 618. WUey, H. W., 112, 198, 295, 299. Wilhoit, A. D., 296, 302. Wilk, L., 225. WUken, F. A., 333, 353. Wilkie, J. M., 8. Wilkins, (Mrs.) R., 688. Wilkinson, W. P., 11. Willard, J. T., 462, 569, 765. Willard, R. E., 618. Willcox, O. W., 659. Willem, v., 556. Willey, A., 246. WilUams, A. W., 579. WUliams, C. B., 732. Williams, C. G., 231. 30089—10 3 Williams, 0. W. M., 707, 780. Williams, W. L., 579. Williamson, S., 561. Willis, C, 41, 426. WiUis, J. C, 631. Willis, J. W., 296. WUliston, S. W., 760. WUloughby, C. L., 800. Willstatter, R., 30. Wilmot, S. E., 143. Wilson, C. S., 344. Wilson, E. B., 170. Wilson, F. W., 73, 681. Wilson, G. W., 626. Wilson, H. F., 253. Wilson, H. M., 717. Wilson, James, 192. Wilson, J., 73, 470, 672. Wilson, J. D., 305. Wilson, J. K., 38. Wilson, J. L., 37. Wilson, J. M., 94. Wilson, P. H., 292. Wilson, T. B., 596. M'immer, G., 446. Winans, R. M., 489. Wmdisch, K., 545, 767. Windrath, H., 67. Wing, J. E., 589. Winkenwerder, H. A., 196. Wmkler, H., 320. Winston, R. A., 618. Winterfield, G., 13. Winters, R. Y., 95, 333, 342. Winterstein, E., 302, 478. Win ton, A. L., 64, 65. Withers, W. A., 22, 118, 119, 619. Withycombe, J., 598. Witt, D. O., 144. Witte, 567. Wlachoff, C, 90. Woglum, R. S., 354. Wohltmann, 293. Wolf, T. R., 497. Wolfel, K., 178. Wolff, A., 379, 782. Wolff, J., 707. WoW, M., 760. Wolflhiigel, 585. Wolford, L. S., 188. Woll, F. W., 274, 275, 276. Wolter, L., 111. Woltereck, H. C, 531. Wood, H. B., 713. Wood, T. B., 210, 607. Woodbury, C. G., 437, 438. Woodcock, II. M., 246, 286. Woodman, A. G., 211. Woodruff, 11. A., 179. Woods, A. F., 794. Woods, C. D., 165, 424, 515. Woodward, S. M., 717. Woodward, W. C, 76. Woodworth, C. W., 94. Woosley, II., 330. Worch, O., 773. Working, D. W., 91, 598. Worncr, E., 303. Worsham, E. L., 56, 60, 252, 554. Worst, J. II., 515. Worthen, E. L., 498, 618, 619. Wortmann, J., 690. Wright, A. M., 163. Wright, II. W., 646. Wright, J. M., 481. Wright, R. H., 400. Wrobel, E., 186. Xylander, 152, 711. Yakimofl, W. L., 78. Yearsley, M., 154. Yerburgh, R. A., 591. Yokoyama, H., 624. York, II. II., 534. Yoshida, T., 622. Yothers, W. W., 757, 781. Young, J. M., 279. Young, W. J., 695. Zakharov, S. A., 520. Zaleski, W., 228. Zavitz, C. A., 325, 341. Zavitz, E. J., 339. Zeekendorf, 108. Zederbauer, E., 639. Zega, A., 11. Zehntner, L., 649. Zeller, T., 7, 313. Zerban, F., 211, 696. Zijlstra, K., 127. Zmimerman, A., 440, 674. Zunmcrmann, A., 474. Zink, W. II., 702. Ziwet, A., 113. Zoellner, II. G., 94. Zschokke, T., 149. Zucker, II., 566. Ziintz, N., 298. INDEX OV SUHjKCTS. Note.— The abbreviations "Ala. College," "Conn. State," "Mass.," ete., after entries refer to the public; tions of the respective experiment stations; "Alaska," "Hawaii," and " I'.R." to those of the experiment stations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico; "Can." to those of the experiment stations in Canada, and "U.S.D.A." to those of this Department. Page. Abaca, varieties (532 Abbattoirs. collection of taxes at, in France.. 164 {See also Slaughterhouses.) Abies nobilis, galls of 753 Abortion, contagious, in cows 385 mares 583 investigations 679 Abrastol, effect on fermentation 165 A braias grossulariafa , notes 753 Acacia arabica, culture in Berar 741 vcrek, culture and tapping 49 Acaricides, notes 655 Acarina, notes 646 Acetaldeh.vde in wine and brandy 65 Acetamid, assimilation by micro-organisms.. 620 Acetanilid, toxicity, U.S.D.A 563 Acetic acid, effect on milk precipitation 177 ripening of dates 727 solubility of phosphoric acid 315 excretion by roots 32 ether vapor, effect on dates 728 Acetone, effect on plants 544 Acetylene gas, fertilizing value 221 Acid anhydrids, standards 610 free volatile, determination in wine 412 intoxication, notes 266 phosphate. {See Superphosphate.) Acidalia virgularia, breeding experiments 4.52 Acidimetcr, description, N,Y, Cornell 306 Acidimetry , standards 610 Acidity, detection in soils 703 in milk 675 Acids, determination in plants 302 wine 11 effect on casein precipitation 177 milk coagulation 175 peat and doppleritc 220 seedlings, R.I 212 fatty, determination 68 in soaps 307 distillation 110 offish oils, studies !14 precipitation ill) mineral, detection in vinegar 705 organic, effect on fruit juices 461 standards 610 protein, elimination by urine 665 volatile, apparatus for determining, U.S.D.A 613 Page. Acleris minuta. {See Cranberry worm, yel- low-headed.) Acquired characters, inheritance of 671 Acridium xgyptian, notes 617 [ Schistocerca ] spp. , notes 154 Acrotomm lucidulus, notes, U.S.D..\ 57 Actinomj^cosis, prevalence in Hawaii 483 Acysta pcrsese n. sp., description 451 732 .50 Adzuki bean, economic value, U.S.D..V ^■Ecidium otageme. not es Aeration, effect on soil temperatures 117 soils 716 Aerology, progress in 615 ^^sculu-s hijtpocastanum oil. composition 414 Afforestation, financial aspects 339 in the I'nited Kingdom 339 African coast fever- control in Cape Colony 786 the Transvaal 484 prevalence in Rhodesia 79 transmission 483, 680 African tick fever — notes 280 relation to relapsing fever 786 Agave, value and use 53fi A geniaspis fuscicollis, notes 159, 557 Agonoscclus puberula, notes 647 Agrarian reform in Ireland 395 Agricultural- Academy, Royal, of Sweden 91 and Dairy Institute at Alnarp .573 associations in Bengal 631 France, fimctions 293 national congress at Nancy . . 591 bank of Barbados 688 the Philippines 190 boilers and engines, treatise 87 bookkeeping, notes 294, 397, 794 treatise 89, 794 buildings for Cambridge University 200 chemical station at 11 al le , report 61 5 Zurich, report 414 chemistry. {See Chemistry.) clubs, papers on 494 college at (ihisnevin, Ireland 594 in Nova Scot ia 99 work , preparal ioti of men for 508 colleges- entrance re(iuireiiieiits 512 function in eiliication 513 821 822 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Agricultural— Continued. Page, colleges— continued. organization and work 511 relation to rural problems 514 {See also Alabama, Arizona etc.) colonies, relation to German agriculture. . 293 conditions in equatorial Africa 66 Portugal 189 the United States 292 on Long Island, N. Y.Comell. . 138 cooperation for small holders 688 in Denmark ■ 796 England and Wales 591 Germany 396 India 293 Italy , law concerning 591 social aspects 395 courses for farmers, Cal 691 credit, advantages to farmers 293, 796 banks 390 in Algeria 89,390 England and Wales 591 Germany 390 India..." 293,591 Roumania 293 the Philippines 190 various countries 190 national congress 796 development in Bulgaria 90 Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 devices, descriptions 490 directory, U.S.D.,\ 799 economies. {See Rural economics.) education — U.S.D.A 397 among southern h ighlanders 1 98 at National Education Association. . 101 bibliography 190 development 689 elementary, symposium on 100 history 507 in America 90 England 100, 191 Michigan 598 Oklahoma 494 Victoria 690 Wisconsin ' 592 papers on 196 (See also Agricultural instruction.) engineering in the Philippines 630 experiment stations. {See Experiment stations.) experiments in Russia 496 e.xperts, employment 598 extension work, Tenn 192 by public schools 494 government aid of 598 in Austria 690 the Philippines 630 West 494 organization 501 report on ". .509 {See also Agricultural colleges.) fire insurance, mutual , in France . . 089 grange banks in Pennsylvania 88 high schools, relation to fanners' insti- tutes, U.S.D.A 493 Agricultural— Continued. Page. holdings in France 189, 491 hours of labor in Minnesota, U S.D.A 691 implements at Nev. astle show 490 Paris show 87 treatise 186 industry, development in Germany 89 in Bavaria 396 Posen 172 institute at Alnarp 70C University of Leipsic 700 instruction — for farm boys 594 farmers in Germany 690 soldiers 191 teachers 91, 99, 698 in Alfred University 697 Billings Polytechnic Institute 696 College of Idaho 298 elementary schools 196, 493, 697, 698 England and Wales 797 Genesee Wesley an Sem inary 097 high schools 90, 98, 196, 493, 504, 508, 513, 689, 697, 698 Ireland 593 Lenox College 696 Maine 697 Manitoba 99 Maryland 697 Michigan 689 Minnesota 98, 698 Oklahoma 98 Porto Rico 98 rural schools 190,493,688 Texas 698 University of Chicago 298 Manchester 096 the Philippines 696 Wisconsin 698 methods 190 insurance, cooperative, for farmers 88 in France 396 journals, history 594 new 199,299,599 labor disputes, arbitration 688 problem in Germany 688 Saxony 688 South Russia 292 Switzerland 492 the South 590 system in Chile 293 laborers- breach of contract by 189 contract-breaking, regulations in Ger- many 89 cost of board in Minnesota, U.S.D.A . 691 in Bavaria 396 Japan, economic conditions 396 insurance against accidents 294,492 itinerant, in Italy 89 pensioning in France 89 rights of, in Germany 294 scarcity of, in Italy 294 New York 292 theWest 590 settlement 688 wages of, in Bavaria 189 Japan 396 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 823 Agricultural— Continued. Page, laborers— continued . wapos of, in Minnesota, U.S.D.A. . 188,691 the West 591 land in Dciniiark, utilization 79(( relation of productivity to profits. . 087 leaflets for schools 000 legislation in France 293 literature for free distribution 594 machine industry in Germany 180 machinery at Paris show 87 forspreadinggypsum,Wash.. 291 report on 490 treatise 180 motors, tests, Can 393 Organization Society, report 591 organizations, affiliation 510 phosphate. (See Phosphate, insoluble.) population in England and Wales 797 practice in tropical countries 92 problems in Austria 89 products — adulteration, legislation concerning. . 612 treatise 63 analyses 524 artificial drying apparatus 380 cooperative marketing 492 Danish, in England 90 economic returns for 397 factors affecting prices 90 marketing in various countries 688 research, facilities for, at Washington 4 journal, plan for 510,515 laboratory at Jaroslaw, report. . 476 scholarships for Jews 699 school at Davis, Cal 397, 594 Onaleska 698 schools in Oklahoma 697 movable 598 settlers on the Umatilla project.U.S.D.A. 731 shows in Bengal 631 small holdings- act in England 293 bibliography 88 cheese making for 380 conditions of success 395 equipment and cultivation 88 in Bavaria 396 England and Wales 491 France 491,688 Scotland 88 law in France 491 societies of Seeland, report 529 statistics, U.S.D.A 799 teachers' associations 699 training in America 90 text-book lor rural schools 495 warrants in France 396 Agriculture — as affected by deforestation 214 bibliography 091 catechism 91 department of, in Canada 300 (See also U. S. Depart- ment of Agriculture.) effecton vegetation, U.S.D.A 27 -Vgricultiu-e— Continued. I'age. Egyptian, te.\t-l)ook 91 elementary, te.\t-l)ooks 91, 191, 091 encyclopedia 496 government aid to, in (ireat Britain 199 graduate school 507 Illinois College of, history 798 in Asia Minor 631 England, productivity 395 Germany, relation to colonial system . 293 Great Britain, monograph 189 Italy, relation to socialism 293 Japan, economic conditions 396 Norway 90 Poland and Grodno 425 Silesia 631 South Dakota, U.S.D.A 288 the Philippines 630 Tropics, treatise 631 international institute 88,395,591,592 Italian colonial institute of 700 lecture course in 598 losses in, tjy ground squirrels 153 place and function in education 798 profitable, in New England 795 Switzerland 189 progress in, U.S.D.A 192 relation to chemistry 120, 198, 607 drainage 589 farm finances ()87 text-book 494 use of denatured alcohol in 187 electricity in 290,393 gas producers in 393 lime in 747 nitric acid in 721 use of sewage in 123, 124 Agmmyza simplex. {See Asparagus miner.) Agropyron repens as a host plant of Hessian fly 557 Agrotis segetu m as affected l)y fallow 753 Air, germ content, determination 302 relation to meteorology. .. 521 hot, effect on germination of seeds 242 soot content, determination 302 (See aho Atmosphere.) Akee fringed scale injurious to cacao 356 Alabama College, notes 94, 692 Station, notes 092 Alanin, effect on plant growth 31 Alaska Stations, notes 94 report 799 Albugo spp., notes 626 Albumin — egg, absorption in the large intestine 265 effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 hydrolysis 210, 410 muscle, determination 210 Alcohol- analyses, Me 403 denatured, manufacture and use 187 determination in flavoring extracts 108 effect on metabolism 471 plants 544 seed corn, 111 58 ethyl, manufacture from sawdust 187 industry in Germany, yearbook 480 824 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. Alcohol— Continued. i age. manufacture from cellulose 14 Helianthus tubers 480 molasses 480 Hawaii 578 sweet potatoes, S.C . . . 432 methods of analysis 705 methyl, detection in ethyl alcohol 705 A leurobius jarinx, notes 183 A leuTodicus persex, notes 452 A leyrodes citri. (See White fly.) coronata, notes 452 spp., notes, U.S.D.A 650 tabaci, notes 150 vaporarioTum. (See White fly, greenhouse. ) Aleyrodidaj of Barbados 650 parasites, notes 452 Alfa and alfa paper, treatise 133 Alfalfa- analyses, Ohio 231 as afiected by iron sulphate, S.Dak 436 by-products, notes, Idaho 536 crow^l gall, notes 549 culture, Can 328 Idaho 530 Miss 398 N.H 799 Tex 530, 732 Wyo 39 «ixperiments 425 Me 424 Nebr 130 Ohio 231 Tenn 133 in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 South Dakota, U.S.D.A 289 with cereals 426 destraction by mice, U.S.D.A 55 disease, notes, Colo 145 feeding value, Idaho 536 feeds, mixed, analyses 569 fertilizer experiments 230 Okla 38 fields, duty of water on, Ariz 86 for orchards, Colo 237 pasture, Idaho 536 pigs 473,570 sheep, Ariz 73 Fusarium diseases, studies, Ariz 49 hay, soluble phosphorus in 608 inoculation, N.Dak 535 experiments, N. Y.State 38 insects affecting 764 in 453 irrigation experiments, Idaho 630 Wyo 86 leaf weevil, notes 348 meal, analyses 569 Ky 367 Mass 172 N.Dak - 414 N.Mex 72 R.I 668 Vt 274 seed, analyses, Nebr 435 Okla 133 Alfalfa — Continued. Page. seed, analyses, Tex 732 dodder in, U.S.D.A 93 from different sources, Can 328 suspension of vitality in 726 Siberian, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 varieties, U.S.D.A 426 yield, Miss 328 and profit in Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 under dry farming, Wyo 131 Alfahno for steers, Iowa 370 Alga; as affected by salts 627 Alimentation and foods, report on 364 Alkali, effect on cement structures, U.S.D.A. 93 solutions, effect on peat and dopplerite 220 Alkalimetry, standards 610 Alligator pears. (See Avocados.) Almond diseases, notes 245 Almonds, culture, Oreg 45 fertilizer experiments 240 substitute for 360 Alnarp Agricultural and Dairy Institute 573 Aloe, value and use 536 Alternaria dianlhi n. sp. , description 449 solani, notes. Me 144 spp., notes, Me 145 Altitude, relation to vegetation 535 Alum in pickles, legislation concerning 463 phosphate, analyses 360 powders , analyses 360 Alumina, determination in phosphates. 107,410,520 Aluminum phosphate as a cause of animal diseases 383 reaction with soils, N.H 713 sulphate, effect on color in plants. 627 A manita spp. , distribution of poisons in 629 Amarantacea^ , betain content .30 A maranfhus hybridus in alfalfa seeds, Okla. . . 133 Amarantus sp., destruction, S.Dak 436 A mblyomma spp., host relations .562 A mbrosia spp. , destruction, S;Dak 436 American Association — of Economic Entomologists 55,347,554 Farmers' Institute Workers 597 U.S.D.A . 398 Medical Milk Commissions 573, 574 Amid nitrogen of protein 168 Amids, digestibility 667 effect on plant growth 30 yield of milk 666 role in animal nutrition 570 substitution for protein 660, 607 Amitus aleurodinis, notes 452 Ammonia, determination 209 in potash deposits 721 production 121 from the atmosphere. . 531 transformation investigations 417 Ammoniacal wastes as a dust preventive 392 Ammoniflcation in soils 619 Ammonium — fluorid , effect on fermentation 165 nitrate, manufacture 622 reaction with soils, N.H 713 salts, assimilation by micro-organisms. . . 620 digestibility 667 effect on yield of milk 066 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 825 Ammonium— Continued. Page. salts, physiological character 24 reaction with soils, N.H 71.3 sulphate. (Sec Sulphate of ammonia.) A mmophila pictiptnnis, notes, Kj- 252 Amaba chironoini n. sp., notes 764 mdcagridi.1 , notes 285, 387 A mpelogJypter spp. , studies, W.Va 457 A mpdopsis hedcracca, lormaXxon of anthocy- anin in 228 quinquefolia , notes 753 veilchii, notes, N.Y. Cornell 351 Ampelopsis leaves, chlorin content 30 Amylases as affected by boric acid 609 Analytical laboratories, apparatus in 212 Ananca spp., notes 561 Anaphylaxis, studies 680,783 Anastomosis of oviduct in hen 269 Anatomical terms, glossary 652 Anc;/lis comptana. (See Strawberry leaf- roller.) Andata bug, notes 647 Anemia, equine, investigations, Nev 584 infectious, in equines 790 treatment 183 Anesthetics, eSeet on plants 544 for dogs 684 (See also Ether and Chloroform.) Angoumois grain moth, notes 5.55 studies, N.C 558 Anhydrids, acid, standards 610 Anilin, effect on germination of corn, N.Y. Cornell 153 .Vnimal— blood diseases, treatise and bibliography. 78 body, phenazeturic acid in ('>(;4 breeding- experiments with bantams 772 buffaloes 170 ducks 572 fowls 171 guinea pigs 669 moths 452 pigeons 171 R.I 274 poultry 571 Me 372 U.S.D.A.. 271 quails and grouse.. 450 rabbits 269, 772 rats 270 sheep 271,572 Ariz 73 N.H 799 silkworms 154 paper on 773 yearbook 773 diseases- dairy , studies 674 notes 279 Colo 79 prevalence in Hawaii 483 Rhodesia 79 Western Australia 79 relation to ticks 161,786 studies 381 transmission by insects 161 Animal— Continued. Page, diseases— continued. t realise 77, 78. 579 (Sec also specific diseases.) growth , studies 469 husbandry, course in 507 hybrids, notes 646 industry in Denmark 73 Hawaii, report 680 relation to cotton-seed meal 367 farm management... 568 meal, analyses, R.I 668 nutrition, rOle of amid substances in 570 phosphorus in 69 work in .V merica 199 organs, normal, bacteria in 783 parasites, notes .580,640 of man 792 rats 580 paper on 482 parthenogenesis , notes 247 products, inspection 463 notes 496 scalp's, skins, and skulls, identification, U.S.D.A 347 substances, occurrence of phosphatids in. 608 tissues, phytin-splitting enryms in 167 transformations, treatise 553 wounds, treatment 84 -Vnimais- as affected by castration 773 burrowing, protection of seed corn from, Kans 246 castration in , history 773 color inheritance in, bibliography 374 digestion experiments 265 domestic, diseases of the eye in 283 measuring apparatus for 571 of the .Vltai-Kalmucks 672 red blood corpuscles in 681 fur-bearing, raising 750 growth under adverse conditions 469 injurious to coconuts 245 farm crops 92 rubber 561 tea, bibliography 658 list J.... 553 meat, transportation, U.S.D.A 777 poisoning by gnats 181 loco-weeds 482 proteid requirements 366 suppuration in, treatment 283 use in extirpation of ragwort 482 (Sec also Live stock. Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Anisepyris, new species, description 452 A nisoplia austriaca as affected by fallow 753 .4niso/a ruftiCMnda, studies, U.S.D.A 458 A nophclts argyrolarsis, notes 652 Ant, Argentine, life history 350 brown, notes 250 remedies, P.R 353 carpenter, notes. Can 350 cornfield, life history and habits, 111 58 mound-l)uilding prairie, notes, U.S.D.A. 93 Antherea spp., notes 658 A ntheria myiitta, notes 460 826 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Anthocyanin, formaUon in plants 228, 628 nature 726 Anthonomus— grandis. (See Cotton-boll weevil.) pomorum, notes 333 quadrigibbus. (See Apple curcnlio.) signatus. (See Strawberry weevil.) spp., notes 65* Anthrax bacilli, excretion in milk 280 cause and spread 279 notes 646 prevalence in Canada - 482 Great Britain 680 India 279 Ireland 783 Minnesota 381 North Dakota 382 the Transvaal 484 symptomatic. (See Blackleg.) transmission to man 783 A nthrenus vorax, notes 647 Anti-abortion sermn, analyses, U.S.D.A 385 Antibodies in milk, transmission to infants. . . 674 paper on 278 relation to anaphylaxis 681 Anticoagulin in A rgas persicus 256 Antienzyms as affected by heat 701 Antifoniiin, bacterial solvent properties 711 Anti-fungi, analyses, Can 341 Antipj-rin, toxicity, U.S.D.A 563 Antitoxins, intestinal resorption 681 Ants, control in Ceylon 648 destructive to codling moth, Va " 457 cranberry insects 56 habits 653 notes 555 relation to Cecropia peltata 760 white. (See Termites.) A nuTogryUus muiicus, notes 554 Aonidia lauri, notes 649 Apantclcs militaris, notes, Ky 251 Apate carmelita, notes 752 Aphaereta pegomyiz, description 249 sp., notes, U.S.D.A 559 A phanomerus pusillus, notes 450 Aphelenchus olesistus, description 552 Aphelinus varicornis n. sp., description 653 Aphididse of Japan, studies 247 southern California 451, 756 Aphididxspp., notes 156 Aphidiinae, classification 451 Aphidius, new species, description 452 Aphids, injurious, in Nebraska 249 to cacao 356 live stock 562 preservation 649 sex and parthenogenesis in 247 Aphis bakeri, notes 554 citri, notes 756 forbesi, notes 249 gossypii. (See Cotton aphis and Melon , aphis.) maidis, notes 249, 250 maidi-radkis. (See Corn root aphis.) malvse, notes 647 pomi-mali. (See Apple aphis.) Page. Aphis xeteria, notes, S.C 157 sorghi , notes 647 spp., notes 555 viburnicola n. sp. , description 049 Aphis, black, remedies. Can 354 Aphthous fever. (See Foot-and-mouth dis- ease.) Aphtona sp., notes 647 Apicultural statistics, method of securing 348 Apiculture, advancement by entomologists. . 348 (See also Bees.) Apis mdlifera. (Sfe Bees.) Appetite, relation to physiology and pathol- ogy 770 Aponomma inornata n. sp., studies 502 Apoplexy , parturient. (See Milk fever. ) Appendicitis in vertebrates 184 Apple — anthracnose, notes 747 aphis, remedies. Can 3.50 woolly, life history 550 notes 250,554,555,647 S.C 157 remedies 753 black rot, notes 149 blossom weevil, notes 333 caterpillar, red-humped, parasitism 248 curculio, remedies, Mo. Fruit 252 datana.^notes 252 diseases, notes 50. 643 Me 145 studies, N.H 744 treatment, Mo. Fruit 05G U.S.D.A 149 W.Va 4.57 foliage, injury by Bordeaux mixture. III. . 547 galls, studies 149 industry in Vermont, \'t 239 jelly, investigations 4(50 juice, analj'ses 662 law. Me 525 leaf blister mite, notes. Can 350 folder, lesser, notes 555 studies, Iowa 157 hopper, notes 56, 555 rust, treatment 044 spot, treatment 244 leaves, chlorin content 30 maggot, notes. Can 350 orchards, care and management, Mich. . . 141 costofmanagement.N.Y. State. 239 planting, Wash 141 tillage V. sod mulch for, N.Y. State 238 pollen, distribution by wind, Oreg 636 root rot, notes. Mo. Fruit 243 scab, notes 50 treatment 54, 244 111 518 Me 145 N.H 744 U.S.D.A 149 seed chalcis, life history, N.Y. Cornell 351 seeds, histology 629 tree caterpillar, red-humped, notes 56 ermine moth, notes 159 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 827 Apple— Continued. Page. worm, lesstT, life history afiO note.s, Can 350 U.S.n..\ 0.50 Apples- analyses 140 as affected by fertilizers, Pa 237 tillage, N.Y. State 238 tree crickets 348 blooming period, Oreg C37 breeding experiments 44,333 Oreg 636 bud sporting in, Ohio 545 canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 cultivation v. sod mulch for, Mich 333 culture, Mo 438 experiments, Mich 141 Pa 238 in Maine 248 Vermont, Vt 239 distance experiments, Can 331 evaporated, misbranding, U.S.D.A 500 fall blooming, cause 149 fertilizer experiments. Pa 237 French cider, analyses, Va 438 culture, Va 438 grafting experiments, Pa 238 growth by day and night, studies 533 harvesting and marketing 140 improvement 92 injury by hydrocyanic acid, Ohio 240 insects affecting, W.Va 457 keeping, N.H 799 new , descriptions, Ohio 545 U.S.D.A 738 packing experiments, N.Il 738 pollination experiments, Oreg 636 root extension. Pa 237 seedless, production 333 self-fertility In 29 spraying experiments, Ohio 352 Va 158 thinning, Colo 1 10 varieties. Can 331, 332 Mich 333 Oreg 6.36 Tex 544 A prons, making 495 Arablnose, determination 611 Arachnids, transmission of diseases by 101 Arseccrus fasciculatu.i. (Sfe CotTee-bean wee- vil.) Aragalluslamberli, toxicpropeTties, U.S.D.A. 484 Aralia hispida, analyses 414 A rchenomus orienlnlis n. sp. , description 758 Architecture, landscape, ,\merican, notes 546 Argas brumpli n. sp,, description 654 minialus, notes 685 persicus, anticoagulin in 256 notes 386, 646 Argasid;E, treatise and bibliography 562 Argentine ant, life history 350 Argyre.ithia conjugclla, notes 753 spp. , injurious to larches 652 Arid regions, distribution of plants in 535 Aridity, indoors, in winter, U.S.D.A 113 Aristolochia, betain conteni 30 Page. Arithmetic, farm , manual 92 -Vrizona Station, financial statement 93 notes 193 report of director 93 University, notes 595 .\rkansas Station, notes 94,595 University, notes 94 .\rmy rations in Europe and Japan 06 worm, notes 249,.'>54,555 studies, Ky 251 wheat-head, notes. 554 white Nile, notes 046 Arrowroot, autolysis of 202 manganese in 717 Arsenate of lead, analyses, Ky 308 .■Vrsenic, Jitoct.'on and determination 703 metabolism 264 poisoning of live stock by 390 trees by 53,348,501 volatilization 7 Arsenical sprays, effect on fruits 348 Arsenite of soda, poisoning of live stock by . . 390 .\rthritis, pyemic, treatment, Va 486 traumatic, treatment 791 Artichokes, culture, N.Dak 535 destruction, Iowa 7.37 for pigs 473,570 Arum spadices, metabolism in 317 Arum spp., enzyms in 317 Asal fly, notes 647 Asbestine, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A. 208 Ascaris in Filipinos 792 Ascaris lumbrkoidcs, notes 184 mystax, notes 83 Aschersonia akyrodis, notes 752 Aschersonias, culture experiments, Fla .356 spread of, by white fly, Fla . . . .349 Asclepias pumila, notes 556 sp., destruction, S.Dak 436 Ash, determination in wine 523 heart rot, notes, U.S.D.A 448 Ashes, analyses 624 limekiln, analyses. Can 316 seaweed, potash salts from 122 wood, fertilizing value 531 Ashmead, W. II., entomological writings 554 Asinusfossilis, notes 672 Asparagin, determination iu young pears 565 digestibility 667 effect on yield ol milk 660 .\sparagus— beetle, notes 753 remedies, U.S.D.A 559 canning in the home, U.S.D.A 278 decorative, water-storing capacity 226 diseases, notes. Conn. State 742 miner, notes, U.S.D.A 559 rust, resistance to toxic solutions 340 Asparagus sprcngcri, water-storing capacity.. 226 Aspen, trembling, mycorrhiza; on 345 Aspergillosis' in fowls 183 Aspergillus fumigatus, notes 183 nigcr, assimilation of nitrogen by. 421 freezing experiments 127 intracellular enzyms in 009 Aspergillus, identiflcatlon 521 828 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. l^age. Asphalt, use in waterproofing concrete -189 Asphaltum, analyses, Can 399 oil, use in road malcing 2P0 Aspidiotus ancylus. (See Putnam's scale.) britannicus, notes C49 destructor, notes 561 studies 458 forbcsi. (See Cherry scale.) hederx, notes 452 juglans-regix. (See Walnut scale.) obscura, parasitism 253 perniciosus. (See San Jose scale.) rapar. (Sec Greedy scale.) tencbricosus, notes 554 uvse. (See Grape scale.) Aspongopus viduatus, uotes 647 'Vsses, production in Argentina 673 Association of — American Agricultural Colleges— and Experiment Stations 506 U.S.D.A.. 397 Live Stock Sanitary Boards 481 OflTicial Agricultural Chemists- food standards 768 proceedings, U.S.D.A 112 State and National Food and Dairy Departments 65 Aster wilt, notes 50 Asterolccanium pustulans, notes 350 Astilbe, forcing experiments 544 Astragalus falcatus, culture experiments . 133 molksimus, toxicity, U.S.D.A 484 A thabaska-Mackenzie region, biological sur- vey, U.S.D.A 750 Athalia proxima, notes 653 Athletes as affected by oxygen 68 Atmosphere— cpmposition, progress in 615 distribution of gases in, U.S.D.A 525 efTect on soil movements, U.S.D.A 112 isothermal layers 415 temperature gradients, U.S.D.A 15 terrestrial, vortices in, U.S.D.A 113 upper, temperature gradients 214 Atmospheric — electricity, progress in 615 humidity as affected by plants 526 relation to spring flow 16 pressure. {See Barometric pressure.) temperature as affected by plants 526 upper, U.S.D.A 15 Atoxyl, action of 390 Atriplex semibaccata — composition and digestibility, Colo 71 culture, Ariz 34 ^/ripfeoj^aZficota n.g. and n.sp., description. 556 Atropa belladona, vegetable rennets in 629 Atropin sulphate as an anesthetic 279 Aita insularis, notes., 654 sexdens, relation to Cecropia pettata 759 Attacus ricini, notes ■ 658 Atlogenus sp., notes 647 Atylotus spp., role of, in diseases 287 Auchmeromyia luteola, notes 646 Aulacaspis rosx. (See Rose scale.) Page. A ulascophora oliverei, notes 559 Aurora borealis, notes, U.S.D.A 616 polaris, notes, U.S.D.A 113 Auroral displays at Mount Weather, U.S.D.A 15 Australian bug, notes 648 Autolysis of foods 262 Automatic sampler description 212 Automerisio. (See lo moth.) A utomobiles, effect on roads 2fl0 Avena, betain content .^0 Aviation, progress in 015 .\vacado mealy bug parasites, introduction into Hawaii 450 Avocados, anal3-ses, Fla .307 Axle friction, tests, Iowa 392 Azotobacter chroococcum, studies 313 Azotobacter, new species, notes 717 studies 21 Aztcca alfari, relation to Cecropia peltala 759 Azurin, analyses 151 Babcock test bottle, new form, description. . . 12 Babul, culture in Berar 7U Bacilli of plague in squirrel ecto-parasites. . . . 3.s3 paratyphoid and food-poisoning 152 pathogenic, longevity in milk (i76 transmission of pneumonia by 5S5 Bacillus— amylobacter, characteristics 717 amylovorous, notes. Me i 45 aromaticus, notes 76 cholerse suis, filtration, U.S.D.A 486 cloacse, notes .587 coti communis, adaptable forms 76 notes.... 283 significance in potable water 115 danicus, description 21 denlrificans. studies, Va 418 enteritidis as a cause of poisoning 765 notes 580, 659 lactimorbi, notes and bibliography 784 n. sp. , relation to, diseases 383 lactucx, notes, Fla 342 necrophorus, notes, Colo 79 pestis. notes 383, 580, 751 relation to B. pseudotuberculosis . . . 280 pseudotuberculosis, relation lo B. pestis. . 280 pyocyaneus. decomposition of nitrate by. 22 radicicola, assimilation of nitrogen by 421 Va. 420 gum, studies 120 spp. in normal organs 783 multiplication in milk 070 notes 152, 620, 782 subtilis as affected by salts 627 suipcsiifcr, notes 182 tuberculosis. (Sec Tubercle bacillus.) typhosus, notes 283 Bacillus, ratin, characteristics 152 Bacon curing in Scotland 371 Danish , in Great Britain 90 digestion in the intestines 265 industry in Scotland and Ireland 659 score card for 494 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 829 Bacteria— Page. as a cause of bitter milk 379 affected by disinfeetants 321 poisons 423 culture experiments WiS development in milk as affected by pas- teurization 077 effect on acidity of cream 678 milk 379 pickles 64 pickling solutions ftj solubility of phosphoric acid 315 growth as affected by bile 2s:i in milk, soils, water, etc. {Sec Milk, Soils, Water, etc.) nitrogen-fixing, studies, Va 420 nodule, assimilation of nitrogen by 421 Va. . . 420 inoculation, Mich 220 of enteritidis group , studies 579 pathogenic, notes 579 relation to country life, treatise 33 Bacterial excretions, toxic properties 320 Bacteriological apparatus, descriptions 128 cultures, danger from 152 investigations in dairying 574 of soils 528 Bacteriology, agricultural, treatise 420 chemical problems in 213 dairy, treatise 495 international catalogue 128, 728 of milk sickness 784 report on 381 soil, studies 118, 619 N.C 119 Bacterium — acidi propionici, notes 782 Tubrum n. sp., studies . . . 379 campestris, notes 655 caniculx, notes 586 glyccrini, effect on cheese 782 mescnterkus vulgatus, effect on pickles. . . 64 puUorum, notes 586, 792 radicicola, notes 717 septicemix gallinaruw, notes 387 spp. in normal organs 783 studies, Va 418 Badgers, destructive to ground squirrels 153 identification, U.S.D.A 347 Bagworm eggs, destruction by moth larvae. . 556 Bagworms, notes 459, 753 Baked beans, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 Bakeries, hygiene and sanitation in 64 inspection in Wisconsin 63 Bakers' goods, analyses 463, 566 butter in, identification 522 Institute, proceedings 64 testing of flour for 6(50 Baking powder, analyses 360,462.659,768 Balaninus, new species, description 452 BalanilcK xgyptiaca oil, analyses 518 Balata industry in Surinam 443 Balfouria, description Boktus spcciosus as a cause of mycorrhizfc. 345 Boll weevil. (Sec Cotton-l)oll weevil.) BoUworm. (Sec Cotton bolhvorm.) Boltcnia as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa . . . 737 Bolu grain, analj'ses 6(50 Bomlyx mori, breeding experiments 154 notes 658 Bonavist bean, economic value, U.S.D. A 732 Bone ash, statistics 225 dissolved, analyses, R.I 212 dust, steamed, phoshporic acid in C23 groimd, analyses, R.1 212 meal, analyses 569 as a cause of celery diseases, Fla. . 342 decomposition as affected by soils 118 fertilizing value 336, 539 Ohio 222 statistics 225 powdered , for pigs 70 Boneblack, dissolved, fertilizing value, Ohio. 222 Bones, fossil, studies 170 mineral constituents 723 Books on — agricultural bookkeeping 89, 794 labor in South Russia 292 machinery and implements . 186 agriculture 91,494,189,631 elementary 91, 191,691 for teachers 91 alfa and alfa paper 133 animal diseases 77, 78, 579 transformations 553 atmospheric nitrogen, fixation 621 bacteria in relation to country life 33 bacteriologj', agiicultural 420 dairy 495 basidiomycetes, British 626 bees and beeswax 765 biochemistry 63, 517 birds 1.W, 450, 495, 646 body fluids 5()8 brewing and malting 412 bulb culture 546 butter making 177 camping and camp cooking 204 carbohydrates and ferments 10 cattle, modern breeds 672 cement pipe and tile 291 chemical analysis 105 chemistry, agricultural 192 of chlorophyll 628 physiological 63 cocoa aiul chocolate 662 coffee 334 conifers 338 cookers, fireless 264,362 cooking 66, 167, 063 corn 134 cotton industry in Kgpyt 539 the United States 539 Books on— Continued. . Page. crops in German colonies 631 dahlias, culture 739 diet 167 dietetics 365, 563 diptera. North American 760 dog diseases 280,684 domestic science 663 dry fanning 129 dust formation and prevention 392 earth embankments and retaining walls. 185 efazyms, intracellular 167 essential oils and artificial perfumes 307 farm and dairy management 92 boilers and engines 87 buildings 87 farming, intensive 441 fertilizers and manures 529, 719 fibers, cordage 536 flax industry in various countries 632 flies, British 248 food adulteration 63 analysis 10.612 habits, agriculture, and hygiene in equatorial Africa 66 inspection in France 411 legislation 612 microscopy 521 foods 63,521,658 forestry 241,338,547,739 forests in Germany 7<0 Portuguese East Africa 639 fruit culture 546 pests 236, 249, 655 fruits, dwarf and orchard 440 fuels, household 663 fungi culture 33 fur production 750 gardening 46, 142,335, 440, 441 gardens, border 441 flower 46 genitalia of insects 051 glanders 83 goat keeping 472 grains grown in Silesia 631 heredity 771 honey and honey substitutes 64 hybridization in horticulture 738 insect metamorphosis 553 insects 154, 649 jute industry 539 lepidoptera in the British Museum 760 malaria and blood parasites 792 in Mauritius 792 mammitis in cows 283 meat hygiene 163 Mendelism 470 micro-organisms, pathogenic 579 mUk 674 analysis 108 j)roduction for children 676 sanitary 375 mineral industry 27 nniemic sensibilities 671 moor culture 311 nature study and elementary agriculture. 191 nitrogenous fertilizers 24 nutrition, human 770 834 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Books on— Continued. Page. oak galls, British 160 orchids ^^9 parasitology, human 685 pearls and parasites 646 physiology 771 pig raismg in America 371 plant breeding 543, 736 culture 495,739 disc;ises 146 ecology 625 pathology 340 plants, house 441 perfume 307 oleaginous 332 polarization and saccharimetry 611 poultry 173,372,473,673 parasites and diseases 587 proteins 210, 517 protozoa 246 rats 645 road making 391 rose culture 335 rubber industry in the Kongo 741 rural buildings 395 sanitation and water supply 187 salt deposits, oceanic 723 sewage disposal 215 small holdings 88 soils 92 forest 18 sugar 519 beets 138 sugar-cane wax 710 superphosphates, manufacture 723 sweet pea culture 441 tea culture 335 technology of oils, fats, and waxes 518 thermo-chemistry 7 ticks 562 timber 241 trees 241,320,444 tropical medicine, hygiene, and veteri- nary science 78 vegetable cooking 567 vertebrates 553 veterinary medicine 579 obstetrics 579 pathology 177 posology and prescriptions 782 woman and the home 191 working classes, standard of living. . 463, 464, 465 zoology 645 experimental 771 Boophilus bovis. (See Cattle tick.) Borates, formation 723 Borax, effect on milk products. Can 378 Bordeaux mixture — chemistry of 750 eflfect on germination of seeds 242 grape flowers 52 yield of potatoes - 147 Me 424 investigations, 111 547 preparation 151 resistance of corn smut to 341 Stability as affected by sugar 151 Bordeaux mixture — Continued. Page. substitutes, tests, Mich 353 toxic properties 340 Boric acid, analyses 524 as a cream preservative 780 detection in meat 704 determination in foods 523 effect on diastases 463 enzyms 609 rancidity of butter 678 in Sicilian wines 361 transmission to milk 675 Boring machine, description. Miss 84 Boron compounds as a cream preservative. . . 780 Bos spp., notes 672 Botany, forest, in Kamerun and Togo 741 review of literature 445 of the Fajroes Islands 335 Botflies, notes 250,251 (See also Horse and Sheep botfly.) Botryodiplodia spp., notes 53, 150 theobromse, studies 343 Botryomycosis, notes 286 Botrytis cinerea as affected bj- sulphur dioxid. 149 notes 744 eriophyes, notes 560 sp., treatment 550 spp., notes. Me 145 Bottle washers, milk, description 479 Bottles, secondhand, use 768 Bouteloua spp., notes, Ariz 34 Bovines, calcification of tuberculous lesions in 683 Bovovaccine, tests 81, 787 Boxelder aphis, notes 250, 555 Box experiments with fertilizers, value 23 Brachytrypcs membranaceous, notes 648 Bracket, camera, description 563 Brain, growth as affected by phosphorus 266 Bran. (See Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) Brandy, acetaldehyde in 65 analyses 567 methods of analysis 705 preparation from prickly pears 64 Brassica arvensis, destruction, S.Dak 436 Brassolis isthmia, notes 561 Brawn, poisoning of man by 80 Brazil nuts, fat and nitrogen content 414 Bread, analyses 66, 263, 363, 463, 495 as affected by composition of wheat . . 198 malt preparations ... . 163 baking, notes 495 chemistry of 566 corn, analyses 359 making, fermentation in 64 use of malt extract in 163 nutritive value 64, 166,263 pathogenic bacteria in 462 peasant, new type, analyses 359 recipe for 495 relation to wheat structure 64 score card for 495 tubercle bacilli in, destruction 462 Breakfast foods. (See Cereal foods.) Breeding. (See Animal breeding and Plant breeding. ) Bremia lactucse, notes 626 Brevipalpus obovatus, notes 648, 658 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 835 Paige. Brewers' grains, analyses 525 Mass 172 N. H 72 N.J 471 R.I CG8 Vt 274 dried , analyses 72, 509 Wis 274 effect on milk C7.3 Drewir.gand malting, treatise 412 Urick cutch , analyses Ill Brome grass, culture experiments, Nebr 130 fertilizer experiments, N.Dak. . 535 seed , examinat ion , Nebr 435 germination tests, Nebr. . . 435 seedingexperiments, N.Dak... 535 Bromids, effect on nitrate determination 409 JiTomus inermis. (Sec Brome grass.) Bronchitis, tracheal, in fowls 183 veiTninous, prevalence in Minne- sota 3S1 Brooder house, description, U.S. D. A 274 ventilation. Mo 273 Brown ant. (Sec Ant, brown.) Brownsville area soil survey, U.S.I). A 019 Brown-tail moth — control in Maine 248 Nova Scotia, Can 350 notes 50 Md 555 U.S.I). A 357 Vt 350 parasitism 248 remedies, N.H 799 Druchophagus funchris , notes, 111 453 Bruchun chinensis, remedies 348 obtectus. (Sfc Bean weevil.) pisorum. ^See Pea weevil.) spp. , notes 055 Bryohia pralemis. (See Clover mite.) Buck moth, notes 248 Buckwheat- analyses 768 composition as affected by fertilizers 220 culture experiments, Alaska 729 feeds, analvses, R.I 068 Wis 274 fertilizer experiments, Tenn 116 nour, adulteration, U.S.D.A 165 lime and magnesia in 30 maltase, studies 701 products, analyses, N.J. 471 root excretions, chem ical nature 32 varieties. Can 322, 327 •wild, destruction, Iowa 737 Bud variation in Corinth currant vine 44 Buds, winter growth, studies 31 Buffalo bones, fossil, studies. '. 170 herd records 75 tree hopper, notes 249, 555 Buffaloes, anatomy of ovaries in 571 breeding experiments 170 Buildings damaged by rats, U.S.D.A 346 Bulb m ite, notes 753 Bulbs, culture, treatise 5'IB destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 346 30089—10 i Page, Bumblebees, fertilizationof clover by, 111 453 N.Dak. 557 Burdock, destruction by spraying, Can 331 ^)i/fo /rowrfo.fo, production of lac from... 563 Butler County, .Via., soil survey, U.S.D.A... 618 Butte Valley, Cal., soil survey, U.S.D..\..... 619 Butter- adulteration, detection 522 analyses (o , 1 (5 , 462, 470, 522, 078, 708 Ky 308 N.II 781 S.Dak 177 Argentina, calorimetric constant 305 as affected by cold storage 478 cotton-seed products 05 preservatives. Can 378 starters, Md 577 characteristics, determination 522 churn and worker, description 479 colors, examination 708 cryoscopy of 522 Danish, in Great Britain 90 differentiation from margarin 078 fat. (Sec Fat and Milk fat.) fishy flavor in, U.S.D.A 175 flavor as affected by- acidity of cream, U.S.D..V 470 cold storage, U.S.D.A 477 j udging 305 makers in South Dakota 402 making contests, S.Dak 177 experiments 678 Can 378 Md 577 from whey. Can 377 in Canada 476 on farms, N.II 781 overrun in 77 Can 378 treatise 177 use of starters in , Iowa 170 Md 577 N.C 578 misbranding, U.S.D.A 203 moisture content, studies, Can 377 packing with prepared paper 479 preservation 479 quality , as affected by iron 707 rancidity investigations 678 renovated , analyses 462 scoring contest, Pa 679 shea, analyses 518 tester, description 306 turnip flavor in 379 whey, yields 079 Butterfly, mourning cloak, notes 248 Butterine, analyses ....:... 462 Buttermilk, analyses 414 cream , manufacture 177 fat content , regulation 578 for pigs, Can 309 properties 379 Butternuts, mycorrhiZiC on 345 Butyric acid, effect on milk coagulation 175 phosphoric acid 315 Butyrospermum parkii oil, analyses 518 836 EXPERIMENT STATION" EECOKD. Page. BytUTUs tomentosus, notes 753 unicohr , notes 251 studies, Ohio 253,254 Cabbage black rot, notes, Colo 145 Fla 342 diseases, notes 655 Colo 236 Md 437 louse, notes 554 maggot parasites, description 249 worms, remedies, Can 350 W.Va 454 Cabbages — analyses, Md 437 culture experiments, Md 437 in Colorado, Colo 236 fertilizer experiments, Md 437 insects affecting, Colo 236 lime and magnesia for 30 seed from different sources, tests 332 sewage for, Iowa 332 varieties. Can 327 Colo 236 Md 437 Cacao brown rot, notes 53 culture in India 240 diseases, studies 343, 749 grafting experiments 540 insects affecting 356, 749 Cachazudo. notes 654 Cacti, varieties, Ariz 34 Cactus figs, analyses 64 Caddo Parish, La., soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Cadelle, studies, N.C 558 Caffein, determination in coffee 304 Cakes, analyses 659 Calandra granaria. (See Granary weevil.) oryza. (See Rice weevil.) taitensis, notes 561 Calcareous deposit, analyses, Can 316 Calcium— and magnesium, separation 8 carbonate — effect on assimilation of phosphoric acid by plants 722 nitrogen transformation 417 rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 soils 716 solubilityofphosphoricacid. 315 fertilizing value 624 reaction with lime, N.H 714 chlorid, effect on, activity of rennet 379 Bacillus subtilis 627 rennet 76 seed corn, 111 58 cyanamid— analyses 121 as affected by storage 419 destruction of wild radish by 228 effect on fertilizing value of super- phosphate 419 seed germination ." . 221 fertilizing value 24 121,138,221,315,530,721 manufacture 121, 221, 314, 315, 530, 622 paper oo 198^ 418 Calcium— Continued. Page, cyanamid — continued. statistics 720 toxicity 24, 530 use 315, .530 cyanamido carbonate, toxicity 24 fertilizers, comparison 624 fluorid, fertilizing value 25 hydrate, effect on color in plants 627 hydrogen phosphate, effect on enzyms.. 533 metabolism 264 methods of analysis 702 nitrate, fertilizing value 121,529,721,734 manufacture and use 530. 622 phosphate, analyses 723 deposits in Aude 723 fertilizing value 623 phosphates, relationships 722 reaction with soils, N.II 713 role of, in plants 29 salts, determination 8 sulphate. (See Gypsum.) sulphid, effect on grasses 128 Calf feeds, proprietary, tests 172 vaccine lymph, distribution 484 Caliephialtes messer, vitality 646 California Station, notes 692 University , notes 94, 595, 692 Calliphora dux, notes 160 oceankse, life history and hal)its... 161 spp., studies 764 CaUipterus jugJandicola , notes 756 trifoUi, notes. 111 454 Calocampa nupera, remedies, Mass 157 Calorimeter, bomb, use In determination of carbon 209 Calosoma calidum, notes, N.II 659 spp. , notes 459 Calotermes militaris, notes 648 Calves, cost of raising 669 feeding experiments 172 milk for ' 669 stomach wonns in 181 tapioca flour for 569 Camel diseases, notes 583 Camels, parasitic insects in 79 Camera bracket, description 563 Camllne, culture 332 Camphor, effect on seed corn, 111 58 for treating seed corn, Kans 246 Camping and camp cooking, treatise 264 Canada Experimental Farms, report 399 thistle, destruction by spraying. Can. 331 Canal sediment, acid, effect on soil fertility. . . 116 Canals, loss from, by seepage, Mont 85 Canary-seed cake, analyses 668 Candied peel, manufacture 767 Candle nut cake, analyses 6f8 Cane-cutting machine, description 491 Cane sugar, absorption in the large intestine. 265 molasses, distillation 480 polarization 211, 412 Canine distemper. (See Dog distemper.) Canned apples, misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 cherries, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 corn, misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 foods, Inspection In Canada 482 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 837 Page. Canned fruits, analyses 659 goods, analyses 165, 462, 463, 659, 768 discoloration 461 misbranding, U.S.D. A 566 sterilization investigations 711 sweet corn, analyses, Me 4()3 vegetables, analyses 659 Canning device, use on famis 579 factories, inspection in Missouri 659 Cant iloup wilt, notes, Colo 145 Cantaloups. (See Muskmelons.) Caoutchouc. (See Rubber.) Capsicum, detection in ginger ale 304 Car, refrigeration, description 739 Caradrina eiigua, notes 647 Caramel content of sugar, determination 612 detection in liquors 304 vanilla extract 211 effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 Carbohydrates— and ferments, treatise 10 decomposition by Bacillus amylobar.ter . . . 717 digestibility 667 effect on bacterial content of soils 620 metabolism 267 yield of milk 666 fermentable, in sweet potatoes, S.C 432 of shoyu 767 snowdrops, studies 319 Carbolic acid, analyses. Can 341 destruction of weeds by, Iowa. 737 effect on seed corn, 111 58 for treating seed corn, Kans. . . 246 Carbolineum as a fungicide and insecticide. . 54, 638 Carbon- assimilation by plants 422 bisulphid — destruction of ground squirrels by . . . 751 effect on catalase in soils, P. R 220 muUierries 545 nitrification in soils 716 seed corn, 111 58 soil fertility, P.R 620 gas fumigation, N .C 558 black, function in rust formation, U.S.D. A 208 dioxid — detennination 209 in air 108 nitrates 7 effect on phosphoric acid 315 excretion as affected by work 267 l)y infants 665 free, detection in water 703 determination in water 703 in artificial mineral water 263 transportation in leaves 127 disulphid apparatus, description 658 gas fumigation 348, 555 use 657 Carbonates, soluble, reaction in soils, N.H... 714 Carbonic acid, effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 excretion by roots 32 Carconopsis sp., notes 648 Page. Carduus sp. as affected by iron sulphate, S.Dak '. 436 Carex spp., growth as affected by fertilizers. . 132 Carica papaya rennet, studies 76 Carnation altomariose, studies 449 root knot, treatment, Ky 345 Carnations, breeding experiments 45 bursting, U.S.D. A 295 nematodes affecting, Ky 345 Carpenter ant, notes. Can 350 Carpinus leaves, chlorin content 30 Carpocapsa pomonella. (See Codling moth.) Carrots- breeding 543 canning in the home, U.S.D. A 278 culture, N.Dak 535 irrigation experiments, Can 36 varieties, Can 36, 37, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327 Casein — cleavage products, utilizatioH 67 determination in milk 613 Can 376 effect on cheese, Can 377 fat content of milk. Can 377 hydrolysis, studies 411 in milk of different animals, composi- tion 1 77 industrial, analyses 414 lactate, decomposition by cheese bacteria. 781 precipitation, studies 177 solutions, refractive indices 411 ultramicroscopic investigations 175 Cashew nuts, analyses 360 Cass County, Mich., soil survey, U.S.D. A 618 Cassava, analyses 766 chlorosis, studies, Fla 343 for pigs 473 studies, Fla 343 Cassia oil, analyses 523 Castor bean seeds, lime and magnesia in 30 tick, European, notes 183 beans, analyses 525 as affected by tension 318 formation of starch in 727 oil plant, culture 332 Castration and ovariotomy, general account. . 680 effect on animals 773 in man and animals, history 773 Catalase, determination, apparatus for 212 in soils, studies, P.R 220 Catalpa heart rot, notes, U.S.D. A 448 leaf spot, studies 448 plantations in Ohio, Ohio 740 Catalytic fertilizers, paper on 723 Catarrh, maUgnant, studies 381 Catarrhal fever in sheep 583, notes 183 Catchment areas, control 617 Caterpillar, oak-leaf, notes 458 Caterpillars, remedies, N.H 799 Cats, metabolism experiments 260 Catsup, analyses 65, 768 Me 165 tomato, anti.«eptics in 65 misbranding, U.S.D. A .W) preservation 65 838 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Cattle- Page, anatomy and physiology of ovaries in — 571 aphids affecting ^'"^ barns, plans of, Can 399 bones, fossil, studies I'O breed of, evolution C72 breeders' association, cooperative, Mich. . 271 breeding, Mich --^ tendencies in Posen 172 cornstalk disease, cause C'^- Dexter-Kerry breed, origin 73 dipping experiments l*" diseases, notes '" - report on, U.S.D.A 28.3 exhibit of Holland Agricultural Society.. 672 eye disease in 483 feeding experiments - 370 Highland, colors of 470 hook-worm disease, studies, U.S P. A 691 immunization against tuberculo.=is.. 81 , 583, 787 imported, danger of diseases from 179 inbreeding in 571 industry in Argentina 073 Bavaria 474 Posen 172 Prussia 474 inspection in Canada 482 the Transvaal 484 necessity of 766 legislation in Europe 672 live and dressed weight , Fla 399 losses in Alaska, Alaska 788 mange, prevalence in North Dakota 382 modern breeds, treatise 072 normal temperature in 083 organs, normal , bacteria in 783 pasturing experiments 773, 774 permanence of human tubercle bacilli in . 81 plague. (See Rinderpest.) poisoning by arsenic 390 forage 381 gnats 181 lead 483 loco-weeds, U.S.D.A 484 musty fodder 79 raising in Alaska, Alaska 775 scab, control in the Transvaal 484 shorthorn breed in New England 672 skulls, fossil, notes 571 ticks, control, U.S.D.A 180 (Sffffiso Ticks.) tonsils, relation to tuberculosis 582 young, stomach worms in, S.C 181 CaL.liflowers, canning in the home, I .S. D. A . 278 seed from different sources 332 Caustic lime, effect on bacterial content of soils 620 potash, toxic properties 340 soda, analyses, Can 341 effect on fruit trees 561 toxic properties 340 Cavernous angioma in bo vines 1 79 Caviar, analyses 660 Cecidomyia destructor. (_See Hessian fly.) leguminicola, notes, 111 453 Cecropia moth, parasitism 248 Cecropia peltata, relation to other insects 759 Page. Cedar rust, treatment 644 swamp , disease, description 449 Celery, culture, S.C 138 in Colorado, Colo., 230 diseases, notes, Colo , 236 studies, Fla... 342 leaf spot, notes 655 varieties, Colo 236 Cellia (Anopheles) argyrotarsis , notes 652 Cells, plant, as affected by poisons 423 effect on transpiration current. . . 318 physiology and bibliography 29 Cellulose as affected by cooking 362 digestibility and bibliography. ... . . . 265 manufacture of alcohol from 14 Cembran pine, treatise 547 Cement, breaking experiments 226 pipe and tile, handbook 291 tests of strength 292 structures as affected by alkali, U.S. D.A 93 substitution for wood 793 tile making. Can 391 (See also Concrete.) Centaurca piciris in alfalfa seeds, Okla 133 solstitialis, notes, Can 331 Ccphalotazus drupacca oil, properties 14 Cephenomyia spp. , notes 251 Cephus occidcntalis, notes, Can 349 Cerambycobius cushmani, notes, U.S.D.A 053 Ccratitis capitata, notes 648 Ceratitis, enzootic, in cattle 683 Ceratophyllus acutus, biting of man by 254 fasciatus, transmission of Try- panosoma leU'isi by . 255 spp. , notes 183 Cercospora apii , description , Fla 342 beticola, notes 147,642 spp. , notes 6.55 Cereal anthracnose, studies, Ohio 745 foods, analyses 462 nutritive value 661 rusts, treatment 446 smuts, treatment 446, 549, 641 , 642 Cereals- breeding, notes 132 classification 543 composition as affected by storage 262 culture 536, 731 in South Dakota, U.S.D.A 288 with leguminous plants 426 fertilizer experiments 730 germination as affected by fungicides 641 improvement ■ 92 lime and magnesia for 30 seeding experiments. Can 326 varieties -30 N.Dak 535 resistant to smut a 641 yield as affected by meteorology 526 (Sec also specific Unds.) Ceres powder, effect on germination of seeds. 242 Ceresa bubalus. (See Buffalo tree-hopper.) spp., notes 249 Ceroplastes ctrripediformis. (See Barnacle wax-scale.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 839 Page. Cestodes, notes 84, 184 ChfPtot axy , glossary C52 Chaff scale, notes 757 Chailophurus negundinis, notes 250, 555 Chalcis flies, seed-infesting, notes, N.Y.Cor- nell.. asi Chalcis ovata, notes 559 Iowa 158 sminuta, notes _ 254 Chalk, effect on barnyard manure 720 ground, for pigs 70 Changa, notes W4 Charbon. (See Anthrax.) Charcoal, willow, effect on rust foniiation, U.S.D.A 208 Charlock. (See Mustard, wild.) Cheese — analyses 47(1, 679 as affected by borax. Can 378 casein, Can 377 bacteria in, preservation 782 studies .• 379, 7K1 cold curing "7 cottage,inanufacture and marketing,. \'.C. 578 notes, U.S.D.A 575 cream, contamination by tin 766 curd, soaked and washed 380 solubility investigations 177 Edam, manufacture 77 Eramental, composition as affecte, betain content 30 Chcnopodium album in alfalfa seeds, Okla 1.33 Chermes injurious to forest seedlings, reme- dies 330 Chermes picese, notes 753 Chermesidse, monograph and l)ibliography. . 159 Cherries, blooming period, Oreg 637 canned, misbranding, U.S.1)..\. 566 growth by day and night , studies. . 5.33 self-fertility in 29 varieties, Mich 333 Cherry aphis, notes 250 black, niycorrhizic on ; 345 diseases, notes 50, 643 treatment, U.S.D.A 149 juice, analyses 062 detection of starch sirup in 013 - extracting and marketing 707 leaf spot, treatment, U.S.D.A 149 Monilia disease, notes 552 scale, notes 554 Mo.Fruit 60 slug, notes 555 Chess, germination as affected by manure, Iowa 737 Chesterfield County, soil survey, U.S.D.A . . . 618 Chestnut, analyses 14 bark disease, status, U.S.D.A 748 studies. Conn. State.. 742 diseases, notes 345 leaves, chlorin content 30 piped rot, notes, U.S.D.A 448 sprouts, origin and development . . 47 Chestnuts, horse, development 32 mycorrhiz;c on .345 mycorrhizffi on 345 Chevrets goat cheese, manufacture 578 Chicken feed trough, description, U.S.D..V . . 274 feeds, analyses, R.I 212 flea, notes 554 muscle, hydrolysis 210 pox, prevalence in Cape Colony 386 Chickens- destruction by crows, R.I 246 feeding experiments, U.S.D.vV 274 liatching exiierirnents, Can 372 incubation, studies 198 U.S.D.A 93 840 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECORD. Chickens - Continued. Tage. raising, U.S.D.A 274 transplanting of ovaries in 372 (See also Fowls, Poultry, etc.) Chicks, incubator, mortality studies, Oreg. . . 685 Chickweed, destruction by spraying, Can — 331 Chicory, breeding 543 Child labor in the South 590 Childhood, prevention of permanent disabili- ties in 364 Children as aflected by tuberculous milk 76 dietary for 568 milk production for, book 676 school, feeding 264 malnutrition 567 meals for 263, 466 Children's gardens. (See School gardens.) Chilocorus bivulnerus, destroying white fly, Fla 349 kuwanxn. sp., description 757,758 China clay, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A. 208 Chinch bug, false, notes 249 life history 92 notes 249 Chinese blue, function in rust formation, U.S. D.A 208 Chinook wind, notes, U.S.D.A 616 Chionaspis citri, notes 757 euonymi. (See Euonymus scale.) furfura. (See Scurfy scale.) pinifolix, notes 555 sp., notes "52 Chipmunks aflected by ticks, Mont 62 Chironomid larvae, feeding habits 556 Chironomidcs sparganii n. sp., notes 556 Chironomus nymphxse n. sp., notes 557 Chirothrips similis n. sp. , description 756 Chlamydomonas multiflUs as affected by poi- sons 423 Chloral hydrate, use in prevention of anaphy- laxis 680 Chloridea obsoleta. (See Heliothis obsoleia.) Chlorids, effect on nitrate determination 409 nitrates in water 8 removal from soils 19 Chlorin in leaves 30 river and rain water 712 Chloroform— and veronal, destruction of dogs by 791 effect on barnyard manure 720 rancidity of butter 678 starch transformation in plants. 228 forcing of plants by 544 Chlorophyll- chemistry of, treatise 628 crystallized, studies 227 derivatives, classification 227 photodynamic work of 227, 628 production as aflected by sprays, N.Dak. 436 relation to inner seed coats 726 Chlorophyllan, studies 227 Chocolate, adulteration 199 analyses ' 462 and cocoa, treatise 662 effect on excretion of uric acid and purins 770 milk, industry in Switzerland 766 powdered, judging , 304 Paga Cholera, relation to flies 764 U.S.D.A 61 Cholesterin, color reaction 612 Chop feed, analyses, R.I 668 Chorinseus carinalus, notes, Iowa 158 Chowan County, N. C, soil survey, U.S.D.A. . 618 Chrome colors, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Chromic acid, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Chrozophora verbascifolia seed oil, analyses 111 Chrysomphalus — aurantii, notes, U.S.D.A 354 studies 452 citrinv^, notes 452 minor, investigations 253 tenebricosus. (Sec Scale, gloomy.) Chrysomyia macellaria. (See Screw-worm.) Chrysopa oculato, notes, U.S.D.A 454 Chrysophlyctis endobiotica, studies 242, 550 Chrysops, transmission of surra by 582 Chubs, destruction of horn flies by 256 Cichorium, betain content 30 Cider, analyses 462 fermenting, as affected by ultraviolet rays 710 studies 361 Cigar case-bearer, studies, U.S.D.A 454 Cigarette beetle, notes 647 Cimbex americana, studies 7.56 spp., notes 647 Cinnamomum camphora oil, properties 14 Cinnamon fungus, parasitic on white fly, Fla. 356 Cilellus beecheyi, notes 153 parasites, plague bacilli in. . 383 susceptibility to plague 751 Citric acid, effect on milk coagulation 175 in pineapples 565 CitruUus colocythis seed oil, analyses Ill Citrus diseases, notes, Ariz 44 studies 149 Fla 343 fruits, insects affecting, Ariz 44 U.S.D.A 354 picking and packing, P.R 239 studies, Fla 343 (See also Oranges, Lemons, etc.) leaf spot, studies, Fla 343 mealy bug, remedies, P.R 353 red spider, notes, U.S.D.A 354 white fly. (See White fly, citrus.) Cittotxnia mosaica, description 84 Cladius pectinicornis, notes, U.S.D.A 57 Cladosporium fulvum , notes 655 TicrfiorMTO, notes, Iowa 744 sp., notes 448 Clasterosporium carpophilum, notes 50 Clay,China,effectonrustformation,U.S.D.A. 208 determination in soils 409 methods of analysis 106 soils, potash requirements, N.H 714 reaction with salts, N.H 713,714 volcanic, composition 723 Clematis rust, notes 50 Clemson College, notes 97, 499 Clerus formkarius, notes 648 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 841 Climate— Page, change of, in semiarid West, U.S.D.A ... 711 effect on composition of wheat 262 metabolism 664 plant growth 27 of Australia 415 Cuba 16 Indiana 718 Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 Nebraska, Nebr 129 Oklahoma 213 Oregon, U.S.D.A 288,731 Savannah, Georgia, U.S.D.A 528 Silesia 631 Sitka 114 Texas 616 the Abitibi region, Can 308 British Isles 415 glacial epoch, U.S.D.A 113 historic past, U.S.D.A 112 Wyoming, U.S.D.A 113 Wyo 131 Yukon Territory 711 relation to crop growth 16 dry farming, U.S.D.A 113,114 forests 308 irrigation, U.S.D.A 288 vegetation 535 yield of crops 526 (See also Meteorology. ) Climatology — manual for observers, U.S.D.A 525 of Athabaska-Mackenzie region, U.S.D.A 750 Mount Rose, Nev IS (See also Meteorology.) Climbers of Berar Circle , 144 Clinocentrus americanus, notes, Iowa 158 Clothes beetle, notes 647 Clouds, blanket effect of, U.S.D.A 113 high, relations to cyclones, U.S.D.A . 616 of Venus, U.S.D.A 616 on Mount Rose, Nev 15 stationary, paper on, U.S.D.A 525 Clove oil, analyses 523 Clover— alsike, fertilizer experiments, Tenn 133 analyses, Ohio 231 anthracnose, control, Tenn 134 breeding experiments, Tenn 134 bur, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 crimson, culture experiments, Tenn 133 culture experiments, plans, N.Y. Cornell . 134 on clover-sick lands, N.Y.Cornell 133 with cereals 426 with oats, 111 539 fertilization investigations, N. Dak 557 fertilizer experiments 23 Ohio 216,222 Pa 217 R.I 730 Tenn 116 for pigs 570 hay worm, notes. 111 453 insects affecting 764 111 453 Japan, culture and use 539 for live stock, La 569 Clover— Continued. Page. Mexican, analyses, Fla 307 mites, notes 249 notes, U.S.D.A 536 red, as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa. . 737 S.Dak. 436 culture experiments, O hlo 231 fertilization. 111 453 for orchards, Colo 237 notes, Miss 329 seed, examination, Nebr 435 germination tests, Nebr 435 root borer, notes. 111 453 seed caterpillar, notes 554 from various sources, tests 731 notes, U.S.D..\ 93 production in Denmark 536 Oregon, U.S.D.A 134 stem borer, notes. 111 454 studies 27 varieties 230 U.S.D.A 426 resistant to disease, U.S.D.A... 745 white, asaffected by Iron sulphate, S.Dak. 436 culture with Bermuda grass, Okla. 537 winterkilling, N.Dak 535 yield as affected by lime, Me 425 Cloves, ground, analyses 361 Coal, lignite, analyses, N.Dak 414 tar colors, detection in sausage 523 derivatives, effect on bacteria 321 effect on germination of corn, N.Y. Cornell 153 for treating seed corn, Kans 246 oils, effect on fruit trees 561 preservation of wood by 547 preparations, effect on manures 314 water, effect on seed corn. 111 57 Coasts, effect on storms, U.S.D.A 113 Cocci, liquefying, effect on chee.se 782 Coccid, gall-making, description 556 new species, description 656 Coccidse in California, host index 757 notes 247, 452 Coccidium cuniculi , notes 285, 387, 792 Cocciaae, notes 649 Coccus hesperidum. (See Scale, soft.) longulus, notes 757 Cochylis ambiguella , notes 753 Cockchafers, notes 646, 647, 648 Cockerels, fattening for market, U.S.D.A 274 Cockle bur as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa. 737 Cockleburs, poisoning of pigs by 683 Cocoa, adulteration 199 analyses 462, 768 and chocolate, treatise 662 chemistry of 566 fat, reaction 612 judging 304 notes 4% products, analyses 462 Coconut— bud-rot, Investigations, U.S.D.A 552 studies 245 cake, analyses 668 effect on milk 174 diseases, notes 53, 142, 1,'.0,245 fat, determination 305 842 EXPEEIMENT STATION RECOED. Coconut— Continued. Page. industry in Dutch colonies 142 meal for cows, Fla 375 oil, detection 13 in butter 110,212 lard 212 distillation 110 industry in Dutch colonies 142 palm disease, notes 150 scale, studies and bibliography 458 plantations in the Federated Malay States. 638 root disease, notes 344 Coconuts, animals atfecting 245 culture in India 240 insects aflecting 142, 245, 560, 561 Cocos nucifera, notes 142 Codling moth, control 61, 647 Colo 352 Ohio 352 investigations, N.n 7.58 life history 92 notes 251, 554 Can 349 S.C 157 U.S.D..V 650 orange, notes 647 remedies 244,348,754 Mich 353 Mo. Fruit 252,656 Va 158 studies, U.S.D.A 4.55 Va 456 Codliver oil, determination of iodin value 13 Coffea arabica flowers, virescence 637 congensis, resistance to Hemilda vasta- trix 150 spp. , notes and bibliography 440 Coffee- adulteration, decision concerning, U.S.D.A 165 analyses. : 164, 304, 463 bean weevil, breeding records, U.S.D.A.. 653 bibliography 440 chemistry of 566 culture in Sao Paulo , 334 disease, notes 749 effect on excretion of uric acid and purins. 770 flowers, virescence 637 leaf disease, notes 150 malt, manufacture 662 misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 notes 440, 496 treatise 334 varieties resistant to Hemilcia vastairix. . . 150 Cognac. (See Brandy.) Coir industry in Dutch colonics 142 value and use 536 Cold frames, preparation and care, Mo 440 Cold storage — effect on butter 478 flavor, U.S.D.A 477 meat 565 poultry 261, 2G2 seed potatoes, Md 136 for forest nursery stock 48 house for farmers, description 590 industry in Uruguay 262 Page. Cold waves, source, U.S.D.A 113 Coleophora flcfcherella. (See Cigar case- bearer.) Coleoptera, revision 652 Coli bacillus. {See Bacillus coli communis.) Colic in horses 83 Colleges. {See Agricultural colleges.) Colleopterous larvfe injurious to lupine seeds. 4.50 Colletes, characteristics 154 Colletotriclmm— carica n. sp. , description 447 cercale n. sp., studies, Ohio 745 gossypii, studies, Ga 746 lindemuihianum, notes 642. 655 Iowa 744 treatment, La 549 Colloids, determination 409 relation to agricultural chemistry.. . 301 Colocynth seed oil, characteristics 518 Color inheritance in animals, bibliographv. . . 374 Colorado College, notes 193, 692 Station, financial statement 398 notes 193, 692 report of director 398 Coloring matter for butter, examination 708 identification in sausage skins 108 in foods, examination 703 Colostrum bodies, relation to lactation period . 675 Colusa area, Cal., soil survey, U.S.D..\ G19 Colza, mineral nutrition during germination . 2J7 Combs of fowls, variations in 171 Compsomyia maccllaria, notes 161 Conchylis amhiguclla , remedies 656 Concrete silos, construction and use 292 in Michigan, Mich 793 structures, waterproofing with as- phalt 489 Condiments, analyses 66, 462, 566 Cones, pine, as affected by temperature 337 Confectionery , analyses 462 Conifers, classification 338 culture 241,338 handbook 338 Coniodictyum chcvalicri n. sp., description 34(j Coniothecium chomatosporum, notes 50 Coniothyrium olex, notes 447 sp., treatment 550 Conium maculatum, poisoning of pigs bj' 284 Conjunctivitis diphtherica, treatment 791 Connecticut — College, notes 95. 296, 497, 692 State Station- financial statement 799 notes ....'. 193, 296, 400, 497, 692, 800 report of board of control 799 Conopthorus conipcrda, notes 248 Conotrachelus nenuphar. {See Plumcureulio.) Conservation movement, history 496 Contact, effect on strength of plant tendrils. . 318 Convolvulus sepium, destruction, S.Dak 436 spp., destruction, U.S.D.A 635 Conway County, Ark., soil survey, U.S.D.A. 619 Cookers, fireless, studies 165 treatise 264, 362 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 843 I'Hge. Cooking, effect on cellulose 302 instruction in rural schools Sti;} short course in 495 treatise 06, 107, 003 utensils, examination 00 Coons, identification, U.S.D.A 347 Cooper area, Texas, soil survey, U.S.D.A 619 Ornithological Club, index 646 Cooperage stock, production in United States. 444 Coppers- acetate, neutral, effect on grape (lowers. . .'■)2 arsenite as a wood preservative 640 as a fungicide 750 fungicides with iron arsenate, tests 151 sprays, eflect on chlorophyll production, N. Dak 436 sulphate — destruction of weeds by, Iowa 737 Me 424 wild radish by 228 eflect on fungi, 111 548 germination of seeds 242 wheal, Can.. 341 leaves, 111 548 toxic properties 340 Copperas for treating seed corn, Kans 240 Copra cake, analyses 008 industry in Dutch colonies 142 Surinam 335 CorchoTus spp., culture experiments 136 Cordage fibers, treatise 530 Cordylobia anthropophaga, notes 040 Corn, analyses 72, 172, 564, 777 N.J 471 and cob meal, analyses, N.J 471 velvet bean chops, analyses 172 bran, analyses 72 bread, analyses 359 breeding, U.S.D.A 427, 691 experiments 28, 92, 543 111 134 N.H 729 use of selection index num- bers in 773 canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 canning experiments, Va 479 in the home, U.S.D.A...- 278 chops, adulteration, Kans 509 analyses. Miss 008 climatic refjuirements in the Transvaal . 415 composition as affected by phosphates. 25 storage 202 contests, notes 37,494 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 crib, rat proof, description 491 crickets, notes 648 cultivation by different methods, Ga. . 538 culture, N.C 732 U.S.D.A 032 experiments 425, .5.38 Can 321 Kans 7.32,7.33 Miss 328 Nebr 1.30 Tex 39 U.S.D.A 530 Page. Corn culture with cowpeas, Kans 733 velvet beans, Fla 328 diplodia di.sease, notes 682 disease, investigations 341 distance experiments 232 Can .323.. 324, 325 U.S.D.A 295 ear rots, studies, 111 146 worm , notes 251 effect on milk 174 entomological ecology of 558 feeding value 174 VVyo 569 fermented, for pigs, N.C 472 fertilizer experiments 630 Ala.Tuskegee.... 538 Can 325 Ga 538 Miss 030 Ohio 210,222 Pa 217 Tenn 116 Tex .39 fodder, cost of production, U.S.D..\ ... 188 for pigs 776 N.Dak 570 formation of starch in 727 germination as affected l)y - manure, Iowa 737 various substances, N.Y.Cornell ... 153 growth as affected by amids 30 soil temperature. 20 hulled, notes, U.S.D.A 295 hulls, analyses 569 improvement, Mich 330 Va 330 industry in America 569 Austria 635 Oklahoma 495 insects affecting 047 irrigation experiments 131 Can 36 Iowa 328 leaf aphis, notes 249, 250 lime and magnesia for 30 meal, analyses 363, 462, 569, 668 Can 369 Mass 172 H.I 668 digestibility , Can 369 for cows, Ga 777 sheep, N. II 776 mold, studies, N.C 146 nitrogenous fertilizers for, N.J 529 oil, manufacture 509 reaction 612 peptolytic enzynis in 31 products, analyses. Can 367 Ky 367 industry in America 569 record blank for 494 root aphis, notes 250, .554 remedies, 111 .57 excretions, chemical nature ,32 worms, notes 249 roots as affected by pressure 728 844 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Corn, score card for 494, 495 seed as affected by insecticides. 111 57 from long v. short ears, Ga 538 protection from burrowing ani- mals, Kans 246 selection 495 U.S.D.A 732 shock loader, description 291 sirup, manufacture 569 smut, effect on Zea mays tunicata 51 resistance to Bordeaux mixture . 341 soluble phosphorus in 608 spoiled, detection 521 sprouts, analyses, N.J 471 stalk borer, remedies 760 stover for cows, N.H 778 testing 495 Tex 39 treated, eating by animals, N.Y.Cor- nell 153 treatise 134 varieties 231 Ala.Tuskegee 537 Can 36, 37, 322, 323, 324, 325, 327 Ga 538 Ind 35 Miss 630 Nebr 130 Tenn 132 Tex 39 U.S.D.A 5.36 weevils, studies, N.C 558 yields, Idaho 6.30 under dry farming, Wyo 131 Cornell University .notes 97, 595, 800 Cornfield ant, life history and habits. III 58 Cornstalk disease in cattle 342 Cornstarch, effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 Corpus luteum, studies 669 Corrosive sublimate- destruction of weeds by , Iowa 737 effect on fungi spores, Iowa 743 Cortinarius spp. as a cause of mycorrhizse 345 Coryneum beycrinckii, notes 245 Corythuca floridana n. sp., notes 651 Cosmocomoidca morrilli n. sp. , description 452 Cosmos, color changes in, studies 319 Cotimis coggygria as a pepper adulterant 10 Cotton— anthracnoae, studies, Ga 746 aphis, notes, U.S.D.A 354 beetle, notes 554 boll weevil, control 232 U.S.D.A 57 hibernation, U.S.D.A 761 notes, U.S.D.A 653 bollworm, notes 251, 554, 647 breeding, report on I35 contests in Georgia 494 culture 631 Ariz 40 U.S.D.A \\\ 632 experiments, Hawaii 427 Miss 40,329,398 Tex 39 U.S.D.A 536 Cotton— Continued. Page. culture in Asia Minor 632 Trinidad 37 disease, notes 342 distance experiments 232 Miss 329 Egjrptian, culture experiments, U.S.D.A. 330 factory waste, analyses, Can 316 farm in South Carolina, U.S.D.A 632 fertilizer experiments 232 Ala.CoUege 39 Fla 328 Ga 538 Miss 74.329,630 S.C 428 Tex 39 requirements 724 flea beetles, notes 647 hybrids, characters in, U.S.D.A 40 industry in Ceylon 632 Egypt, treatise 539 the United States, book 539 insects affecting 647 judging 494 mercerizing 539 notes 496 plant, composition 724 planting from cuttings, Hawaii 428 record blank for 494 score card for 494 screened v. unscreened seed , Ga 538 Sea Island, pruning experiments, Hawaii. 428 seed, analyses, N.J 471 cake, analyses 668 effect on milk 174 for cows 474 crushers' association, convention. . . 307 fertilizing value, Ga 538 hulls, analyses, Can 367 feeding value 172 meal, analyses 72, 73, 124,172,569,625,668,724 Can 367 Ky 367 Mass 172 Me 471 N.H 72 N.J 471 N.Mex 72 R.I 668 Vt 274 Wis 274 and hulls, feeding value. Miss. 668 feeding value 172, 368 fertilizing value 368 Ala.CoUege.. 39 Fla 328 Ga 538 Miss 329,630 S.C 429 fermented, for pigs, N.C 472 for cows, Fla 375 livestock. La 569 inspection in Alabama 724 Florida 624 law in Alabama 124, 724 Florida 624 notes.N.H 799 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 845 Cotton— Continued. Page. seed inoal, poisonous to o.xen 788 relation to animal industry. . 367 oil, denatnriiiK 13 detection 110 determination standards 708 reaction 012 products, effect on butter 05 sampling and analyzing.. 307 selection, U.S.D.A 732 sesame oil, reaction 612 spinning and weaving tests, U.S.D..\ 330 stainer, notes 648 stem boring beetle, notes 763 value and use 536 varieties 136, 232, 494 Ariz 40 Ga 538 Hawaii 427 Miss 40, 329, 630 Tex ,39 resistant to disease, U.S.D.A . . . 745 wilt 51 wilt, treatment 51 worm parasites, notes 559 Cottonhead hay, analyses 172 Cottony cushion scale, notes 452,648 Country life — commission, southwestern interstate 199 ■work and findings 511,590 education for, U.S.D.A 689 Cover crops for orchards, Colo 236 Pa 237 Covillea tridentata, notes, Ariz 34 Cow-testing associations, Oestergotland 573 Cowpea machinery, manufacturers, Kans 733 Co wpeas, culture, U.S.D.A 632 Va 434 and use, Kans 732 experiments 425 Kans 733 with cereals, Kans 733 economic value, U.S.D.A 732 fertilizing value 234 for pigs 570 notes, U.S.D.A 536 planting on different dates, Kans. . 733 varieties, Ind 35 Kans 733 resistant to disease, U.S. D.A... 745 Cows as affected by machines, U.S.D.A 691 Wis 275 yohimbine 571 buying and selling, N.H 799 Columbian, description 73 control associations in Denmark 796 cost of maintenance, U.S.D.A 188 dried beet pulp for 471 dual purpose, characteristics 276 feeding experiments 174,375,474,673 Can 375 Fla 375,673 C.a 777 N.TI 778 for Slaughter, inspection 482 Improvement, Pa 270 Cows, lactation period iis related to colosi iiiiii bodies 075 metabolism ex[)eriments 367 tnilk producing power, formula for 778 yields of different breeds 674,779 nutrition 679 poisoning by oleanders, Ariz 681 raising in Alaska, Alaska 775 records. (See Dairy herd records. relation of form and function 778 selection and feeding, Idaho 573 spayed , milk production by 376 testing, Wis 276 associations in Maine 674 Norway 779 tests of breeds 173 vetch hay and silage for, U.S.D.A 295 Coyote bounties, fraud in payment of, U.S.D.A 347 proof pastures, tests, U.S.D.A 775 Coyotes, destruction 751 of deer by 553 ground squirrels by.. 153 identification, U.S.D.A 347 sarcoptic mange in 183,553 Crab apples, culture experiments. Can 332 extract, studies 362 shells, phosphoric acid in 623 Crambus hortucllus, remedies. Mass 157 Cranberries, culture and marketing, Oreg 637 insects affecting 56,352 Mass 156 Cranberry blight, notes 52 fruit worm, remedies, Mass 156 worm, control 56 yellow-headed, notes 555 Cream — acidity as affected by micro-organisms.. . 678 effect on butter flavor, U.S.D.A. 476 analyses Ill, 414, 462 bacterial content 476 buttermilk, manufacture 177 care and handling, Idaho 573 factors affecting whipping quality, Md . . . 575 Manila, examination 412 of tartar, analyses 360, 662 Me 463 preservation 780 separators at Newcastle exhibition 490 description 479 in (Canada 476 tests 779 testing in Canada '. 476 Creameries, cooperative, in Sweden 779 in Pennsylvania 659 South Dakota 462 inspection in Denmark 76 operating, Md 577 water supplies for 679 Creamery, cooperative, iii Vienna, descrip- tion 89 glassware law , Me 525 Creatin , physiological significance 168 Creatinin, determination 524 excretion by man 266 physiological significance 168 846 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Cremastogaster bicolor, injurious to codling moth, U.S.D.A 456 Crcoliii, effect on soil fertility, P.R 620 Creosote, notes, Ariz 34 Cress, destruction, Iowa "37 utilization of saccharose by 127 Crickets, notes 554, 654 Crimson clover. (Sec Clover, crimson.) Crioceris asparagi. {See Asparagus beetle.) Crithidia ctcnopthalmi n. sp., description 255 occurrence in fleas . 489 melophagi n. sp., life history 286 Crithmum maritimuin oil, characteristics 518 Crocodiles, relation to tsetse flies 255 Crookston area, Minn., soil survey, U.S.D.A. 618 Crop conditions, U.S.D.A 799 growth, relation to climate 16 reports, U.S.D.A 90.190.397.493,689 rotations. (Sf« Rotation.) systems on Long Island, N.Y.Cornell. . 138 Crops, culture, Wyo . 38 experiments 630, 631 fertilizer experiments .... 27, 223, 315, 528, 622 requirements 233 in German colonies, treatise 631 insects and animals affecting 92 irrigation experiments 290 production in Denmark 796 tropical, culture 631 water requirements in the Tropics 219 j'ields and profits in Oregon, U.S.D.A. 288 factors affecting 526 Crotalariajuncea, culture experiments 425 Crows, eatingof treated corn by, N.Y.Cornell. 1.53 relation to poultry raising, R.I 246 U.S.D.A.. 691 Crucible, Gooch, modification 710 Munroe, preparation and use 710 Crude fiber. (See Cellulose.) petroleum. {See Petroleum.) Cryoscopy of fats 522 Cryptococcusfagi, notes 753 Cryptorhynchus lapathi, notes ,350 Cryplus emphytoTum, parasitic on rose slugs, U.S.D.A.... 57 extrematis, notes... 248 Crystal azurin, effect on grape flowers 52 Ctenocephalus canis, notes, U.S.D.A 62 Ctenopthalmus[Typhlopsylla] agyrtes, notes . . 255 Cuckoo, black-billed, economic relations 646 Cucumber- beetles, striped, studies, N.H 760 Fusarium diseases, studies, Ariz 49 mildew, notes 655 pickles, softening, studies 64 seeds from different sources, tests 3.32 wilt, notes, Colo 145 Cucumis sativus seed oil, anal5'ses Ill Cucurbita spp. seed oil, analyses Ill Cucurbits, insects affecting 249 Culexfatigans, notes ■.'.'... . 652 pipiens, notes, Md : 555 Culm piles, reforestation in France 740 Cupric oxychlorid as a fungicide 54 Currant jelly, investigations 460 mite parasites, descriptions 560 Page. Currant rust, European ,in America, U.S.D.A 748 studies 644 sawfly, notes 753 vine, Corinth, bud variation in 44 Currants, culture and marketing, Oreg 637 self-fertility in 29 varieties. Can 332 Mich 333 Pa 239 Cuscuta luputiformis, notes 50 spp. seeds, identification 544 Custards, cooking in fireless cookers 166 Cuterehra spp., notes 251 Cutter, water-weed, description 87 Cutworms, notes 249. 252, 648 remedies, Can 350 Tenu 156 Va 434 variegated, notes 251 Cyamopsis ietragonoloba, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 Cyanogen compounds in kirsch liqueurs 402- toxicity ■ 24 Cyclones, relation to high clouds, U.S.D.A... 616 Cylas formicanus, notes 654 Cylindrosporium padi, notes 643 Cynipidae affecting oaks, notes 160 Cyphomandra bctacea, vegetable rennets in . . . 209 Cyrtocanthacris scptemfasciata, control 451 Cysticerci in sheep 279 Cysticercosis, antibodies in, studies 789 canine, notes 386 Cysticercus bovis, notes 279 Cytospora rubescens, studies. Mo. Fruit 243 Dactylopius sacchanfolu, notes 247 Dacus olcse, notes 253 sp., notes 647 Dahlia disease, notes, Conn. State 742 Dahlias, color changes in, studies 319 culture, treatise 739 Dairies, cooperative, in Denmark 796 score card for 573, 699 Dairy animal diseases, studies 074 appliances, description 479 liacteriology, treatise 495 .barns, constnietion, Idaho 573 by-products for pigs. Can 369 congress, international 700 fann, successful, description, U.S.D.A . 172 herd records 75, 376. 573, G74, 779 Can .375,399 Conn.Storrs 572 Pa 270 Tenn 173 herds, improvement, Tenn 173 . testing, N.H 799 hygiene, development 574 in theUnited States 573 industry in Hoom , development 77 Pennsylvania 059 South America 375 the Carpathian Mountains. 674 notes 678 inspection in Ohio 65 Peimsylvania 659,768 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 847 Pagf. Dairy in.sti lute at Alnarp 573,700 Hamelii, report ;.. - 47<)! Proskaii, report 779' - - ••instruction at University Farm, Cal... 091 management , treatise 92 products,, analyses (Kl. 1 1 1. 4'2'k t'i.j9, (i7S l)iuHeriologifal investiga- tions 379,574 inspection in Hawaii 4S3 scliool at Riitti-ZoUikofen , report 078 . show at Milwaukee 200, 099 standards in Mrginia 06 utensils, sterilization 079 Dairying, course in 507 in Argentina 674 China 573 Idaho, Idaho 573 New Zealand 77 notes 072 use of lime in 079 Dairymen, requirements 573 Daisies, destruction, R.I 035 Dammars, notes 058 Dams, treatise 185 Dandelion dock as affected liy iron sulphate, S.Dak 430 Dandelions, destruction, N.Dak 430 R.I (i35 S.Dak 430 Dari, Indian, analyses 068 DasyneuralCecidomyia] leguminicola, notes, 111 453 trifolii, notes. 111 454 Date industry in Nefzaoua 638 srale, notes 047 Dates, culture 638 ripening of, as affected by acetic a?id . . 727 varieties 038 Darainca spp., notes 184 Deer, anatomy and physiology of ovaries in . . 571 bones, fossil, studies 170 botfly, notes 251 destruction in Montana 553 in Massachu-setts 450 protection in Alaska, I'.S.D.A 750 Deforestation, cause and effevts of 214 effect on agriculture 214 streams 214 Delaware College, notes 497 Station, notes 497 Dcmatopkem spp., studies 550 Dendroctonus, studies and bililiography, U.S.D. A 557 Denitrification in soils 20,24.113.110,416, investigations, N.J Va Denudation , paper on : . . Department of agriculture— and Technical Instniction for Ireland of Bengal, report eastern Bengal and Assam Finland, report (Sec also United States Department of Agriculture.) Dermacentor modestus n. sp., description spp., host relations venustus, life history, Mont .502 502 02 Page. Dermatitis, necrotic, in sheep, Colo Si»^:' 79 jircvalence in North Da-^^ kotii '. 382 urticarioid, notes 587 Dermestfs rulpinus, notes 647 Desert, Colorado, exjjloration 17 watering places, notes 309 Desiccation, effect on plants 544 va*'uum, improved method 609 Deutzia leaves, chlorin content 30 Dew, effect on sprayed foliage. Ill ,')4S removal of plant food by, U.S.D..V 724 Dewberries, culture, Colo 44 insects affecting, Colo 44 varieties, Mich 333 Dewberry diseases, notes, Colo 44 Dextrose, formation of glycogen from 568 Diabetes in cows and dogs 178 Diabetic patients, respiration experiments . . . 666 Diabrotica spp., notes 5.'j5, 654 vittata. (Sec Cucumber beello, striped,) Dia^retus, new species, description 452 Diamond-back moth, notes 654 Diaphania hyalinata, notes 655 nitidalis. {See Pickle worm,) Diaporthc parasitica, description 345 notes, U.S.D. A 748 studies, Conn. State 742 Diaprcpes abbreviatus, notes 356 Diarrhea in calves, treatment 789 cattle, studies 381 white, in chickens 387, 586, .587, 792 Can .399 Diaspinie, photomicrography of 347 Diaspis fallal, investigations 753 pcntagona parasites, notes 757 Diastases as affected lay boric acid 463 in milk, studies -175 malt, as affected by fertilizers 533 notes and bibliography 519 Dicyandiamid, fertilizing value 315.622 toxicity 24 Dicymolomiajulianislarvx, notes 556 Didelphys marsupialis var. azarx milk, char- acteristics 475 Didymosphseria catalpx n, sp,, description .... 448 Diet at lunatic asylum in Singapore 766 effect on digestive glands 366 protein cleavage 365 saliva 168 for tuberculous patients 198 I^inmcus' lectures on 365 of Filipinos 768 French students '. 66 infants, relation to diseases 365 laborers' families in Dublin 663 in the Philippines 363 poor families 364 rural population in Germany 66 Russian peasantry 66 the Chinese and Japanese 363 workingmen's families in Munich 770 relation to tulierculosis 168 treatise 167 (See also Food,) Dietaries, calculation 663 848 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Dietary for cni^dren 568 Dietetics ^^^ Digestion experiments with animals 666 Colo 72 dogs 265,365,665 horses 667 mice 565 rats 568 sheep 274,666,667 steers, Can 369 intestinal, investigations 265 jigestive glands as affected by diet 366 Dike rock, analyses, Ky 308 Dilophonota ello, notes 654 Dilophusfebrilis, notes 753 Dinarmus dacicida, notes 159 Diparopsi.i castanea, notes 647 Diphtheria bacilli, longevity in milk 676 in vs'ood pigeons, studies 83 Diplococcus pneumonix in normal organs 783 Diplodia cacaoicola, studies 53, 343 epicocos, notes 150 maydis, notes, N.C 147 spp., studies, N.C 146 zeas, notes. Ill 146 Diplodinacitrullina, description, N.Y.State. . 148 Dipotassium sulphate, fertilizing value 622 Dipping agents, tests 687 vat, description, Ky 386 Dips, effect on strength of wool, Wyo 73 Diptera, North American, manual 760 ' of Denmark 154 South America 154 Dipylidium caninum, notes 83 Dirt, determination in milk 414 Diseases of animals. {See Animal diseases.) plants. (See Plant diseases.) relation to dust 65 transmission by insects. . . 161, 562, 587, 646 milk 674 U.S.D.A 575 rats 645 Disinfectant for poultry houses, U.S.D.A 274 Disinfectants — analyses, N. Dak 414 as affected by organic matter 84 effect on bacteria 321 manures 314 soil fertility, P.R 620 standardization and bibliography 84 Disonycha quinqueviffata, notes 459 Distemper, canine or dog. (See Dog distem- per.) Distillers' grains, analyses, Ky 367 Mass 172 Me 471 N.H 72 N.J 471 Vt 274 Wis 274 Distillery refuse, liquid, for beets 540 slop, analyses, Can 367 Ky • 308 effect on metabolism 472 Distoma laneeolatum as a cause of liver nodules in equines 683 Page. D istomes, role of, in sheep hydremia 7,S9 Distomiasis, antibodies in, studies 789 in elephants 587 Ditcher, traction, tests. Can 391 Ditches. (See Canals.) Dock as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 Dock, curled, destruction by spraying, Can. . 331 germination as affected by ma- nure, Iowa 737 Dodder disease, notes 50 in alfalfa seed, U.S.D.A 93 seeds, identification 544 Dog bones, fossil, studies 170 diseases, treatise 684 distemper, etiology and bibliography . . . 586 malignant form 285 treatise '. 280 treatment 488 parasites, notes 161 Dogs, anesthetic for 684 as affected by yohimbine 570, 571 destruction, painless method 791 digestion experiments 2C5, 365, 665 inoculation with parasite of Kala-azar. . 183 intestinal parasite, description 686 worms in 83 metabolism experiments 260 poisoning by calcium cyanamid 530 Dolichos albus, fertilizing value 541 spp., economic value, U.S.D.A 732 Dolomite, decomposition 224 Domestic science — free literature on 468 govenmient publications on 468 in Columbia University 98 elementary schools. 197, 698 Genesee Wesleyan Seminary 697 high schools 197, 698 instniction in, for teachers 99 Ireland... 593 Oklahoma 98 school at Onalaska 698 schools, itinerant 191 teachers problems in 197 treatise 663 Dopplerite as affected by acids and alkalies. . 220 Dough, mixing fat into, U.S.D.A 295 sugar content, studies 359 Dourine, experimental, treatment 586 investigations 487, 585 prevalence in Canada 482 North Dakota 382 sensibility of fowls to 78 studies 381 Dracunculus vulgaris, enzj-ms in 317 Dragon flies in Wisconsin, classification 450 Drainage— and seepage, paper on 516 convention at Tallulah, report 589 districts, assessments of railroads in 85 effect on streams 214 engineering features 390 in Georgia, U.S.D.A 528 Illinois 85 Louisiana 589 Mississippi, Miss 398 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 849 Drainage— Continued. Page. in South Dakota 390 Trinidad 218 investigations, Mont 85 laws, notes, Can 391 notes, Miss 329 of peat and swamp lands 717 papers on 589 relation to agriculture 589 theory of 290 tile, notes 290 water, composition 17 ivork of Ontario Agricultural College,Can. 391 Drepanosiphon aceris, notes 156 Dried blood- analyses, R.I 212 availability of nitrogen in, N.J 530 chemical control in 164 fertilizing value 541 Fla 328 N.Y.Cornell 426 residual effects, N.J 530 Drill, ridge, description 490 Drosophila obscura, notes 704 Drug adulteration, international congress for suppression of 165 treatise 63 dosage, effect on animal diseases 581 inspection. Me 165, 463 U.S.D.A 799 in Canada 708 Georgia 65 Missouri 165, 659, 708 Ohio 05 the United States 263 law. Me 525 in Ohio 203 legislation, U.S.D.A 165 plants, descriptions, U.S.D.A 320 preparations, misbranding, U.S.D.A. . . 566 Drugs, analyses. Me 165 effect on Piroplasma canis 488 misbranding, U.S.D.A 165 notes 496 transmission to milk 675 Dry farming — demonstrations in Wyoming 298 implements, description, Wash 130 in Arizona, Ariz 40 Canada, Can 36, 37 Idaho, Idaho 629 Wyoming, Wyo 130 methods of tillage, Wash 130 principles, Wyo 131 relation to climate, U.S.D.A 113,114 treatise 129 Dry matter, determination in cheese 523 honey 522 wine 523 Dryoccetes autographus, life history 653 Dryocetes, new species, description 247 Ducklings, destruction by crows, R.I 246 Ducks, artificial incubation in Indo-China. . . 673 new breed , description 572 Dung (ly parasite, notes 450 Dura, insects affecting 646 Durum wheat. {See Wheat, durum.) Page. Dust, flue, analyses, Can 316 formation and prevention, treatise 392 prevention, studies, U.S.D.A 185 relation to diseases 65 storms in Te.xas, U.S.D.A 113 Dutchess County, N. Y., soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Duty of water. (See Water, duty.) Dycstuffs, notes 496 Dyewood industry in Saxony 445 Dynamometer, description 491 Dysdercus s\t. , notes 648 sulurellus. (See Cotton stainer. ) Dysentery in calves, treatment 789 tropical, relation to house flies, U.S.D.A 61 Eagle, golden.destructive to ground squirrels. 153 Earias insulana, notes 647 Earth anchor, description 400 manurial, analyses 225 pulsation, relation to barometric pres- sure, U.S.D.A 113 slopes, treatise 185 Earth's surface as affected by deforestation . . 214 forceofgravityat, U.S.D..\.. 016 East coast fever. (See African coast fever. ) Easton area, Md., soil survey, U.S.D..\ 018 Echinococcocis in the heart of an o.x 683 F.chinodontium tinctorium, notes 449 Echinostoma gregale n. sp. , description 686 Eclair, effect on grape flowers 52 Eclampsia, puerperal. (See Milk fever. ) Ecological philosophy, trend of 534 studies, relation to entomology. . . 752 Ecology, entomological, of corn 558 of plants, treatise 625 Economics, home. (See Domestic science.) rural. (See Rural economics.) Ectoparasites, apparatus for destroying 180 ofsquirrels, plague bacilli in .. 383 Eczema, dietetic, in cows, treatment 788 facial, in sheep 279 Edgecombe County, soil survey, U.S.D.A. .. 618 Educational, agricultural. (See Agricultural education.) for country life, U.S.D.A 689 negroes 397 function of agriculture in 513,798 Eelworm in ferns, description 552 Eel worms, notes 153, 648 Egg albumin. (See Albumin, egg. ) cooperative societies in Denmark 796 laying contest in .\ustralia 473 powder, composition 711 manufacture 711 production, breeding for, U.S.D..\ 271 studies. Can 372 Me 273,373 records, keeping 473 substitute, analyses 462 yolk fat, digestibility 665 Eggplant blight, notes, Colo 145 diseases, notes 655 weevil, notes 654 Eggplants, breeding experiments 229 canning in the home, U.S.D.A. . . 278 850 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pagft Eggs, analyses 768 Kans 765 artificial incubation in Indo-China 673 as a lirain food 266 decayed, industry in rennsylvania — 659 destruction l)y rats. U.S.D. A 316 dried, nianufaeturo *'''0 fat of, composition 362 fresh, studies ^^^ handling and marketing 659 incubated, transformation of phos- phorus in 70 incubation experiments, Tan 372 methods of analysis 521 preservation 659 U.S.D. A 93 shell formation, studies 70 turkey, destruction by crows, R.I 246 weight of, Kans 765 Elsegnus, betain content 30 Elasmosoma vigilans n. sp., description 557 Elder leaves, chlorin content 30 Electric motors for farm purposes -ISO Electrical plowing engine, description 87 response in plant tissues 317 Electricity, atmospheric, progress in 615 curing of meat by 659 effect on plant growth 32,317 plants. Can 332 use in agriculture 290, 393 irrigation 185 nitric oxid manufacture. .. 419 treating milk 476 Electrochemical processes, progress in 221 Electrolytic dissociation of water, U.S.D. A.. 609 Elepdiini, revision 652 Eleusine coracana, analyses 660 phosphoric acid in ; 660 Elevator flue dust, analyses, Can 316 Elevators, cooperative grain, in Illinois ...... 397 Ellisia, destruction, Iowa 737 Elm-leaf beetle, notes 554 Elms as affected by mistletoe 534 mycorrhizse on 345 Emesidas spp., notes 756 Emmer, culture experiments, Alaska 729 Can 321 Nebr 130 feeding value, Wyo 569 varieties. Can 321 , 322, 327 yields, Can 325 N.Dak , 535 Emphytus cinctus, notes, U.S.D. A 57 Empuasca mali. (See Apple leaf-hopper.) Empusa virescens, notes, Ky 252 Emulsin as affected by boric acid 609 Enarmonia — batrachopa, notes 047 [GTaphoUtha] interstinctana, notes, 111 453 interstinctana, notes 554 nigricana, notes, U.S.D. A 559 prunivora. (See Lesser apple worm.) trislrigana, notes 700 Encarsia variegata n. sp., description 452 notes, U.S.D. A 650 Encyclopedia of agriculture 496 Page. Encyrlus aphidivorus, development 557 Endelomyia rosse. (See Rose sawfly.) Engine, electrical plowing, description 87 for farm purposes, Can 393 traction, description 87 Engines and boilers, farm, book 87 gas, use in irrigation 185 notes 470 oil, use in irrigation 588 traction, at Newcastle exhibition. . . 490 Enizemum, new species, description 452 Enteritis in tigers, notes 489 Enterohepatitis, infectious. (See Blackhead.) Entomological cages, types 348 conference, notes, Cal 594 ecology of corn 558 investigations, methods 347 research in Africa 696 technique 255 writings of Ashmead, W. II , . 554 Entomologists, advancement of apiculture by 348 Entomology at American Association for the Advancement of Science 700 economic, in various countries.. 648 Hawaiian, report on 752 in schools 248 the Soudan, report on 046 need of insectary in 56 progress in 55 relation to ecological studies 752 Entomophthora sphserosperma, notes, U.S. D.A 559 Entomosporium maculalnm. perfect stage 748 Entozoa, Australian, notes 792 Environment, effect on composition of wheat, Can 329 variation in fungi 33,626 wheat 198 A'7ii'o/om!/.s ^opperi, descriptiop, U.S. D.A 750 Enzym, diastatic, of ripening meat 765 Enzyms as affected by boric acid 609 heat 701 in milk 75, 379, 574, 614 plants 31, 228, 317 intracellular, of lower fungi 609 treatise 167 phytin-splitting in animal tissues. . . 167 plant, as affected by fertilizers 533 Eosin, use in denaturing barley 569 Ephedras, new species, description 452 Ephestia kuehniella. (See Mediterranean flour moth.) Epicoccum sp., notes 448 Epilachna chrysomelina, notes 6^7 Epinotia pyricolana, notes, U.S.D..V 650 Epithelioma contagiosum, prevalence in Cape Colony 386 Epitrix parvula, notes 252 Tenn 155 Epizootic service in Indo-China 279,680 Equines, liver nodules in, studies 683 Equisetum as affected by salts ("27 Equus spp. , notes 672 Eretmoccrus haldemani n. sp., description 452 Eriocampoides Itmacina, notes 555 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 851 Page. Eriococcus coriaccus, notes 160 cutrcu.i gilensis n. sp., description. .Wfi Erioilendnm anfractuosum, notes '143 Eriophyesfraiiniphila , notes 649 pyri. (See Pear-leaf biister-mite.) sp., notes 6.')4 spp. , parasitism 560 Eriopliyes galls, notes, Can 350 Erium lichtensioides, notes 757 Erodium moschalum, composition 72 Eructk saliva, notes, Can 331 seed, composition 429 Erynnia vihrissata, notes 254 Erysiphe cichoracearum, inoculation 50 graminis, notes 641 Iowa 743 Escambia Count}-, Fla.,soilsurvey, U.S.D.A. 618 Esculin, use in milk analysis 706 Essential oils. (See Oils, essential.) Ether, efifect on l)lossoming of plums 236 e.xtrac't , determination in wine 412 forcing of plants by 544 use in fat extraction 10 vapor, acetic, effect on dates 728 Ethyl alcohol, manufacture from sawdust. . . 187 Eucalypts in the United States 639 resistant, notes, Ariz 34 tests of strength 47 Eucalyptus disease, notes, Ariz 49 Eudemis botrana, notes 753 remedies 159, 254, 457 vacciniana , lia! lits 56 remedies, Mass 157 Euforbia elastica latex, notes 741 Eulceanium nigrofasciatum. (See Terrapin scale.) Euloph us longulus, notes 159 Euonymus scale, notes 554 Eupatorium ageratoides as a cause of animal diseases 384 Eupelmus [Isosoma] allynii, studies, U.S.D.A. 60 urozomus, notes 159 Euphorbia fulm, economic importance 340 Euproctis chrysorrhcea. {See Brown - tail moth.) Eurytoma rhois, notes, N.Y.Cornell 351 rosx, notes 159 tylodermalis , notes, U.S.D.A 653 Euthrips pyri. (Sec Pear thrips.) Euvancssa a ntiopa , notes 248 Evaporation, bibliography, U.S.D.A 113,616 from water surfaces, U.S.D.A. 112, 115 manual for oliservers, U.S.D.A. 525 methods and apparatus, U.S.D.A 616 new formula for, U.S.D.A 113 studies, Fla 308 Idaho 617 Evozysuma vitis, notes, N.Y.Cornell 351 Exoascus deformans, notes 245 Exorisia spp. . notes, .l 248 Experiment- farm at Logan , report 594 San Antonio, work, U.S.D..\ ... 535 30089—10 5 Exporimont Continued. Pago, station- at Dickinson, report, N. Dak .594 Marl)urg, report 414 Mockern 300 Peradeniya, guide to plats 240 Rostock, report 414 Troupe, report, Tex 594 Zurich 230 in the Alps 230 new, in Argentina 696 service, standard of requirements 605 sugar, in Java, report 412 work, special preparation for .508, 603 stations- administrative policy 515 forestry 339 functions 200 in eastern Bengal and Assam 631 Indo-China, work 536 organization and policy ,509 permanency of personnel 601 sugar, in Queensland ()33 (See also Alabama, .\laska, etc.) Experimental farm. Prince Edward Island.. GOO Extension work. (See Agricultural colleges and -Vgricultural extension work.) Extract material, determination in wine 211 Extracts, analyses 65, 165,566,768 Eye diseases in live stock 283, 483 Fabrsca spp. , perfect stage 748 Factory refuse, wine, analy.ses. Can 316 Fallow, effect on insects 753 summer, effect on soil moisture, Idaho G17 Families, poor, inexpensive menus for 160 sociological study 364 Farcy. (See Glanders.) Farm animals. (See Live stock and Ani- mals.) arithmetic, manual 92 boys' encampment, notes 594 buildings, construction 87 labor saving devices in 793 plans for 394 protection from liglitning, U.S.D.A 616 colonial training, in England 299 expenses, relation to profits 189 families, foods for 363 finances, relation to agriculture 687 forestry in Mississippi, Mi.ss 398 homes, city conveniences in 590 laborers. (Sec Agricultural laborers.) lands, value ' 395 m a c h i n e r y. (See .\gricullural ma- chinery.) management - in potato-growing .sections, U.S. D.A 632 South Carolina, U.S.D.A 6.32 relation to animal industry 568 labor problem 688 treatise 92 products, cost of production U.S.D.A . . 188 852 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Farm products, exports, U.S.D.A 689 profits, relation to expenses 189 school , vacation , in Iowa 100 sewage irrigation, at Gennevilliers 21G wastes, prevention, U.S.D.A 794 Farmers'— banks in Pennsylvania 88 cold storage house, description 590 courses for, Cal 691 in Germany 690 institutes for women, U.S.D.A , 690 in California, Cal 398 Canada 597 Georgia 494 Kansas, report 398 Mississippi, Miss 398 the United States. 597 relation to schools, U.S D.A . .. 493 summer, in Minnesota 298 Japanese, economic conditions 396 list of books for 691 prize contests for 598 wives, paper on 567 Farming— in New York 292 intensive, handbook 441 irrigation, development, U.S.D.A 288 in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 types in the United States, U.S.D.A 794 (See also Agriculture.) Farms, butter making on, N.H 781 electric motors for 490 engine for, Can 393 for sale or rent in New York 395 power laundry for, U.S.D.A 93 use of canning device on 579 water power on 489 vacancies on, in New York 292 water supplies for 590 Farmyard manure. (Sec Barnyard manure.) Fasciola jacksonii , notes 587 Fat, beef, detection in lard 411 determination in cheese 305, 523 evaporated milk, Ind. . 412 milk 12,614 pig products 704 development in black walnuts 628 egg, composition 362 yolk, digestibility 665 Fats, analyses 66, 306, 518, 566, 570 animal, preparation 212 as affected by light 707 chemistry of 306 cleavage investigations 67 cryoscopy of 522 detection 1 110 determination 10,11 digestibility 665 digestion in the intestines 265 distillation 110 extraction •. lo glycerids in 306 hydrolysis 306, 518 Maumen6 value, determination 110 methods of analysis 708 mixing into dough, U.S.D.A 295 Page. Fats, preservation 479 reaction 612 stained with Sudan III, absorption 665 technology, treatise 518 thermal value, determination 306 Fatty matter, determination in feces 524 Fayetteville area, Ark., soil survey, U.S.D.A.. 618 Feathers, ostrich, classification 473 Feeding- cake, use of soy beans in 733 experiments, notes, R.I 668 {See aJso Cows, Pigs, etc.) lattice, description 490 stuffs— analyses 14,72, 73, 111,172,308, 414,425,463,496,524 N.Dak 414 Vt 274 Wis - 274 condimental, analyses, N.J 471 deterioration 668 effect on composition of milk 675 pork 173 milk 666 Inspection and analyses, Kans 569 Ky 367 Mass 172 Me 471 Miss 668 N.H 72 N.J 471 N.Mex 72 R.I 212,668 Vt 274 Wis 274 In Canada 172 Florida 171 Kentucky, Ky 399 Maryland 569 Michigan 668 law, Kans 569 Me 525 Miss 668 Wis 274 in Michigan 668 Ohio 73 misbranding, U.S. D.A 263 mixed, analyses 72. 73, 172. 668 Can 367 Ky 367 Mass 172 Me 471 Miss 668 N.H 72 N.J 471 R.I 668 Wis 274 notes, N.H 799 new, analyses 668 prices, Mass 172 proprietary, analyses 73 Can 367 Ky 367 Miss 668 N.J 471 N.Mex 72 B.I 668 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 853 Feeding -Colli inuoil. Tage. stuffs- continued. registration, Kans tHiS saccharin , use 368 soluble phosphonis in 608 weed seeds in, I'.S.D.A 691 work in America 199 (See also specific kinds.) trough for chickens, description, U.S.D. A. 274 Feeds. (SfC Feeding stulTs.) Feldspar, fertilizing value of potash in, R.I.. 212 Fdis microtis, notes 672 Fellia anneia, notes 252, 054 Fence, coyote-proof, tests, U.S.D. A 775 wire, corrosion , Iowa 393 preservation, U.S. I). A 2()7 Fenugreek, analyses 564 Fermentation, ammoniacal, studies 21 as affected by selected yeasts, Va 479 effect on soil temperatures 117 sugar content of dough 359 experiments with (lour 661 in sweet solu t ions , pre ventiou . KH industries, progress in 1908 305 lactic-acid in milk 75 stereochemistry of. 475 notes 646 Ferments and carbohydrates, treatise 10 in milk, studies 379.674 uric acid, studies 466 (See also Enzjrms.) Fern scale, notes 561 Ferns, culture 739 oelworm in, description 552 maidenhair, electrical response in 317 ostrich, power of growth in 226 Ferric hydroxid, effect on nitrogen transfor- mation 417 Ferrous sulphate, effect on seedlings, R.I . . . 212, 228 Fertilizer — experirnents — Can 325 Pa 220 cooperative, in Seeland 529 notes 425 (See also special crops.) industry, history in United States 225 law. Me 525 in Alabama 124,724 Canada 625 Florida C24 requirements of soils. (See Soils.) spreaders, tests 1S7 Fertilizers- adulteration in Germany 225 analyses l-l, 26, 111, 124, 308. 414, 425, 496, 524, 625, 724 Me 165 and manures, treatise .529,719 as a cau.se of celery diseases, Fla 342 availability of nitrogen in 530 catalytic, i)aperon 723 diffusion in soils 23,621 effect on bacterial content of .soils 620 composition of hay 621 plants 226 wheat 262 Fertilizers— Continued. I'age. effect on malting value of barley 537 nitrogen fixation 620 plants 132 soil fertility 115, 116 solubility of silica 19 sugar-beet diseases 447 woodj"- plg,nts 220 for orchards, Col 236 inspection— and analyses, Cal 316 Ind 124 Ky 225,316 Mass 124 Me 420 Miss 2(), 125, 532, 724 Mo 12.5,165 N.II 26 R.I 26,212 Tex 724 Vt 226,531 in Alabama 124, 724 Canada 625, 768 Cuba ." 26 Florida 124, 624 Maryland 26, 625 North Carolina 1 25, 226, 625 Tennessee 26 Vermont, Vt 531 loss of potash in 223 mineral, statistics 719 mLxed, effect on plant enzyms 533 potash tests in 520 nature and use 26 nitrogenous. (See Nitrogenous fertilizers.) notes, N.H 799 phosphatic. (See Phosphates.) potash. (See Potash.) relation to yield of crops 526 residual effects, N.J 630 S.C 429 Va 433 studies 425 soluble, effect on soils, Hawaii 541 sources 724 special articles on, Vt 226 statistics 222, 225 use 225, 720 111 225 Ky 316 (See also specific materials.) Fever, metabolism in, studies 468 recurrent , investigations 764 relap.'iinp, relation to .\fricaii tick fever 786 Fiber crops, breeding, report on 136 culture experiments 136 notes 496 varieties 230 crude. (See Cellulose.) Fibers, cordage, treatise 536 report on 426 Field crop diseases, notes, Va 351 crops, competitive tests 37 statistics 426 (Sec also ipecial crops.) demonstration work, paper on 598 institutes, paper on 598 peas. (See Peas.) 854 EXPERIMENT STATION REOOKD. Page. Fig anthracnose, description 447 F"igs, cactus, analyses 64 insects affecting 648 Smyrna, culture experiments, Ariz 44 Filaria grassii, life history 184 reticulata, notes 791 volvulus, studies 184 Filariasis in horses 791 Filberts, culture, Oreg 45 Filtering apparatus, description 212 Fir, distillation : 14 Douglas, as affected by frosts 639 chalcis, notes, N.Y.Comell 351 sawfly , notes, Can 350 Fireless cookers. {See Cookers, fireless.) Fires, forest. {See Forest fires.) relation to rats, U.S.D.A 346 I""irewonn, habits 56 Firs, fertilizer experiments 547 Fish, analyses 659 destruction by polluted water 713 effect on digestive glands 366 guano industry in the United Kingdom 123 occurrence of phosphatids in 608 of Athabasca-Mackenzie region, U.S.D.A 750 oils for treating seed com, Kans 246 studies 414 products, analyses 66 salt, analyses, Me 165 scrap, analyses. Can 316 as a cause of celery diseases, Fla. 342 Five-finger, destruction, Iowa 737 Flagellates, insect, notes 580 Flavoring extracts, analyses. Me 165, 463 manufacture, U.S.D.A.. 710 Flax, analyses, N.H 72 breeding for disease resistance 136 notes 136 culture experiments. Can 325 feed, analyses. Mass 172 Vt 274 industry in various countries, treatise. . 632 lime and magnesia for 30 refuse, analyses 172 Can 367 report on 426 screenings, analyses, Can 367 seeding experiments. Can 326 value and use 536 varieties, Can 322,327 Minn 132 resistant to disease, U.S.D.A. 745 Flaxseed, analyses, N . Dak 414 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 Flea beetles, notes 252 remedies, Tenn 156 Fleas, development of Trypanosoma leunsiin. 488 dissemination of plague by 255 notes 183 occurrence of Crithidiactenophthalmiia. 489 relation to infectious diseases, U.S.D.A. 62 sand, notes 256 squirrel, biting of man by 254 transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by. 255 Flies— Page. biting, studies and bibliography 161 black, notes 249 blood-sucking — transmission of lymphangitis by 584 surra by 581 British, treatise 248 chalcis, seed-infesting, notes, N.Y.Comell. 351 dragon, in Wisconsin, classification 450 horse, role of, in trypanosome diseases ... 287 house. (Sfc House flies.) identification 652 notes 251, 646 of British Central Africa 760 relation to cholera 704 remedies 652 sand, transmission of surra by 582 transmission of diseases by 646 nagana by 785 surra by 682 Floods, paper on 617 Flora of Berar Circle 144 Florida Station, financial statement 398 notes 95, 692 University, notes 95, 692 Flour, adulteration 64 analyses 64,66,211,659,661 N.Mex 72 as affected by storage. Can 358 sulphur dioxid 64 yeast 660 autolysis of 262 baking tests 262, 660 Can 357,358 Pa 634 beetle, notes 647 bleached, detection. 10 legislation concerning 463 notes. Me 463 bleaching, paper on 65 composition 64 Can ....." 329 fermentation investigations 661 gluten, analyses 661 content, determination 64 grades, notes 359 maggot, notes 646 mills, inspection in Missouri 659 patent roller, detection in bread 704 poulard, baking tests 359 prepared , analyses. Me 463 quality as related to yield and weight of wheat. Can 358 for biscuit making. Can 358 red dog, analyses 72 R.I 668 Wis 274 relation to wheat structure 64 rye, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 tapioca, nutritive value 569 testing for bakers 660 vegetable, nature and use 766 Flower bulbs. (SfC Bulbs.) colors, bibliography 727 investigations 125, 319, 628 gardens, treatise 46 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 855 Page. Flowers, coffee , virescence 637 ciilliire, Alaska 738 under glass, Mo 440 destruction by rats, U.S.D. A 346 mutilation, effect on fruit produc- tion 31 Fine (lust, analyses, Can 316 effect on grasses 128 Flnorin, (ieteriiiination in guano .V^l wine 11 occurrence in i)liosphates 521 Fly, parasitic, in bird nests 356 white. (Sfc White fly.) Fodder, musty, poisoning of livestock by 79 Fog, effect on soot content of air .'{02 Foliage— as affected by Bordeaux mixture. 111 547 insecticides, Del 244 Mich 353 U.S.D. A 149 sprayed, as affected by rain and dew. 111 . . 548 Fomf.i rnarmoratus, nates, Fla .343 semitostus, notes 749 spp., notes, U.S.D. A 448 Food and Drugs Act, decision concerning referee board, U.S.D..\ 165 grains, .Vfrican, analyses 660 inspection , Me 165 U.S.D. A 799 decisions, U.S.D. A... ](>5,566,708 in Canada 164,768 France, treatise 411 Georgia 65 Germany 463 Indiana 463 Kansas 462 Kentucky, Ky 399 Maine, Me 463 Michigan 768 Missouri 165, 659, 768 North Carolina 462 Ohio 65 Pennsylvania 659, 7ti8 Prussia 66, 560 South Dakota 462 the United States 263 West 05 laws, Me 525 enforcement 65 in France 108 Ohio 263 Switzerland 768 uniformity in 65 legislation in Indiana 463 various countries 566 treatise 612 preservatives. (See Preservatives.) products, analyses 768 inChina 363 oidium fungi on 360 requirements in Europe and the Tropics (i64 Standards in Victoria 566 Virginia 66 report on 768 Page. Food supplies in public institutions 198 preparation in the Philippines. .363 (See also Diet.) Foods adulteration, international congress for suppression of 165 legislation concerning 612 treatise 03 analyses 60,414,524,560 and alimentation, report on 364 at reasonable cost , paper on 364 autolysis of 262 bacterial contamination, poisoning by. 65 canned, inspection in Canada 482 cereal. (.ScCereal foods.) chemistry of, jjrogress in 560 coloring matter in, examination 703 cooking in fireless cookers 166 cost of, in Frankfort 664 Moscow 064 diabetic, analyses 061 paper on 65 for farm families 363 improvement in .' 364 infant and invalid, analyses 661 methods of analysis, books 10, 612 microscopy of, handbook 521 notes 490 nutritive and energy values 100 value, tables 003 of Finland peasants 166 I.ombardy jjeasants, analyses .363 natives in e(|natorial Africa 66 phosphates in 6(i0 prices of, in France 567 Genoa 507 relation to osteoporosis in animals 583 sanitation in production of 65 treatise 63, 521 , ()58 Foot-and-mouth disease — danger from imported cattle 179 notes, Colo 79 outbreak, U.S.D. A 383 in Edinburgh 079 prevalence in (Jreat Britain 680 Forage crops, analyses, Ky 367 breeding, report on 138 culture, Tex 530 e.xperiments 2.30,530 Nebr 1.30 notes, U.S.D. A .530 varieties 230 (See also special crops.) plants, analyses, Wyo. : . 35 culture experiments, Wyo 27 new, U.S.D. A 732 poisoning of cattle by 381 Force of gravity at earth's surface, U.S.D.A. . 610 Forda occidentalis, notes 250 Forest - areas in the United States, U.S.D.A 444 botany in Kamerun and Togo 741 review of literatiu"e 445 caterijillars, outbreak, N. II 799 conditions in Baden 740 Kamenm and Togo 741 Ohio,Ohio 7.39 856 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Forest— Continued. Page. cover, elTect on snow conservation 638 finance, lectures on 48 flres in Massachusetts 143 protection from 48, 143 flora of Berar Circle 144 insects, control ^^ manual 1^4 lands in Michigan, administration 48 ta.xation in New Hampshire 48 maps, making -41 nursery stock, cold storage for 48 planting in Kansas, U.S.D.A 48 products, exports 444 U.S.D.A 144,689 imports, U.S.D.A 144 industry in Canada 640 . Saxony 445 statistics 444 U.S.D.A 444 school at Biltmore 696 seedlings as aflected by frost 337 fertilizer experiments 221, 442, 740 insects affecting, remedies 336 Service, publications, U.S.D.A 739 work of reconnaissance section . . 339 soils, analyses 18 stands, mixed, in Prussia and Silesia 144 trees. {See Trees.) vegetation, ecological analysis 338 zoology, manual 154 review of literature 445 Forestry- bibliography 445, 547 education in New Bnmswick 99 experiment stations 339 farm, in Mississippi, Miss 398 for railroads 339 government aid to, in Great Britain 199 in Baden 740 Baluchistan 546 Cooper'sHill 338 Coorg 143 FallRiver 143 India 143,339,340,44.5,640 Italy 445 Ontario 339 Saxony 445 the Andamans 143 Sudan 49 Transvaal 546 Vermont, Vt 241 instruction for teachers *. 99 in elementary schools 196 high schools 508 Sweden 91 notes 339 nursery practice, problems in 335 primer, U.S.D.A 241 review of literature 445 schools, list, U.S.D.A 739 status in the United States, U.S.D.A.. • 739 treatise 241, 338, 547, 739 work in, U.S.D.A 799 Forests — effect on rainfall 214 in Germany, treatise 740 Forests— Continued. Page. in Portuguese East Africa, handbook 639 the Ubaye Valley 48 insects affecting 159 national, location and area, U.S.D.A 739 pine, in South Annam 741 relation to climate 308 Formaldehyde — analyses, N. Dak 414 destruction of weeds by, Iowa 737 detecti6n 11 in meat 704 milk 707 determination in milk 109, 614, 707 effect on barnyard manure 720 fungi spores, Iowa 743 germination of oats, N.C 147 seeds 242 wheat, Can 341 plant growth 128 rancidity of butter 078 seed corn, 111 58 studies. Can 341 FormaUn. (See Formaldehyde.) Formamid, assimilation by micro-organisms 020 Formic acid, determination in fruit juices 304 effect on fermentation 165 excretion by roots 32 Formica schaufussi, notes, 111 59 subpolita, parasitism 557 Fossil bones, studies 170 cattle skulls, notes 571 Foul brood of bees 161 Fowl pox, prevalence in Cape Colony 386 ticks, notes 256,386,646,054 Fowls, barring in 671 breeding experiments 171 dissection 792 eating treated corn, N.Y. Cornell 153 inheritance of hyperdaotylism in 572 physiology of reproduction in 670 preparation for market, U . S . D . .\ 93 reproduction in, studies 269 sensibility of, to dourine 78 sex of hybrids in 270 spermatogenesis in 670 variation in combs of 171 (See also Poultry.) Foxes, blue, of the Pribilof Islands 347 destructive to ground squirrels 153 identification, U.S.D.A 347 infection with Piroplasma canis 785 Foxtail as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 Freezing, effect on composition of meat 163 germination of seeds 625 plants 544 purity of water. Can 310 wine '. . 164 Friction hoist for power machines 490 Fralichia florlda na , analyses 172 Frog industry in France 75 Frogs, poisoning by calcium cyanamid 530 Frontina frenchii , notes 248 U.S.D.A 4.58 Frosts, damage by, prevention 192, 495, 637 (effect on beech seedlings 338 cereals, Alaska 729 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 857 Page. Frosts, effect on composition of wheat, Can . . 329 Douglas fir 639 foliage, 111 548 forest seedlings 337 plants 50 solubility of rocks 223 forecasting, Nev 15 protection of fruits from 637 Fruit diseases, notes 146, 236 treatment 150 drying houses and machinery, descrip- ■ tions 380 flies, false, notes 764 notes 648 remedies 655 foliage as affected by fungicides, U.S.D.A 149 industry in Germany 333 Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 Tennessee 440 Tenn 141 the Transvaal 545 inspection in Hamburg 745 Hawaii 450 jellies, investigations 460, 461 juices, analyses 662, 767 extracting and marketing 767 manufacture 662 methods of analysis 521 Monilia disease, notes 552 moths, notes 648 pests, treatise 655 sirups, methods of analysis 521 tre« bark beetle, notes, Can 3.50 Fruits— as affected by arsenical sprays 348 candied, industry in Europe 64 canned, analyses 659 canning on fanns 567, 579 cooling apparatus 45 cucurbitaceous, culture in Egypt 545 culture in South Dakota, U.S.D.A 288 the Crimea 236 te-xt-book 546 deciduous, insects affecting, U.S.D.A 764 destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 346 dried, cooking in fu-eless cookers 166 dwarf, treatise 440 edible in Salvador 333 insects affecting 236, 249, 655 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 notes, N.Dak 545 of -Argentina 546 orchard — as affected by various substances — 561 cockchafers affecting 648 culture 141 -Vlaska 738 Tex 544 exp)eriments, Tenn 141 in Colorado, Colo 236 Massachusetts 140 the Crimea 236 insects affecting 140, 146,248 notes. Can 332 parthenocarpie in 333 Fruits— Contiimcd. Page, orchard — continued. poisoning by arsenic 53,561 pruning, Colo 140 treatise 440 winter injuries. Can 331 Me 145 pomaceous, hypochnose of 244 preservation 65 preserved , oidium fungi on 360 production as affected by flower mutila- tion 31 protection against frost 637 self-fertility in 29 small, culture, Alaska 738 Tex 544 and marketing, Oreg 637 improvement 92 notes, Can 332 stored, as affected by sulphur dioxid 149 temperate and semitropical , notes 545 tropical, preparation 66 varieties 236 Can 331 for the United States and Can- ada, U.S.D.A 440 yield and profits in Oregon, U.S.D.A .... 288 Fuchsia speciosa , formation of starch in 727 Fuels, consumption, decrease of 793 household, treatise 663 Fuller's earth, reaction with soils, N.H 714 Fumigation- experiments, N.C 558 investigations in California, U.S.D..\ 354 of incubators, Oreg 685 with carbon disulphid 348, 555 hydrocyanic-acid gas 555 Can 354 Fimgi as a cause of turnip flavor in milk 379 affected by chemotropism 026 copper sulphate. 111 ... . 548 light 33 sulphur dioxid 149 British, handbook 626 culture, treatise 33 effect on acidity of cream 678 foliage, 111 548 excretions, toxic properties 320 identification 521 in abnormal milk, notes 782 the West Indies 757 lower, intracellular enzyms in 609 of yerba mate, descriptions 447 parasitic, wintering 446 resistance to toxic solutions 340 rust, culture experiments 321 spores, germination as affected by chemicals, Iowa 743 variations in , studies 33, 626 wood-destroying, notes 53 Fungicides- analyses 151 copper, with iron arsenate, tests 151 effect on gennination of cereals 641 Can 341 seeds 242 grape flowers 52 yield of potatoes. Me 424 858 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOED. Fungicides— Continued. Page. preparation and use 140, 254, 342, 645 Conn.Storrs 501 Mo 562 studies, Can 341 tests 750 Del 244 N.H 744 Fungus, red-headed, notes 252, 253 Funtumia elastica latex, coagulating tests .. 547 Fur production, treatise 750 Furniture, destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 346 Fusarium roseum, studies, Ohio 745 spp., notes 50, 643 III 146 Fusicladium dendriticum. {See Apple seal).) Fusicoccum amygdali, notes 245 viticolum n. sp., description, N. Y.Comell 148 Fusidium sp., notes 50 Galalith, reaction for Ill Galanthus nivalis, carbohydrates of, studies. . 319 Galerucella lineola, notes 753 Gall fiy, pine-cone, life history 254 forming beetles in Silesia, list 761 coccid, description 556 insects, descriptions 753 notes 149, 154 midges of goldenrod , notes 247 mites, notes 049 sickness, notes 483 worms, notes 048 Galls, apple, studies 149 oak, British, treatise ICO limb, notes. Conn. State 742 of Abies nobilis 753 Eriophyes, notes. Can 350 plant, descriptions 53 Gallus gallus, spermatogenesis in 670 Gamboge, analyses Ill Game as affected by cold storage 261 destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 346 in Massachusetts 450 protection, U.S.D.A 799 officials and organizations concerned in, U.S.D.A.. 045 Garbage transportation 124 Garcinia spp. seed oil , analyses Ill Garden crop diseases, notes, Va 351 Vt 549 Gardening at Geisenheim 638 treatise 40, 142, 335, 440, 441 Gardens, border, treatise 441 experimental, in Minnesota 249 flower, treatise 46 for farmers, W. Va 440 in England, notes 40 school. (See School gardens.) Garget. (See Mammitis.) Garlic, beetles afiecting 450 Gas engines, use in irrigation 185 lime, analyses. Can 316 producer, peat, description " 290 plant, description 490 plants, development 393 Gases, distribution in the air, U.S.D.A 525 Gasoline, destruction of dandelions by, S.D. 436 Page. G astro-enteritis in pigs 083 Gastrophihis equi'. {See Horse botfly.) nasalis, notes 101 spp., notes 251, 562 Gelatin, eSect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 examination 412 Generative system as affected by yohimbine. 570 Geodetic observations in equatorial Africa. . . 00 Geography of Athabaska-Mackenzie region, U.S.b.A 750 Indio region, California 17 Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 the Harney Basin region .303 Geoica sp., notes 250 Geological survey, relation to drainage 589 Geology of Indiana 718 Indio region, California 17 North America, bibliography 219 the Harney Basin region 309 relation to horticulture 219 soil surveys 311 surface, of Michigan 718 Georgia College, notes 296, 595 Station , financial statement 93 notes 800 report of director 93 Geraniums, modification of colors in 028 Germ oil meal, analyses ,509 Germander as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 G hee, notes 307 Gibberella saubinetii, studies, Ohio 745 Giles County, Tenn., soil survey, U.S.D.A... 019 Ginger, ground, analyses 002 Ginkoes, classification 338 Ginseng fiber rot, studies 043 Gipsy moth, control in Maine 248 notes, U.S.D.A 357 Vt 3.50 Glacial epoch, climate of, U.S.D.A 113 Gladioli, breeding experiments 240 Glanders, diagnosis 7,% farcy , prevalence in North Dakota . .381 in man 83 the French army, history. 487 notes, Colo 79 Nev 584 prevalence in Canada 482 G reat Britain 680 Hawaii 483,080 Minnesota 381 North Dakota 381 the Transvaal 484 report on 483 studies, N. Dak 791 treatise 83 Glands, lymphatic, of oxen, studies 480 metabolic functions 204 Glassware, creamery, law. Me .525 Gliadin, relation to nitrogen equilibrium 5()8 wheat, physical properties 007 Glceosporium— amygdalinum, notes 245 fructigenum as affected by sulphur dioxid 149- rufomaculans, resistance to poisons 340 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 859 I'age. Olomenlla Tufomaculans. {See OJceosporium rufomaculans.) Olossina marsitans, notes 389 ■palpalis, notes and bibliography 255 relation to crocodiles 255 transmission of Trypano- soma brucri hy 785 spp., notes 052 niossina, studies and bibliosraphy 161 Glover's scale, notes 501 silk moth, notes, Mont 02 CilucHse, manufacture 509 preparation and use 65 Glue, chemical control in 164 Gluten, determination in flour 04 effect on digestibility of protein 007 feeds, analyses 72, 569, 068 Mass 172 Me....: 471 N.H 72 N.,T 471 R.I 608 Vt 274 Wis 274 for steers, Iowa 370 manufacture 509 meal, analyses 72 Can 307 manufacture 569 physical properties^ 210, 007 Glycerids in fats and oils 306 Glycerin, decomposition by cheese bacteria. . 781 effect on plant growth 31 Glycerophosphate as a brain food 206 Glycogen and starch, differentiation 522 determination in meat 704 formation by Bacillus amylobarter.. 717 from dextrose 568 Gnats, poisoning of cattle by 180 Gnetaceae, classification 338 Goat bones, fossil, studies 170 cheese, manufacture 578 Goats, anatomy and physiology of ovaries in. 671 as dairy animals 573 digestion experiments 666 feeding experiments 666 keeping, treatise 472 production of milk by 276,376 red blood corpuscles in, studies 681 Golden eagle, destructive to ground squirrels. 153 Goldenrod gall midges, notes 247 ray less, as a cause of diseases ... 383 Goniodes tetraonis, notes 183 Gonitis involuta, notes 647 Gooch crucible, modification 710 Gooseberries, culture and marketing, Oreg. . . 637 self-fertility in 29 varieties, Mich 333 Pa 239 Gooseberry — juice, analyses 707 mildew, American, legislation concerning 748 notes 148, 447, 448 rust, studies 644 saw-fly, notes 753 Gophers, susceptibility to plague 751 Gossyparia ulmi, notes. Can 350 G raduate school of agriculture 507 Page. Grain aphis, Kuropean, notes 249, 250 notes. Can 349 spring, notes 248, 249, 452, 554 beetle, saw-toothed, notes 647 cooperative associations in Illinois and Iowa 397 elevators, cooperative, in Illinois 397 insects, remedies. 348 studies, N.C 558 kernels, first-grade, determination 736 louse, notes 554 mixtures for pastures. Can 328 yields. Can 323,326 rations for milk production. Mass 172 reduction of moisture and shrinkage in, U.S.D.A... 435 smuts, treatment, Miim 132 weevil, notes 047 Grainger County, Tenn., soil survey, U.S.D.A. 018 Grains, African food, analyses 660 analyses 504 cleaning and grading, Minn 132 composition as affected by manures . . 198 destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 340 feeding value, Wyo 569 fertilizer experiments 23, 529 frosted, treatment for smut. Can 341 growth as affected by iron sulphate, S.Dak 436 nitrogenous fertilizers for 629 production in Denmark 796 seed selection. Can 326 sowing after treatment for smut, Can. 341 statistics 635 varieties for Silesia, treatise 631 {See also Cereals and special crops.) Granary insects, notes 249 rat proof, description 491 weevil, studies, N.C 658 Grape-berry moth, notes 251 black rot, investigations 62 notes, N.C 192 treatment, N.Y.Comell 344 by-products, feeding value 569 cane gall maker, studies, W.Va 457 girdler parasites, notes, W.Va 458 studies, W.V' a 457 chlorosi^ treatment 551 coulure, studies 344 diseases, notes 344, 752 Colo 240 studies 345,550,764 downy mildew, notes 643 Conn.State 742 treatment .... 53 , 54 , 245, 644 eudemis, remedies 254 flea beetle, notes 249 flowers as affected by fungicides 52 falling, investigations 551 improving station at Geisenheim- ICibiugen 037 industry in New York, N.Y.State. ... 334 juice, analyses 104,662 leaves, chlorin content 30 marc, analyses 569 digestibility 667 mildew, treatment 551 860 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Grape necrosis, studies, N.Y.Cornell 148 phylloxera, notes 249 pourridi^, treatment 550 powdery mildew, treatment 551 wintering 551 rust mite, notes 752 scale, notes. Mo. Fruit 60 seed chalcis, notes, N.Y.Cornell 351 stakes, destruction by fungi 50 stocks, American, in Algeria 240 sugar, absorption in the large intestine. 265 Grapes- Alexandria, setting of muscat 140 American, culture in Italy 240, 545 as affected by cultural operations 334 breeding experiments 240 cost of replanting 240 culture in Algeria 240 Argentina 140, 545 Colorado, Colo. .' 240 Delaware, culture in Hungary 240 fertilizer experiments 545, 738 requirements 334 for cows 375 grafted, studies 139 grafting machine, description 637 growth by day and night, studies 533 hybridization, studies 139 improvement .' 92 insects affecting 560, 764 Colo 240 large, descriptions, Ohio 545 pinching experiments 140 ringing experiments and bibliography. . . 439 role of hybridization in 139 self-fertility in 29 varieties, Colo 240 N.Y.State 334 Tex 544 Muscadine, N.C 439 Grapevine eudemis, remedies 159 pyralids, parasitism 254 remedies 056 Graphite, function in rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Grapholitha inl erst incf ana, notes. 111 453 Oraphops nebulosus, notes 554 Grass anthracnose, studies, Ohio 745 muskus, composition 72 new, composition 72 seed, notes, N.H 799 production in Denmark 536 Grasses — analyses 708 as affected by flue dust 128 breeding 543 culture experiments 223, 425 Nebr 130 fertilizer experiments 120, 121,122,230,425,621,730 N.H 730 of Cuba, catalogue " 226 ornamental, culture 739 varieties 230 Alaska 728 (See also specific Icinds.) Grasshoppers. (See Locusts.) ■ Page. Grease, preparation 212 Great Britain Imperial Institute, report 496 Greedy scale, notes 752 Green-bodied fly, notes 764 bug. (See Grain aphis, spring.) manures, culture and use 314 fertilizing value 541 manuring crops, notes 335 Ky 316 experiments 22, 25, 234 Kans 733 Greene Comity, Ind., soil survey, U.S.D.A. . 618 Greenhouse thrips, studies, U.S.D.A 559 Grinding apparatus, description 212 Gristmills at Newcastle exhibition 490 Groceries, inspection in Missouri 659 Ground-cherry, destraction, Iowa 737 squirrels. (Sec Squirrels, ground.) Groundnuts, Bambarra, analyses 660 Grouse parasites, notes 183 pinnated, in Massachusetts 450 ruffled, breeding experiments 450 Growth, physiology of 366 Grubs, white, notes 56 Gryllodes poetji, notes 054 Guam Station, notes. . : 95 Guanidin carbonate, assimilation by micro- organisms 620 Guano, analyses 314, 024 birds of Peru 314 deposits, notes 314 fertilizing value 537,541 Ga 538 herring , fertilizing value 023 statistics 225 Guar, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 Guava jelly and juice, making, Fla 380 white fly, parasitism 752 Guignardia bidwellii, treatment, N. Y. Cor- nell 344 Guinea fowls, spermatogenesis in 670 grass , culture experiments 425 pigs, immunization against plague. . . 280 inheritance of pink eyes in 671 transplanting of ovaries in 609 Guizotia, culture 332 Gum , culture and tapping experiments 49 of Bacillus radicicola, studies 120 tree blight, notes 160 Gums, notes 496 Oymnosporangium macropus, notes, Conn. State 742 treatment. . . 644 saftina;, notes 50 Gypsum, analyses, Can 316 and sawdust as a feeding stuff 667 as a preservative for night soil 624 determination in tartaric acid 11 effect on barnyard manure 720 rust formation, U.S.D.A . . 208 soils, N.H 715 solubility of potash, N.H . 715 fertilizing value 624 methods of application , Wash 291 Habrocytussp., notes, U.S.D.A 454 Hackberries as affected by mistletoe 534 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 861 Hxmaphysalis— Page punctata, structure of spiracles in 25G transinissioti of Texas fever by. tiSO spp. , host relations 562 Hxmatobia scrrata. (Sic Horn fiy.) spp., studies 7C4 Haematobia, transmission of surra by 582 Haematopinus of sheep 279 Hxmatopinus spinulo.suK, transmission of Trypano.wma trwisi by 255 Hicniatoporpliyrin, photodynamic work of.. 227 IliPniatopota, transmission of surra by 581 Hiemoflagellates, notes and bibliography 793 Hsemonchus contortus, notes 181 S.C 181 [Slrongylus] contortus, notes 789 Hail, effect on plants 50 formation, studies, U.S.D.A 113 insurance in the Province of .Vlberta. . . 114 Halibut muscle, hydrolysis 210 HaVmdota cnryie, notes, Can 350 Haller's organ, structure of, in Ixodoidea 256 Halogen salts , effect on nitrate determ ination. 409 Halphen's reaction, modification 708 Halteridium , nuclear dimorphism in 286 Haltica chnlyftea. (Sec Grape flea-beetle.) Hansen, E . C . , biographical sketch 600 Hardwoods, culture 241 Harlequin cabbage bug, studies 348 Harrow, cylindrical, description 490 disengaging apparatus, description. . 490 Harvester, description 490 Hawaii Federal Station, notes 95 Hay, analyses, Ky 367 composition 230 as affected by fertilizers ... 621 harvesting. . 231 efleetonmilk 621 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 crops, culture, N.Dak 535 fertilizer experiments 529 destruction, by mice, U.S.D.A 55 digestibility 274 drying apparatus, description 380 for cows, N.H 778 harvesting experiments 231 Japan clover, for live stock, La 569 marketing in England 688 mineral constituents 312 pea vine, analyses, U.S.D.A 278 production in South Dakota, U.S.D.A. 289 red-clover, phosphoric acid in 623 rye, yield under dry farming, Wyo 131 studies. U.S.D.A 536 sweet clover, analyses, Iowa 330 vetch, for cows, U.S.D.A 295 wild-grass, analyses, Fla 307 {See also Alfalfa, Clover, and Timothy.) Hazel leaves, chlorin content 30 nuts, fat and nitrogen content, studies. 414 Health, public, relation to veterinary science . 482 Heat, eflect on enzyms and antienzyms 701 milk 574,780 toxicity of proteins. . ; 681 relation to sun-spots 15 (See also Temperature.) Heath hens in Massachusetts 450 Page. Heating appliances in rural homes 188 Heel fly, notes loo Helcnsoma Iropicum, notes 488 Helianthus, grafting e.xperiments 31 tubers, manufacture of alcohol from 480 Helianthus sp. as affected by iron sulphate, S.Dak 430 Helianti, analyses 471 Heliophila albilinea. (See Army worm, wheat-head.) unipuncta. (See Army worm.) Heliothis armiger, notes 648 obsoleta. (See Cotton bollworm.) Heliothrips hxmorrhoidalis. (See Greenhouse thrips.) Hellriegel's culture solution, tests 621 Helminthes, descriptions 686 Ilelopeltia sji., notes 648 Helops lanipes, remedies 159 Hematoxicsubstances, secretion by larvae 686 Hematozoa, notes 78 Hemerocampa leucostigma. (See Tussock moth, white-marked.) Hemicellulose, digestibility and bibliography 265 Hemichionaspis axpidistra;. (Sec Fern scale.) Hemileia vastatrix, notes 150 resistance of Coffea congen- sis to 150 Hemileuca maia. (See Buck moth.) Hemiptera — aquatic and semiaquatic, catalogue 556 new genus and species, descriptions .556 of Florida, studies 556 Hemlock, factors affecting development 443 poisoning of pigs by 284 Hemogregarina lacertse, development 286 Hemogregarines in snakes, notes 184, 686 Hemoprotozoa, avian, life history 286 Hemorrhagic septicemia. (SeeSepticemia.) spotting of liver in animals 179 Hemp, as aflected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 breeding, paper on 136 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 culture in Trinidad 37 fertilizer experiments 121 growth as affected by soil tempera- ture ' 20 Manila, varieties 632 seed, analyses 425 cake, analyses 068 sunn, culture e.xperiments 425 value and use 536 Henderson area, Tex. , soil survey, U.S.D.A . . 618 County soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Hendersonia phicola, treatment 54 Henf, anastomosis of oviduct In 269 for hatching chickens, U.S. D..V 93 laying and nonlaying, selection 673 Hcpatozoon pcrniciosum n. g. and u. sp., notes 84 Heredity, ancestral contributions in 771 in Paramecia 469, 470 plant cells, studies 28 poultry 572 Me 373 rabbits, studies 772 862 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Heredity in rats 270 silkworms 154 tuberculosis 384 of acquired characters 671 colors in animals, bibliography . . 374 flower colors 125 pink eyes in animals 671 sex, determination 374 discussion 170, 269, 772 Mendelian view 71 principles 270 treatise "''1 Hermaphroditism, studies C70 Hernia, partial, in fat lambs 279 Herpetomonas donovani, notes 183 Herring guano, fertilizing value 623 phosphoric acid in 623 Hessian fly, life history 92 notes 56,554,557 Can 349 parasite, notes 452 relation to wheat yield, Pa 634 studies 760 neterocampagunivUta, studies, 'ii.'il 759 manteo, notes 458 Heterodera radicicola, injurious to carnations, Ky 345 spp. , notes 154 studies and bibliography 750 Heteropus ventricosus , studies, U.S.D.A 00 Heterusia cingala, notes 648 Heveabrasiliensis. {See Rubber, Para.) Hexa-methyl-tetramin, effect on fermentation 1G5 Hibiscus sabdariffa seeds, analyses 600 Hickory , mycorrhizse on 345 Highways. (See Roads.) Hilgard, E. W. , service and retirement 1 Hippobosca, transmission of surra by 582 Hog cholera — control 481, 482 immunization, U.S.D.A 790 notes 182, 583 Colo 79 Minn 82 present status 83 prevalence in Great Britain 680 Ireland 783 Minnesota 381 New South Wales 790 North Dakota 382 the Transvaal 484 senim, manufacture and distribution. . . 299 preparation 382 use, Mich 790 treatment 382 Iowa 386 Tenn 182 vaccine, tests, Minn 82 virus, filtration experiments, U.S.D.A. . 486 Hog parasites, notes 161 Hogs. (See Pigs.) Holland Agricultural Society, cattle exhibit. . 672 Holly leaves, chlorin content 30 Home economies. (See Domestic science.) education, international congress on. . 100 Page. Home Makers' Conference Association of Mis- souri 567 science. (5ee Domestic science.) Homes, improvement in 364 Hominy, analyses, N.H 72 feeds, analyses 73 Wis 274 meal, analyses, Mass 172 R.I 068 HomopoTus [Semiotellus] chalcidiphagus , stud- ies, U.S.D.A 60 Homoptera boisduval, revision 651 Honey, adulterated, detection 303,704 analyses. 66, 463, 566 and honey substitutes, treatise 64 artificial, detection 304, 412, 704 from bees fed on sugar 304 importation into Hawaii, rules con- cerning 752 judging 303,412 methods of analysis 521,705 molecular weight 662 Hookworm disease, studies 587 in Filipmos 792 Hop flea beetle, studies, U.S.D.A 154 Hoplopsyllus anomalus, biting of man by 255 Hoploteleia, new species, description 452 Hops, analyses 539 breeding, paper on 136 culture on moor soils 539 fertilizer experiments 539 marketing in England 688 standard of valuation, U.S.D.A 430 Hormones, effect on sugar content of blood. . 267 relation to sex heredity 170 Horn beetle, notes 647 fly , destruction by fish 256 notes 160 parasites, introduction into Ha- waii -■ 652 Horse barns, plans. Can 399 bones, fossil, studies 170 botfly, notes 161, 251, 562 chestnut leaves, chlorin content 30 oil, composition 414 chin fly, notes 161 flies, role of, in trypanosome diseases. . 287 hoof parings, fertilizing value 26 meat , detection 108 food value 765 occurrence of phosphatids in 608 radish leaf beetles, notes 653 sickness, immunization 284,484 treatment 284 Horses- anatomy and physiology 268, 269, 571 ancestors of 672 aphids affecting 562 determination of shoulder slope in 268 digestion experiments 667 Colo 72 dried beet pulp for 471 farm, cost of feeding, U.S.D.A 188 feeding experiments 777 insects affecting 161 INDEX OF yUBJECTS. 863 Horses— Continued. I'age. Irish, history 170 losses from tetanus 80 measurements 571 notes (Hf) poisoning by loco-weeds, U.S.D. A 484 musty fodder 79 oleanders, Ariz G81 post, service in France 371 production in Argentina 673 red blood corpuscles in, studies 681 statistics 474 Tripoli Barb, characteristics and cost 777 wintering on farms, Mich 777 working capacity, tests 267 Horticultural- conditions in the Faeroes Islands 335 crops, notes, N.H 738 inspection, Ohio 545 instruction in Belgium 191 high schools 508 investigations, essentials • 405 notes, Ariz 44 Society of Norway 332 Horticulture, development 401 hybridization in, treatise 738 instruction in 690 relation to geology 219 short course in, Cal 594 Hortvet - Sellier apparatus, description, U.S.D. A 613 Hotbeds, preparation and care. Mo 440 House flies- notes 55,251,648 Md 555 relation to infectious diseases 62 U.S.D.A... 61 remedies 656 Household conveniences, paper on 567 fuels, treatise 663 necessities, cost of, in Frankfort.. 664 Humidity- atmospheric, as affected by plants 526 relation to spring flow 16 increase of, in arid West 19 Humus acids, determination in soils 9 compounds, studies 220 in Wyoming soils, Wj'o 528 solubility as affected by lime 19 value and use 717 Hyacinth bean, economic value, U.S.D.A . . . 732 HybUta puera, notes 159 Hybridization in horticulture, treatise 738 (See also Plant breeding.) Hybrids in r'hasianid;p. sex of 270 Jlydnum erinaccus, notes, T'.S.D..\ 448 Hydrangea olaksa, modification of color in 627 Hydremia in sheep, role of distowes in 789 Hydrochloric acid- effect on milk coagulation 175 plant cells 424 rennet 76, 379 toxic properties 340 Hydrocyanic acid- for fumigation, U.S.D.A 355 gas. effect on apples, Ohio 240 fumigation 555 Can 354 Page. Hydro-electric plant for farm purposes 489 Hydrogen- determination 210 function in ru.st fonnation, U.S.D.A 207 peroxid, decomposition as affected by catalase, P.R 220 detection 11 sulphid, detection in meat 704 Hydrography, engineering features 390 Hydrophobia. (See Rabies.) Hygiene, alimentary, internationalcongress.. 298 and sanitation in bakeries 64 dairy, de \elopment 574 industrial and personal 364 instruction for teachers 99 meat, text-book 163 medical, in the United Sjtates 573 milk, relation to milking machines . 174 of natives in equatorial .\friea 66 {)ublic, in France 165 tropical, treatise 78 Hylastinus obgcurus. (See Clover-root borer.) Hylemyia coarctata, notes 652 Hymenolepis in Filipinos 792 Jlymenolepis micro ps, notes 184 HjTnenoptera, parasitic, development 557 of North America. 154,452 Hyoscine-morphine-cactin as an anesthetic for dogs (584 Hyperaspis 8 - notata, introduction into Hawaii 450 Hyperdactylism, inheritance of, in fowls 572 Hyphantria cunea. (See Webworm, fall.) Hypochnus ochroleiwus, notes 244 Hypoderma lineata, notes 250 spp., notes 160 Hyponomenta malinella, notes 159 Hj'pophosphites as a brain food 266 Hypsopygia costalis. (See Clover-hay worm.) Ice box, description, U.S.D.A 93 conditions on the Great Lakes, U.S.D.A . 113 cream, analyses 462,659,768 Me 165 manufacture and marketing, N.C. 578 notes, Me 463 substitutes, analj'ses. Me 165 notes, Me 463 Icerya minor, notes 247 purchasi. (See Cottony cushion scale.) Ichneumon fly, parasitic on rose slugs, U.S.D.A 57 Idaho Station, financial statement 691 notes 95, 296, 400, 497, 693 report of director 691 Universit y , iiol es 95, 400, 497. 693 Ilcz paraguayciisis, fungi affecting 447 Illinois College of Agriculture, histor 798 Station, notes 95, 595, 800 University, notes 595, 693, 800 Immunization. (See Anthrax, Tuberculosis, etc.) Immunochemistry, review and bibliography. 278 Impalien.i sultani, formation of starch in 727 Inbreeding in cattle 571 Incubator, novel, use in Indo-China 673 Incubators for hatching chickens, U.S.D.A... 93 India rubber. (See Rubber.) 864 EXPERIMEJ^T iSTATION KECOED. Page. Indian meal moth, studies, N.C 558 Indiana Station, notes 693 Industrial education — at National Education Association 101 in elementary schools 196, 397 Oklahoma 494 recent tendencies 397 Industry, use of nitric acid in 721 Infant foods, analyses 661 Infantile mortality, report on 364 Infants— as affected by tuberculous milk 76 dried milk for 575 feeding, relation to bacterial content of milk 476 diseases 365 metabolism experiments 168 milk for 198, 674 U.S.D.A 575 partially skimmed milk for 780 respiratory exchange in 665 transmission of kala-azar to, bibliography 783 toxins and antibodies to . 674 Infectious diseases — causes and prevention 364 relation to fleas, U.S.D.A 62 house flies 62 insects, U.S.D.A 61 Influenza, studies 183,381 Inheritance. (See Heredity.) Inosit, detection and determination in wine. 705 Insect flagellates, notes 580 galls, notes 149, 154 investigations in Mexico 450 parasites, notes 646 vitality 646 parasitism, phenomena concerning 752 photography and photomicrographj^, notes 347 Insectary, need of, in entomology 56 notes 249 Insecticides- effect on foliage, Mich 353 inspection and analyses, Tex 724 notes 356, 655 U.S.D.A 764 preparation, Mich 353 and use 146,254,342,645 Conn.Storrs 561 Mo 562 proprietary, analyses, Can 341 standard of purity, Tenn 156 studies, Can 341 tests 750 Mich 353 (See also specific forms.) Insects- behavior, economic significance 553 beneficial, distribution in Hawaii 752 list 553 notes 450, 655 blood-sucking, relation to trypanosomia- sis 760 common names, list 55 disease-carrying, histology 562 elementary study 92 Insects— Continued. Page. fertilization of clover by, N. Dak 557 forest. (See Forest insects.) gall, descriptions 753 injurious — as affected by fallow 753 destruction by birds 246 life history and habits, U.S.D.A 764 list 553 notes 56, 146, 248, 249, 554, 555, 649, 753 N.Y.Cornell 138 U.S.D.A 799 Va 351 remedies 92, 638, 753, 754 Conn.Storrs 561 report on 648 review of literatiu-e 640 state exhibitions 248 to alfalfa 764 111 453 apples, W.Va 457 beans 654 N.Y.Cornell 44 cabbages, Colo 236 cacao 356,749 citrus fruits, Ariz 44 U.S.D.A 354 clover 764 111 453 coconuts 142, 245, 560, 561 corn 647 cotton 647 cranberries 56, 352 Mass 156 cucurbits 249 dewberries, Colo 44 dura 646 farm crops 93- figs 648 forest seedlings, remedies 336 forests 56, 1 59 fruits 236, 249, 655 deciduous, U.S.D.A 764 grain, remedies 348 studies, N.C 558 grapes 560, 764 Colo 240 horses 161 live stock 160,483 melons 647 onions, U.S.D.A 139 orchards 140, 146,248 Colo 352 Mo.Fruit... 252 S.C 157 peanuts, U.S.D.A 136 pears 637 pineapples, P.R 45 potatoes, Colo 430 rubber 648 stored seeds 655 strawberries 753 Colo 139 tea 253, 648 teak 159 tobacco 156 Tenn 156 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 865 Insects— Continued. I'a(,'e. injurious — continued. to truck crops, U.S.D.A 559 vegetables 352, 654, 655 wheat 249 life history and habits, U.S.D.A 704 metamorphosis, treatise 55.3 notes, N.H 799 orchard, remedies, U.S.D.A 764 parasitic, in camels 79 relation to birds, U.S.D.A 752 Cecropia peltate 759 infectious diseases, U.S.D.A . . 61 report on 752 transmission of diseases liy 161 . 562, 646 through the inail, Can 350 treatise 154, 649 {Sec also specific insects.) International — Agricultural and Live Stock Exposition. 600 catalogue of liacteriology 128, 728 chemistry 112 congress for suppression of food and drug adulteration 165 of Alimentary Hygiene 298 Applied Chemistry 198 Home Education 100 Dairy Congress 700 Institute of Agriculture 88, 395, 591, 592 Interstate Cotton-Seed Crushers' Associa- tion 307 Intestinal resorption of antitoxins 681 Intestine, large, absorption experiments 265 small, function in glycogen forma- tion 568 Invalid foods, analj'ses 661 Invertase as affected by boric acid 609 Invertebrates, blood-sucking, relation to trypanosomes 255 leucocytes in 78 lo moth caterpillars, notes 248 lodids, eflect on nitrate determination 409 lodin, absorption by seeds 726 determination in protein combina- tions 517 metabolism 264 Iowa College, notes 95, 693 Station, financial statement 399 notes 95, 693 report of director 399 Iridomyrmex humilis, life history 351 Iron and zinc, .separation 9 arsenate as an insecticide 754 with copper fungicides, tests.. . 151 determination in phosphate rock 107 effect on color in plants 627 quality of butter 707 metabolism 264 oxid, determination in phosphate rocks. 410 phosphates 520 oxysulphate, reaction 707 preservation, U.S.D.A 207 reaction with soils, N.H 713 sulphate— as a fertilizer 123 destruction of dandelions by, N. Dak. 4,36 mustard by 2.35 Iron sulphate Continued. Page. destruction of weeds by, Can 331 Iowa 737 Me 424 R.I 635 S.Dak 435 wild mustard ])y,N. 11 738 radish liy 229 effect on chlorophyll production, N.Dak 436 Ironwood, mycorrhizae on 345 Irrigation- canals. (Sec Canals and Ditches.) cost of, in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 preparing land for 391 department of the Punjab, report 589 duty of water in 290 Wyo 86 engineering features 390 experiments at Brombcrg 131 fall, effect on soil moisture, Idaho 617 farming, development, U.S.D.A 288 in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 in Idaho, Idaho 629 India 289, 489, 588 Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 New Mexico, U.S.D..\ 588 South Wales 390 Oregon, U.S.D.A ' 287 Peru 185 South Dakota 390 U.S.D.A 288 Washington, U.S.D.A 587 laws in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 South Dakota, U.S.D.A 289 the United States 86 machine, description 490 papers on 5I6, 617 plant, description 391 pumping plants, descriptions 86 establishment, N.Mex.. 793 relation to climate and rainfall, U.S.D.A. 288 permeability in soils 313 sewage farm at C.ennevilliers 216 water, cost of, in South Dakota, U.S.D..V. 289 {See also Water.) works in the United States 86 Irvingia olivcri , analyses HI Isocoma hclcrophylla as a cause of diseases 384 Isosoma grandc, life history, U.S.D..\ 59 tritici, notes. Can 349 Isothermal region, temperature, U.S.D.A 525 Italian Colonial Institute of .\griculture 700 Iva xanthifolia, destruction, S. Dak 436 Ivy leaves, chlorin content 30 Ixodes ricinus, notes 183 transmission of Te.xas fever by. 680 spp., host relations 562 tcxanus n. sp. , description 562 Ixodoidea, new species, description 654, 763 notes 161 structure of Haller's organ in 256 treatise and bibliography 562 Jackals, infection with Piroplasma canis 785 Jams, analyses 768 Jasper County, Miss., soil survey, U.S.D..'\... 618 Jefferson County, Fla., soil survey, U.S.D.A. 618 866 EXPEKIMENT STATION KECORD. Page. Jellies, analyses '^^ artificial, making 461 methods of analysis 521 Jelly making investigations 460, 461 Jerusalem corn, germination tests, Ariz 34 Jews, agricultural scholarships for 699 Johne's disease in cattle, treatment 486, 788 prevalence in Minnesota 381 Johnson grass, extermination, U.S.D.A 536 gennination tests, Ariz 34 studies 543 S. W. , biographical sketch , 201 Johnstown area, Pa., soil survey, U.S.D.A... 618 Jones reductor, description 212 Juglans nigra, development of fat in 628 /«/m.s londinrnsis , notes 753 Junket, effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 notes, U.S.D.A 575 Jute, culture experiments 136, 631 industry, treatise 539 report on 426 value and use 536 Kafir corn, analyses. Mass 172 culture experiments, Nebr 130 germination experiments, Ariz. .. 34 Kainit, artificial, notes 223 as a cause of celery diseases, Fla 342 preservative for night soil 624 effect on barnyard manure 720 malting value of barley 537 fertilizing value 23, 122, 315, 442, 740 Ala.CoUege 39 Kala-azar parasites, inoculation of dogs with. 183 transmission to infants 783 Kale, breeding 543 digestibility, U.S.D.A 295 Kansas College, notes 96, 296, 400, 497, 693 Station, notes 96, 296, 400, 497 Kapok tree, notes and bibliography 443 Kelp , carbonate of potash from , notes 223 Kelvin thermometerscale,adoption, U.S.D.A. 616 Kennedy lemon, analyses, Fla 307 Kentucky Station, financial statement 399 report of director 399 Keratitis, infectious, in calves 789 Kerosene, destruction of dandelions by, S.D. 436 effect on seed corn. 111 57 for treating seed corn , Kans 246 Kickxia elaslica, tapping experiments 144 Kingbirds, economic relations 646 Ivinos, analyses Ill ICirsch liqueurs, cyanogen compounds in . 462 Ivilchens, construction in rural homes 188 Kjcldahl apparatus, description 610 nitrogen method , modification 610 Klossovskii, Prof., retirement, U.S.D.A 113 Knapsack injector, description 658 Kneading machines, studies 567 Knotgrass, slender, destruction, Iowa 737 Kohl-rabi as affected by zinc sulphate » 727 canning in the home, U.S.D.A 278 varieties. Can 327 Kudzu, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 vine stems, analyses 172 Kulti, economic value, U.S.D.A 732 Page. Kyass, preparation 64 Labor in Moscow 664 saving devices in farm buildings 793 Laborers' families in Dublin, standard of liv- ing 663 Munich , budget 770 farm. (See Agricultural laborers.) Lac, crude, analyses Ill notes 563 Lacerta viridis, notes 286 Lachnopus hispidus, notes, Fla 349 Lachnus californicus n. sp., description 451 Lactic-acid — bacteria — dry cultures, preparation 678 effect on cheese 782 protein absorption 466 in stout, notes 305 preparation of pure cultures, N.C 578 restraining action 676 effect on— casein precipitation 177 solubility of phosphoric acid 315 whipping quality of cream, Md 576 fermentation in milk 75 stereochemistry 475 use in butter making, Md 577 Lactococcus lactis, notes 76 Lactose, determination in milk 706 effect on growth of bacteria 283 in milk, origin 475 Lactosuria in cows, studies 788 Lady beetle, new, description 757 beetles, destroying white fly, Fla 349 introduction into Hawaii 450 notes 1(50 U.S.D.A 454 Lxlaps macropiiis, parasitic on thrips, U.S.D.A 560 Lagomys princcps affected by. ticks, Mont 62 Lakes, evaporation from, U.S.D.A 112,115 Great, ice conditions on, U.S.D.A 113 Lamb's quarter, destruction, Iowa 737 germination tests, Iowa 737 Lambs. {See Sheep.) Lampblack, function in rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Lamps pump, description 490 Lancaster County, soil survey, U.S.D.A... 618 Land-grant colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) plaster. {Sec Gypsum.) resources of Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 surveying, notes 241 Landowners, indebtedness in Austria 90 Lands, cost of clearing, U.S.D.A 588 forest. (5' ec Forest lands.) in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 South Dakota, U.S.D.A 288 cost, U.S.D.A 289 irrigated, products of, U.S.D..\ 288, 289 settlement, U.S.D.A 288, 289 logged-ofl, cost of clearing, U.S.D.A. . 84 peat and swamp, drainage 717 reclamation and reforestation. .. 740 pine, clearing, Miss 84 INDEX OF aUBJECTS. 867 Page. Lands, preparation for irrigation, cost 391 winter wheat, Kans.. (J34 public laws, in the United States 86 swamp, reclamation in the United States 717 washed, reclamation 219 waste, in Michigan, administration. . 48 Landscape architecture, American, notes 54(5 Languages, weather words in, U.S.D.A 113 LangiiTia mozardi. (^See Clover-stem borer.) Larch aphis, remedies 753 sawfly . notes, Can 350 seedlings as affected by frost 337 shoot moths, notes ti52 Lard, adulteration, detection 411 analyses 402,768 preparation 212 Laredo area, Texas, soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Larks, horned, economic relations 646 Larkspur, bacterial spot, notes, Conn. State . . 742 poisonous to stock, Colo 79 Larvae, moth, destruction of bagworm eggs by 556 notes 561 of chironomids, feeding habits 556 (Estrus, secretion of hematoxic substances by 686 Laryngitis, epizootic, in horses 483 prevalence in Hawaii . . 680 Lasioderma scrricorne. (See Cigarette beetle.) Lasiodiplndia spp. , studies 343 Lasius aUena, notes 554 nigcr americanus , life history, Til 58 Lathrex clandcstina, studies 345 Laths, statistics 444 Lathyrus lingitanus,economicva.\ue,'U .S-D-A. 732 Lattice, feeding, description 490 Laundry, power, for farms, U.S.D.A 93 Laurel, scale insects affecting 649 Lausonia alba seed oil, analyses Ill Layocheinus obsohfus, notes 654 Lead acetate, effect on color in plants 627 determination in tin vessels 702 in culinary utensils 567 limits in tin vessels 615 poisoning of cattle by 483 sublimed, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 sulphate , determinat ion in tartaric acid . 1 1 Leaf mold, analyses 624 Leaves as affected by copper sulphate, 111 548 fertilizers 132 various factors, 111 548 chlorin content 30 color of, effect on internal tempera- ture 422 development of anthocyanin in 228 formation of starch in 727 light-perception organs in 728 mineral constituents 312 of Ricinus, phosphorus constitutent. . .302 relation of form to light requirements. 5.33 respiring temperature of 127 transportation of carbon dioxid in 127 Lecaninse, notes 649 30089—10 6 Page. Lccanium hc.spcriduiii. (Sec Coccus hcsperi- dum.) olcx, destruction 650 spp., notes 648,757 liridc, notes 253,648 Lecithin as a brain food 266 determination 608 effect on sex determination 269 egg yolk, studies 362 fertilizing value 622 in wine C5 Lee County, Ala., soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 S.C, soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Leguminous plants- culture, N.Dak 5.35 experiments 223, 425, 731 Can 328 with cereals 426 fertilizer experiments 122, 230 for pigs 473 Inoculation experiments 313 lime and magnesia for 30 new, U.S.D.A 732 soil inoculation 528 value in nitrogen formation, R.I 212 varieties 230 wild, distribution, U.S.D.A 424 Leishmania infantum , notes and bibliography . 783 Lelaps echidninus, notes 84 Lemon diseases, notes 752 studies, U.S.D.A 142 extract, misbranding, U.S.D.A 165. 566 oil, effect on seed corn, 111 58 peel, candied , manufacture 767 rust mite, notes 752 silver mite, notes, U.S.D.A 354 Lemonade, methods of analysis 521 Lemons, keeping quality, studies, U.S.D.A.. 141 storage experiments, U.S.D.A 142 Lentils, analyses 668 Leopard moth, studies, U.S.D.A 458 Lepidium campcstre, notes. Can 331 virginicum, destruction, S.Dak 436 Lepidoptera, genitalia of, treatise 651 in the British Museum 700 I.epidosaphes beckii. (5ce Purple scale.) gloveri. (See Glover's .scale.) [ Mylilaspis] spp., notes 253 ulmi. (See Oyster-shell scale.) Leptinotarsa decemlineata. (See Potato beetle, Colorado.) Leptohrysa eiplanata n. sp., description 451 Leptocorisa varicornis, notes 649 Leptoglossnx ashmeadi n. sp., notes 651 Leptotrachclus dorsalis, studies, U.S.D.A 60 Lepus [Sylrilagus] pinetis, new cestode in 84 Lerina incarnata, description 5.56 Lespedeza. (See Clover, Japan.) Lettuce- bacterial rot, notes, Fla 342 diseases, notes, Fla 342 growth as affected by electricity, Can .332 subirrigation v. surface watering, Can .3.32 varieties, Fla 333 868 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Leuein, assimilation by micro-organisms ... 020 elTect on plant growth 31 Leucite, fertilizing value 25 Leucocytes, development in milk as affected by pasteurization 677 in milk, studies 174,179,675 invertebrates ^S Leucocytozoon spp., bibliography 286 Leucodesmia typica, notes 556 Leucodiaspis cockerelh injurious to orchids 450 Levees, relation to drainage - 589 Levroux goat cheese, manufacture 578 Lice, transmission of Trypanosoma lewisi by . 255, 488 Light, effect on butter fat 707 fungi 33 proteids in plants 228 tree growth 47 perception organs in leaves 728 requirements of leaves 533 (See alio Sunlight.) Lightning, protection of farm buildings from, U.S.D.A M6 Lignite coal, analyses, N.Dak 414 Lilacs, forcing experiments 544 Lily disease, notes, Conn. State 742 Lime, analyses 624 and magnesia, ratio for plants — 30,316,024 soils 9 relation to soil fertility, P.R 624 caustic, determination 8 effect on bacterial content of soils 620 destruction of weeds by, Iowa 737 determination 8 effect on denitrification in soils 118 growth of forest seedlings 221 potato scab. Me 145 seedlings, R.I 228 soil bacteria 417 soils 115,716 N.n 715 solubility of humus 19 phosphoric acid 19,315 potash, N.H.... 715 fertilizing value.. 25,120,229,231,418,443,731 Can 312 N.Y.Cornell 426 S.C 429 Wash 224 juice, analyses 662 mud, fertilizing value 731 niter. (See Calcium nitrate.) nitrate- basic, fertilizing value 315 manufacture and use 121.315 manufacture in Norway 721 nitrogen. (See Calcium cyanamid.) reaction with soils, N.H 714 relation to plant diseases 747 removal from soils 19 requirements of soils 527 salts, formation 723 spreader, description 490 sugar solution, analyses 12 sulphur, preparation and use, Pa. . . , . 657 Lime, sulphur wash — Page. analyses. Can 341,353 effect on foliage, Mich 353 U.S.D.A 149 fungicidal value, Mich 353 preparation and use. Can 354 self-boiled, effect on foliage, Del. . . 244 tests, U.S.D.A 149 use, N.Y.Cornell 134 in agriculture 747 dairying, bibliography 679 of, with humus 717 Limekiln ashes, analyses, Can 316 Limestone, analyses 624 ground, analyses, R.I 212 fertilizing value 624 nitrated, analyses 721 Liming experiments 138 Me 424 N.Y.Cornell 43, 133 N.Y. State 25,38 Okla 38 R.I 730 Limnerium fiigilivum, notes, U.S.D.A 458 Limothrips cerealium ( -avenx), notes 756 Lineodes Integra, notes 654 Linden leaves, chlorin content 30 Linnaeus' lectures on diet 365 Linolenic acid, composition 518 in linseed oil 518 Linoleum making, use of soy beans in 733 Linseed cake, adulteration, detection 412 analyses 668 effect on milk 174 for cows 474 meal, adulteration, detection 412 analyses 72. 172, 569, 668 Can 367 Ky 367 Mass 172 Me..' 471 N.Dak 414 N.H 72 N.J 471 R.I 668 Vt 274 for pigs, N.C 472 oil, edible, reaction 612 linolenic acid in 518 Liotropis contaminatus, feeding habits 56 Lipase as affected by boric acid 609 Liqueurs, kirsch, cyanogen compounds in . . . 462 Liquors, standards for 768 Lifa snlanella, notes 450 Litharge, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A.. 208 Lithia water, adulteration, U.S.D.A 165 Lithocolletis messanieUa, notes 753 Lithopone, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A. 208 Live stock — commissioner of Canada, report 482 contagious diseases, notes 481 contests in Georgia 494 feeding experiments 368 principles. La 569 grape by-products for 569 importation into North Dakota , . 383 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 869 Livestock — Continued. I'age. industry, Alaska 775. 799 in Argentina 572, (^7'^ New Zealand 173 South Dakota, U.S.D.A 288 western Canada 483 insects affecting UiO. 483 inspection in Hawaii 483, 080 management, U.S.D.A 632 marketing in England 688 parasites, notes 792 poisoning by arsenic 390 oleanders, Ariz 681 weeds, Colo 79 relation to soil fertility 620 rubbing post for 287 statistics 474 sterility in 170 transportation, U.S.D.A 777 {Sec aho Animals, Cattle, Sheep, etc.) Liver as a brain food 266 function in glycogen formation 568 nodules in eqiiines, studies 683 Liverworts as afTeetey squirrel fleas 254 castration in, history 77,3 creatin excretion by 266 digestion experiments 265 excretion of sulphurous acid by 665 glanders in 83 mercurial poisoning in 467 metabolism experiments 267,568 U.S.D.A ' 68 parasites of, notes 792 poisoning l)y brawn 80 meat 765 oleanders, treatment, Ariz. 682 Page. Man, spirochetosis in I6I uric acid excretion by 67 Mancasellus brachyurus. {See Water-cress sowbug.) Manganese as a fertilizer 123 effect on growth of pineapples, Hawaii 139 fertilizing value 120, 624 in soils and plants 717 sulphate, effect on soil fertility. . . 116 Mange, danger from imported cattle 179 follicular, in cattle 683 prevalence in Canada 482 Ireland 78;j North Dakota 381 regulations concerning, Ky 386 sarcoptic, in various animals 5.53 wolves and coyotes . . . 183, 553 {See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Mangels — cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 enltiu-e, N. Dak .53.5 effect on excretion by kidneys, Iowa 370 fertilizer experiments 230. 731 Can 325 N.Y.Cornell 426 irrigation experiments. Can ; 36 seeding experiments, N.Y.Cornell 426 varieties 731 Can 36, 37, 322, 323, 324. 325, 327 Mangoes, adventitious emI:)ryos, studies. Fla. 320 analyses, Fla 307 culture in Jamaica 334 new descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 Mangrove ijarks, analyses 547 swamps in the Philippines, use . . . 547 Mavihof glazioiii, culture experiments 639 Manila cream, examination 412 Manioc. (Sec Cassava.) Mannose, determination 611 Manual training in schools 698 instruction for teachers 99 in Oklahoma ... 98 Manure — availability of nitrogen in, N.J 530 barnyard. {See Barnyard manure.) decomposition 529 distril)Utors, descriptions 87 tests 392 effect on germination of seeds, Iowa 737 solubility of phosphoric acid. Pa. 223 fertilizing value 3-36, 528 liquid, fertilizing value 120.225,231 residual effects, N.J 530 transm ission of tuberculosis by 381 (See also Cow, Poultry, Sheep, etc.) Manures and fertil izers, treatise 529. 719 as affected by disinfectants 314 effect on composition of grains 198 organic, phosphoric acid in 623 Manurial earth , analyses 226 requirements of soils. (See Soils.) salts, reaction with soUs, N.H 713 Maple Ijorer, notes 248 caterpillar, antlered, studies, N.H 759 gloomy scale, notes 554 leaves, chlorin content 30 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 871 Page. Maple products, analyses, Me 165 scale, cottony, notes, Mo. Fruit CO sirup, analyses 05, 1G4 misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 sugar, analyses 164 Me 463 worm, green-striped, studies, U.S.D.A. 458 Maples, mycorrhizse on 345 Maps, forest, making 241 Marasmiii^ sacchari, notes 147 Margarin, cryoscopy of 522 ditlerentiation from butter 678 packing with prepared paper 479 preservation 479 Margaropus annulatus. (See Cattle ticks.) lounsbury n. sp., description. . . . 654 Marion County, Ala., soil survey, U.S.D.A. 618,619 Markets, inspection in Missouri 659 Marl, analyses. Can 316 Mannalades, analyses 462 Marsa tuherculata n. sp., description 248 Marsh elder, destruction, S.Dak 436 soils. {See Soils, marsh.) Maryland College, notes 693 Live Stock Sanitary Board, report. 381 Station, notes 497 Massachusetts College, notes 96, 193, 400, 693 Station , notes 400, 693 , 800 Mastitis. {See Mammitis.) Mayetiola destructor. {See Hessian fly.) Meadow fescue, culture and use, U.S.D.A . . . 430 Meadows, fertilizer experiments 231 , 425 {See also Grasses.) Meal snout moth, studies, N.C 558 worms, studies, N.C 558 Meals for school children 263,466 well-balanced, paper on 567 Mealy bugs, injurious to cacao 35" notes 561 111 58 remedies, P.R 353 Measles, beef, notes 279 Meat , absorption of pickling solutions by 63 analyses 163, 462,463,659 animals, transportation, U.S.D.A 777 as a brain food 266 affected by cold storage 565 preservatives 261 autolysis of 262 broiling and roasting 567 canned , preservatives in 164 consumption in Frankfort 664 cooking in flreless cookers 166 curing by electricity 659 diseased , relation to meat inspection . . . 565 effect on digestive glands 366 extract, chemical control in 164 freezing works, chemical control in 163 frozen, analyses 163, 565 horse. (See Horse meat.) hygiene, text-book 163 industry in Argentina 572 Germany 669 Ireland 361 Western Australia 63 Page. Meat, inspection in Canada 482 Hawaii 483 New Zealand 279 Paris 164 Scotland 566 Western Australia 79 papers on 481 relation to diseased meat. . . 565 standard for 463 meal, analyses 569 N.J 471 for pigs 173 poisoning epidemic, cause 659, 765 relation to typhoid fever 766 viruses, studies 579 powder, nutritive value 565 preserved, analyses 164 products, adulteration, detection 765 analyses 66, 463, 566 chemical control in 164 legislation concerning 463 proteid preparations in 303 standards for 768 putrefying, detection 411 ripening, diastatic enzy m of 765 scraps, analyses. Mass 172 sour, causes 63 substitutes, cooking 167 trade in Paris 362 transmission of tuberculosis by 384 utilization 67 Mechanical colleges. {See Agricultural col- leges.) Mecynopyga, new genera, description 247 Medkagofalcata, economic value, U.S.D.A. . 732 sativa as affected by iron sulphate, S.Dak 436 spp . , economic value , U . S . D . A 732 notes, U.S.D.A 426 Medical milk commissions 573, 574 Medicinal barks, American, U.S.D..\ 320 plants, culture in Argentina 631 Medicine, tropical, treatise 78 veterinary, treatise 579 Mediterranean flour moth, studies, N.C 558 Medlar juice, analyses 767 Megastigmus spp., life history, N.Y.Cornell. . 351 Meigs County, Ohio, soil survey, U.S.D..A.. . . 618 Melilotus spp., destruction, S.Dak 436 Melipona [ Trigona] Iseviccps, notes 658 Melon aphis, notes 250 Fusarium diseases, studies, Ariz 49 Melons, culture experiments, Alaska 799 insects affecting 647 varieties resistant to disease, U.S.D.A 745 Mendel, biographical sketch 470 Mendehan inheritance of sex 772 population, ancestral gametic cor- relations in 771 Mendelism, principles of 270 treatise and bibliography 470 Mental work, effect on metabolism, U.S.D..V . 08 Menus, inexpensive, for poor families 166 Merchandise, destruction by rats, U.S.D..A... 346 Mercurial poisoning of men 467 872 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Mercuric chlorid, standardization 84 Merodon equestris^ notes 753 Merrimack County soil survey. U.S.D.A 617 Mesochorus cimbicis, notes, U.S.D.A 57 Mesocrina pegomyix, description 249 Mesquite as affected by mistletoe 534 Mesua ferrea seed oil, analyses Ill Metabolism — as affected by alcohol 471 distillery slop 472 physical conditions ,. 664 preservatives 260 protein and carbohydrates. 267 sodium lienzoate, U.S.D.A 259 sulphite 260 during fever, studies 468 e.xperiments with cows 367 infants 168 men 267, 568 U.S.D.A 68 rabbits, U.S.D.A...... 168 in Arum spadices 317 mineral, of infants 168 of mineral substances 264 phosphorus, U.S.D.A 168 protein 365,466,664 purin, physiology of 67 Metacresol, effect on plant cells 424 Metadihydroxj'-phenol, effect on plant cells. . 424 Metallic salts, effect on bacteria 321 Metals , alkaline earth . methods of anal.vsis . . . 702 Metaphthalic acid , effect on plant cells 424 Metatyges turrifus, notes 648 Meteor trains, systematic observation, U.S.D.A 113 Meteorological — charts of oceans, U.S.D..\ 616 conditions, effect on metabolism 664 instruction in schools, U.S.D..V 616 methods, reform in, U.S.D.A 616 observations- Alaska 712, 799 Ariz 15 Can 308, 399 Ky 308 Mass 15, 308, 525, 616 Me 1 13, 192 Mont 294 N.Dak 415, 526 N.H 712 N.Y. State 616, 691 Nev 15 Pa 213 R.I 213 S.Dak 41, 426 Tenn 114 U.S.D.A 112, 113, 615 Va 415 Wyo 15 at Moscow 213 Quedllnburg ^ 735 San Antonio, U.S.D.A .".. 535 Wisley 712 in Australia 415 Barbados 213 Brunswick 16 Meteorological— Continued, observations— continued. in equatorial .Vfrica 66 Europe 415 Florida 113 Germany 712 Orange River Colony 114 Samoa, U.S.D.A 616 Switzerland 309 the Philippines 309 Province of Alberta 114 Uruguay 309 Yukon Territory 711 on farms, instruments for, U.S.D.A.. 712 (Sff algo Climate, Rain, Weather, etc.) observatory at Teneriffe, U.S.D.A 616 Mount Rose, Nev 14 service in .Australia 415 Canada, extension, U.S.D..\... 113 Meteorology — at Harvard College, U.S.D.A 616 effect on yield of crops 526 for practical men, U.S.D..\ 616 in the United States, history, U.S.D..\... 615 progress in 15,615 relation to germ content of air 521 review of literature 445 teaching, U.S.D.A 112 Methyl alcohol, detection in ethyl alcohol 705 Metric system, adoption, U.S.D..\ 616 Metritis, septic, in cows 279 Mica as a source of potash 722 Mice, destruction 152 U.S.D.A 751 of crops by, U.S.D.A 55 digestion experiments 565 eating of treated corn by, N.Y.Cornell. 153 field, susceptibility to plague 751 in Nevada, remedies, U.S.D.A 54 inheritance of pink eyes in 671 natural enemies, protection, U.S.D..\.. 55 of genus Peromyscus, revision, U.S.D..\ 151 protection of seed corn from, Kans 246 Michigan Station, notes 498, 800 MicTocera sp., parasitic on white fly, Fla .356 Micrococcus pyogenes albus, organism resem- bling 678 MicTodus laticinctus, notes, U.S.D.A 454 MicTomima olivia, notes 252, 654 Micro-organism of Rocky Mountain spotted fever 280 Micro-organisms, assimilation investigations . 620 effect on acidity of cream. . 678 fixation of nitrogen by 418 pathogenic, treatise 579 {See also Bacteria.) Microscope attachments, description 521 Microsphxra alni, notes 346 euphorbise, notes, Fla 343 grossularia^ , notes 448 Microsporosis in dogs 684 MicTOspoTum lanosum, notes 684 MiCTOtus californicus, susceptibility to plague. 751 montanus in Nevada, remedies, U.S.D.A 54 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 873 Page. Middlebourne area soil survey, U.S.D.A — 018 Middlings. {See Wheat, Oat, Rye, etc.) Midges, gall, of goldenrod, notes 247 Mikania scandens, analyses 635 Mildews, studies 626 Milk, abnormal , micro-organisms in 782 acidity as affected by temperature 378 in 675 adulteration, U.S.D.A 566 aeration experiments 781 analyses 65, 75, 165, 308, 414, " 462, 463 , 476, 566, 659, 674, 676, 678, 766, 768, 779 analysis, treatise 108 animal , studies 674 anthrax bacilli in 280 antitoxin, intestinal resorption 681 as affected by brewers' grains 673 composition of hay 621 heat 574 milking machines, W is. . 275 phy tin 367 pure-bred sires. Pa 271 food, U.S.D.A 575 bacteria, thermal death pomts of 574 bacterial content 476 determination 109 reduction 476 bactericidal properties 76 bacteriological investigations 379 biological and biochemical studies 277 bitter, cause and nature 379 bottle washers , description 479 buffalo's, analyses 75, 475 can, pneumatic, description 77 washer, description 479 care and handling 674 Idaho 573 casein content, determination. Can 376 of various animals, composition. 177 chemistry of 566, 674 bibliography 177 chocolate industry in Switzerland 766 clarification for lactose determination. . 706 clean, production 574 coagulation by vegetable reimets 70, 175 inclieesemaking,U.S.D.A. 93 colostrum, analyses 780 commissions in the United States 574 medical 573,574 composition as affected by feeds 174, 675 condensed, analyses 766 coagulation 677 industry in Switzerland 706 methods of analysis , Ind . . . 413 notes, U.S.D.A 575 constituents, effect on composition of Emmental cheese 678 contamination, bibliography 470 report on 476 cost of production in winter 673 depots, inspection in Missouri 659 development of bacteria in 677 diastases, studies 475 digestibility as affected by tempera- ture 677 dried , composition 711 economic value 677 Page. Milk, dried, for infants. 575 manufacture 575, 660, 711 drying apparatus, description 380 enzyms in 75, 379, 574, 614 evaporated, manufacture, Ind 412 fat content ;is affected by casein, Can ... 377 detennination 305 globules, studies 75, 277 U.S.D.A 75 goat's, analyses 175 prod notion by sheep and goats 276 variation in , studies 574 (See also Fat.) fermented, notes, U.S.D.A 575 studies and bibliography ... 782 ferments, studies 379, 674 fever, relapses in 788 for calves 669 infants 198, 674 U.S.D.A 575 from pathogenic animals, detection 707 germicidal properties and bibliography. 574 glands as affected by yohimbine 571 bibliography 474 factors affecting functional increase 474 nuclear division in 474 starch-like structures in 674 globules, human, morphology 779 goat's, detection in cow's milk 12 manufacture of cheese from 578 handbook 674 handling, Md 577 houses , construction, Idaho 573 human, studies 674 hygiene, relation to milking machines. . 174 investigations 674, 676 j udging 305, 523 lactic fermentation in 75 lactose, origin 475 leucocytes in 174,179,675 longevity of pathogenic bacilli in 676 machine-drawn, bacterial content, Pa. . 276 method of homogenizing 575 methods of analysis 109, 074 modified, notes, U.S.D..\ 575 multiplication oi Bacillux spp.in 676 nutritive value as affected by heating. 780 occurrence of phosphatids in 608 of marsupials, characteristics 475 partially skimmed, studies 780 pasteurization 76, 277, 674, 677 pasteurized , development of bacteria in 677 physiological properties as affected by pasteurization 575 pollution, detection 706 powder, composition 711 manufacture 711 notes, U.S.D.A 575 powdered, effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 producing power of cows, formula for. . . 778 production by goats 376 spayed cows 376 for children, book 676 grain rations for, Mass 172 inChina 573 874 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Milk products, analyses 165,308,463,476 bacteriological Investigations 379 chemistry of, bibliography. . . 177 investigations 674 properties ^^^ reaction ^^^ records, keeping, Idaho 573 reductases in, bibliography 378 reduction v. fermentation test 676 regulations ^74 relation to tj-phoid fever 76 restraining action of lactic-acid bacteria in 676 rules for cheese factories in Prussia 679 samples, preservation 615 sanitary, production in Berlin 376 treatise 375 saprophytes in 674 secretion as affected by wine 471 yohimbine 571 physiology of 674 separated, for pigs 473 serum, investigations 378 preparation 109 properties 174 refractive power 305 sheep's, analyses 674 sickness, cause 383 paper and bibliography 783 relation of Bacillus lactimorbi to 383 studies 784 skimmed. {See Skim milk.) sterilization 575, 674, 781 strainers, new, tests 77 sugar, determination 109 hydrolized , determination 611 supplies of cities, U.S.D.A 691 relation to tuberculosis 583 testing, Idaho 573 in Canada 476 toxicity 76 toxins and antibodies in 674 transmission of boric acid to 675 diseases by 674 U.S.D.A... 575 drugs and poisons to.. 675 tuberculosis by 574 treated with lime-sugar solution, anal- yses 12 treatment with electricity 476 tube, description 174 tuberculous, composition 175 infectiousness 76 turnip flavor in 379 wagons, description 479 watered, detection 11,198,211,413,522,614 yield as affected by amids 666 temperature 376 yields of different breeds 674, 779 relation to conformation 778 Milking competitions in Great Britain 779 machines, bacterial efficiency, Pa . . . 276 cleaning 174 cost of operation, Wis 276 description 393,589 effect on cows, U.S.D.A . . 691 tests. Wis 276 Page. MUkweed as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa . 737 destruction, S. Dak 436 root system, Iowa 737 MUIet, analyses 564,660 culture experiments. Can 328 diseases, diagnosis 183 notes, Iowa 743 fertilizer experiments, Tenn 116 germination as affected by submer- sion, Ariz 34 growth as affected by fertilizers, R.I.. 224 nitrogenous fertilizers for, N . J 629 pearl, analyses 525 varieties. Can 322, 326, 327 U.S.D.A 636 yield as affected by meteorology 526 Millipedes, notes 251,647 Milo maize, culture experiments, Nebr 130 germination as affected by suli- mersion, Ariz 34 Mineola vaccina. (See Cranberry fruit worm.) Mineral constituents, determination in vege- tables 303 of bones 723 plants 312 industry, treatise 27 metabolism of infants 168 resources of the United States 123 substances, reaction 707 waters, analyses, Ky 309 artificial, carbon dioxid in . . . 263 Minerals, assimilation by plants 227 soil, relation to plant diseases 640 solubility of potash in, N.H... 715 Minidoka area, Idaho, soil survey, U.S.D.A.. 619 Minnesota College, notes 694 Live Stock Sanitary Board 381 Station, notes 193, 296, 498, 694 University, notes 193, 296, 498 Missouri Fruit Station, financial statement. . 294 report of director 294 Home Makers' Conference Associa- tion 567 Station, notes 194, 400, 694 University, notes 194,400,595,694 Mistle-thrush, parasitism '. 563 Mistletoe, anatomy and biology 634 destruction 534 dissemination by birds 534 leaves, respiration at low tempera- tures 127 Mitchell- Walker test bottle, description 12 Mite, foot scab, of sheep 82 parasitic, on greenhouse thrips, U.S. D. A 560 red, notes 256 Mites as a cause of rat disease 086 clover, notes 249 gall, notes 649 injurious to codling moth, U.S.D.A 456 fruits, treatise 655 rubber seed 450 tea 658 notes 183, 753 U.S.D.A 354 parasitism 660 transmission of diseases by 587 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 875 Page. Mnemic sensibilities, treatise 671 Moisture. (Sfc Water.) Molac dairy feed for cows, Can 375 Molasi'inder, fertilizing value 124,724 Molsisses— analyses 65 Hawaii 578 N.H -. 72 R.I 212 definition 263 distillation 480 feeds, analyses 73. 172, 668 Can ,367 Ky 367 Mass 172 Me 471 Vt 274 notes 77,307 preparation from beet stalks 368 fermentation experiments, Hawaii 578 fertilizing value 124,724 Hawaii 579 for live stock, La 569 sheep, N.H 776 valuation 519 Molds as affected by copper sulphate, 111 548 bibliography 728 culture experiments 668 effect on milk .379 Mole cricket , notes .554 Moles, protection of seed com from , Kans 246 Molokhia worms, notes 647 Monilia fructigena , notes 643 winter stage, studies 343 Monophlebus stcbbingi octocmidata , notes 247 Montana College, notes 96, 400. 800 Station , financial statement 294 notes 96, 400. 800 report of director 294 Mont-d'Or goat cheese manufacture 578 Montgomery County soil survey, tl.S.D. A ... 618 Moon, April, relation to weather, U.S.D.A.. 616 Moor culture, handbook 311 soils. {See Soils, moor.) Moors, reclamation and reforestation 740 Morning glory as affected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 wild, destruction, U.S. D.A... 635 Morton area, N.Dak., soil survey, U.S. D.A . . 619 MoTus alba, transformation of starch in 228 Mosquitoes — control in Leipsic 459 destruction by birds 459 dissection 255 in Khartoum : 652 St. Vincent 652 the Philippines 161 Sudan 652 new species, descriptions 652 notes 555, 646 Md 555 relation to infectious diseases, U.S. D.A . . 61 remedies 459 transmission of disea.ses by 587, 646 IjTnphangitis by 584 surra by 582 Page. Moth bean, economic value, U.S. D.A 732 larvfe, destruction of bagworm eggs by. 556 notes 561 Moths, American , revision 651 breeding experiments 452 clothes, life history 92 crambid, new species, descriptions. . . 651 injurious to larches 652 Stored seeds 655 Motor plow, description 291.589 Motors, electric, for farm purposes 490 oil, at Newcastle exhibition 490 traction, tests 490 Mountains, effect on storms, U.S. D.A 113 Muck, fertilizing value .3.36 soils. {See Soils, muck.) JWucorspp., as affected by sulphur dioxid 149 Mucuna hjoni, analyses, Fla 307 pruriens, destruction of scale insects by 658 Mud, lime, fertilizing value 731 pond, analyses 316 Mulberries — culture in Italy 162 growth as affected by carbon bisulphid . . 545 nitrate of soda 546 Mulberry juice, analyses 767 paper, distribution of rennet in 534 Mulches, soil, effect on evaporation, U.S. D.A. 717 Mules, breeding in Hawaii 483 immunization against horsesickness 284,484 losses from tetanus 80 poisoning by oleanders, Ariz 681 production in Argentina 673 Munroe crucible, preparation and solvents for. 710 Murgantia histrionica. {See Harlequin cab- bage bug.) Muriate of potash — fertilizing value 23, 443, 731 Ala.Tuskegee 538 Fla 328 N.Y.Comell 134.426 Musca domestica. {See House fly.) spp., studies 764 Muscat, setting of, in .\lexandria grapes 140 Muscina slabulans, notes 764 Muscle, albumin, determination 210 hydrolysis 210. 607 Muscular work- effect on carbon dioxid excretion 267 intestinal digestion 265 metabolism, IT.S.D..\ 68 sugar content of blood 267 Mushrooms, distribution of poisons in 629 food value 767 notes 44 Muskmelon chlorosis, notes, Conn. State 742 mildew, notes 655 rust, treatment, Ind 438 wilt, investigations, N.Y. State.. 148 Muskmelons— culture, .Vlaska 738 fertilizer experiments, Tenn 116 improvement, Ind 437 rust-resistant varieties^ tests, Ind 438 Muskus grass, composition 72 876 EXPERIMENT STATION EECOKD. Mustard— Page. analj-ses 361 as affected by tension 318 breeding 543 composition as affected by fertilizers 226 culture 332 fertilizer experiments 230 growth as affected by acetylene gas 221 mineral nutrition of, during germination . 227 sawfly , notes 653 seed , suspension of vitality in 726 seedlings, electrical response in 317 wild, destruction 229, 235 Can - 331 Iowa 737 Me 424 N.H 738 R.I 635 S.Dak 436 Musts, wine, analyses 662 Mutants, constancy of 242 Mycology, bibliography 33 Mycorrhiza excretions, toxic properties 320 problem, notes 29 Mycorrhizee, studies 345 Mycosis in fowls 183 subcutaneous, in equines 791 Mycosphxrella citrullina, description, N. Y. State 148 Myios-pila meditabunda, studies 764 Mymaridae, new genus and species 452 Myosin, determination in meat 210 Myroiylon pereirx, notes 741 Mysost, composition 77 Mytilaspis citricola .notes 757 pomorum. (See Oyster-shell scale.) Myxomonas betse, notes 147 Myzus cerasi. (See Cherry aphis.) persicx. (See Green peach aphis.) spp., notes 250 Nagana, notes 78 transmission by flies 785 Narcissus, culture 546 fly, notes 753 Nasonia brevicornis, notes 357 Nasturtiums, color changes in, studies 319 National- Association of German Agriculture Coop- erative Societies 396 Conference of Charities and Corrections. . 197 congress of agricultural associations 591 credit 796 conservation commission, report 496 congress 199 dairy show at Milwaukee 200 Education Association 101, 195 Natural resources, conservation 510, 621 Nature study, courses in 192, 690, 798 instruction for teachers 99 symposium on 100 treatise 191 Neat's-footoil,determinationofiodin value.. , 13 Nebraska Station, notes 400, 595, 694 University, notes 296, 400, 595, 694 NecaloT americanus , notes 587 Necosmospora vasinfecta, treatment 51 Nectarine aphis, notes 648 brown rot, notes 643 Nectarophora ambrosix, notes 248 Nectria funtumix n. sp. description 245 solani , notes 643 sp. , notes 50 Negroes, education for 397 Nematodes, human, notes 184 in ferns, description 552 wheat, notes 747 injurious to beets 446 carnations, Ky 345 plants 749 notes 184, 655 remedies, Ariz 49 Nematodirus [Slrongylus] filicolUs, notes 789 Nematus erichsonii, notes, Can 350 ribesii, notes 753 Nepheline as a source of potash 722 Nephrolepsis cordifolia, water storing by 226 Nerium oleander, poisoning of live stock by, Ariz. . . .-. 681 Nests, bird, parasitic fly in 356 trap, construction, Oreg 75 description, U.S.D. A 274 notes 473 Me 273 U.S.D. A 274 Neurectomy, studies 583 Nevada Station, notes 97, 194 University, notes 97 New Hampshire — College, notes 194, 400, 498, 694 Station, fi^nancial statement 799 index to publications 799 notes 194,400,498,694,800 report of director 799 New Hanover County soil survey, U.S.D. A . 618 Jersey Stations, notes 296, 694 Mexico College, notes - - , 595, 800 Station, financial statement 93 notes 595,800 report of director 93 New York Cornell Station- financial statement 294 notes 595 report of director 294 New York State Station, financial statement 691 notes 297,695,800 Niagara County, N.Y., soil survey, U.S.D. A. 617 Night soil, preservation 624 Nighthawks, destruction of mosquitoes by... 459 economic relations 646 Nirmus cameratus, notes 183 Nisotra uniformis, notes 647 Niter beds, construction 121 soils, analyses 528 Nitragin, fertilizing value 22,120 Nitrate industry in Norway 24, 221 nitrogen in chernozem soils 528 transformation 417 Norwegian, statistics 720 of lime . (See Calcium nitrate. ) Nitrate of potash — absorption by seeds 725 effect on plant enzyras 633 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 877 Nitrate of potash — Continued. I'age. fertilizing value 121 manufacture 622 Nitrate of soda — analyses 721 R.I 212 application to soils 720 as a cause of celery diseases, Fla 342 affected liy soil moisture 720 assimilation by micro-organisms 620 availability of nitrogen in, N.J 530 consiunption in the United States 222 effect on — l)acterial content of soils 620 composition of plants, AVyo 34 denitriflcation in soils, Va 418 malting value of barley 537 mullierries 546 plant enzyms 533 seed gennination 221 solubility of potash, N.II 715 sugar beet diseases 447 fertilizing value 23, 121, 142, 221, 229, 230, 232, 233, 315, 529, 537, 539, ,541, 621, 622, 731 , 734 Ala.Tuskegee 538 Md 437 N.H 730 N.Mex 634 N. Y.Comell 42, 134, 426 Ohio 222 S.C 429 forapples. Pa 237 potash content 721 preparation and use 121 residual effects, N.J 530 statistics 121, 225, 720 Nitrate's-- accumulation in plants 421 decomposition by bacteria 22 detection in presence of bromids 702 determination! 7, 409 in meat 702 sewage 521 soil solutions 107 N.C 107 water 8,409,521 formation in California soils 716 in potash deposits 721 manufacture 121, 622 removal from soils 19 Nitric acid — determination 409, 702 in nitrates 7 organic solutions 209 formation in soils 21 manufacture 221, 419, 622, 721 us(! in agriculture and industry 721 Nltriflcation— in soils 20, 21 , 118, 119, 416, 619, 716 N.C 119 as affected by carbon bisulphid ... 716 investigations 121 N.J 529 of sewage, paper on 215 Nitrite nitrogen, determination 7 of soda, manufacture 622 fage. Nitrites, determination in water 611 formation in California soils 716 in potash deposits 721 Nitro-bacterine, tests 120, 528 Nitrogen— amid, of protein 168 assimilation by nodule l>acteria 421 Va 420 atmospheric — a.ssimilatioii by plants 727 fixation 21, 120, 198, 221, 313,314,416,419,621,622,717 l)y Bacillus amylobacter 717 utilization 24,531 availability in fertihzers 530 N.J 529 determination 208, 209, 611, 701 in milk 702 nitrates 519 soil extracts 302 economy in soils 417 effect on composition of plants 226 equilibrium, studies 568 excretion as affected by root crops, Iowa. 370 studies 67 fertilizing value, Ky .330 S.C 429 Tex 545 fixation as affected by fertilizers 620 by micro-organisms 418 investigations 313 relation to soil climate 1 19 fixing liacteria, studies 21, 416 V'a 420 formation by leguminous plants, R.I 212 free substances, effect on protein cleavage 365 in rain and snow. Can 308 soils, studies 716 Wyoming soils, Wyo .528 lime as affected by storage 419 fertiUzing value 734 toxicity 24, 530 loss from manure 529 method, Kjeldahl, modification 610 nitrate, in chernozem soils 528 nonproteid, nutritive action .367 peat, fertilizing value 122 Nitrogenous — compounds of carbid 221 use as fertilizers 120 fertilizers- availability of nitrogen in, N.J 529 comparison 221, 234, 529, 622, 734 N.Y.Cornell 426 S.C 429 effect on apples. Pa 237 plants 132 new, paper on 198 treatise 24 use 198, 720 manures, availability, R.I 212 substances, potash content 721 Nitrolinie, manufatiture 622 Nitrometer for correcting barom'btric pres- sure 7 Nitron, use iu determiuatlou of nitric acid. . . 209 878 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page NHrosomonas sp., notes 717 Noctiiidae, genitalia of, treatise 651 Noctuidse spp., revision 651 Nonnit, eflect on grape flowers 52 Nordlinger's preparations, eflect on grape flowers ^2 North American Conservation Conference, report ^^^ North Carolina- College, notes 297, 498 State Station, notes 297,498 Station, financial statement 192 notes 297,498 report of director 192 North Dakota- College, notes 97,596 Live Stock Sanitary Board, report 381 S tation, financial statement 496 index to Bulletins 69-83 799 report of director 496 North Platte area soil survey, U.S.D.A 619 Northern flickers, economic relations 646 Notolophus antiqua, notes. Can 350 Nucleic acid in caviar 660 Nuclein, fertilizing value 622 Numida meleagru, spermatogenesis in 670 Nursery inspection in Georgia 252 Hamburg 745 Hawaii 450,752 Maryland 562 Minnesota 562 Ohio 252 laws 249 stock, dipping experiments 348 forest, cold storage for 48 fumigation experiments 348 importation into Canada, Can 350 Nut cake, ground, analyses 608 mites, parasitism 560 •Nutrition — investigations 366 in the United States 199 laboratory, Carnegie, description and work 306 of cows 679 Filipinos 768 man, book 770 problems in public institutions 198 {See also Digestion, Food, Metabolism, etc.) Nuts, breeding 47 cashew, analyses 360 culture 440 in Oregon, Oreg 45 fat and nitrogen content, studies 414 lime and magnesia in 30 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 Para rubber, analyses 668 tallow, analyses 668 Nysius angustatus, notes 249 Oak diseases, notes, U.S.D.A 448 galls, British, treatise 160 descriptions 53 leaf caterpillar, notes 458 leaves, chlorin content 30 limb gall, notes, Conn.State 742 Page. Oak mildew, notes 53, 645 relation to peach mildew 246 studies 245, 346, 449 water, disease, notes, Fla 343 Oaks, mycorrhizse on 345 tests of strength 47 Oat and hominy feed, analyses, Vt 274 black blight, notes, Iowa 744 bran, analyses 668 diseases, notes, Iowa 743 dust, analyses. Can 369 digestibility. Can .369 hulls, analyses 569 loose smut, treatment. Can 341 mildew, investigations 641 products, analyses 172 Can 367 smut, treatment 446 S.Dak 41 straw, analyses 569 Oatmeal, analyses, R.I 668 cooking in fireless cookers 166 phosphoric acid in 660 Oats, adulteration, U.S.D.A 165,566 analyses 72,777 Can 367 N.J 471 assimilation of mineral substances by. . 227 breeding 132 competitive tests 37 composition as affected by — fertilizers 226 stage of maturity 130 storage 262 cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 culture, Tex 536 U.S.D.A 632 experiments 233 Alaska 729 Can., 321 Miss. 328 Nebr 129,130 Va 431 eflect on milk 174 factors affecting development 430 feeding value 174 fertilizer experiments 23,121 ,122,221 ,233, 315,621 ,622,624,720,722 Can 312,325 Ohio 216.222 Pa 217 for cows, Can '. 375 pigs 570 germination — as affected by formalin, N.C ] 47 fungicides 242 Can 341 specific gravity 632 ground, analyses 569 growth as affected by fertilizers, R.I 224 improvement, U.S.D.A 430 injury by frost, Alaska .■ 729 smoke 744 irrigation experiments 131 Can 36 lime and magnesia for 30.624 manganese for 624 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 879 Page. Oats, marketing in England j88 milling tests 37 nitrogenous fertilizers for, N.J 529 production in Austria 635 root excretions, chemical nature 32 seed selection, Can 326 seeding experiments 233 111 539 N.Dak 535 soluble phosphorus in 608 varieties 37, 631, 731 Alaska 729 Can . . 36, 37, 321, 322, 324, 325, 326, 327 Ind 35 Minu 132 N.H 729 S.Dak n U.S.D.A 430. o;W Wyo 35 as affected by formalin, N.C. . . 147 resistant to smut. Can 326 weight as affected by irrigation 131 wild, culture experiments, Alaska 729 wood ashes for 531 yield. Can 325 N.Dak 535 as affected by lime. Me 424 meteorology 526 from large v. small seed 37 under dry farming, Wyo 131 Obstetrics, veterinary, treatise 579 Oceans, meteorological charts of, U.S.D.A 616 Ocher, function in rust formation, U.S.D.A... 280 Ocneria dispar. (See Gipsy moth.) Oconee County, S.C, soil survey, U.S.D.A.. 618 (Ecanthus niueus. {See Tree cricket, snowy.) spp., studies 348 CEcophoridas, revision 651 (Enophtira pilleriana, parasitism . 254 CEstergotland Cow-Testing Associations 573 (Estrus larvae, secretion of hematoxic sub- stances by 686 CEstrtLS oiis, notes 161, 251 Ohio State Horticultural Society, Ohio 295 University, notes 695 Station, notes 498 reprints of Circulars 1-50 399 University, notes 97, 297, 498 Oldium lactis, effect on acidity o"I cream 678 cheese 782 notes, Iowa 176 U.S.D.A 175 qucTCinum, notes 645 sp. , notes 655 Oldium on preserved fruits 360 Oil, asplialtum, use in road making 290 cake, analyses, N.Mex 72 coconut. {See Coconut oil.) colocynth seed, characteristics 518 corn, manufacture 569 Crithmum maritimum, analyses 518 engines, use in irrigation 588 horse-chestnut, composition 414 meal, analyses. Wis 274 motors at Newcastle exhibition 490 olive. (Sm Olive oil.) Oil, palm. (Sec Talm oil.) Page. peanut, detection in olive oil 523 pimenta, analyses 523 plants, culture 536 products, notes 307 salad. (Sec Salad oil.) samphire, characteristics 518 seeds. (Sw Seeds, oil.) sesame. (See Sesame oil.) sperm, determination ol iodin value 13 traction motors, tests 490 turpentine, analyses Ill Oils, analyses 66,111,164,306,462,518,523,566 animal, preparation 212 coal-tar. (See Coal-tar oils.) cooking, analyses 462 determination ' lo of iodin value 13 essential — determination 306 in flavoring extracts. 108 liquors 108 notes • 212 treatise 307 ethereal, analyses 212 fish, studies 414 glycerids in ,"j06 hydrolysis 5I8 Japanese plant, properties 13 Maumene value, determination 110 notes 496 petroleum, analyses. Can 341 plant, reaction 612 preparation 212 preservation 479 saponifiable, analyses, Can 341 technology, treatise 518 thermal value, determination .306 use of soy beans In 733 volatile, methods of analj'sis 523 Oklahoma College, notes 195,695 County soil survey, U.S.D..\. 618 Station, notes 195,297,695 Okra, canning in the home, U.S.D.A 278 leaf spot, notes 655 Oktibbeha County soil survey, U.S.D.A. .. 618 Oleander scale, notes 452 Oleanders, poi.soning by, Ariz 681, 682 Oleic acid, color reaction 212 Oleomargarine, analyses 65,462,768 chemical control in 164 detection 612 Olive fly, notes 253 parasites, notes 159 remedies 159 Industry in Catania 438 Turkey 307 leaf disease, studies 447 oil, analyses 65, 164, 306, 439 determination of iodin value 13 digestibility 665 identification 11 manufacture 439 reaction 612 tineid, notes 159 Olives for sheep, Ariz 73 880 EXPERIMENT STATION KECOKD. Page, Onion diseases, notes, U.S.D. A 139 maggot, remedies, Ind 438 Onions, Bermuda, production in Gulf Coast States, U.S.D.A 139 culture 236 U.S.D.A 139 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 139 lime and magnesia for 30 raising from seed, Ind 438 varieties. Can 332 U.S.D.A 139 Ontario Bee Keepers' Association, report 765 Oophlhora semblidis, development 557 Oospora scabies. (See Potato scab.) Ophion bilinealus, note^ 248 Ophionectria coccicola, notes 752 Ophiusa calella, notes 648 Opsonic technique, notes 278 Opsonins, paper on 278 Opunlia spp., culture, Ariz 34 Orange aphis, notes 7.56 U.S.D.A 354 parasite, introduction into Hawaii 450 borer, notes 752 butterfly, notes 647 codling moth, notes 647 juice, examination 522 mineral, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 peel, candied, rdanufacture 767 rust mite, notes, U.S.D.A 354 Oranges, adventitious embryos, studies, Fla. 320 culture in arid Southwest, Ariz 44 Orchard- caterpillars, remedies, N.ll 799 diseases, notes. Me 145 Va 351 Vt 549 inspection. {See Nursery inspection.) Orchards- apple. (Sfe Apple orchards.) care and management 440 cover crops for, Colo 236 Pa 237 experimental, in the Transvaal 545 fertilizer experiments, Colo 230 Pa 237 insects affecting 140, 146, 248 Colo 352 Mo.Fniit 252 ■S.C 157 notes (j38 renovation , 140 tillage for, Colo 236 Pa 237 Orchids, insects affecting 459 treatise. 739 Oregon College, notes 297, 695 Station, notes 297, 695 Organic acids, standards 610 matter, effect on disinfectants 84 loss of plant food from soils, Fla... 313 Ornamental plants. {See Plants, ornamental.) Ornithodoros moubata, notes 280, 686 764 savignyi, notes , 64G I Page. I Ornithological club,. Cooper, index 646 Ornilhomyia lagopodis, notes 183 Orlhczia insignis, notes 253 Orthoclase as a source of potash 722 Orthocresol, effect on plant cells 424 Orthodihydroxy-phenol, effect on plant cells. 423 Orthophthalic acid , effect on plant cells 424 Orthoptera of Central America, treatise 649 southwestern and western 248, 555 Osage orange as affected by mistletoe 534 Osmometer, description 409 Osmotic effects, origin 126 pressure, determination 409 Osteoporosis, diagnosis 183 in animals, notes 583 horses, notes 483 Ostrich feathers, classification 473 ferns, power of growth in 226 industry, notes 274 Ostriches, quilling experiments 473 Otiorhynchus picipes, notes 753 Otters in Massachusetts 450 Ovaries, anatomy and physiology 269,571 transplanting in chickens 372 guinea pigs 669 Ovariotomy and castration, general account . . 680 Overfeeding, effect on intestinal digestion 265 Oviduct in hen, anastomosis of 269 Ovis aries strepsiceros, notes 674 arkal, notes 672 Ox muscle, hydrolysis 607 warble fly, notes 250, 652 remedies 753 Oxalates, role of, in beet seed germination 431 Oxalic acid, detection in cocoa 523 effect on casein precipitation 177 excretion by roots 32 Oxamid, effect on plant growth 31 Oxen, lymphatic glands in, studies 486 poisoning by cotton-seed meal 788 gnats 181 red blood corpuscles in, studies 681 Oxybelidse, studies 763 Oxycarenus hyalinipennis, notes 647 Oxygen consumption by infants 665 dissolved, determination In water. . . 302 effect on athletes 68 function in rust formation, U.S.D.A 207 Oxy torus, new species, description 452 Oxyuris in Filipinos .* 792 Oxyuris vcrmiculaTis, notes 184 Oyster-shell bark-louse. {See Oyster-shell scale.) scale, notes 252, 554 Can 349,350 Mo.Fruit 60 S.C 157 remedies 753 Oysters, analj-ses 65 Me 165 Pachnseus sp., notes 752 Pachnoda savignyi , notes 647 Pachytylus sulcicollis, control 451 Packing-house— industry, relation to chemistry 63 products. {See Animal products.) Paddy. (See Rice.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 881 Page. Paint inspection in Ohio <">5 making, use of soy beans in "33 I 'aim kernel meal, analyses 668 nut cake, effect on milk 174 oil, detection in butter and lard 212 Industry in Mexico 307 reaction 612 starch for paper making -479 Palms, date, culture, Ariz 44 oil, culture and use "41 Palo amarillo latex, notes "41 rubber, economic importance. . 340 Pancreas as a brain food 266 use in fat cleavage 67 hydrolysis 306, 518 Panicum capillare in alfalfa seeds, Okla 133 psilipodium, notes, U.S.D.A 536 sanguinale in alfalfa seeds, Okla 1.33 Papain as affected by l)oric acid 609 Papaipema nitela. (Sec Stalk borer.) spp., description 249 Paner, alfa, manufacture 133 birch, nature and use, U.S.D.A 443 durable and economical, U.S.D.A. . 295,799 Industry in Saxony 445 making materials, report on 426 starches for 479 mulberry, distribution of rennet in. . . 534 parchment, preparation 479 plants, culture 536 specifications for, U.S.D.A 295 Papilio demoleus, notes 647 polyxenes, notes 655 Para rubber. {See Rubber.) Paracresol, effect on plant cells 424 Paradihydroxy-phenol, effect on plantcells. . 424 Paraffin, effect on fruit trees 561 wax, detection in lard 613 Paraldehyde, use in prevention of anaphy- laxis 680 Paraleyrodes, new genus, notes, U.S.D.A 650 Paralysis, parturient. {See Milk fever.) Paramecia, heredity and variation in 469, 470 I'araphthalic acid, effect on plant cells 424 Parasite eggs, detection in feces 752 Parasites. {See Animal parasites. Insect parasites, etc.) Parasitism, insect, phenomena concerning. . . 752 Parasitology, human, treatise 685 Parat\-phus l)acilli, longevity in milk 676 Parchment paper, preparation 479 Parerynnia [ Erynnia] vibrissata, notes 254 Paresis, parturient. {See Milk fever.) Parks for Wisconsin, report on 24 1 Parlatoria pergandei. {See Chaff scale.) [ Websteriella] blanchardi, notes 647 Parloa, Maria, biographical sketch .500 Parsnips, canning in the home, U.S.D.A 278 varieties. Can 327 Parti lenocarpie in fruit trees 3.33 Parthenocissus spp., notes, N.Y.Comell 351 Parthenogenesis, animal, notes 247 in Phylloxera and aphids. . 247 Parthenogenetlc segmentation in birds 670 Parturient apoplexy, paralysis, or paresis. {See Milk fever.) Page. Pasador, notes 654 Passiflnra ccerulea tendrils as affected by ten- sion 318 fulida, analyses 635 Pasteurella canis, notes 280 Pasteurellosis in cattle 180 Pasteurization- effect on properties of milk 575 notes 77 of milk 76, 277, 674, 677 Pasteurizer, new, tests 77 Pasteur's in vestigat ions, notes 646 Pasturage, cost of production, U.S.D.A 188* Pasture, alfalfa for, Idaho 536 for pigs 570 Pastures, coj-ote-proof, tests, U.S.D.A 775 grain mixtures for. Can 328 improvement 230 Patent roller flour, detection in liread 704 Pathology of milk sickness 784 relation to appetite 770 Patterson, W. C, liiographical sketch 596 Pavia leaves, chlorin content 30 Pea bran, analyses 668 louse, notes. 111 453 moth, notes, U.S.D.A 559 products, analyses 172 seedlings, electrical response in 317 silage for sheep 472 vine hay, analyses, U.S.D.A 278 weevil, notes. Can 349 Peach aphis, green, notes 555 notes 250,648 brown rot, notes 643 Can 350 treatment, Del 244 buds, winterkilling. Mo 439 curculio, remedies 348 diseases, notes 50 Conn.State 742 Mo.Fruit 243 N.II 744 treatment 244 U.S.D.A 149 foliage as affected by fungicides, Del. . . 244 leaves, chlorin content 30 mildew, relation to oak mildew 246 scab, treatment, Del 244 scale. West Indian, notes 554,. 555 tree borer, notes 554 S.C 157 twig ))orer, not es 554 Peaches, analyses 439 cultivation r. sod mulch for, Mich . . ,333 culture in Arkansas, .\rk 334 growth by day and night, studies. . 533 new, descriiil ions, C.'J.D.A 738 ringing experiments 439 self-fertility in 29 thinning, Colo 140 varieties, Okla '. 439 Tex 544 Peacocks, sex of hyl)rids In 270 Peanut cake, analyses 524 diseases, notes, U.S.D.A 136 nieal, analyses 777 882 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Peanut meal, analyses, N J 471 oil, detection in olive oil 523, 708 Peanuts, analyses 661 culture 332 U.S.D.A 136,536 fat and nitrogen content, studies. . . 414 fertilizer experiments, Tenn 116 insects affecting, U.S.D.A 136 uses, U.S.D.A 136 varieties, U.S.D.A 136 Pear blight, notes, Colo . 145 diseases, notes 50. 637, 748 treatment 54 juice, analyses 767 leaf talister-mite, notes 753 Can 350 spot, perfect stage 748 midge, notes 753 scab, treatment 54 thrips, notes 756 studies, U.S.D.A 755 Pearls and parasites , treatise 646 Pears, blooming period , Oreg 637 cultiu-e 637 growth by day and night, studies. . . 532, 533 improvement 92 insects affecting 637 marketing 637 self-fertility in 29 thinning, Colo 140 varieties 637 Can 332 Mich 333 young, asparagin in 565 Pearson, Leonard, biographical sketch 599 Peas, analyses 72 artificially greened , examination 412 blanching experiments, U.S.D.A 277 canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 canning experiments, U.S.D.A 277 in the home, U.S.D.A 278 dried, restoration of color in 615 fertilizer experiments 622 fertilizing value. Miss 74 field, notes, U.S.D.A 536 varieties, Can 327 for orchards, Colo 237 pigs. Miss 74 irrigation experiments. Can 36 respiration investigations 32 seed from different sources, tests 332 Tangier, economic value, U.S.D.A ... . 732 varieties, Can 36, 37, 322 Peasants of Finland, diet 166 France, economic condition 189 Lombardy, studies 363 Russia, diet 66 Peat, analyses 290 as affected by acids and alkalies 220 consumption, decrease of 793 deposits in Maine - 290 drying apparatus, description 393 dust, analyses 668 effect on soil fertility 116 fertilizing value 723 gas producer, description 290 Page. Peat industry in Canada 187 Ireland 187 lands. (Sfc Lands, peat.) litter, determination of water-absorp- tive power 410 valuation 225 nitrogen, fertilizing value 122 preparation for fuel 393 market 290 resources in the United States 187 use 187 in ammonia production 531 construction of niter beds 121 sewage purification 216, 416 Pecans, new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 Pectens irradians muscle, hydrolysis 210 Pectin substances, effect on polarization 706 use in jelly making 461 Pediculoides ventricosus, notes 587 studies, U.S.D.A ... 60 Pega-pega, notes 654 Pcgomya brassicse. {See Cabbage maggot.) planipalpis, notes, U.S.D.A 559 Pelargonium hortorum zonale, formation of starch in 727 Pellagra, cause 682 in the South, notes 342 Pemphigus radicicola n. sp., description 451 tessellata, paper on 55 venafuscus n. sp. , description 649 Penieillium — brevicaule as a cause of turnip flavor in milk 379 glaucum, effect on acidity of cream 678 resistance to toxic solutions 340 spp., intracellular enzyms in 609 notes. Me 145 Pennsylvania — College, notes 297. 499, 596, 695 Station, financial statement 294 notes 499, 596 report of director 294 Pentosans, determination 708 Pentosen, determination 708 Pepper, adulteration 10 U.S.D.A 566 analyses. Me 463 diseases, notes 655 Peppergrass, destruction, Iowa 737 S.Dak 436 notes. Can 331 Peppermint extract, analj'ses. Me 463 Peppers, Ijreeding with Solanacese 229 Pepsin as affected by boric acid 609 Pepsis, new species, description 763 Perfumery plants, culture 536 Perfumes, artificial, treatise 307 manufacture 307 Peridermium strobi, notes, U.S.D.A 748 studies 644 Peridromasaucia. (See Cutworm, variegated.) Peromyscus, revision, U.S.D.A 151 Peronea— minuta, characteristics 56 remedies. Mass 157 studies and bibliography. Iowa.. 157 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 883 Page. Peronospora parasitica, notes 51 schachlii. notes 642 spp., notes 626 treatment 54 Peronosporales. stiuiies 626 Peroxydase reaction, studies 707 Perry, studies 361 Persilles goat cheese, manufacture 578 Persimmons, new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 varieties, Tex 544 Persv.lphates, detection 1 1 Pestalozzia palmarum, notes 150. 245 Petroleum, analyses, Ky 308 for treating seed corn, Kans 246 methods of analysis 521 oils, analyses, Can 341 Phxdon aeruginosa. (See Water-cress leaf beetle.) cochlearise, notes 653 Phicophytin. studies 227 Phalicna> in the British Museum, catalogue. . 760 Phalaris communtata, composition 72 Phanerotoina, new species, notes, U.S.D.A.. 651 Phaonia personata, notes 764 Pharyngitis, notes 183 Phascolus spp., economic value, U.S.D.A... 732 varieties, N. Y. Cornell 43 Phasianidne, sex of hybrids in 270 Phasianus torquafus in Massachusetts 450 Pheasants in Massachusetts 450 sex of hybrids in 270 Phenacetin, toxicity, U.S.D.A .563 Phenacoccus cholodkovski n. sp., description.. 649 ramonse n. sp., description 757 Phenazeturic acid in the animal body 664 Phenol, effect on bacteria 321 standardization 84 Phenomenal berries, culture and marketing, Oreg 637 Philippine Bureau of Agriculture, report 496 Phlegethontius quinque-maculatus. (See To- bacco worm.) spp., remedies, Tenn 156 Phlcum pratcnse. (See Timothy.) Phlatribus liminaris, remedies, Ohio 253 Phoma betx, notes 147, 446 napo-brassicx, notes 744 roumii n. sp., notes 342 tahiftca , notes 642 Phonolitli, ground, fertiUzing value 223 Phoradendron flavescens, biology 534 Phorbia cepetnrum. (Sec Onion maggot.) fusciceps, notes, Fla 349 Phorocera Icucanix, notes, Kj' 251 Phosphate- industry in Canada 723 Florida 25 the United Slates 316 insoluble, fertilizing value 315 of lime. (Sec Calcium phosphate. ) resources of United States, conserval ion. . 123 rock, dissolved. (See Superphosphate.) groimd, fertilizing value. Miss 6.30 30089—10 7 426 8 105 221 132 723 541 660 218 623 25 611 419 419 723 222 316 209 221 740 222 8 720 t)08 301 Phosphates— p comparison, N.Y.Cornell (leternunation in salt solutions effect on growth of forest seedlings plants exports from Canada fertilizing value 120, 539 in foods soils, maintenance. Wis machine for reduction, description raw, fertilizing value methods of analysis 419. use on Illinois soils, 111 valuation statistics 2.5, 123, 225, 719, studies (See also Superphosphates.) Phosphatic slag- basic, summary of information composition effect on growth of forest seedlings fertilizing value 23,233,315,5.39,722,731, Ohio methods of analysis statistics Phosphatids, occurrence plant , notes Phosphoric acid — absorption by soils 19 assimilation by plants as affected by salts ; 722 availability in phosphates 209 determination 8, 105, 611 as ammonium phospho- molybdate 105 in ashes 611 fertilizers 209 foods 303 phosphatic slag 703 tables 302 effect on apples. Pa 237 composition of plants 226 milk coagulation 175 precipitation 177 plant growth 30 fertilizing value 120, 231, 425 Can 312 Tex 545 in eggs, Kans 765 herring guano 623 organic manures 623 Wisconsin soils 218 insoluble, valuation 419 solubility as affected by manure. Pa 223 investigations 19, 315 sources, Ohio 222 utilization by beets 42 Phosphoric compounds, fertilizing value 622 in plants, extrac- tion 517 Phosphorus— as a brain food 265,266 detection 703 884 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. I'hosphonis- Continued. Page. determination in cereals 10 urine 709 excretion as aflected by root crops, Iowa. .370 fertilizing value, Miss 329 form of, in turnips, R.I 212 metabolism, U.S.D.A 168 organic, excretion in urine 770 role of, in animal nutrition 69 plants 29 soluble, in feeding stufis 608 transformation in eggs during incubation. 70 Photodynamic work of blood 227, 628 Photography of insects, notes 347 Photomicrography of insects, notes 347 the Diaspinse 347 Photosynthesis in plants 319 relation to chlorophyll in plants 227,628 Phryneta spinator, notes 648 Phthalic acid and anhydrid, standards 610 Phyllactinia corylea, studies 246, 346 suffulta , notes 449 Phyllocoptes oleivorus, notes, U.S.D.A 354 Phylloporphyrin, photodynamic work of 227 Phyllosticta catalpx, notes 448 hortorum, notes 655 insulata, studies 447 pirina, treatment 54 Phylloxanthin, studies 227 Phylloxera, classification 650 control in Algeria 35.3, 757 gall form, studies 756 parthenogenesis in 247 remedies 650 studies 756 Phylloxera spp., sex determination in 247 vastatru. {See Grape phylloxera.) Physaloptera prxputialis as a cause of enteritis in tigers .' 489 Physics, terrestrial and cosmical, U.S.D.A. . . 113 Physiography of Harney Basin region 309 Indiana 718 soils, Vt 531 Physiology instruction for teachers 99 of growth 366 reproduction in fowls 670 relation to appetite 770 treatise 771 Physopus rubrocincta, notes 356 Phytic acid, distribution in plants 608 Phytin as a brain food 266 distribution in plants 608 extraction 517 fertilizing value 622 physiological effects 367 Phytolacca, betain content 30 Phytowyxa leguminosarum, studies 423 Phytomyxinse, studies ; 423 Phytonomus murinus. (Sec Alfalfa leaf wee- vil.) punrtatus, notes. 111 ! 453 Phytophthora— infestans. (See Potato rot and Potato blight.) omnivora, notes 748 spp. , culture experiments, Conn.State ... 743 rage. Phytoptus spp., injurious to tea 658 Picea buds, studies 31 Pickle worm, notes 655 Pickles, alum in, legislation concerning 463 analyses 566 Me 165 softening, studies 64 Pickling solutions, absorption by meat 63 Picric acid, effect on germination of seeds 242 Pictou cattle disease, studies 482 Pieris monustc, notes 654 Pig bones, fossil, studies 170 houses, labor-saving devices in 794 industry in Argentina 673 Prussia 474 organs, normal, bacteria in 783 Pigeon disease, parasitic, notes 285 grass as aflected by iron sulphate, Iowa 737 tremox, notes. Can 350 Pigeons, breeding experiments, R.I 274 domestic, inheritance of color in 171 wood, diphtheria in, studies S3 Pigments, effect on rust formation, U.S.D..\. 208 Pigs, anatomy and physiology of ovaries in. . 571 breeding in Scotland 371 costof feeding and managing,U.S.D. A .. 188 dried beet pulp for 471 potatoes for 472 fecundity in 170 feeding experiments. . 70, 173, 371 , 473, 569, 776 Can 368,369,399 Colo 371 Miss 74 N.C 472 N.Dak 570 N.H 776 kidney parasite in, notes 386 pasture for 570 poisoning by cockleburs 683 hemlock 284 raising in America, treatise 371 Colorado, Colo 473 red blood corpuscles in, studies 681 score card for 494 Pigweed, destruction, S.Dak 436 Pikas, Rocky Mountain, as aflected by ticks, Mont 62 Pike spawn, occurrence of phosphatids in 609 Pimenta oil, analyses 523 Pimpla annulipes, notes, U.S.D.A 456 spp. , notes 248 Pine, Austrian, fertilizer experiments 740 blight, studies, N.H 744 blister rust, studies 644 Cembran, treatise 547 cone gall fly, life history 254 cones as aflected by temperature 337 distillation 14, 444 forests in South Annam 741 growth as aflected by amids 30 lands, clearing. Miss 84 lodgepole, reproductive characteristics. 337 needles, respiration at low temperatures 127 Norway, mycorrhizae on 345 pinon, studies 639 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 885 I'age. Pine, Scotch, culture experiments 330 seedlings, fertilizer experiments 336, 442 seeds, germination as affected by tem- perature 338 experiments 338,441 lime and magnesia in 30 storing experiments 442 - southern, properties and use, U.S. I>.A 443 tar, effect on germination of corn, N.Y. Cornell 153 for treating seed com, Kans 246 tests of strength 47 white, blights, present status, U.S.D.A . .552 currant rust affecting, U.S.D.A . 748 mensuration 143 winter injury, Me 145 yield as affected by methods of cultiva- tion 443 Pineapple diseases, notes, P.R 45 juice, analyses 662 Pineapples — analyses, Fla 307 culture, P.R 45 growth as affected by manganese, Ha- waii 139 insecto affecting, P.R. . 45 shipping experiments, Hawaii 45 studies, Fla 343 Pinus ccinbra, treatise 547 cdulis, studies (^9 insignis, tests of strength 47 Pipe making machinery, description 292 Piricularia grisca , notes, Iowa 743 Piroplasma bigcminum, studies 785 canis as affected by drags 488 infection experiments 785 notes 83,586,785 hudsonius boiis, notes 580 mutans, notes 483, 580 parvum as affected by cold 763 spp. , notes 683 Plroplasmosis in bovines 683 calves 580 cat tie, studies 785 dogs 488,586,785 equlnes 586,684,785 lecture on 161 notes 388 Pisum, betain content 30 Plagionolus speciosus, notes 248 Plague bacilli in ecto-parasites of squirrels 383 bubonic, transmission by rats, U.S. D.A. 346 immunity of rats to. . .' 580 immunization 280 susceptibility of animals to 751 transmission by fleas 255 ground squirrels 153 Plant aphid.s, anatomy 249 notes 218 Plant breeding experiments- notes 28, 47. 229. .543 with apples 44. .3.'<3 Oreg 630 barley, Alaska 729 cereals 736 i>i * 1 I- ^''^^'^■ Plant breedmg experiments— Continued. with clover, Tenn 134 corn 28, 92, 543 m m N.H 729 U.S.D.A 427,691 cotton, U.S.D.A 40 flax 136 flowers 45 gladioli 240 grapes 1.39. 240 musknielons. Ind 437 pumpkins, Iowa 333 sugar beets 233, 734 sweet peas 46 tobacco 434, 542 Va 434 wheat 543,641,7.36 breeding, methods 240, 736 notes 92 paper on 773 principles, U.S.D.A 28 researches in 27 treatise 543, 736 bug, tarnished, notes 248 cells as affected by poisons 423 effect on transpiration current 318 heredity in 28 physiology and bibliography 29 development, studies 32 diseases- bibliography (uo notes 50, 146, 640, 647, 655, 744 Colo 145 N.C 145 N.Y.Comell 138 U.S.D.A 799 Vt 549 relation to liming 747 mineral substances in soils 640 weather 50 Conn.State 742 report on 752 resistance in , origin 242 review of literal un- (i40 studies 745 treatise 146 treatment 54, 140, 151 , 340, 6.38 Conn.Storrs ,561 {See also different host plants.) ecology, problems in 5.34 treatise 625 enzy ms as affected by fertilizers 533 etiolation, studies 126 food, removal by moisture, U.S.D..\ . . 724 Kusariuni dise;i.ses, studies, Arir. 49 growth as affected by aniids 30 electricity 32,317 formaldehyde... 128 phosphoric acid . .30 soda 316 by day and night, studies .532 factors affecting 27 hybrids, histology 27 Inspection. (See Nursery inspection.) lice, notes 654 886 EXPEKIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Plant lice, parasites, classification 451 remedies, Can 350 Colo 352 {Sec also Apple aphis, etc.) nutrition investigations, Fla 343 oils, reaction 012 pathology, treatise 340 residues, effect on composition of soils. . 312 tendrils, strength of, as affected by ten- sion 1 318 tissues as affected by wind 318 zinc sulphate 727 electrical response in 317 Plantago lancrolalo in alfalfa seeds, Okla 133 Plantain, Rugel, germination as affected by manure, Iowa 737 Plants- acclimatization, U.S.D. A 426 accumulation of nitrates in 421 activity as affected by soils 20 analyses 302 as affected by grafting 31 magnesia 422 salts 027 tension 318.728 assimilation- investigations 318 of atmospheric nitrogen by 727 carbon by 422 mineral substances by 227 phosphoric acid by 722 potash by 722 betain content 30 coloring matter in, studies 627, 72(i composition as affected by — fertilizers 226 sodium, R.I 212 culture, bibliography 495 in Indo-China 536 treatise 495. 7.39 distribution in arid regions 535 the Philippines 630 of rennet in 533 drug, descriptions, r.S.D..\ 320 effect on atmospheric temperature and humidity 526 enzyms in 31, 228, 317 forcing experiments 544 formation of anthocyanin in 628 freezing experiments 127 graft hybrids, studies 320 herbaceous, grafting experiments 544 house, treatise 441 imports, U.S.D. A 27, 424 improvement 43 in Alaska, Alaska 799 equatorial Africa 60 industrial, culture in Argentina 631 injury by frost and hail 50 insects affecting 146 light-perception organs in 728 lime and magnesia lor 30, 316, 624 manganese in 717 medicinal, culture in Argentina 631 movement in 31g nematodes affecting 749 Plants— Continued. Page. of Mount Rose; Nev 15 San Bernardino Mountains 449 oleaginous, book 3,32 ornamental, culture, Alaska 738 in Wyoming, Wyo 27 nitrate of soda for 142 perfume, treatise 307 phosphorus compounds in, extraction. . . 517 photosynthesis in cig poisonous, notes , 496 predi.sposition to parasitic diseases 745 relation to formation of loess 218 respiration investigations 32, 127, 532 self-ferlility in 29 solanaceous, vegetable rennets in 629 transformation of starch in • 223 transpiration 27, 725 tuber, water-storing capacity 226 wild, variation and correlation in 28 woody, as affected by fertili ',ers 220 Plasmodiophora spp., studies 423 Plasviodium jirxcox, development 587 Plnsmopara cubcnsis, notes 1:55 pygmfea, notes 626 viticoJa, notes 644 Plastein, cleavage products, studies 9 Plaster, land. (See Gypsum.) Plemelidla abictina, life history 264 Pleuro-pneumonia, contagious — danger from imported cattle 179 in cattle 179 horses , 585 prevalence in "West Australia 79 Plodia interpunctelln. (See Indian meal moth.) Plow, motor, description 291, 589 Plowing by steam in the Philippines 589 engine, electrical, description 87 experiments 425 traction, progress in. .• 186 Plum aphis, notes 648 brown rot, notes 643 curculio, notes 252, 554, 555 diseases, notes, Mo. Fruit 243 studies ,343 jelly, investigations 460 juice, analyses 767 leaves, chlorin content 30 pollen, distribution by wind, Oreg 636 Plums, blossoming as affected by ether 236 cultivation v. sod mulch for, Mich 333 growth by day and night, studies 533 improvement 92 insects affecting, S.C 157 Japan hybrid, notes 439 new, descriptions, Ohio 545 varieties. Can 332 Mich 333 Tex 544 wild, analyses 525 Plufella maculipennis. (.See Diamond back moth.) Plymouth Rocks, barring in 671 Pneumonia, transmission by bacilli .585 treatment 585,783 (See also Pleuro-pneumonia.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 887 I'age. Poa abyssinica , anal j'ses .''>t)4 Podisus placidus, notes, N.ll 7o9 Podosphara Icucolricha, notes 50 oiyacantha', notes (J43 Poison weed prolileni in the West 178 Poisons, distribution in mushrooms G29 elTeet on plant cells 423 Polarimeter observations, U.S.D. A 525 Polarization an4 Primrose, evening, destruction, Iowa 737 Prince's metallic brown, effect on nist forma- tion, U.S.D..V 208 Prisoners, cost of feeding 166 Privet leaves, chloriii content 30 Prodecatoma phytophaga, notes, N.Y.Cornell. . 351 Prodenia sp. , notes 252 Promethes, new species, description 452 Proprietary articles, analyses 66 Prospalta aurantii n. sp. , notes 452 Prospaltella diaspidicola n. sp., description . . . 758 Proteid preparations, determination in meat . 303 requirements of animals 366 Proteids— body requirements 67 digestion as affected by .salt 770 plant, formation as affected by light 228 studies 366 Protein, absorption as affected by lactic fer- ments 466 in the large Intestine 265 acids, elimination by urine 665 amid nitrogen of 108 book and bibliography 210, 517 cleavage investigations 365 products, utilization 67 coagulation, investigations 262 compounds, formation 417 detection 302 determination in milk 109 digestibility ()67 as affected by gluten.. 667 digestion and absorption 664 metabolism 207. 365, 460, (;64 minimum requirements 365 salts, role in biology 007 •substitution of amids for 600, 667 toxicity as affected by heat 081 Protocalliphora chrysorrhaa in bird nests 35(5 Protoparce Carolina, notes 654 Protozoa, heredity and variation in 409,470 notes 184 pathogenic, notes 579 treatise and bibliography 246 Protozoan diseases as affected by drug dosage. 581 Protozoology, parasitic, bibliography 728 Provender feed, analyses, R.I 0)08 Prussian blue, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Prussia acid. (^See Hydro<'yanic acid.) Psammodcs reicheri, notes 557 P.ieclrocladins stratiotis n. sp., notes .556 Psetidococcus— citri. (See Citrus mealy bug.) cUri var. coleorum n. sp. , de.scripl ion 019 Psfurfococrus— Continued. Page. iiipx parasites, introduction into Hawaii. 450 pandani, notes 501 Irifolii, notes, 111 58, 454 Pseudococcus, new species, description 757 Pseudocommis vitis, studies 423 Pseudomonas brassicx acidx, studies 615 campestris, notes, Fla ,342 Pseudolsuya taxifolia, adaptflbility to Europe. 241 as affected by frosts 639 Psychrometer, portable rotation, U.S.D.-V... 113 PsylUodes punclulata. (See Hop flea-beetle.) Pteromalus sp. , notes 254 Ptomaine poisoning in pigs 381 Ptomaines, transmission by rats, U.S.D.A... 346 Public institutions, food supplies in 198 land laws in the United States 86 Puccinia axparagi. (See Asparagus rust.) graminis, notes 80 pruni, notes 245 spp. , notes 640, 641 Pueraria thunbergiana, value, U.S.D.A 7.32 Puerperal eclampsia. (See Milk fever.) Pulex irritant, notes U.S.D.A 62 Pulp wood, consumption in the United States 444 Pulvinaria innumerabilix. (See Maple-scale, cottony.) psidii, notes, Fla 349 Pump for lamps, description 490 water and plunger, description 490 Pumping plants for irrigation, N.Mex 793 description ... 86 Installation and operation . . 588 tests, U.S.D.A 289 Pumpkin beetle, banded, notes 559 seeds, lime and magnesia in 30 Pumpkins, canning in the home, U.S.D..\... 278 for pigs 570 formation of starch in 727 self-fertility in 29 transmission of sugars by, Iowa.. 333 Pumps at Newcastle exhibition 490 Purdue University, notes 595, 693 Purln bases in caviar 600 metabolism, physiology of 67 Purms, excretion, as affected by chocolate and coffee 770 Purple scale, notes 752 remedies, U.S.D.A 354,:5.56 Pus cells. (See Leucocytes.) Putnam County, Mo., soil survey, II.S.1)..\ . 018 scale, notes, Mo.Fruit 60 Pwe-nyet, notes 658 Pyralis farinalis, studies, N.C 558 Pyrausta machxralis, tiotes 159 Pyreiophorus costalis, notes 652, 792 Pyrheliometer observations, U.S.D.-\ 525 Pyridin, effect on germination of corn, N.Y.Cornell 153 Pyrocatechin , effect on fermentation 105 plant cells 424 Pyrogallol.elTecton rust formation, U.S.D..\. 207 Quack grass as host plant of Hessian fly 557 eradication, Iowa 7.37 studies 543 CJ nails, breeding experuncnts 450 890 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. Quarries, abandoned , reforestation in France . 740 Quercus aquatka disease, notes, Fla 343 Quince juice, analyses 767 leaf spot, perfect stage 748 Rabbit cestode, new, description 84 Rabbits as affected by yohimbine 570 destruction 553 heredity in, studies 209, 772 metabolism experiments, U.S.D.A.. 168 notes 555 poisoning by calcium cyanamid 530 sarcoptic mange in 553 Rabies, control 482 diagnosis and bibliography 784 nature and cause 784 notes 646 prevalence in Canada 482 Minnesota 381 the United States 784 virus from young dogs , virulence 684 Race crossing, relation to sex ratio 270 Racine County, Wis., soil survey, U.S.D.A . . 618 Radiation, solar, progress in 015 Radish bacterial disease, treatment 51 maggot, notes 251 western, notes, U.S.D.A 559 wild, destruction 228 Me 424 Radishes- assimilation of minerals by 227 growth as affected by electricity. Can 332 utilization of saccharose by 127 Raffia, report on 426 Ragi, phosphoric acid in 660 Ragweed, destruction, Iowa 737 S.Dak 4.36 germination as affected by manure, Iowa 737 Ragwort, extirpation 482 Railroad ties, statistics 444 Railroads, assessment in drainage districts. .. 85 forestry for 339 Rain , effect on soot content of air 302 sprayed foilage, 111 548 fertilizing value. Can 308 removal of plant food by, U.S.D.A 724 sodium and chlorin content 712 with low temperatures, U.S.D.A 113 Rainfall as affected by forests 214 distribution 617 effect on yield of corn 415 in Alabama, Ala. College 39 Barbados 213 Mexico 712 Wyoming, Wyo 131 mechanical energy of 214 relation to grape black rot, N.Y.Cor- nell 344 irrigation, U.S.D.A 288 spring flow 16 sugar production 213 variation at Kingston, U.S.D.A 112 (See also Precipitation.) Ramie, culture in Trinidad 37 report on 426 value and use 536 Page. Rams, feeding experiments, Iowa 370 Ramularia betsc, notes 147 bflicola, notes 642 Range improvement, Ariz 33 Ransom County soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Rape, breeding .543 experiments 736 culture experiments 233, 332 dust, fertilizing value 229 fertilizer experiments 022 Fla 328 requirements 233 for pigs 473. 570 seed cake, analyses 668 effect on milk 174 phosphoric acid in 623 meal, analyses 668 varieties 233 Haphanns raphanistmm, destruction. Me 424 R.I... 6.35 Raspberries, culture and marketing, Oreg 637 disease resistant, Ohio 545 new, descriptions, U.S.D.A 738 self-fertility in 29 varieties. Can 332 Mich 333 Pa 2.39 Raspberry byturus, studies, Ohio 253. 254 diseases, notes, Mo. Fruit 243 flower beetle, notes 251 jelly, analyses 661 juice, extracting and marketing. . 767 R at diseases, notes 580, 686 laws in various countries 646 proof granary, description 491 viruses, studies and bibliography 1,52, ,579 Ratin bacillus, characteristics 152 Rations, army, in Europe and Japan 06 for live stock, La 569 grain, for milk production, Ma,ss 172 method of balancing 274 Rats, animal parasites in 580 biology 580 breeding experiments 270 brown, economic importance, U.S.D.A. 346 destruction 1.52 U.S.D. A 346, 751 (lestructiveness, U.S.D.A 346 in Me.xico 646 digestion experiments 568 habits, U.S.D.A 346 immunity to plague 580 immunization against plague 280 treatise 645 Red clover. (See Clover, red.) dog flour. (See Flour, red dog.) lead, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A . 208 mite, notes 250 oxid, function in rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 scale. (See Scale, red.) spider. (See Spider, red.) Redding area, Cal., soil survey, U.S.D.A 619 Reducing agents, effect on rust fonnation, U.S.D.A 207 Reductases in milk, bibliography 378 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 891 Kedwater. (S^f Texas fever.) I'age. Rhodesian. (Sec African coast fever.) Reflorit, effect on genninalioii of seeds 242 Reforestation, effect on soil conservation 219 in Belgium and France 740 New York 143 Ubaye V'alley 48 Refractometer, use 522 Refrigeration car, new, de.scription 739 Remegia frugaUs, notes 046 Renal excretions, composition 266 Rennet , activity as affected by various fac- tors 379 distribution in plants 533 studies 379 vegetable, coagulation of milk by . . 7G, 175 studies 629 Renomm^e, analyses 151 Reproduction in fowls, studies 269, 670 Reptiles, destruction 645 of Athabasca-Mackenzie region, U.S.D.A 7.-)0 San Bernardino Mountains 449 Rescue grass, culture, Tex 536 Reservoirs, evaporation from, r.S.D.A 112,115 Resins, notes 496, 658 Resorcin, effect on plant cells 424 Respiratory exchange apparatus, description. 665 in infants 665 Respiration experiments — at Carnegie Institution 366 wit h diabetic patients 666 men, mercurial poisoning in 467 Rhagolftis pomonella. {See Apple maggot.) Rheumatism, diagnosis 183 Rhinhyptia sp., notes 646 Rhipicephalus appendiculntus, notes 763 sanguineus, notes 184 Rhipicephalus, new species, description 654 Rhizobius ventralis, notes 1 r>0 Rhizoctonia violacea, notes 147 Rhizoglyphus echinopus, notes 7.t;{ Rhtzopus spp., notes, Me 145 Rhode Island College, notes 97, 499 Station, financial statement . . . 295 notes 499 report of director 295 Rhodesian redwater. {See African coast fever.) Rhododendron buds, studies 31 leaves, chlorin content .'iO Rhopalosiphum riolie n.ap., de.scription 451 Rhubarb as affected by flea beetles, T'..S.I)..\. l.")5 Rhus coriaria as a pepper adulterant 10 Rhynchilen hetuleti, color dimorphism in 753 spp. , notes 6.53 Rhy.iotheca halxtedii, notes 626 Kilies leaves, chlorin content 30 Rice, analyses 564, 766 Can ,307 Me ia5, 403 and wheat starch, differentiation .522 as a cause of l)eri-beri 460 affected by salt water, Tex 540 bran, analyses, Miss 068 Page. Rice, breeding, notes 132 brusone, studies 243 bug, notes 049 by-products for live stock. La 569 culture experiments 425,031 feed, analyses 73 Mass 172 meal, effect on milk 174 feeding value 174 fertilizer experiments 621,622,023 germination as affected by submersion, Ariz 34 hulls, determination in feeding stuffs. . 211 industrj' in Hawaii 41 Indo-China 540 irrigation experiments 290 lime and magnesia for 30, 624 manganese for 024 oiled, digestibility 505 phosphoric acid in 060 polish, analyses, Miss 668 preparation for sale, report on 564 products, analyses. Can 367 uncured, as a eau.se of beri-beri 760 unglazed, analyses 505 varieties 425, 540 weevil, notes 647, 655 remedies 343 studies, N.C 558 Ridge drill, description 490 Riley County, Kans., soil survey, U.S.D.A. . 618 Rinderpest virus, filtration experiments 486 Ringworms in dogs 084 River deposit, analyses, Can 310 systems in South Dakota, U.S.D.A ... 288 Rivers, pollution 520 Road laws, U.S.D.A 799 machine, description 290 making, new type 489 treatise 391 roller, description 87 Roads as affected by automobiles 290 bituminous materials for, examination 710 constnicting and repairing, U.S.D..\. 185 improvement in New Jersey 290 South Carolina 589 macadam, construction in Illinois 186 repairing 391 Robertson County soil survey, IT.S.D..\ 618 Rocamadour goat cheese, manufacture 578 Rock phosphate. {See Phosphate.) Rocks, dike, analyses, Ky 3O8 potassic, fertilizing value 223 .soil producing, decomposition 223 weathering, relation of chemistry to. . 301 Rodents, destnictiveness, in Mexico 646 Roller and water tank, constnict ion ,391 Root crops- analyses, Can 330 culture 731 destruction by mice, U.S.D..V 55 fetilizer experiments ,529, 730 for i)igs •. 473 industry in Denmark 790 seeding experiments, N.Y.Comell.. 426 892 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Hoot crops— Continued. Page. varieties 230 N.Dak 53.5 excretions, chemical nature 32 toxic properties 320 maggot, notes, U.S.D.A 559 Roots as afiected by pressure 728 enzymic action of 120 mineral constituents 312 mutual interactions of 319 oxidizing power 422 toxic properties 120 wheat, as afle«ted by fertilizers ; . 533 Roq aette, notes, Can 331 Rosa canina, development of anthocyanin in. 22S Rose chafer, notes 249, 647 Can 360 galls, descriptions 53 green-fly, anatomy and bibliography. . . 757 mildew, notes, Fla 342 relation to oak mildew 246 sawfly, notes, U.S.D.A 57 scale, notes. Mo. Fruit 00 seed chalcis, life history, N.Y.Cornell . . 351 slugs, notes, U.S.D.A 57 twig disease, notes 645 Roselle disease, notes, Fla 343 Rosellinia bothrina, notes 343 Hoses as aflected by magnesia : 422 culture, treatise 335 modification of color in 627 varieties for Ontario, Can 335 Rotation experiments 220, 730 Can 325 Kans 733 Ohio 216,222 Pa 217 R.I 730 S.C 428 U.S.D.A 632 Va 433 Roundworms, notes 184 Roup in fowls, paper on 387 Royal Institute for Instruction in Viticulture, Pomology, and Horticulture '. 690 Rubber- analyses 340, 444 canker, notes 245 Ceara, culture experiments 639 culture 536 in India - 240 the Sudan 49 disease, notes 150 Hevea, animals affecting 561 industry in the Kongo, manual 741 insects affecting 648 latex, coagulating experiments 547 notes 741 notes 496 palo amarillo, economic irhportance 340 Para, disease, notes l.W, 749 nuts, analyses , . . 608 root diseases, studies 749 seed, mites affecting 450 tapping experiments 144 tree, new species, notes 444 Rubbing i)ost for live stock 287 PHge. Rubus leaves, ehlorin content 30 Eubus occidentalis as aflected by ten.sion 31S Rum, distillation 519 Rumex crispus as aflected by Iron sulphate, S. Dak 430 Rural amusements, relation to farm laljor problem 088 Ijuildings, treatise 395 communities, paper on 197 conditions in the South, U.S.D.A. . . . 795 depopulation in France 491,700 Germany, remedies. . 395 ex;onomics, papers on 395 research in 514 yearbook 90 homes, modern appliances in 188 typical, paper on 507 life, rehabilitation 590 relation to science 395 population in Germany, diet 60 problems, relation to agricultural col- leges 514 sanitation in the South 590 school problem in Germany 088 schools. (See Schools, rural.) welfare, promotion 688 Russian thistle as affected by iron sulphate, S.Dak 430 effect on wheat gorminalion. Wash 130 notes. Can 331 Rusfula emetica as a cause of mycorrhizse 345 Rust formation, theory, U.S.D.A 207 fungi, culture experiments 321 Rusts of Fmland, bibliography 321 (See also Com, Wheat, etc.) Ruta-bagas. (See Swedes.) Rye, analyses 72 N.J 471 bran, analy.ses 72 feeding value .-. 174 breeding experiments 736 composition as affected by storage 202 culture experiments, Alaska 729 Can 325 feed, analyses. Wis 274 feeding value 174 fertilizer experiments 122, 221, 425, 720, 722 R.I 730 flour, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 for pigs 570 germination as aflected by fertilizers. . . 221 grass seed, tests 731 growth as aflected by fertilizers, R.I. . . 224 hay, yield under dry farming, Wyo 131 industry in Austria 035 lime and magnesia for 30 middlings, analyses 72 mildew , investigations 041 root excretions, chemical nature 33 seedlings as affected by fertilizers, R.I . 228 starch, identification 411 varieties 235, 031 Can 322, 327 yield imder dry farming, Wyo 131 Sabak, analyses 225 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 893 Sacfhariiiietry luul polarizalion, treatise (ill 8a;'charin, detcition in cream 707, 780 Saccharomyas ccncmx, studies ()61 vordermanni, notes, Hawaii . . . 579 Saccharose, utilization by plants 126 Sainfoin, culture experiments 230 with cereals 426 Saint-Marcellin goat cheese, manufacture 578 Saisxelia olese. (Stc Scale, black.) S41 bark-liorer, notes 159 culture aiul use 144 Salad oil, analyses 768 misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 Salicylates, determination 704 Salicylic acid as a preservative 704 detection in cream 707, 780 meat 704 Saline deposits, analyses. Can 399 matter, effect on activity of rennet 379 Saliva as affected by diet 168 Salsify, American, analyses 471 as atTected l)y zinc sulphate 727 Sahola kali tragus as afle: ted by iron sulphate, S. Dak 436 notes. Can 331 Salt, absorption by seeds 726 analyses, R.I 212 deposits, oceanic, treatise 728 destruction of weeds by, Iowa 737 detection in water, Tex 540 effect on— Bacillus subfilis 627 digestion and absorption of proteids . 770 whipping quality of cream, Md 576 fertilizing value 224, 230, 731 for sugar beets 735 solutions, absorption by seeds 725 water, effect on rice, Tex 540 Saltbush, Australian, composition and diges- tibility, Colo 71 culture, Ariz 34 Saltpeter as affected by bacteria 03 Chile. (See Nitrate of Soda.) detection in meat 704 effect on gas formation in cheese . . . 782 manufacture 531 , 721 misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 Salts, halogen, effect on nitrate determination 409 inorganic, effect on yeast 660 metallic, effect on bacteria 321 Salvadora olenidcs fat, properties 13 Samia cecropia. (See Cecropia moth.) gloveri, notes, Mont 62 Samphire oil, characteristics 518 San .> ntonio Experiment Farm, U.S.D.A . . . 535 Sanitation and hygiene in bakeries 04 in rural homes 187, 188 treatise 187 relation to food production 65 rural, in the South 590 San Jos<5 scale- distribution in Iowa 348. Introduction into Great Britain 758 notes 252, 450, 554. 555, 752 Ala.College 61 Can 310 S.C 1.57 San Jose scale— Continued. I'age. rtarasil ism 253 remedies 60, 252, 348 Mich 353 Mo. Fruit 60, 252 San Marcos area, Texas, soil survey, U.S.D.A. 618 Sand flea, notes 256 flies, transmission of surra by 582 Saprophytes in milk 674 Sapsuckers, yellow-bellied, economic rela- tions (-,46 Sarcophaga spp. , notes 1(11 trivittata, notes .5.59 Sarcopst/Ua gullinaceu , notes 554 Sarcoptes mutans, notes 646 sp. as a cause of rat disease 686 Sarcosporidiosis, st udics 79 Sauerkraut, fermentation experiments 615 Sausage, analyses 65, 165, 659 Me 105 legislation concerning, in Indiana... 463 methods of analysis 613 skins, identification of coloring mat- ter in 108 transmission of anthrax to man by.. 783 Sawdust and gypsum as a feeding stuff 667 manufacture of ethyl alcohol from.. 187 Sawfly , studies 750 Saw-tooth grain beetle, studies, N.C .5,58 Scabies. (See also Cattle, Dog, Horse, and Sheep mange or scab.) Scale, black, notes 452 U.S.D.A 355 gloomy, parisit ism 2,53 Scale insects- destruction by Bengal beans 658 in Missouri, Mo. Fruit 60 injurious to laurel 049 new species, descriptions 649 notes 247, 452, 554, 647, 649, 752, 753, 757 Fla 349 U.S.D.A 354 remedies, U.S.D,.\ 356 value in lac production 563 Scale, oyster-shell. (See Oyster-shell scale.) red, investigations 2,53 notes, U.S.D.A 3,54 studies 4.52 San Jos^. (See San Jos6 scale.) soft, destruction 649, 6.50 Scallop muscle, hydrolysis 210 Scalps of animals, ideutification, U.S.D..V ... 347 Scapteriscus didactylux, notes 554, 654 Scatophaga stercoraria, notes 184 Schistocerva pcregrina, notes 647 spp., notes 154 , Schizogregarines, classification 185 Schizoneura corni, notes 150 cratsegi, parasitism (v)3 lanigera. (See .\pple aphis, woolly.) Schizura concinnn. (See .\i)j)k' <;iterpillar, red-humped ) Schtekhera Irijvga, production of lac from ,503 School children, malnutrition 567 meals for 263. 264. 466 farm, in Iowa KXI (!arden Society in Denmark, report . . 798 894 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Page. School gardening in England 191 higli, at Hvilan "00 of agricixlture at Da^ is, Cal 397 Schools- agricultural. (Sec Agricultural schools.) elementary — agriculture in 190, 493, cm. 698 Cal 594 domestic science in 197, 098 extension work by 494 forestry instruction in 196 industrial education in 196, .397 manual training in 698 nature study in 690 studies for 593 entomology in 248 high, agriculture in 90, 98, 19'-., 493, 504, 508, 513, 689, 697 domestic science in 197, 698 forestry in 508 horticulture in 508 manual training in 698 relation to farmers' institutes, I'.S. D.A 493 vocational study in 592 in Germany, agriculture in 690 meterorology in, U.S. D.A 616 movable, of agriculture 598 ol forestry, list, IT.S.D. A 739 rural, agriculture in 190, 493, 088 consolidation in Canada 90 Minnesota 98 cookery instruction in SfS in Prussia 690 problem in Germany 088 text- book for 495 science and art, in Ireland 690 summer, for teachers 99 technical, in Ireland 690 traveling, in Iowa 494 Schum.acher dairy feed for cows, Can 375 Science, authority of, address on 089 elementary, syllabus of work 593 relation to rural life 395 Scientific meetings, attendance at, U.S.D.A.. 113 trespass, notes, U.S.D.A 616 Sderospora graminkola, notes, Iowa 743 Scleronloma cguinum , notes 184 pinguicola, notes .386 Sclerotinia jTUctigena, notes. Can 350 treatment, Pel 244 winter stage, studies . . . 34.3 Uhcrtiana, description, Fla 342 notes 626 Sderotium sp. , notes 055 Scolytid beetles, notes 247, 557 studies, U.S.D.A 557 Scolytus ruguhisus. (See Shot-liolo borer.) Score card for bread 495 com 494, 495 dairies 573, 699 pigs 494 various products 494 Screw-worm fly, notes 160, 101 Scurfy bark louse. (See Scurfy scale.) Page Scurfy scale, notes .5.54 Mo. Fruit 60 Sealing wax, analyses Ill Seaweed ash, preparation of potash salts from. 122 Sedges, quality as aflected by fertilizers 132 Seed Ijeetle, notes 047 breeding industry in Wyoming,!'. S. D.A 114 station at Svalof 700 coats, irmer, relation to chlorophyll .... 726 control station at Christiania, report 524 Zurich 2.30 corn maggot fly, notes, Fla 349 germinator, description. Wis 434 grain, description, Minn 132 Growers' Association, Canadian, report. 43 industry in Denmark 530 laboratory in Nebraska, work, Nelir 435 law. Me 525 oils, analyses Ill production as affected by flower mutila- tion .31 testing apparatus, description 92 Seedlings as affected by acids and salts, R.I. 212 forest. (Sff Forest seedlings.) transpiration in 725 Seeds, absorption of liquids by 725 analyses 425, .'■)24, 636 Nebr 435 apple, histology 029 distribution, Alaska 799 in the Philippines 030 dodder, identification 544 germination— as affected by fertilizers 221 freezing and thaw- ing 025 fungicides 242 manure, Iowa 737 submersion, Ariz.. . 34 new methods 7.30 tests 414 Nebr 4.35 hemlock, gennination as affected by various factors 443 histology 629 imports, IT.S.D. A 27, 424 inoculation experiments 220 inspection, N.II 730 in Hawaii 4.')0 investigations 744 lime and magnesia in 30 of J?r«ca sativa, composition 429 oil, analyses 306,504 notes 490 peptolytic enzyms in 31 stored , insects affecting 655 sunflower, analj'ses 525 suspension of vitality in 720 testing ■ 92, 495 weed, analyses, Can 307 dispersal, Iowa 737 in alfalfa seeds, Okla 133 Tex 7.32 feeding stuffs, U.S.D.A 691 Vt 235 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 895 Page. Seeds, weed, notes, Nebr 435 viability 625 Seepage and drainage, paper on 516 investigations, Mont 85 Selection index numbers, use in breeding 773 ScmioteUus spp., studies, U.S.D.A 60 Semotilus atromaculatus, destruction of horn tlies by 256 Senecio mikanioides , formation of starch in . . . 727 Separator. {See Cream separator.) Septic tanks, role of, in sewage purification. . 115 Septicemia, hemorrhagic, in cattle ISO, 284 studies 381 in chickens, studies 586 Septoria lycopersici, notes 655 spadicea n. sp., description, U.S.D.A 5.52 Sericulture. (SffSilk.) Serradella, culture experiments 230 Serum antitoxin, intestinal resorption 681 Sesame cake, effect on milk 174 culture 332 oil , detection 306 in olive oil 708 reaction 612 Sesamia crelica, notes 646 fusca, notes 647 Sclaria spp. in alfalfa seeds, Okla 133 Sewage, disinfection 310 disposal at Gennevilliers 216 cost 215 in England and Germany... 215 rural homes 187 the British Isles 123 methods 713 treatise 187,215 effluents, putrescibility 311 fertilizing value 236 Iowa 332 irrigation farm at Gennevilliers 216 nitrification, paper on 215 pollut ion of water supplies by 527 purification 416 sludge, analyses 308 utilization at Gennevilliers 216 in agriculture 123, 124 water. {Sec Water, sewage.) Sewing, short course in 495 Sex determination as affected by lecithin — 269 in Phylloxera and aphids 247 heredity. (See Heredity of sex.) ratio, relation to race crossing 270 relation to barring factor in poultry 571 Shade trees. (Sec Trees, shade.) Shea butter, analyses 518 Sheaths, band, description 490 Sheep, anatomy and physiology of ovaries in. 571 aphids affecting 562 behavior in coyote-proof pastures, U.S.D.A 775 bones, fossil, studies 170 botfly , notes 161 , 2.51 breeding experiments 271,572 Ariz 73 N.H 799 cost of feeding and managing,U.S.D..\ 188 Page. Sheep, digestion experiments 274, 666, 667 Colo 72 dips, fornmlas for 790 diseases, notes 386 parasitic, notes 284 feeding experiments 666 .\riz 73 N.ll 776 Wyo 569 fool-scab mile, notes 82 haematopinus of 279 husbandry in Holland 73 immunization against blue tongue 484 industry in Argentina 673 Nova Scotia 173 Prussia 474 Tennessee, Tenn 173 maggot, notes 160,279 studies 764 market classes and grades, U.S.D.A . . 295 measurements and weights 773, 776 mountain, domestication 672 pea silage for 472 poisoning by loco- weeds, U.S.D.A 485 musty fodder 79 oleanders. Ariz 681 pox, control in Algeria 182 production of milk fat by 276 raising in Alaska, Alaska 775 Missouri, bibliography 371 red blood corpuscles in, studies 681 scab, notes, Ky 385 parasites, longevity, Ky 385 prevalence in Canada 482 Great Britain 680 Ireland 783 stomach worms in 381 S.C 181 use in extirpation of ragwort 482 Valaque, dairy characteristics 674 washing for shearing, profitableness. . 371 Shellac, analyses Ill Shells, crab, phosphoric acid in 623 Shifting lameness, paper and bibliography . . 183 Shingles, statistics 444 Shipping fevers, paper on 183 Shipworm, notes 647 Shirt waists, making 495 Shorea robusta, culture and use 144 Shorts, analyses, N.Mex 72 Shot-hole borer, notes 251, 554 notes, S.C 157 remedies, Ohio 253 Shoyu, carbohydrates of 767 Shrubs, culture 739 on the Fiproes Islands 335 notes, N.Dak 545 of Athabasca-Mackenzie region, U.S. D.A 750 Berar Circle 144 Silage, vetch, for cows, U.S.D.A 295 (See nlun Corn, Clover, etc.) Silica, solubility as affected by fertilizers 19 Silk, bibliography 162 cottons, report on 426 896 EXPERIMENT STATION RECOED. Page. Silk induslry, tasar, iii Bengal 460 Silkworm cocoons, studies lt'2 disease, notes 646 eggs as affected by temperature ... 162 glands, studies 102 pupae, phosphoric acid in 623 Silkworms, breeding experiments 154 feeding experiments 162 introduction into Formosa 460 notes 248 raising 257. 545, 658 Silos, concrete, construction and use 292 in Michigan, Mich 793 construction, U.S. D. A 03 Silt, analyses 617 Silvanus surinamensis, notes 647 remedies 348 studies, N.C.. 558 Sunulids, notes 646 Simulium spp., poisoning of cattle by 180 Sinapis arvensis, destruction, Me 424 Sinoxylon senegalense, notes 647 Siphanta, notes 450 Siphocoryne avense. (See Grain aphis, Euro- pean.) Siphonophora rosarvm, anatomy 757 Sires, pure-bred, efiect on milk, Pa 271 Sirup, analyses 359, 566 corn, manufacture 569 method of analysis 10 starch, detection 613 Sisal industry in Hawaii 41 Sitones flavescens, notes. 111 454 Sitotroga cerealella. (See Angoumois grain- moth.) Skeleton bug, notes 756 Skim milk, analyses 414 bacterial content 476 buttermilk, manufacture and marketing, N.C 578 cheese, making 478 detection 211 device for measuring 679 for calves 669 pigs 473, 569 Can 369 use in butter making, Md 578 Skins of animals, identification. U.S.D.A 347 sausage, identification of coloring mat- ter in 108 Skulls, fossil cattle, notes 571 of animals, identification, U.S.D.A... 347 Sky, overcast, studies, U.S.D.A 113 theories of color, U.S.D.A 113 Slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Slaughterhouses, cooperative, in Denmark. . . 796 public, in Scotland 566 (See also Abattoirs.) Sleeping sickness, bibliography 255 notes 255, 652 Sleet storm in Ohio, U.S.D.A ". 616 Sludge analyses, R.I 212 Smartweed, destruction, Iowa 737 Smicraulax, new genera, description 247 Smoke, effect on oats 744 house, beef, description 490 oven, portable, description 490 Page. Smut. (See Barley smut. Com smut, etc.) Snake parasites, notes 184 Snakeroot, white, as a cause of animal diseases 383 Snakes, hemogregarlnes in, notes 686 Snout lieetles, notes 653 Snow as affecting timber lines on mountains. 546 conservation as affected by trees, Nev. 15 by forest cover 638 crystals, transformation, U.S.D.A 113 effect on soot content of air 302 fertilizing value. Can 308 red. In Michigan, U.S.D.A 616 specific gravity, U.S.D.A 616 water equivalents, U.S.D.A 616 Snowball louse, description 649 Snowdrops, carbohydrates of, studies 319 Soap making, use of soy beans in 733 Social bettermen t in the District of Columbia . 364 Socialism, relation to agriculture in Italy 293 Sod mulch, effect on apples, N.Y. State 239 Soda, analyses, Me 463 as a plant food, R.I 212 Bordeaux, effect on grape flowers 52 caustic, effect on fruit trees 561 effect on plants 316 water, analyses . . 462 Me : 165 Sodium — and potassium, similarity in behavior. . . 627 arsenite, analyses, N. Dak 414 lienzoate — as a preservative, studies 767 effect on metabolism, U.S.D.A 257 bicarbonate, absorption in the large in- testine 265 carbonate, analyses, R.I 212 casein , absorption in the large intestine ... 265 chlorid. (See Salt.) effect on composition of plants, R.1 212 growth of cereals, R.I 224 in river and rain water 712 nitrate. (See Nitrate of soda.) phosphate, acid, effect on l)arnyard ma- nure 720 salts, destruction of Weeds by, Iowa 737 effect on grasses 128 rennet 76 solubility of potash, N.II.. 715 reaction with soils, N.H 713 sulphite, effect on metabolism 260 Soil acidity as affected by superphosphate, Ohio 223 detection 703 determination 107 analysis, value of "18 bacteria as affected by lime 417 sterilization 417 bacteriology, studies 118,619 N.C 119 climate, relation to nitrogen fixation 119 erosion in Cape of Good Hope 18 prevention 143 fatigue, studies 22 fertility- address on 620 as affected by disinfectants, P.R 620 improvement. Wis 218 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 897 Soil fertility— ("oiitinued. I'liKO. investigations 115 maintenance "19 Miss 74 Ohio 216 Tenn 156 new theory 313 notes, N.Y.Cornell 117 relation of linie and magnesia to, r. R 624 studies, Wyo 528 ' value of humus in 717 variation in. Pa 217 inoculation, artificial cultures for 198 experiments 120, 220, ,'U3, 418 for alfalfa, N. Dak 535 N.Y. State 38 clover, N.Y.Cornell 133 leguminous plants 528 investigations — importance 20 tanks for, description 117 wire-basket method, N.H 719 management for orchards, Pa 237 minerals, solubility of potash in, N.II . . . 71.') moisture, conservation 219, (538 Pa 2.38 determinations, Fla 313 Wyo 03 eCEect on nitrate of soda 720 ripening of wheat 434 tree growth 47 formation 717 investigations, Idaho (517 movements as aflected by the atmos- phere, U.S.D.A 112 mulches, effect on evaporation, U.S.D.A. 717 partiMes in water, studies 410 physiography, Vt 531 resources of Wisconsin 217 samples, preparation for analysis 519 solutions, studies 19 surveys in Alabama 124 Indiana 718 South Carolina 218 the United States, U.S.D.A . . 617, 618,799 Wisconsin 217 relation to geology 311 temperatures, investigations 20, 117 studies. Pa 219 tests with forest seedlings 336 Soils, absorption of fertilizers by 19 acid, detection 703 reaction in 18 ammonification in 619 analyses 19,111, 22(i, .308, 31 1 . 425 Fla 311 N.Mex IS N.Y.State 2:i12 availability of nitrogen in, N.J .">:!() effect on-- bacterial content of soils (L'O color in plants (•27 phosphoric acid assin'.ilation by plants 722 solubility of potash, N. H 71,5 fertilizing value 23, 121, 229, ,537, .540, 622, 720, 731 S.C 429 residual effects, N.J 530 statistics 225, 314, 531, 720, 721 Sulphate of potash— as a cause of celery diseases, Fla 342 effect on bacterial content of soils 620 I)lant enzyms 533 fertilizing value 23, 25, 233, 234, 443. 731 Sulphates, determination in wine 11 removal from soils 19 Sulphite preservatives, studies 3iil Sulphur - destruction of ground s(|Uirrels by 751 determination in urine 211,709 dioxid, effect on flour 04 fruit and fungi 149 grai)e flowers 52 notes, Me 4()3 ground, analyses 151 lime wash, preparation and use, Wash. . . 157 metabolism 204 washes. (See Lime-sulphur washes.) Sulphuric acid- absorption by seeds 726 destruction of dandelions by, S.Dak 436 weeds by, Iowa 737 determination as barium sulphate lOii effect on germination of seeds 242 for fumigation, U.S.D.A 355 to.\ic properties 340 Sulphurous acid- detection in meat 704 determination in air, apparatus for lOK food materials 11 gelatin 704 wine 11,305 effect on jilant growth 219 soils 219 excretion by man ii(>5 Sumac as a pepper adulterant 10 seed chalcis, notes, N.Y.Cornell 351 Sumter County, S.C, soil survey, I'.S.D.A.. 018 Sun, researches on temperature of. U.S.D..\ . 113 Sunflower roots as affected by i^ressure 728 lime and magnesia in 30 seeds, analy.ses 525 Sunflowers — as affected l)y iron sulphate, Iowa. . . 737 S.Dak . 430 tension 318 wind 3I« I -•■' I Sunflowers— Continued. I'agc. assimilation iiivestigal ions 319 breeding e.xporiments 28, 543 culture 332 formation of starch in 727 germination as affected by manure, Iowa 737 varieties, Can 327 Sunsliine, effect on color changes in flowers. . 319 sugar content of beets 735 Sun-spots, relation to heat 15 Superphosphate- absorption by solis 19 as a preservative for night soil 024 effect on barnyard manure 720 composition of corn 25 malting value of barley 537 soil acidity, Ohio 223 fertilizing value 23, 25, 231, 233, 234, 315, ,539, 021, 731 Ala.College 39 Ala.Tuskegee 538 Fla 328 Ky 330 Miss 030 N.Y.Cornell 134, 426 Ohio 222 S.C 429 as affected by calcium cy- anamid 419 industry in Italy 623 manufacture 419, 623, 723 bibliography 723 statistics 720 use 531 Suppuration in animals, treatment 283 Suptol, prophylactic value 583 Surra, prevalence in Malay States 082, 785 the Philippines 784 West Australia 79 transmission by flies ,581,682 treatment 682 Swamp cedar disease, description 449 fever in equines. (See Anemia, infec- tious.) prevalence in North Dakota. . . 382 studies 381 treatment 183 lands. (5fr Lands, swamp.) Swamps, mangrove, in the Pliilippines, use. . 547 Swede finger-and-toe disease, notes 731 Swedes, analyses 731 breeding 543 culture 332 N.Dak 535 fertilizer e.xperiments 230 recjuiremenls 332 nitrogenous fertilizers for 529 seeding e,\perlments, N.Y. Cornell. . 426 .soluble phosphorus in 008 yields 731 Sweet clover, destrucl ion, S. 1 )ak 436 hay, analyses, Iowa 330 corn, canned, analyses. Me 463 culture, .\laska 738 varieties, Va 4.38 ]ica seeds, ab.sorpi ion of water by 725 902 EXPEKIMENT STATION EECOED. Page. Sweet peas, culture, treatise 441 physiology of heredity in 46 potato vines, analyses, Fla, 307 S.C 433 potatoes — analyses, S.C 433 as affected by zinc sulphate 727 cost of production, N.Mex (334 distance experiments, N.Mex 634 feeding value, S.C 433 fertilizer experiments, N.Mex . 634 for cows, Fla 375 pigs 473 irrigation experiments, N.Mex 633 starch content, S.C 432 storing experiments, N.Mex 634 varieties, S.C 432 solutions, fermentation in, prevention. 164 spirits of niter, analyses. Me 463 Sweetbreads as a brain food 266 Swine catalepsy, studies 83 erysipelas, prevalence in Great Britain. 680 fever, prevalence in West Australia. . . 79 plague, prevalence in the Transvaal... 484 treatment 583 {Sec also Pigs.) Sycamore, mycorrhizae on 345 Sylviculture. {See Forestry.) Sylvilagus pinetis, new cestode in 84 Symbiotcs communis var. oins, notes 82 Symphonia globulifera oil, analyses 518 Symphoricarpus leaves, chlorin content 30 Symptomatic anthrax. {See Blackleg.) Syngamosis in fowls 183 Syngamus spp., notes 183 Syntomaspis druparum, life history, N.Y. Cornell 351 Syringa leaves, chlorin content 30 Syringa vulgaris, transmission of water through 725 Syrphoctonus, new species, description 452 Tabanids, notes 287, 646 Tabanus socius, notes 389 spp. , transmission of surra by 581 , 682 Tachardia tecco, value in lac production 563 Tachina hortorum, notes 254 mella, notes 248 Tustica, parasitic on rose slugs, U.S.D.A 57 spp., notes, Iowa 158 Tachinophyto sp., notes, U.S.D.A 456 Ta;nia in Filipinos 792 Tsenia scrrata, notes 83 Talladega County, Ala., soil survey, U.S.D.A . 618 Tallianin as a remedy for pneumonia 783 Tallow, chemical control in 1G4 detection (512 nuts, analyses 668 preparation 212 preservation 479 vegetable, analyses ;. . m Tamarcks, mycorrhizae on 345 Tamias quadrivittatus ameonus as affected by ticks, Mont C,2 Tampan, notes 25() Tan bark, consumption in the United States. 444 Tankage, analyses 63, 6()8 chemical control in 164 Tanks for soil investigation, description 117 septic, role of, in sewage purification.. 115 Tannin, determination in wine 11 methods of analysis 212 Tanning extracts, consumption in the United States 444 materials, notes 496 Tans, analyses ni Tapeworm, new species, description 84 Tapioca flour, nutritive value 569 starch for paper making 479 Tar, effect on germination of corn, N.Y.Cor- nell 153 for treating seed corn, Kans 246 Tarache tropica, notes 647 Tarnished plant-bug, notes 248, 555 Tarsoncmus translucens, notes 648, 658 Tartaric acid, determination in wine 305 Tasar silk industry in Bengal 460 Tauruman, tests 81 Tea, analyses 463, 662 animals affecting, bibliography 658 chemistry cf 566 culture in India 240 treatise 335 diseases, notes and bibliography S58 insects affecting 253, 648 manufacture 355 notes 496 Paraguay, fungi affecting, descriptions . 447 pickled, notes 64, 56£ root diseases, notes 343 Teachers, agricultural instruction for 91,99,698 domestic science and hygiene in- struction for 99 Teak, insects affecting 159 Technical instruction in Ireland 593 Teff, analyses 564 Telegony as induced reversion 67 1 paper on 470 Temperature — atmospheric — as affected by plants 526 upper, U.S.D.A 15 continental relations 415 effect on— acidity of milk 378 , activity of rennet 379 bacteria 321 bacterial content of soils 620 catalase in soils, P.R 220 corn 415 digestibility of milk 677 fruit j uices 460 germination of pine seeds 338 physiological properties of milk 575 pine cones 337 silkworm eggs 162 sugar content of beets 735 ticks 483 yield of crops 526 milk 376 whipping quality of cream, Md 576 gradients, vertical, U.S.D.A 113 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 903 Temperature— Continued. Pago. hifih, etiecl on rennet 70 in Mexico ami Central .\nierica, CS.D.A. li:5 tlie United States, U.S.I)..\ .V_'o internal, of leaves, studies -I'ia inversion, U.S.D.A 113 low, ellect on— polor in plants 027, 028 starch transfonnalion in jtlants 228 ticks 483.703 trees, Me 145 - relation to plant disease 50 with rain, U.S.D.A 113 normal, in cattle 083 observations in Swi.ss valleys 712 of isothermal region, U.S.D.A 525 respiring leaves 127 source of cold waves, U.S.D.A 113 tables 415 upper air, U.S.D.A 525 Tenax as a fungicide 54 Timbrio spp., studies, N.C 558 Tenebrioides mauritanicus. (See Cadelle.) Tennessee Station, notes 499 University, notes 97 Tension, effect on plants 318,728 Tent caterpillars — notes 50 parasitism 248 (See also .\pple-tree lent caterpillar. ) Teosinte, culture experiments 425 Terehrantia, British, food plants and locali- ties 750 Termes gestroi, remedies 451 natalensis, studies 555 Terminalia spp. seed oil, analyses Ill Tennites, control in the Transvaal 048 life history and habits 451, 555, 754 notes 647 Terracing, effect on soil conservation 219 Terrapin scale, notes 554 Mo.Fruit 00 Terrestrial magnetism, progress in 015 TfTUs terminalis, notes 753 Tetanus, cause and nature 80 Tetra myia parasitica , st nd ies 423 Titranychus — bioculatus, injurious to tea 058 gloveri, notes 554 mylilaspidis, notes, U.S.D.A .354 opuntix n. sp., description, \\'.\'a 4.58 T(tTa::tichug eriophyes, notes .500 Tetraslichus, new species, notes ^52 Tetuan, notes 0.54 'I'exas ( ollege, notes i;95 I'ever, danger from imported cattle 179 eradical ion 82 inoculation experiments 080 i nvestigations 483 present status 82 prevalence in the Philippines... 784 West Australia... 79 ticks. (See alio Cattle ticks.) Station, notes 095 Textile plants, culture 530 Page. Thawing, effect on germination of .seeds 025 wine 104 r/ifrt spp. oils, i)ropert ies 13 Thereva nobilitata, life history and habits 557 Thermo-chemistry , treat ise 7 Thennometer scale, Kelvin, adoption, U.S. D. A : 016 Thielavia basicnla, studies 043 Thistles as affected by iron sulphate, S. Dak. . 430 germination as affected by manure, Iowa 737 Thomas slag. (See Phosphatic slag.) Thomomys bottx, susceptibility to plague 751 Thosea recta, notes 648 Thrashing machine, adjustment for cowpeas, Kans 733 Threadworms, notes 184 Thrips, notes 654 Thrips sp., notes, U.S.D.A 354 Th>Tne oil, analyses 523 ThjTnol, effect on rancidity of butter 078 Thyridopteryx ephemerxformia. (See Rag- worms.) Thysanoptera, British, food plants and local- ities 756 Tick-destroying agents, tests 687 fever. (Sff Texas fever.) human, notes 280 Rhodesian. (See .Vfrican coast fever.) transmission investigations 388 Ticks, anticoagulin in 256 apparatus for destroying 180 as affected by cold 483, 703 eradication 481, 482 host relations 5()2 life history and habits, Mont 02 new species, description 763 in the United Stales 5()2 notes 101,046 of lirilish Central Africa 700 relation to animal diseases 786 structure of spiracles in 2.56 transmission of diseases by 101 , 280, 046 treatise and liibliography .502 (See alxo Cattle ticks.) Ties, beech, preservation : 040 Tile, cement, making, Can 391 drainage, notes." 290 making machinery, description 292 Tillage, elTect on ajjples, N.Y.State 238 streams 214 for orchards, Colo 230 Pa .' 237 TiUetiafatans, treatment 042 pantitii n. sp., description 549 Timber, creosoting 547 decay of, studies, U.S.D..\ 448 estimating 241 green, apparatus for testing 338 Indust ry in Canada G40 Saxony 445 manual 241 lines on mountains, causes 546 measuring 339 904 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Pai;c Timl)i r, noli's 4% jireservatioi) 742 preserving plants, descriptions 74ii products, industry in Saxony 445 supply in United States, U.S.D.A. . 444 tests of strength 47 {See also Lumber and Wood.) Timothy- cost of production, U.S.D.A 188 fertilizer experiments, Ohio 216, 222 N.Y.Cornell 42 U.S.D.A 091 improvement, papers on 138 nitrogenous fertilizers for, N.J 529 yield as affected by weather, N.Y.Cornell 43 under dry farming, Wyo 131 Tin, contamination of cream cheese by 760 vessels, limits of lead in 615 Tinea olealla, notes 159 Tingitidse, new species, description 051 Tinned goods, lead in 567 Tishomingo area, Ind. T., soil survey, l^.s.D. A 018 Tissues, metabolic balance sheet of 771 Toads, parasitism 503 Tobacco blight, notes, Colo 145 breeding and selection 542 experiments 434, 542 Va 434 report on 138 culture 92 Ky 330 U.S.D.A 730 experiments 542 Va 434 in Trinidad 37 under shade. Pa 235 damping off, notes 252 diseases, notes 752 fertilizer experiments 27, 234 Ky 330 Tenn 116 Va 433 for treating seed corn, Kans 246 improvement 138 Wis 434 industry in Indo-China 542 insects affecting 156 Tenn 155 leaf-folder, notes 252 marketing 92 seed beds, sterilization 252 harvesting and testing, Wis. . . 434 Turkish, culture experiments 235 varieties 542 water, effect on seed corn, 111 58 worm, notes -. 555 Tofu, studies 7C7 Tok-tokje, notes 557 Toluol, effect on starch transformation in plants 228 Tomato blight, notes, Colo ". . 145 catsup, analyses 7(17 antiseptics in 05 misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 preservation 65 chlorosis, notes. Conn. State 742 diseases, notes 655 Pago. Tomato Oics, iwlcs 764 Fusarium diseases, studies, Ariz. ... 49 hybrids, studies 320 industry in Ontario 333 sauce, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 Tomatoes- breeding experiments 229 canned, misbranding, U.S.D.A 566 canning in the home, U.S.D.A 278 cost of canning, Can 332 culture, Alaska 738 Italian salted, manufacture 767 physiology of, studies, Ariz 50 self-fertility in 29 shipping experiments. Can 331 subirrigation v. surface watering. Can. . . 332 tree, vegetable rennets in 629 varieties. Can 332 Va 438 Tomicus spp., life history 653 Tonsils, cattle, relation to tuberculosis 582 Topographical survey, relation to drainage. . 589 Topography of Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 Tornado at Cuthbert, Georgia, U.S.D.A 616 in Illinois, U.S.D.A 616 Tornadoes in various States, U.S.D.A 616 Torpedo- bug parasite, notes 450 Torrents, disastrous, prevention 143 Torreva nucifera oil, properties 14 Torricelli, biographical sketch 120 Toxic solutions, effect on fungi 340 substances, transmission to milk 675 Toxins in milk, transmission to infants 674 Toioptera graminum, notes 248, 249, 250, 452 Can 349 Traction engine, description 87 engines at Newcastle exhibition 490 machine for irrigating 490 plowing, progress m 186 Transpiration current as affected l)y j)lant cells 318 Transylvania County soil survey, U.S.D.A. . . 618 Trap nests. {See Nests, trap.) Tree cotton, notes and biljliography 443 cricket, feeding habits ."46 paper on 348 remedies, Tenn 1.56 snowy, feeding habits .56 diseases, investigations, U.S.D.A 448 kapok, notes and bibliography 443 planting, cooperative work, l'^.S.D..\. . . 444 Trees as affected l)y mistletoe 534 breeding 47 culture on the Fseroes Islands 335 distribution, Ohio 740 growth as affected Ijy various factors. . 47 hardwood, culture at Cooper's Hill 338 fertilizer experiments 740 in streets, U.S.D.A 295 mycorrhiza? on 345 notess N.Dak 545 of Argentina 546 Athabasca-Mackenzie region, U.S.D.A 750 Berar Circle 144 Florida 639 INDEX OP SUBJECTS. 005 I'age. Trees of (iiTiiian colonic;; C31 Great Hritain, treatise. 241 Hudson River Valley 639 Maine 40 New England, key 241 relation to snow conservation, Nov 15 Shade in Wyoming, Wyo 27 treatise 320. 444 valuation, yield, and volume tables . . 47 Trematodes, digenetic, stnicture and classifi- cation 388 Trembles. {Sff Milk sickness.) Tremex colu mba. (See Pigeon tremex.) Tribolium confusus, notes 647 Tricelmrls in Filipinos 792 Trichinella Sjuralis, anatomy 287 Trichinosis, transmission by rats, IT.S.D.A. . 34fi Trichobaris trinotata. (See Potato stalk-borer.) Tiichocephalus tricMuris, notes 1 84 Trichogra m ma pretiosa, studies ".'>(> Tricholoma trartsmutans as a cause of mycor- rhizJB 345 Trichosiphum, new species, studies 247 TrkhostTongylus pfrgracilis, notes 184 Trifolium spp. as affected liy iron sulphate, S.Dak 436 notes, U.S.D.A 426 studies 27 Trigona Ixriceps, notes 658 Trioza sp., notes 647 Triticum turgidum, analyses 3.')9 Trombidium sp., injurious to codling moth, r.S.D.A 456 Trommsdorff leucocyte test for milk 675 Trout spawn, occurrence of phosphatids in. . 609 Truck crops, insects affecting, U.S.D..V ,').59 Trucking, economic phases, N.Y.Cornell 1,38 in Mississippi, Miss 329.398 Tennessee. Tenn 141 Trj"panblau, effect on Piroplasma canis 488 Trypanosoma brucei. notes 78, 686 transmission by Glo.i- sina palpalis 785 cuniculi in rabbits 389 dimorphon, notes 286 eguiperdum, notes 487, 585 erythrolampri. notes 184 evansi, studies 785 gambiense, relation to crocodiles 255 leivisi. transmission by (lea,sand lice 2.55, 4.SS soudanense, notes 389 spp. , notes . . 185, 286. 287, 390, 581 , 686 treatment 184 Trypanosome disease- experimental, treatment 287 in cattle, studies 785 rabbits 389 snakes 184 properties of serum in 389 Trypanosome diseases — as affected by drug dosage 581 bibliography 78, 287 in animals 286,382 camels 78 horses 184. 286, 487, 488, 581 ,.5S5 Tryi)aiiosome diseases Continued. Page. prevalence in ( Jermaiiy 686 llie Sudan 389 rclalioii to hlood-sucking uisects 760 role of tal)ani(ls in 287 Iransmi.ssion 287, 686 treatment 78. 185,585,786 Trypanosomes— culture on artificial media 581 description and bibliography 382 in tsetse flies. l)ibIiography 388,389 t ransmission 388. 389 life history 682 nonpathogenic, notes 482 of dourine, scnsil)ility of fowls to 78 vertebrates, relation of l)lood-sucking invertebrates to 255 ultra-microscopical stage in 581 Tr\-])anrot, effect on Piroplanma canis 488 Trypodendron lineatum, life history 653 TrjTJsin as affected by Ijoric acid (')09 Tsetse flies- notes 646 relation to crocodiles 255 trj^panosomes in, i)il)liography 388,389 transmission 388, 389 Tuber plants, water-storing capacity 226 Tulserele liacilli— evacuation from intestines of animals 683 human and bovine; intertransmissil)il- ity 281 elimination in milk 81 permanence in cattle 81 in bread, destruction liy l)aking 462 milk, infectiousness 76 properties of, cultivated on liile 178 Tulierculin — diagnostic value 81 distril)ution in Canada 482 paper on 782 preparation 382 reaction, studies 178, 582, 786 tests, value 178 Tuberculosis- animal, control in Pennsylvania 583 transmission t o man 582 avian, studies, Can 386 bibliography 281 liovine — control SO, 179 in Canada 385 Germany 82 danger from imported cattle 179 diagnosis 786 eradication 385 nature 80 present status 787 I)revalence in Minnesota 381 Wisconsin, Wis 384 Iransmi.ssion 381 U.S.D.A 787 t reatmen t 282 diagnosis 178 eradication 381 heredity in 3S4 human and bovine, relation 281, 481 immunizalion 81,. 583, 787 906 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD. Tuberculosis— Continued. Page. in animals, control, 111 82 for food 282 review of investigations 282 pigs 381 infection experiments 787 notes 279 occult, notes 682 of retropharyngeal glands in cattle 80 prevalence in the Transvaal 484 West Australia 79 relation to cattle tonsils 582 diet 168 house flies, U.S. D. A 62 milk supply 583 transmission l)y manure 381 meat 384 milk 574 Tuberculous lesions, calcification in bovines . 683 patients, diet for 198 Tubers, Helianthus, manufacture of alcohol from 480 Tulaselaktin, report on 282 Tulipomania, introduction into Europe 546 Tulips, introduction into Europe 546 Tumbufly, notes 646 Tumors, worm, in horses 791 Turdun viscivorus, parasitism 563 Turkey eggs, destruction by crows, R.I 246 Turkeys as affected by cold storage 261 blackhead of 285, 387 R.I 285 sex of hybrids in 270 Turnip flnger-and-toe disease, treatment 747 grinding machine, description 490 Turnips — culture experiments, Can 321 fertilizer experiments. Can 325 form of phosphonis in, R.I 212 irrigation experiments. Can 36 seed from different sources, tests 332 varieties, Can 36, 37, 322, .323, 324, 325 yields 731 Turpentine, effect on seed com, 111 57 N.Y.Comell. 1.53 industry in France 49 oil, analyses Ill Tussock moth, notes 56 Can 350 white-marked , notes 252 Tuv, analyses 151 Tyhnchus devastatrii. notes 153 spp., studies and bil)liography 750 tritici, notes 154, 747 Tylogonus agavse, studies 423 Tympanuchus cupido in Massachusetts 450 Tympany, chronic, in cattle, cause 789 TypewTiting, effect on metabolism 568 Typhoid bacilli, detection in water and milk 283 fever, relation to flies, U.S.D.A 61 meat poisoning. . ." ?66 water supplies 713 r61eofmilkin 76 transmission 1 310 Tyroglyphus cocciphilus, injurious to grape- cane girdler, W.V'a 458 Page. Tyrosin, assLiiiilalion liy micro-organisms 620 effect on plant growth 31 Ultramarine blue, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Ultraviolet rays, effect on fermenting eider. . . 710 sterilization .of water and milk by 781 Umatilla project, Oregon, description, U.S.D.A 731 Uncinula spiralis. (See Grape powdery mil- dew.) Underground water. (See Water.) United States Department of Agriculture- Library, accessions 496, 691 Monthly Weather Review, changes in, U.S.D.A 616 report of Secretary 192 reports 192 Weather Bureau. {See Weather Bureau.) Yearbook 799 Urea, determination in urine 524, 708 Uredineae of Finland, bibliography 321 Urethanc, use in prevention of anaphylaxis . 680 Uric acid, assimilation by micro-organisms . . 620 excretion as affected by chocolate and coffee 770 liy men 67 ferments, studies 466 Urine, elimination of protein acids by 665 excretion as affected by feeds, Iowa... 370 of organic phosphorus in 770 preservation 524 Urocystis tritici, notes 642 Uromyces appendiculatus, notes, Iowa 744 betx, notes 642 TIrophlyctis alfalfx, notes 549 leproides, notes 643 Ustilagn crameri, notes, Iowa 743 maydis, effect on Zea mays I u n icata . . 51 resistance to toxic solutions. 340 spp., studies, U.S.D.A 445 UstuUna zonata, notes 343 Utah College, notes 195 Station, notes 195 Utensils, culinary, lead in 567 Vacant Lots Cultivation Association of Phila- delphia 798 Vaccine, preparation and use 283 Vaccinium oxycoccos, histology 263 Vacuum desiccation, improved method 609 effect on plants .544 Valsa leucostoma, studies, Mo. Fruit 243 Vanessa atalantn, parasitism 248 Vanilla extract, effect on whipping quality of cream, Md 576 Vapor, saturated, pressure of, U.S.D.A 113 tensions in ITnited States, U.S.D..V.. ,525 Vaporite, analyses, Can 341 Variation, categories of 470 in Paramecia 469, 470 Varnish making, use ofsoy beans in 733 Varnishes for canning purposes, tests 711 Vegetaljle — diseases, notes 342, 752 flour, nature and use 766 proteids. (See Proteids.) INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 907 \'pjretable— Continued. Page. rennets, studies t)29 substances, occurrence of phosphatids in. ti08 Vegetables as atlected )>>• Ilea licetles, U. S. D.A 155 canned, analyses ()59 canning in the home, U.S.D..V ... 278 on farms .')(>7, 579 cooking 1(17 treat ise !H)7 cooling apparatus 45 culture 536,()38 Te.x 544 experiments, Alaska 738,799 in greenhouses, Can 332 SouthDakota.U.S.D.A 288 under glass, Mo 440 destruction by rats, U.S.D.A 346 fertilizer experiments 27, 23() insects affecting 352, t)54, 055 inspection in Hawaii 450 notes, Can 332 preparation for table 440 preserval ion 05 tropical, preparation 00 varieties 230 Can 331 {See alsn specific kinds.) Vegetation as affected by agriculture, U.S. D.A 27 forest, ecological analysis 338 relation to altitude 535 climate 535 Velvet beans, analyses, Fla 307 culture experiments 425 with corn, Fla 328 fertilizer experiments, Fla 328 fertilizing value 234 Florida, history, U.S.D.A 2.35 Veneer industry in the United States 444 X'enetian red, effect on rust formation, U.S. D..V 208 Ventilation, effect on yield of milk 370 of stal)les, methods. Can 394 Venturia inxqualis, notes, Me 145 Verbascum, lireeding experiments 28 Vermillion, etfect on rust formation, U.S.D..V. 208 Vennont Station, functionsand work 594 notes 195, 499 University, notes 98, 195, 499 Veronal and chlorofonu, destruct ion of dogs by 791 Vertel)rates, appendicitis in, cause 184 of Indiana University farm 553 treatise 553 VeTlicillium helerocladum, parasitic on while fly, Fla 35() Ves-sels, tin, limits of lead in 015 \'etch, culture. Miss .398 economic value, U.S.D.A 732 fertilizer experiments 25 for orchards, Colo 2^57 haj^ and silage for cows, U.S.D..V -295 X'eterinary— director general of Canada, report 482 medicine, treatise 579 obstetrics, treatise 579 pathology, treatise 177 Veterinary Continued. Page. posology and prescriptions, treatise 782 science, relation to public health .. 482 tropical, treatise 78 service in Indo-China 279, 680 Vibrio devitrificans, decomposition of nitrates by 22 Vicia faba roots as affected by pressure 728 spp., economic value, I'.S.D.A 732 Vigna unguiculata, economic value, U.S.D.A. 732 Vinasse, analyses 569 as a fertilizer 124 for sugar Ijeets 624 Vinegar — analyses 65, 463, 566, 768 Me 165 artificial, digest of data on 567 chemistry of 304 cider, analy.ses. Me 463 digest of data on 567 misl>randing, U.S.D.A 10.'),500 Vineyards. (See drapes.) Virginia College, notes 400 creeper seed-chalcis, notes, N.Y.Cor- nell .3.51 Stat ion, financial statement 496 notes 400 report of director 496 Truck Station, notes 98,800 Viru-ses, meat poisoning and rat-destroying. . .")79 Viscogen, analyses 12 effect on whipping quality of cream, Md .-,76 Vitellin, hydrolysis 210 Viticultural station at Geisenheim-Eibingen . 690 Viticulture, instruction in 090 \'itis idxa, adulteration, detection 2(>3 rotundifolia, varieties, N.C 439 Volcanic clay, composition 723 Vulvitis in cattle, studies 381 Wage earners, business relations 364 Wages in (Senoa 567 Moscow 664 of workinginen's families in Munich. . 770 relation to cost of living 364 Wagon draft, tests. Iowa 392 Wagons, milk, description 479 Walls, retaining, treati.se 185 Walnut aphis, notes 756 scale, notes. Mo. Fruit 60 Walnuts, black, analyses 629 development of fat in 028 fat and nitrogen content, studies. . . 414 mycorrhizii' on 345 substitutes for .360 Warble fly, notes 100 Warblers, destruction of mosquitoes by 459 Washed lands, reclamation 219 Washington College, notes 297, 095 Station, notes 297, 499 Wasps, l)embecid, of Colorado 653 digger, notes, Ky 251 Waste lands in Michigan, administration 48 Water- absorption by seeds 725 analyses 'am, HIT analysis, interpretation 302, .521 908 EXPEETMENT STATION RECORD. Water— Continupfl. r:if,'c chemistry of 5fl(i code, administration in South Dakota. . . 390 conservation l)y forest cover 038 consumption in Europe 664 the Tropics 664 cress leaf- fjeetles, parasitism, U.S. D. A. . 559 sowbugs, notes, U.S.D.A 559 determination in foods and condiments. . 210 of hardness in 302 drainage, composition 17 drinking, bacteriological investigations. . 416 purification (il? significance of Bacillus coli in . . 115 duty of, in Irrigation 290 Wyo 8fi on alfalfa fields, .Vriz 86 effect on bacterial content of soils 620 composition of wheat, Idaho... 630 rust formation, U.S.D.A 207 solubility of rocks 223 electrolytic dissociation, U.S.D..\ 609 equivalent of snowballs, U.S.D.A 616 evaporation by sugar beets 431 from soil as affected by mulches, U.S.D.A 717 in plants 27 flood, storage in South Dakota, U.S.D.A. 289 for irrigation, cost of, in South Dakota, U.S.D.A 289 washing butter, sterilization 575 ground, in Indio region, California 16 hardness, determination 8 hot, effect on germination of seeds 242 plants 544 industry, bottled, fraud in 5fi7 laws of Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 methods of analysis 521 misbranding, U.S.D.A .5fiH Nile River, analyses 617 oak disease, notes, Fla 343 Ottawa River, analyses 17 power in Norway, utilization 24 on farms, utilization 489 papers on ()17 pumping for irrigation 185 purification 215 by freezing. Can 310 rain. {See Rain.) requirements of lupines 430 tropical crops 219 resources, conservation aia in Kansas, U.S.D.A 289 South Dakota, U.S.D.A., . . 288 of Indio region, California 17 New Mexico, U.S. D..\ 588 Oregon, U.S.D.A 288 the Harney Basin region 309 rights in western Canada 588 river, sodium and chlorin content 712 salt, effect on rice, Tex 540 Salton Sea, analyses, Ariz 17 sewage, handling and use 123 purification 11.5 soil, fonnation 717 particles in, studies 41(5 soluble materials in soils, studies, Ariz. . . 9 Water — Conlinuod. Page. sterilization 781 supplies — as affected l)y deforestation 214 in Indiana, conference on 310 Nebraska 309 rural homes 187,188 the Yukon-Tanana region 309 of creameries and cheese factories (179 on farms 590 pollution 526 protection, economic value 713 tank and roller, construction 391 transmission through plants 27, 725 under-cooled, crystallization, I' .S.D.A . . 113 underground — in Indiana 310 South Dakota, U.S.D..V 288 southern California 17 Maine 16 paper on 617 temperature of ,309 use in fumigation, U.S.D.A 355 warm, forcing of plants by 544 well, analyses 310 Can 309 for irrigation in India 489 Watering places, desert, notes 309 Watermelon mildew, notes 655 Watermelons, culture, Alaska 738 Waters of Illinois, studies 712 Waterspouts on the Atlantic Coast, U.S.D.A. 616 Wattle liagworm, notes 459 bark, analyses 524 Wax, paraffin, detection in lard 613 Waxes, technology, treatise 518 Waycross area, Oa., soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 Weather— Rureau — charts of the oceans, U.S. D..\ 616 kiosks, U.S.D.A 616 men as instructors, U.S. D. . V. . . 112, 113,615 report of chief, U.S.D.A 112 conditions, U.S D.A 799 effect on — soot content of air 302 yield of timothy, N.Y.Cornell 43 forecasting, present status 15 progress in 615 in Argentina, U.S.D.A 616 Bohemia ; 16 relation to — Aprilmoon, U.S.D.A 616 plant diseases 50 Conn. State 742 Review, changes in, U.S.D.A 113 words in all languages, U.S.D.A 113 Webster idla blanchardi, notes 08 sowing at different dates, Pa 034 sprouted, value for seed. Can 326 starch, identification 411 stem saw fly, notes, Can 349 stinking smut, studies 041 treatment 042 Can 341 strawworm, life history, U.S.D.A 59 structure, relation to flour and bread 64 suspension of vitality in 726 varieties 43, 235, 434, 542, 543, 631 , (35, 731 Can 30, 37 , 321 , 322 , 324 , 326, 327 Ind 35 Minn 132 Nebr 129 N.Dak 535 Pa 6.34 Wyo 35 resistant to disease, U.S.P. A . . . 745 rust 446,040 smut 4-10,041 yellow berry problem in, U.S.D.A 091 yield, Can 32.") and weight as related to quality of flour. Can .358 as affected by Hessian fly. Pa (•34 meteorology 526 vinder dry farming, Wyo 131 Wheeling area, W. \'a., soil survey, U.S.D..V. 61S Whey, butter from. Can 377 yields 079 cheese, composition 77 device for measuring ("9 for pigs, (^an 309 notes, U.S.D.A .575 Whippoorwill, economic relations 040 Whisky, misbranding, U.S.D.A 263 White ants. (S(Y Termites.) fly, citrus, fumigation, U.S.D.A 757 notes 554, 752 greenhouse, notes 251 remedies. Can 354 guava, parasitism 752 investigations, Fla 349 notes, U.S.D.A 650 parasitism, Fla ' 356 fringe fungus, parasitic on white fly, Fla 356 grubs, notes 56 lead, efl'ect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 Page. \Vild-,i,'rass hay, analyses, Fla 307 Willistonarea,N. Dak.,soil survey, U.S.D.A. 618 Willow bark, valuation Ill beetle, notes 753 borer, notes 048 charcoal, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 leaves, chlorin content 30 Wilson County, Texas, soil survey, U.S.D..\. 618 Windmills, notes, U.S.D.A 289 Winds, Chinook, notes. T^S.D.A 610 distribution of pollen by, Oreg 636 effect on foliage. Ill 548 plant tissues 31S timber lines on mountains. . 546 high, in Ohio, U.S.D.A 016 South Carolina, IT.S.D.A.... 6tC in Samoa, studies, U.S.D.A 616 north, in Sacramento \'allpy, U.S. D.A 016 Wine, aoetaldehyde in 65 acidity of, studies 11 analyses 164, 211 , 263, 361, 5(«, 567, 767 as affected by freezing and thawing. . . 164 chemistry of 412 cryoscopic examin.ation 11 effect on milk secretion 471 factory refuse, analyses, Can 310 fly, notes 704 from red or white grapes, detection. . . 705 industry in .\rgentina .545 lecithin in 05 methods of analysis 11 misbranding, U.S.D.A 500 musts, analyses 662 Sicilian, boric acid in .361 treated with gypsum, analyses 707 white, analyses 65 Winn Parish, La., soil survey, U.S.D.A 618 iV/nt'irmia 4-puitulala, notes, "Ky 251 Wire, fence, corrosion, Iowa 393 preservation, U.S.D..\ 207 Wireworms, reiueiiies, Va 434 Wisconsin Staticm, Tmancial statement 295 notes 298.490,095 report of director 295 University, notes .98, 208, 499. ()95 Wolf bounties, fraud inpaymentof,U.S.D.A. .347 Wolves, identiricalion, U.S.D.A ■ .347 Woman, role of, in the home 191 Women's institutes in Canada 598 Ontario 191 paper on .598 summer, in Minnesota. . 298 Wood alcohol, effect on seed corn. 111 .58 ashes, fertilizing value 531 chestnut , analyses 14 destroying fungi, notes 53 distillation 14 in the United States 444 hard , culture 241 Indian, nature and use 741 Industry in Canada 040 Saxony 444 measurement 241 pigeons, diphtheria in, studies S3 preservation 547 INDEX OF SUBJECTS. 911 Page. Wood properlii's of, iiiamial 2J1 subslilution ot cemenl for 793 use in veneer luakini; 444 (Sec also Lumber and Timber.) Woodpecker, hairy, eeonomie relations 040 Wool dust, analyses, R.I 212 industry in Holland 73 scouring investigations, Ariz, 74 shrinkage and breaking strain, Wyo.. . 73 Woolly rphis. (Sec Aphis, woolly.) Words,, weather, in all languau'es, U.S.D.A . . 113 Working classes, standard of living 403,404,465 Workingmen. (Sec Laborers.) Worm tumors, in horses 791 Worms, gall, notes 04S gourd, in sheep 790 in sheep, treatment 284 injurious to fruits, treatise 055 intestinal, in dogs ^ 83 Filipinos = 792 molokhia, notes 047 Wounds, animal, treatment 84 M'ycomyia sp., notes 052 Wyoming Station, financial statement 93 notes 195,. 500, 800 report of director 93 A'are^/i/uracanadcTWC, poisoning of pigs by 083 Xenia in Solanacea> 229 Xeatopsylla [Sarcopsylla] gallinacca, notes 554 Xylaria hypoiylon , notes 50 XylcboTus fornkaius, notes 048 Xylose, determination Oil Yearbook of animal breeding 773 Department of Agriculture, U.S.D.A 799 I'age. Yearbook of (ierman as.sociations of alcohol and starch manufacturers and potato driers 480 rural economy 90 Yeast, analyses 00 as alTected by salts GOO, 001 bibliography 728 compressed, methods of analysis 521 drying apparatus, description 380 effect on acidity of cream 078 flour 000 milk 379 solubility of phosphoric acid. 315 in abnormal milk, notes 782 investigations, Va 479 pure cultures, studies, Hawaii 578 Yellow fever, relation to insects, U.S.D.A 01 Yerba mate fungi, descriptions 447 Y.M.C.A. lecture course in agriculture 598 Yohimbine, physiological effects 570,571 Zea mays tunkala as affected by corn smut ... 51 Zebras, notes 040 Zein, relation to nitrogen equilibrium 508 Zcuzcra pyiina. (Sec Leopard moth.) Zinc and iron, separation 9 pigments, effect on rust formation, U.S.D.A 208 sulphate, effect on growth of bacteria. . . 421 plant tissues 727 Zizyphus baclei disease, notes 346 Zoology, experimental, treatise 771 forest, manual 154 review of literature 445 manual 645 Zootechnic service in Indo-China 279, 080 Zootrephes, new species, description 452 o 1216 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE OFFICE OF EXPERIMENT STATIONS A. C. TRUE, DIRECTOR Vol. XXI OCTOBER, 1909 No. 5 EXPERIMENT STATION RECORD WASHINGTON GOVERNMENT PRINTING OmOB 1909 U. S. DEPARTMENT OF AGRICULTURE. Scientific Bureanfi. Weather Bureau — Willis L. Moore, Chief. Bureau of Animal Industry — A. D. Melvin, Chief. Bureau of Plant Industry — B. T. Galloway, Chief. Forest Service — Gifford Pinchot, Forester. Bttreau of Soils — Milton Whitney, Chief. Bureau of Chemistry — H. W. Wiley, Chemist. Bureau of Statistics— V. H. Olmsted, Statuticiaii. Bureau op Entomology — L. O. Howard, Entomologist. Bureau of Biological Sltitey — C. Hart Merriam, Chief Office of Public Eoads — L. W. Page, Director. Offick of Experiment Stations — A. C True, Director. THE AGRICULTURAL EXPERIMENT STATIONS. College Station: Auburn: 3. F. puggar.a Canebrake .Station: Vnionttiwn: F.D. Sterens/i Tuskegee Station: fuskegee Institute: G. w. Carver." ALiLBKx—Sitka: C. C. Georgeson.6 Arizona— Tu<"«, Organization Lists of Stations nnd Colleses; 0, List of Station Bolaiiists ; 7, Itl, 20. 21. :;0, 41. 40, 65. 70, '.)i>, 1 15, 12::!. 142, loJJ, 1G4, 184, 190, 212, Procoedings of Association of CollPf?e.«< and Sta- tions ; 8, 22, 106, Investigations at Kothamsted ; 9, Fermentations of Milk; 10, Moteoro- logit'al Work for Agricultural Institutions; 11, A Compilation of Analysis of .Vmcrican I'oodiag t>tnlls : 14, Conronlion of National Loagiie for Good Itoads ; 15, Handhook of Esperimcnt Station Work; 17, Suggestions for Food Laboratories; 18, Assimilation of Nitrogen by Mustard; 25, Dairy Baeteiiology ; 26, Experiment Station.s — Their Objects and Work; 28, Composition of American I-'ood Materials; 29, 53, 80, 1S7, Nutrition Inves tigations, I'Eiversity of Teanpsse'e ; .'A, Dietary Studies, University of Missouri, 1805; 33, The Cotton Plant; 35, Nutrition Investigations in New Jersey; 36, Irrigation in Con- necJicut and New Jersey; 37, Dietary Studies. Maine Slate I'ollege ; 38, 71, Dietary Studies of Negroes in Alabama and East(?i-n Virginia ; 40, 54, Dietary Studies in New Mexico ; 42, Cotton Culture in Egypt ; 43, Los.ses In F.oiling Vegetables, and the Composi- tion aiKl Digestibilily of Potatoes and E^cs ; 44, 45, 63. 69, 109, 117, 121. 136, 175. Metjibolism Experiments; 46, 110, Dietary Studies In New York City; 48, 62, 82, 94, Ue- port.s to Congress on Agriculture iu Alaskn ; 50. 61, 83, 93, Report's on the Work and Expenditures of tlie Agricultural Experiment Stations ; 51, 64, 78, 97, 114, 128, Statistics of Colleges and Stations ; 52, Nutrition Investigation.s in Pittsburg, Pa., 1894-1896 : 56, Dietary Studies In Chicago; 57, Varieties of Corn; 58, Water Rights on the Missouri River and Tributaries; GO. Laws for Acquiring Titles to Water from the Missouri River and Tributaries-^ 6ietary Studies at the Government Hospital for the Insane, Washington, D. C. ; •152, Dietar.v Studies with Harvard University Students; 155, Agricultural Instrnction for .Vduits 'in the B!-Ul.<;h Empire: l-IT", Water Righia on luterstaitt Streams; 159, A J>igest of Japanese Investigations on the Nutrition of Man; 160. School (Jardens ; 163, Aericultural Instruction for Adults In Continental Countries ; 106, Course in Cheese Making for Movable Schools of Agriculture; 167. Irrigation in the North Atlantic States; 168, The State Engineer and His Relation to Irrigation: 16*9, 170, 171, Reports of Agri- cultural Investigations in Alaska, Hawaii, and Porto Rico, 1905; 172, Irrigation In Montana; 173. ConvHarvsting Machinery; 174. History of Fanners' Institutes in the United States; 177, Evaporation Losses In Irrigation and Water Reriuirements of Crops; 178, Course in Fruit Growing for Movable Schools of Agriculture; 179, Small Reservoirs in Wyoming. .Montana, and South Dakota ; 180, Publications of the Agricultural Experi- ment" Stations in tlie I'nited States; 181, Mechanical Tests of Pumping I'l.nnts in Cali- fornia; 183, Mechanical Tests of Pumps and Pumping Plants Used for Irrigation and Drainage In Louisiana; 185. Iron tn Food and Its Functions in Nutrition; 186, Exercises Jn Elementary Agriculture — Plant Production: 188, Irrigation in the Yakima Valley, Washington; 189. Reprjrt on Drainage of Eastern North Dakota; 191, Tests of Internal- - Combustion Engines on Alcohol Fuel; 192, Irrigation and Drainage I^aws of Italy; 193. Studies of the Effect of Different Methods of Cooking upon the Thoroughness and Ease of Digestion Of Meat, University of Illinois; 194, A Review of Investigations In Soil Bacte- rlologv ; 195. Simple Exer'lses Illustrntlng Some Applications of Cheniisiry to Agrl- cnltufe ; -198. Prevention of Injury by Floods in the Neosho Valley, Kansas; 200, Course in Cereal Foods and Their Preparation for Movable Schools of AgiMculture ; 201, Cost of Pumping from tt'f llv i,i- t'.e Iirigatfon of Rice In Louisiana and .\rJ^ i>iHi ■f